PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

9999 999998 99 98959087 040 30-0 SO
300 a a A
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer 5
RS ;
RS 100 NSS EL PASO «
2 4 | | February ——— May 4
= J SLES —-—-— August) +--+» November iS
a - i It
& Pass dis ©
KE + ESS g
= 10 : iS
& I 3
8 = &
= — oz
S ~200 3
iS g
=. .
= Hit
S 3 S
= u
£400 &
2 G
“5

00!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 0 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

El Paso, Texas

31-48 N, 106-24 W. 1194 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 15002 (2000 and 0800 LST)
1/51 - 5/57
0000 and 12002 (1700 and 0500 LST)
6/57 - 12/57

Temperature (°F): January 56/30; July 95/69

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 24; July 54

Precipitation (inches): Annual 7.9; July 1.29; April 0.29

This station is on a mesa about 200 ft above the flat, irrigated land in
the Rio Grande valley; a relatively low range of mountains lies to the
north. The prevailing winds are from the north in winter and from the
south in summer. Arid climate with mild winters and hot summers.

55


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
pe $9998 99 989590 OO 50 40 30 20S | SS
u T

SS

Cumulative Distribution of the

on Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
jin the Ground-based 60-meter Layer

GROSS ROHRHEIM
May-October Distribution
Q

“FAR 4 a

100}

“2

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
8
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

00!
O O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

Gross Rohrheim, Germany (Federal Republic)

49-43 N, 08-28 E. 90 meters MSL

Data: 60-meter gradients based on 3-hrly dry- and wet-bulb temperature
measurements on a 65-meter tower 20 km southwest of Darmstadt.
June - October 1966; May - October 1967

Analyzed by: Dr. L. Fehlhaber, Fernmeldetechnisches Zentralamt,
Darmstadt

Temperature (°F): January 38/29; July 75/56

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 29; July 54

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 25.0; July 2.80; February 1.58

Located in the Rhine Valley. A continental climate modified by exposure
to maritime air masses.

60


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 g9gg98 99 9895 90, 8 50 40 30 0H ON
300; SS es a es a

—e a af

Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient

iin the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
= i FORT SMITH l
3 February ———May 44
39
= = 4133
S -100}
uy
iS

©

& \
S 7200 \
iS N
S
S300 -
: SUSREG
&
Ea ai
&

~500}

600!
Oo 01.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30-40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada

60-01 N, 111-58 W 203 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde . 0300 and 1500Z (2000 and 0800 LST)
1/45 - 8/46, 10/46 - 3/47, 10/48 - 12/49
0300Z (2000 LST)
9/46, 4/47 - 9/48

Temperature (°F): January -5/-22; July 74/48
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January (M); July 51
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 12.6; July 1.99; April 0.52

Located on the Slave River. A severe continental climate.

57

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 99-98 95908070 5040 30 20052 Sk
300 SS

- Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /OO-meter Layer

“CR FORT LAMY

February ——— May
——— August November

4.87

PS +4133
100} =

an Le
-200 5 -

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

~500}

600! ;
O 01.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Ft. Lamy, Chad

12-08 N, 15-02 E. 300 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300Z (0400 LST)
5/59 - 5/63

Temperature (°F): January 93/57; July 93/73

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 46; July 73

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 25.5; August 10.12; Jan., Feb., Mar.,
Dec. 0.00

Located on the Shari River in southwest Chad; alluvial plain in vicinity
is flooded in rainy season. Tropical continental climate with hot, dry

winters and hot, humid, rainy summers.

56


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S NOT EXCEEDED
Aa 99999899 989590 87 0 40 30 0, kt Zk
——— —

t ———
+ - Cumulative Distribution of the
7 BN Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
7 in the Ground-based Layer
Hs 5
= P| GIBRALTAR a
2 : iets
S N i—
Sg > 1 3
; &
= 4133
& g
& 10 Ss
3 3
& ez
S 200) &
S a
SE w
= 300 qi 3
= S
& | ra
409 \ &
® i &
T
50 \
|

600!
oO O12 5 1 2 5 1 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99  sa8ga9 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Gibraltar (British Colony)

36-09 N, 05-21 W. 3 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde . 0000 and 1200Z (0000 and 1200 LsT)
1/68 - 12/70

Note: Calculated refractivity gradient between surface and next
higher level. See text.

Analyzed by: Davis and Wagner, Environmental Technical Applications
Center, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.

Temperature (°F): January 60/50; July 83/68

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 48; July 63

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 32.1; January 6.06; July 0.04

Located on a 2.25 sq. mile peninsula on the southern tip of Spain. Mari-
time climate with hot and nearly rainless summers and warm, rainy winters.

