PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 99999899 989590807 50 40 30 20S OSC
300; = TM— rT

~300}

~400|

Cumulative Distribution of the
2001 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient

in the Ground-based /00 -meter Layer 5
San SHIP "Y" )
3 February ———May 4s
S Ft ytd | ddd bb do pp aa August = ‘November
So
2 Sh 3133
= -100 ee i
gs ~af:
4 = oO
§ 200 [NEE
x 7
S
Ss
~
S
&
&
e

~500)

600!
Oo O12 5 | 2 5 10 20 39 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 908999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Ship "V" (Pacific Ocean)
Ship Vv

34-00 N, 164-00 E.

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1400 and 0200 LST)
5/52 - 8/60

Average Temperature: January 59°F; July 75°F

Average Dewpoint: January 49°F; July 71°F

Relative Humidity (average): January 70%; July 88%

Sea Surface Temperature: January 65°F; July 75°F

105

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

9999 909998 99 9895-90807) 50 40:30 20S TS SO
300) ——————
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 1/00 -meter Layer 5
S TAMPA /
X00) q {o700 €sT} = fa
Rg PNT ¥, July 23 ~ September 20, 1970
So 1} \
= [>-. +133
iS ~ tS
5 =a
Ss
q = 40
& -200
‘S \.
S 1900 EsT | \S
> -300) +
i~ > =!
S t
&
i -400
&
“500
600!
‘05.1.2 5 | 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998929 © 9999

Tampa, Florida

27-58 N, 82-32 W.
Data: Radiosonde.
Temperature (°F):

Mean Dewpoint (°F):

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

3 meters MSL
guly 23 - Sept. 20, 1970
January 71/51; July 90/73

January 51; July 72

Precipitation (inches): Annual 51.6; July 8.62; November 1.46

Located on Tampa Bay about 20 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Sub-
tropical climate, with 60% of annual rainfall June-September. Frequent
winter fogs; 87 days/yr with thunderstorms.

110

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS: FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 99 989590807 50 40 30 2 5 2 1 52 05
300 2 a a a
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
= ol STUTTGART :
4s? a:

g All-season Distribution §
Sg 1 &
7 + z
z 1 || 133
iS I> g
& 100 a 8
: 2 §
§ -200 SS §
S \ §
= -300 , 8
8 1 8
e ra
Le -40( &
g &

“5

600!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 2 % 40 50 6 7 8 9 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Stuttgart, Germany (Federal Republic)
48-50 N, 09-12 E. 325 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 1200Z (0100 and 1300 LsT)
1961 and 1962

Analyzed by: Dr. L. Fehlhaber, Fernmeldetechnisches Zentralamt, Darmstadt
Temperature (°F): January 38/28; July 75/57

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 27; July 53

Precipitation (inches): Annual 26.5; June 3.30; February 1.30

Located in the valley of the Neckar River; woods, orchards, and vineyards

in vicinity. A continental climate modified by the exposure to maritime
air masses.

107


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
a 999998 99-9895 90807060 50 40 30-20
= r

T es os cr
1 Cumulative Distribution of the
cA M\ Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
i \ in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer '
i 4:
2 iy SINGAPORE
3 i \ [| February ——— May
= \ ——:— August +» »- » November
> 0 !
3 44133
E [PS k.
gi SSS
y SS. -
o 3
§ -200] NNS
» . tN
iS v
S -39 HDs
z ETF 4-1
g |
e IS
S ~400 5 f
& ty
; al
500 vt
all
I
an

600!
O 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Singapore (South of Malay Peninsula)

01-21 N, 103-54 E. 18 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000Z (0700 LST)
8/57 - 5/62
Temperature (°F): January 86/73; July 88/75
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 95.0; December 10.1; July 6.7

Station is on an island between Johore Strait and Singapore Strait.
A hot, humid, tropical climate.

106

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Pe 999998 99 9895908070 60 50 40 30 0, sd? SS Sk | OSC
~ r I

—a —— a a
= Cumulative Distribution of the +
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /OO -meter Layer

= 0 : SYKTYVKAR
3 “A February ——-—May 4
§ NBR, ——— August ++++> November |} 1 |
= N. a
> 9 =
= > | 133
& -109 Binns
Q
5 —p 0
S -200
»
S
Se
= 300] +1
g
E40
&

~500

00!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Syktyvkar, Komi, U.S.S.R.

