Stephen M. Vantassel 

Wildlife Control Consultant, LLC

Lewistown, Montana

Brenda K. Osthus 

Director for Environmental Health 

 and Safety

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Overview

Wildlife damage management (WDM) is an 

exciting field with many opportunities to 

provide solutions to the complex issues 

involved in human-wildlife interactions. In 

addition, WDM wildlife control operators 

(WCO) face a variety of threats to their 

physical well-being. Injuries can result from 

misused (Figure 1), faulty, or poorly 

maintained equipment, inexperience, 

mishandled wildlife, harsh weather, and 

dangerous situations, such as electrical 

lines.

The goals of this publication are to:

 Develop an awareness of safety issues 

and adopt a mindset of “Safety First”,

 Review the major safety threats that 

WCOs face,

 Provide basic information for WCOs to 

protect themselves, and 

 List resources for further information 

and training.

Although no statistics are available for the 

WDM industry in particular, the authors 

are aware of several instances where 

WCOs have lost their lives or suffered 

serious injuries while performing WDM. 

Wildlife Damage Management 

Technical Series

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service

Wildlife Services

November 2018 Safety 

Figure 1. Safe ladder practices frequently are 

compromised when wildlife control operators (WCO) are 

pressured for time. 

Quick Links

Overview 1

Safety First 2

Awareness of Hazards 2

Safe Work Practices 3

Safety and the Law 14

Conclusion 14

Glossary 15

Resources 17

Appendix 18
While accidents do happen, most are preventable and 

occur due to hurried behavior, neglect of procedures, or 

lack of attention to the task at hand. 

The United States, Canada, and Mexico have agencies 

tasked with setting and enforcing standards to assure safe 

and healthful conditions for workers. The U.S. agency is the 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In 

Canada, it is the Labour Program, and in Mexico, the 

Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare governs workplace 

requirements. Readers are encouraged to keep abreast of 

government safety regulations not only to follow the law, 

but also to maintain a safe working environment. 

Safety is an extremely broad and complex topic. The 

number and diversity of situations that pose safety risks to 

WCOs are numerous. This publication focuses specifically 

on safety risks to the WCOs’ physical wellbeing, such as 

injuries. Safety concerns pertaining to organizational 

design, worker supervision, disease, environmental or 

social catastrophes, or pesticides are beyond its scope.

Safety First

Safety is no accident. Everyone must take safety seriously 

and be committed to following safe work practices. When 

commitment to safety fades, injuries are sure to follow. 

“Safety First” requires taking proactive steps to eliminate 

or manage risks of injury at the job site. 

“Safety First” begins with the need for WCOs to maintain 

their physical and mental well-being. Wildlife damage 

management activities are demanding, both physically and 

mentally. Poor diet; alcohol; the improper use of drugs or 

medications; and lack of exercise and sleep can increase 

the likelihood of injuries due to a lack of physical fitness 

and decline in mental acuity. Maintenance of one’s 

physical and mental health is important, especially when 

working long hours. Research has shown that people 

working over 8 hours a day have significantly higher rates 

of injury when compared to those working 6 to 8 hours a 

day. Likewise, individuals who sleep less than 7 hours a 

day or who sleep poorly experience higher rates of injury.

Page 2 WDM Technical Series—Safety

Awareness of Hazards and Risk 

Reduction

Working safely begins with developing an awareness of the 

potential hazards associated with each job, then identifying 

strategies to reduce the risk of injury or illness. OSHA 

encourages the use of a Job Hazard Analysis, also known 

as Hazard Analysis (HA), as a method for identifying 

hazards and reducing risks of injury or illness. This method 

involves mentally or physically walking through the job and 

considering the following:

 what could go wrong, 

 what circumstances could cause or contribute to 

incidents, 

 what are the expected consequences if an incident 

occurs, 

 what is the likelihood of an incident occurring, and 

 what actions can be taken to reduce the likelihood or 

consequences of an incident. 

Hazards to consider include potential injuries from impact, 

penetration, compression (roll-over or caught in/between), 

slips/trips/falls, sprains/strains, chemical inhalation/

ingestion/contact, heat/cold or hot/cold surfaces, harmful 

dust, light (optical radiation), sound (high noise), biologic 

(animal assaults or contact with infectious microorganisms 

harbored by animals), pressurized systems, electricity, and 

machines. Record the information using a simple threecolumn table with headings titled Basic Job Steps, 

Potential Hazards, and Recommended Hazard or Risk 

Reduction Techniques. 

After identifying hazards, select appropriate techniques or 

actions that will eliminate or reduce the risk of injury or 

illness. Eliminate the hazard, if possible. When considering 

ways to eliminate a hazard, consider whether safer 

materials, processes, or equipment are available or if 

modification or automation are possible. If the hazard 

cannot be eliminated, then use risk reduction techniques 

or controls. 
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH) categorizes injury prevention controls into three 

categories of descending value— engineering, 

administrative, and personal protective equipment (PPE). If 

it is not feasible to eliminate the risk altogether, the next 

best option is to implement some sort of engineering 

control to eliminate or reduce the risk. An engineering 

control eliminates a hazard or places a barrier between the 

worker and the hazard. For instance, the level sensor on a 

scissor lift prevents movement of the lift whenever the lift 

is off-balance. By installing this sensor, manufacturers 

eliminate the need to rely on operator judgment. 

If an engineering control is not feasible, the next best 

option is administrative control. Administrative controls 

typically consist of rules or procedures to keep workers 

away from hazardous situations or substances. Examples 

of administrative controls include the posting of warning 

signs, worker training, job rotation to reduce the exposure 

time to a hazard, and written safety protocols or 

procedures. Administrative controls are effective, but not 

to the degree of engineering controls because they rely on 

supervisor oversight and worker compliance. 

The final, and least preferable of the three control 

methods, is the use of PPE. PPE consists of specialized 

clothing and devices worn by workers to shield them from 

potential hazards. Examples include gloves, safety goggles, 

respirators, hearing protectors, and coveralls. 

Unfortunately, PPE is only effective if workers use the 

equipment correctly. Too often, workers avoid using PPE 

because it is uncomfortable or makes completing the task 

more difficult. Although purchasing higher quality 

equipment can reduce some of these complaints, WCOs 

must understand that the long-term benefits of protection 

outweigh any short-term discomfort. Since most WDM 

activities occur in settings where engineering and 

administrative solutions are impractical, WCOs frequently 

rely on PPE to protect themselves. 