59


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 99.9998 99 98 895 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 21 oo 5 21 5 21.05 0!
300 — r ——

— ——s
= Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00 -meter Layer 5
= LL CORAL HARBOR ;
3 February ———May +.
8 qq ——— Peete pecan November
Sq SShe=
= : ——S— 4133
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~ 1 4-1
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}
i

600!
oO 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 @ 70 80 9 95 98 99 99,6999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Coral Harbor, Northwest Territories, Canada

64-12 N, 83-22 W. 59 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0400 and 16002 (2200 and 1000 LST)
8/45 - 11/46

0300 and 1500zZ (2100 and 0900 LST)
1/47 - 8/47, 11/47 - 12/47, 4/48 - 12/48
0300Z (2100 LST)
9/47 - 10/47, 1/48 - 3/48
Temperature (°F): January -12/-27; July 54/39
Mean Dewpoint (°F): Januery (M); July 39
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 9.9; July 1.58; March 0.27

The station is on an inlet on the south coast of Southhampton Island
in the northern part of Hudson Bay. Severe continental climate.

51

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 99-98 9590807060 50 40 30 20k SC
300; A

~ Cumulative Distribution of the

200) 4 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /OO-meter Layer

iA FORT TRINQUET

. February ———May
See IN, a August November
_

100}

=| 4133
SS

-100

~200)

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

300) tT "1
a

, AN

400 l

-500}

-600'

Oo 0.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Ft. Tringuet (Bir Mogrein), Mauritania

25-14 N, 11-37 W. 359 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 1100Z (1000 LsT)

2/58 - 11/59

1200Z (1100 LST)

2/60 - 5/63
Temperature (°F): January 79/M; July 111/M
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 32; July 51
Precipitation: Less than 4 in/yr.

In the Sahara region; very hot, dry, desert climate.

58

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Prd $9999 99 989590807 «GO 50 40 30 2 5 21 5 2 5
— i

— —— a i
Cumulative Distribution of the
Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
‘in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer
= NS D rye
=, \ ENVER <
3 i} February ——— May 4 ge
Rg
= ——:'— August —-»» »- - November g
Sg Se 1 8
= = : 313
an 1 8
§ 3
iS o &
S :
~ 3
& my
= -300 : 4, 8
8 S
x
& é
# q
~500

00!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 1 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Denver, Colorado

39-46 N, 104-53 Ww. 1625 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2000 and 0800 LsT)
8/51 - 5/56

Temperature (°F): January 42/15; July 88/57

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 12; July 46

Precipitation (inches): Annual 14.8; May 2.70; December 0.47
Located in gently rolling terrain about 25 miles east of the foothills

and 45 miles east of the 13000 to 14000 ft peaks of the Continental Divide
of the Rocky Mountains. A semi-arid continental interior climate.

54


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
pipe g99998 99 98_=— 9590 B70 50 40 30 0 tS ON
3 —— —— rt

I ——o
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer
45

= id DAKAR

N «
S February ———May 4ST ge
§ TPT PTT INN EY TY) cc August 7 * November g
7 1 3
= 4i3 *
S, 8
go 8
$ ae
& x
S -200 5
é . §
>

> -30 ¥
R j >
S N ys
& &
‘5-400 - : i i
& q \ \ ir

500 \ =
nN

600 2
x) 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

Dakar, Senegal

14-44 N, 17-30 W. 22 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0600Z (0500 LST)
11/52 - 8/60

Note: Observations predominantly at 0600Z, but some other times
included (February, 0600 and 12002; May, 0600 and 12002;
August, 0000, 0600, and 1400Z; November, 0600, 0700,
1200, and 14002)

Temperature (°F): January 79/64; July 88/76
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 55; July 71
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 22.8; August 9.80; Jan., Mar., Apr. 0.00

Located on the west coast of Africa; tropical maritime climate with
marked wet and dry seasons. Temperatures moderated by winds off the

Atlantic Ocean.

53


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 98 95 ~— 90807060 50 40 30 0D SS
300 — so

= Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer
45
S 100 CURAGAO .
3 February ———May Fel og
S [| --—— August ++ +++- “November g
S 0 18
3 4133
E lt T g
gi Ss
8 &
§ : yz
S -200) FS
é 3
Sg w
= 309 . 41
q &
RS u
& -400] &
& iy
500)

00!
O 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 60 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Curagao, Netherlands West Indies

12-11 N, 68-59 W. 16 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 1500Z (1000 LsT)
2/57 - 5/57

0000 and 1200Z (1900 and 0700 LsT)
8/57 - 2/58; 8/58 - 11/61
0000Z (1900 LST)

5/58
Temperature (°F): January 84/75; July 88/79
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 71; July 75
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 21.3; November 4.18; February 0.44

Located on a large, generally flat island (36 miles by 8 miles) 60 miles
off the coast of northwest Venezuela. Sparse vegetation. A humid
tropical climate.

52