61-40 N, 50-51 E. 96 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 12002 (0300 and 1500 LST)
8/57 - 11/59

Average Temperature: January 4°F; July 62°F

Precipitation (inches) : Annual about 15

Located on the Sysola River just above the junction with the Vychegda,
in a taiga forest area. Prolonged, cold winters and cool summers.

109

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

Ol

99.99 999998 99: 98_— 9590 8070 0 50 40 0 0) OS
300 — a —

—> I
_ Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
TM. in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer
L 5
= 100 SHEMYA
3 \ February ———May 4"
S JT TRL | MEF pp pap cwa7 August » November
S 0 _ '
& tt | 133
S -100}
& :
S ©
S 209
g NN
> -
R30 aol
x
E
&
-500}
600!
Oo 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90. 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Shemya, Alaska

52-43 N, 174-06 E. 37 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500zZ (1500 and 0300 LST)
7/52 - 7/57
0000 and 12002 (1200 and 0000 LST)
8/57 - 5/60

Temperature (°F): January 34/29; July 49/44

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 27.3; October 2.76; June 1.32

Station is located on a small island in the Aleutians; the highest
elevation on the island is about 400 ft. A cool, maritime climate
with abundant cloudiness. Precipitation falls on 3 out of 5 days
during the year. There is considerable fog in summer. The wind
averages over 18 mph the year around, and only about 2.5% of the
observations show a calm.

101

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
ope g9g998 99 98950 87 50 40 30 0, OS
T

2 A A CI

= Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /00 -meter Layer

SWAN ISLAND
February ———May 481
ie August -°+** November

100

44133

100+

-200

~30

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

00!
O 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Swan Island, West Indies

17-24 N, 83-56 W. 10 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2100 and 0900 LST)
7/52 - 9/55

Temperature (°F): January 83/74; July 87/78

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 51.6; October 9.70; March 0.63

Great Swan Island is about 3/4 mile wide and 2 miles long; the maximum
elevation is 52 ft MSL. Weather station is on a clearing near the
west end of the island. A tropical maritime climate.

108

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Pp gggga8 99 98_— 950 0 40 30 0S OS
I— L I

I — a I
Cumulative Distribution of the 4
Py Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient

iin the Ground-based !0O-meter Layer 5
= SHIP "M"
N 100}
ry February ———May
S November T |
5 4 4!
= 3133
(Ss
& 100)
z oO
SG 20
x
&
= -
z TS 41
S \
= v
‘  ~400} \
&

SL
-50( t
\

600!
O 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 99,8929 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Ship (Norwegian Sea)

66-00 N, 02-00 E.

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (0300 and 1500 LST)
8/52 - 5/57
Average Temperature: January 38°F; July 50°F

Relative Humidity (average): January 77%; July 86%

104

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 99998 99 98_—S 95 90S 0 50 40 30 20S SO
300 A

Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer 5
SHIP "kK"
100} 4
0 ens |
= 4133
1 a,
100)
YP
— oO

3S
s
A

-300)

-400|

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

~500} ~

600 .
‘oO 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 908999 9999
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Ship "K" (Atlantic Ocean)

45-00 N, 16-00 W.

Data: Radiosonde. 0200 and 14002 (0100 and 1300 LST)
8/52 - 11/56
Average Temperature: January 54°F; July 65°F

Relative Humidity (average): January 80%; July 82%

103

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 99 98950 0 40 30 20H OC
300; 1 a A
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /OO-meter Layer 5

= Tm SHIP "Cc"
BS A February ——— May 7}
§ bs a August “November
5 9 aes 1
= == 4133
s 100)
x
4 ©
S -200
»
&
S
ra +1
x
a
&

“5

600!

Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Ship "C" (Atlantic Ocean)

52-45 N, 35-30 W.

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (0100 and 1300 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Average Temperature: January 42°F; July 54°F

Average Dewpoint: January 36°F; July 50°F

Relative humidity (average): January 80%; July 88%

Sea Surface Temperature: January 44°F; July 53°F

102

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k