OCS Study

MMS 2005-019

Coastal Marine Institute

Effects of Oil and Gas Development:

A Current Awareness Bibliography,

2000-2004

Cooperative Agreement

Coastal Marine Institute

Louisiana State University

U.S. Department of the Interior

Minerals Management Service

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region
U.S. Department of the Interior Cooperative Agreement

Minerals Management Service Coastal Marine Institute

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Louisiana State University

OCS Study

MMS 2005-019

Coastal Marine Institute

Effects of Oil and Gas Development:

A Current Awareness Bibliography,

2000-2004

Compilers

John Conover

Shanna Duhon

March 2005

Prepared under MMS Contract

1435-01-99-CA-30951-18179

by

Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium

8124 Highway 56

Chauvin, Louisiana 70344-2124

Published by
iii

DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared under contract between the Minerals Management Service (MMS) and the Louisiana 

Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON). This report has been technically reviewed by the MMS and 

approved for publication. Approval does not signify that contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the 

Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for 

use. It is, however, exempt from review and compliance with MMS editorial standards. 

REPORT AVAILABILITY

Extra copies of this report may be obtained from the Public Information Office at the following address:

U.S. Department of the Interior

Minerals Management Service

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region

Public Information Office (MS 5034)

1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard

New Orleans, LA 70123-2394

Telephone: (504) 736-2519 or

1-800-200-GULF

Cited items may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. For information, contact

LUMCON Library

8124 Highway 56

Chauvin, LA 70344

Telephone: (985) 851-2875

FAX: (985) 851-2874

CITATION

Suggested citation:

Conover, J. and S. Duhon, compilers. 2005. Effects of Oil and Gas Development: A Current Awareness 

Bibliography, 2000-2004. U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of 

Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 2005-019. 245 pp.
v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Michael Dagg, Dr. Nancy Rabalais, Dr. Rodney Powell and Dr. Christopher 

Finelli for scientific consultation; Dr. Mary Boatman and everyone at the Minerals Management Service who 

supported this project; and all the patrons who have received the bibliography.

This report was prepared with the assistance of several electronic databases subscribed to by LUMCON. The 

databases were searched electronically using products available from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), 

Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Internet Database Service (CSA), and the Louisiana Library Network (LOUIS). 

The following databases were searched:

Academic Search Premier (LOUIS)

Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (CSA)

BIOSIS (LOUIS)

Current Contents (ISI)

Dissertation Abstracts (LOUIS)

Ingenta (LOUIS)

LexisNexis Academic (LOUIS)

Oceanic Abstracts (CSA)

Serials Directory (LOUIS)

Zoological Record (LOUIS)
vii

PREFACE

Effects of Oil and Gas Development: A Current Awareness Bibliography was created as part of the research 

initiative between the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON), the Minerals Management Service 

(MMS) and the Coastal Marine Institute (CMI), with the aim of providing current awareness in all aspects of 

offshore oil and gas development. Sixteen quarterly issues were prepared from January 2001 to October 2004 

that contained approximately 2,250 citations, and were compiled into Effects of Oil and Gas Development: A 

Current Awareness Bibliography.

The bibliography evolved from 1990 to 1994 in response to increased demand and MMS's changing needs. 

Initially, there were no subject divisions and circulation was relatively limited. Eventually, the bibliography was 

sent quarterly to over 300 patrons who have direct ties to or interest in MMS and coastal marine issues. In 

January 2000, a web-based electronic database was created. The database includes all citations from inception. 

The database can be displayed either by quarterly issues or cumulative reports. Other types of searches are that 

are applicable are: Author, Subject or Keyword Phrases. The database allows users to print their own copy of the 

published report. Starting in January 2001, the bibliography was distributed sparingly, with notification of issue 

publication being mailed out in replacement of the physical issue in most instances. Web-based access of the 

bibliography grew accordingly, as anticipated. 

Denise Landry, LUMCON Librarian, compiled the first three issues of the bibliography. Ms. Landry's successor 

as LUMCON Librarian, Jacqueline Riley, prepared the October 1990 through January 1993 issues. Sue Ann 

Lewandowski, Ms. Riley's successor, prepared the April 1993 through October 1994 issues and edited the first 

cumulative bibliography. Ms. Lewandowski was succeeded by Christopher Hooper-Lane, who compiled the 

January 1995 through April 1997 issues. Shanna Bonvillain, LUMCON Library Assistant Librarian, compiled the 

July 1997 issue with the assistance of Glenda Carter. Shanna Bonvillain and Mr. Hooper-Lane’s successor, 

Donna Rice, compiled the second cumulative bibliography, as well as the January 1998-April 1999 quarterly 

issues. Shanna Bonvillain, in the absence of a Librarian, compiled the July 1999 to April 2000 quarterly issues, 

with occasional help from Dr. Quay Dortch. John Conover, Ms. Rice’s successor as LUMCON Librarian, 

compiled the July 2000 quarterly issue and edited the third cumulative bibliography with the assistance of Shanna 

Bonvillain. Mr. Conover, with the assistance of Shanna Duhon, compiled all quarterly issues from January 2001 

to October 2004, as well as the final cumulative publication.

The bibliography was compiled at the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium's Marine Center Library 

(LUMCON Library) on a Microsoft SQL server and uploaded to Microsoft Word for Windows for editing. The 

quarterly issues were formatted, photocopied, and mailed out from the LUMCON Library.

Contained in the following bibliography are citations from approximately 2000 through 2004.

The citations are arranged by main entry, which is author, if known, and title if there is no acknowledged author 

or if the author's name was unavailable to the bibliographers. Corporate author citations were used whenever 

appropriate. The title main entry citations are listed at the beginning of each of the five sections followed by the 

author main entry citations.

The bibliography is alphabetized in an order represented by the example in Table 1.
viii

Table 1. Example of Alphabetization.

(The first few words of hypothetical citations are listed.)

1 tanker...

1 a becomes the...

96 sites...

Abernathy, C.

Al-Ahmed, M.

Albanny, P. K.

Al-Sarif, B.

Axon Corporation

Bertram, D. J. M.

Bertram-Xavier, A.

La Link, O.

LAB Laboratories

LaBrea, L.

MacAllister, T.

MacPherson, A. J.

McMahon, S.

Manuel, A. T.

Manuel, A. T. D.

Manuel, J.

NAF database is...

NETCO cited in...

Nash, C. S.

Nednor, G.

The next phase...

Norton, J. C.

A novel plan...

US Congress, Director...

US Congress, Office of...

US Congress, Personnel...

USA all the way...

United Industries says...

Information that appears in square brackets, [], in a citation is tentatively correct. As much information as was 

available was included.

The majority of citations are to journal articles, books, book chapters, conference proceedings and papers in 

conference proceedings. A few audio-visual and electronic works are cited and their format is indicated, though 

the citations are not divided into sections by format.

The broad subject areas covered in the bibliography are biology, chemistry/geochemistry/geology, 

engineering/physics, environment/ecosystem management/spills, and socioeconomic/regulation/general.
ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BIOLOGY....................................................................................................1

CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY.......................................................55

ENGINEERING/PHYSICS.............................................................................157

ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS.....................................185

SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL...................................................223
BIOLOGY 

Al-Thukair, Assad A. Effect of oil pollution on

euendolithic cyanobacteria of the Arabian 

Gulf. Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 4 

(2):125-129. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

Data collected between 1989 and 1992 

demonstrated the effects of crude oil on

community profiles of cyanobacteria found at

various depths in the Arabian Gulf. The lack of

attempts to clean up or restore these 

contaminated areas guarantees that population 

dynamics will be impacted into the future. 

Al-Hassan, J. M.; Afzal, M.; Chava, V. N. R.; Fayad,

S. Hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf

catfish. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2001; 66

(5):646-652. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Arabian Gulf catfish (Arius bilineatus) were

caught in several locations, and liver, gills and

muscle were tested for the presence of PAHs. 

Authors note that catfish caught at collection 

sites with mud bottoms had higher levels of

PAHs than those fish caught on hard bottom sites 

associated with coral colonies, suggesting that

bottom sediments act as a reservoir for 

hydrocarbon pollutants. 

Amodio-Cocchieri, Renata; Grillo, Teresa. Aliphatic 

hydrocarbons in biota from the Gulf of 

Naples (Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 

46 (3):374-377. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Monthly samples of biota were taken from three 

zones, established along the Gulf of Naples, 

during the period of May to November 2000. 

Data compiled from these sites were analyzed for 

levels of hydrocarbon contaminants in the 

environment, and were used to determine 

aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations in relation 

to shellfish and individual fish species. 

Al-Hassan, J. M.; Afzal, M.; Rao, C. V. N.; Fayad, S. 

Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sharks in 

the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 65

(3):391-398. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Sharks are used as bioindicators in this study to

determine hydrocarbon pollution in the Gulf

waters. Determining exposure rates in sharks is 

important because of their consumption by

humans, especially in this region. 

Anderson, O. R.; Gorrell, T.; Bergen, A.; Kruzansky,

R.; Levandowsky, M. Naked amoebas and

bacteria in an oil-impacted salt marsh 

community. Microbial Ecology. 2001; 42

(3):474-481. ISSN: 0095-3628. 

A microcosm experiment was conducted using 

amoeba populations to determine community

concentrations in highly oil-impacted sediments 

and then compare those dynamics to populations 

in unimpacted oil sediments. 

Al-Hassan, J. M.; Afzal, M.; Rao, C. V. N.; Fayad, S. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 

and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in edible 

fish from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2003; 70 (2):205-212. ISSN: 0007-4861.

Twelve species of edible demersal fish, pelagic 

fish, and shrimp were collected and gill, liver, 

and muscle samples were assessed for evidence 

of ongoing hydrocarbon accumulation. Evidence 

shows PAH and AH accretion over time, which 

can be hazardous to local fish consumers. 

Annavarapu, S.; Foran, C. M.; Gardinali, P.; Metzger, 

C.; Willett, Kristine L. Comparison of two sites 

in Mobile Bay using in vivo biomarkers in

largemouth bass, sediment bioassays, and 

sediment contaminant analysis. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2004; 46 (4):502-510. ISSN: 0090-4341. 

EROD activity was found to be higher in older 

bass caught at two sites in Mobile Bay, but no

residual change in testosterone or estradiol was 

observed in all fish sampled. Sediment analysis

discovered some PAH contamination, but

researchers believe that chemical and biomarker 

analyses, when combined, suggest low 

contamination at the sites tested. 

Al-Mohanna, M. M. Effect of aromatic

hydrocarbons on the liver of five different 

species of fishes along a Red Sea Coast of

Jeddah and Gizan. Journal of Environmental 

Biology. 2000; 21 (4):287-292. ISSN: 0254-

8704. 

Al-Rasheid, K. A. S. A review of marine and 

brackish water interstitial ciliates from the 

Arabian Gulf, its offshore islands and Al 

Hassa Oasis with notes on their ecological 

status and recovery after the 1991 Gulf War 

oil spill. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific 

Research. 1999; 17 (2):336-368. ISSN: 1015-

4442. 

2
BIOLOGY 

Baars, Bert-Jan. The wreckage of the oil tanker 

'Erika'-human health risk assessment of 

beach cleaning, sunbathing and swimming.

Toxicology Letters. 2002; 128 (1):55-68. ISSN: 

0378-4274. 

Human health risks to the oil pollution from the 

Erika spill were limited to those who aided in the 

cleanup. Exposure of oil to skin resulted in skin

irritation and dermatitis. 

Ansari, Zakir Ali; Ingole, Baban. Effect of an oil 

spill from M V Sea Transporter on intertidal

meiofauna at Goa, India. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2002; 44 (5):396-402. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Immediately after an oil spill, a significant 

reduction in the abundance of meiofauna was 

recorded. Community densities of nematodes 

and harpacticoid copepods were most affected, 

as they comprised the majority of fauna in the 

study area. Long-term assessment did not

demonstrate significant effects on population 

levels of resident species. 

Ballachey, B. E.; Bodkin, J. L.; Howlin, S.; Doroff, 

A. M.; Rebar, A. H. Correlates to survival of 

juvenile sea otters in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, 1992-1993. Canadian Journal of

Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie. 2003; 

81 (9):1494-1510. ISSN: 0008-4301. 

Survival rates of juvenile sea otters were 

compared among groups occupying either oiled 

or nonoiled areas. Oiling history and length of 

occupation in a given area were found to

influence juvenile survival rates. Blood analysis

suggests liver damage of otters in oiled areas, 

possibly due to continued exposure to

contaminants. 

Archambault, D. J; Slaski, J. J.; Li, X.; Winterhalder,

K. A rapid, sensitive, seedling-based bioassay 

for the determination of toxicity of solid and

liquid substrates and plant tolerance. Soil &

Sediment Contamination. 2004; 13 (1):53-63. 

ISSN: 1532-0383. 

Authors describe the development of a seedlingbased bioassay, a method that can work with a 

wide variety of plant species. With this approach, 

ecotoxicological data can be understood in terms 

of the integrative effects of biological, chemical 

and physical dynamics of soil on seedling

growth. Banks, Patrick D.; Brown, Kenneth M.

Hydrocarbon effects on fouling assemblages: 

the importance of taxonomic differences, 

seasonal, and tidal variation. Marine

Environmental Research. 2002; 53 (3):311-326. 

ISSN: 0141-1136

Exposure of hydrocarbons to three marine 

species (bryozoans, oysters and barnacles) 

focused on recruitment, settlement of larvae, and

growth. Recruitment in bryozoans was inhibited 

by the pollutant, but not in the two other species. 

Hydrocarbon exposure negatively impacted the 

survival of oyster larvae and settlement and

growth of oyster spat. 

Banta, Gary. T.; Andersen, Ole. Bioturbation and 

the fate of sediment pollutants - experimental

case studies of selected infauna species. Vie et 

Milieu. 2003; 53 (4):233-248. ISSN: 0240-8759. 

Authors review results of recent research on the 

effects of bioturbation and fate of sediment

pollutants on polychaetes. They conclude by

recommending the use of models to better

predict the effects of interactions between

infauna and pollutant fate. 

Arzuaga, Xabier; Elskus, Adria. Evidence for 

resistance to benzo[a]pyrene and 3,4,3 ' 4 '-

tetrachlorobiphenyl in a chronically polluted 

Fundulus heteroclitus population. Marine 

Environmental Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):247-

251. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

HAH-resistant fish were examined to better 

understand the role of enzymes in resistance to

the toxicological effects of environmental

pollutants. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is

thought to control the lack of CYP1A induction

in the fish studied in this investigation.

Au, D. W. T. The application of histocytopathological biomarkers in marine 

pollution monitoring: a review. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 48 (9-10):817-834. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

In this review, the author critiques the use of 

histo-cytopathological biomarkers and includes 

the reliability, advantages and limitations of their 

use in pollution monitoring studies. 

3
BIOLOGY 

Basu, Niladri et al. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase

induction in trout exposed to mixtures of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2001; 

20 (6):1244-1251. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Differences were noted in exposure levels and 

EROD induction between PAHs that behave

similarly and PAHs of different potencies. 

Authors conclude that risk assessment for these 

groups of PAHs require either induction 

equivalency factors (for the former) or bioassays

(for the latter). 

Barlow, M. J.; Kingston, P. F. Observations on the

effects of barite on the gill tissues of the 

suspension feeder Cerastoderma edule (Linné) 

and the deposit feeder Macoma balthica

(Linné). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42

(1):71-76. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

During an 8 day experiment, C. edule, a

suspension feeder, and M. balthica, a deposit 

feeder, were treated with daily doses of 1, 2, and 

3-mm depth equivalents of barite, to determine 

the effects of the drilling muds on overall gill 

condition. Damage to gill tissues of both species 

was clearly apparent from both the qualitative

observations and quantitative measurements. Baun, Anders; Justesen, Kasper B.; Nyholm, Niels. 

Algal tests with soil suspensions and 

elutriates: a comparative evaluation for PAHcontaminated soils. Chemosphere. 2002; 46

(2):251-258. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Algal tests are recommended as a supplement to 

elutriate testing of soil suspensions, because of 

the sensitivity to pollutants and their effect on

reproductive success of the algae. Further 

development of algal testing should result in a 

cost-effective screening method for contaminants

in soil. 

Barra, R.; Sanchez-Hernandez, J. C.; Orrego, R.;

Parra, O.; Gavilan, J. F. Bioavailability of PAHs 

in the Biobio river (Chile): MFO activity and

biliary fluorescence in juvenile Oncorhynchus 

mykiss. Chemosphere. 2001; 45 (4-5):439-444. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Levels of bile PAH metabolites and cytochrome

P450-dependent monooxygenase (MFO) activity

were measured in fish exposed to PAH fractions

in the Biobio river. After monitoring for and

discovering MFO activity and PAH metabolites 

in the fish, the authors conclude that these two 

screening methods are excellent for assessing

PAH exposure.

Baussant, Thierry; Sanni, Steiner; Jonsson, Grete;

Skadsheim, Arnfinn; Børseth, Jan Fredrek.

Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic 

compounds: 1. Bioconcentration in two marine 

species and in semipermeable membrane 

devices during chronic exposure to dispersed 

crude oil. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2001; 20 (6):1175-1184. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

A continuous-flow system was used in

experiments to simulate dispersed oil in a marine

environment. Investigations revealed that

bioaccumulation of types of PAHs differed 

between blue mussels and turbot, possibly due to

biological and ecological factors.

Beckett, K. J.; Aulerich, R. J.; Duffy, L. K.; 

Patterson, J. S.; Bursian, S. J. Effects of dietary 

exposure to environmentally relevant 

concentrations of weathered Prudhoe Bay 

crude oil in ranch-raised mink (Mustela

vison). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination

and Toxicology. 2002; 69 (4):593-600. ISSN: 

0007-4861. 

Mink exposed to crude oil in diets showed

effects of anemia and possible protein 

malnutrition. Data also suggested altered kidney 

and/or liver function, although this was not 

confirmed by histological evidence. 

Barseine, Janina. Genotoxic impacts in Klaipeda 

Marine port and Butinge oil terminal areas 

(Baltic Sea). Marine Environmental Research. 

2002; 54 (3-5):475-479. ISSN: 0141-1136.

Cytogenetic damage was found in the gonadal

and somatic cells of marine snails, crustaceans, 

and mussels taken from areas with sediments 

known to be contaminated by oil-related 

activities. 

Barth, Hans-Jörg. The influence of cyanobacteria 

on oil polluted intertidal soils at the Saudi 

Arabian Gulf shores. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (10):1245-1252. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Cyanobacteria prevent the microbial degradation 

of oils and subsequent macrofaunal settlement. 

For this reason, the author looked at the 

processes following establishment of

cyanobacterial mats and events that lead to 

changes towards resettlement by macrofauna and

benthic organisms. 

4
BIOLOGY 

Beg, M. U. et al. Biomarker response in sheim 

(Acanthopagrus latus) exposed to polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Bulletin of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2001; 67 (2):210-216. ISSN: 0007-4861.

Cultured sheim, a native fish of the Arabian

Gulf, were used as biomarkers to establish a

dose-response relationship for the use of

biomonitoring PAH pollution in the marine 

environment.

Ben-David, Merav; Williams, T. M.; Ormseth, O. A. 

Effects of oiling on exercise physiology and 

diving behavior of river otters: a captive 

study. Canadian Review of Zoology - Revue

Canadienne de Zoologie. 2000; 78 (8):1380-

1390. ISSN: 0008-4301. 

Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 

investigations compared otters living on nonoiled shores to otters living in the contaminated

areas of Prince William Sound. These observed 

differences between river otters from oiled 

shores and those from non-oiled areas strongly

suggest that oil contamination had an effect on 

physiological and behavioral processes in otters. 

Behrens, A.; Schirmer, K.; Bols, N. C.; Segner, H. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as inducers 

of cytochrome P4501A enzyme activity in the 

rainbow trout liver cell line, RTL-W1, and in 

primary cultures of rainbow trout 

hepatocytes. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2001; 20 (3):632-643. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Nine PAHs were tested to compare the induction 

of cytochrome P4501A in primary hepatocytes 

and the liver cell line, RTL-W1. The RTL-W1

cell line was found to be substantially more 

sensitive in its EROD response, compared to 

primary hepatocytes. 

Bergen, A.; Alderson, C.; Bergfors, R.; Aquila, C.; 

Matsil, M. A. Restoration of a Spartina 

alterniflora salt marsh following a fuel oil

spill, New York City, NY. Wetlands Ecology

and Management. 2000; 8 (2-3):185-195. ISSN: 

0923-4861. 

In 1990 a broken underwater pipeline spilled 2.5

million liters of No. 2 fuel oil into the Arthur 

Kill, a tidal strait separating Staten Island, New 

York from the State of New Jersey. This fuel oil 

spill caused catastrophic damage and destruction

of 8 ha of Spartina alterniflora, and the mortality 

of 684 birds. The restoration of S. alterniflora

was critical because of its fixed carbons source 

in the intertidal zone, and to the wading birds 

that bred on regionally significant island

rookeries and fed in area salt marsh.

Beyrem, H.; Aissa, P. Free-living nematodes, bioindicators of the evolution of hydrocarbon 

concentrations in the bay of Bizerta (Tunisia).

Cahiers de Biologie Marine. 2000; 41 (3):329-

342. ISSN: 0007-9723. 

Authors found a significant decrease in the 

numbers and types of nematodes between 1992

and 1996. Research also discovered that, after an

apparent improvement in the quality of 

wastewaters, the amount of hydrocarbons in

sediment actually increased, further affecting the

nematode community. 

Ben-David, Merav; Blundell, Gail M.; Blake, John E.

Post-release survival of river otters: effects of 

exposure to crude oil and captivity. Journal of

Wildlife Management. 2002; 66 (4):1208-1223. 

ISSN: 0022-541X. 

Authors studied the effect of rehabilitation on

post-release survivability of river otters in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska. 

Ben-David, Merav; Duffy, Lawrence K.; Bowyer, R.

Terry. Biomarker responses in river otters 

experimentally exposed to oil contamination.

Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2001; 37 (3):489-

508. ISSN: 0090-3558. 

Biomarker responses were studied in river otters 

that inhabited oiled and non-oiled shores in

Prince William Sound following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Investigators explored the 

effects of crude oil contamination on river otters 

experimentally. Researchers hypothesize that

exposure to oil would result in elevated values of 

biomarkers, indicating induced physiological

stress. 

5
BIOLOGY 

Bodour, Adria A.; Wang, Jiann-ming; Brusseau, 

Mark L.; Maier, Raffia M. Temporal change in

culturable phenanthrene degraders in

response to long-term exposure to 

phenanthrene in a soil column system.

Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 5 (10):888-

895. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

Examination of pre- and post-PAH contaminated 

soil showed substantial changes in phenanthrene

degrading microbial community structure. From

this research, researchers isolated 25 different 

types from 19 genera, eight of which were not

previously known to degrade phenanthrene. 

Bhattacharyya, S.; Klerks, Paul L.; Nyman, John A.

Toxicity to freshwater organisms from oils

and oil spill chemical treatments in laboratory

microcosms. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 

122 (2):205-215. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

South Louisiana crude and diesel fuel were 

tested on Chironomus tentans, Daphnia pulex, 

and Oryzias latipes for toxicity and changes in

toxicity with cleaner or dispersant added in

additional experiments. Investigators found that 

the addition of cleaner and dispersants did not 

help the survivability of the benthic and water 

column organisms used in this study.

Binelli, A.; Provini, A. POPs in edible clams from

different Italian and European markets and 

possible human health risk. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (7):879-886. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Commercially available clams collected from

Atlantic, Mediterranean and Adriatic waters 

were analyzed for a number of contaminants, 

including PAHs. B(a)P concentrations were

relatively high in some samples, which authors 

stress could be a potential health hazard to 

humans. 

Boehm, Paul D.; Neff, Jerry M.; Page, David S.

Letter to the editor: Jewett, Stephen C., Dean, 

Thomas A., Woodin, Bruce R., Hoberg, Max K., 

Stegeman, John J. (2002). Exposure to

hydrocarbons 10 years after the Exxon Valdez

oil spill: evidence from cytochrome P4501A 

expression and biliary FACs in nearshore 

demersal fishes. Marine Environmental

Research 54, 21-48. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2003; 55 (5):459-461. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

Researchers challenge the authors in the above 

referred study to provide evidence for their 

logistical findings of persistent background

hydrocarbons found in biota that live in the 

intertidal and subtidal regions of Prince William

Sound, Alaska, 10 years following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. 

Bonacci, S.; Corsi, I.; Chiea, R.; Regoli, F.; Focardi, 

S. Comparative induction of liver EROD and 

BaPMO activities in European eel (Anguilla

anguilla) by benzo[a]pyrene and 2,3,7,8-

tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: a laboratory

study. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2003; 

23 (4):377-400. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Research was undertaken on European eels to 

assess changes in EROD and benzo(a)pyrene

monooxygenase (BaPMO) levels related to

increasing exposure to contaminants, including

PAHs. Results suggest dose-related changes in

enzymatic activities, with higher induction for 

EROD than BaPMO. 

Blanchard, Arny L.; Feder, Howard M.; Shaw, David 

G. Variations in benthic fauna underneath an 

effluent mixing zone at a marine oil terminal

in Port Valdez, Alaska. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (12):1583-1589. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Polychaetes were used as biomarkers to assess 

spatial and temporal characteristics of 

hydrocarbon distributions in sediments below the

permitted mixing zone in areas of disposed

treated ballast waters. Researchers found only 

minor accumulations of hydrocarbons, leading to

the conclusion that outside of pockets of high

levels of PAHs, resident organisms were not

stressed by the presence of residual 

hydrocarbons. 

Bodkin, J. L. et al. Sea otter population status and 

the process of recovery from the 1989 'Exxon 

Valdez' oil spill. Marine Ecology - Progress 

Series. 2002; 241;237-253. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Sea otter recovery lagged behind averages in 

areas where initial oil effects were greatest, 

perhaps due to residual spill effects. 

6
BIOLOGY 

Brandt, Charles A.; Becker, James M.; Porta, 

Augusto. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in soils and terrestrial biota 

after a spill of crude oil in Trecate, Italy.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2002; 

21 (8):1638-1643. ISSN: 0730-7268.

Researchers investigated long-term effects of 

PAH pollution in soil following a blowout at an

oil well. The three-year study focused on biotasoil accumulation factors in plant and animal 

species in the immediate area within the release 

of crude oil.

Botello, A. V.; García-Ruelas, C.; Ponce-Vélez, G. 

PAH levels in bivalve mollusks from the 

Mexican Subtropical Pacific. Bulletin of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2002; 69 (4):486-493. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

PAH levels were collected for various bivalve 

species. Data was compared to previously 

published information from the same

geographical location, showing higher 

concentrations in the species than those reported

in earlier studies. 

Boveng, Peter L.; Bengston, John L.; Withrow,

David E.; Cesarone, Jack C.; Simpkins, Michael

A. The abundance of harbor seals in the Gulf 

of Alaska. Marine Mammal Science. 2003; 19

(1):111-127. ISSN: 0824-0469. 

Aerial surveys were conducted under optimal

conditions during the hauling out period of

harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska to ascertain the

causes for population declines in recent decades 

at several Alaskan locations. 

Brannon, E. L. Perception or reality: oil spill risks 

on salmon. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mathematics, Inc.; 1998; p. 241-

252. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

The author argues that, due to several factors, the 

long-term risk of salmon exposed to oil 

following the Exxon Valdez spill is not as bad as 

reported by governmental agencies. 

Bowyer, R. Terry et al. Effects of the Exxon Valdez 

oil spill on river otters: injury and recovery of 

a sentinel species. Wildlife Monographs. 2003;

153;1-53. ISSN: 0084-0173. 

In comparing data on river otters sampled from

heavily oiled and lightly oiled areas, researchers 

found that individuals in the former areas had 

lower body mass, elevated biomarkers, higher

levels of fecal porphyrins, less diverse diets, and 

different habitat selection habits than otters

found in the latter sites. 

Brannon, Ernest L.; Collins, Keya C. M.; Moulton,

Lawrence L.; Parker, Keith R. Resolving

allegations of oil damage to incubating pink 

salmon eggs in Prince William Sound.

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic

Sciences. 2001; 58 (6):1070-1076. ISSN: 0706-

652X. 

Data subsets of mortality rates for incubating

pink salmon eggs were taken by the Alaska 

Department of Fish and Game, following the

Exxon Valdez oil spill. This data was re-analyzed

to resolve allegations of increased mortality rates 

due to oil damage. New data subsets show that a 

higher rate of fatalities was induced from early 

sample timing in the oiled areas. Therefore, the 

increased egg mortality was misinterpreted as an 

oil-related fatality. 

Bredholt, Harald; Bruheim, Per; Potocky, Martin; 

Eimhjellen, Kjell. Hydrophobicity 

development, alkane oxidation, and crude-oil 

emulsification in a Rhodococcus species.

Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2002; 48

(4):295-304. ISSN: 0008-4166. 

Results of research on Rhodococcus sp. support 

the likelihood that oil-emulsifying bacteria are 

simultaneous inducers of an alkane oxidation 

system and cell-surface hydrophobicity. In 

addition, growth substrate and growth phase in

this species are critical to oil emulsion. 

Brack, Werner.; Schirmer, K. Effect-directed

identification of oxygen and sulfur

heterocycles as major polycyclic aromatic

cytochrome P4501A-inducers in a 

contaminated sediment. Environmental Science 

& Technology. 2003; 37 (14):3062-3070. ISSN:

0013-936X. 

Rainbow trout were exposed to PAHs from

contaminated sediments and a combination of 

tests, including liver cell line bioassay, a 

multistep fractionation procedure, and chemical

characterization methods were used to identify

major CYP1A1-inducing compounds. 

7
BIOLOGY 

Camphuysen, C. J.; Heubeck, M. Marine oil

pollution and beached bird surveys: the 

development of a sensitive monitoring 

instrument. Environmental Pollution. 2001; 112

(3):443-461. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

After showing a correlation between oiled birds 

found during beached bird surveys and the 

existence of offshore oil pollution in the North

Sea, authors discuss ways of improving the 

monitoring of beached birds. Suggestions

include surveying by foot, accurate species 

identification, along with age and sex of bird, 

and marking birds to avoid double counting.

Brils, Jos M. et al. Oil effect in freshly spiked 

marine sediment on Vibrio fischeri, 

Corophium volutator and Echinocardium 

cordatum. Environmental Toxicology and

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (10):2242-2251. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Authors determine lethal rates of exposure of

gasoil fractions on specific marine organisms. 

Results indicate that toxicity seems to be

correlated with low oil boiling-point fractions

within the C10-C19 range. 

Brown, Amanda. Study aims to help oil-spill 

seabirds. Press Association Newsfile. Press

Association Limited; December 5, 2000. 

A new study aimed at improving the survival

rate of seabirds caught in oil spills was launched 

by an animal charity. The RSPCA project will 

compare different ways of caring for the birds in 

captivity, in order to improve their chances of 

survival. 

Camus, Lionel et al. Biomarker responses and PAH 

uptake in Mya truncata following exposure to

oil-contaminated sediment in an Arctic fjord 

(Svalbard). Science of the Total Environment. 

2003; 308 (1-3):221-234. ISSN: 0048-9697. 

Researchers placed arctic clams in crude oilcontaminated sediment and measured rates of

response in respiration, plasma stability of

hemocytes, and total oxyradical scavenging

capacity to assess oxidative stress in bivalves 

exposed to PAHs. 

Brown, B. E. The significance of pollution in 

eliciting the 'bleaching' response in symbiotic 

cnidarians. International Journal of

Environment and Pollution. 2000; 13 (1-6):392-

415. ISSN: 0957-4352. Camus, Lionel; Jones, M. B.; Børseth, Jan Fredrik; 

Depledge, M. H. Heart rate, respiration and 

total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the 

Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following

exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds 

via sediment and injection. Aquatic Toxicology. 

2002; 61 (1-2):1-13. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Arctic spider crabs were exposed to oil to

understand the bioavailability of the pollutant on

organisms at cold temperatures. Investigators 

noted a limited toxic effect possibly due to low 

uptake and metabolism.

Carballeira, A. Considerations in the design of a 

monitoring program of the biological effects 

of the Prestige oil spill. Ciencias Marinas. 2003; 

29 (1):123-139. ISSN: 0185-3880. 

An environmental risk assessment design has 

been applied to regions of the Iberian Coast 

suffering devastating effects from the Prestige

oil spill. Aspects of the design include analyses 

of the environment’s ability to immobilize 

pollutants, the capacity of microorganisms to

metabolize hydrocarbons, and the biodegradation 

rate of weathered PAHs. 

Cabello, Marta Noemí. Glomus tortuosum

(Glomales), an arbuscular-mycorrhizal 

fungus (AMF) isolated from hydrocarbonpolluted soils. Nova Hedwigia. 2001; 73 (3-

4):513-519. ISSN: 0029-5035. 

This paper describes morphological features of a 

species of fungus, noted for its high tolerance of 

hydrocarbon pollution. 

Callaham, Mac A.; Stewart, Arthur J.; Alarcón,

Clara; McMillen, Sara J. Effects of earthworm 

(Eisenia fetida) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) 

straw additions on selected properties of 

petroleum-contaminated soils. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2002; 21 (8):1658-

1663. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The presence of E. fetida and straw improved

soil quality and plant root growth in petroleumcontaminated soil. Authors believe that 

appropriate combinations of plant species, wheat 

straw, and earthworms can be effective in 

reducing hydrocarbon concentrations in soils 

undergoing phytoremediation.

8
BIOLOGY 

Carlson, E. A.; Li, Y.; Zelikoff, J. T. The Japanese

medaka (Oryzias latipes) model: applicability

for investigating the immunosuppressive

effects of the aquatic pollutant 

benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Marine Environmental

Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):565-568. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

The role of the AhR pathway in mediating

B(a)P-induced immunotoxicity in fish was 

investigated. Authors found that the mechanisms

by which B(a)P affects immune responses in

mammals also occur in fish.

Carls, Mark G. et al. Persistence of oiling in mussel 

beds after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine 

Environmental Research. 2001; 51 (2):167-190. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Mussel beds and sediment from both Prince

William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska were 

monitored between the years 1992 and 1995. 

Results show that hydrocarbon concentrations in

both sediment and mussels were still higher than

background levels in the last year of the study, 

indicating continuing contamination.

Carls, Mark G.; Holland, Larry G.; Short, Jeffrey W.; 

Heintz, Ron A.; Rice, Stanley D. Monitoring 

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in

aqueous environments with passive lowdensity polyethylene membrane devices.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2004; 

23 (6):1416-1424. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Laboratory and field investigations confirm that

polyethylene membrane devices (PEMDs) not

filled with trioleine work well as passive

environmental samplers. 

Carlson, Ruth I. et al. Ecotoxicological risks

associated with land treatment of 

petrochemical wastes. II. Effects on hepatic 

phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes in 

cotton rats. Journal of Toxicology and 

Environmental Health - Part A . 2003; 66

(4):327-343. ISSN: 1528-7394. 

Induction of hepatic EROD and MROD in cotton 

rats collected near treatment sites suggests 

exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons. 

Casavant, N. Carol; Thompson, Dan; Beattie, Gwyn 

A.; Phillips, Gregory J.; Halverson, Larry J. Use 

of a site-specific recombination-based 

biosensor for detecting bioavailable toluene 

and related compounds on roots.

Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 5 (4):238-

249. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

Authors create and describe a plasmid-based 

genetic system capable of being used as a 

biosensor that detects the presence of toluenerelated compounds in bacteria exposed to

environmental contaminants. 

Carls, Mark G.; Hose, Jo Ellen; Thomas, Robert E.;

Rice, Stanley D. Exposure of pacific herring to 

weathered crude oil: assessing effects on ova.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2000; 

19 (6):1649-1659. ISSN: 0730-7268.

In experiments covering a 16 day period, mature 

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) and herring eggs

were exposed to PAHs. Exposure of

contaminants to mature herring did not have any

general affect on their progeny, but exposed eggs 

did show critical sensitivity to PAHs during cell 

division and growth. 

Castro, Roberto. Toxicity of Dispersants and 

Dispersed Oil to Marine Organisms. Thesis 

(M.S.): Texas A&M University--Kingsville; 

1999;99 leaves. 

Carls, Mark. G.; Marty, G. D.; Hose, Jo Ellen.

Synthesis of the toxicological impacts of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill on Pacific herring 

(Clupea pallasi) in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences. 2002; 59 (1):153-172.

ISSN: 0706-652X. 

Published data from industry and government

sources was compared and reinterpreted in order 

to understand short- and long-term effects of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill on Pacific herring.

Cavalca, L. et al. Survival and naphthalenedegrading activity of Rhodococcus sp. strain

1BN in soil microcosms. Journal of Applied

Microbiology. 2002; 92 (6):1058-1065. ISSN: 

1364-5072. 

The existence of a dynamic naphthalenedegrading bacterial population did not impede

the survival and subsequent growth of a 

microbial strain that enhanced the rate of

mineralization.

9
BIOLOGY 

Ching, Eric W. K. et al. DNA adduct formation and

DNA strand breaks in green-lipped mussels

(Perna viridis) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene: 

dose- and time-dependent relationships.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (7):603-610.

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Results from experiments controlling B(a)P 

levels and duration of exposure in green-lipped 

mussels suggest that there is not a correlation 

between DNA adduct activity and DNA strand

breaks. The occurrence and relationship between

these two anomalies should be better understood

before being considered as a biomarker in

pollution monitoring. 