Hazard analysis (HA) consists of hazard identification and 

selection of risk reduction strategies. While HA may appear 

tedious and states the obvious, the process is essential for 

emphasizing the importance of safety and identifying 

potential hazards involved in a specific activity. Regular 

reviews of HAs also reinforces safe practices and identifies 

new risks and solutions. Consult OSHA 3071 Job Hazard 

Analysis 2002 (Revised) for more information.

Safe Work Practices

This publication highlights the following five areas to 

consider when developing safe work practices: 

1. Environmental conditions 

2. Dangerous locations

3. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

4. Vehicle safety

5. Crime prevention

Environmental Conditions

Wildlife control activities take place under a variety of 

weather conditions and landscapes. While WCOs cannot 

control the environment or the habitat, they can reduce the 

risk of injury by not working when conditions are the most 

threatening. 

WCOs should monitor weather reports to ensure that they 

are prepared for the forecasted conditions. Although 

forecasts are not perfect, meteorological science has 

improved enough to have high confidence in forecasts 

reaching out 72 hours in the future. Pay particular 

attention to the following threats from weather as they 

have significant impacts on human health and safety. 

Ultraviolet Radiation

Long-term exposure to the sun and ultraviolet (UV) 

radiation significantly raises the likelihood of developing 

skin cancer and cataracts. Ultraviolet radiation is strongest 

between 10 AM and 2 PM, on clear sunny days, and at 

high elevations. Clouds, haze, and dust disperse UV 

radiation, but do not eliminate exposure. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture Page 3
WCOs should protect themselves against excessive 

exposure to UV radiation by wearing long-sleeved shirts, 

pants, and broad-brimmed hats whenever possible. Apply a 

generous amount of sunscreen lotion (SPF 15 or higher) to 

exposed skin. Reapply every 2 hours and after swimming 

or excessive sweating. Corrective lenses manufactured to 

U.S. standards will protect eyes to varying degrees based 

on lens composition (e.g., polycarbonate, plastic, glass) 

from UV-A and UV-B radiation. Select prescription glasses 

and sunglasses rated to protect against passage of 99% or 

more of the UV-A and UV-B rays. The darkness level of the 

lenses does not affect their ability to block UV rays. 

The National Weather Service has developed a UV Alert 

System that provides a numeric scale (0-16) for UV 

radiation for the day. Ratings of 6 or higher are considered 

high and indicate that extra precautions should be taken to 

prevent sun damage. 

Heat

Exposure to high temperatures is a leading cause of 

weather-related deaths in the United States. Hot weather 

hinders the body’s ability to cool itself, which leads to heat 

exhaustion and heat stroke. The National Weather Service 

created the Heat Index (HI) to quantify what people will 

experience. The HI calculations are based on air 

temperature and relative humidity (Figure 2). Alerts are 

issued when the HI is expected to exceed 105°F. Workers 

exposed to direct sunlight should adjust their work 

schedules even more as the HI assumes shaded 

conditions. OSHA’s Heat Safety Tool is available as an app 

for iPhones or Android smart phones. It calculates the HI 

and provides suggestions to protect against heat-related 

injuries. 

Workers operating in high HI conditions should be alert to 

signs of painful muscle cramps (heat cramps), extreme 

sweating accompanied by weakness (heat exhaustion), 

and altered mental state. Failure to treat heat exhaustion 

can lead to the life-threatening condition known as heat 

stroke where the victim can suffer brain damage or even 

die. Signs of heat stroke include a throbbing headache, 

fainting, and lack of sweat even in the high temperatures. 

OSHA has a factsheet on heat safety.

Schedule strenuous work, such as building trenches and 

cleaning attics, to cooler months or at least cooler parts of 

the day. Take frequent breaks to cool down and rehydrate. 

Drink plenty of non-caffeinated and non-alcoholic 

beverages. Use fans or sun shields, soak clothes in cool 

water, or wear a cooling vest (Figure 3) to reduce heat 

stress.

Cold

Cold weather poses a number of threats to the well-being 

of workers. Excessive exposure to cold conditions can lead 

to frostbite and hypothermia. Frostbite occurs when body 

parts are exposed to cold conditions for so long that the 

cells freeze. Frostbite typically occurs in the extremities (i.e. 

hands, feet, nose, and ears). Workers should be alert to 

signs and symptoms of frostbite, such as reddened skin or 

skin turning pale. Hypothermia sets in when the core body 

temperature dips below 95°F. Workers should suspect 

hypothermia if they notice excessive shivering or loss of 

mental acuity. Both frostbite and hypothermia can occur 

slowly or rapidly depending on the temperature and the 

body’s ability to maintain its heat. Move anyone showing 

those signs to shelter and contact medical personnel. The 

National Weather Service has created a Wind Chill Index 

(WCI) to quantify how wind and cold can combine to make 

Page 4 WDM Technical Series—Safety

Figure 2. Heat Index. 
the outside temperature feel colder than it actually is 

(Figure 4). 

Workers should prepare themselves for cold conditions by 

wearing layers of clothing and protecting themselves from 

wind and rain. Give special attention to clothing that 

protects hands and feet. 

Cold temperatures also cause dangerous environmental 

conditions through snow and ice. These combine to create 

slip hazards. Walk with a slow and deliberate gait, hold 

onto handrails, and wear slip-resistant shoes to reduce the 

risk of falling. Drive defensively to account for reduced 

stopping distances. Install snow tires and create 

emergency kits for your vehicle in case you are stranded. 

Kits should include a blanket, flashlight, heat packs, cell 

phone and charger, emergency road signs, high-calorie non

-perishable food, battery cables, water container, matches, 

shovel, tow rope, tissues, and first aid kit. 

Lightning

Lightning poses a significant threat to human health. 

Ninety percent of individuals struck by lightning suffer 

disabilities of varying degrees. Seek shelter inside a 

permanent building or hard-topped vehicle. A good rule of 

thumb is “When thunder roars, go indoors,” because 

lightning can kill individuals miles away from the storm 

clouds. Avoid the temptation to leave shelter when the rain 

stops because lightning can still strike as the thunderhead 

is moving away from the area. 

Tornados

Tornados present a severe threat to safety due to their 

unpredictability. Although warning systems have been set 

up in many areas, WCOs should not assume they will hear 

them. Fortunately, several cell phone apps are available to 

warn users of alerts issued by the National Weather 

Service. It is recommended that WCOs download one 

suitable for their phone. WCOs should check weather 

forecasts before heading into fieldwork since cellphone 

coverage may not be available. Avoid working out-of-doors 

when severe weather is forecast.

U.S. Department of Agriculture Page 5

Figure 3. Cooling vests help keep core body temperature low. 