Cavret, Séverine; Laurent, Claire; Feidt, Cyril; 

Laurent, François; Rychen, Guido. Intestinal 

absorption of 14C from 14C-phenanthrene, 14Cbenzo[a] pyrene and 14C-tetrachlorodibenzopara-dioxin: approaches with the Caco-2 cell 

line and with portal absorption measurements 

in growing pigs. Reproduction Nutrition 

Development. 2003; 43 (2):145-154. ISSN: 

0926-5287. 

Certik, Milan; Dercova, Katarina; Sejakova, Zuzana; 

Findova, Michaela; Jakubik, Tibor. Effect of

polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the 

membrane lipids of bacterial cell. Biologia, 

Bratislava. 2004; 58 (6):1111-1117. ISSN: 0006-

3088. Choi, Jonghoon. Mechanistic Studies of the 

Phototoxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic 

Hydrocarbons Using the Topminnow 

(Poeciliopsis lucida) Hepatoma Cell Line.

Thesis (Ph. D.): Miami University; 2000;159 

leaves. 

Cheung, C. C. C.; Zheng, G. J.; Li, A. M. Y.; 

Richardson, B. J.; Lam, P. K. S. Relationships 

between tissue concentrations of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons and antioxidative 

responses of marine mussels, Perna viridis.

Aquatic Toxicology. 2001; 52 (3-4):189-203. 

ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Mussels were taken from relatively clean sites 

and placed in polluted areas around the island of

Hong Kong in a 30-day experiment. Researchers

note that the majority of antioxidant responses 

correlated with increased PAH concentrations in

mussel tissue. 

Christensen, Mette; Andersen, Ole; Banta, Gary T. 

Metabolism of pyrene by the polychaetes

Nereis diversicolor and Arenicola marina.

Aquatic Toxicology. 2002; 58 (1-2):15-25. ISSN: 

0166-445X.

Absorption experiments used water-soluble and

water-insoluble pyrene metabolites on two

marine worm species to monitor rates of

bioaccumulation and elimination of the 

metabolites. A. marina increased production of

water-soluble metabolites over time, suggesting

that it has a PAH metabolizing system. 

Clement, Bernard; Muller, Caroline; Verrhiest, 

Ghislaine. Influence of exposure conditions on

the bioavailability of fluoranthene to Daphnia 

magna (Cladocera). Polycyclic Aromatic 

Compounds. 2000; 20 (1-4):259-274. ISSN: 

1040-6638. 

A dual approach (bioavailability and

measurement of bioaccumulation) to testing 

toxicity on daphnids was carried out, suggesting 

that fluoranthene is acutely toxic, even in dark

conditions. Authors note that the presence of

microalgae tends to lessen the toxicity to

daphnids, although no conclusive evidence could 

explain why. 

Chial, Belgis Z.; Persoone, Guido; Blaise, Christian.

Cyst-based toxicity tests. XVIII. Application 

of ostracodtoxkit microbiotest in a 

bioremediation project of oil-contaminated

sediments: sensitivity comparison with 

Hyalella azteca solid-phase assay.

Environmental Toxicology. 2003; 18 (5):279-

283. ISSN: 1520-4081. 

Three sample periods over 21 weeks monitored 

sensitivity of the ostracod Heterocypris

incongruens in toxicity tests compared with a 

species of amphipod. Results suggest that the 

ostracod microbiotest can successfully be used 

for routine monitoring of contaminated 

sediments. 

10
BIOLOGY 

Cohen, A.; Gagnon, M. M.; Nugegoda, D. Biliary

PAH metabolite elimination in Australian 

bass, Macquaria novemaculeata following

exposure to Bass Strait crude oil and 

chemically dispersed crude oil. Bulletin of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2003; 70 (2):394-400. ISSN: 0007-4861.

Australian bass were measured for their biliary 

PAH metabolite concentrations after being 

exposed to Bass Strait crude oil and chemically 

dispersed crude oil in a controlled experiment. 

After a 12 day depuration period in clean 

seawater, naphthalene-type metabolites had

returned to background levels, but high levels of 

B(a)P-type metabolites remained in the fishes. 

Coelho, J.; Rivonkar, C. U.; Bhavesh, N. S.; Jothi, 

M.; Sangodkar, U. M. X. Biosurfactants 

production by the quinoline degrading marine 

bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain GU 104, 

and its effect on the metabolism of green 

mussel Perna viridis L. Indian Journal of

Marine Sciences. 2003; 32 (3):202-207. ISSN: 

0379-5136. 

Cohen, A. M.; Nugegoda, D. Toxicity of three oil 

spill remediation techniques to the Australian 

bass Macquaria novemaculeata. Ecotoxicology

and Environmental Safety. 2000; 47 (2):178-185.

ISSN: 0147-6513. 

In experiments to compare toxicity rates of 

remediated oil, fish were exposed to Bass Strait

crude oil, dispersed crude oil, burnt crude oil, 

and 4-chlorophenol. 

Colombo, Anita; Bonfanti, Patrizia; Orsi, Federica; 

Camatini, Marina. Differential modulation of 

cytochrome P-450 1A and P-glycoprotein 

expression by aryl hydrocarbon receptor

agonists and thyroid hormone in Xenopus 

laevis liver and intestine. Aquatic Toxicology. 

2003; 63 (2):173-186. ISSN: 0166-445X.

Adult female African Clawed frogs were used to

discover the response of CYP450 1A and Pglycoprotein to B(a)P exposure after injection of

AHR agonists and a thyroid hormone (T3).

Researchers found that the two mechanisms, one 

from the liver and the other from intestines, 

reacted differently to the treatments. 

Cohen, A. M.; Nugegoda, D.; Gagnon, M. M. Effect 

of different oil spill remediation techniques on 

petroleum hydrocarbon elimination in

Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata).

Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology. 2001; 40 (2):264-270. ISSN: 0090-

4341. 

Juvenile fish were exposed (via the water column

and diet) to the water accommodated fraction of 

Bass Strait crude oil, chemically dispersed crude

oil, and burnt crude oil in experiments lasting 16

days. Analysis of the fish indicated that fish 

exposed to chemically dispersed crude showed 

the highest PAH-type metabolite concentrations, 

from both water column and diet. 

Conrad, A. U.; Comber, S. D.; Simkiss, K. Pyrene 

bioavailability; effect of sediment-chemical 

contact time on routes of uptake in an 

oligochaete worm. Chemosphere. 2002; 49

(5):447-454. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

The amount of bioavailable material in a 

contaminant was found to decline over time, 

which influenced uptake rates in a freshwater 

oligochaete. Researchers propose that the decline 

in bioavailable compounds occurs in a threestage process. 

Cohen, A. M.; Nugegoda, D.; Gagnon, M. M.

Metabolic responses of fish following

exposure to two different oil spill remediation 

techniques. Ecotoxicology and Environmental

Safety. 2001; 48 (3):306-310. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

The effects of two remediation techniques on 

fish were investigated by looking at changes in

aerobic and anaerobic enzyme activities. 

Experiments took place with crude oil water 

accommodated fraction (WAF) and chemically 

dispersed crude oil WAF, while changes in

cytochrome C oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase 

were tracked. 

Cranford, Peter J. et al. Modelling potential effects 

of petroleum exploration drilling on

northeastern Georges Bank scallop stocks. 

Ecological Modelling. 2003; 166 (1-2):19-39. 

ISSN: 0304-3800. 

Numerical models were used to predict the effect 

of drilling wastes from exploratory drilling on

sea scallop communities. The magnitude of

impacts on scallop stocks was influenced by time

of redistribution and dilution of drilling mud 

after settling on the seabed. 

11
BIOLOGY 

Crawford, R. J. M. et al. Initial impact of the 

Treasure oil spill on seabirds off western 

South Africa. South African Journal of Marine 

Science. 2000; 22;157-176. ISSN: 0257-7615. 

Cunningham, Laura; Stark, Jonathan S.; Snape, Ian; 

McMinn, Andrew; Riddle, Martin J. Effects of 

metal and petroleum hydrocarbon 

contamination on benthic diatom 

communities near Casey Station, Antarctica: 

an experimental approach. Journal of

Phycology. 2003; 39 (3):490-503. ISSN: 0022-

3646. 

Changes in algal community structure were

observed over time after the addition of a 

number of contaminants, including PAHs, to

sediments in three locations in Antarctica. 

Cronin, Matthew A.; Wickliffe, Jeffrey K.; Dunina, 

Yelena; Baker, Robert J. K-ras oncogene DNA

sequences in pink salmon in streams impacted 

by the Exxon Valdez oil spill: no evidence of

oil-induced heritable mutations.

Ecotoxicology. 2002; 11 (4): 233-241. ISSN: 

0963-9292. 

Results of DNA analysis contradict previous 

published research linking heritable mutations in

salmon to oil from the Exxon Valdez spill. 

Authors discuss possible reasons for the

difference in results from both experiments. 

Danovaro, Roberto. Benthic microbial loop and 

meiofaunal response to oil-induced 

disturbance in coastal sediments: a review.

International Journal of Environment and 

Pollution. 2000; 13 (1-6):380-391. ISSN: 0957-

4352. 

In this paper, Danovaro synthesizes a wealth of

published research on the effects of oil spills in

the Mediterranean and the short- and long-term

effects on community structure, diversity, and 

abundance. 

Crowe, Tasman P.; Smith, Emma L.; Donkin, Peter; 

Barnaby, Deborah L.; Rowland, Steven J.

Measurements of sublethal effects on 

individual organisms indicate communitylevel impacts of pollution. Journal of Applied 

Ecology. 2004; 41 (1):114-123. ISSN: 0021-

8901. 

An integrated assessment of ecological stress 

called scope for growth was applied to a mussel 

population in an area where unresolved complex

mixtures of hydrocarbons reside. Researchers 

believe that results are an important beginning 

for understanding complex community 

relationships in contaminated areas. 

de Knecht, Joop A. et al. Characterization of

enzymes involved in biotransformation of

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

terrestrial isopods. Environmental Toxicology

and Chemistry. 2001; 20 (7):1457-1464. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Experiments were undertaken to study the 

activities of phase I and II enzymes after 

exposure to pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene. 

Terrestrial isopods were found to have a high, 

noninductable capacity for biotransformation. 

Dean, Thomas A. ; Bodkin, James L.; Jewett,

Stephen C.; Monson, Daniel H. ; Jung, D. 

Changes in sea urchins and kelp following a 

reduction in sea otter density as a result of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Ecology

Progress Series. 2000; 199;281-291. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

A decline in the sea otter population in Prince 

William Sound offered scientists the opportunity 

to chart changes over time in densities of their 

preferred prey, large sea urchins, and kelp, a 

main food source of sea urchins. 

Cruz-Rodríguez, Luis A.; Chu, Fu-Lin E. Heatshock protein (HSP70) response in the eastern 

oyster, Crassostrea virginica, exposed to PAHs 

sorbed to suspended artificial clay particles 

and to suspended field contaminated 

sediments. Aquatic Toxicology. 2002; 60 (3-

4):157-168. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Heat shock protein (HSP70) response was 

determined in oysters after being exposed to

different concentrations of PAHs in suspended 

clay particles between 5 and 40 days. 

Researchers found no direct relationship between

PAH concentration and HSP70 response. 

12
BIOLOGY 

Dean, Thomas A. et al. Food limitation and the 

recovery of sea otters following the 'Exxon 

Valdez' oil spill. Marine Ecology - Progress 

Series. 2002; 241;255-270. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

The recovery of sea otter populations in heavily 

oiled areas was not limited by food availability, 

but other factors associated with anthropogenic 

disturbances related to the oil spill. 

Deshpande, A. D.; Huggett, R. J.; Halbrook, R. A.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites 

in the bile of a territorial benthic fish, oyster 

toadfish (Opsanus tau) from the Elizabeth

River, Virginia. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2002; 42 (1):43-

52. ISSN: 0090-4341.

Authors propose that oyster toadfish should be

considered as a sentinel species for early 

detection of hydrocarbon contamination, due to

high levels of PAH metabolites discovered in

bile analysis, correlation with existing PAH 

levels at test sites, and the fact that the fish has a 

limited migration range. 

Dean, Thomas A.; Jewett, Stephen C. Habitatspecific recovery of shallow subtidal 

communities following the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Ecological Applications. 2001; 11

(5):1456-1471. ISSN: 1051-0761.

In this paper researchers focus on those

communities associated with eelgrass and kelp

beds in the shallow (<11 m) subtidal zone in

heavily oiled embayments in western Prince 

William Sound. In order to properly assess 

impacts and recovery rates of these nearshore 

subtidal communities, researchers review 

previously published data up to 10 years 

following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and present 

new information on impacts and recovery of

these benthic communities. 

Di Gregorio, Simona et al. Identification of two new

sets of genes for dibenzothiophene 

transformation in Burkholderia sp DBT1.

Biodegradation. 2004; 15 (2):111-123. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Researchers discover genes responsible for the 

initial steps of oxidative degradation of 

dibenzothiophene in a microbial strain isolated

from oil refinery wastewater.

Donde, S. S.; Nayak, R. R.; Sawant, K. B.

Comparative studies on acute toxicity of

water soluble fractions of Persian Gulf and 

Bombay High crude oil on Gafrarium 

divaricatum (Gmelin). Pollution Research. 

2002; 21 (1):31-34. ISSN: 0257-8050. 

Donkin, Peter; Smith, Emma L.; Rowland, Steven J. 

Toxic effects of unresolved complex mixtures 

of aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated by

mussels, Mytilus edulis, from contaminated 

field sites. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2003; 37 (21):4825-4830. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

The narcotic effect of PAHs on marine mussels 

was established after exposure led to a 40% 

reduction in feeding rates. Similarly, a fraction of 

unresolved complex mixtures of monoaromatic

hydrocarbons given to juvenile mussels reduced

feeding rates by 70%. 

DeLaune, Ronald D.; Pezeshki, S. Reza; Jugsujinda, 

Aroon; Lindau, Charles Wayne. Sensitivity of 

US Gulf of Mexico coastal marsh vegetation 

to crude oil: comparison of greenhouse and 

field responses. Aquatic Ecology. 2003; 37

(4):351-360. ISSN: 1386-2588. 

Native salt marsh plants exposed to South 

Louisiana and Arabian Medium crude oils

reacted differently between greenhouse studies 

versus field studies. Because plants from the 

greenhouse studies showed greater short- and

long-term impacts to oil exposure, authors 

caution against using data from these types of 

studies to predict effects on vegetation in field 

situations. 

den Besten, P. J. et al. Bioaccumulation and 

biomarkers in the sea star Asterias rubens

(Echinodermata: Asteroidea): a North Sea 

field study. Marine Environmental Research. 

2001; 51 (4):365-387. ISSN: 0141-1136.

This article describes two field trips that were 

carried out in March 1995 and September 1996

to study the relation between biomarkers and 

accumulation levels in sea stars collected at 

various stations along pollution gradients in the 

North Sea. 

13
BIOLOGY 

Durand, Fabrice; Peters, Laurence D.; Livingstone, 

David R. Effect of intertidal compared to 

subtidal exposure on the intake, loss and 

oxidative toxicity of water-born

benzo[a]pyrene in the mantle and whole tissue 

of the mussel, Mytilus edulis L. Marine 

Environmental Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):271-

274. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Researchers investigated B(a)P accumulation 

and reductions in whole tissues and mantle of

blue mussels in both tidal and subtidal

conditions. 

Drachuk, S. V.; Koksharova, N. V.; Firsov, N. N.

Microflora of soils polluted with petroleum 

products. Russian Journal of Ecology. 2002; 33

(2):135-137. ISSN: 1067-4136. 

Petroleum-polluted soil was analyzed to 

determine abundances of different types of 

bacteria and fungi. The number of petroleumoxidizing bacteria was roughly three orders as 

great as the number of purple bacteria and fungi. 

This led investigators to suggest to that nonsulfur

purple bacteria could be used as bioindicators of

petroleum pollution. 

Dyrynda, E. A. et al. Changes in immune 

parameters of natural mussel Mytilus edulis

populations following a major oil spill ('Sea 

Empress', Wales, UK). Marine Ecology - 

Progress Series. 2000; 206;155-170. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

Immunosuppression in mussels was linked to

exposure to PAHs. Although effects on the 

immune system were initially severe, they were 

not permanent.

Driskell, William B.; Ruesink, Jennifer L.; Lees, 

Dennis C.; Houghton, Jonathan P.; Lindstrom,

Sandra C. Long-term signal of disturbance:

Fucus gardneri after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Ecological Applications. 2001; 11 (3):815-

827. ISSN: 1051-0761. 

The explosive growth of brown algae, followed

by a subsequent decline in presence after the 

EVOS, was investigated. Researchers concluded 

that a synchronous decline in the species, rather 

than predation from herbivores, was the cause of 

the population change. Edwards, Katherine R.; Lepo, Joe Eugene; Lewis, 

Michael A. Toxicity comparison of

biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants used 

in oil spill remediation to two estuarine 

species. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46

(10):1309-1316. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Three biosurfactants and three synthetic

surfactants were tested for toxicity on 

Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina. Results 

indicate that acute and chronic toxicities were 

compound-specific, with M. bahia being a more

sensitive species to toxins in the surfactants. 

Efroymson, Rebecca A.; Sample, Bradley E.; 

Peterson, Mark J. Ecotoxicity test data for total 

petroleum hydrocarbons in soil: plants and 

soil-dwelling invertebrates. Human and

Ecological Risk Assessment. 2004; 10 (2):207-

231. ISSN: 1080-7039. 

After reviewing research of previous studies

investigating the toxicity of total petroleum

hydrocarbons to plants and soil invertebrates, the 

authors concluded that existing data are not 

sufficient for establishing benchmarks for

ecotoxicology screening of soils. 

Duesterloh, Switgard; Short, Jeffery W.; Barron, 

Mace G. Photoenhanced toxicity of weathered 

Alaska North Slope crude oil to the calanoid 

copepods Calanus marshallae and Metridia 

okhotensis. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2002; 36 (18):3953-3959. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Mortality levels were measured in two species of 

copepods after exposing the organisms to

polyaromatic compounds and various doses of

UV radiation from natural sunlight.

Bioaccumulation factors were also measured in 

these species. 

Duke, Norman C.; Watkinson, Andrew J. 

Chlorophyll-deficient propagules of Avicennia 

marina and apparent longer term 

deterioration of mangrove fitness in oilpolluted sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2002; 44 (11):1269-1276. ISSN: 0025-326X.

This paper discusses the possibility that 

mutations found in one species of mangroves as 

a result of exposure to oil contamination may 

also show up in Australian mangroves.

14
BIOLOGY 

Erasmus, Chris. The incredible rescue of the 

African penguin. East African (Nairobi). Nation 

Newspapers, Ltd.; September 7, 2000; ISSN:

1024-1418. 

On June 23, 2000, the bulk ore carrier The 

Treasure went down in shallow water just a few 

miles off the South African coast, within sight of 

Cape Town and engulfing the major penguin 

colonies of Dassen Island and the nearby Robben 

Island. This article reports on the eight-weeks of 

response by volunteers that literally saved an 

entire endangered species of water bird from a 

man-made environmental disaster. 

Conservationists say this remarkable

achievement has set the standard for the care of 

water birds exposed to oil spills. 

Ekpubeni, F. A.; Ekundayo, E. O. Effects of 

exposure of crocodiles to sublethal 

concentrations of petroleum waste drilling 

fluid in the Niger Delta Basin of Midwestern 

Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and

Assessment. 2002; 76 (3):291-298. ISSN: 0167-

6369. 

Two species of crocodile were exposed to 

controlled concentrations of waste drilling fluid

for varied exposure periods, in order to

determine the influence of toxicity on mortality 

rates. 

El Nemr, Ahmed; El-Sikaily, Amany; Khaled, Azza; 

Said, Tarek O.; Abd-Alla, Aly M. A. 

Determination of hydrocarbons in mussels 

from the Egyptian Red Sea Coast.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 

2004; 96 (1-3):251-261. ISSN: 0167-6369. 

Sampling stations were set up along coastal areas 

of the Egyptian Red Sea to collect mussels and 

analyze total hydrocarbon concentrations. 

Findings were compared to published data

conducted in a surveillance and monitoring study

along coastal areas from various regions. 

Eriksson, Mikael; Dalhammer, Gunnel; Mohn, 

William W. Bacterial growth and biofilm

production on pyrene. FEMS Microbial

Ecology. 2002; 40 (1):21-27. ISSN: 0168-6496. 

After exposing Arctic soil with enrichment

cultures, investigators observed the growth of

microbial biofilms on pyrene and phenanthrene. 

Esler, Daniel et al. Correlates of harlequin duck 

densities during winter in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. Condor. 2000; 102 (4):920-926.

ISSN: 0010-5422. 

Population surveys suggest that colonies 

wintering in oiled areas have lower numbers. 

This is due either to lack of recovery after the 

spill or continued exposure to residual oil. 

Esler, Daniel et al. Harlequin duck population 

recovery following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill: 

progress, process and constraints. Marine

Ecology - Progress Series. 2002; 241;271-286. 

ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Data collected for this study contradicts popular 

assumptions that the effects of oil spills on bird

populations are short lived. Researchers found

elevated levels of CYP1A induction, higher 

mortality of female ducks in winter, and overall 

declines in population levels several years after 

the Exxon Valdez spill. 

El-Alawi, Yousef S.; Huang, Xiao-Dong; Dixon, D.

George; Greenberg, Bruce M. Quantitative

structure-activity relationship for the 

photoinduced toxicity of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons to the luminescent bacteria 

Vibrio fischeri. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (10):2225-2232. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

A QSAR model used for predicting photoindiced 

toxicity of PAHs to plant species was found to

be useful in determining toxicity to a bacterial 

species. The QSAR model can be applied to

other organisms because it focuses on the

mechanisms that create photoinduced toxicity in

PAHs. 

El-Tarabily, Khaled A. Total microbial activity and 

microbial composition of a mangrove

sediment are reduced by oil pollution at a site 

in the Arabian Gulf. Canadian Journal of

Microbiology . 2002; 48 (2):176-182. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

Research indicates that the presence of light

Arabian crude oil in the sediment of a mangrove 

ecosystem alters microbial activity. A significant 

reduction in microbial activity was noted when

non-polluted sediment was contaminated. 

15
BIOLOGY 

Fan, Cheng-Wei; Reinfelder, John R. Phenanthrene 

accumulation kinetics in marine diatoms. 

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(15):3405-3412. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Researchers exposed two species of marine 

diatoms to phenanthrene and compared 

adsorption and intracellular accumulation rates. 

Phenanthrene accumulation was found to relate 

to the size dependence of cell walls in a given

phytoplankton species. 

Esler, Daniel; Bowman, Timothy D.; O'Clair, Charles 

E.; Dean, Thomas A.; McDonald, Lyman L. 

Densities of Barrow's goldeneyes during

winter in Prince William Sound, Alaska in

relation to habitat, food and history of oil

contamination. Waterbirds. 2000; 23 (3):423-

429. ISSN: 0738-6028. 

Researchers found healthy population densities 

of goldeneyes in oiled and non-oiled study areas, 

suggesting that population levels had recovered

from initial impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Also noted was that population densities were 

somewhat different in oiled and non-oiled areas, 

although the reasons for this were unknown. 

Faraco, Luiz Francisco Ditzel; Lana, Paulo da Cunha. 

Response of polychaetes to oil spills in natural 

and defaunated subtropical mangrove

sediments from Paranaguá bay (SE Brazil).

Hydrobiologia. 2003; 496;321-328. ISSN: 0018-

8158. 

Polychaete recolonization rates were compared 

in mangrove sediments defaunated either by

diesel oil or by sediment drying. Polychaetes

quickly recolonized oiled areas in contrast to the 

dried areas. It is believed that modification of the

sediments due to drying was the primary reason

for slower population growth. 

Esler, Daniel; Schmutz, Joel A. ; Jarvis, Robert L. ; 

Mulcahy, Daniel M. Winter survival of adult 

female harlequin ducks in relation to history 

of contamination by the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Journal of Wildlife Management. 2000; 64

(3):839-847. ISSN: 0022-541X. 

Radiotelemetry was employed to monitor 

survival rates in oiled and non-oiled areas of 

Prince William Sound between 1995 and 1998. 

Wintering harlequin duck populations were

shown to decline in oiled areas, possibly due to

exposure to residual oil. 

Fechhelm, Robert G.; Gallaway, Benny J.; Hubbard, 

G. Fain; MacLean, Steve; Martin, Larry R.

Opportunistic sampling at a deep-water

synthetic drilling fluid discharge site in the 

Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science. 2001;

19 (2):97-106. ISSN: 1087-688X. 

Studies were conducted on the prevalence of 

synthetic-based drilling fluid (Petrofree LE) 

around an oil platform in waters greater than 500 

meters. Sampling discovered extremely high 

densities of polychaetes and gastropods

associated with areas where high concentrations

of Petrofree LE rested on the ocean floor. 

Fernley, P. W.; Moore, M. N.; Lowe, D. M.; Donkin,

P.; Evans, S. Impact of the Sea Empress oil

spill on lysosomal stability in mussel blood 

cells. Marine Environmental Research. 2000; 50

(1-5):451-455. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

The neutral red retention (NRR) test was used to 

determine harmful effects of PAH levels in

mussels 4 months after the initial spill. 

Researchers note that the NRR test is an 

inexpensive and quick way to determine 

toxicological effects on animal life in coastal 

zones of developing countries. 

Evans, F. F. et al. Influence of petroleum 

contamination and biostimulation treatment 

on the diversity of Pseudomonas spp. in soil

microcosms as evaluated by 16S rRNA basedPCR and DGGE. Letters in Applied

Microbiology. 2004; 38 (2):93-98. ISSN: 0266-

8254. 

Analysis of DNA by denatured gradient gel

electrophoresis showed that microbial 

community diversity was not greatly impacted

by exposure to oil-contaminated or biostimulated 

soils. 

Faber, B. W.; Schonewille, A. B. J. A.; van Gorcom, 

R. F. M.; Duine, J. A. Constitutive and

inducible hydroxylase activities involved in

the degradation of naphthalene by

Cunninghamella elegans. Applied Microbiology 

and Biotechnology. 2001; 55 (4):486-491. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

Cunninghamella elegans, a non-ligninolytic

fungus, was used in the degradation of

naphthalene by enzymatic activity. The fungus 

was able to produce different levels of 

naphthalene hydroxylase and naphthol

hydroxylase at various stages of mycelial 

growth. 

16
BIOLOGY 

Fillmann, Gilberto et al. Urinary PAH metabolites 

as biomarkers of exposure in aquatic 

environments. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2004; 38 (9):2649-2656. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Crab urine can be analyzed by immunoassay and

fluorescence to assess the levels of 

contamination as expressed by PAH metabolites. 

This method is fast and does not require

destroying the subject to determine the effects of 

environmental exposure to contaminants. 

Franson, J. C.; Hollmén, T. E.; Flint, P. L.; Grand, J. 

B.; Lanctot, R. B. Contaminants in molting

long-tailed ducks and nesting common eiders 

in the Beaufort Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2004; 48 (5-6):504-513. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Blood samples from long-tailed ducks and eggs

from common eiders were collected from birds 

in the vicinity of Purdue Bay, Alaska, and 

analyzed for concentrations of contaminants. 

Researchers found residues of 1- and 2-

methylnaphthalene and naphthalene in 100% of

the eggs. 

Fillmann, Gilberto; Watson, G. M.; Francioni, E.; 

Readman, J. W.; Depledge, M. H. A nondestructive assessment of the exposure of 

crabs to PAH using ELISA analyses of their 

urine and haemolymph. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):823-828. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

Shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) were used to

determine if urine and haemolymph samples 

could be used to assess contaminant exposure. 

Urine was found to be a better fluid indicator of 

contamination than haemolymph. 

Fukyuama, A. K.; Shigenaka, G.; Hoff, R. Z. Effects

of residual Exxon Valdez oil on intertidal

Protothaca staminea: mortality, growth, and 

bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons in

transplanted clams. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2000; 40 (11):1042-1050. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Tests show that even 5-6 years after the Exxon 

Valdez spill, survival and growth rates of the 

intertidal clam were affected by the presence of 

residual oil. According to the authors, recovery 

of the population may take many more years. 

Gagnon, Marthe Monique; Holdway, D. A. EROD

activity, serum SDH and PAH biliary

metabolites in sand flathead (Platycephalus

bassensis) collected in Port Phillip Bay,

Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44

(3):230-237. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

EROD and serum SDH activities were monitored

in male and female southern sand flathead

collected from different areas of Port Phillip

Bay. Effects from exposure to B(a)P were more 

concentrated near industrialized and populated 

areas. 

Garshelis, David L.; Johnson, Charles B. Sea otter 

population dynamics and the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill: disentangling the confounding effects.

Journal of Applied Ecology. 2001; 38;19-35. 

ISSN: 0021-8901. 

Researchers dispute the reports of significant 

decline in sea otter numbers following the Exxon 

Valdez spill. They argue that complex factors, 

such as lingering effects of previous catastrophic 

events and other environmental incidents, make 

it difficult to assess the role of the spill on longterm population fluctuations.

Fleet, D. M.; Reineking, B. Have efforts to clean up 

the marine environment been successful? 

German beached bird surveys provide an 

index for oil pollution levels in the southern

North Sea. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. 

(Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling,

Analysis and Control II. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 117-

126. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

Authors found a correlation between the 

numbers of oiled birds found in beached bird

surveys and oil incidents. Data suggests that a 

reduction of oil pollution in the German North

Sea has occurred in the last decade. 

Forbes, Valery E.; Andreassen, Mai S. H.; 

Christensen, Lene. Metabolism of the 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

fluoranthene by the polychaeate Capitella

capitata species I. Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry. 2001; 20 (5):1012-1021. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Capitella sp. was found to metabolize 

fluoranthene, and after 24 hours in clean

sediment, no trace of fluoranthene was found in 

worm tissues. Due to the existence of 

fluoranthene-derived metabolites in the worm

tissue, Capitella, not bacteria, was thought to be

responsible for the biotransformation of

fluoranthene. 

17
BIOLOGY 

Geffard, Olivier; Budzinski, Hélèn; His, Eduard. The 

effects of elutriates from PAH and heavy 

metal polluted sediments on Crassostrea gigas

(Thunberg) embryogenesis, larval growth and 

bio-accumulation by the larvae of pollutants 

from sedimentary origin. Ecotoxicology. 2002; 

11 (6):403-416. ISSN: 0963-9292. 

The effects of resuspended polluted sediments 

combined with PAH-contamination of algae on

growth rates and bioaccumulation in oyster

larvae were found to be significant. Testing

oyster larval growth in contaminated areas can 

be a useful method of judging the impacts of 

pollution on biota in marine environments. 

Gibbs, M.; Hampton, S.; Morgan, L.; Arendt, J. 

Adaptation of the circadian rhythm of 6-

sulphatoxymelatonin to a shift schedule of 

seven nights followed by seven days in

offshore oil installation workers. Neuroscience 

Letters. 2002; 325 (2):91-94. ISSN: 0304-3940. 

A melatonin metabolite found in urine was 

measured in offshore workers to understand the 

adaptability of workers to night versus day work 

shifts. 

Giese, M.; Goldsworthy, S. D.; Gales, R.; Brothers, 

N.; Hamill, J. Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill 

on little penguins (Eudyptula minor). III. 

Breeding success of rehabilitated oiled birds.

Wildlife Research. 2000; 27 (6):583-591. ISSN: 

1035-3712. 

A comparison study was conducted on

rehabilitated oiled little penguins and non-oiled

birds, in order to determine the long-term effects 

of oiling on the breeding success of rehabilitated

penguins. The study was conducted for two 

consecutive breeding seasons following the Iron

Baron oil spill. Results indicate a decrease in the 

quality of young produced, and a reduction in the 

number of chicks raised by rehabilitated

penguins, compared to non-oiled birds, during

this time. 

Geffard, Olivier; Geffard, A.; His, Eduard; 

Budzinski, Hélèn. Assessment of the

bioavailability and toxicity of sedimentassociated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

and heavy metals applied to Crassostrea gigas

embryos and larvae. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2003; 46 (4):481-490. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Oyster embryos were exposed to contaminants, 

including PAHs, in spiked sediments to assess

toxicity rates, concentrations of the pollutants, 

and developmental abnormalities in the

organisms. 

Gelin, Agnès; Graves, Vincent; Edgar, Graham J. 

Assessment of Jessica oil spill impacts on 

intertidal invertebrate communities. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (11):1377-1384. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

After assessing data from three tidal levels at

oiled sites, investigators found no impacts on

high-intertidal invertebrate community structure

following the Jessica spill near the Galápagos 

Islands. 

Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; 

Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene 

glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene

metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the

marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis 

diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2003; 22 (5):1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified

in a species of polychaete after exposing the 

organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-

hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I 

metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful

biomarker for PAH exposure.

Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; 

Forbes, Thomas L. Synchronous fluorescence 

spectrometry of 1-hydroxypyrene: a rapid 

screening method for identification of PAH 

exposure in tissue from marine polychaetes.

Marine Environmental Research. 2003; 56

(5):599-615. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

After exposing four species of polychaete to 

pyrene-spiked sediments, researchers were able

to use a simple and fast assay for qualitative and 

quantitative analysis of PAH-derived metabolites 

from those organisms. 

George-Ares, A.; Clark, J. R. Aquatic toxicology of 

two corexit dispersants. Chemosphere. 2000; 

40 (8):897-906. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Gesteira, J. L. G.; Dauvin, J. C.; Fraga, M. S. 

Taxonomic level for assessing oil spill effects 

on soft-bottom sublittoral benthic

communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003;

46 (5):562-572. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Authors compared species-, genus- and familylevel data to find a suitable taxonomic order for 

assessing post-spill population trends for benthic 

assemblages. They concluded that family-level 

data was adequate for making post-spill 

assessments. 

18
BIOLOGY 

Ahrens, Michael. J. et al. The effect of body size on

digestive chemistry and absorption

efficiencies of food and sediment-bound

organic contaminants in Nereis succinea

(Polychaeta). Journal of Experimental Marine 

Biology and Ecology. 2001; 263 (2):185-209. 

ISSN: 0022-0981. 

The authors tested the hypothesis that body size 

is a crucial determinant of absorption efficiencies 

by comparing uptake of food carbon and

sediment-bound hydrophobic organic 

contaminants between large and small N. 

succinea. 

Aas, Endre et al. PAH metabolites in bile, 

cytochrome P4501A and DNA adducts as 

environmental risk parameters for chronic oil 

exposure: a laboratory experiment with 

Atlantic cod. Aquatic Toxicology. 2000; 51

(2):241-258. ISSN: 0166-445X

In a month-long experiment, 3 groups of cod 

were exposed to different levels of mechanically 

dispersed crude oil in a continuous flow system, 

and then tested against a control group. 

Abdel-Rahman, Mohammed S.; Skowronski, Gloria

A.; Turkall, Rita M. Assessment of the dermal 

bioavailability of soil-aged benzo(a)pyrene.

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2002; 8 

(2):429-441. ISSN: 1080-7039. 

As B(a)P ages in soil, it becomes less able to

bind to skin. As a result, health risks due to

B(a)P exposure are probably reduced over time, 

suggesting that less soil cleanup is needed in

order to return areas to levels safe for human

exposure. 

Akkanen, Jarkko; Kukkonen, Jussi V. K.

Biotransformation and bioconcentration of

pyrene in Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology. 

2003; 64 (1):53-61. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Researchers investigated the bioconcentration 

and biotransformation of hydrocarbons in water 

fleas by exposing them to [14C]pyrene in the 

presence and absence of a CYP540 inhibitor.

Results indicate that CYP monooxygenses play 

an essential role in the transformation of PAHs 

in this species. 

Abuodha, P. A. W.; Kairo, J. G. Human-induced 

stresses on mangrove swamps along the 

Kenyan coast. Hydrobiologia. 2001; 458;255-

265. ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Long-term effects of oil spills have played a role 

in the weakening and disappearance of Kenya's 

mangrove forests. Replanting mangroves,

avoidance of a single use management strategy

and effective pollution monitoring are 

recommended for the rehabilitation of coastal 

mangrove ecosystems. 

Alagappan, Gunaseelan; Cowan, Robert M. Effect of 

temperature and dissolved oxygen on the 

growth kinetics of Pseudomonas putida F1

growing on benzene and toluene.

Chemosphere. 2004; 54 (8):1255-1265. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Pseudomonas putida F1, a toluene degrading 

microbial strain, was used as to assess the effects 

of temperature and dissolved oxygen

concentrations on substrate degradation and

growth rates of PAH-degrading organisms. 

Adkinson, Milo D.; Quinn, Terrance J., II; Small, 

Robert J. Evaluation of the Alaska harbor seal

(Phoca vitulina) population survey: a 

simulation study. Marine Mammal Science. 

2003; 19 (4):764-790. ISSN: 0824-0469. 

An operating model that could account for 

factors such as number of years, numbers and 

timing of existing data from aerial surveys, 

number of haul-out sites in a given area, and 

other variables, was created to assess the

accuracy of results from previous data collected 

on seal populations. 

Alexander, R. R.; Tang, J. X.; Alexander, M.

Genotoxicity is unrelated to total 

concentration of priority carcinogenic 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils 

undergoing biological treatment. Journal of

Environmental Quality. 2002; 31 (1):150-154.

ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Al-Hassan, J. M.; Afzal, M. ; Rao, C. V. N.; Fayad,

S. Time-related increase of hydrocarbons in 

barnacles in the north-western waters of the 

Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 65

(5):646-653. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Barnacles collected at various locations from

1996 to 1999 indicate an increase in pollution

from petroleum hydrocarbons in Arabian Gulf

coastal and offshore sediments. 

Ahrens, Michael J.; Nieuwenhuis, Ronald; Hickey, 

Christopher W. Sensitivity of juvenile 

Macomona liliana (Bivalvia) to UVphotoactivated fluoranthene toxicity.