Figure 4. Wind Chill Index. 
Dangerous Locations

Dangerous locations, such as crawling in confined spaces 

or working on a ladder, frequently confront WCOs and 

warrant special mention.

Confined Spaces 

According to the OSHA definition, confined spaces are 

locations that have limited or restricted entry or exit and 

are not designed for continuous occupancy. Confined 

spaces may require additional attention if they contain 

hazards, such as exposed electrical wires, hazardous 

atmospheres, extreme temperatures, moving parts or 

machinery, low light conditions, or engulfment (e.g., water, 

deep grain, etc.). Examples of confined spaces that WCOs 

typically enter include attics, knee wall cavities, pits or 

sumps, crawl spaces, and sewers. 

Before entering a confined space, WCOs need to ensure 

the following: 

 Access is clear and the space is large enough and 

configured to allow safe entry and exit.

 Two sources of light are available, such as a spotlight 

and hands-free light.

 The space is well ventilated or ventilation is 

established and the task does not have the potential 

to create a hazardous atmosphere (e.g., spraying/

fogging of pesticides, torch cutting).

 PPE is used and appropriate to the space conditions 

and intended task.

 Identified hazards are eliminated before entering the 

space (e.g., disengage electrical service to the area if 

exposed wires are suspected, isolate water valves, 

shut off unguarded fans, etc.).

 Notify someone of the location and situation or have a 

second person standing by to assist, if needed.

Before entering a confined space, WCOs are strongly 

encouraged to use a portable meter to check the 

Page 6 WDM Technical Series—Safety

atmosphere of unventilated confined spaces or spaces 

that may contain chemical vapors. Confined space meters 

are available commercially and most are configured to 

detect oxygen content, combustible vapors, carbon 

monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. OSHA regulations state 

that a confined space potentially containing an 

uncontrolled hazard (atmospheric or other) must be 

entered only under the terms of a written permit system.

Wear PPE prior to opening a hatchway. Open the hatchway 

carefully to minimize disturbance of dust and debris. Pause 

a few seconds before entering to allow dust to settle. Turn 

on the flashlight and begin to investigate the area 

immediately surrounding the opening. Look for potential 

hazards, such as feces, exposed wires, vermiculite 

insulation, and animals. In attics, place weight only on the 

joists. Ideally, weight should be distributed across multiple 

joists by the use of a 2”x 8” board laid across the floor and 

secured in place with screws. Do not continue if the joists 

are bowing more than 1⁄4 inch. 

Heights and Roofs

A wise person once said, “It’s not the height or the fall that 

scares me, it’s the ground.” The concern is well placed as 

research shows that 30% of all injuries sustained by 

roofers result from falls or slips. 

According to OSHA requirements, fall protection 

procedures must be implemented whenever workers 

operate 4 feet or more above an adjoining surface. 

Selection of fall protection equipment depends on the 

length of time at the work site, the type of work being 

performed, the slope of the surface where work will be 

performed, and the height. For example, for short-term 

activities on low-slope roofs (10° or less, 2.12:12 pitch), 

flagged warning lines with minimum tension strength of 

500 pounds positioned 34 to 45 inches above the roof and 

6 feet from the edge may be sufficient. For steeper angled 

surfaces, WCOs may need to use catch platforms, toe 

boards, railings, or personal fall protection equipment. 

Slopes greater than 36.26° (7:12 pitch) require personal 

fall protection, catch platforms, scaffold platforms, railings, 

or toe boards. Obtain training on the proper use of full-body 

harnesses before using them. Improper use of a full-body 

harness can result in severe injury and even death. Body-
U.S. Department of Agriculture Page 7

belts for fall protection have been banned since 1998. 

Wear soft-soled shoes with good traction to reduce the risk 

of slipping. Shoes specifically designed for walking on roofs 

have been developed. Avoid walking on roofs that are wet 

or have debris on them. Do not walk backwards or operate 

devices that require pulling unless you are anchored to a 

personal fall protection device. Operate on roofs in a 

manner appropriate to the roofing material. For example, 

roofs shingled with slate or pottery tile may crack or cause 

slippage if walked on directly. In these situations, workers 

should use a ladder-hook to help distribute their weight. 

Ladders

Falls due to improper use of ladders are a common source 

of job injuries for WCOs. Common types of ladders include 

extension, step, and articulating. Choose ladders with the 

appropriate duty rating for the load they will bear. Type IAA 

ladders are rated to 375 pounds; Type IA to 300 pounds, 

and Type I to 250 pounds. The load includes the person 

and tools. Do not exceed the duty rating of the ladder. Use 

ladders made from fiberglass or other material resistant to 

the flow of electricity when near sources of electricity. 

NIOSH has created a Ladder Safety app for smart phones 

that reviews ladder selection, inspection, positioning, 

accessorizing, and safe use. 

Carry a cell phone. Have two people present on jobs with 

extensive ladder work. If a worker does not feel safe on a 

ladder, they should not continue. Rent a bucket lift or other 

type of mechanical lift in lieu of a ladder. The rental agency 

will provide instructions, and personal fall protection (i.e., 

harness and lanyard) may be necessary depending on the 

type of lift. 

Choose the correct ladder for the situation. Never use 

ladders in a manner for which they were not designed. 

Check all ladders for damage and defects before each use. 

Ladders should not be bent, have splinters, have damaged 

welds, or have loose or damaged parts. The rubber fittings 

on the feet of the ladder should be in good condition. If 

they are not, replace them. Check stabilizers and levelers. 

If the integrity of a ladder is in doubt, mark it as unsafe and 

throw it away. Replace unsafe components with parts 

approved by the ladder manufacturer.

Before moving a ladder into place, check the area for 

potential hazards such as holes, ledges, power lines, tree 

limbs, or other items that could prevent safe placement of 

the ladder. Consider the potential for foot or vehicle traffic 

around the potential ladder site. If the area cannot be 

secured, find another location. Determine if assistance is 

needed in order to safely place the ladder. It is 

recommended that two workers operate ladders taller than 

16 feet (extending to 32 feet). Never drag or drop a ladder. 

Ensure that the ladder is level and properly stabilized so it 

will not wobble. 

Climb slowly and surely. Always face the ladder. A worker 

should keep three parts of their body in contact with the 

ladder at all times (both hands and a foot, or both feet and 

a hand). Do not carry heavy or bulky items when climbing. 

Pull items up with a towline, attach them to a tool belt, or 

have them handed to the worker. Wear shoes with strong 

soles and keep them clean for maximum traction. All steps 

and rungs should be clean and free of debris or other 

items that could cause slips. Ladder rungs must be parallel 

to the ground surface when the ladder is in use. Never lean 

or reach to the side; a worker’s shirt pockets should not 

extend beyond the sides of the ladder. 