Environmental Toxicology. 2002; 17 (6):567-

577. ISSN: 1520-4081. 

Results of investigations suggest that even a 

short period of UV exposure significantly

increases the toxicity of fluoranthene in juvenile

bivalves. 

1
BIOLOGY 

Glemarec, M.; Grall, J. Ecological and zoological

groupings within marine invertebrates in 

relation to coastal perturbations. Bulletin de 

La Societe Zoologique de France. 2000; 125 

(1):37-48. ISSN: 0037-962X. 

Authors look at different classes of organisms to

determine how different families or phyla react

to pollutants in a marine environment. 

Giesy, J. P.; Hilscherova, K.; Jones, P. D.; Kannan,

K.; Machala, M. Cell bioassays for detection of

aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and estrogen 

receptor (ER) mediated activity in 

environmental samples. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2002; 45 (1-12):3-16. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Authors appraise two cell bioassay techniques 

for determining the effects of pollutants, 

including PAHs, in environmental samples. Glionna, J. M. Mysterious oil spill killing hundreds

of California seabirds; environment: while

volunteers work to save the waterfowl, state 

and federal officials search the ocean for the 

source of the deadly crude. Los Angeles Times. 

Los Angeles, Ca.: Times Mirror Company;

December 25, 2001; B 1. 

Oiled birds began washing ashore from San 

Francisco to Point Reyes National Seashore and 

the Farallon Islands 22 miles offshore on

November 24, 2001. On December 8, 2001, the 

Coast Guard spotted a five-mile-long sheen of

oil about 20 miles west of the Golden Gate 

Bridge. State and federal officials began to

gather information in an effort to determine the 

source of the oil and protect birds from the oil. 

Gifford, S.; Dunstan, R. H.; Connor, W. O.; Roberts, 

T.; Toia, R. Pearl aquaculture - profitable 

environmental remediation? Science of the 

Total Environment. 2004; 319 (1-3):27-37.

ISSN: 0048-9697. 

Researches propose cultivation and deployment

of mollusks as biomonitors in areas that are 

highly contaminated in hopes of rapid 

bioaccumulation of marine pollution.

Gilbert, David W. A Population Density Model for

the Long-Billed Curlew (Numenius 

americanus) on Humboldt Bay While Affected 

by an Oil Spill. Thesis (M.S.): Humboldt State 

University; 1999; 82 leaves. 

Golden, N. H.; Rattner, B. A. Ranking terrestrial 

vertebrate species for utility in biomonitoring

and vulnerability to environmental 

contaminants. In Ware, G. W. (Ed.) Reviews of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 

176. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2003; p. 67-

136. ISBN: 0-387-95517-8. 

Goldsworthy, S. D.; Giese, M.; Gales, R. P.; 

Brothers, N.; Hamill, J. Effects of the Iron

Baron oil spill on little penguins (Eudyptula 

minor). II. Post-release survival of 

rehabilitated oiled birds. Wildlife Research. 

2000; 27 (6):573-582. ISSN: 1035-3712.

This study was part of a series of three papers

that investigated the effects of the Iron Baron oil 

spill on little penguins. Long-term survival rates 

of rehabilitated oiled little penguins were 

assessed using regular trapping. 

Gilbert, Franck et al. Alteration and release of 

aliphatic compounds by the polychaete Nereis 

virens (Sars) experimentally fed with 

hydrocarbons. Journal of Experimental Marine 

Biology and Ecology. 2001; 256 (2):199-213. 

ISSN: 0022-0981. 

Marine worms were fed a diet of algae and 

hydrocarbons over a 15-day period. Feces of the

worms were examined, and the amount and types 

of hydrocarbons were analyzed for evidence of 

biodegradation.

Gilroy, Duncan J. Derivation of shellfish harvest 

reopening criteria following the New Carissa

oil spill in Coos Bay, Oregon. Journal of

Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A.. 

2000; 60;317-329. ISSN: 1528-7394.

In February 1999, the M/V New Carissa ran 

aground 2 miles north of Coos Bay, Oregon, 

releasing an estimated 25,000 to 70,000 gallons

of oil. The spill forced state health agencies to 

evaluate the potential health risks from

consumption of oil-contaminated shellfish. The 

article describes the response of the state health

agency following the oil spill. 

19
BIOLOGY 

Gourlay, Catherine; Tusseau-Vuillemin, MarieHélène; Garric, Jeanne; Mouchel, Jean-Marie. 

Effect of dissolved organic matter of various 

origins and biodegradabilities on the 

bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons in Daphnia magna.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 

22 (6):1288-1294. ISSN: 0730-7268.

The presence of dissolved organic matter 

resulted in reduced bioaccumulation rates of

PAHs in water fleas. 

Goldswothy, S. D.; Gales, R. P.; Giese, M.; Brothers, 

N. Effects of the Iron Baron oil spill on little 

penguins (Eudyptula minor). I. Estimates of

mortality. Wildlife Research. 2000; 27;559-571.

ISSN: 1035-3712. 

On July 10, 1995, the bulk one carrier Iron

Baron ran aground on Hebe Reef in northern

Tasmania. A relatively small amount of oil was 

spilled by the carrier. However, the impact of the 

oiling on penguin populations was extensive. 

Golet, Gregory H. et al. Long-term direct and 

indirect effects of the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill 

on pigeon guillemots in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska. Marine Ecology - Progress 

Series. 2002; 241; 287-304. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Pigeon guillemot populations continue to be

affected by the Exxon Valdez spill, with lower 

chick weights noticed in populations found in

oiled areas. Researchers also found heightened 

hepatic activity normally associated with oil 

exposure and lower numbers of forage fish in 

areas where lower chick weights were detected. 

Gowland, B. T. G.; McIntosh, A. D; Davies, I. M.; 

Moffat, C. F.; Webster, L. Implications from a 

field study regarding the relationship between 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 

glutathione S-transferase activity in mussels.

Marine Environmental Research. 2002; 54

(3/5):231-236. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Results of research on the mussel Mytilus edulis

suggests that 5- to 6-ring PAHs are more 

influential than 2- to 4-ring PAHs in inducing

glutathione S-transferase activity in bivalves. 

Gravato, C.; Santos, Maria A. EROD induction in 

sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and crab 

(Carcinus maenas L.). Fresenius Environmental 

Bulletin. 2002; 11 (9A Special Issue):605-608. 

ISSN: 1018-4619. 

Golightly, Richard T.; Newman, Scott H.; Craig,

Emmilie N.; Carter, Harry R.; Mazet, Jonna A. 

K. Survival and behavior of western gulls

following exposure to oil and rehabilitation.

Wildlife Society Bulletin. 2002; 30 (2):539-546. 

ISSN: 0091-7648. 

Post-release analysis of gulls that were 

rehabilitated following exposure to oil showed

no effect of rehabilitation on survival rates of the 

birds. 

Gravato, C.; Santos, Maria A. Genotoxicity

biomarkers' association with B(A)P

biotransformation in Dicentrarchus labrax L.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2003;

55 (3):352-358. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

After exposing sea bass to B(a)P over a period of

96 hours, investigators looked for specific 

genotoxic reactions at different phases of

biotransformation. EROD activity, CYP450

content, and liver cytosolic B(a)P-type

metabolites increased significantly in phase I, 

and in phase II, heightened levels of erythrocytic

micronuclei and erythrocytic nuclear

abnormalities were noted. 

Gravato, C.; Santos, Maria A. Juvenile sea bass 

liver P450, EROD induction, and erythrocytic 

genotoxic responses to PAH and PAH-like 

compounds. Ecotoxicology and Environmental

Safety. 2002; 51 (2):115-127. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Sea bass were exposed to β-naphthaflavone,

naphthalene, and benzo(a)pyrene and EROD

induction activity was monitored over time. 

Results indicate that of the compounds, B(a)P 

was the most genotoxic, followed by

naphthalene and then β-naphthaflavone. 

Gómez-Mendikute, Amagoia; Etxeberria, Ainhoa;

Olabarrieta, Igor; Cajaraville, Miren P. Oxygen 

radicals production and actin filament 

disruption in bivalve haemocytes treated with 

benzo(a)pyrene. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):431-436. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

B(a)P exposure increased the presence of 

reactive oxygen species, which, in turn, caused 

damage to cytoskeletal proteins and proteins

involved in calcium homeostatis in the mussel 

Mytilus galloprovincialis. 

20
BIOLOGY 

Gravato, C.; Santos, Maria A. Liver phase I and 

phase II enzymatic induction and genotoxic 

responses of â-naphthoflavone water-exposed 

sea bass. Ecotoxicology and Environmental 

Safety. 2002; 52 (1):62-68. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Haitzer, Markus; Akkanen, Jarkko; Steinberg,

Christian; Kukkonen, Jussi V. K. No

enhancement in bioconcentration of organic 

contaminants by low levels of DOM.

Chemosphere. 2001; 44 (2):165-171. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Results of a systematic study indicate that 

bioconcentration factor enhancements, as a result 

of the presence of dissolved organic matter are 

likely the result of random, experimental

variations instead of a systematic enhancement 

of bioconcentration. 

Gray, Joshua P. et al. Evidence of aryl hydrocarbon 

receptor ligands in Presque Isle Bay of Lake 

Erie. Aquatic Toxicology. 2003; 64 (3):343-358.

ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Researchers found PAHs, as well as other 

compounds that act through the aryl hydrocarbon 

receptor, in sediments from Presque Isle Bay. 

However, brown bullheads collected from this 

area were neither exposed to these compounds 

nor responsive to them in biomarker 

experiments. 

Hamdoun, Amro M.; Griffin, Fred J.; Cherr, Gary N. 

Tolerance to biodegraded crude oil in marine 

invertebrate embryos and larvae is associated 

with expression of a multixenobiotic 

resistance transporter. Aquatic Toxicology. 

2002; 61 (1-2):127-140. ISSN: 0166-445X.

Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) was 

monitored in embryos and larvae to determine its 

usefulness as an indicator of susceptibility to

toxins in degraded hydrocarbons. MXR

expression levels are evidence that toxic byproducts are created in the biodegradation 

process.

Greene, E. A.; Kay, J. G.; Stehmeier, L. G.; 

Voordouw, G. Microbial community 

composition at an ethane pyrolysis plant site 

at different hydrocarbon inputs. FEMS 

Microbiology Ecology. 2002; 40 (3):233-241.

ISSN: 0168-6496. 

Gresham, Matt. Researcher's coral work influences 

fate of platforms. The Houma Courier. Houma, 

LA.: Houma Daily Courier; Monday, April 15, 

2002; A1 & A11 

This article described the activities of Dr. Paul

Sammarco of LUMCON, with respect to his

M.M.S.-funded research on coral reefs in the 

Garden Banks, offshore Texas. 

Hamoutene, D.; Payne, J. F.; Rahimtula, A.; Lee, K. 

Effect of water soluble fractions of diesel and

an oil spill dispersant (Corexit 9527) on 

immune responses in mussels. Bulletin of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2004; 72 (6):1260-1267. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Fluorescence measurements used to monitor 

cellular immune responses in mussels showed

either a sensitivity of hemocytes to diesel water 

soluble fractions or a physical effect of fractions

on cells. Immune responses to dispersant were

not enhanced under concentrations considered to

be operational doses. 

Guidetti, P.; Modena, M.; LaMesa, G.; Vacchi, M. 

Composition, abundance and stratification of

macrobenthos in the marine area impacted by 

tar aggregates derived from the Haven oil 

spill (Ligurian Sea, Italy). Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2000; 40 (12):1161-1166. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

The distribution of tar aggregates in sediment did 

not significantly alter the abundances of the 

whole benthic assemblages or the main

taxonomic groups when contaminated and 

control sites were compared. 

Heintz, R. A. et al. Delayed effects on growth and

marine survival of pink salmon Oncorhynchus

gorbuscha after exposure to crude oil during 

embryonic development. Marine Ecology - 

Progress Series. 2000; 208; 205-216. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

This study reports on delayed effects on the 

growth and marine survival of pink salmon 

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, which were exposed 

to oil as embryos under conditions similar to

those observed after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

21
BIOLOGY 

Hernandez, F. J.; Shaw, R. F. Comparison of

plankton net and light trap methodologies for 

sampling larval and juvenile fishes at offshore 

petroleum platforms and a coastal jetty off

Louisiana. In Stanley, D.R.; Scarborough-Bull, 

A. (Eds.) Fisheries, Reefs, and Offshore 

Development (Series: American Fisheries 

Society Symposium Series, v.36). Bethesda, Md: 

American Fisheries Society; 2003; p. 15-38. 

ISBN: 1-888569-54-9.

Hekmat, D.; Feuchtinger, A.; Stephan, M.;

Vortmeyer, D. Biofilm population dynamics in

a trickle-bed bioreactor used for the 

biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons

from waste gas under transient conditions. 

Biodegradation. 2004; 15 (2):133-144. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

A multispecies biofilm population was examined

during exposure to a mixture of volatile organic 

compounds of varying concentrations, as well as 

during a starvation phase. Population shifts were

observed in reaction to shifting concentrations of

the PAHs, but a direct correlation between 

biodegradation rates and population numbers of

pollutant-degrading organisms could not be

established. 

Holman, Hoi-Ying N.; Goth-Goldstein, Regine; 

Aston, David; Yun, Mao; Kengsoontra, Jenny.

Evaluation of gastrointestinal solubilization of

petroleum hydrocarbon residues in soil using 

an in vitro physiologically based model.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36

(6):1281-1286. ISSN: 0013-936X.

Using an experimental extraction protocol,

investigators modeled human gastrointestinal

(GI) absorption of total petroleum hydrocarbon 

(TPH) residues in weathered soils. TPH 

solubility was much higher in dieselcontaminated soil than soil contaminated by 

crude oil. Different rates of solubility were noted

between the "gallbladder empty" phase of fasting 

and fat digestion.

Hellou, J. et al. Distribution of PACs in surficial 

sediments and bioavailability to mussels, 

Mytilus edulis of Halifax Harbour. Marine

Environmental Research. 2002; 53 (4):357-379. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Blue mussels and sediment were collected in 

several areas of Halifax Harbor, and data on 

polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) was 

extracted from the two sample sources and 

compared. Fingerprinting the PACs revealed that 

the total amount of petroleum-derived 

hydrocarbons in the samples was the minority of 

the dataset. 

Hoover-Miller, A.; Parker, K. R.; Burns, J. J. A 

reassessment of the impact of the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill on harbor seals (Phoca vitulina

richardsi) in Prince William Sound, Alaska.

Marine Mammal Science. 2001; 17 (1):111-135. 

ISSN: 0824-0469. 

Authors dispute previously published research 

estimating the death of over 300 harbor seals as a 

result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. 

Hellou, J.; Leonard, J.; Anstey, C. Dietary exposure 

of finfish to aromatic contaminants and tissue 

distribution. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2002; 42

(4):470-476. ISSN: 0090-4341. 

Investigators monitored the bioaccumulation and 

partitioning of polycyclic aromatic compounds

in internal tissues of rainbow trout over a period

of several weeks. 

Horng, Ching-Yi; Taghon, Gary L. Loss rates of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from

sediment and deposit-feeder fecal pellets.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2001; 

20 (7):1465-1473. ISSN: 0730-7268.

The deposit feeder Capitella was used to test 

desorption versus biodegradation rates in marine 

sediment. After 60 days, desorption of PAHs

was found to be minimal, but biodegradation was 

more substantial. 

Hernandez, F. J. et al. The across-shelf larval, 

postlarval, and juvenile fish assemblages 

collected at offshore oil and gas platforms 

west of the Mississippi river delta. In Stanley, 

D.R.; Scarborough-Bull, A. (Eds.) Fisheries,

Reefs, and Offshore Development (Series: 

American Fisheries Society Symposium Series, 

v.36). Bethesda, Md: American Fisheries

Society; 2003; p. 39-72. ISBN: 1-888569-54-9.

22
BIOLOGY 

Huggett, Robert J. et al. Biomarkers in fish from 

Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. 

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(18):4043-4051. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Biomarkers indicating exposure to PAHs were 

measured in nearshore and offshore species of 

fish between the years 1999 and 2000 in oiled

and non-oiled areas. Researchers found no 

substantial differences between samples from

Prince William Sound and outside the spill area. 

Ilarionov, S. A.; Nazarov, A. V.; Kalachnikova, I. G. 

The role of micromycetes in the phytotoxicity 

of crude oil-polluted soils. Russian Journal of

Ecology. 2003; 34 (5):303-308. ISSN: 1067-

4136. 

Analysis of soil yielded abundant amounts of

nonsymbiotic saprotrophic micromycetes in the 

rhizosphere of plants growing in crude oilcontaminated soils. The microorganisms were 

found to be producing a number of mycotoxins, 

which had an adverse effect on the plants. 

Hussein, Hussein S.; Terry, Norman. 

Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of 

oil-contaminated saline environment by 

Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in

Egypt. Environment International. 2002; 28 (1-

2):127-135. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Researchers studied the metabolites of a desert 

plant to understand biochemical changes that

allow a particular species to thrive in oilcontaminated soil conditions. 

Ingebrigsten, K.; Christainsen, J. S.; Lindhe, Ö.

Brandt. Disposition and cellular binding of 3

H-benzo[a]pyrene at subzero temperatures: 

studies in an aglomerular arctic teleost fish - 

the polar cod (Boreogadus saida). Polar 

Biology. 2000; 23 (7):503-509. ISSN: 0722-

4060. 

Experiments show that polar cod are exposed to 

higher levels of B[a]P through absorption via 

gills (at subzero temperatures) than is ingested

Hut orally. chinson, Thomas H.; Field, Michael D. R.;

Manning, Margaret J. Evaluation of nonspecific immune functions in dab, Limanda 

limanda L., following short-term exposure to 

sediments contaminated with polyaromatic 

hydrocarbons and/or polychlorinated

biphenyls. Marine Environmental Research. 

2003; 55 (3):193-202. ISSN: 0141-1136.

Short-term exposure to contaminants, including

PAHs, did not alter immune functions in dab in

any significant way. However, hydrogen 

peroxide production was reduced in the fish, 

probably due to PAH exposure. 

Ingersoll, Christopher G. et al. Uptake and 

depuration of nonionic organic contaminants 

from sediment by the oligochaete, 

Lumbriculus variegatus. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (3):872-

885. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

In 56-day bioaccumulation experiments 

involving oligochaetes, concentrations obtained 

in laboratory studies were shown to correlate 

with field exposure levels for a number of 

contaminants, including PAHs. Depuration rates 

were accelerated when the organisms were held 

Hyöy in clean sediment for a period of 7 days. läinen, T.; Karels, A.; Oikari, A. Assessment of 

bioavailability and effects of chemicals due to

remediation actions with caging mussels

(Anodonta anatina) at a creosotecontaminated lake sediment site. Water

Research. 2002; 36 (18):4497-4504. ISSN: 

0043-1354. 

Duck mussel tissue was analyzed to better 

understand long-term contamination risks of

creosote-polluted sediments. Biota-sediment

accumulation factors were determined for a

number of PAHs, and contamination rates were

found to vary according to sample site location 

outside of an area that had undergone

remediation in 1998. 

Irons, D. B.; Kendall, S. J. ; Erickson, W. P.;

McDonald, L. L.; Lance, B. K. Nine years after 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill: effects on marine 

bird populations in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. Condor. 2000; 102 (4):723-737. ISSN: 

0010-5422. 

Population densities of various resident birds 

were compared between 1984-1985 and 1989-

1991, 1993, 1996, and 1998. Results showed that 

birds that dive for food suffered population 

declines, while surface-feeding birds did not. 

Researchers note that, nine years after the spill, 

population levels for some marine species 

haven't reached pre-spill levels. 

23
BIOLOGY 

Jewitt, Stephen C.; Dean, Thomas A.; Woodin, Bruce 

R.; Hoberg, Max K.; Stegeman, John J.

Exposure to hydrocarbons 10 years after the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill: evidence from

cytochrome P4501A expression and biliary

FACs in nearshore dimersal fishes. Marine

Environmental Research. 2002; 54 (1):21-48. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Research on masked greenling (Hexagrammos 

octogrammus) and crescent gunnel (Pholis laeta) 

revealed evidence that residual levels of 

hydrocarbons are still affecting neashore fish 

species within the area of the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. 

Jacob, P. G.; Al-Matrouk, K.; Beg, K. R.; AlBahloul, T. Saeed. Benzo-a-pyrene residues in 

liver and in bile of fish following oral

exposure. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2002; 68

(3):436-443. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Fish were given varying concentrations of B(a)P

over time, and residues in livers and bile were 

analyzed. Data showed a concentrationdependent elimination B(a)P in bile residue. 

Authors suggest that bile metabolites can be used

as biomarkers to determine exposure 

concentrations in fish during field monitoring

investigations. 

Jimenez, C. Coral reefs and environments of 

Culebra Bay, Pacific coast of Costa Rica: 

biology, economic and recreational 

considerations, management hydrocarbons in

the water bodies of the Baltic Sea. Revista de 

Biologia Tropical. 2001; 49 (2):215-231. ISSN: 

0034-7744. 

Janikowska, G.; Wardas, W. Bioconcentration of

benzo(a)pyrene in Chlorella BB cells. Polish

Journal of Environmental Studies. 2002; 11

(4):345-348. ISSN: 1230-1485. 

Jensen, John; Sverdrup, Line.E. Joint toxicity of

linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and pyrene on 

Folsomia fimetaria. Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety. 2002; 52 (1):75-81. ISSN:

0147-6513. 

Jiménez, M.; Aranda, F. J.; Teruel, J. A.; Ortiz, A. 

The chemical toxic benzo[a]pyrene perturbs 

the physical organization of

phosphatidycholine membranes.

Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. 2002; 

21 (4):787-793. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

This paper investigates the manner that 

benzo(a)pyrene acts as a noncarcinogenic, 

cytotoxic agent at the level of the cellular 

membrane.

Jewett, Stephen C.; Dean, Thomas A.; Woodin, 

Bruce R.; Hoberg, Max K.; Stegeman, John J.

Jewett, Stephen C., Dean, Thomas A., 

Woodin, Bruce R., Hoberg, Max K., 

Stegeman, John J. (2002). Exposure to 

hydrocarbons 10 years after the Exxon Valdez

oil spill: evidence from cytochrome P4501A 

expression and biliary FACs in nearshore 

demersal fishes. Marine Environmental

Research 54, 21-48. Authors' response. Marine 

Environmental Research. 2003; 55 (5):463-468. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Authors of the above-cited paper respond with a 

written rebuttal to the editor, in a published paper

in Marine Environmental Research, volume 

55(2003). The editorial addresses the issues of 

concerns regarding the manner in which they

conducted and presented their logistical findings

and conclusions. 

Joner, Erik. J.; Corgié, S. C.; Amellal, N.; Leyval, 

Corinne. Nutritional constraints to

degradation of polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons in a simulated rhizosphere. Soil 

Biology & Biochemistry. 2002; 34 (6):859-864. 

ISSN: 0038-0717. 

This study monitored the effects of nutrient

amendments on the degradation rates of 3-, 4-, 5-

, and 6-ring hydrocarbons, in order to understand 

the function of C, N and P limitations on the 

dissipation of PAHs. For these experiments, 

artificial root exudates, N, and P were used either 

separately, or in double or triple combinations on

soils spiked with ring-specific hydrocarbons.

24
BIOLOGY 

Kasai, Yuki et al. Predominant growth of

Alcanivorax strains in oil-contaminated and 

nutrient-supplemented sea water.

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 4 (3):141-

147. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

In experiments replicating three separate

physical conditions, Alcanivorax sp. became the 

dominant bacterial population when phosphorus 

and nitrogen were added to oil-contaminated 

seawater. 

Jonsson, Grete; Bechmann, Renee K.; Bamber, Shaw

D.; Baussant, Thierry. Bioconcentration,

biotransformation, and elimination of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) 

exposed to contaminated seawater.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2004; 

23 (6):1538-1548. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The existence and type of alkyl groups affected 

PAH kinetics in fish. Further, it was noted that 

alkylated isomers of specific PAHs influenced 

bioconcentration factors. Kasai, Yuki; Kishira, Hideo; Syutsubo, Kazuaki; 

Harayama, Shigeaki. Molecular detection of 

marine bacterial populations on beaches

contaminated by the Nakhodka tanker oil-spill 

accident. Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 3 

(4):246-255. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

DNA analysis of microbes in seawater and oil 

residue resulted in the discovery of 2 separate

bacterial communities up to 29 months after the 

Nakhodka accident. The bacteria found in 

seawater were classified as mostly 

cyanobacteria, while the microbes in oil 

consisted of hydrocarbon degraders.

Jorgensen, Even H.; Wolkers, Johannes. Effect of

temperature on the P4501A response in 

winter- and summer-acclimated Arctic char 

(Salvelinus alpinus) after oral benzo[a]pyrene 

exposure. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and

Aquatic Sciences. 1999; 56 (8):1370-1375.

ISSN: 0706-652X. 

Arctic char were orally exposed to (BaP), and 

induction response was measured for both

winter- and summer-acclimated fish by analysis 

of CYP1A enzymes. Researchers note that the 

induction response for winter-acclimated char 

was seven times lower than response in summeracclimated char. The use of P450 enzyme as a 

biomarker for PAH contamination in char is

discussed.

Katayama, Yoko et al. Effects of spilled oil on

microbial communities in a tidal flat. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (1-6):85-90. ISSN: 

0025-326X.

Using 16S rDNA analysis, researchers followed 

changes in bacterial community structure after 

exposing an area to fuel oil C. A brief discussion 

followed about the possibility of using oilsusceptible bacteria as an indicator of

bioremediation. 

Jung, D. K. J.; Klaus, T.; Fent, K. Cytochrome P450

induction by nitrated polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons, azaarenes, and binary

mixtures in fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2001; 

20 (1):149-159. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

CYP1A induction potential of NPAHs and 

azaarenes was found to be similar to induction 

from related PAHs. 

Kathiresan, K.; Bingham, B. L. Biology of

mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. In

Southward, A. J.; Tyler, P. A.; Young, C. M.;

Fuiman, L. A. (Eds.) Advances in Marine

Biology, v.40. London: Academic Press, Ltd.; 

2001; p. 81-251. ISBN: 0-12-026140-5. 

Kaufmann, Karin; Christophersen, Mette; Buttler, 

Alexandre; Harms, Hauke; Höhener, Patrick.

Microbial community response to petroleum 

hydrocarbon contamination in the 

unsaturated zone at the experimental field site 

Vaerlose, Denmark. FEMS Microbiology 

Ecology. 2004; 48 (3):387-399. ISSN: 0168-

6496. 

After monitoring CO2 levels and various 

microbial parameters in contaminated soils with

low nutrient levels, researchers found that 

microbial community dynamics were dominated 

by natural heterogeneity. 

Kaplan, Christopher W.; Kitts, Christopher L. 

Bacterial succession in a petroleum land 

treatment unit. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology. 2004; 70 (3):1777-1786. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Observation of microbial population dynamics 

during the degradation of PAHs in a land

treatment site showed species Flavobacterium

and Pseudomonas increasing during the 

biodegradation process and then decreasing as 

the rate of degradation slowed. 

25
BIOLOGY 

Khan, Ashraf A. et al. Molecular cloning, 

nucleotide sequence, and expression of genes 

encoding a polcyclic aromatic ring 

dioxygenase from Mycobacterium sp strain

PYR-1. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology. 2001; 67 (8):3577-3585. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Researchers isolated Mycobacterium sp. strain

PYR-1 to determine the biochemical, molecular, 

and genetic bases for the metabolism of PAHs. 

Researchers also characterized the genes

encoding an aromatic dioxygenase, in order to

determine PAH catabolism in bacteria. 

Klerks, Paul L.; Nyman, John A.; Bhattacharyya, S. 

Relationship between hydrocarbon 

measurements and toxicity to a chironomid, 

fish larva and daphnid for oils and oil spill 

chemical treatments in laboratory freshwater

marsh microcosms. Environmental Pollution. 

2004; 129 (3):345-353. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Researchers used regression measurements of 

target aromatic hydrocarbons to attempt to

predict toxicity in freshwater organisms. 

Although some hydrocarbons accurately fit into 

results considered statistically significant, 

researchers felt that this method is no substitute 

for actual toxicity determinations. 

Khan, R. A. Comparison of tissue lesions in four 

species of benthic fish sampled in 1972-1973 

and 1997-1998 on the Grand Banks off

Newfoundland. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 65 (1):78-

83. ISSN: 0007-4861.

By comparing samples of fish taken over two 

decades apart, the author shows that in more 

recent samples of fish, the prevalence of lesions

is significantly higher. The higher amounts of

lesions suggest chronic exposure to xenobiotics, 

with PAH exposure the most likely culprit. 

Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A.; Maliszewska-Kordybach, B. 

Effect of anthracene and pyrene on 

dehydrogenases activity in soils exposed and 

unexposed to PAHs. Water, Air, & Soil 

Pollution. 2003; 145 (1):169-186. ISSN: 0049-

6979. 

Dehydrogenase activity was measured after 7 

and 31 days in soils spiked with various 

concentrations of PAHs in already contaminated 

industrial soils and previously uncontaminated

rural soils. Results show different PAH tolerance 

levels in microorganisms between the two soil 

samples, most notably seen when data was

compared over time. 

Klosterhaus, Susan L.; Ferguson, P. Lee; Chandler, 

G. Thomas. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

bioaccumulation by meiobenthic copepods

inhabiting a superfund site: techniques for 

micromass body burden and total lipid 

analysis. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (11):2331-2337. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of 

PAHs were established by the analysis of 

contaminants and lipids in tissues of copepods. 

Disparities in lipid content, specific PAH 

molecular structures, as well as sex and 

reproductive condition of the organism, may

have an impact on BSAF values. 

Kim, In Seon; Foght, Julia M.; Gray, Murray R. 

Selective transport and accumulation of

alkanes by Rhodococcus erythropolis S+14He.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2002; 80 

(6):650-659. ISSN: 006-3592. 

A strain of R. erythropolis was able to select nhexadecane from a pool of other structurally

similar alkanes and transport them through 

membranes.

Kirby, Mark F.; Neall, Paula; Taylor, Tina. EROD 

activity measured in flatfish from the area of

the Sea Empress oil spill. Chemosphere. 1999;

38 (12):2929-2949. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Two species of flatfish, plaice and dab, were

collected in 5 locations within the area of the 

spill site. Heightened EROD activities were 

noted in fish caught closest to the spill, though

no correlation could be established between the 

amounts of activity and exposure to

contaminants. Sexual maturity had the greatest 

impact on EROD activity in dab; in plaice, this 

could not be established because the fish that

were collected were sexually immature. 

Researchers feel that EROD monitoring should

be done with sexually inactive fish. 

26
BIOLOGY 

Komiyama, Kazuo et al. Non-specific cellular 

function of Eisenia fetida regulated by

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Pedobiologia. 2003; 47 (5-6):717-723. ISSN: 

0031-4056. 

Cellular analysis of earthworms exposed to

sublethal amounts of dimethylbenzanthracene

show that cell functions were down regulated

depending on exposure length or concentration

to the PAH. Also, cytochrome P450 expression 

increased as a result to exposure to the 

contaminant. 

Landrum, Peter. F.; Gedeon, Michelle. L.; Burton, G. 

A.; Greenberg, M. S.; Rowland, C. D. Biological

responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed 

to fluoranthene-spiked sediment. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2002; 42 (3):292-302. ISSN: 0090-4341.

The California blackworm was used in

experiments to examine the effects of 

fluoranthene on behavior, reproduction, and 

toxikinetics. Bioaccumulation rates reflected 

uptake of the PAH, but toxikinetics were not

closely tied to ingestion. In addition, the 

presence of fluoranthene stimulated reproduction

Lan rates in the oligochaete. ce, B. K.; Irons, D. B.; Kendall, S. J.; McDonald, 

L. L. An evaluation of marine bird population 

trends following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, 

Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (4):298-309. ISSN: 

0025-326X.

This article reports on nine years of post-spill 

marine bird population changes in the oiled areas 

of Prince William Sound. Lingering spill effects 

provide evidence of slow recovery, lack of

recovery, and divergent population trends in 

many taxa that utilize shoreline and nearshore 

habitats. 

Langworthy, D. E.; Stapleton, R. D.; Sayler, G. S.; 

Findlay, R. H. Lipid analysis of the response of 

a sedimentary microbial community to 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microbial 

Ecology. 2002; 43 (2):189-198. ISSN: 0095-

3628. 

A number of methods were used to determine the 

response of a microbial community in PAHcontaminated soils. Researchers analyzed 

ongoing changes in microbial biomass and 

community structure by using perturbation 

theory and the subsidy-stress gradient. 

Lanctot, Richard; Goatcher, Buddy; Scribner, Kim.

Harlequin duck recovery from the Exxon

Valdez oil spill: a population and genetics 

perspective. Auk. 1999; 116 (3):781-791. ISSN:

0004-8038. 

Concerns about population recovery of this 

species of duck led researchers to investigate 

whether there were genetic differences between 

birds in different wintering areas. Research also 

revealed that population recovery by emigration

is a long-term process.

Large, A. T. et al. Different levels of mussel 

(Mytilus edulis) DNA strand breaks following 

chronic field and acute laboratory exposure to 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Marine

Environmental Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):493-

498. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Mussels taken from PAH-contaminated sites 

were exposed to high doses of B(a)P in 

laboratory experiments to determine changes in

the amount of DNA strand breaks. Researchers 

found no ongoing DNA damage, suggesting an

adaptive response. 

Law, Robin J. Toxic equivalency factors for PAH

and their applicability in shellfish pollution 

monitoring studies. Journal of Environmental

Monitoring. 2002; 4 (3): 383-388. ISSN: 1464-

0325. 

Authors investigate the use of toxic equivalency

factors, comprising datasets gathered from

previous oil spills, to use as an additional 

parameter when monitoring fishery resources 

after an oil spill has occurred. 

Landrum, Peter F.; Lotufo, Guilherme R.; Gossiaux,

Duane C.; Gedeon, Michelle L.; Lee, JongHyeon. Bioaccumulation and critical body 

residue of PAHs in the amphipod, Diporeia

spp.: additional evidence to support toxicity

additivity for PAH mixtures. Chemosphere. 

2003; 51 (6):481-489. ISSN: 0045-6535.

Results of toxicity experiments support the claim

that PAHs act at the same molar concentration 

when present as individual hydrocarbon types or

as part of a mixture of compounds. 

27
BIOLOGY 

Le Floch, Stéphane. et al. Effects of oil and

bioremediation on mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) 

growth in mudflats. Environmental Technology. 

2003; 24 (10):1211-1219. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Mussel growth was monitored during

bioremediation of spiked mudflats. Growth rates 

were found to be inhibited the most in

bioremediation plots that were tilled. Tilling

subdued filter feeding activity in the mussels by

causing an increase in suspended solids, thus 

affecting growth rates. 

Lin, Qianxin; Mendelssohn, Irving A.; Suidan, 

Makram T.; Lee, Kenneth; Venosa, Albert D.

The dose-response relationship between No. 2 

fuel oil and the growth of the salt marsh grass, 

Spartina alterniflora. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2002; 44 (9):897-902. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Low and moderate concentrations of No. 2 fuel

oil did not hamper the ability of S. alterniflora in

growth or phytoremediation abilities. However, 

dosages at and above 228 mg g-1 had a negative 

effect on total biomass production. 

Livingstone, David. R. et al. Development of

biomarkers to detect the effects of organic 

pollution on aquatic invertebrates: recent 

molecular, genotoxic, cellular and 

immunological studies on the common mussel 

(Mytilus edulis L.) and other mytilids.

International Journal of Environment and 

Pollution. 2000; 13 (1-6):56-91. ISSN: 0957-

4352. 

This article describes several established and 

developmental biomarkers that can be used to

guage organic pollution and its effects among 

mussels and other mollusks. 

Lee, Hyun Joo; Villaume, Julien; Cullen, David C.; 

Kim, Byoung Chan; Gu, Man Bock. 

Monitoring and classification of PAH toxicity 

using an immobilized bioluminescent 

bacteria. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2003; 18

(5-6):571-577. ISSN: 0956-5663. 

Researchers monitored bioluminescence levels in 

bacteria to establish cellular toxicity from PAHs. 

Catacondensed polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (CCPAHs) were found to cause 

cellular toxicity, signifying the bacteria’s 

importance as a biosensor for the existence of 

CCPAH contamination. 

Lei, An-ping; Wong, Yuk-shan; Tam, Nora Fungyee. Pyrene-induced changes of glutathione-Stransferase activities in different microalgal 

species. Chemosphere. 2003; 50 (3):293-301.

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Four microalgal species underwent experiments 

to better understand the role of hydrocarbon

contamination on glutathione-S-transferase

(GST) activities. It is believed that GST 

activities may be influenced by the resistance of 

a species of microalgae to pyrene, as well as 

ability to metabolize the compound. 

Loibner, Andreas P.; Szolar, Oliver H. J.; Braun,

Rudolf; Hirmann, Doris. Toxicity testing of 16

priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

using Lumistox®. Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry. 2004; 23 (3):557-564. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

A luminescent bacteria test was used to

determine the extent that exposure of PAHs have

on bioluminescence limitation in Vibrio fischeri. 

Results suggest that PAHs are not a major cause 

of acute toxicity in the bacteria. 

Long, Sara M.; Ryder, Kelly J.; Holdway, Douglas 

A. The use of respiratory enzymes as

biomarkers of petroleum hydrocarbon 

exposure in Mytilus edulis planulatus.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2003;

55 (3):261-270. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

The common mussel was exposed to three 

different concentrations of the wateraccommodated fraction of Bass Strait crude oil 

over periods of 12, 24, and 96 hours.