Never move the ladder while anyone else is standing on it. 

Always move or reposition a ladder while standing on the 

ground. Check for anything that could interfere with 

climbing and descending a ladder. 

Vibration and jostling during transport can damage 

ladders. Install heavy-duty ladder racks on service vehicles. 

Always check that ladders are secured properly to the 

vehicle before leaving the service site. Some WCOs place 

the ladder straps on the driver’s seat to ensure that they 

do not drive off without securing the ladder.

Protect ladders from the elements and store ladders by 

themselves. Do not place anything on top of ladders. 

Follow manufacturer guidelines on the storage of ladders 

to prevent warping and other damage. 

For more details on the proper use of ladders, visit OSHA’s 

website. Other reliable sources of information on ladder 

use include the American Ladder Institute and ladder 

manufacturers. For more information on the safe use of 

extension and step ladders, please see the Appendix.
Water

Many WDM activities occur on or near water, such as 

trapping beaver or rounding up Canada geese. Water 

poses two primary risks namely, drowning and 

hypothermia. 

Workers should learn about the bodies of water they will be 

working around in advance. As a rule, moving water (i.e., 

rivers or streams) is a greater hazard than still water (i.e., 

lake or pond). Monitor weather reports to prepare for 

slippery conditions, flooding, and flash floods. 

Carry a sturdy walking stick to measure water depth and 

detect hidden terrain hazards when wading in streams and 

creeks. Wear U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jackets or 

buoyant work vests whenever work poses a risk of 

drowning. Flotation devices are essential safety gear when 

operating watercraft and when working in fast moving 

water or near water below 60°F. Cold water poses a 

particular risk because it can remove heat from a human 

body 25 times faster than air of the same temperature. 

Even moderately cold water poses a significant risk. Water 

with a temperature between 40 to 50°F can exhaust a 

person in 30 to 60 minutes. 

Electricity

Powerlines and exposed wires pose significant risk to 

WCOs. Do not place ladders closer than 10 feet to 

unprotected electrical wires. Make sure that ladders can 

not come into contact with powerlines as they are moved. 

Be cautious when entering attics and other unfinished 

areas of a structure where wires may be exposed. Be 

particularly careful in older homes with extensive damage 

by rodents and outdated wiring. Have utility lines located 

and marked before digging.

Asbestos

Exposure to asbestos continues to pose risks to WCOs due 

to the variety of products manufactured with it. Many 

homes have vermiculite insulation that contains asbestos. 

It is impossible to distinguish vermiculite that contains 

asbestos from vermiculite that does not with the naked 

eye. All vermiculite insulation is a pebble-like, pour-in 

Page 8 WDM Technical Series—Safety

product and is usually gray-brown or silver-gold in color. 

See the EPA website for more information on identifying 

asbestos. 

Do not disturb vermiculite insulation. Doing so could lead 

to inhalation or ingestion of asbestos fibers, which is a 

known health risk. If vermiculite insulation must be 

disturbed, have it tested by a qualified professional before 

conducting any work. If the vermiculite contains asbestos, 

a contractor qualified in asbestos removal should remove 

it from the work area. 

Lead Paint

Lead-based paint was used in many homes throughout the 

U.S. prior to 1978. Common repair activities such as 

sanding, cutting, grinding, etc. on surfaces painted with 

lead-based paint can liberate the lead and expose not only 

the WCO, but also household members. Children are 

particularly susceptible to adverse health effects from 

exposure to lead. Therefore, the Environmental Protection 

Agency has requirements for anyone performing leadbased paint abatement or renovation, repair, or 

maintenance activities for compensation in a home or child

-occupied facility (e.g., daycare, school). The person must 

be trained and certified in lead-safe work practices (40 

CFR Part 745). 

If it is necessary to conduct activities in a pre-1978 home 

or child-occupied facility (e.g., daycare, school) that may 

disturb painted surfaces, ask the owner about the 

presence of lead-based paint. If no information is available, 

refrain from activities that may disturb the paint until it has 

been inspected and tested by a properly credentialed leadbased paint inspector. If in doubt about prohibited 

activities, consult your local Health Department. 

Personal Protective Equipment and Other Basic 

Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) encompasses 

products designed to prevent bodily injury to the wearer. 

Often, PPE is the last line of defense against injury.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Page 9

Trauma to the head can result in long-term disability and 

death for the victim. Increasingly, researchers are raising 

concerns over how multiple small bumps to the head can 

affect the brain negatively over time. Helmets or bump 

caps can protect against head trauma, but the proper type 

of head protection must be selected based on the potential 

hazard. Helmets or hard hats are designed to specific 

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards 

and are intended to provide protection from impact blows 

from falling or moving objects (Figure 6). They also may be 

rated to provide protection from electrical shock. 

WCOs rarely wear helmets, as the headgear is 

cumbersome and can obstruct their view. A bump cap 

provides an alternative to a helmet. It is intended to 

provide protection from injury resulting from bumping the 

head against fixed objects that often occur while in an 

attic, crawl space, or other area with limited head 

clearance. Unfortunately, bump caps offer no protection 

from falling objects or electricity. Wear head protection 

appropriate for the situation. 

Eye Protection

Wear eye protection when eyes are at risk of being injured, 

irritated, or burned. Do not rely on ordinary corrective 

Figure 5. Plastic and leather gloves are essential safety items. 

Figure 6. Helmets protect against falling objects.

Gloves

Protective gloves are required at various times for 

everyone working in WDM. Leather and cloth gloves help 

keep hands clean as well as protect them from cuts, 

scrapes, and animal bites. Unfortunately, increases in 

hand protection result in loss of tactile sensitivity and 

dexterity. Thus, WCOs should have at least two types of 

protective gloves, one for general protection and another 

for handling animals or heavier duty applications. Select 

gloves that provide protection and sufficient dexterity for 

the task at hand. 

Leather and cloth gloves are not designed to protect 

against chemical or infectious material hazards. Generally, 

these hazards will require an impervious rubber-like glove. 

Wear surgical, exam-like gloves when contact with 

potentially infectious agents is possible (e.g., contact with 

animal feces or secretions). These may be worn under 

leather or cloth gloves (Figure 5), but the outer gloves must 

be washed after use and before being worn again. 

Chemical-resistant gloves are made from a variety of 

materials (e.g., butyl, nitrile, latex, neoprene), each with 

resistance to different classes of chemicals. They also 

come in varying thicknesses. Consult the glove 

manufacturer to determine which glove is best suited for 

the job. Latex can cause allergic responses in some 

people. 