Researchers found no significant change in

levels of gill citrate synthase or lactate 

dehydrogenase, leading them to conclude that

these respiratory enzymes are not sensitive 

biomarkers of PAH exposure in the mussel.

Lin, Meng-Chiao et al. Increased risk of preterm 

delivery in areas with air pollution from a

petroleum refinery plant in Taiwan. Journal of

Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A. 

2001; 64 (8):637-644. ISSN: 1528-7394.

This study examines the possible impact of air 

pollution on pregnant women living near

petroleum refinery plants in Taiwan. 

28
BIOLOGY 

Long, Sara. M.; Holdway, Douglas. A. Acute 

toxicity of crude and dispersed oil to Octopus 

pallidus (Hoyle, 1885) hatchlings. Water

Research. 2002; 36 (11):2769-2776. ISSN: 

0043-1354. 

The addition of a chemical dispersant to a wateraccommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait 

crude oil did not increase the toxicity of the 

WAF to hatchlings of a species of octopus. 

Lu, Xioxia; Reible, Danny D.; Fleeger, John W.; 

Chai, Yunzhou. Bioavailability of desorptionresistant phenanthrene to the oligochaete

Ilyodrilus templetoni. Environmental Toxicology

and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (1):153-160. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Desorption-resistant pollutants were found to

reduce bioavailability to a species of freshwater 

oligochaete, largely due to lower effective water 

concentration. Uptake of pollutants was 

determined to occur in a two-stage process, 

controlled by partitioning from pore waters or

digestive fluids. 

Loranger, S.; Pouliot, Y.; Sauve, S.; Dussault, L.; 

Courchesne, Y. Environmental fate and 

human exposure modeling of the residual 

TPH contamination in a bioremediated 

petroleum storage site. Environmental Analysis 

of Contaminated Sites (Series: Ecolgical and

Environmental Toxicology Series). 2002;p. 411-

431. ISBN: 0-471-98669-0. 

Lucarelli, F. et al. DNA biosensor investigations in 

fish bile for use as a biomonitoring tool. 

Analytical Letters. 2003; 36 (9):1887-1901. 

ISSN: 0003-2719. 

An electrochemical DNA biosensor was used to

distinguish PAH-exposed fish bile samples from

control samples. This novel method of

recognizing and quantifying PAH exposure in

organisms is sensitive, fast, and portable. 

Lotufo, Giulherme R.; Landrum, Peter F. The 

influence of sediment and feeding on the 

elimination of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in the freshwater amphipod, 

Diporeia spp. Aquatic Toxicology. 2002; 58 (3-

4):137-150. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

In the presence of a substrate, Diporeia spp. 

eliminates most PAH-related contaminants by 

passive diffusion, not by fecal elimination, as

previously thought. Researchers also report that 

the peritrophic membrane is not prominent in the 

process of elimination.

Lyons, B. P.; Pascoe, C. K.; McFadzen, I. R. B. 

Phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene to

embryo-larval stages of the Pacific oyster

Crassostrea gigas. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):627-632. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

Researchers discovered that natural levels of UV 

radiation caused significant increases in toxicity

in the presence of very small amounts of PAHs. 

The phototoxic effects of pyrene and B(a)P 

inhibited development in oyster embryos and 

larvae. 

MacAvoy, Stephen E.; Macko, Stephen A.; Carney, 

Robert S. Links between chemosynthetic 

production and mobile predators on the 

Louisiana continental slope: stable carbon

isotopes of specific fatty acids. Chemical

Geology. 2003; 201 (3-4):229-237. ISSN: 0009-

2541. 

Fatty acids and stable carbon isotopes were 

analyzed in organisms such as the giant isopod, 

starfish, hagfish and spider crab to determine the 

percentages of their diet originating from

photosynthetic or chemosynthetic production.

Lu, Xiaoxia; Reible, Danny D.; Fleeger, John W.

Bioavailability and assimilation of sedimentassociated benzo[a]pyrene by Ilyodrilus

templetoni (Oligochaeta). Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2004; 23 (1):57-64. 

ISSN: 0730-7268. 

An oligochaete was exposed to sediments spiked 

with B(a)P to assess bioavailability and to better 

understand factors affecting bioavailability of

hydrocarbon contaminants in bulk depositfeeding organisms. Researchers found identical 

normalized accumulations of the contaminant at 

low and high concentrations, reinforcing the 

belief that pore-water concentration controls 

uptake of contaminants in this class of organism. 

29
BIOLOGY 

Maccarone, A. D.; Brzorad, J. N. Wading bird 

foraging: response and recovery from an oil 

spill. Waterbirds. 2000; 23 (2):246-257. ISSN: 

0738-6028. 

This paper examines the longterm effects of the 

Arthur Kill oil spill on wading bird foraging

ecology. In 1997, researchers repeated several 

earlier studies to determine whether wading birds 

had returned to foraging sites that were 

abandoned after the oil spill. Findings suggest 

that neither foraging habitat selection nor feeding

success had returned to pre-spill patterns. 

Maria, Vera L.; Correia, António C.; Santos, Maria 

A. Anguilla anguilla L. biochemical and 

genotoxic responses to benzo[a]pyrene.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2002;

53 (1):86-92. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Adult eels were investigated to further 

understand the influence of B(a)P exposure on

Phase 1 enzyme activity and types of genotoxic 

biomarkers found in liver samples. 

Biotransformation of B(a)P in eel livers was

recognized by the presence of EROD activity, a 

reduction of blood and liver DNA integrity, and 

an increase in erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities 

(ENA) activity, over a period up to 216 hours 

after initial exposure. 

MacDonald, Ian R. et al. Asphalt volcanism and 

chemosynthetic life in the Campeche Knolls, 

Gulf of Mexico. Science. 2004; 304 (5673):999-

1002. ISSN: 0036-8075. 

An area on the seafloor covered in solidified 

asphalt hosts colonies of chemosynthetic 

tubeworms and bivalves. Also found in the area 

are oil seeps, gas hydrate deposits, and 

authigenic carbonate. 

Maria, Vera L.; Correia, António C.; Santos, Maria 

A. Anguilla anguilla L. blood and liver DNA 

strand breaks after β-naphthoflavone 

exposure. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 

2004; 13 (2):93-97. ISSN: 1018-4619. 

DNA extracted from the blood and liver eels

were analyzed after different exposure levels of 

β-naphthoflavone (BNF). Analysis showed that 

blood DNA integrity decrease was time and dose 

dependent, and that liver DNA was more 

sensitive to BNF exposure as compared to blood 

DNA. 

MacDonald, Ian R.; Sager, William W.; Peccini, 

Michael B. Gas hydrate and chemosynthetic 

biota in mounded bathymetry at mid-slope 

hydrocarbon seeps: Northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Marine Geology. 2003; 198 (1-2):133-158.

ISSN: 0025-3227. 

Surveys of four hydrocarbon seeps between 550 

and 1900 meters revealed the existence of

bacterial mats, tube worms, polychaetes and seep 

mussels in shallower areas, but only bacterial 

mats and mussels were found during preliminary

surveys of deepwater locations. 

Maria, Vera L.; Correia, António C.; Santos, Maria 

A. Benzo[a]pyrene and β -naphthoflavone

mutagenic activation by European eel

(Anguilla anguilla L.) S9 liver fraction.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2002;

53 (1):81-85. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

In order to determine whether EROD induction

is necessary for conversion of B(a)P 

promutagens into mutagenic compounds, 

European eels were exposed to both high and 

low concentrations of B(a)P and βnaphthoflavone (BNF). Analysis of S9 liver 

fraction demonstrates that eel S9 liver fraction 

can convert high concentrations of B(a)P into

mutagenic compounds with or without previous 

liver BNF transformation induction. 

Maria, Vera L.; Gravato, C.; Correia, António C.; 

Santos, Maria A. Biotransformation and 

genotoxicity responses to PAHs in two teleost

species. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2002; 

11 (9A (Special Issue)):609-615. ISSN: 1018-

4619. 

Macinnis-Ng, Catriona; Ralph, Peter J. In situ

impact of petrochemicals on the

photosynthesis of the seagrass Zostera 

capricorni. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46

(11):1395-1407. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Researchers used photosynthetic activity and a 

dispersant to assess the impact of petrochemicals 

on the samples of seagrass exposed to aged crude

oil in the laboratory. Recovery of the seagrass in

the laboratory was limited with the dispersant, 

and stress on the seagrass increased during 

exposure time. 

Mahmoudi, E.; Beyrem, H.; Aissa, P. Response of

free-living nematodes to the quality of waters

and sediments at Ghar El Melh lagoon 

(Tunisia) during summer 1999. Cahiers de

Biologie Marine. 2002; 43 (1):83-93. ISSN:

0007-9723. 

30
BIOLOGY 

Marvin, Chris; Allan, Laurie; Bryant, Douglas. Use 

of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as

a bioindicator for aromatic hydrocarbons in

Hamilton Harbor. Water Quality Research

Journal of Canada. 2000; 35 (1):59-72. ISSN:

1201-3080. 

Marigómez, Ionan; Baybay-Villacorta, Lurraine. 

Pollutant-specific and general lysosomal 

responses in digestive cells of mussels exposed 

to model organic chemicals. Aquatic 

Toxicology. 2003; 64 (3):235-257. ISSN: 0166-

445X. 

Lysosomal enlargement was observed in mussels 

after exposure to a number of organic 

compounds, including B(a)P. Authors note that

although lysosomal response is complex and 

open to interpretation, it has potential for being 

an extremely useful biomarker for pollution 

monitoring. 

Matscheko, Nadja; Lundstedt, Staffan; Svensson, 

Linda; Harju, Mikael; Tysklind, Mats. 

Accumulation and elimination of 16 polycyclic 

aromatic compounds in the earthworm 

(Eisenia fetida). Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (8):1724-1729. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Uptake curves and elimination constants were 

plotted for polycyclic aromatic compounds in

earthworms. Results of experiments have shed

light on the relationship between the PACs, 

octanol-water partitioning and polarizability that 

will be useful in predicting future interactions. 

Mariño-Balsa, J. C. et al. Assessment of the toxicity 

of sediment and seawater polluted by the 

Prestige fuel spill using bioassays with clams 

(Venerupis pullastra, Tappes decussatus and 

Venerupis rhomboideus) and the microalga 

Skeletonema costatum. Ciencias Marinas. 2003; 

29 (1):115-122. ISSN: 0185-3880. 

Following the Prestige oil spill, bioassays and 

early pollution monitoring were undertaken on

the shores of the Galician coast to evaluate the 

toxicity of sediments and the impact on juvenile

burrowing animals. 

Matthiessen, P.; Law, R. J. Contaminants and their 

effects on estuarine and coastal organisms in

the United Kingdom in the late twentieth 

century. Environmental Pollution. 2002; 120 

(3):739-757. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Marsili, Letizia et al. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) in subcutaneous

biopsies of Mediterranean cetaceans.

Chemosphere. 2001; 44 (2):147-154. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Blubber samples were collected from live 

specimens of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) 

and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) by

means of biopsies. The samples were then used 

to compare PAH values between the two species, 

and to determine chemical stress in the 

cetaceans. 

Mazet, J. K.; Gardner, I. A.; Jessup, D. A.; 

Lowenstien, L. J.; Boyce, W. M. Evaluation of

changes in hematologic and clinical

biochemical values after exposure to 

petroleum products in mink (Mustela vison) as 

a model for assessment of sea otters (Enhydra 

lutris). American Journal of Veterinary

Research. 2000; 61 (10):1197-1203. ISSN: 

0002-9645. 

Results of research on mink show that they, like 

sea otters, exhibit increased alanine transaminase 

and alkaline phosphatase activities, in addition to 

decreased total protein concentration after 

exposure to to a slick of Alaskan North Slope

crude oil. 

McCarthy, J. F.; Burrus, L. W.; Tolbert, V. R.

Bioaccumulation of benzo(a)pyrene from

sediment by flathead minnows: effects of 

organic content, resuspension and 

metabolism. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2003; 45

(3):364-370. ISSN: 0090-4341. 

Marty, Gary D.; Hoffman, Andy; Okihiro, Kelly 

Hepler; Hanes, David. Retrospective analysis: 

bile hydrocarbons and histopathology of 

demersal rockfish in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Marine Environmental Research. 2003; 56

(5):569-584. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

According to the authors, microscopic 

differences in samples of fish collected in 1989 

compared with samples collected between 1990 

and 1991 were due to age and species differences 

rather than previous exposure to oil. 

31
BIOLOGY 

Merten, Amy Ann. Bioavailability of Different 

Forms of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

to the Estuarine Amphipod Leptocheirus 

plumulosus. Thesis (M.S.): University of

Maryland, College Park; 1999; 151 leaves. 

Mills, DeEtta K.; Fitzgerald, Kristin; Litchfield, 

Carol D.; Gillevet, Patrick M. A comparison of

DNA profiling techniques for monitoring

nutrient impact on microbial community 

composition during bioremediation of 

petroleum-contaminated soils. Journal of

Microbiological Methods. 2003; 54 (1):57-74.

ISSN 0167-7012. 

Two DNA profiling tools, amplicon length

heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) and terminal 

restriction length polymorphism (TRFLP), were 

compared in analyses of microbial community 

reaction to nutrient amendments during

bioremediation of PAHs. Authors found that LHPCR was better at profiling the diversity of a 

microbial community and tracking changes in

community responses to nutrient amendments. 

Meyer, Joel N.; Di Giuliuo, Richard T. Heritable 

adaptation and fitness costs in killifish 

(Fundulus beteroclitus) inhabiting a polluted 

estuary. Ecological Applications. 2003; 13

(2):490-503. ISSN: 1051-0761. 

Laboratory-raised offspring of fish collected

from polluted waters were more resistant to

contaminated river sediments than offspring

from reference sites. However, investigators

believe that the toxicity-resistance in fish came at 

the cost of reduced fitness in other ways. 

Mitra, S.; Klerks, Paul L.; Bianchi, Thomas S.; 

Means, J.; Carman, K. R. Effects of estuarine 

organic matter biogeochemistry on the 

bioaccumulation of PAHs by two epibenthic

species. Estuaries. 2000; 23 (6):864-876. ISSN: 

0160-8347. 

Two species, grass shrimp and common rangia, 

were tested in brackish swamp and coastal salt 

marsh ecosystems for PAH bio-sediment

accumulation factors over a period of 14 days. 

Results from data collected at the brackish 

swamp differed with the data collected in the 

coastal salt marsh. 

Monson, Daniel H.; Doak, Daniel F.; Bodkin, James 

L. Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill on sea otters, assessed though agedependent mortality patterns. Proceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences. 2000; 97

(12):6562-6567. ISSN: 0027-8424. 

Investigations of the sea otter population in 

western Prince William Sound found elevated

mortality rates 9 years after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Younger otters were found to have lower 

mortality rates than those otters born before

1989. However, younger otters were still 

negatively affected by the presence of acute oil 

exposure and, possibly, exposure to oil residues. 

Michel, Xavier et al. Cytochrome P450 dependent 

activities in mussel and fish from coastal 

marine environment: field studies on the

French coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2001; 18

(3):307-324. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Investigators sampled the digestive glands of

mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and livers of 

the sea comber (Serranus cabrilla) for evidence 

of EROD activity due to exposure to B(a)P. A 

large discrepancy was discovered in CYP related 

activities, with higher levels found in the fish, 

rather than mussels. 

Middaugh, D. P.; Chapman, P. J.; Shelton, M. E.;

McKenney, C. L.; Courtney, L. A. Effects of

fractions from biodegraded Alaska north

slope crude oil on embryonic inland

silversides, Menidia beryllina. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2002; 42 (2):236-243. ISSN: 0090-4341.

Crude oil was biodegraded by microbial 

processes, and embryonic fish were exposed to

various water-soluble fractions (WSFs) for a

period of days. Results showed that WSF 

exposure led to developmental malformations 

and toxicity in the embryos. 

Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A. Assessment and 

rehabilitation of wildlife affected by an oil 

spill in Puerto Rico. Environmental Pollution. 

1999; 104 (2):323-333. ISSN: 0269-7491.

This article recounts the types and numbers of 

animals collected after the 1994 oil spill. Only 

63% of the live species collected were

successfully rehabilitated. Among the worst 

affected animals were shore crabs, birds and sea 

turtles. 

32
BIOLOGY 

Murphy, M. L.; Heintz, R. A.; Short, J. W.; Larsen, 

M. L.; Rice, S. D. Recovery of pink salmon 

spawning areas after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Transactions of the American Fisheries 

Society. 2000; 128 (5):909-918. ISSN: 0002-

8487

Sediment samples were collected and analyzed 

from stream deltas throughout Prince William

Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez spill. 

The samples were used to assess recovery of 

salmon habitat after the spill. Up to 70% of wild

pink salmon spawn in intertidal streams 

throughout the Prince William Sound. 

Montagna, Paul A.; Jarvis, Stephen C.; Kennicutt,

Mahlon C., II. Distinguishing between 

contaminant and reef effects on meiofauna 

near offshore hydrocarbon platforms in the 

Gulf of Mexico. Canadian Journal of Fisheries 

and Aquatic Sciences. 2022; 59 (10):1584-1592. 

ISSN: 0706-652X. 

The influence of habitat seemed to have a greater 

effect on meiofaunal abundance and community

structure than the effects of contamination from

offshore oil and gas platforms. 

Moore, P. G. Mammals in intertidal and maritime 

ecosystems: interactions, impacts and 

implications. In Gibson, R. N.; Barnes, 

Margaret; Atkinson, R. J. A. (Eds.)

Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual

Review, v.40. London: Taylor & Francis; 2002;

p. 491-608. ISBN: 0-415-25462-0. 

Murphy, S. M.; Mabee, T. J. Status of black 

oystercatchers in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, nine years after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Waterbirds. 2000; 23 (2):204-213. ISSN: 

0738-6028. 

In 1998, researchers documented 79 Black 

Oystercatcher nesting pairs in the Prince William

Sound study area. The study was implemented to 

evaluate the status of breeding Black 

Oystercatchers in Prince William Sound and to

determine whether these birds have recovered 

from previously identified impacts of the oil 

spill. The objectives were to make comparisons

among years and between oiled and unoiled sites 

in different aspects of the birds breeding effort, 

egg volumes, assess nesting success, and 

evaluate chick development and survival rates of 

chicks. 

More birds coated in oil from spill. San Diego 

Union-Tribune. San Diego, Ca: San Diego 

Union-Tribune; March 25, 2002; A 4. 

In November 2001, oil began to leak from a 468-

ft. freighter that sank 17 miles southwest of the 

Golden Gate Bridge in 1953. Approximately

1,100 birds had died from the oil contamination,

and approximately 800 birds were being 

rehabilitated.

Morita, Akemi; Kusaka, Yukinori; Deguchi, Yoji. 

Acute health problems among the people 

engaged in the cleanup of the Nakhodka oil 

spill. Environmental Research. 1999; 81 (3):185-

94. ISSN: 0013-9351.

Investigations revealed that people helping with

the cleanup experienced a number of heath 

related problems due to exposure to the oil,

including low back and leg pain, headache, and

various problems with eyes and throat. 

Nakata, Haruhiko; Sakai, Yasufumi; Miyawaki, 

Takashi; Takemura, Akira. Bioaccumulation 

and toxic potencies of polychlorinated 

biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in tidal flat and coastal 

ecosystems of the Ariake Sea, Japan.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(16):3513-3521. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

High PAH concentrations were found in lower 

trophic organisms, such as lugworms and crabs, 

which ingest sediment as they feed. Researchers

stress that environmental risks associated with 

PAH accumulation in organisms should not be 

ignored. 

Nayar, S.; Goh, B. P. L.; Chou, L. M. The impact of

petroleum hydrocarbons (diesel) on

periphyton in an impacted tropical estuary 

based on in situ microcosms. Journal of

Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 

2004; 302 (2):213-232. ISSN: 0022-0981. 

Signs of acute toxicity, followed by a significant 

reduction in periphytic algal biomass, were noted

after exposure to different concentrations of

petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Murphy, Kim. Exxon oil spill's cleanup crews share 

years of illness; health: workers say chemical

exposure left them debilitated. Firm insists 

toxicity was low. Los Angeles Times. Los 

Angeles, Ca.: Times Mirror Company; 

November 5, 2001; A 1. 

Lawsuits against Exxon are being brought forth 

by workers who aided in the clean-up of the

Valdez oil spill. Strong solvents, in addition to

fumes from the fresh crude oil, are being blamed 

for many internal illnesses. 

33
BIOLOGY 

Neff, Jerry M. Bioaccumulation in Marine 

Organisms: Effect of Contaminants From Oil

Well Produced Water. Boston, Ma.: Elsevier; 

2002; 452 pp. ISBN: 0-080-43716-8. 

Niyogi, S.; Biswas, S.; Sarker, S.; Datta, A. G. 

Antioxidant enzymes in brackishwater oyster, 

Saccostrea cucullata as potential biomarkers 

of polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollution in

Hooghly Estuary (India): seasonality and its 

consequences. Science of the Total 

Environment. 2001; 281 (1-3):237-246. ISSN: 

0048-9697. 

Analysis of oysters suggested that samples from

heavily polluted areas showed less seasonal 

fluctuations in antioxidant enzyme activity than

oysters sampled in cleaner areas of the Hooghly 

estuary. Seasonal variations in enzyme activity 

should be understood when using certain species 

as biomarkers in a given environment.

Nemergut, D. R.; Wunch, K. G.; Johnson, R. M.;

Bennett, J. W. Benzo[a]pyrene removal by

Marasmiellus troyanus in soil microcosms.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology &

Biotechnology. 2000; 25 (2):116-119. ISSN: 

1367-5435. 

Litter rot fungus was tested for remediation

properties by being encapsulated in alginate and

placed in contaminated soil samples for a sixweek period. 

Niyogi, S.; Biswas, S.; Sarker, S.; Datta, A. G. 

Seasonal variation of antioxidant and 

biotransformation enzymes in barnacle, 

Balanus balanoides, and their relation with 

polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Marine

Environmental Research. 2001; 52 (1):13-26. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Tests on seasonal enzyme activity in a barnacle 

species in both polluted and non-polluted areas 

indicate that two antioxidant enzymes, SOD and

catalase, are excellent biomarkers for evaluating 

the extent of pollution in marine ecosystems.

Nicolas, Jean Marc. Vitellogenesis in Winter 

Flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) Under 

Hydrocarbon Contaminated Conditions.

Thesis (Ph. D.): Dalhousie University (Canada); 

1999; 163 leaves. 

Nikitik, Christopher C. S.; Robinson, Andrew W. 

Patterns in benthic populations in the Milford 

Haven waterway following the 'Sea Empress' 

oil spill with special reference to amphipods.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (9):1125-

1141. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Researchers use a polychaete/amphipod ratio as 

an indicator to assess the effects of oil 

contamination on resident organisms following

the ‘Sea Empress’ oil spill. 

Norcross, B. L. et al. A synthesis of the life history 

and ecology of juvenile Pacific herring in 

Prince William Sound, Alaska. Fisheries 

Oceanography. 2001; 10 (Supp. 1):42-57. ISSN: 

1054-6006. Nikolaus, Roxanne; Ammerman, James W.; 

MacDonald, Ian R. Distinct pigmentation and 

trophic modes in Beggiatoa from hydrocarbon

seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic Microbial 

Ecology. 2003; 32 (1):85-93. ISSN: 0948-3055. 

Researchers examined pigmented and nonpigmented bacterial mats associated with 

hydrocarbon seeps to determine whether the 

colonies were located in areas due to specific

geochemical environments. Results indicate that

trophic modes (chemoautotrophic and 

heterotrophic) are supported by geochemical

processes associated with hydrocarbon seeps. 

Notar, M.; Leskovsek, H. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in mussels from the Northern

Adriatic Sea. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 

2000; 9 (7-8):427-434. ISSN: 1018-4619.

Nunes-Halldorson, Vânia da Silva; Steiner, Robert;

Smith, Geoffrey B. Residual toxicity after

biodegradation: interactions among benzene, 

toluene, and chloroform. Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety. 2004; 57 (2):162-167. 

ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Toxicity tests using freshwater invertebrates and

microbes indicate that significant toxicity 

remained in samples following partial 

biodegradation of PAHs. 

34
BIOLOGY 

Oiled Antarctic penguins. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2001; 42 (4):255. ISSN: 0025-326X.

A joint US and New Zealand team discovered

petroleum residue in about a dozen small melt

pools at a deserted research station at Cape 

Hallett, Antarctica. As the assessment of the melt 

pools was underway, the team discovered a

number of Adelie penguin chicks, whose feathers

were contaminated with oil. The chicks were

removed, cleaned and transported to another

location. The Cape Hallett station closed in

1973, after a fire destroyed the lab. 

Nwankwo, D. I. The algae of crude oil impacted

mangrove soil in the Niger delta, Nigeria.

Tropical Ecology. 2000; 41 (2):243-245. ISSN: 

0564-3295. 

Sediment samples were analyzed over a two-year 

period following contamination by crude oil.

Blue green algae were found to be more resilient

and more successful in occupying freshly

contaminated soil. 

Ogboghodo, I. A.; Erebor, E. B.; Osemwota, I. O.;

Isitekhale, H. H. The effects of application of

poultry manure to crude oil polluted soils on 

maize (Zea mays) growth and soil properties.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 

2004; 96 (1-3):153-161. ISSN: 0167-6369. 

Under natural conditions, researchers use potted

maize plants contaminated with different 

concentrations levels of crude oil and then 

amended with poultry manure to determine 

survival rate of seed germination, contamination

to soils and to assess plant height. 

Oil-soaked birds spotted in area. New Orleans

Times-Picayune. New Orleans, La.: TimesPicayune Publishing Company; November 30, 

2000; A 06-07. 

The Westchester tanker ran aground in the

Mississippi River November 27, 2000. The oil

spill was located about 25 miles downriver from

two major wintering grounds for migratory

waterfowl. Oil-soaked birds were spotted in the 

spill area. The environmental group Tri-State 

Bird Rescue and Research of Delaware was 

expected to arrive and set up a recovery plan for 

the oiled animals. 

Ogboghodo, I. A.; Iruaga, E. K.; Osemwota, I. O.;

Chokor, J. U. An assessment of the effects of 

crude oil pollution on soil properties, 

germination and growth of maize (Zea mays) 

using two crude types - Forcados light and 

Escravos light. Environmental Monitoring and 

Assessment. 2004; 96 (1-3):143-152. ISSN: 

0167-6369. 

Using two crude oil types, authors set up

experiments in controlled and natural

environmental settings to investigate 

contamination on soil properties, germination 

and height of maize. 

Omoregie, E. Acute toxicity of water soluble 

fractions of crude oil to the Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Bulletin of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2002; 68 (5):623-629. ISSN: 0007-4861.

Bonny Light crude oil was tested on Nile tilapia, 

Oreochromis niloticus, to investigate the acute 

toxicity of the water soluble fractions of the oil 

and its impact on the fish. 

Omoregie, E.; Ufodike, E. B. C.; Onwuliri, C. O. E. 

Effect of petroleum effluent pollution on

carbohydrate reserves of the Nile tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Discovery and 

Innovation. 2000; 12 (1-2):26-29. ISSN: 1015-

079X. 

Research on plasma glucose, liver and muscle

glycogen of the Nile tilapia showed evidence of 

stress and impaired carbohydrate metabolism, as 

well as liver and muscle glycogen depletion.

Ohwada, Kouichi et al. Study of the effect of watersoluble fractions of heavy-oil on coastal 

marine organisms using enclosed ecosystems, 

mesocosms. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47

(1-6):78-84. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

In mesocosm experiments, authors found that

vertical flux of suspended particles and 

phytoplankton was mostly responsible for the 

soluble fraction of oil ending up in bottom

sediments. 

35
BIOLOGY 

Orbell, John D. et al. Whole-bird models for the 

magnetic cleansing of oiled feathers. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 48 (3-4):336-340. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

In a laboratory study, various types of 

petroleum-based oils and an oil/seawater 

emulsion were applied to selected areas of 

Mallard Duck and Little Penguin carcasses to

evaluate the effectiveness of an iron powder drycleansing agent. 

Pacheco, Mário; Santos, Maria Ana. 

Biotransformation, endocrine, and genetic 

responses of Anguilla anguilla L. to petroleum 

distillate products and environmentally

contaminated waters. Ecotoxicology and

Environmental Safety. 2001; 49 (1):64-75. ISSN:

0147-6513. 

European eels, exposed to diesel oil and gasoline 

water soluble fractions, showed a time-related

increase in EROD activity and erythrocytic 

nuclear abnormalities. Eels exposed to tide 

harbor waters showed similar degrees of

genotoxicity without corresponding EROD

activity. 

Ormseth, O. A.; Ben-David, Merav. Ingestion of

crude oil: effects on digesta retention times 

and nutrient uptake in captive river otters.

Journal of Comparative Physiology B.. 2000; 

170 (5-6):419-428. ISSN: 0174-1578. 

River otters, when exposed to weathered crude 

oil as part of their diet, showed shorter rates of

food retention in their system. Lower rates of 

absorption of lipids were discovered, which 

investigators speculated was due to reduced

retention time of food. The impact of shorter 

food retention on digestive function would 

explain reduced body weights found in river 

otters following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Pacheco, Mário; Santos, Maria Ana. 

Biotransformation, genotoxic, and 

histopathological effects of environmental 

contaminants in European eel (Anguilla

anguilla L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental

Safety. 2002; 53 (3):331-347. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Researchers used a variety of environmental 

pollutants, including B(a)P, to monitor a suite of 

biomarkers in tracking the toxic response of 

contaminants in fish. 

Palmqvist, Annemette; Selck, Henriette; Rasmussen, 

Lene Juel; Forbes, Valery E. Biotransformation 

and genotoxicity of fluoranthene in the

deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella sp I.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 

22 (12):2977-2985. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

After exposing a species of polychaete to 

fluoranthene, DNA was extracted and analyzed. 

Damaged DNA from fluoranthene exposure

and/or uptake was associated with the production 

of aqueous metabolites of the hydrocarbon. 

Ongoing analysis found that the extent of

damage was time-dependent, suggesting the

existence of DNA repair mechanisms. 

Ortega-Calvo, J. J.; Marchenko, A. I.; Vorobyov, A. 

V.; Borovick, R. V. Chemotaxis in polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria

isolated from coal-tar- and oil-polluted 

rhizospheres. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 

2003; 44 (3):373-381. ISSN: 0168-6496.

A densitometric method of quantifying

chemotactic response was used to determine the 

relevance of chemotaxis as a bioavailabilitypromoting feature of rhizosphere bacteria during

biodegradation of PAHs. 

Pacheco, Mário.; Santos, Maria Ana. Naphthalene 

and β-naphthoflavone effects on Anguilla 

anguilla L. hepatic metabolism and 

erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities.

Environment International. 2002; 28 (4):285-

293. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

European eels were exposed to different 

concentrations of naphthalene and β -

naphthoflavone to compare liver response as 

measured in EROD activity and erythrocytic 

nuclear abnormalities frequency. Based on the 

results of these experiments, the authors elect 

EROD activity as a useful short- to medium-term

biomarker for exposure to PAHs. 

36
BIOLOGY 

Peeters, E. T. H. M.; DeJager, T. J.; Beijer, J. A. J.; 

Koelmans, A. A. Effects of benzo(a)pyrene and 

size of organic matter particles on

bioaccumulation and growth of Asellus 

aquaticus. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 39

(3):307-314. ISSN: 0090-4341. 

Attempting to demonstrate the hypothesis that 

equilibrium partitioning theory (EPT) is 

responsible for biological effects of PAHs, 

authors tested bioaccumulation of the waterlouse

A. aquaticus. Results showed that the size of 

organic matter particles ingested determined 

growth in the waterlouse. 

Park, W.; Jeon, C. O.; Cadillo, H.; DeRito, C.; 

Madsen, E. L. Survival of naphthalenedegrading Pseudomonas putida NCIB 9816-4 

in naphthalene-amended soils: toxicity of 

naphthalene and its metabolites. Applied

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2004; 64

(3):429-435. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Naphthalene metabolites including catechol and 

related compounds or condensation products

were found to be present in a PAH-degrading

bacterium. Metabolites became toxic when 

accumulation levels reached a certain point while 

cells were in a stationary phase. 

Paul, M.; Menon, N. R.; Philip, R. Stress responses 

and vibriosis induced by petroleum 

hydrocarbons in the penaeid shrimp

Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers). In Rodriguez, G.

R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control II. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 

2000; p. 107-115. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

Researchers established a link between 

subleathal exposure of crude oil to penaeid 

shrimp and stress that made them susceptible to 

vibriosis. 

Perkins, Edward J.; Lotufo, Guilherme R. Playing in

the mud-using gene expression to assess 

contaminant effects on sediment dwelling

invertebrates. Ecotoxicology. 2003; 12 (6):453-

456. ISSN: 0963-9292. 

The effect of phenanthrene on a putative 

retrotransposon resulted in increased expression, 

especially at levels causing significant mortality. 

Researchers believe that genetic markers can 

serve as measures of genotoxic potential. 

Peters, L. D.; Telli-Karakoç, F.; Hewer, A.; Phillips, 

D. H. In vitro mechanistic differences in 

benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formation using 

fish liver and mussel digestive gland 

microsomal activating systems. Marine

Environmental Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):499-

504. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Researchers conclude that disparities in vitro

DNA adduct formation between fish and mussels

is most likely due to different levels of CYP in

each organism.

Peterson, Charles H.; Holland-Bartels, Leslie. 

Chronic impacts of oil pollution in the sea: 

risks to vertebrate predators. Marine Ecology - 

Progress Series. 2002; 241;235-236. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

This paper introduces four reports that emerged

from the Nearshore Vertebrate Predator project, 

which was initiated to investigate delays in

population recovery of sentinel organisms in the 

coastal ecosystem affected by the Exxon Valdez

oil spill. 

Pavillon, J. F.; Oudot, J.; Dlugon, A.; Roger, E.; 

Juhel, G. Impact of the 'Erika' oil spill on the 

Tigriopus brevicornis ecosystem at the Le 

Croisic headland (France): preliminary 

observations. Journal of the Marine Biological

Association of the United Kingdom. 2002; 82

(3):409-413. ISSN: 0025-3154. 

Samples of oil contaminated water and

sediments were collected during several field 

missions in the ecosystem at the Le Croisic 

headland following the 'Erika' oil spill. These 

samples were then applied to a controlled 

laboratory experiment, where two organisms 

were exposed to contaminatss to determine the 

impact on the organisms. 

Pearce, Fred. In the thick of it. New Scientist. 2001;

170 (2289):4. ISSN: 0262-4079. 

A survey of seabird population recovery over

eight years following the Exxon Valdez spill still 

show no evidence of recovery. Researchers

believe that birds are still suffering because food 

in the intertidal zone and shallow waters near the 

shore are still contaminated with oil. 

37
BIOLOGY 

Pollino, Carmel A.; Holdway, Douglas A. 

Reproductive potential of crimson-spotted

rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) 

following short-term exposure to Bass Strait 

crude oil and dispersed crude oil.

Environmental Toxicology. 2002; 17 (2):138-

145. ISSN: 1520-4081. 

In this investigation, fish were exposed to

different types of water-accommodated fractions 

of crude oil to determine the effects of short-term

exposure on reproductive success. Results show

that the crimson-spotted rainbowfish were able 

to endure short-term exposures without a 

pronounced effect on egg production,

hatchability, or larval lengths. 

Piccardo, M. T.; Coradeghini, R.; Valerio, F. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in 

native and caged mussels. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2001; 42 (10):951-956. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Four stations were set up along the Ligurian

coast to conduct a biological monitoring study

using native and caged mussels. Seasonal

sampling showed that accumulation patterns 

varied according to the source of pollution to

which the mussels were exposed. Samples of 

tissue from the mussels were used to classify 

PAH concentrations and composition at the 

coastal sites. 

Pietrapiana, D.; Modena, M.; Guidetti, P.; Falugi, C.; 

Vacchi, M. Evaluating the genotoxic damage

and hepatic tissue alterations in demersal fish 

species: a case study in the Ligurian Sea (NWMediterranean). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2002; 44 (3):238-243. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Post-spill effects of oil from the Haven were

investigated for possible genotoxic damage to

three local fish species. Of the three species, 

Lepidorhombus boscii showed the greatest 

sensitivity to the pollutants. Authors suggest that 

micronucleus tests are a fast and effective 

method of detecting oil pollution. 

Porte, C.; Biosca, X.; Solé, M.; Albaigés, J. Aegean

oil spill on the Galician Coast (NW Spain). 

III: the assessment of long-term sublethal 

effects on mussels. Biomarkers. 2000; 5 (6):436-

446. ISSN: 1354-750X. 

Researchers found enzyme activity to be 

influenced by hydrocarbons in the water and

sediment. Lipid peroxidation was found to

increase throughout the year, even though a 

strong seasonal effect was also found, correlating 

with a total PAH body burden. 

Quiñones-Rivera, Antonio; Alexander, Renee R.; 

Alexander, Martin. Effect of nonaqueous-phase 

liquids on the availability of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in soil for worm 

uptake and bacterial genotoxicity.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 

22 (11):2599-2604. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Assays for genotoxicity and invertebrate 

assimilation confirmed that the presence of 

nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) in soil

decreases the bioavailability of B(a)P. Soil type

and viscosity of NAPLs were also found to

influence the amount of B(a)P bioavailability. 

Rademacher, K. R.; Render, J. H. Fish assemblages 

around oil and gas platforms in the 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico: developing a 

survey design. In Stanley, D. R.; ScarboroughBull, A. (Eds.) Fisheries, Reefs, and Offshore

Development (Series: American Fisheries 

Society Symposium Series, v.36). Bethesda, Md: 

American Fisheries Society; 2003; p. 101-122. 

ISBN: 1-888569-54-9.

Pilcher, Nicolas J. Green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in

the Saudi Arabian Gulf. Chelonian

Conservation and Biology. 2000; 3 (4):730-734. 

ISSN: 1071-8443. 

In an attempt to assess the effects of the 1991

Gulf War oil spill on green turtles, over 800 were 

tagged in 3 areas of the Arabian Gulf, and 

monitored into the following year. Researches 

concluded that the oil spill had no acute effect on

nesting turtles, their eggs or hatchlings. 

Poggiale, Jean-Christophe; Dauvin, Jean-Claude. 

Long-term dynamics of three benthic 

Ampelisca (Crustacea-Amphipoda) 

populations from the Bay of Morlaix

(Western English Channel) related to their 

disappearance after the 'Amoco Cadiz' oil 

spill. Marine Ecology - Progress Series. 2001; 

214;201-209. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

A population dynamics model, which consists of 

pollution, sea temperature and competition, was 

used to explain how Ampelisca populations of

Pierre Noire have recolonized following the 

severe effects of the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. 

38
BIOLOGY 

Richardson, Bruce J. et al. A comparison of

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 

petroleum hydrocarbon uptake by mussels 

(Perna viridis) and semi-permeable membrane 

devices (SPMDs) in Hong Kong coastal

waters. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 122 

(2):223-227. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

In site tests, mussels consistently accumulated 

higher levels of PAHs and petroleum

hydrocarbons than SPMDs. However,

researchers found that mortality was a limiting 

factor in mussels, at least at one sampling site. 

Due to the different accumulation patterns 

between PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbons,

SPMDs are not suitable replacements for sentinel 

organisms. 

Rauch, Tommy J. Equilibrial blenniid assemblages 

on offshore petroleum platforms.

Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2003; 68

(3):301-305. ISSN: 0378-1909. 

The age of offshore platforms and the passage of 

Tropical Storm Danny did not appear to have

any influence on blenniid community dynamics 

in the northern Gulf of Mexico. 

Reid, D. J.; MacFarlane, G. R. Potential biomarkers 

of crude oil exposure in the gastropod 

mollusc, Austrocochlea porcata: laboratory

and manipulative field studies. Environmental 

Pollution. 2003; 126 (2):147-155. ISSN: 0269-

7491. 

Researchers measured oxidative damage and 

glutathione antioxidant system levels to evaluate

if these parameters were effective biomarkers of

sublethal exposures to oil in a species of

mollusk. Glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 

were thought to be better candidates for 

biomarker studies, but further analysis showed

insufficient response sensitivity to the 

contaminants. 

Roberts, J. M.; Anderson, R. M. A new laboratory 

method for monitoring deep-water coral 

polyp behaviour. Hydrobiologia. 2002;

471:143-148. ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Authors describe a method of continuous 

monitoring of coral polyp behavior in a

laboratory environment with the use of timelapse video and infrared light. This technique can 

be used to understand the reaction of coral 

polyps to short-term environmental changes, 

such as sediment disturbance from deep-water 

drilling activities. 

Reynaud, S.; Marionnet, D.; Taysse, L.; Duchiron, 

C.; Deschaux, P. The effects of 3-

methylcholanthrene on macrophage 

respiratory burst and biotransformation 

activities in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio

L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2002; 12

(1):17-34. ISSN: 1050-4648. 

Authors describe the effects of a hydrocarbon on

the physiological process that controls bacterial 

growth at the cellular level. 

Robson, Diana Bizecki; Knight, J. Diane; Farrell, 

Richard E.; Germida, James J. Natural 

revegetation of hydrocarbon-contaminated

soil in semi-arid grasslands. Canadian Journal

of Botany - Revue Canadienne de Botanique. 

2004; 82 (1):22-30. ISSN: 0008-4026. 

Vegetation was sampled on contaminated plots 

where natural recovery was allowed to take place 

and compared with non-contaminated plots. 

Researchers found that species diversity was

lower on contaminated plots, with selfpollinating species common but plants that use 

unassisted means or birds as primary dispersal of 

seed material lacking. 

Roch, P. Behaviour of defense peptides in 

environmentally stressed mussels. Revue de 

Medecine Veterinaire. 2002; 153 (7):517-520. 

ISSN: 0035-1555. 

Reynolds, W. J.; Lancaster, J. E.; Pawson, M. G.

Patterns of spawning and recruitment of sea 

bass to Bristol Channel nurseries in relation 

to the 1996 'Sea Empress' oil spill. Journal of

the Marine Biological Association of the United 

Kingdom. 2003; 83 (5):1163-1170. ISSN: 0025-

3154. 

Analysis of sea bass recruitment to nursery areas 

along the south Wales coast suggests that effects 

of the ‘Sea Empress’ spill and resulting cleanup 

efforts impacted post-larval survival more than 

the egg and larval stage of development.

39
BIOLOGY 

Rodius, F.; Hammer, C.; Vasseur, P. Use of RNA 

arbitrarily primed PCR to identify genomic 

alterations in the digestive gland of the 

freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus at a

contaminated site. Environmental Toxicology. 

2002; 17 (6):538-546. ISSN: 1520-4081.

This paper describes an investigation of a 

technique used to identify the damaging effects 

of contaminants such as PAHs on DNA and the 

resulting variations in gene expression. 

Rong, Chen; Weiyun, Zheng; Qun, Yu; Ang; Lihong,

Peng. Effect of oil pollution on gluthione and 

relative enzyme in oyster (Saccostrea 

cuculiata). Acta Oceanologica Sinica. 2003; 22

(1):145-150. ISSN: 0253-505X. 

In field tests, PAH exposure caused a change in

glutathione content and induced the activity of 

selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase and

glutathione S-transferase in the digestive glands

and gills of oysters. 

Ross, Stephen T. Blennies on Offshore Petroleum 

Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico: Factors 

Influencing Assemblage Structure. Thesis (Ph.

D.): University of Southern Mississippi; 2000; 

101 leaves. 

Rogers, Vincent V.; Wickstrom, Mark; Liber, 

Karsten; MacKinnon, Michael D. Acute and 

subchronic mammalian toxicity of naphthenic 

acids from oil sands tailings. Toxicological 

Sciences. 2002; 66 (2):347-355. ISSN: 1096-

6080. 

Rotterman, Lisa Mignon; Monnett, Charles. Lengthmass and total body length of adult female sea

otters in Prince William Sound before and 

after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine 

Mammal Science. 2002; 18 (4):977-993. ISSN: 

0824-0469. 

A difference in body weights and lengths of

some classes of otters pre- and post-spill 

suggests that there has been an ongoing negative 

effect related to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Roling, Jonathan A.; Bain, Lisa J.; Baldwin, William

S. Differential gene expression in 

mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) 

following treatment with pyrene: comparison 

to a creosote contaminated site. Marine

Environmental Research. 2004; 57 (5):377-395. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

An estuarine fish was chosen to investigate 

multiple biomarkers after exposure to pyrene. 

Following this, fish were exposed to creosotecontaminated areas and gene expression was

compared between both experimental groups.

Several differences in gene expression were 

found, possibly due to factors such as exposure

time, dose, complex mixtures or tolerance.

Rozas, Lawrence P.; Minello, Thomas J.; Henry, 

Charles B. An assessment of potential oil spill 

damage to salt marsh habitats and fishery 

resources in Galveston Bay, Texas. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 40 (12):1148-1160. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Results of this study suggest that background

levels of weathered oil in marsh sediments do

not affect population densities or habitat use by

most organisms. 

Ruddock, P. J.; Bird, D. J.; McCalley, D. V. Bile 

metabolites of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in three species of fish from the

Severn Estuary. Ecotoxicology and 

Environmental Safety. 2002; 51 (2):97-105.

ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Flounders and two species of eels were tested for 

the existence of PAH metabolites in bile. 1-

hydroxy pyrene was identified as the key 

metabolite in the fish. Researches suggest that 

common eel Conger conger is a suitable monitor 

for the existence of PAHs in estuarine systems. 

Röling, Wilfred F. M.; de Brito, Ivana R. Couto;

Swannell, Richard P. J.; Head, Ian M. Response 

of archaeal communities in beach sediments 

to spilled oil and bioremediation. Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70 (5):2614-

2620. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Oil contamination negatively impacted Archaea

communities, leading researchers to conclude 

that this species may be a useful indicator of

ecosystem recovery following oil pollution.

Romero, M. C.; Gatti, M. E.; Cordoba, S.; Cazau, M.

C.; Arambarri, A. M. Physiological and 

morphological characteristics of yeasts

isolated from waste oil effluents. World 

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 

2000; 16 (7):683-686. ISSN: 0959-3993. 

40
BIOLOGY 

Rye, H.; Johansen, O.; Reed, M.; Ekrol, N.; Deqi, X. 

Exposure of fish larvae to hydrocarbon 

concentration fields generated by subsurface 

blowouts. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 

September 2000; 6 (2):113-124. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

Computer models are employed to show that 

dispersed components of oil from deepwater

spills and blowouts off the coast of Norway can

adversely affect fish larval populations and have 

a negative impact on future fish stocks. 

Ruddock, P. J.; Bird, D. J.; McEvoy, J.; Peters, L. D. 

Bile metabolites of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) in European eels

Anguilla anguilla from United Kingdom 

estuaries. Science of the Total Environment. 

2003; 301 (1-3):105-117. ISSN: 0048-9697. 

Using HPLC and low fluorescent detection,

researchers separated deconjugated metabolites 

of PAHs in European eels. The data collected in 

this study was used to identify the highest levels 

of concentration of PAHs accumulated in the bile

of the eels in respect to the characteristics of the

estuarine environment from where they were 

collected. 

Saasen, A. et al. The effect of drilling fluid base-oil 

properties on occupational hygiene and the 

marine environment. SPE Drilling and

Completion. 2001; 16 (3):150-153. ISSN: 1064-

6671. 

In the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, the 

drilling industry has moved from using synthetic 

and other base oils to nonaromatic base oils. 

Comparisons of the nonaromatic oils to diesel 

oils are described. Further results demonstrate 

the benefits of using nonaromatic oils in regard 

to human contact and environmental impact. 

Rudolph, A.; Yáñez, R.; Troncoso, L.; González, R. 

Stimulation of enzymatic defense mechanisms 

and appearance of liver damage in juvenile 

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to

water-accomodated trace petroleum residues.

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology. 2002; 68 (5):644-651. ISSN: 0007-

4861. 

Juvenile trout were exposed to petroleum

hydrocarbons for a period of 30 days. Blood 

samples were obtained from the trout and 

analyzed for the effects of water-accommodated 

fraction on activation of the multifunction 

oxidase systems in the trout. 

Saba, V. S.; Spotila, J. R. Survival and behavior of

freshwater turtles after rehabilitation from an

oil spill. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 126 

(2):213-223. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

A number of freshwater turtles that were exposed

to spilled oil and rehabilitated were compared to 

potentially exposed and to non-exposed turtles 

months later to determine differences between 

the groups. Researchers found that there were no 

differences in survival, home range, or water

temperature preference between groups or 

species, indicating that rehabilitation of the 

species was successful. 

Sabaté, J.; Viñas, M.; Bayona, Josep M.; Solanas, A. 

M. Isolation and taxonomic and catabolic 

characterization of a 3,6-

dimethylphenanthrene-utilizing strain of 

Sphingomonas sp. Canadian Journal of

Microbiology. 2003; 49 (2):120-129. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

A microbial strain was isolated and exposed to 

creosote-contaminated soil to assess its 

effectiveness in degrading hydrocarbons. The 

bacterium was observed mineralizing various

three- and four-ring hydrocarbons, and 

researchers identified intermediate metabolite 

activity during the degradation process. 

Ruggerone, Gregory T.; Rogers, Donald E. Multiyear effects of high densities of sockeye 

salmon spawners on juvenile salmon growth 

and survival: a case study from the Exxon

Valdez oil spill. Fisheries Research. 2003; 63

(3):379-392. ISSN: 0165-7836. 

Sockeye salmon populations were investigated to 

assess the importance of spawning fish densities 

on multi-year juvenile sizes and adult 

abundances years after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Results of data presented suggest that 

spawning population levels have an impact on

juvenile size and adult production in subsequent

years. 

Ryan, Kelly. Penguins in oil spill peril. Herald Sun. 

Melbourne, Australia: Nationwide News Pty

Limited; December 15, 2002; p. 8. 

Dozens of oiled carcasses of Adelie penguins 

began to wash ashore on Philip Island, 

Antarctica around early December 2001. 

Authorities investigated potential culprits by

conducting oil fingerprinting tests and studying 

shipping routes. 

41
BIOLOGY 

Salazar, Sandie. Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on

sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) populations.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (7-8):313-

318. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Colonies of sea lions located near the grounding 

site of the Jessica tanker were observed to assess 

population changes. Population numbers 

collected from these sites were compared to 

previous colony declines resulting from

catastrophic events. No significant population 

decreases were recorded. 

Schuler, Lance J.; Wheeler, Matthew; Bailer, A. 

John; Lydy, Michael J. Toxicokinetics of 

sediment-sorbed benzo[a]pyrene and 

hexachlorobiphenyl using the freshwater

invertebrates Hyalella azteca, Chironomus

tentans, and Lumbriculus variegatus.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 

22 (2):439-449. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Bioassays were conducted on three freshwater

benthic invertebrates to estimate the effects of 

their uptake and elimination of long-term aging 

sediments. Researchers also examined the 

organisms’ ability to biotransform B(a)P by

using a toxicokinetic modeling method along

with a statistical comparisons method in order to 

gain increased accuracy when analyzing 

bioaccumulation factors for biotransformed 

compounds. 

Schell, Donald M.; Hirons, Amy C. Isotope Ratio 

Studies of Marine Mammals in Prince 

William Sound. Ancorage, Ak.: Alaska 

Department of Fish and Game, Habitat and 

Restoration Division; 1999;130 pp. 

Investigators noted a decline in carbon isotope 

ratios in vibrissae (whiskers) of seals over a long

period of time. They concluded that food stress 

from lower abundances of prey was the likely

cause. 

Seeb, James E. Genetic Discrimination of Prince 

William Sound Herring Populations.

Ancorage, Ak.: Alaska Department of Game and

Fish, Genetics Laboratory; 1999;various pages. 

Schratzberger, Michaela et al. Response of estuarine 

meio- and macrofauna to in situ

bioremediation of oil-contaminated sediment.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (4):430-443.

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The addition of nutrients to improve 

biodegradation rates did not speed up

recolonization rates for meio- and macrobenthic 

life forms. Investigators found that within weeks 

of the nutrient treatment, population levels of 

dominant species such as nematodes decreased, 

resulting in more even species populations in 

overall community structure. 

Seeb, L. W. et al. Genetic diversity of sockeye 

salmon of Cook Inlet, Alaska, and its

application to management of populations

affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 

2000; 129 (6):1223-1249. ISSN: 0002-8487. 

Salmon were analyzed to collect genetic 

information on populations in the upper Cook

Inlet. Investigators found a substantial amount of

genetic diversity within the fish population.

Sei, Kazunari; Sugimoto, Yoshiro; Mori, Kazuhiro; 

Maki, Hideaki; Kohno, Tetsuro. Monitoring of

alkane-degrading bacteria in a sea-water

microcosm during crude oil degradation by 

polymerase chain reaction based on alkanecatabolic genes. Environmental Microbiology. 

2003; 5 (6):517-522. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

Using a DNA extraction method, authors were 

able to identify two groups of bacteria based on

different biodegradation mechanisms as 

evidenced by alkane-catabolic genes, which

separated the microbes by their preference for 

alkanes with sorter versus longer chain lengths.

Schroder, Jackie L. et al. Ecotoxicological risks 

associated with land treatment of 

petrochemical wastes. I. Residual soil 

contamination and bioaccumulation by cotton 

rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Journal of Toxicology 

and Environmental Health - Part A. 2003; 66 

(4):302-325. ISSN: 1528-7394. 

Researchers monitored the accumulation of 

various by-products associated with petroleum

wastes in tissues and organs of cotton rats over a 

two-year period. 

42
BIOLOGY 

Shailaja, M. S.; Rodrigues, A. Nitrite-induced 

enhancement of toxicity of phenanthrene in

fish and its implications for coastal waters. 

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science. 2003; 56

(5-6):1107-1110. ISSN: 0272-7714. 

Oreochromis mossambicus was tested to 

establish the effects of exposure to water-borne 

nitrite in the presence of phenanthrene over a 

period of 9 days. Biomarker analysis showed a 

significant increase in phenanthrene metabolism,

as evidenced by enzyme activity, and enhanced 

liver damage in fish exposed to both nitrite and 

phenanthrene than the fish only exposed to the 

PAH. 

Seiser, Pamela Edith. et al. Comparison of pigeon

guillemot, Cepphus columba, blood 

parameters from oiled and unoiled areas of 

Alaska eight years after the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 40

(2):152-164. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Blood samples were taken from pigeon 

guillemots, starting 20-30 days after hatching

and going into adulthood, and compared. 

Differences between chicks in oiled and unoiled 

areas included calcium levels and mean cell 

volume, but little direct evidence of continuing

oil injury was established. In adults, elevated

aspartate aminotransferase activity in birds from

oiled areas was noted.

Shakir Hanna, Safwat H.; Weaver, R. W. 

Earthworm survival in oil contaminated soil.

Plant and Soil. 2002; 240 (1):127-132. ISSN: 

0032-079X.

Soil was contaminated with different 

concentrations of crude oil to determine 

mortality in two species of earthworm. Results 

led researchers to note that the regulatory level 

of 1% oil contamination might need to be

reduced to insure survivability of earthworms.

Seiser, Pamela Edith. Mechanism of Impact and 

Potential Recovery of Pigeon Guillemots 

(Cepphus columba) after the Exxon Valdez Oil 

Spill. Thesis (M.S.): University of Alaska

Fairbanks; 2000; 102 leaves. 

Selck, Henriette; Palmqvist, Annemette; Forbes, 

Valery E. Uptake, depuration, and toxicity of 

dissolved and sediment-bound fluoranthene in 

the polychaete, Capitella sp I. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (10):2354-

2363. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

In some polychaetes, the nutritional state and the

exposure route can determine the critical body 

residue of a contaminant, according to

researchers. 

Shaw, J. P. et al. Seasonal variation in cytochrome 

P450 immunopositive protein levels, lipid 

peroxidation and genetic toxicity in digestive 

gland of the mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquatic 

Toxicology. 2004; 67 (4):325-336. ISSN: 0166-

445X. 

Seasonal studies of a mussel found that 

cytochrome P4501A and DNA strand breaks 

occurred less frequently in December but no 

correlation between PAH exposure and DNA 

strand breaks was noticed. 

Seubert, J. M.; Kennedy, C. J. Benzo[a]pyrene 

toxicokinetics in rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to different 

salinities. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 38

(3):342-349. ISSN: 0090-4341. 

B(a)P accumulation in rainbow trout was shown 

to differ according to different amounts of

salinity in water. Acute salinity changes after 

B(a)P injection also affected the amount of

material retained by the fishes. 

Shilaja, M. S.; D'Silva, Classy. Evaluation of impact 

of PAH on a tropical fish, Oreochromis

mossambicus using multiple biomarkers.

Chemosphere. 2003; 53 (8):835-841. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Exposure to low concentrations of phenanthrene

resulted in cell injury as a result of insufficient 

detoxification of metabolites in tilapia. 

Researches believe this fish is an excellent 

candidate for biomonitoring in tropical waters. 

Sho, Michiei; Hamel, Chantal; Greer, Charles W. 

Two distinct gene clusters encode pyrene 

degradation in Mycobacterium sp strain S65.

FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2004; 48 (2):209-

220. ISSN: 0168-6496. 

Sevigny, James H.; Tindal, Miles J.; Robins, Geneva 

L.; Staudt, Wilfried; Serbin, Larry. Importance 

of different volatile petroleum hydrocarbon 

fractions in human health risk assessment. 

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2003; 9 

(4):987-1001. ISSN: 1080-7039. 

Soil vapor data for PAHs and benzene was

collected and used within the context of 

Canadian government standards for qualifying

acceptable exposure levels for human risk

assessment. 

43
BIOLOGY 

Shriadah, M. A. Petroleum hydrocarbon 

concentrations in Arabian Gulf fish tissues.

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology. 2001; 67 (4):560-567. ISSN: 0007-

4861. 

This paper provides data regarding values for 

petroleum hydrocarbons in several fish species 

commonly consumed by the population in the 

Arabian Gulf. It also presents data on the 

relationship of total hydrocarbon concentrations

in fish tissues with seasonal and lipid changes in

the fish. 

Skalski, John R.; Coats, Douglas A.; Fukuyama, 

Allan K. Criteria for oil spill recovery: a case 

study of the intertidal community of Prince

William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Environmental Management. 

2001; 28 (1):9-18. ISSN: 0364-152X.

Populations of several species residing in Prince 

William Sound were monitored over several 

years in cleaned and uncleaned oiled sites. 

Evidence for the recovery of many species is

presented by the existence of "parallelism" in

population growth rates between treated and 

non-treated areas after initial disturbance. 

Siddiqui, Samina; Adams, W. A. The fate of diesel 

hydrocarbons in soils and their effect on the 

germination of perennial ryegrass.

Environmental Toxicology. 2002; 17 (1):49-62. 

ISSN: 1520-4081

The fate and effect of diesel fuel in soil was 

determined by the monitoring of bacterial 

population, fungal hyphal length, and soil 

respiration. Ryegrass germination was inhibited 

by low mass hydrocarbons in the diesel fuel, and 

lag phases between different treatment amounts

were noted. 

Small, Robert J.; Pendleton, Grey W.; Pitcher, 

Kenneth W. Trends in abundance of Alaska 

harbor seals, 1983-2001. Marine Mammal

Science. 2003; 19 (2):344-362. ISSN: 0824-

0469. 

Estimates of population trends in harbor seal 

abundance were derived by collecting daily

counts throughout the pupping and molting

periods over several years and throughout

several regions of Alaska. In addition, an

operating-model approach was implemented to

simulate factors that affect trend estimates 

generated from aerial survey data. 

Smreczak, Bozena; Maliszewska-Kordybach, 

Barbara. Seeds germination and root growth 

of selected plants in PAH contaminated soil. 

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2003; 12

(8):946-949. ISSN: 1018-4619. 

Researchers tested four PAH compounds in two 

types of soil to assess the effect of the 

contaminants on early stages of development for 

maize, barley, mustard, and sunflower plants. 

Seed germination was less affected by the 

presence of PAHs than later root growth, which

experienced different amounts of inhibited

development depending upon type of plant and

hydrocarbon tested. 

Široká, Z.; Drastichová, J. Biochemical markers of 

aquatic environment contamination - 

cytochrome P450 in fish. A review. Acta 

Veterinaria Brno. 2004; 73 (1):123-132. ISSN: 

0001-7213. 

A review of the role of cytochrome P450 as a 

biomarker points out research on the 

classification of its isoforms, functions and

involvement in the metabolism of xenobiotics, 

particularly as it relates to the use of fish in

toxicology monitoring of ecosystems. 

Siu, William H. L. et al. Micronucleus induction in 

gill cells of green-lipped mussels (Perna 

viridis) exposed to mixtures of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated

pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2004; 23 (5):1317-1325. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Micronucleus formation was assessed as a

biomarker to exposure from a number of

contaminants, including specific PAHs. Results 

show that micronucleus induction correlated 

with body burdens of PAHs in a species of 

mussel, making it a useful biomarker for 

genotoxic exposure. 

44
BIOLOGY 

Stark, Jonathan S.; Snape, Ian; Riddle, Martin J. The 

effects of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy 

metal contamination of marine sediments on 

recruitment of Antarctic soft-sediment 

assemblages: a field experimental 

investigation. Journal of Experimental Marine 

Biology and Ecology. 2003; 283 (1-2):21-50. 

ISSN: 0022-0981. 

Defaunated sediments were spiked with PAHs or

heavy metals and then placed on the seabed for 

11 weeks to monitor recruitment and

colonization by soft-sediment organisms. 

Hydrocarbon contamination was found to affect

recruitment, which later impacted assemblage 

structure. 

Snyder, M. J.; Girvetz, E.; Muler, E. P. Induction of 

marine mollusc stress proteins by chemical or 

physical stress. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2001; 41 (1):22-

29. ISSN: 0090-4341.

Authors examined the response of heat shock or 

stress proteins (HSPs) by thermal or chemical

exposure. Biologically degraded crude oil was 

also used to understand the relationship between 

HSP induction and levels of CYP4Y1 mRNA in

dose-response experiments. HSP responses may 

be an important part of a group of biomarkers in

mussels exposed to hydrocarbons. 

Sol, Sean Y.; Johnson, Lyndal L.; Horness, Beth H.; 

Collier, Tracy K. Relationship between oil 

exposure and reproductive parameters in fish 

collected following the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 40 (12):1139-

1147. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Female pollock (Theagra chalcogramma), dolly 

varden (Salvelinus malma), and yellowfin sole

(Limanda asprea) were used in experiments to

determine the reproductive injury of these fish

due to oil exposure. Dolly varden and yellowfin

sole, which live on or near the bottom sediment, 

had higher concentrations of biliary fluorescent 

aromatic compounds than pollock. 

Stehr, Carla M.; Myers, Mark S.; Johnson, Lyndal L.; 

Spencer, Sylvester; Stein, John E. Toxicopathic 

liver lesions in English sole and chemical 

contaminant exposure in Vancouver Harbour,

Canada. Marine Environmental Research. 2004; 

57 (1-2):55-74. ISSN: 0141-1136.

Research shows a correlation between high 

levels of aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments 

and multiple toxicopathic liver lesions in

combination with increased levels of aromatic

hydrocarbon metabolites in bile of fish collected

from contaminated sites. 

Stekoll, M. S.; Deysher, L. Response of the

dominant alga Fucus gardneri (Silva)

(Phaeophyceae) to the Exxon Valdez oil spill 

and clean-up. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000;

40 (11):1028-1041. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Habitat types were monitored at Prince William

Sound, Cook Inlet-Kenai, and Kodiak-Alaska 

Peninsula to determine the effects of the spill on

the dominant algae of the region. Over time, 

varying rates of recovery in different locations

was noted. 

Stentiford, G. D. et al. Histopathological

biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the 

assessment of biological effects of 

contaminants. Marine Environmental Research. 

2003; 55 (2):137-159. ISSN: 0141-1136.

Three species of fish found in PAHcontaminated estuaries were investigated for 

inflammations and lesions on organ tissues. 

Although there is no direct link between PAHs 

and the existence of abnormalities, this study 

indicates that histopathology can play an 

important role in environmental monitoring. 

Stachowitsch, Michael; Kikinger, Reinhard; Herler, 

Jürgen; Zolda, Pamela; Geutebrück, Ernst. 

Offshore oil platforms and fouling 

communities in the southern Arabian Gulf 

(Abu Dhabi). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002;

44 (9):853-860. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Fouling organisms were found on the legs of

offshore oil platforms in depths of 11 and 22

meters. Biomass values were determined for

each platform, and community structures were 

compared between the two sites. 

Stagg, R. M. et al. Effects of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons on expression of CYP1A in 

salmon (Salmo salar) following experimental 

exposure and after the Braer oil spill.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2000; 

19 (11):2797-2805. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Comparable results were found in both field and 

experimental tests in measurements of CYP1A

activity in exposed fish. 

45
BIOLOGY 

Suprun, S. M. et al. Perspectives on the use of 

hydrocarbon-oxidizing micromycetes and 

rhodococci for purification of oil-polluted 

soils. In Wise, D. L.; Trantolo, D. J.; Cichon, H. 

I.; Stottmeister, U. (Eds.) Bioremediation of

Contaminated Soils (Environmental Science and

Pollution Control Series, v.22). New York: 

Marcel Dekker; 2000; p. 445-453. ISBN: 0-

8247-0333-2.

Stephens, S. M.; Frankling, S. C.; Stagg, R. M.; 

Brown, J. A. Sub-lethal effects of exposure of

juvenile turbot to oil produced waters. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 40 (11):928-937. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Juvenile turbot exposed to produced water

showed no negative effect on the survival rate of 

the fish, although sub-lethal impacts were 

apparent. Fish exposed to higher concentrations

of produced water did have higher rates of

hydrocarbon accumulation.

Sverdrup, Line E.; Fürst, Charlotte S.; Weideborg,

Mona; Vik, Eilen A.; Stenersen, Jørgen. Relative 

sensitivity of one freshwater and two marine 

acute toxicity tests as determined by testing 30

offshore E & P chemicals. Chemosphere. 2002; 

46 (2):311-318. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

The effects of chemicals were found, in some 

cases, to affect marine species greater than 

freshwater organisms. Because of this, marine 

species should be used when determining the 

environmental risk of materials used in offshore

exploration and production. 

Stickle, William B. Effects of Simultaneous 

Exposure to Petroleum Hydrocarbons,

Hypoxia, and Prior Exposure on the 

Tolerance and Sublethal Responses of Marine 

Animals: Blue Crabs and Killifish. New 

Orleans, La.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico 

OCS Region; 2002; OCS Study MMS 2002-009; 

18 pp. 

Storelli, M. M.; Marcotrigiano, G. O. Polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in mussels (Mytilus 

galloprovincialis) from the Ionian Sea, Italy.

Journal of Food Protection. 2001; 64 (3):405-

409. ISSN: 0362-028X. 

Analysis of mussels collected along the coastline 

found concentrations of eight PAHs, with

phenanthrene being the most common. The

highest concentrations of PAHs were found in

mussels collected in areas where higher levels of 

human activity were evident. 

Sverdrup, Line E.; Jensen, John; Kelley, Aaxel E.;

Krogh, Paul Henning.; Stenersen, Jørgen. 

Effects of eight polycyclic aromatic

compounds on the survival and reproduction 

of Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta,

Clitellata). Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (1):109-114. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Survival and reproductive rates of enchytraeids 

were monitored after exposure to different 

PAHs. Dose-response curves show that PAHs 

affected reproductive rates far greater than 

survival rates. 

Sverdrup, Line E.; Jensen, John; Krogh, Paul 

Henning; Stenersen, Jørgen. Studies on the

effect of soil aging on the toxicity of pyrene 

and phenanthrene to a soil-dwelling

springtail. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (3):489-492. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Pyrene and phenanthrene were used to

contaminate soil in differing concentrations and 

the soil was aged up to 120 days to determine 

declining toxicity rates over time. Results 

showed no reduction in toxicity for the test 

species, S. fimetaria, possibly due to high

concentrations of contaminants and low content 

of organic carbon. 

Suderman, Barbara L.; Marcus, Nancy H. The effects

of Orimulsion and Fuel Oil #6 on the hatching 

success of copepod resting eggs in the seabed 

of Tampa Bay, Florida. Environmental 

Pollution. 2002; 120 (3):787-795. ISSN: 0269-

7491. 

Resting egg mortality was not significantly 

increased in the presence of 700 and 7000 ppm

Orimulsion or Fuel Oil #6 when compared with 

controls. 

Suleiman, M. K.; Bhat, N. R. Performance of 

ornamental plants in bioremediated soil. Arid 

Land Research and Management. 2003; 17

(2):169-176. ISSN: 1532-4982. 

Bioremediated soil was found to support the 

establishment of various ornamental plants. The 

soil was found to have varying degrees of

influence on the growth rates of plants, 

depending on species. 

46
BIOLOGY 

Taylor, Christopher; Duffy, Lawrence K.; Bowyer, R.

Terry; Blundell, Gail M. Profiles of fecal 

porphyrins in river otters following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 

40 (12):1132-1138. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Investigations of otters in oiled and non-oiled

areas of Prince William Sound found that levels 

of fecal porphyrins in the two groups differed, 

leading authors to conclude that these 

compounds are excellent indicators of

environmental stress. 

Sverdrup, Line E.; Krogh, Paul Henning; Nielsen, 

Torben; Stenersen, Jørgen. Relative sensitivity

of three terrestrial invertebrate tests to 

polycyclic aromatic compounds.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2002; 

21 (9):1927-1933. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

PAC concentrations above 25 mg/kg soil dry

weight negatively impacted the growth of the 

earthworm Eisenia veneta. Results of 

experiments on this species were compared to

previous data collected on the sensitivity of

springtails and enchytraeids to PACs. 

Telli-Karakoç, F. et al. Correlative changes in 

metabolism and DNA damage in turbot 

(Scophthalmus maximus) exposed to

benzo[a]pyrene. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):511-516. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

Results of research suggest that hydrophobic 

DNA adducts can form from metabolized B(a)P 

without a concurrent increase in EROD activity. 

Tang, Jixin; Liste, Hans-Holger; Alexander, Martin. 

Chemical assays of availability to earthworms 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil.

Chemosphere. 2002; 48 (1):35-42. ISSN: 0045-

6535. 

Bioavailability of PAHs was tested in 

earthworms by assimilation. Rates of uptake 

were determined in separate experiments 

involving anthracene, chrysene, pyrene, and 

benzo(a)pyrene. The Americas: Galápagos spill spells disaster.

Financial Times. London: Financial Times 

Limited; January 23, 2001; p.10. 

The impact of oil on flora and fauna as a result of

the wrecked oil tanker, Jessica, was already 

being noted. The wrecked vessel in the Pacific 

Ocean threatened an ecological catastrophe for 

the Galápagos Islands. 

Thomas, Kevin V.; Balaam, Jan; Hurst, Mark R.;

Thain, John E. Identification of in vitro

estrogen and androgen receptor agonists in

North Sea offshore produced water 

discharges. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2004; 23 (5):1156-1163. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Five produced water samples taken from oil

production platforms showed evidence of

estrogen receptor agonists. Further analysis 

identified them by use of fractionation procedure 

followed by full-scan GC-(EI)MS. 

Tay, Kok-Leng; Teh, Swee Joo; Doe, Ken; Lee, Ken;

Jackman, Paula. Histopathologic and 

histochemical biomarker responses of Baltic 

clam, Macoma balthica, to contaminated 

Sydney Harbour sediment, Nova Scotia, 

Canada. Environmental Health Perspectives. 

2003; 11 (3):273-280. ISSN: 0091-6765.

Histologic lesions in digestive glands and gonads

were found in clams exposed to a variety of

contaminants, including PAHs, in sediment from

Sydney Harbour. In addition, researchers 

discovered high rates of acid phosphatase 

activity in the organisms. 

Taylor, Christopher; Ben-David, Merav; Bowyer, R.

Terry; Duffy, Lawrence K. Response of river 

otters to experimental exposure of weathered 

crude oil: fecal porphyrin profiles.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2001; 35

(4):747-752. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Male river otters were exposed to weathered 

crude oil, and profiles of porphyrins were 

characterized in fecal samples to determine 

effects on heme synthesis.

47
BIOLOGY 

Timmermann, Karen; Christensen, Mette; Banta, 

Gary T.; Andersen, Ole. Bioavailability and 

metabolism of pyrene in sediments with the 

polychaete Arenicola marina. In Rodriguez, G. 

R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control II. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 

2000; p. 85-94. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

A study was undertaken to look at the 

relationship between the lugworm, a sediment

feeding polychaete, and the breakdown of pyrene

in sediment. Results suggest that polychaetes 

reduce the retention time of PAHs in

contaminated sediments, and that the toxicity of 

PAHs affects the intensity of polychaete

bioturbation.

Thomas, Robert E.; Brodersen, Christine; Carls, 

Mark G.; Babcock, Malin; Rice, Stanley D. 

Lack of physiological responses to 

hydrocarbon accumulation by Mytilus 

trossulus after 3-4 years chronic exposure to

spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil in Prince 

William Sound. Comparative Biochemistry and 

Physiology Part C: Pharmacology Toxicology 

and Endrocrinology. 1999; 122C (1):153-163. 

ISSN: 0742-8413. 

Mussels were collected from both heavily oiled 

and non-oiled areas of Prince William Sound and 

physiological differences were examined. After 

comparing byssal thread production, condition 

index, clearance rate, and glycon content, no

significant differences between the two groups 

were discovered. Researchers speculate that 

chronically exposed mussels might develop a 

physiological tolerance to PAH, but this could

not be determined in this study. 

Tornberg, K.; Baath, E.; Olsson, S. Fungal growth 

and effects of different wood decomposing 

fungi on the indigenous bacterial community 

of polluted and unpolluted soils. Biology and

Fertility of Soils. 2003; 37 (3):190-197. ISSN: 

0178-2762. 

Phospholipid faty acids were monitored to

ascertain changes in the community structure of 

native bacteria in PAH-contaminated and 

uncontaminated soils after the introduction of 

fungal isolates. 

Timmerman, M. D.; Fuller, L. G.; Burton, D. L. The 

effects of a crude oil spill on microbiological 

indices of soil biological quality. Canadian

Journal of Soil Science. 2003; 83 (2):173-181.

ISSN: 0008-4271. 

Authors used microbial biomass carbon,

dehydrogenase activity and microbial metabolic 

diversity indices to monitor the effects of an oil

spill and four remediation treatments on the 

biological composition of an agricultural soil. Toro, Beatriz; Navarro, Jorge M.; Palma-Fleming, 

Hernán. Relationship between bioenergetics 

responses and organic pollutants in the giant

mussel, Choromytilus chorus (Mollusca:

Mytilidae). Aquatic Toxicology. 2003; 63

(3):257-269. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Scope for growth (SFG), a physiological index, 

was used to assess the effects of contaminants on 

a species of mussel. SFG values extrapolated

from mussels in polluted waters indicate severe

stress related to the buildup of toxins in tissues 

of the organisms. 