Knees Pads and Headgear

Use knee pads to protect knees when crawling in attics 

and crawl spaces. Various styles are available. 
lenses unless they have been manufactured to meet ANSI 

safety eyewear standards. Select the eye protection 

appropriate to the hazard. Safety glasses with side shields 

provide protection against impact injuries, while goggles 

provide protection against impact, dust, and splashes 

(Figure 7). Face shields can be paired with goggles or 

safety spectacles to provide protection to the whole face. 

However, never consider a face shield as a substitute for 

protective eyewear; it is only a supplement. 

Ear Protection

Wear ear protection to protect against noise-induced 

hearing loss. OSHA’s noise exposure limit is 90 dBA 

(decibels, A-weighted scale) expressed as an 8-hour Time 

Weighted Average (TWA). This means that the exposure 

limit is based on sound intensity (sound pressure level) 

and duration (time length) of exposure. For every 5 dBA 

increase in sound level pressure, the allowable exposure 

Page 10 WDM Technical Series—Safety

time is halved. For example, the maximum exposure time 

is 4 hours for noise at 95 dBA, 2 hours for noise at 100 

dBA, 1 hour for noise at 105 dBA, 30 minutes for noise at 

110 dBA, and 15 minutes for noise at 115 dBA. Normal 

conversation is about 60 dBA, a hand drill operates at 

about 98 dBA, and an ambulance siren is about 120 dBA. 

Sound meters are available for less than $100. Although 

not as accurate, sound measuring apps for cell phones are 

available for just a few dollars. 

Hearing protection comes in three forms— ear canal caps, 

ear plugs, and ear muffs. Ear canal caps are not 

recommended because they do not extend into the ear 

canal, leading to noise “leakage.” Ear plugs and ear muffs 

can be used alone or in combination (Figure 8). Noise 

cancellation varies between different makes, models, and 

manufacturers of hearing protectors, and is expressed as a 

Noise Reduction Rating (NRR). The higher the NRR, the 

greater the ability to reduce noise (attenuation). Select 

Figure 7. Protective eyeglasses (left) and goggles (right). 

Figure 8. Ear plugs (left and right) and ear muffs (middle). 
U.S. Department of Agriculture Page 11

hearing protectors with adequate sound attenuation and 

use the devices correctly to achieve the necessary level of 

protection. To calculate the noise attenuation achieved, 

subtract 7 from the NRR, divide the result by 2, and 

subtract the final number from the measured noise level. 

For example, if the noise generated by an operation is 

measured at 100 dBA, hearing protection with a NRR of 

37 will attenuate the sound to 85 dBA [(37-7) ÷ 2 = 15; 

100-15 = 85]. Research has shown that many workers 

receive only a small fraction of the protection available 

from hearing protection equipment due to improper fitting. 

As with respirators, hearing protection only works when 

worn properly. 

Lung Protection

Respirators protect workers from exposure to airborne 

particles and chemical vapors that can damage their 

health. A wide variety of respirators are available, and 

proper selection depends on the type and concentration of 

the contaminant. Respirators may be disposable or 

reusable. They may be tight-fitting to the face or of a hoodlike design. Tight-fitting respirators may be quarter, half, or 

full face. Regardless, only NIOSH-approved respirators 

should be used. A dust mask available at the local 

hardware store does not qualify as a true respirator.

Respirators add physical demands to the body, which is 

why OSHA regulations stipulate that people who wear 

respirators must be medically qualified. This means that a 

physician has determined that the worker is physically 

capable of wearing a respirator without posing significant 

risk to their health. 

Most respirators are designed to filter contaminants from 

breathed air. Therefore, they will not provide protection in 

oxygen-deficient atmospheres. In addition, the type of filter 

used with the respirator must be appropriate to the 

airborne contaminants. Particulate filters will not protect 

against chemical vapors. Chemical vapor cartridges will not 

protect against particulates, and are specific to the type of 

chemical vapor (e.g., acids, organic vapors, ammonia, etc.). 

When more than one type of contaminant is present, a 

combination of cartridges may be needed. 

NIOSH has established designations to identify the 

appropriate use conditions for different types of particulate 

filters. Filters with an “N” designation are not resistant to 

oil. Filters with an “R” designation are somewhat resistant 

to oil. Filters with a “P” designation are strongly resistant to 

oil. Filters with a “95” designation will filter at least 95% of 

the airborne particulates. Filters with a “99” designation 

will filter at least 99% of the airborne particulates. Filters 

with a “100” designation will filter at least 99.97% of the 

airborne particles. These designations are used in 

combinations. For example, if oils are expected in the 

atmosphere, use R95, R99, P95, or P99 filters. Filters and 

vapor cartridges have limited life-spans and must be 

replaced at the manufacturer’s recommended interval, 

which will vary with environmental conditions. They must 

be protected from contamination when not in use, and 

respirators must be cleaned and cared for properly. Do not 

use disposable respirators more than once.

Except for loose-fitting, hood-type respirators, a good seal 

must be obtained between the respirator and the wearer’s 

face. Therefore, it is important to select the proper size and 

to be clean shaven. OSHA’s Respiratory Protection 

regulations require those who wear respirators to be fittested by a qualified person prior to use to ensure that the 

respirator is the proper size for the user and a good face 

seal can be obtained. Good face seals are highly 

dependent on proper use and care of the respirator. Thus, 

OSHA’s regulation also contains a requirement to train 

workers in proper care and use. Consult OSHA’s website 

for additional information on the required elements of a 

Respiratory Protection Program. Failure to properly wear 

and care for a respirator can present more of a hazard 

than the atmosphere causing concern. 

In many situations, WCOs want to protect themselves from 

dust, dander, dried animal feces, and similar particulates 

that are present in low concentrations, such as during 

routine attic or crawl space inspections. In these cases, a 

filtering facepiece or half-face elastomeric respirator with 

N95 or N99 particulate cartridges usually is sufficient. 

When the conditions are extremely dirty or there also is 

need to protect the eyes/face, select a full-face 

elastomeric respirator with the appropriate particulate 

cartridge. These three pieces of equipment are shown in 
Other Clothing

Clothing plays an important role in protecting skin and feet 

from injury, as well as helping maintain a constant 

temperature. All clothing, including uniforms, should be 

made of durable, comfortable materials that can withstand 

outdoor conditions. Choose fabrics appropriate to the 

expected environmental conditions. 

WCOs should wear hats to protect their face from the sun, 

keep rain out of their eyes, minimize body heat loss in cold 

conditions, and cushion bumps to the head. Choose hats 

with adjustable clasps. Knit caps are preferable for 

protection against the cold. 