Toro, Beatriz; Navarro, Jorge M.; Palma-Fleming, 

Hernán. Use of clearance rate in Choromytilus 

chorus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) as a nondestructive biomarker of aquatic pollution.

Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 2003; 76

(2):267-274. ISSN: 0716-078X. 

Timmermann, Karen; Andersen, Ole. Bioavailability 

of pyrene to the deposit-feeding polychaete 

Arenicola marina: importance of sediment 

versus water uptake routes. Marine Ecology - 

Progress Series. 2003; 246;163-172. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

Researchers found that ingestion was the main

uptake route of pyrene in worms, and pyrene

suspended in water at similar concentrations as 

in sediment was not found to be a dominant

means of uptake. 

48
BIOLOGY 

van Schanke, Arne et al. Dose- and time-dependent

formation of biliary Benzo[a]pyrene 

metabolites in the marine flatfish dab 

(Limanda limanda). Environmental Toxicology

and Chemistry. 2001; 20 (8):1641-1647. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

CYP1A and GST activity were monitored in dab 

at 3, 6, and 12 days after exposure to B(a)P. 

Authors conclude that B(a)P metabolites are a 

more sensitive indicator of recent PAH exposure 

in this species of fish. 

Toro, Beatriz; Palma-Fleming, Hernán; Navarro, 

Jorge M. Organic pollutant burden of the 

giant mussels Choromytilus chorus from the 

south-central Chilean coast. Chemosphere. 

2004; 55 (2):267-275. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A quantitative analysis of organic pollutants was 

undertaken in the giant mussel after being

collected from various bays in south-central 

Chile. Results showed that PAH levels were 

below what is considered unsafe for human 

consumption. 

Venkatesan, M. I.; Northrup, T.; Phillips, C. R. 

Determination of linear alkylbenzenes in fish 

tissue by gel permeation chromatography and 

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 942 (1-

2):223-230. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Underhill, Les G.; Whittington, Philip A.; Crawford, 

Robert J. M.; Wolfaardt, Anton C. Five years of

monitoring African penguins (Spheniscus 

demersus) after the "Apollo Sea" oil spill: a

success story identified by flipper bands. 

Vogelwarte. 2000; 40 (4):315-318. ISSN: 0049-

6650. 

Verweij, Frank; Booij, Kees; Satumalay, Karel; van

der Molen, Natascha; van der Oost, Ron.

Assessment of bioavailable PAH, PCB and 

OCP concentrations in water, using 

semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), 

sediments and caged carp. Chemosphere. 2004; 

54 (11):1675-1689. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

In evaluating bioavailable water concentrations 

for a number of contaminants, researchers found 

significant correlation between biliary PAH 

metabolite levels in fish and data from

semipermeable membrane devices estimating 

aqueous PAH concentrations.

van der Wal, L.; van Gestel, C. A. M.; Hermens, J. L.

M. Solid phase microextraction as a tool to

predict internal concentrations of soil 

contaminants in terrestrial organisms after 

exposure to a laboratory standard soil.

Chemosphere. 2004; 54 (4):561-568. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

In a laboratory experiment, terrestrial organisms 

were exposed to three chlorobenzenes. 

Bioaccumulation uptake levels of the

chlorobenzenes were established by solid phase 

microextration, which was used to analyze 

internal concentrations of soil contaminants 

within the organisms. Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z. et al. Cytogenetic damage in

shallot (Allium cepa) root meristems induced 

by oil industry ''high-density brines''. Archives 

of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology. 2002; 43 (3):284-291. ISSN: 0090-

4341. 

Several biodegradation experiments were

monitored to understand how different

hydrocarbon metabolites act as inhibitors or

stimulants for other hydrocarbons during the 

degradation process. 

Vines, C. A.; Robbins, T.; Griffin, F. J.; Cherr, G. N. 

The effects of diffusible creosote-derived 

compounds on development in Pacific herring 

(Clupea pallasi). Aquatic Toxicology. 2000; 51

(2):225-239. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Toxicity of creosote to Pacific herring was 

evaluated by investigating embryonic 

development, cardiac function, embryo/larval

activity, hatching success, and larval 

morphology.

Van Hoofe, Patricia L.; Kukkonen, Jussi V. K.; 

Landrum, Peter F. Impact of sediment 

manipulation on the bioaccumulation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from fieldcontaminated and laboratory-dosed sediments

by an oligochaete. Environmental Toxicology

and Chemistry. 2001; 20 (8):1752-1761. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

After testing Lumbriculus variegatus for PAH

accumulation in contaminated sediments, the

authors conclude with a list of recommendations

for a standardized protocol for bioaccumulation 

testing of the species. 

49
BIOLOGY 

Webster, L. et al. The polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon composition of mussels (Mytilus 

edulis) from Scottish coastal waters. Journal of

Environmental Monitoring. 2003; 5 (1):150-159.

ISSN: 1464-0325. 

Concentrations and composition of individual 

hydrocarbon compounds were established for

blue mussels collected from coastal waters in

Shetland and Orkney. After comparing PAH 

concentrations, researchers concluded that the 

bioavailability of PAHs was limited in areas with

highly contaminated sediments. 

Vitaliano, Joseph J. et al. Comparison of benthic 

invertebrate assemblages at Spartina 

alterniflora marshes reestablished after an oil 

spill and existing marshes in the Arthur Kill 

(NY/NJ). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44

(10):1100-1108. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Investigators found no significant differences in

community structures of benthic invertebrates 

from existing versus reestablished marshes three 

to four years after the planting of S. alterniflora

in oil-impacted areas. 

Wang, Wen-Xiong; Chow, Alex T. S. 

Benzo[a]pyrene absorption and exposure 

pathways in the green mussel Perna viridis.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2002; 

21 (2):451-458. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Absorption efficiency was monitored in green 

mussels to determine differences in uptake due to 

diet or biology. Results suggest that aqueous

uptake is the most important contributor to B(a)P

accumulation, even though dietary intake can 

contribute to a significant amount of

hydrocarbon ingestion. 

Weinstein, John E. Influence of salinity on the 

bioaccumulation and photoinduced toxicity of

fluoranthene to an estuarine shrimp and 

oligochaete. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2003; 22 (12):2932-2939. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Salinity was found to affect the severity of

toxicity and bioaccumulation related to 

fluoranthene in two estuarine organisms. This is

probably due to physiological responses related 

to internal osmotic volume changes. 

Weinstein, John E.; Sanger, Denise M. Comparative 

tolerance of two estuarine annelids to

fluoranthene under normoxic and moderately 

hypoxic conditions. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2003; 56 (5):637-648. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

Two species of annelids were exposed to

fluoranthene under varying levels of dissolved 

oxygen. Results indicate a species-dependent

tolerance to this pollutant under different oxygen

conditions. 

Weinstein, John E.; Sanger, Denise M.; Holland, A. 

Frederick. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of

fluoranthene in the estuarine oligochaete

Monopylephorus rubroniveus. Ecotoxicology 

and Environmental Safety. 2003; 55 (3):278-286.

ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Experiments showed that an oligochaete was 

sensitive to waterborne fluoranthene in the 

presence of UV light, but tolerant to the

compound in sediments in the absence of UV

radiation, even at high levels of bioaccumulation. 

Wang, X. et al. Determination of toxicokinetic 

parameters for bioconcentration of watersoluble fraction of petroleum hydrocarbon 

associated with No. 0 diesel in Changjiang 

Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay: model versus

mesocosm experiments. Archives of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2002; 42 (3):272-279. ISSN: 0090-4341.

This paper describes the development of a 

technique to determine toxicokinetic boundaries 

for the bioconcentration of PAHs by

phytoplankton in field conditions. The 

advantages of the model, according to the 

authors, are both economical and practical. 

Watanabe, Kazuya. Linking genetics, physiology 

and ecology: an interdisciplinary approach 

for advancing bioremediation. Journal of

Bioscience and Bioengineering. 2002; 94

(6):557-562. ISSN: 1389-1723. 

Data on phenol-degrading organisms was used to 

demonstrate the application of genetic and

physiological information for furthering

knowledge of bioremediation processes. 

50
BIOLOGY 

Whomersley, P.; Picken, G. B. Long-term dynamics 

of fouling communities found on offshore 

installations in the North Sea. Journal of the 

Marine Biological Association of the United

Kingdom. 2003; 83 (5):897-901. ISSN: 0025-

3154. 

A survey of platforms found mussels, hydroids, 

and tubeworms. Community structure was 

related to depth zonation, and long-term

population dynamics show that succession

occurs on artificial structures. 

Weise, Francis K.; Ryan, Pierre C. The extent of

chronic marine oil pollution in southeastern

Newfoundland waters assessed through 

beached bird surveys 1984-1999. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (9):1090-1101. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The authors review 16 years of data collected 

from surveys of beached birds found on the 

Newfoundland coastline, dead from chronic oil 

pollution, in an effort to understand the trends 

that influence data results. 

Widdows, J. et al. Measurement of stress effects

(scope for growth) and contaminant levels in

mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the 

Irish Sea. Marine Environmental Research. 

2002; 53 (4):327-356. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Samples of tissues were collected from the 

mussel (Mytilus edulis) along 38 coastal sites 

around the Irish Sea, to quantify the impact of

pollution based on the combined measurement of 

scope for growth and chemical contaminants. 

Wells, P. G. Oil and seabirds-the imperative for 

preventing and reducing the continued illegal

oiling of the seas by ships. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2001; 42 (4):251-252. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Illegal oil discharge of busy shipping lanes and 

coastal waters by ships continues. Oil slicks, 

regardless of size, cause mortality in birds on the 

sea in coastal and offshore environments. The 

International Maritime Organization (IMO) is 

coordinating and vigorously pursuing an

educational campaign toward the world 

community in regards to marine biodiversity and

wildlife conservation measures. 

Wiegman, Saskia; van Vlaardingen, Peter L. A.;

Bleeker, Eric A. J.; de Voogt, Pim; Kraak, 

Michiel H. S. Phototoxicity of azaarene 

isomers to the marine flagellate Dunaliella

tertiolecta. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2001; 20 (7):1544-1550. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Eight azaarene isomers were tested for 

phototoxicity on marine algae and baseline 

toxicity for each isomer was established. Authors 

stress that photoenhanced toxicity of azaarenes 

needs to be acknowledged and incorporated into 

future water-quality criteria. 

Wiens, John A.; Crist, Thomas O.; Day, Robert H.; 

Murphy, Stephen M.; Hayward, Gregory D. A 

canonical correspondence analysis of the 

effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on marine 

birds. Ecological Applications. 2001; 11

(3):828-839. ISSN: 1051-0761. 

Data on bird populations was collected between

1989 and 1996 in 10 bays that were exposed to

different amounts of oil. 1996 data showed a

continuing recovery of birds, even in areas that

were greatly impacted by the spill. 

Wertheimer, A. C. et al. Straying of adult pink 

salmon from their natal stream following

embryonic exposure to weathered Exxon 

Valdez crude oil. Transactions of the American

Fisheries Society. 2000; 129 (4):989-1004.

ISSN: 0002-8487. 

Experiments on pink salmon failed to support the 

hypothesis that PAH exposure to embryos in

intertidal spawning grounds was the cause of 

mass strays (adult fish spawning in nonnatal 

streams) following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Wheelock, C. E.; Baumgartner, T. A.; Newman, J.

W.; Wolfe, M. F.; Tjeerdema, R. S. Effect of

nutritional state on Hsp60 levels in the rotifer 

Brachionus plicatilis following toxicant 

exposure. Aquatic Toxicology. 2002; 61 (1-

2):89-93. ISSN: 0166-445X.

The poor nutritional health of an organism

directly affects how it responds when exposed to 

toxic material. Because of this, the nutritional

health of organisms must be taken into

consideration in toxicological assessments. 

51
BIOLOGY 

Willette, T. M. et al. Ecological processes

influencing mortality of juvenile pink salmon

(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Prince William

Sound, Alaska. Fisheries Oceanography. 2001; 

10 (Supp. 1):14-41. ISSN: 1054-6006. 

Wiese, Francis K. et al. Seabirds at risk around 

offshore oil platforms in the northwest

Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42

(12):1285-1290. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Due to the location of offshore oil platforms in

the northwest Atlantic, migratory seabirds

congregate around them. In an effort to monitor

the long-term impact of platforms on the health 

and population of seabirds, the author proposes 

that independent observers be stationed on

platforms to gather data. 

Williams, Jim; Roderick, Carol; Alexander, Ross. 

Sublethal effects of Orimulsion-400® on eggs

and larvae of Atlantic herring (Clupea

harengus L.). Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2003; 22 (12):3044-3048. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Increased concentrations of Orimulsion-400 in

oil-in-water dispersion did not have a significant

impact on mortality levels or percentage of hatch

from eggs of Atlantic herring. However, a 

concentration of 1,000 mg/L did result in higher 

incidents of premature hatch, abnormalities, total 

length, and other differences not seen in lesser 

doses. 

Wiese, Francis K.; Jones, Ian L. Experimental 

support for a new drift block design to assess 

seabird mortality from oil pollution. Auk. 

2001; 118 (4):1062-1068. ISSN: 0004-8038. 

The author presents an experiment that attempts 

to estimate the drift patterns of dead birds at sea. 

Wooden blocks and carcasses are used to assess 

the predominant factor determining movement

over large distances. Results varied greatly

depending on environmental conditions and 

distances from shore. 

Wilson, James A. et al. Ecotoxicological risks 

associated with land treatment of 

petrochemical wastes. III. Immune function 

and hematology of cotton rats. Journal of

Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A. 

2003; 66 (4):345-363. ISSN: 1528-7394.

Researchers found changes in hematology and

immune system deficiencies in cotton rats found

living near abandoned petrochemical waste 

treatment areas, suggesting negative health 

effects from residual petrochemical wastes. 

Wiese, Francis K.; Robertson, Gregory J.; Gaston, 

Anthony J. Impacts of chronic marine oil 

pollution and the murre hunt in 

Newfoundland on thick-billed murre Uria

lomvia populations in the eastern Canadian 

Arctic. Biological Conservation. 2004; 116

(2):205-216. ISSN: 0006-3207. 

The authors present a modeling technique that 

evaluates and quantifies the impacts of chronic 

oil pollution and legal hunting on breeding and

wintering thick-billed murre populations. 

Wilson, Mark S.; Herrick, James B.; Jeon, Che Ok; 

Hinman, David E.; Madsen, Eugene L. 

Horizontal transfer of phnAc dioxygenase 

genes within one of two phenotypically and 

genotypically distinctive naphthalenedegrading guilds from adjacent soil

environments. Applied and Environmental 

Microbiology. 2003; 69 (4):2172-2181. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

The authors investigated differences in microbial 

acclimation of PAH pollutants from different 

areas within a field site. Results of research

emphasize the importance of lateral transfer in

the biodegradation of contaminants. 

Winkler, R. Oil-stained kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla

in Switzerland. Der Ornithologische 

Beobachter. 2001; 98 (3):271-272. ISSN: 0030-

5707. 

Wikelski, M.; Wong, V.; Chevalier, B.; Rattenborg, 

N.; Snell, H. L. Marine iguanas die from trace 

oil pollution. Nature. 2002; 417 (6889):607-608. 

ISSN: 0028-0836. 

Residual oil contamination from the Jessica spill 

of January 2001 is believed to be responsible for

a 62% rise in mortality of marine iguanas the 

year following the accident. 

Willett, Kristine L.; Wilson, Cody; Thomsen, Jane; 

Porter, Weston. Evidence for and against the 

presence of polynuclear aromatic 

hydrocarbons and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin

binding proteins in the marine mussels, 

Bathymodiolus and Modiolus modiolus.

Aquatic Toxicology. 2000; 48 (1):51-64. ISSN: 

0166-445X.

Chemosynthetic mussels were collected close to 

petroleum seeps in the Gulf of Mexico, and 

tested for the existence of either the aryl 

hydrocarbon receptor, or the 4S PAH binding

protein (PBP).

52
BIOLOGY 

Wootton, E. C.; Dyrynda, E. A.; Pipe, R. K.; 

Ratcliffe, N. A. Comparisons of PAH-induced 

immunomodulation in three bivalve molluscs. 

Aquatic Toxicology. 2003; 65 (1):13-25. ISSN: 

0166-445X. 

A comparative study used three bivalves by 

exposing them to hydrocarbons to illustrate the 

effects on the immune response of species within 

the same class. Researchers suggest that future

studies should compare species that are resilient 

with species more sensitive to pollution to obtain

more comprehensive immune responses.

Wittig, Rüdiger; Ballach, Hans-Joachim; Kuhn, 

Achim. Exposure of the roots of Populus nigra

L. cv. Loenen to PAHs and its effect on 

growth and water balance. Environmental 

Science and Pollution Research - International. 

2003; 10 (4):235-244. ISSN: 0944-1344.

Transpiration, nutrient uptake, biomass, and

growth inhibition were lower in poplar cuttings

exposed to PAHs than the control group, but the 

water content of leaves was no different in the 

two groups. 

Wolfaardt, Anton C.; Underhill, Leslie G.; Crawford, 

Robert J. M.; Klages, Norbert T. W. Results of 

the 2001 census of African penguins 

Spheniscus demersus in South Africa: first

measures of the impact of the Treasure oil

spill on the breeding population. Transactions

of the Royal Society of South Africa. 2001; 56

(1):45-49. ISSN: 0035-919X. 

Researchers investigate the continuing 

population decline in African penguins in

Namibia. Data shows two compelling factors 

that are contributing to the population decline 

and provide scenarios that may benefit recovery

attempts of the penguin population. 

Wootton, E. C.; Dyrynda, E. A.; Ratcliffe, N. A. 

Bivalve immunity: comparisons between the 

marine mussel (Mytilus edulis), the edible 

cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and the razorshell (Ensis siliqua). Fish & Shellfish

Immunology. 2003; 15 (3):195-210. ISSN: 1050-

4648. 

Post-spill observations found that while mussels 

experienced no oil-induced mortality, other 

bivalves showed mass mortalities. Researchers 

found significant differences in immune cells 

and functions between species, leading them to 

argue for a wider range of species to be included 

in pollution monitoring. 

Wolfe, M. F. et al. Influence of dispersants on the

bioavailability and trophic transfer of

petroleum hydrocarbons to larval topsmelt

(Atherinops affinis). Aquatic Toxicology. 2001;

52 (1):49-60. ISSN: 0166-445X. 

Researchers investigated whether a dispersant 

(Corexit 9527®) applied to crude oil increased

the amount of PAH accumulation in larval

topsmelt. Naphthalene uptake and

bioaccumulation was not found to be

significantly higher between groups exposed to

dispersed and non-dispersed oil.

Xiong, De-Qi; Reed, Mark; Ekrol, Marve. Biological

exposure models for oil spill impact analysis.

Journal of Environmental Sciences (China). 

2000; 12 (4):482-485. ISSN: 1001-0742.

Xu, L.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Y.; Cheung, C. C. C.; Lam,

P. K. S. Biomarker studies on gold-lined sea

bream (Rhabdosargus sarba) exposed to

benzo[a]pyrene. Water Science and Technology. 

2001; 43 (2):155-160. ISSN: 0273-1223.

Three days after being intraperitoneally injected

with B(a)P, livers of fish were tested for changes 

in enzyme activity. Exposure led to reduced

ATPase activity; higher GST activity and DNA 

adduct level, but no change in EROD activity. 

Wood, Kevin A.; Harrod, Fred W., Jr. Investigation 

of migratory bird mortality in Arkansas oil

pits. Proceedings of the Fifty-fourth Annual

Conference. Baton Rouge, La.: Southeastern

Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; 

2000;469-477. 

Open oil pits are death traps for waterfowl, 

passerine birds and bats. A census of dead birds

at several open pits resulted in legal action

against owners by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service for violations of the Migratory Bird

Treaty Act and the Oil Pollution Act. The 

Environmental Protection Agency was alerted to 

assess potential violations of the Clean Water 

and Resource Conservation and Recovery Acts. 

Yang, C. Y. et al. Increased risk of preterm

delivery among people living near the three 

oil refineries in Taiwan. Environment 

International. 2004; 30 (3):337-342. ISSN: 

0160-4120. 

The occurrence of preterm birth infants was 

found to be significantly higher in areas in close 

proximity to oil refinery plants. 

Yang, C.Y. et al. Increased risk of preterm

delivery in areas with cancer mortality 

problems from petrochemical complexes.

Environmental Research. 2002; 89 (3):195-200. 

ISSN: 0013-9351. 

53
BIOLOGY 

54

Yang, Xuan; Peterson, Daniel S.; Baumann, Paul C.;

Lin, Edith C. L. Fish biliary PAH metabolites 

estimated by fixed-wavelength fluorescence as

an indicator of environmental exposure and 

effects. Journal of Great Lakes Research. 2003;

29 (1):116-123. ISSN: 0380-1330. 

This study describes a simple and fast method of

measuring concentrations of PAH metabolites in

the bile of fish. 

Yi, Cheung-Pui. Molecular Analysis of 

Mycobacterium Community Shifts in Soil 

During the Biodegradation of Polycyclic 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Thesis (Ph. D.): 

University of Cincinnati; 2001; 139 leaves. 

Youssef, Tarek. Evidence for reduced post-spill 

recovery by the halophyte Sporobulus iocladus

(Nees ex Trin.) Nees in oil-contaminated 

sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44

(4):334-339. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

This study examines the effect of hydrocarbon

contamination on the germination success of S. 

iocladus seeds under different salinity

concentrations. 

Youssef, Tarek. Physiological responses of

Avicennia marina seedlings to the phototoxic

effects of the water-soluble fraction of light 

Arabian crude oil. Arab Gulf Journal of

Scientific Research. 2002; 20 (1):1-9. ISSN: 

1015-4442. 

Youssef, Tarek.; Ghanem, A. Salt secretion and 

stomatal behaviour in Avicennia marina

seedlings fumigated with the volatile fraction 

of light Arabian crude oil. Environmental 

Pollution. 2002; 116 (2):215-223. ISSN: 0269-

7491. 

Mangrove seedlings were exposed to fumes from

light Arabian crude oil. The fumes were found to

affect transpiration and salt secretion in the 

plants. 

Ziccardi, Michael Howard. Development and 

validation of a luciferase cell culture bioassay

for the direct detection of PAH and oil 

exposure in mink as a model for sea otters 

(Enhydra lutris). Thesis (Ph. D.): University of 

California Davis; 2001; 1 leaf. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

55

Abed, Raeid M. M. et al. Microbial diversity of a 

heavily polluted microbial mat and its 

community changes following degradation of 

petroleum compounds. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 68 

(4):1674-1683. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Cyanobacteria-dominated communities were 

observed degrading aliphatic and aromatic 

compounds in varying conditions of lightness 

and darkness. As a result, the species best able 

to degrade hydrocarbons became dominant in 

the community. 

Acheson, Carolyn M.; Zhou, Qin; Shan, Yonggui; 

Sayles, Gregory D.; Kupferle, Margaret J. 

Comparing the solid phase and saline extract 

Microtox® assays for two polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2004; 23 (2):245-251. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Solid phase Microtox assay was found to be 

superior to saline Microtox assay in evaluating 

soil samples. In a second experiment, the solid 

phase assay was useful in analyzing four soil 

samples contaminated with PAHs. 

Acquaviva, M.; Bertrand, J. C.; Gilewicz, M. Effect 

of a synthetic surfactant on phenanthrene 

and n-eicosane utilization by two pure 

marine strains grown separately in batch 

cultures with or without sand particles. 

World Journal of Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2001; 17 (5):481-485. ISSN: 

0959-3993. 

Tween 80 was used to determine what effect 

surfactants have on the degradation rates of two 

strains of bacteria, Sphingomonas sp. and 

Corynebacterium sp. The use of Tween 80 was 

found to influence the degradation rates of the 

two strains of bacteria in different ways, and in 

different mediums. 

Adebajo, Moses O.; Frost, Ray L. Infrared and C13 MAS nuclear magnetic resonance 

spectroscopic study of acetylation of cotton.

Spectrochimica Acta Part A - Molecular and 

Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2004; 60 (1-2):449-

453. ISSN: 1386-1425. 

Researchers used Fourier transform infrared and 

C MAS NMR spectroscopy to establish the 

acetylation of cotton fibers by exposure to 

acetic anhydride. It is believed that cotton can 

be readily developed into hydrophobic sorbent 

materials suitable for oil-spill cleanup by 

acetylation. 

Aguedo, Mario; Waché, Yves; Coste, Florence; 

Husson, Florence; Belin, Jean-Marc. Impact of 

surfactants on the biotransformation of 

methyl ricinoleate into gamma-decalactone 

by Yarrowia lipolytica. Journal of Molecular 

Catalysis B - Enzymatic. 2004; 29 (1-6):31-36. 

ISSN: 1381-1177. 

Two ionic surfactants were tested to understand 

their effects on yeast during degradation of 

organic contaminants. Toxic effects were noted 

for both surfactants, which were believed to be 

associated with a reduction of cell membrane 

integrity. 

Ahmed, Manzur; George, Simon C. Changes in the 

molecular composition of crude oils during 

their preparation for GC and GC-MS 

analyses. Organic Geochemistry. 2004; 35 

(2):137-155. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

A comprehensive assessment of the negative 

effects that preparatory processes for GC-MS 

analysis have on the molecular composition of 

crude oils found that rotary evaporation had the 

least destructive effect on compounds. Research 

monitored the influence of solvent reduction, 

pressure, length of drying, and temperature on 

specific compounds and ratios of compound 

types during the preparation process. 

Ahrens, Michael J.; Depree, Craig V. 

Inhomogeneous distribution of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in different size and 

density fractions of contaminated sediment 

from Auckland Harbour, New Zealand: an 

opportunity for mitigation. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2004; 48 (3-4):341-350. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Distribution of PAHs in sediments from 

Auckland Harbour, New Zealand, were 

measured and separated into several size 

fractions and then into sub-fractions by flotation 

in sodium-polytungstate solution. Samples were 

further analyzed for PAH concentrations and 

relative PAH composition for future mitigations 

efforts. 

Ahrens, Michael J.; Hickey, Christopher W. 

Extractability of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in sediments: a matter of 

association? Australian Journal of Chemistry. 

2003; 56 (2-3):193-199. ISSN: 0004-9425. 

Authors find fault with the use of a single value 

coefficient to attempt the accurate prediction of 

the bioavailability of fluoranthene. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

56

Aislabie, Jakie; Fraser, Rhonda; Duncan, Shona; 

Farrell, Roberta L. Effects of oil spills on 

microbial heterotrophs in Antarctic soils.

Polar Biology. 2001; 24 (5):308-313. ISSN: 

0722-4060. 

Analysis of microbial community structure 

found that the presence of hydrocarbons in the 

soils resulted in a shift in diversity of types of 

fungi. Hydrocarbon degradation was most likely 

the result of bacterial action. 

Akiyama, R.; Takagai, Y.; Igarashi, S. 

Determination of lower sub ppt levels of 

environmental analytes using high-powered 

concentration system and high-performance 

liquid chromatography with fluorescence 

detection. Analyst. 2004; 129 (5):396-397. 

ISSN: 0003-2654. 

Authors describe a novel method of detecting 

PAHs in liquid solution. 

Akkanen, Jarkko; Kukkonen, Jussi V. K. Measuring 

the bioavailability of two hydrophobic 

organic compounds in the presence of 

dissolved organic matter. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (3):518-

524. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) 

on the bioavailability of B(a)P and TCB were 

analyzed with equilibrium dialysis, reversephase separation, liquid-liquid extraction, and 

bioconcentration experiments. All methods 

showed that the bioavailability of both 

contaminants was reduced by increasing DOM 

concentrations. 

Al Iawati, Hussain Ahmed; Jamin, Adil Rabia; Jones, 

Mark Spencer; Wygrala, Bjorn. Middle East 

still holds frontier potential: 'giant field' 

prospects exist offshore Oman. Offshore. 

2003; 63 (4):36-37. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Large structural closures indicated in a seismic 

survey of the Sohar basin revealed direct 

hydrocarbon indicators, suggesting the potential 

for future hydrocarbon production. 

Alagappan, Gunaseelan; Cowan, Robert. Substrate 

inhibition kinetics for toluene and benzene 

degrading pure cultures and a method for 

collection and analysis of respirometric data 

for strongly inhibited cultures. Biotechnology 

and Bioengineering. 2003; 83 (7):798-809. 

ISSN: 0006-3592. 

After exposing cultures to high concentrations 

of toluene and benzene, investigators discuss 

the mechanisms behind substrate inhibition and 

reveal an improved methodology for collecting 

oxygen uptake data used in the quantification of 

substrate inhibition kinetics. 

Al-Awadhi, H.; Al-Hasan, R. H.; Radwan, Samir. S. 

Comparison of the potential of coastal 

materials loaded with bacteria for 

bioremediating oily sea water in batch 

culture. Microbiological Research. 2002; 157 

(4):331-336. ISSN: 0944-5013. 

Al-Awadhi, H.; Al-Hasan, R. H.; Sorkhoh, N. A.; 

Salamah, S.; Radwan, Samir. S. Establishing 

oil-degrading biofilms on gravel particles and 

glass plates. International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation. 2003; 51 (3):181-185. ISSN: 

0964-8305. 

A method of successfully securing 

hydrocarbon-rich biofilms on gravel particles 

and glass plates is described. Authors follow up 

with a discussion of suggested environmental 

applications of the biofilms. 

Albaigés, Joan; Porte, C.; Pastor, D.; Biosca, X.; 

Solé, M. Integrated use of chemical and 

biochemical markers for assessing the effects 

of the Aegian Sea oil spill in the Galicia coast 

(NW Spain). In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control II. Billerica, 

Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 

73-84. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

Researchers studied the breakdown of 

hydrocarbon components between 3 and 34 

months following the Aegean Sea oil spill. They 

compared this data with the effect of the 

hydrocarbons on mussels, specifically, 

cytochrome P450 analysis, enzyme activity, and 

lipid peroxidation up to 1 year after the spill. 

They noted a decline in hydrocarbon content 

between 3 and 6 months post-spill, but an 

increase a year later, possibly due to 

resuspension of polluted sediments during 

winter storms. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

57

Alberdi, M.; Moldowan, J. M.; Peters, K. E.; Dahl, J. 

E. Stereoselective biodegradation of tricyclic 

terpanes in heavy oils from the Bolivar 

Coastal fields, Venezuela. Organic Chemistry. 

2001; 32 (1):181-191. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Alemzadeh, I.; Vossoughi, M. Oil biodegradation in 

sea water. Iranian Journal of Science and 

Technology, Transaction B: Technology. 2001; 

25 (1):87-92. ISSN: 0360-1307. 

Alimi, Hossein; Ertel, Thomas; Schug, Bettina. 

Fingerprinting of hydrocarbon fuel 

contaminants: literature review.

Environmental Forensics. 2003; 4 (1):25-38. 

ISSN: 1527-5922. 

In this review, updated fingerprinting 

techniques are discussed, as well as new 

combinations of techniques for more detailed 

analysis of tracing sources of hydrocarbon 

contaminants. 

Allen, C. A.; Wagner, S. C. Rhizosphere activity of 

cattail (Typha latifolia) and spike rush 

(Eleocharis tuberculosa) inhabiting an oil 

spill. Texas Journal of Science. 2000; 52 

(4):335-344. ISSN: 0040-4403. 

Microbial communities at an oil spill site 

seemed to be minimally affected by the 

contamination. Investigators note that some 

microbes were capable of metabolizing the 

crude oil, even when salt was added to the soil 

in experiments. 

Al-Sabagh, A. M.; Ahmed, N. S.; Nassar, A. M.; 

Gabr, M. M. Synthesis and evaluation of some 

polymeric surfactants for treating crude oil 

emulsions - Part I: treatment of sandy soil 

polluted with crude oil by monomeric and 

polymeric surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces 

A - Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 

2003; 216 (1-3):9-19. ISSN: 0927-7757. 

Al-Sabagh, A. M.; Nehal, S. A.; Amal, M. N.; Gabr, 

M. M. Synthesis and evaluation of some 

polymeric surfactants for treating crude oil - 

Part II: destabilization of naturally occurring 

water-in-oil emulsions by polyalkylphenol 

formaldehyde amine resins. Polymers for 

Advanced Technologies. 2002; 13 (5):346-352. 

ISSN: 1042-7147. 

Alshafie, Mohammed; Ghoshal, Subhasis. 

Naphthalene biodegradation from nonaqueous-phase liquids in batch and column 

systems: comparison of biokinetic rate 

coefficients. Biotechnology Progress. 2003; 19 

(3):844-852. ISSN: 8756-7938. 

Biodegradation kinetic coefficients were found 

to be similar between flow-through column and 

completely mixed batch reactor systems. 

Because of this, coefficients from either system 

are applicable for modeling studies. 

Alva, Victor A.; Peyton, Brent M. Phenol and 

catechol biodegradation by the 

haloalkaliphile Halomonas campisalis: 

influence of pH and salinity. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2003; 37 (19):4397-

4402. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Authors discovered that a microbe used the βketoadipate metabolic pathway to degrade 

phenol and catechol in saline and alkaline 

environments. 

Alzaga, Roberto; Montuori, Paolo; Ortiz, Laura; 

Bayona, Josep M.; Albaigés, Joan. Fast solidphase extraction-gas chromatography-mass 

spectrometry procedure for oil fingerprinting 

- application to the Prestige oil spill. Journal 

of Chromatography A. 2004; 1025 (1):133-138. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

A fast and straightforward procedure for 

accurately determining aliphatic and aromatic 

hydrocarbons in petroleum samples was 

discovered by the successful testing of fuel oil 

collected following the Prestige spill. 

Furthermore, this method can be combined with 

GC-MS for fingerprinting the sources of future 

oil spills. 

Amador-Hernández, J.; Fernández-Romero, J. M.; 

Luque de Castro, M. Dolores. Flow injection 

screening and semiquantitative 

determination of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in water by laser induced 

spectrofluorimetry-chemometrics. Analytica 

Chimica Acta. 2001; 448 (1-2):61-70. ISSN: 

0003-2670. 

A method is proposed for rapid, constant 

detection of PAHs in water samples. Tests 

determined that the method can detect 

hydrocarbons, and suggestions are made for 

real-time, in situ monitoring of pollutants in 

natural waters. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

58

Amellal, Najat; Portal, Jean-M.; Vogel, Timothy; 

Berthelin, Jacques. Distribution and location 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 

and PAH-degrading bacteria within polluted 

soil aggregates. Biodegradation. 2001; 12 

(1):49-57. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Analysis of polluted soil found that PAHs and 

PAH-degrading bacteria were more numerous 

in fine silt and clay than in larger fractions or 

unfractionated soil. Because of the discovered 

amounts of degraded PAHs by soil particle size, 

it appears that the organization of soil particles 

and structure of soil aggregates are important 

for the characterization of polluted soil. 

Amezcua-Allieri, M. A.; Lead, J. R.; MeléndezEstrada, J.; Rodríguez-Vázquez, R. 

Phenanthrene removal in a selected Mexican 

soil by the fungus Penicillium frequentans: 

role of C:N ratio and water content. Soil & 

Sediment Contamination. 2003; 12 (3):387-399. 

ISSN: 1532-0383. 

An isolated strain of Penicillium frequentans, a 

fungus grown on sugar cane bagasse pith, was 

investigated for its effectiveness in the removal 

of phenanthrene in selected Mexican soil. 

Simultaneously, researchers discovered that 

phenanthrene removal efficiency was obtained 

when the moisture content reached 40% with a 

C:N ratio of 60. 

An, Jingyi; Xu, Zhicheng; Zhang, Lu; Zhao, Sui; Yu, 

Jiayong. Thin liquid films containing crude 

oil fractions with different structures - 

emulsion stability. Journal of Dispersion 

Science and Technology. 2003; 24 (6):803-810. 

ISSN: 0193-2691. 

Researchers isolated two acid fractions from 

crude oil and studied the relationship between 

their structures and the stability of thin liquid 

films from emulsified crude oil. In addition to 

structure, alkali type and concentration have a 

great impact on the lifetime of liquid film. 

Anderson, S. M.; Jørgensen, C.; Jacobsen, C. S. 

Development and utilisation of a medium to 

isolate phenanthrene-degrading 

Pseudomonas spp. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2001; 55 (1):112-116. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

Authors describe the isolation of 23 

phenanthrene degraders after the addition of 

sodium lauryl sarcosine and trimethoprim to 

agar plates. 

Andersson, B. Erik et al. Incomplete degradation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil 

inoculated with wood-rotting fungi and their 

effect on the indigenous soil bacteria.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (6):1238-1243. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Chemical analysis was used to monitor the 

effectiveness of white-rot fungi and brown-rot 

fungi in the degradation of PAH-contaminated 

soils. Investigators noted the accumulation of 

PAH metabolites where white-rot fungus was 

used, harming the indigenous microbial 

communities. However, brown-rot fungus 

degraded PAHs at similar levels without PAH 

metabolites accumulating in the soil. 

Andersson, Terhi; Hartonen, Kari; Hyötyläinen, 

Tuulia; Riekkola, Marja-Liisa. Pressurised hot 

water extraction and thermal desorption of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 

sediment with use of a novel extraction 

vessel. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2002; 466 

(1):93-100. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Authors test a laboratory-made extraction 

device, the results of which compare favorably 

with commercially-constructed vessels in the 

recovery of PAHs. 

Andersson, Terhi; Hartonen, Kari; Hyötyläinen, 

Tuulia; Riekkola, Marja-Liisa. Stability of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

pressurised hot water. Analyst. 2003; 128 

(2):150-155. ISSN: 0003-2654. 

PAHs were mixed into aqueous solutions and 

the mixtures were heated between 110 and 350 

degrees C. GC-MS analysis showed that even 

short heating times at 300 degrees caused 

degradation of PAHs. 

Anissimov, Leonid; Bylinkin, Gennady. Washing 

processes and fluid variations: phase 

equilibria to petroleum geochemistry. Oil & 

Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (1):32-37. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Geochemical methods were used to identify and 

describe the composition of a petroleum 

reservoir in the North Caspian Basin. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

59

Antizar-Ladislao, B.; Lopez-Real, J. M.; Beck, A. J. 

Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated waste 

using composting approaches. Critical 

Reviews in Environmental Science and 

Technology. 2004; 34 (3):249-289. ISSN: 1064-

3389. 

In this review of research on the role of 

composting in bioremediation of PAHs, the 

authors critically evaluate existing studies to 

assess the effectiveness of different approaches. 

Armenta-Arteaga, Gustavo; Elizalde-González, 

Mariá. Contamination by PAHs, PCBs, PCPs 

and heavy metals in the Mecoacán Lake 

estuarine water and sediments after oil 

spilling. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2003; 

3 (1):35-40. ISSN: 1439-0108. 

Researchers analyzed samples collected from 

the Mecoacán petroleum region in February 

1993 and 1996 following an oil spill to 

determine the origin and distribution of a 

number of contaminants, including PAHs. 

Artz, Rebekka R. E.; Semple, Kirk T.; Killham, Ken; 

Prosser, Jim I.; Paton, Graeme I. The potential 

for anaerobic mineralisation of hydrocarbon 

constituents of oily drill cuttings from the 

North Sea seabed. Journal of Environmental 

Monitoring. 2002; 4 (4):553-557. ISSN: 1464-

0325. 

Partial mineralization of hexadecane 

demonstrates that natural attenuation of some 

hydrocarbon-based compounds in oily drill 

cuttings is possible. 

Arzayus, Krisa M.; Dickhut, Rebecca M.; Canuel, 

Elizabeth A. Effects of physical mixing on the 

attenuation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments.

Organic Geochemistry. 2002; 33 (12):1759-

1769. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Aske, Narve; Orr, Robert; Sjöblom, Johan; Harakd, 

Kallevik; Øye, Gisle. Interfacial properties of 

water-crude oil systems using the oscillating 

pendant drop. Correlations to asphaltene 

solubility by near infrared spectroscopy.

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 

2004; 25 (3):263-275. ISSN: 0193-2691. 

Interfacial rheological properties are determined 

by the chemistry of active interfacial 

components and their amounts in crude oils. 

Atagana, H. I.; Haynes, R. J.; Wallis, F. M. Batch 

culture enrichment of indiginous soil 

microorganisms capable of catabolizing 

creosote components. Water, Air, & Soil 

Pollution. 2002; 141 (1-4):233-246. ISSN: 

0049-6979. 

Atagana, H. I.; Haynes, R. J.; Wallis, F. M. 

Optimization of soil physical and chemical 

conditions for the bioremediation of creosotecontaminated soil. Biodegradation. 2003; 14 

(4):297-307. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

In biodegradation experiments involving 

creosote-contaminated soil, investigators found 

that phenolic compounds and lower molecular 

mass PAHs were more susceptible to 

degradation, especially with amendments of 

nutrients and effective management of aeration, 

moisture content and pH levels. 

Atekwana, Estella A. et al. In-situ apparent 

conductivity measurements and microbial 

population distribution at a hydrocarboncontaminated site. Geophysics. 2004; 69 

(1):56-63. ISSN: 0016-8033. 

Higher bulk electrical conductivity was found at 

sites where higher concentrations of oildegrading microbial populations were located. 

This suggests that biogeochemical processes 

associated with biodegradation can affect 

geoelectrical properties of contaminated sites. 

Auflem, Inge Harald; Westvik, Arild; Sjöblom, 

Johan. Destabilization of water-in-crude oil 

emulsions based on recombined oil samples 

at various pressures. Journal of Dispersion 

Science and Technology. 2003; 24 (1):103-112. 

ISSN: 0193-2691. 

Water-in-oil emulsions were made stable by the 

recombination of crude oil with gases such as 

N2, CO2, CH4, C2H6, and dry natural gas. 

Bachoon, D. S.; Araujo, R.; Molina, M.; Hodson, R. 

E. Microbial community dynamics and 

evaluation of bioremediation strategies in oilimpacted salt marsh sediment microcosms.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2001; 27 (2):72-79. ISSN: 1367-

5435. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

60

Bachoon, Dave S.; Hodson, Robert E.; Araujo, 

Rochelle. Microbial community assessment in 

oil-impacted salt marsh sediment 

microcosms by traditional and nucleic acidbased indices. Journal of Microbiological 

Methods. 2001; 46 (1):37-49. ISSN: 0167-7012. 

Investigations discovered that degradation of 

hydrocarbon components was delayed when 

plant detritus was present in salt marsh 

sediments, compared to sediments without plant 

matter. 

Backhus, Debera A.; Golini, Christina; Castellanos, 

Edwin. Evaluation of fluorescence quenching 

for assessing the importance of interactions 

between nonpolar organic pollutants and 

dissolved organic matter. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2003; 37 (20):4717-

4723. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Fluorescence quenching proved to be a quick 

and dependable screening tool in determining 

interactions between dissolved organic matter 

and hydrophobic organic contaminants. 

Bagheri, Habib; Mohammadi, Abdorreza. Pyrrolebased conductive polymer as the solid-phase 

extraction medium for the preconcentration 

of environmental pollutants in water samples 

followed by gas chromatography with flame 

ionization and mass spectrometry detection.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2003; 1015 (1-

2):23-30. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

A pyrrole-base polymer was tested as a sorbent 

for hydrocarbons in contaminated aqueous 

samples. The polymer was found to have higher 

recovery rates for aromatic versus aliphatic 

compounds. 

Bahrami, A.; Shojaosadati, S. A.; Mohebali, G. 

Biodegradation of dibenzothiophene by 

thermophilic bacteria. Biotechnology Letters. 

2001; 23 (11):899-901. ISSN: 0141-5492. 

A mixed microbial culture was tested on Iranian 

crude oil in anaerobic conditions. The culture 

degraded 98% of dibenzothiophene after 15 

days. 

Bailey, V. L.; McGill, W. B. Fate of 14C-labeled 

pyrene in a creosote- and octadecane in an 

oil-contaminated soil. Soil Biology & 

Biochemistry. 2002; 34 (4):423-433. ISSN: 

0038-0717. 

In order to understand the disappearance of 

dichloromethane-extractable organic carbon in 

the process of biodegradation, investigators 

traced the transformation of carbon fractions in 

hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. 

Bakierowska, Anna-Maria; Trzeszczynski, Jerzy. 

Graphical method for the determination of 

water/gas partition coefficients of volatile 

organic compounds by a headspace gas 

chromatography technique. Fluid Phase 

Equilibria. 2003; 213 (1-2):139-146. ISSN: 

0378-3812. 

Bakr, Mohamed M. Y.; Wilkes, Heinz. The 

influence of facies and depositional 

environment on the occurrence and 

distribution of carbazoles and 

benzocarbazoles in crude oils: a case study 

from the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2002; 33 (5):561-580. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

In the Gulf of Suez, benzocarbazoles in crude 

oils are determined not by the maturity of the 

geological formation, but by the variations in 

faces and depositional environments. 

Balbinski, E. F.; Element, D. J.; Goodyear, S. G.; 

Jayasekera, A. J. Prediction of offshore 

viscous oil field performance using reservoir 

simulation. Petroleum Geoscience. 2002; 8 

(2):151-157. ISSN: 1354-0793. 

Baldwin, B. R.; Mesarch, M. B.; Nies, L. Broad 

substrate specificity of naphthalene- and 

biphenyl-utilizing bacteria. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2000; 53 

(6):748-753. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Isolated strains of bacteria were tested for their 

ability to utilize either biphenyl or naphthalene 

as their sole source of carbon. One strain, BP18, 

was particularly effective in biodegradation of 

biphenyl as well as benzene, toluene, 

ethylbenzine and xylene isomers (BTEX). 

Evidence suggests that biodegradation by this 

strain is linked to a catabolic pathway. 

Ballach, Hans-Joachim; Kuhn, Achim; Wittig, 

Rüdiger. Biodegradation of anthracene in the 

roots and growth substrate of poplar 

cuttings. Environmental Science and Pollution 

Research - International. 2003; 10 (5):308-316. 

ISSN: 0944-1344. 

Researchers detected traces of nine substances 

associated with the biodegradation of 

anthracene, including phthalic acid, 9,10 

anthraquinone, hydroxyanthracene and 

methoxyanthracene on or near roots of Populus 

nigra. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

61

Banerjee, A.; Jha, M.; Mittal, A. K.; Thomas, N. J.; 

Misra, K. N. The effective source rocks in the 

north Cambay Basin, India. Marine and 

Petroleum Geology. 2000; 17 (10):1111-1129. 

ISSN: 0264-8172. 

Banks, M. Katherine et al. The effect of plants on 

the degradation and toxicity of petroleum 

contaminants in soil: a field assessment. In

Tsao, D. (Ed.) Phytoremediation (Series: 

Advances in Biochemical Engineering 

Biotechnology, v.78). Berlin: Springer Verlag; 

2003; p. 75-96. ISBN: 3-540-43385-6. 

Banks, M. Katherine; Mallede, Hadessa; Rathbone, 

Karrie. Rhizosphere microbial 

characterization in petroleum-contaminated 

soil. Soil & Sediment Contamination. 2003; 12 

(3):371-385. ISSN: 1532-0383. 

Microbial communities were differentiated by 

use of enumeration and metabolic diversity 

assessments in contaminated soils and 

sediments taken from a phytoremediation field. 

This information was compared to resident 

populations from non-vegetated soils and 

sediments to determine differences in microbial 

activity and rates of remediation. 

Baran, S.; Bielinska, J. E.; Oleszczuk, P. Enzymatic 

activity in an airfield soil polluted with 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Geoderma. 2004; 118 (3-4):221-232. ISSN: 

0016-7061. 

Researchers used PAH-contaminated soils to 

understand the influences that regulate 

enzymatic activity in the presence of 

hydrocarbons. Their research found that soil 

properties such as total organic content and pH 

play a large role in the effects PAHs have on 

enzymatic activity. 

Baraniecki, C. A.; Aislabie, J.; Foght, J. M. 

Characterization of Sphingomonas sp. Ant 

17, an aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading 

bacterium isolated from Antarctic soil.

Microbial Ecology. 2002; 43 (1):44-54. ISSN: 

0095-3628. 

A strain of cold-tolerant bacteria was tested and 

found to be successful in bioremediation tests. 

The strain also displayed more tolerance to UV 

light and freeze-thaw cycles than the isolate 

Sphingomonas sp. WPO-1. 

Barathi, S.; Vasudevan, N. Bioremediation of crude 

oil contaminated soil by bioaugmentation of 

Pseudomonas fluorescens NS1. Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health Part A - 

Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental 

Engineering. 2003; 38 (9):1857-1866. ISSN: 

1093-4529. 

Wheat bran as a bulking agent quickly increased 

biodegradation of crude oil-contaminated soil 

by P. fluorescens, compared to other 

amendments. 

Barathi, S.; Vasudevan, N. Utilization of petroleum 

hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas fluorescens

isolated from a petroleum-contaminated soil.

Environment International. 2001; 26 (5-6):413-

416. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

P. fluorescens successfully emulsified a number 

of hydrocarbon substrates, including toluene, 

hexane, naphthalene and phenanthrene. GC 

analysis confirmed that short and long chain nalkanes were utilized. 

Barbeau, Katherine; Zhang, Guangping; Live, David 

H.; Butler, Alison. Petrobactin, a 

photoreactive siderophore produced by the 

oil-degrading marine bacterium 

Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Journal 

of the American Chemical Society. 2002; 124 

(3):378-379. ISSN: 0002-7863. 

Authors identify and structurally characterize 

the first siderophores, Fe(III) transport ligands 

produced by bacteria, in the hydrocarbondegrading M. hydrocarbonoclasticus. 

Bayona, Josep M.; Monjonell, Amanda; Miguel, Juan 

Carlos; Fowler, Scott W.; Albaigés, Joan. 

Biogeochemical characterization of 

particulate organic matter from a coastal 

hydrothermal vent zone in the Aegean Sea.

Organic Geochemistry. 2002; 33 (12):1609-

1620. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Biogeochemical evidence of PAHs and 

biomarkers from algae and zooplankton was 

gathered from particle interceptor traps near 

hydrothermal vents. Researchers believe that 

zooplankton play an important role in the 

downward transport of hydrocarbons in plumes 

associated with hydrothermal vents. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

62

Beller, Harry R.; Kane, Staci R.; Legler, Tina C.; 

Alvarez, Pedro J. J. A real-time polymerase 

chain reaction method for monitoring 

anaerobic, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria 

based on a catabolic gene. Environmental 

Science &Technology. 2002; 36 (18):3977-

3984. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Researchers identify a catabolic gene associated 

with the first step of anaerobic degradation of 

toluene and xylene, and incorporate the gene 

activity into a sensitive, real-time monitoring 

tool. 

Bengtsson, G.; Zerhouni, P. Effects of carbon 

substrate enrichment and DOC 

concentration on biodegradation of PAHs in 

soil. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94 

(4):608-617. ISSN: 1364-5072. 

Researchers show that the addition of water can 

increase the rates of biodegradation of PAHs in 

creosote-contaminated soils. The presence of 

other carbon substrates, such as analog 

compounds, impede the degradation process. 

Bhattacharya, Santanu; Krishnan-Ghosh, Yamuna. 

First report of phase selective gelation of oil 

from oil/water mixtures. Possible 

implications toward containing oil spills.

Chemical Communications. 2001; (2):185-186. 

ISSN: 1359-7345. 

A simple amino acid derivative was shown to be 

effective in being able to gelate oil from a 

mixture with water. Scanning Electron 

Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared 

Spectroscopy provided molecular-level insights 

into the process of gelation. 

Bhupathiraju, Vishvesh K. et al. Assessment of insitu bioremediation at a refinery wastecontaminated site and an aviation gasoline 

contaminated site. Biodegradation. 2002; 13 

(2):79-90. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Geochemical, microbiological and isotopic 

methods were employed to monitor the 

effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of 

petroleum-contaminated soil. Researchers 

focused on the radiocarbon content of methane 

and carbon dioxide to evaluate the effectiveness 

of ongoing PAH degradation. 

Bidwell, Joseph R.; Cherry, Donald S.; Merski, A. 

Thomas. Toxicity evaluation of a commercial 

bioremediation agent mixed with crude oil.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (1):84-91. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Juvenile Menidia beryllina were used to 

establish toxicity levels of a commercial 

bioremediation agent (CBA) in experiments 

involving oil degradation. Toxicity levels for 

the CBA were found to be lower than the 

toxicity of crude oil to which the CBA was 

applied. 

Bielicka, K.; Kaczorek, E.; Olszanowski, A.; 

Voelkel, A. Examination of biodegradation of 

hydrocarbons in emulsified systems. Polish 

Journal of Environmental Studies. 2002; 11 

(1):11-16. ISSN: 1230-1485. 

Bielicka, K.; Voelkel, A. Selectivity of solid-phase 

extraction phases in the determination of 

biodegradation products. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2001; 918 (1):145-151. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid 

extraction were both used to investigate the 

degradation of hydrocarbons by bacterial 

strains. SPE-GC analysis resulted in the 

qualitative and quantitative results of the 

biodegradation process. 

Blakely, Julie K.; Neher, Deborah A.; Spongberg, 

Alison L. Soil invertebrate and microbial 

communities, and decomposition as 

indicators of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon contamination. Applied Soil 

Ecology. 2002; 21 (1):71-88. ISSN: 0929-1393. 

This study investigated the effects of PAH 

contamination from creosote on soil food webs. 

Community structure was more affected by 

altered habitat than direct toxicity, according to 

researchers. 

Boehm, Paul. D. et al. Total organic carbon, an 

important tool in an holistic approach to 

hydrocarbon source fingerprinting.

Environmental Forensics. 2002; 3 (3-4):243-

250. ISSN: 1527-5922. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

63

Boese, B. L. et al. Phototoxic evaluation of marine 

sediments collected from a PAHcontaminated site. Archives of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 38 

(3):274-282. ISSN: 0090-4341. 

Rhepoxynius abronius and Leptocheirus 

plumulosus were exposed to PAH-contaminated 

soils, in conjunction with intermittent UV 

radiation. Experiments resulted in five- to 

eightfold increase in toxicity, with resulting 

mortality in the species. Authors note that their 

results suggest that standard toxicity tests 

underestimate potential ecological risks of 

PHA-contaminated sediments to animals 

exposed to sunlight. 

Bogan, Bill W. et al. "Humic coverage index" as a 

determining factor governing strain-specific 

hydrocarbon availability to contaminantdegrading bacteria in soils. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2003; 37 (22):5168-

5174. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

A humic coverage index (HCI) was developed 

to aid in assessing rates of mineralization of 

contaminants. Results of some experiments 

show that although HCI conditions were 

optimal for degradation of specific 

hydrocarbons, the existence of other PAHs in 

soil meant that overall degradation rates would 

be lower than expected. 

Bogan, Bill W.; Lahner, Lisa M.; Sullivan, Wendy 

R.; Paterek, J. Robert. Degradation of straightchain aliphatic and high-molecular-weight 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a strain 

of Mycobacterium austroafricanum. Journal of 

Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94 (2):230-239. 

ISSN: 1364-5072. 

Investigators characterize a newly isolated 

strain of bacteria capable of degrading a range 

of PAHs in liquid and soil environments. 

Bogan, Bill W.; Lahner, Lisa M.; Trbovic, Vesna; 

Szajkovics, Ann M.; Paterek, J. Robert. Effects 

of alkylphosphates and nitrous oxide on 

microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2001; 67 (5):2139-2144. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Different gaseous nutrients were studied for 

their ability to aid in the biodegradation of 

PAHs. Authors found that the organophosphates 

didn't result in higher degradation rates and that 

in situ use should be assessed on a case-by-case 

basis. 

Bogan, Bill W.; Sullivan Wendy R. Physicochemical 

soil parameters affecting sequestration and 

mycobacterial biodegradation of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Chemosphere. 

2003; 52 (10):1717-1726. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Fulvic acid was found in large amounts 

following the biodegradation of PAHs by 

Mycobacterium austroafricanum. The addition 

of fulvic acid to humic and fulvic acid-depleted 

soils caused higher levels of pyrene metabolism 

by the microbes. 

Bogan, Bill W.; Trbovic, Vesna; Paterek, J. Robert. 

Inclusion of vegetable oils in Fenton's 

chemistry for remediation of PAHcontaminated soils. Chemosphere. 2003; 50 

(1):15-21. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

The addition of vegetable oils with a reagent 

caused increased oxidation, especially with 

high-molecular-weight PAHs. Researchers also 

found that combining palm kernal oil with 

calcium peroxide instead of hydrogen peroxide 

led to additional PAH removal. 

Boonchan, Sudarat; Britz, Margaret L.; Stanley, 

Grant A. Degradation and mineralization of 

high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by defined fungal-bacterial 

cocultures. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2000; 66 (3):1007-1019. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Bacterial consortia and fungus found growing in 

contaminated soil were investigated for their 

ability to degrade specific types of PAHs. 

Boopathy, Ramaraj. Anaerobic biodegradation of 

No. 2 diesel fuel in soil: a soil column study.

Bioresource Technology. 2004; 94 (2):143-151. 

ISSN: 0960-8524. 

Anaerobic degradation experiments over a 

period of 310 days found that under mixed 

electron acceptor conditions, 81% of diesel fuel 

was degraded while under sulfate reducing 

conditions, 54.5% degradation rates were 

achieved. 

Boopathy, Ramaraj. Anaerobic degradation of No. 

2 diesel fuel in the wetland sediments of 

Barataria-Terrebonne estuary under various 

electron acceptor conditions. Bioresource 

Technology. 2003; 86 (2):171-175. ISSN: 0960-

8524. 

Improved biodegradation of diesel fuel in 

estuarine sediments occurred under sulfate 

reducing, nitrate reducing, methanogenic, and 

mixed electron acceptor conditions. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

64

Boopathy, Ramaraj. Use of anaerobic soil slurry 

reactors for the removal of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in soil. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2003; 52 

(3):161-166. ISSN: 0964-8305. 

Diesel-contaminated soil was collected to 

monitor the success of native anaerobic bacteria 

in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Results 

indicate that the mixed microbial populations 

from the spill site were capable of degrading 

diesel fuel. 

Borde, Xavier et al. Synergistic relationships in 

algal-bacterial microcosms for the treatment 

of aromatic pollutants. Bioresource 

Technology. 2003; 86 (3):293-300. ISSN: 0960-

8524. 

Authors present findings in the first published 

study of photosynthesis-enhanced 

biodegradation of specific PAHs by a 

combination of algal and bacterial species. 

Bost, F. D.; Frontera-Suau, R.; McDonald, T. J.; 

Peters, K.E.; Morris, P. J. Aerobic 

biodegradation of hopanes and norhopanes 

in Venezuelan crude oils. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2001; 32 (1):105-114. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

GC-MS was used to analyze the results of 

microbial degradation of crude oil after an 

incubation time of 5 weeks. Results indicate that 

bacteria remove isomers from both hopanes and 

25-norphanes in aerobic environments. 

Bouchez, M.; Blanchet, D.; Bardin, V.; Haeseler, F.; 

Vandecasteele, J. P. Efficiency of defined 

strains and of soil consortia in the 

biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures.

Biodegradation. 1999; 10 (6):429-435. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Different combinations of bacteria were tested 

for their ability to degrade mixtures of five 

PAHs. Investigators conclude that a bacterial 

consortium from PAH-contaminated soil was 

most effective at breaking down hydrocarbons. 

Boukir, A. et al. Subfractionation, characterization 

and photooxidation of crude oil resins.

Chemosphere. 2001; 43 (3):279-286. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Bouw, L.; Essink, G. H. P. Oude. Fluid flow in the 

northern Broad Fourteens Basin during Late 

Cretaceous inversion. Netherlands Journal of 

Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw. 2003; 82 

(1):55-69. ISSN: 0016-7746. 

In this study, the authors assess the depositional 

history, hydrogeological parameters, and 

hydrodynamic evolution of the Broad Fourteens 

Basin area, offshore Netherlands. 

BP assays field in Gulf of Mexico. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (7):54-55. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

BP PLC and its partners are planning to begin 

production of the Atlantis, Holstein, and Mad 

Dog fields located in deepwaters of the Gulf of 

Mexico. 

Brack, Werner. Effect-directed analysis: a 

promising tool for the identification of 

organic toxicants in complex mixtures?

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003; 

377 (3):397-407. ISSN: 1618-2310. 

The author reviews the current methodologies 

employing effect-directed analysis with the 

objective of establishing criteria for using this 

technique for toxicity tests. 

Brack, Werner; Kind, T.; Hollert, H.; Schrader, S.; 

Moder, M. Sequential fractionation 

procedure for the identification of potentially 

cytochrome P4501A-inducing compounds.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2003; 986 

(1):55-66. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Braida, Washington J.; White, Jason C.; Pignatello, 

Joseph J. Indices for bioavailability and 

biotransformation potential of contaminants 

in soils. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2004; 23 (7):1585-1591. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Indices found low values for bioavailability and 

biotransformation in a microbe when a 

polymeric substance was present, indicating 

poor potential of the adsorbent in site 

remediation. 

Bramwell, Debbie-Ann P.; Laha, Shonali. Effects of 

surfactant addition on the biomineralization 

and microbial toxicity of phenanthrene.

Biodegradation. 2000; 11 (4):263-277. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Four surfactants were added to liquid culture 

and soil-water suspensions inoculated with 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and studied over 15 

weeks. None of the surfactants, regardless of 

dose or liquid/soil-water mediums, enhanced the 

biodegradation of phenanthrene. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

65

Bressler, D. C.; Fedorak, P. M. Identification of 

disulfides from the biodegradation of 

dibenzothiophene. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2001; 67 (11):5084-5093. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Pseudomonas sp. strain BT1d was grown on 

dibenzothiophene and three disulfides were 

detected as a byproduct. A proposed mechanism 

was presented to account for the abiotic and 

biotic reactions necessary for the creation of the 

disulfides. 

Brodskii, E. S.; Lukashenko, I. M.; Kalinkevich, G. 

A.; Savchuk, S. A. Identification of petroleum 

products in environmental samples using gas 

chromatography and gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical 

Chemistry. 2002; 57 (6):486-490. ISSN: 1061-

9348. 

Investigators demonstrate the effectiveness of 

laboratory techniques in the identification of the 

origin of oil pollutants. 

Brown, Gary S. Polycyclic Aromatic 

Hydrocarbons: Enhanced Microbial 

Degradation by Chemical Oxidative 

Treatment. Thesis (Ph. D.): University of New 

Mexico; 2000; 133 leaves. 

Brusa, T. et al. Aromatic hydrocarbon degradation 

patterns and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase genes 

in microbial cultures from deep anoxic 

hypersaline lakes in the eastern 

Mediterranean sea. Microbiological Research. 

2001; 156 (1):49-58. ISSN: 0944-5013. 

Buco, S.; Moragues, M.; Doumenq, P.; Noor, A.; 

Mille, G. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in contaminated soil by Curie 

point pyrolysis coupled to gas 

chromatography-mass spectrometry, an 

alternative to conventional methods. Journal 

of Chromatography A. 2004;1026 (1-2):223-

229. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Curie point pyrolysis coupled with GC-MS was 

compared with other well-known extraction 

techniques on 16 types of PAH. Results 

validated by certified soil analysis indicate that 

highest recoveries were obtained with Curie 

point pyrolysis and KOH digestion. 

Budzinski, Hélèn; Mazeas, Laurent; LeMenach, K. 13C analysis of PAH: a new dimension in 

source assessment studies. Chimia. 2003; 57 

(1-2):41-43. ISSN: 0009-4293. 

Bugge,Tom et al. Shallow stratigraphic drilling 

applied in hydrocarbon exploration of the 

Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea. Marine and 

Petroleum Geology. 2002; 19 (1):13-37. ISSN: 

0264-8172. 

A geographical description of the Nordkapp 

Basin suggests that there are hydrocarbon 

reserves in the area. A recent exploration well 

drilled in the area supports this thesis. 

Bugna, G. C. et al. A field test of δ13C as a tracer of 

aerobic hydrocarbon degradation. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2004; 35 (2):123-135. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Transport and degradation of PAHs was traced 

by monitoring carbon isotopes as they were 

exposed to reactants and products in a field 

setting. Products of hydrocarbon respiration 

correlated with δ13C values of substrates, 

indicating the usefulness of using this isotope as 

a tracer of degradation. 

Bundy, Jacob G.; Campbell, Colin, D.; Paton, 

Graeme I. Comparison of response of six 

different luminescent bacterial bioassays to 

bioremediation of five contrasting oils.

Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2001; 3 

(4):404-410. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

Bundy, Jacob G.; Paton, Graeme I.; Campbell, Colin 

D. Microbial communities in different soil 

types do not converge after diesel 

contamination. Journal of Applied 

Microbiology. 2002; 92 (2):276-288. ISSN: 

1364-5072. 

Three soil types were contaminated with diesel 

fuel and observed to determine bacterial 

community structure during biodegradation. 

Community profiles were found to differ with 

each soil type, based on inherent microbial 

potential of soil sample. Researchers note that 

inherent microbial potential should be taken into 

account in impact and risk assessments. 

Burguera, José et al. Optimum phase-behavior 

formulation of surfactant/oil/water systems 

for the determination of chromium in heavy 

crude oil and in bitumen-in-water emulsion.

Talanta. 2003; 61 (3):353-361. ISSN: 0039-

9140. 

A formulation was used to find the optimum 

proportion of oil-water mixture and sufficient 

dilution of emulsions for establishing chromium 

levels in heavy crude oil samples via 

electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

66

Burns, K. A.; Codi, S.; Duke, C. Gladstone, 

Australia field studies: weathering and 

degradation of hydrocarbons in oiled 

mangrove and salt marsh sediments with and 

without the application of an experimental 

bioremediation protocol. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2000; 41 (7-12):392-402. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Gippsland and Bunker C oils were used in this 

study to test the effect of bioremediation on the 

amount of hydrocarbons absorbed by marine 

sediments following a spill. 

Buszewski, B.; Buszewska, T.; Szumski, M.; Siepak, 

J. Simultaneous determination of phenols 

and polyaromatic hydrocarbons isolated 

from environmental samples by SFE-SPEHPLC. Chemia Analityczna. 2003; 48 (1):13-

25. ISSN: 0009-2223. 

Bystol, Adam J.; Thorstenson, Tim; Campiglia, 

Andres D. Laser-induced multidimensional 

fluorescence spectroscopy in Shpol'skii 

matrixes for the analysis of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in HPLC fractions 

and complex environmental extracts.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36 

(20):4424-4429. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Fluorescence measurements were taken of 

PAHs in water samples at 4.2 K by the 

application of an improved methodology for 

laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii 

spectroscopy. There is great potential for this 

method of screening and quantification of 

PAHs, due in part to speed of the process. 

Bystol, Adam J.; Whitcomb, Jennifer L.; Campiglia, 

Andres D. Solid-liquid extraction laser 

excited time-resolved Shpol'skii 

spectrometry: a facile method for the direct 

detection of 15 priority pollutants in water 

samples. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2001; 35 (12):2566-2571. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Authors describe a three-step procedure that 

detects PAHs in water in five minutes, with 

detection limits at subparts per billion levels. 

Simplicity, speed and data analysis are an 

improvement for routine water analysis. 

Cajthaml, Tomás; Bhatt, M.; Sasek, Václav; Mateju, 

V. Bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soil 

by composting: a case study. Folia 

Microbiologica. 2002; 47 (6):696-700. ISSN: 

0015-5632. 

Cajthaml, Tomás; Möder, Monika; Kacer, Petr; 

Sasek, Václav; Popp, Peter. Study of fungal 

degradation products of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons using gas chromatography 

with ion trap mass spectrometry detection.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 974 (1-

2):213-222. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Irpex lacteus, a ligninolytic fungus, was 

observed degrading types of PAHs. Researchers 

gained insights into the mechanisms behind 

degradation of PAHs by observing the 

processes with different tools, including product 

ion scans. 

Calvo, C.; Martínez-Checa, F.; Toledo, F. L.; Porcel, 

J.; Quesada, E. Characteristics of 

bioemulsifiers synthesised in crude oil media 

by Halomonas eurihalina and their 

effectiveness in the isolation of bacteria able 

to grow in the presence of hydrocarbons.

Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2002; 

60 (3):347-351. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Calvo, C.; Toledo, F. L.; González-López, J. 

Surfactant activity of a naphthalene 

degrading Bacillus pumilus strain isolated 

from oil sludge. Journal of Biotechnology. 

2004; 109 (3):255-262. ISSN: 0168-1656. 

A strain of bacteria isolated from solid waste oil 

was used in tests involving crude oil and 

naphthalene under aerobic conditions and found 

to be promising for future use in remediation. 

Cameotra, Swaranjit Singh; Bollag, Jean-Marc. 

Biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Critical 

Reviews in Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2003; 33 (2):111-126. ISSN: 1064-

3389. 

This review highlights several studies showing 

the role biosurfactants play in enhancing 

bioremediation rates, and the functions and 

processes by which they assist in the removal of 

PAHs. 

Campbell, Sonia; Paquin, Daniel; Awaya, Jonathan 

D.; Li, Qing X. Remediation of 

benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene-contaminated 

soil with industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa).

International Journal of Phytoremediation. 

2002; 4 (3):157-168. ISSN: 1522-6514. 

Industrial hemp was found to have a very high 

tolerance to B(a)P and chrysene in growth 

experiments, suggesting that it could be a prime 

candidate species for remediation studies. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

67

Capelli, S. Mana; Busalmen, J. P.; de Sánchez, S. R. 

Hydrocarbon bioremediation of a mineralbase contaminated waste from crude oil 

extraction by indigenous bacteria.

International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation. 2001; 47 (4):233-238. ISSN: 

0964-8305. 

Mud polluted from petroleum exploration was 

exposed to bacteria and observed for 45 days. 

Total hydrocarbon content was lessened by 

30%, with rates of various fractions as high as 

40% degraded. The resins fraction was only 

degraded by 20%. 

Capotorti, Guido; Digianvincenzo, Paolo; Cesti, 

Pietro; Bernardi, Antonella; Guglielmetti, 

Gianfranco. Pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene 

metabolism by an Aspergillus terreus strain 

isolated from a polycylic aromatic 

hydrocarbons polluted soil. Biodegradation. 

2004; 15 (2):79-85. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

A fungal species was isolated and monitored 

during biodegradation of two PAHs. 

Investigators observed the conversion of pyrene 

to pyrenylsulfate and B(a)P to 

benzo(a)pyrenylsulfate, a reaction also 

previously seen in non lignolinolytic fungi. 

Carberry, Judith Bower; Wik, John. Comparison of 

ex situ and in situ bioremediation of 

unsaturated soils contaminated by 

petroleum. Journal of Environmental Science 

and Health. Part A: Toxic Hazardous 

Substances and Environmental Engineering. 

2001; 36 (8):1491-1503. ISSN: 1093-4529. 

A study of remediation processes led the 

authors to conclude that ex situ bioremediation 

was the safest and most predictable method of 

treating contaminated soil. 

Cardoso, Vitor Vale; Rodrigues, Alexandre; Correia, 

Judite; Benoliel, Maria João. Application of 

SPME in the analysis of polynuclear 

aromatic hydrocarbons in water by HPLC 

with DAD detection. Polycyclic Aromatic 

Compounds. 2000; 19 (1-4):227-239. ISSN: 

1040-6638. 

SPME, when used in conjunction with a 

polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fiber, was 

found to be precise and sensitive enough to 

detect low levels of PAHs in water. Authors 

note that the addition of a fluorescence detector 

would further increase the ability to detect 

hydrocarbons in water. 

Carlstrom, C. J.; Tuovinen, O. H. Mineralization of 

phenanthrene and fluoranthene in yardwaste 

compost. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 124 

(1):81-91. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Researchers measured the evolution of 14CO2 as 

an indicator of mineralization of 14C-labeled 

phenanthrene and 14C-labeled fluoranthene in 

yardwaste compost. 

Carman, Kevin R.; Means, Jay C. Assessment of 

PAH Composition of Diesel Fuel Sorbed to 

Marine Sediments and their Toxicity to 

Aquatic Food Webs. New Orleans, La.: U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Region; 1999; OCS Study MMS 98-0057; 28 

pp. 

During a 28-day microcosm study, dieselcontaminated sediments were examined for 

their effects on the sedimentary bacterial 

community of a Louisiana salt marsh that had 

been chronically exposed to petroleum 

hydrocarbons for decades. 

Carrasco, E. A. et al. Study of the interaction of 

pollutant nitro polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons with different metallic 

surfaces by surface-enhanced vibrational 

spectroscopy (SERS and SEIR). Journal of 

Physical Chemistry A. 2003; 107 (45):9611-

9619. ISSN: 1089-5639. 

Carretero, Antonio Segura; Cruces-Blanco, Carmen; 

Sánchez-Polo, M.; Ávila-Rosón, J. C.; 

Fernández-Gutiérrez, Alberto. Study of 

different normal-microemulsion 

compositions by room-temperature 

phosphorescence to determine 

benzo[a]pyrene in environmental samples.

Analytica Chimica Acta. 2002; 474 (1-2):91-98. 

ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Authors describe a novel method of determining 

B(a)P in environmental samples. 

Cassella, Ricardo J.; de Sant'Ana, Otoniel D.; 

Santelli, Ricardo E. Determination of arsenic 

in petroleum refinery streams by 

electrothermal atomic absorption 

spectrometry after multivariate optimization 

based on Doehlert design. Spectrochimica 

Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 2002; 57 

(12):1967-1978. ISSN: 0584-8547. 

Authors develop and successfully test a 

methodology for detecting arsenic in refinery 

aqueous streams that contain large amounts of 

volatile organic compounds. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

68

Castelli, Francesco; Librando, Vito; Sarpietro, Maria 

Grazia. Calorimetric approach of the 

interaction and absorption of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons with model 

membranes. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (12):2717-2723. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Differential scanning calorimetry was employed 

to observe the way in which PAHs enter cell 

membranes. Research determined that PAHs 

migrate into cell membranes by dispersal in a 

lipophilic medium. 

Catallo, W. James. Biodegredation of Aromatic 

Heterocycles from Petroleum-Produced 

Water and Pyrogenic Sources in Marine 

Sediments. New Orleans, La.: U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region; 2000; OCS Study 

MMS 2000-060; 28 pp. 

Cebulak, Stefan; Pacha, Jerzy; Wydmuch, Zenobia; 

Skret, Urszula; Fabianska, Monika. 

Oxyreactive thermal analysis in control of oil 

decomposition in soils with low and higher 

organic matter content. Fresenius 

Environmental Bulletin. 2004; 13 (3A):207-210. 

ISSN: 1018-4619. 

Oxyreactive thermal analysis was used to detect 

characteristics of oils suitable to control 

degradation in soils containing both low and 

high amounts of organic matter. Thermal 

analysis can be a quick and inexpensive 

technique for monitoring the behavior of oil in 

contaminated soils. 

Chaîneau, C. H.; Yepremian, C.; Vidalie, J. F.; 

Ducreux, J.; Ballerini, D. Bioremediation of a 

crude oil-polluted soil: biodegradation, 

leaching and toxicity assessments. Water, Air, 

& Soil Pollution. 2003; 144 (1-4):419-440. 

ISSN: 0049-6979. 