Shirts should be comfortable and loose fitting to allow 

freedom of movement in tight areas. Wear a long-sleeved 

shirt or jacket to protect against the sun, abrasion, other 

environmental hazards or when mandated by pesticide 

labels.

Pants should be comfortable and allow for full leg 

movement. Pockets should be deep enough to hold 

equipment securely. Choose pants made of material that 

can withstand wear due to kneeling and tears incurred 

from squeezing into small spaces or walking through 

thorny bushes. Generally, long pants are preferable to 

shorts and are usually mandated by pesticide labels.

Page 12 WDM Technical Series—Safety

Shoes should cover the entire foot, be comfortable to wear, 

and have soles suitable for the encountered surfaces. For 

example, flat-bottomed and slip resistant soles are needed 

on roofs to reduce the risk of falling. Safety shoes with 

impact-resistant toes and insoles protect against impact 

from heavy objects and penetration by sharp objects. 

Wear disposable coveralls in areas that could be 

contaminated with infectious organisms (animal droppings 

are a common source of infection) or when working with 

pesticides. If you use pesticides, follow the label 

instructions on selection, use, and laundering of clothing. 

Other Basic Equipment

Basic equipment refers to those products that have 

multiple uses, including the protection and safety of the 

user. Although WCOs in urban situations have different 

equipment needs than those working in wilderness areas, 

the following equipment can be useful in both settings.

Good lighting is essential to operate effectively and safely. 

Locations where lighting is absent or inadequate are very 

dangerous because workers may not be able to identify 

hazards, such as exposed nails or charging animals. It is 

recommended that WCOs have three lights available to 

them, namely a general light, a spotlight, and a hands-free 

light. 

Modern flashlights have a variety of features, such as 

beam focus capability, various powering systems, water 

tolerance, and power levels. Generally, quality and features 

correlate with price. Unfortunately, comparing flashlights is 

difficult due to the various ways light strength is 

advertised. It is recommended that users test lights before 

purchasing.

General flashlights are suitable for ordinary illumination of 

closets and walking areas. Incandescent bulbs emit a 

white light useful for clearly illuminating discolorations, 

such as rubmarks. However, advancements in lightemitting diode (LED) technology have produced flashlights 

that are more durable, brighter, and more efficient in 

battery consumption than their incandescent alternatives. 

Figure 9. Disposable filtering facepiece (left), reusable half-mask respirator 

with particulate filters (middle), and reusable full face respirator with 

particulate filters (right).
U.S. Department of Agriculture Page 13

Spotlights are useful for inspecting structures or 

performing night surveys of wildlife populations. The light 

beam should emit at least 500,000 candles in a beam that 

remains concentrated at 100 yards. Structural settings 

may be able to get by with flashlights with 1,000 lumens of 

concentrated light.

Hands-free lights are very useful when a task requires two 

hands. Lights should be capable of illuminating objects 

within 3 feet of the user, have adjustable straps, and the 

ability to adjust the beam’s focus and direction. 

Use flood or area lights when conditions require lighting of 

large areas, such as basements or attics. Be sure to use 

heavy-duty extension cords and service outlets capable of 

handling the draw of electrical power. Keep flood lights at 

least three feet away from objects to reduce the risk of 

fires from the heat of the lamp. 

WCOs should keep a first aid kit in their service vehicle. 

Cuts and scrapes occur daily. A kit should include BandAids®, gauze bandages, tape, antiseptic ointment, 2 

quarts of sterile water, cold and heat packs, and triangular 

bandages. 

Waterless hand sanitizer reduces the risk of infection when 

soap and water is not available. Choose sanitizers 

containing at least 60% alcohol. Smear a light coating over 

hands to kill bacteria. Work it around hands and between 

fingers until they are dry. Antiseptic disposable wipes have 

the added benefit of helping to scrub away organic 

material where germs can hide. 

WCOs should alert doctors to their medical history and the 

fact that they work in close proximity with wildlife, so 

wildlife-related diseases may be considered. Doctors may 

recommend certain vaccinations, such as rabies preexposure prophylaxsis, based on these occupational 

hazards. For more information on disease and medical 

safety, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

website or other publications in the WDM Technical Series.

Those working in remote areas should ensure that 

colleagues and family know their itinerary and schedule 

along with a "call for help" deadline if you do not return by 

a certain time/date. In areas where cell-phone service is 

not available, workers should consider radios, satellite 

phones, and personal locator beacons or other means to 

help others locate them in the event of an emergency.

Vehicle Safety

Injuries from motor vehicle accidents are a significant risk 

for WCOs. In 2015, U.S. drivers were involved in an 

estimated 6.3 million police reported motor vehicles 

accidents (https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/

ViewPublication/812318), which led to 35,092 deaths 

(www. nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov). While nothing can eliminate all 

the risks inherent in driving, several tactics can 

substantially reduce the likelihood of an accident. 

First, purchase a service vehicle with a high safety rating 

with both the National Highway Transportation Safety 

Administration and the Insurance Institute for Highway 

Safety. Consider safety features, such as back up cameras, 

anti-lock breaks, etc. that would improve driver control and 

safe use of the vehicle. Be sure the vehicle is rated to 

handle the weight and work expected. 

Second, ensure that the vehicle is maintained in proper 

working condition, with particular attention to tires, brakes, 

lights, windshield wipers, and suspension. Be alert to site 

hazards, including hidden objects or terrain. A walk-around 

of the area may be appropriate before engaging the 

vehicle. Operate vehicles in accordance to traffic laws. 

Avoid speeding. 

Third, be a defensive driver. Wear a seat belt. Use your 

back-up camera and side mirrors, as appropriate. Do not 

run red lights or turn without signaling. Leave sufficient 

distance between vehicles to allow sufficient time for 

reaction. Reduce speed as appropriate for driving 

conditions. Avoid distractions. Do not text or use a cell 

phone while driving. Do not wear ear buds. Map out routes 

before driving or use a global positioning device. 

Employ similar concern for safety features when looking to 

buy or rent equipment. For example, does the scissor lift 

have a level sensor that prevents use of the lift when the 

lift is off-balance. Likewise, purchase heavy duty electrical 

extension cords that can withstand strenuous use and 

have grounding plugs. 
Crime Prevention

Wildlife control operators frequently work alone in isolated 

or unfamiliar areas, which make them vulnerable to 

criminal attacks. WCOs should never allow their attention 

to the task to prevent them from monitoring their situation. 

Always survey a job site throughout the day to look for 

potential threats and identify ways of escape. Awareness of 

surroundings helps reduce the likelihood of assault. Avoid 

wearing ear phones so that approaching individuals or 

objects can be heard. 

Before going to a job site, WCOs should notify someone of 

where they will be and when they will return. If a client or 

situation raises concerns, consider ways to delay the job 

until additional help arrives. 

Avoid drawing unnecessary attention. Lock and secure 

unattended vehicles and equipment. Use security boxes, 

safes, cables , etc. to secure sensitive equipment. Do not 

wear an expensive watch or flaunt expensive equipment. 

When using firearms to control wildlife, WCOs should notify 

authorities to ensure that they are aware of the WDM 

activities. It is advisable to notify authorities in advance, as 

well as when WCOs arrive on scene, as inter-office 

communication does not always occur. 

Do not get involved in altercations to protect equipment or 

money. Flee danger, whenever possible. Contact police 

immediately following a criminal incident. Provide the 

authorities with as many accurate details as possible.

Animal Handling Safety

Handling of traps and wildlife control equipment brings its 

own risks of cuts, bruises, and punctures, as well as 

potential exposure to infection. Buy quality traps. For 

example, use cage traps with 1⁄2”x 1” mesh and large 

handle guards to reduce chances of being scratched by 

caged animals. Ask trap dealers about safety equipment 

such as safety clasps for conibear-style traps. Learn from 

experienced WCOs how to safely catch pole animals, carry 

and set traps, etc. Likewise, the safe use and storage of 

firearms has its own set of concerns. WCOs should obtain 

training and advice from those experienced in the use of 

firearms before using this tool in field conditions.

Page 14 WDM Technical Series—Safety

Safety and the Law

Legal safety refers to situations where failure to implement 

safe practices can result in criminal or civil penalties either 

as a defendant or as a victim. Failure to operate a vehicle 

in a safe manner can result in legal penalties, as well as 

physical injury. 

OSHA Compliance

Employers must follow OSHA requirements to ensure a 

safe working environment for workers. Employers must 

identify hazards, create written safety programs, train 

workers, monitor worker compliance, and maintain training 

and incident records. 

Information and assistance on OSHA regulations and 

compliance is available at http://www.OSHA.gov. Begin the 

process by reviewing OSHA’s Compliance/Outreach page. 

The page clearly outlines the steps to become compliant 

and contains links to templates, training, and specialists to 

speed the process. OSHA’s Small Business page is also 

very useful. 

Recognize that OSHA sometimes delegates its authority to 

individual states. Under the delegation of authority, a state 

may have additional or more stringent requirements than 

the federal OSHA program. Determine if your state has 

been delegated authority at OSHA’s State Occupational 

Safety and Health Plans page. 

Many private consultants are available to provide even 

more personalized assistance with OSHA compliance. 

Conclusion

Work in WDM poses many safety risks to those involved. 

Awareness, planning, and deliberate action can eliminate 

or reduce many threats. As the industry continues to 

develop, WCOs must keep up with new threats and safety 

practices to maintain their well-being. Following safe work 

practices helps to ensure WCOs remain on-the-job and 

injury free. 
Page 15

Acknowledgements

Figure 1, 3, and 5. Photos by Stephen Vantassel

Figure 2 and 4. Charts by the National Weather Service

Figures 6—9. Photos by Brenda Osthus

Figure 10. Diagram by Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators Best Practices Guide

Figure 11. Photos by WERNER®

The authors would like to thank the following individuals for their thoughtful review and contributions to this publication: Jan

Hygnstrom (University of Nebraska-Lincoln), Lisa Mensah (Safety Specialist, University of Nebraska-Lincoln), Dan Olsen 

(Senior Environmental Specialist, University of Nebraska-Lincoln) and Dave Schmidt (All Out Wildlife Control).

Glossary

Administrative Control: A method of control that reduces a 

hazard through one of the following strategies: 1) written 

operating procedures, work permits, and safe work 

practices; 2) exposure time limitations (used most 

commonly to control temperature extremes and ergonomic 

hazards); 3) monitoring the use of highly hazardous 

materials; 4) alarms, signs, and warnings; 5) buddy 

system; or 6) training. 

ANSI: American National Standards Institute. A group 

engaged on a national level to develop voluntary 

consensus standards. 

Confined Space: A space that 1) is large enough and so 

configured that an employee can enter and perform 

assigned work, and; 2) has limited or restricted means of 

re-entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage 

bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have 

limited means of entry), and; 3) is not designed for 

continuous employee occupancy. See also “Permitrequired confined space.” 

Decibel: A unit of measure to express relative sound 

pressure on a logarithmic scale.

Engineering Control: A method of control that eliminates or 

reduces a hazard through one of the following strategies: 

1) elimination (e.g., designing the facility, equipment, or 

process to remove the hazard, or substituting processes, 

equipment, materials, or other factors to lessen the 

hazard); 2) enclosure of the hazard using enclosed cabs, 

enclosures for noisy equipment, or other means; 3) 

isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, 

blast shields, welding curtains, or other means; or 4) 

removal or redirection of the hazard, such as with local and 

exhaust ventilation.

EPA: Environmental Protection Agency. The U.S. federal 

agency charged with enforcing environmental and 

protection laws and regulations.

HA or JHA: Hazards analysis or job hazards analysis. 

Technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify 

hazards before they occur.

NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health. The U.S. federal agency that conducts research 

and makes recommendations to prevent worker injury and 

illness. 

NRR: Noise reduction rating. A numerical figure given to a 

device to signify how much it diminishes the sound level 

entering your ears. 

OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The 

main U.S. federal agency charged with the enforcement of 

safety and health legislation.

Permit-required Confined Space: A confined space that has 

one or more of the following characteristics: 1) contains or 

has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere; 2) 

contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an 

entrant; 3) has an internal configuration such that an 

entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly 

converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and 

U.S. Department of Agriculture
Page 16

tapers to a smaller cross-section; or (4) contains any other 

recognized serious safety or health hazard.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Equipment worn to 

minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious injuries 

and illnesses. 

TWA: Time weighted average. Average concentration of an 

airborne contaminant to which a person is exposed in any 8

-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week.

UV: Ultraviolet radiation. That portion of the 

electromagnetic spectrum between 40–400 nm. The sun is 

the primary natural source of UV radiation. UV-A and UV-B 

are the most harmful portions of the UV spectrum and can 

damage eyes and skin.

WCO: Wildlife control operator. Person engaged in activities 

associated with wildlife damage management.

WDM: Wildlife damage management. Reduction of damage 

caused by or related to the presence or behavior of wildlife.

Key Words

Cold, Environmental threats, Hazards, Heat, Ladders, 

OSHA, Personal Protective Equipment, Physical safety, 

Respirator, Risk

WDM Technical Series—Safety

Disclaimer

Wildlife can threaten the health and safety of you and 

others in the area. Use of damage prevention and control 

methods also may pose risks to humans, pets, livestock, 

other non-target animals, and the environment. Be aware 

of the risks and take steps to reduce or eliminate those 

risks. 

Some methods mentioned in this document may not be 

legal, permitted, or appropriate in your area. Read and 

follow all pesticide label recommendations and local 

requirements. Check with personnel from your state 

wildlife agency and local officials to determine if methods 

are acceptable and allowed. 

Mention of any products, trademarks, or brand names 

does not constitute endorsement, nor does omission 

constitute criticism. 

Citation

Vantassel, S.M. and B.K. Osthus. 2018. Safety. Wildlife 

Damage Management Technical Series. USDA, APHIS, WS 

National Wildlife Research Center. Fort Collins, Colorado. 

19p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Page 17

Resources

American Ladder Institute (http://www.americanladderinstitute.org)

Division of Occupational Safety and Health. 2011. Roofing safety: Slips and falls. Tailgate/Toolbox Topics. California Dept. of 

Industrial Relations. TT-4 (May):1. Accessed Oct 2, 2014 at http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh_publications/RoofSlip.pdf. 

Epp, R.J. 2007. Fall Protection: Misconceptions & myths; Working within the OSHA system. Professional Safety Magazine 

(Sept): 1-18. Accessed Sept. 17, 2018. 

Franks, J.R., M.R. Stephenson, and C.J. Merry, editors. 1996. Preventing occupational hearing loss--A practical guide. National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.

Glenn, D.D. 2011. Job safety analysis: Its role today. Professional Safety 56:3 (March):48-57. 

Garber, C.E., B. Blissmer, M.R. Deschenes, B.A. Franklin, M.J. Lamonte, I.-M. Lee, D.C. Nieman, and D.P. Swain. 2011. 

Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in

apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43:1334-1359. 

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (www.iihs.org) 

Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management (http://icwdm.com/)

Nakata, A. 2011. Effects of long work hours and poor sleep characteristics on workplace injury among full-time male 

employees of small- and medium-scale businesses. Journal of Sleep Research 20:576-584.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (www.nhtsa.gov) 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.htm)

National Weather Service (www.weather.gov)

Occupation Safety and Health Administration (http://www.osha.gov) 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2003. Personal protective equipment. OSHA 3151-12R 2003, U.S. 

Government, Washington D.C.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Job hazard analysis, OSHA 3071 (Revised 2002). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov)

Wildlife Control Operator Training Course (http://nwcoa.com)
Extension Ladder Safety

Place the ladder at a suitable site (firm, stable, level, and away from foot and vehicle traffic). Position the base at 

the wall of the structure and walk the ladder up to a vertical position by pushing up the ladders with your hands 

as you move your hands down the rungs until the ladder is vertical. Using the rope, extend the ladder to a length 

at least 3 feet higher than the edge of the roof or landing to be accessed. Ensure the proper ladder angle; for 

every 4 feet of vertical distance, the ladder should be 1 foot from the base of the supporting structure (4:1 ratio). 

For a roof edge that is 20 feet high (rise), the base of the ladder should be 5 feet out from the eave (run) to 

achieve a 4:1 ratio (Figure 10). To test for proper alignment of the ladder, place your feet at the base of ladder 

and extend your arms straight ahead (parallel to the ground). If the angle is appropriate, the palms of your hands 

should reach a rung on the ladder. 

Make sure that the ladder’s rung locks are engaged before climbing. Check that the ladder’s feet are flush to a 

clean, dry, surface capable of holding the ladder in place. Use ladder straps or other devices to secure the base 

of a ladder to prevent ladder kick-outs (Figure 11). Kick-outs occur when the base of the ladder dislodges from 

the ground. 

Secure the top of the ladder to the roofline to prevent the ladder from sliding horizontally. Failure to tie off a 

ladder allows wind gusts to push the ladder off the structure, leaving you stranded on the roof or injured if you 

fall. Stabilizers can reduce side-to-side motion by widening the contact of a ladder with a structure (Figure 11). 

Standoffs stabilize ladders and prevent damage by keeping the ladder away from sensitive surfaces, such as 

gutters. Some standoffs allow the ladder to be placed at a corner of a building. Although not as secure as 

professionally manufactured devices, rope or strong wire can be used to secure the ladder to gutter spikes or 

screws fastened to the fascia board. Dismount by stepping sideways onto the roof. Do not step over the top of 

the ladder to climb on the roof. Keep in mind that temperature fluctuations in the spring and fall can cause 

surfaces to be slippery due to condensation. 

Equipment for fall protection may be needed for some jobs, particularly when the task is conducted at heights 

and involves anything more than inspection of the roof area. Ways to achieve adequate fall protection that are 

consistent with OSHA regulations is outside the scope of this publication. Consult safety equipment suppliers for 

more information. 

Page 18

Extension and Step Ladder Safety 

Figure 10. Diagram of the proper positioning of a 

ladder, with a 4:1 ratio of rise to run.

Figure 11. Ladder straps (left) can help reduce kick-outs and a stabilizer (right) keeps a ladder away 

from a structure.

Appendix
Anchoring Tips - Prevent Kick-out with Extension Ladders

1. Move a vehicle bumper close to the base of a ladder. 

2. On decks or wooden surfaces, get permission to nail a 2”x 4” behind the feet of the ladder.

3. On soil, use long stakes to anchor the base of the ladder to the ground (first call Dig Safe® or a similar 

company to locate underground utilities). 

4. Use equipment specifically designed to stabilize the base, if the ladder is on uneven ground. If you cannot 

secure the base, choose another place for the ladder.

5. Inspect equipment frequently and do not use damaged ladders. 

6. Pad ropes so they do not chafe against roof edges.

7. Be aware of electrical services to avoid electrocution. Maintain as much distance as possible from overhead 

power lines and conductors, never closer than 10 feet. Use fiberglass ladders when working near live 

electrical services. If it is necessary to access areas closer than 10 feet from overhead conductors and power 

lines, call the electrical company to discuss the situation and possible approaches to safely conduct the work 

(e.g., power interruption, shielding).

Step Ladder Safety

Select a step ladder appropriate in height and use for the situation. Reduce fatigue by using platform step ladders 

when in one location for an extended period of time. Never stand on the top two steps or use a step ladder when 

it is closed. Fully extend and press the locks into place before climbing. Always stand in the middle of each step 

and only stand on rungs designed to be steps. 

Page 19