In a two-year field experiment, contaminated 

soil was placed in windrows and treated with 

active biological organisms. Bioremediation 

analyses were used to assess the biodegradation 

rate, along with chemical analyses of residual 

pollutants to establish the levels of toxicity and 

leaching of hydrocarbons and metabolites in the 

treated soil. 

Chang, B. V.; Wei, S. H.; Yuan, S. Y. 

Biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health 

Part B - Pesticides Food Contaminants and 

Agricultural Wastes. 2001; 36 (2):177-187. 

ISSN: 0360-1234. 

Chang, Chiang-Po. Quantification of 

Benzo[a]Pyrene-Guanine Adducts in Vitro 

and in Vivo Tissue Samples by LC Tandem 

Mass Spectrometry. Thesis (Ph. D.): Western 

Michigan University; 2001; 98 leaves. 

Chang, Suk Tai; Lee, Hyun Joo; Gu, Man Bock. 

Enhancement in the sensitivity of an 

immobilized cell-based soil biosensor for 

monitoring PAH toxicity. Sensors and 

Actuators B - Chemical. 2004; 97 (2-3):272-

276. ISSN: 0925-4005. 

The detection limit and sensitivity of a 

biosensor was improved by using smaller-sized 

glass beads than previously used in combination 

with a bioluminescent microbial species. 

Chang, Yun-Juan et al. Phylogenetic analysis of 

aerobic freshwater and marine enrichment 

cultures efficient in hydrocarbon 

degradation: effect of profiling method.

Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2000; 40 

(1):19-31. ISSN: 0167-7012. 

Enrichment cultures taken from polluted 

sediments in both freshwater and saltwater 

environments were tested for hydrocarbon 

degradation by feeding them crude oil as a sole 

carbon source. The level of protobacteria of the 

cultures was determined by rDNA analysis. 

Chávez-Gómez, B. et al. Removal of phenanthrene 

from soil by co-cultures of bacteria and fungi 

pregrown on sugarcane bagasse pith.

Bioresource Technology. 2003; 89 (2):177-183. 

ISSN: 0960-8524. 

Four fungi species isolated from contaminated 

soil and four species of bacteria were used to 

create 16 co-cultures that were employed to 

investigate phenanthrene remediation in 18-day 

experiments. 

Chen, Bao-liang; Zhu, Li-zhong. Partition of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on 

organobentonites from water. Journal of 

Environmental Sciences - China. 2001; 13 

(2):129-136. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

Researchers used naphthalene, phenanthrene, 

anthracene, and acenaphthene to analyze and 

quantify the equilibrium sorption of 

hydrocarbons to several organobentonites from 

water. 

Chen, J. P. et al. Geochemical evidence for 

mudstone as the possible major oil source 

rock in the Jurassic Turpan Basin, 

Northwest China. Organic Geochemistry. 

2001; 32 (9):1103-1125. ISSN: 0146-6380. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

69

Chen, Peng; Pickard, Michael A.; Gray, Murray R. 

Surfactant inhibition of bacterial growth on 

solid anthracene. Biodegradation. 2000; 11 

(5):341-347. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Trinton X-100, a surfactant, was tested for its 

ability to enhance biodegradation. Researchers 

found that low concentrations tended to inhibit 

the rate of growth of Mycobacterium sp. and 

Pseudomonas sp. using solid anthracene as their 

sole carbon source. Further investigation 

confirmed suspicions that retarded growth was 

related to inhibition of microbial adhesion of 

cells to anthracene. 

Chen, Yen-Chih; Banks, M. Katherine; Schwab, A. 

Paul. Pyrene degradation in the rhizosphere 

of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and 

switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.).

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37 

(24):5778-5782. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Degradation rates of pyrene were greatly 

improved in the rhizosphere of fescue and 

switchgrass, compared with unplanted control. 

Chernova, T. G. et al. The composition and the 

source of hydrocarbons in sediments taken 

from the techtonically active Andaman 

Backarc Basin, Indian Ocean. Marine 

Chemistry. 2001; 75 (1-2):1-16. ISSN: 0304-

4203. 

Analysis of sediments in the Andaman Basin 

led researchers to conclude that recent tectonic 

activity caused the release of hydrocarbons in 

the area. 

Cheung, Pui-Yi; Kinkle, Brian K. Mycobacterium

diversity and pyrene mineralization in 

petroleum-contaminated soils. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 67 

(5):2222-2229. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Genetic diversity and population dynamics of a 

bacterial community were investigated by RNA 

analysis. Heavily contaminated soils were found 

to have less diversity, and the introduction of 

biodegrading bacteria created competition with 

the indigenous microorganisms. 

Choi, Ok Kyoung; Cho, Kyung Suk; Ryu, Hee 

Wook; Chang, Yong Keun. Enhancement of 

phase separation by the addition of deemulsifiers to three-phase (diesel 

oil/biocatalyst/aqueous phase) emulsion in 

diesel biodesulfurization. Biotechnology 

Letters. 2003; 25 (1):73-77. ISSN: 0141-5492. 

Ethanol was successfully used to separate a 

three-phase emulsion consisting of oil, bacterial 

cells, and an aqueous phase and recover oil via 

centrifugation. 

Christensen, Jan H.; Hansen, Asger B.; Andersen, 

Ole; Mortensen, John. Development and 

application of a hyphenated analytical and 

chemometric method in petroleum 

characterization, identification and 

degradation. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control II. Billerica, 

Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 

189-198. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

This paper reports on the success of using a 

combined analytical, computerized, and 

statistical methods for identification, 

characterization and degradation studies of 

complex petroleum samples. 

Christensen, Jan H.; Hansen, Asger B.; Tomasi, 

Giorgio; Mortensen, John; Andersen, Ole. 

Integrated methodology for forensic oil spill 

identification. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2004; 38 (10):2912-2918. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

A methodology intergrating GC-MS, data and 

statistical analyses was successfully used to 

identify two sources of spilled oil, and 

distinguish the identified source from closely 

related source oils. 

Chunk, W. K.; King, G. M. Isolation, 

characterization, and polyaromatic 

hydrocarbon degradation potential of 

aerobic bacteria from marine microfaunal 

burrow sediments and description of 

Lutibacterium anuloederans gen. nov., sp. 

nov., and Cycloclasticus spirillensus sp. nov.

Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 

67 (12):5585-5592. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

In identifying several types of aerobic bacteria 

found in burrow sediments, researchers 

discovered two new species. These strains were 

then tested in biodegradation experiments by 

using sediment slurries contaminated with 

phenanthrene. 

Cigolini, John F. Molecular Analysis of Polycyclic 

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation by 

Mycobacterium sp. Strain PYO1. Thesis (Ph. 

D.): Rutgers University; 2000; 187 leaves. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

70

Clark, Jordan F.; Leifer, Ira; Washburn, Libe; 

Luyendyk, Bruce P. Compositional changes in 

natural gas bubble plumes: observations 

from the Coal Oil Point marine hydrocarbon 

seep field. Geo - Marine Letters. 2003; 23 (3-

4):187-193. ISSN: 0276-0460. 

Gas bubbles from hydrocarbon seeps were 

studied as they ascended through the water 

column. As bubbles rose, a rapid exchange of 

gasses occurred with methane, carbon dioxide 

and heavier hydrocarbons being emitted or left 

behind, while nitrogen and oxygen were 

introduced. 

Clausen, Kim. Enzymatic oil-degumming by a 

novel microbial phospholipase. European 

Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 2001; 

103 (6):333-340. ISSN: 1438-7697. 

Clement, Ray E.; Yang, Paul W.; Koester, Carolyn J. 

Environmental analysis. Analytical Chemistry. 

2001; 73 (12):2761-2790. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Developments in applied environmental 

chemistry between November 1998 and October 

200 are reviewed in this article. 

Clemente, A. R.; Anazawa, T. A.; Durrant, L. R. 

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by soil fungi. Brazilian Journal 

of Microbiology. 2001; 32 (4):255-261. ISSN: 

1517-8382. 

Clemente, Joyce S.; MacKinnon, Michael D.; 

Fedorak, Phillip M. Aerobic biodegradation of 

two commercial naphthenic acids 

preparations. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2004; 38 (4):1009-1016. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Aerobic cultures were isolated from produced 

waters used in oil sands operations and exposed 

to naphthenic acids in aqueous solution. 

Naphthenic acid concentrations dropped 

considerably after exposure to microbes, and 

researchers noted reduced acute toxicity as a 

result. 

Clemente, Joyce S.; Yen, T. W.; Fedorak, Phillip M. 

Development of a high performance liquid 

chromatography method to monitor the 

biodegradation of naphthenic acids. Journal 

of Environmental Engineering and Science. 

2003; 2 (3):177-186. ISSN: 1496-2551. 

Researchers used high performance liquid 

chromatography to monitor the depletion of 

naphthenic acids by aerobic microbial cultures. 

Cultures were found to remove 40% of 

naphthenic acids over a period ranging from 30 

to 40 days. 

Cloutier, Danielle; Amos, Carl L.; Hill, Philip R.; 

Lee, Kenneth. Oil erosion in an annular flume 

by seawater of varying turbidities: a critical 

bed shear stress approach. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):83-93. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

Artificially weathered Hibemia crude oil was 

placed into an annular flume treated with 

natural seawater that was pre-filtered to 

establish how varying turbidities of sea water 

affect oil erosion. 

Coates, John D. et al. Anaerobic benzene oxidation 

coupled to nitrate reduction in pure culture 

by two strains of Dechloromonas. Nature. 

2001; 411 (6841):1039-1043. ISSN: 0028-0836. 

Two strains of Dechloromonas, JJ and RCB, 

were isolated from different environments on 

the basis of different metabolic capabilities. 

Both strains were able to reduce benzene to 

carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen. 

Cohen, Michael F.; Williams, Jolene; Yamasaki, 

Hideo. Biodegradation of diesel fuel by an 

Azolla-derived bacterial consortium. Journal 

of Environmental Science and Health Part A - 

Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental 

Engineering. 2002; 37 (9):1593-1606. ISSN: 

1093-4529. 

Copper, Christine L. Analysis of intermediates 

from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 

biodegradation. Journal of Separation Science. 

2003; 26 (18):1683-1687. ISSN: 1615-9314. 

In this study, capillary electrophoresis was used 

to identify intermediate compound types and 

concentrations occurring during biodegradation 

of PAHs. 

Corgié, S. C.; Beguiristain, T.; Leyval, Corinne. 

Spatial distribution of bacterial communities 

and phenanthrene degradation in the 

rhizosphere of Lolium perenne L. Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70 

(6):3552-3557. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Researchers monitor the spatial modification of 

behavior in phenanthrene-degrading bacteria in 

contaminated soil. 

Corgié, S. C.; Joner, Erik. J.; Leyval, Corinne. 

Rhizospheric degradation of phenanthrene is 

a function of proximity to roots. Plant and 

Soil. 2003; 257 (1):143-150. ISSN: 0032-079X. 

Researchers found a correlation between the 

distances of ryegrass roots from phenanthrene 

layers and biodegradation rates by microbial 

populations associated with those root systems. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

71

Cortazar, E. et al. MultiSimplex optimisation of the 

solid-phase microextraction-gas 

chromatographic-mass spectrometric 

determination of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and 

phthalates from water samples. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2002; 978 (1-2):165-175. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

The MultiSimplex program was used to 

evaluate the accuracy of environmental 

sampling with solid phase microextraction 

coupled to GC-MS. The program was able to 

determine pollutants from samples while 

simultaneously studying different variables and 

responses. 

Cubitto, M. A.; Cabezali, C. B. Tipificación y 

evaluación de la actividad degradadora de 

hidrocarburos de una cepa bacteriana 

aislada del estuario de Bahía Blanca, 

Argentina. Revista Argentina de 

Microbiología. 2001; 33 (3):141-148. ISSN: 

0325-7541. 

Authors characterize and evaluate 

hydrocarburolytic activity of a strain of marine 

bacteria. A study of biodegradation activity 

shows that n-alkanes were reduced by 86%, 

while pristane and phitane decreased by 63%. 

Cuypers, Chiel; Clemens, R.; Grotenhuis, Tim; 

Rulkens, Wim. Prediction of petroleum 

hydrocarbon bioavailability in contaminated 

soils and sediments. Soil & Sediment 

Contamination. 2001; 10 (5):459-482. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Cuypers, Chiel; Pancras, Tessa; Grotenhuis, Tim; 

Rulkens, Wim. The estimation of PAH 

bioavailability in contaminated sediments 

using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and 

Triton X-100 extraction techniques.

Chemosphere. 2002; 46 (8):1235-1245. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Three extraction techniques were compared for 

determining the most reliable method of 

predicting PAH bioavailability. Results of 

hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin extraction 

indicated that it might be a good method for 

predicting bioavialability, but Tritin X-100 

extraction was unfit, due to its role in the 

degradation of PAHs. 

da Silva, Manuela; Cerniglia, Carl E.; Pothuluri, 

Jairaj V.; Canhos, Vanderlei P.; Esposito, Elisa. 

Screening filamentous fungi isolated from 

estuarine sediments for the ability to oxidize 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. World 

Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 

2003; 19 (4):399-405. ISSN: 0959-3993. 

Isolates from 19 species of fungi were used to 

assess their ability to degrade pyrene. 

Cyclothyrium sp. was the most efficient fungus, 

and authors identified compounds that resulted 

from the degradation process. 

Daane, L. L.; Harjono, I.; Zylstra, G. J.; Haggblom, 

M. M. Isolation and characterization of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading 

bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of 

salt marsh plants. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2001; 67 (6):2683-2691. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Results of this study indicate that the 

rhizosphere of salt marsh plants contains a 

diverse population of PAH-degrading bacteria, 

and the use of plant-associated microorganisms 

has the potential for bioremediation of 

contaminated sediments. 

Dabrowska, H.; Dabrowska, L.; Biziuk, M.; 

Namiesnik, J. Solid-phase extraction clean-up 

of soil and sediment extracts for the 

determination of various types of pollutants 

in a single run. Journal of Chromatography A. 

2003; 1003 (1-2):29-42. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Researchers created profiles of analytes and 

interfering components of sorbents to help 

determine the best materials for assisting the 

solid-phase extraction cleanup of polluted soil. 

Dafter, Ray. Plenty of life left in the North Sea. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (8):51-53. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

A recent geological study in areas off the coasts 

of the United Kingdom, Norway, and Denmark 

suggests that ample reserves remain in these 

areas of the North Sea. 

Dahlen, Elizabeth P.; Rittmann, Bruce E. Two-tank 

suspended growth process for accelerating 

the detoxification kinetics of hydrocarbons 

requiring initial monooxygenation reactions.

Biodegradation. 2002; 13 (2):101-116. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Authors present the results of an experimental 

evaluation of the effectiveness of a two-tank 

system designed to speed the biodegradation 

process of phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol 

aromatic hydrocarbons. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

72

Daling, Per S.; Faksness, Liv-Guri; Hansen, Asger 

B.; Stout, Scott A. Improved and 

standardized methodology for oil spill 

fingerprinting. Environmental Forensics. 

2002; 3 (3-4):263-278. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

This article describes a methodological 

approach that the authors believe should be 

incorporated in the revision of the Nordtest 

Methodology for Oil Spill Identification. 

Daniels, R. E. et al. Natural degradation of 

hydrocarbons in sandy soils and its potential 

application to disposal of oil-contaminated 

materials. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mathematics, Inc.; 1998; p. 187-

198. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

A series of experiments, conducted under 

varying conditions, were undertaken to judge 

the cost-effectiveness of bioremediation of 

weathered oil. 

Daniels, R.; Davies, J.; Gravell, A.; Rowland, P. 

Movement of petroleum hydrocarbons in 

sandy coastal soils. Journal of Environmental 

Monitoring. 2000; 2 (6):645-650. ISSN: 1464-

0325. 

Oiled beach sand was buried in a coastal dune 

system to monitor and assess the rate of 

leaching of inorganic ions and hydrocarbons 

from the deposit. 

Daugulis, Andrew J.; Janikowski, Tine B. Scale-up 

performance of a partitioning bioreactor for 

the degradation of polyaromatic 

hydrocarbons by Sphingomonas 

aromaticivorans. Biotechnology Letters. 2002; 

24 (8):591-594. ISSN: 0141-5492. 

Authors observe the success of using a twophase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) system to 

degrade naphthalene and phenanthrene. High 

degradation rates were observed in a short 

amount of time, possibly enhanced by the 

presence of dodecane as a solvent. 

Davidova, I.; Hicks, M. S.; Fedorak, P. M.; Suflita, J. 

M. The influence of nitrate on microbial 

processes in oil industry production waters.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2001; 27 (2):80-86. ISSN: 1367-

5435. 

Davidson, C. T.; Daugulis, A. J. The treatment of 

gaseous benzene by two-phase partitioning 

bioreactors: a high performance alternative 

to the use of biofilters. Applied Microbiology 

and Biotechnology. 2003; 62 (2-3):297-301. 

ISSN: 0175-7598. 

In a two-phase partitioning bioreactor, benzene 

was trapped by n-hexadecane acting as an 

organic solvent, then biodegraded in an aqueous 

phase by the bacterium Alcaligenes 

xylosoxidans Y234. 

De Santis, F.; Fino, A.; Menichelli, S.; Vazzana, C.; 

Allegrini, I. Monitoring the air quality 

around an oil refinery through the use of 

diffusive sampling. Analytical and 

Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2004; 378 (3):782-

788. ISSN: 1618-2642. 

Diffusive sampling for a number of airborne 

contaminants near an oil refinery found 

measured concentrations of compounds much 

lower than limits imposed by European 

Directives. The authors believe that this method 

of sampling can be used for long-term 

monitoring and can help to identify pollution 

“hotspots”. 

Dean, J. R.; Xiong, G. H. Extraction of organic 

pollutants from environmental matrices: 

selection of extraction technique. TRAC - 

Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2000; 19 

(9):553-564. ISSN: 0165-9936. 

Authors review a variety of extraction 

techniques for removal of pollutants from soil, 

including supercritical fluid extraction, 

microwave-assisted extraction, and pressurized 

fluid extraction. 

Dean, Stacy M.; Jin, Yan; Cha, Daniel K.; Wilson, 

Sviatlana V.; Radosevich, Mark. Phenanthrene 

degradation in soils co-inoculated with 

phenanthrene-degrading and biosurfactantproducing bacteria. Journal of Environmental 

Quality. 2001; 30 (4):1126-1133. ISSN: 0047-

2425. 

Researchers tested the bioavailability of 

phenanthrene with two strains of Pseudomonas

bacteria in the presence of two different 

biosurfactant sources. The bacterial strains 

exhibited different degradation capacities of the 

phenanthrene in soil and aqueous experiments. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

73

Dean-Ross, Deborah; Moody, Joanna; Cerniglia, C. 

E. Utilization of mixtures of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria isolated 

from contaminated sediment. FEMS 

Microbiology Ecology. 2002; 41 (1):1-7. ISSN: 

0168-6496. 

The interactive effects of different compounds 

in a mixture of PAHs were noted during 

experiments monitoring biodegradation by the 

bacterial strains Mycobacterium flavescens and 

Rhosococcus sp. Interactive effects need to be 

considered while estimating degradation rates of 

a specific hydrocarbon in the presence of other 

PAHs. 

DeFoe, David L.; Ankley, Gerald T. Evaluation of 

time-to-effects as a basis for quantifying the 

toxicity of contaminated sediments.

Chemosphere. 2003; 51 (1):1-5. ISSN: 0045-

6535. 

Investigators were able to establish the 

expression of toxicity between three 

contaminated samples exposed to Hyalella 

azteca and Chironomus tentans. It is believed 

that time-to-effects studies can be used to 

quantify relative toxicity of pollutants. 

Del Vento, Sabino; Dachs, Jordi. Prediction of 

uptake dynamics of persistent organic 

pollutants by bacteria and phytoplankton.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2002; 21 (10):2099-2107. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

A model is described which is used for 

estimating the uptake, depuration, adsorption, 

and desorption rate constants by bacteria and 

phytoplankton for a range or organic pollutants, 

including a variety of PAHs. 

Del'Arco, J. P.; de França, F. P. Influence of oil 

contamination levels on hydrocarbon 

biodegradation in sandy sediment.

Environmental Pollution. 2001; 112 (3):515-

519. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Experiments were undertaken to evaluate the 

influence of concentrations of oil on the 

degrading ability of bacteria. A single 

inoculation of light Arabian crude was applied 

to sandy sediment, and the sediment was 

analyzed after 28 days. Authors concluded that 

biodegradation was inversely proportional to 

increasing oil contamination. 

DeLaune, R.D.; Lindau, C. W.; Gambrell, R. P.; 

(Eds.) Effect of Produced-Water Discharge 

on Bottom Sediment Chemistry. New 

Orleans, La.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico 

OCS Region; 1999; OCS Study MMS 99-0060; 

47 pp. 

The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, 

among other pollutants from produced water 

discharges, was investigated in soil samples. 

Higher molecular weight compounds were the 

primary hydrocarbons found in the sediment. 

Authors note that nutrient amendments in 

contaminated sediments greatly increased the 

breakdown of hydrocarbons. 

Delille, D.; Delille, B.; Pelletier, E. Effectiveness of 

bioremediation of crude oil contaminated 

subantarctic intertidal sediment: the 

microbial response. Microbial Ecology. 2002; 

44 (2):118-126. ISSN: 0095-3628. 

Researchers note the presence of a microbial 

population in Antarctic sediments with a high 

potential for rapid biodegradation of 

hydrocarbons. Results of their investigation 

indicate that the bacteria targeted and degraded 

the less toxic material, leaving a large part of 

the toxic fraction undisturbed. 

Delille, D.; Pelletier, E. Natural attenuation of 

diesel-oil contamination in a subantarctic soil 

(Crozet Island). Polar Biology. 2002; 25 

(9):682-687. ISSN: 0722-4060. 

An investigation of diesel fuel-contaminated 

soil on Crozet Island found a tenfold increase in 

the number of bacteria, despite severe 

environmental conditions and nutrient 

limitations. 

Dhouib, A.; Hamad, N.; Hassairi, I.; Sayadi, S. 

Degradation of anionic surfactants by 

Citrobacter braakii. Process Biochemistry. 

2003; 38 (8):1245-1250. ISSN: 0032-9592. 

Dias, A. C. P.; Fernandes, P.; Cabral, J. M. S.; 

Pinheiro, H. M. Isolation of a biodegradable 

sterol-rich fraction from industrial wastes.

Bioresource Technology. 2002; 82 (3):253-260. 

ISSN: 0960-8524. 

Díaz, María P.; Boyd, K. G.; Grigson, Steve J. W.; 

Burgess, J. Grant. Biodegradation of crude oil 

across a wide range of salinities by an 

extremely halotolerant bacterial consortium 

MPD-M, immobilized onto polypropylene 

fibers. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 

2002; 79 (2):145-153. ISSN: 0006-3592. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

74

Díaz, María P.; Grigson, Steve J. W.; Peppiatt, Chris 

J.; Burgess, J. Grant. Isolation and 

characterization of novel hydrocarbondegrading euryhaline consortia from crude 

oil and mangrove sediments. Marine 

Biotechnology. 2000; 2 (6):552-532. ISSN: 

1436-2228. 

Bacterial consortia derived from two sources, 

the Cormorant Field in the North Sea, and 

sediment associated with mangrove roots, were 

tested for remediation of hydrocarbons in 

different salinities. 

Díaz-del-Río, V. et al. Vast fields of hydrocarbonderived carbonate chimneys related to the 

accretionary wedge/olistostrome of the Gulf 

of Cádiz. Marine Geology. 2003; 195 (1-

4):177-200. ISSN: 0025-3227. 

Authors report finding vast fields of carbonate 

chimneys, possibly formed from thermogenic 

hydrocarbons and biogenic methane, at depths 

between 500 and 1200 meters along the 

continental slope in the Gulf of Cádiz. 

Díaz-Ramírez, I. J.; Ramírez-Saad, H.; GutiérrezRojas, M.; Favela-Torres, E. Biodegradation of 

Maya crude oil fractions by bacterial strains 

and a defined mixed culture isolated from 

Cyperus laxus rhizosphere soil in a 

contaminated site. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology. 2003; 49 (12):755-761. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

Ten bacterial strains were monitored for 

biodegradation abilities on aliphatics and an 

aromatic-polar mixture of hydrocarbons, with 

oxygen uptake used to determine culture 

transfer timing at each enrichment stage. 

Results of hydrocarbon degradation for 

individual and mixed cultures are presented. 

Dimov, N.; Pavlova, A. Traceability from 

weathered oil spills in the marine 

environment to the original contamination 

source. A case study. Journal of 

Environmental Monitoring. 2000; 2 (3):266-

270. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

An algorithm is proposed to trace weathered oil 

spills to the source of contamination. A series of 

steps, from simple to complex, seek to trace the 

source of contamination by trying to identify 

differences between the weathered sample and 

the suspected source. 

Discoveries, offshore oil attract firms to northern 

Perth basin. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 

(6):36-37. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Approximately 80-100 million bbl of oil are 

thought to reside in the northern Perth basin 

located off Cliff Head, in Western Australia. At 

present, eight of 21 hydrocarbon reservoirs in 

the Perth basin are considered commercial, and 

Australian independents are planning to conduct 

several more exploratory and well appraisals in 

this region. 

Dobson, Richard; Schroth, Martin H.; Schuermann, 

Andreas; Zeyer, Josef. Methods to assess the 

amenability of petroleum hydrocarbons to 

bioremediation. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2004; 23 (4):929-937. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

A combination of techniques was used to 

monitor the performance of bioremediation of 

PAHs and to evaluate bioavailability based on a 

method of partitioning of tracer compounds and 

analysis of gas chromatography-flame 

ionization detector chromatograms. 

Dolson, John C. et al. Petroleum potential of an 

emerging giant gas province, Nile Delta and 

Mediterranean Sea off Egypt. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (20):32-37. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Comprehensive geological and geophysical data 

indicates that shallow hydrocarbon seeps above 

deeper and larger accumulations of Pliocene age 

reservoirs can be easily detected and retrieved. 

These untapped resources, along the northern 

coastline of Egypt, might be the first indications 

of a larger reservoir below the Pliocene in the 

Nile Delta region. 

Doong, R. A.; Chang, S. M.; Sun, Y. C. Solid-phase 

microextraction and headspace solid-phase 

microextraction for the determination of 

high molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in water and soil samples.

Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2000; 38 

(12):528-534. ISSN: 0021-9665. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

75

Dowty, R. A. et al. Phytoremediation of small-scale 

oil spills in fresh marsh environments: a 

mesocosm simulation. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2001; 52 (3):195-211. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

A mesocosm facility was established to asses 

the impact of oiling on fresh-marsh plant 

communities and to test the efficacy of 

techniques that may be used to enhance the 

bioremediation of crude oil spills in these 

environments while minimizing secondary 

anthropogenic impacts. 

Dries, J.; Smets, D. B. Transformation and 

mineralization of benzo[a]pyrene by 

microbial cultures enriched on mixtures of 

three- and four-ring polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Journal of Industrial 

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2002; 28 

(2):70-73. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

Bacterial cultures originating from 

contaminated soils were able to mineralize 

three- and four-ring PAH mixtures in the 

presence of B(a)P in laboratory experiments. 

Drozdowska, Violetta; Babichenko, Sergey; Lisin, 

Aleksey. Natural water fluorescence 

characteristics based on lidar investigations 

of a surface water layer polluted by an oil 

film; the Baltic cruise - May 2000.

Oceanologia. 2002; 44 (3):339-354. ISSN: 

0078-3234. 

Researchers investigated the effect of oil in the 

surface layer of seawater to detect its influence 

on the natural fluorescing components and 

fluorescent characteristics normally found in 

seawater. Oil on the water surface was found to 

distort the lidar signal entering the water and the 

return signal as well, prompting the need for 

further investigations to redress this problem. 

Duke, Norman C. et al. Dispersant use and a 

bioremediation strategy as alternate means 

of reducing impacts of large oil spills on 

mangroves: the Gladstone field trials. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 41 (7-12):403-412. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Use of dispersants led to less mangrove 

mortality in comparison with a non-treated spill. 

Bioremediation didn't seem to help save more 

trees than in non-treated sites, but authors noted 

that leaf densities in trees that survived were 

higher in areas treated with bioremediation, one 

year after the oiling. 

Duncan, Kathleen; Jennings, Eleanor; Buck, Paul; 

Wells, Harrington. Multi-species ecotoxicity 

assessment of petroleum-contaminated soil.

Soil & Sediment Contamination. 2003; 12 

(2):181-206. ISSN: 1532-0383. 

Three lysimeters used in a 1992 study were 

investigated three and five years after initial soil 

restoration experiments to identify hydrocarbondegrading communities, rates of bioremediation, 

types and numbers of nematodes, and plant 

diversity associated with either use of fertilizer 

or no amendment added to contaminated soils. 

Dutta, T. K.; Harayama, S. Analysis of long side 

chain alkylaromatics in crude oil for 

evaluation of their fate in the environment.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2001; 35 

(1):102-107. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

GC-MS was used to analyze the effectiveness of 

degradation of n-alkylbenzenes by UV and 

bacteria. Authors found that n-alkylbenzenes 

were susceptible to biodegradation but not to 

photooxidation, and that nalkylbenzothiophenes were effectively 

photooxidized and biodegraded. 

Dutta, T. K.; Harayama, S. Biodegradation of nalkylcycloalkanes and n-alkylbenzenes via 

new pathways in Alcanivorax sp strain MBIC 

4326. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 

2001; 67 (4):1970-1974. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Dutta, T. K.; Harayama, S. Time-of-flight mass 

spectrometric analysis of high-molecularweight alkanes in crude oil by silver nitrate 

chemical ionization after laser desorption.

Analytical Chemistry. 2001; 73 (5):864-869. 

ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Dyman, Thaddeus S.; Schmoker, James W.; Schenk, 

Christopher J. Relative uncertainty of 

conventional natural gas plays in the Gulf 

Coast region. In Dyman, Thaddeus S.; 

Kuuskraa, Vello A. (Eds.) Geologic Studies of 

Deep Natural Gas Resources (CD-ROM). 

Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey; 2001; 

USGS Digital Data Series DDS-67; 6 pp. 

Ebihara, T.; Bishop, P. L. Effect of acetate on 

biofilms utilized in PAH bioremediation.

Environmental Engineering Science. 2002; 19 

(5):305-319. ISSN: 1092-8758. 

Acetate acted as a supplemental growth 

substrate by increasing viable biomass content, 

which aided the biodegradation process in a 

porous media. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

76

Eckford, R. E.; Fedorak, P. M. Chemical and 

microbiological changes in laboratory 

incubations of nitrate amendment ''sour'' 

produced waters from three western 

Canadian oil fields. Journal of Industrial 

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2002; 29 

(5):243-254. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

Researchers investigated which types of nitratereducing bacteria (NRB) thrived when exposed 

to nitrate-amended “sour” waters from three oil 

fields. Results suggest that in order to accelerate 

sulfide removal, an active heterotrophic NRB 

population must overtake sulfate-reducing 

bacteria and suspend anaerobic sulfur cycling. 

Eckford, R. E.; Fedorak, P. M. Planktonic nitratereducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing 

bacteria in some western Canadian oil field 

waters. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2002; 29 (2):83-92. ISSN: 1367-

5435. 

A one-year study found that bioturbation 

processes have a significant influence on the 

fate of acyclic hydrocarbons following 

petroleum contamination. Sizeable losses of 

hydrocarbons were contributed to macrobenthic 

organisms, which aided in the degradation 

process. 

Eckford, Ruth; Cook, Fred D.; Saul, David; Aislabie, 

Jackie; Foght, Julia. Free-living heterotrophic 

nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from fuelcontaminated Antarctic soils. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 68 

(10):5181-5185. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Bacteria found in contaminated soil from 

Antarctica were isolated and then investigated 

for evidence of diazotrophy, the effects of 

temperature on growth rate, and their ability to 

utilize carbon. 

Ehrenberg, S. N.; Jakobsen, K. G. Plagioclase 

dissolution related to biodegradation of oil in 

Brent Group sandstones (Middle Jurassic) of 

Gullfaks Field, northern North Sea.

Sedimentology. 2001; 48 (4):703-721. ISSN: 

0037-0746. 

Researchers describe a set of mineralogical data 

from cores in the Gullfaks Field, where absence 

of plagioclase corresponds spatially to an area 

of biodegrated oil composition, suggesting 

mesogenetic timing of dissolution. However, 

not all observations are accounted for by this 

model. Researchers hope that results obtained 

from this work will guide other studies to 

recognize inorganic diagenetic effects of 

petroleum biodegradation. 

Eichlerová, Ivana et al. Screening of Pleurotus 

ostreatus isolates for their ligninolytic 

properties during cultivation on natural 

substrates. Biodegradation. 2000; 11 (5):279-

287. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Results from this study show that screening 

methods based on the behavior of strains tested 

under natural conditions are an essential step in 

the selection of relevant isolates prior to their 

introduction to contaminated sites. 

Eiroa, A. Andrade; Blanco, E. Vázquez; Mahía, P. 

López; Lorenzo, S. Muniategui; Rodríguez, D. 

Prada. Resolution of benzo[a]pyrene in 

complex mixtures of other polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparison of two 

spectrofluorimetric methods applied to water 

samples. Analyst. 2000; 125 (7):1321-1326. 

ISSN: 0003-2654. 

Constant-wavelength synchronous 

luminescence (CWSL), in combination with 

multiple linear regression, and secondderivative constant-energy synchronous 

luminescence (SDCESL), were used in 

experiments to determine the quantity of B[a]P 

in mixtures containing other forms of PAH. 

Ejechi, Bernard Onyekweli. Biodegradation of 

wood in crude oil-polluted soil. World Journal 

of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2003; 19 

(8):799-804. ISSN: 0959-3993. 

The addition of crude oil initially hindered the 

biodegradation of obeche wood blocks buried in 

soil. However, the degradation of crude oil 

helped remove residual sugars, increasing the 

breakdown of wood at the cellular structure by 

decomposing fungi. 

El Afifi, E. M.; Khalifa, S. M.; Aly, H. F. 

Assessment of the 226Ra content and the 222Rn 

emanation fraction of TE-NORM wastes at 

certain sites of petroleum and gas production 

in Egypt. Journal of Radioanalytical and 

Nuclear Chemistry. 2004; 260 (1):221-224. 

ISSN: 0236-5731. 

Analysis with y-ray spectrometry show that the 

emanation fraction of the Rn isotope differs in 

oil and gas sites than from other release sources. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

77

El-Din, N. M. N.; Adbel-Moati, M. A. R. 

Accumulation of trace metals, petroleum 

hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in marine copepods from the 

Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2001; 66 

(1):110-117. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Zooplankton samples collected during the 

winter and summer of 1998 were analyzed to 

assess the impact of growing industrialization in 

this region of the Arabian Gulf on the marine 

environment. 

El-Kadi, Aly I. Modeling hydrocarbon 

biodegradation in tidal aquifers with watersaturation and heat inhibition effects. Journal 

of Contaminant Hydrology. 2001; 51 (1-2):97-

125. ISSN: 0169-7722. 

This paper describes a model incorporates 

saturated and unsaturated flow, multi-species 

transport, heat transport, and bacterial growth to 

predict hydrocarbon degradation. 

El-Tayeb, S. M.; Abed, K. F. The effects of certain 

nutritional additives on the activity of 

Sporosarcina ureae in biodegrading oil in the 

Arabian Gulf water. Arab Gulf Journal of 

Scientific Research. 1999; 17 (2):303-312. 

ISSN: 1015-4442. 

Enell, Anja; Reichenberg, Fredrik; Warfvinge, Per; 

Ewald, Göran. A column method for 

determination of leaching of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons from aged 

contaminated soil. Chemosphere. 2004; 54 

(6):707-715. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A combination of a sedimentation chamber and 

an on-line filtration method allows researchers 

to measure concentrations and extract minute 

amounts of hydrophobic organic contaminants 

leaching from aged contaminated soils. 

Engelhardt, M. A.; Daly, K.; Swannell, R. P. J.; 

Head, I. M. Isolation and characterization of 

a novel hydrocarbon-degrading, grampositive bacterium, isolated from intertidal 

beach sediment, and description of 

Planococcus alkanoclasticus sp. nov. Journal 

of Applied Microbiology. 2001; 90 (2):237-247. 

ISSN: 1364-5072. 

Bacteria extracted from beach sediment in 

Somerset, UK, were found to be capable of 

extensive degradation of linear and branched 

alkanes in crude oil. Phenotypic and genotypic 

data led researchers to identify the strain as a 

new species of bacteria. 

Eriksson, Mikael; Ka, J. O.; Mohn, William W. 

Effects of low temperature and freeze-thaw 

cycles on hydrocarbon biodegradation in 

Arctic tundra soil. Applied and Environmental 

Microbiology. 2001; 67 (11):5107-5112. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Degradation of hydrocarbons in Arctic soil was 

monitored at -5, 0 and 7° C, with freeze-thaw 

cycles simulating day and night temperatures. 

Hydrocarbons were degraded at or above 0°, 

and it was suggested that the freeze-thaw cycles 

may have stimulated the process. 

Eriksson, Mikael; Sodersten, Erik; Yu, Zhongtang; 

Dalhammar, Gunnel; Mohn, William W. 

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons at low temperature under 

aerobic and nitrate-reducing conditions in 

enrichment cultures from northern soils.

Applied &S Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 

69 (1):275-284. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Results of experiments show that some types of 

PAHs can be reduced by microbes at low 

temperatures under anaerobic conditions. Soil 

enrichment led to predominance of some 

bacterial species, which were then identified. 

Ese, Marit-Helen; Kilpatrick, Peter K. Stabilization 

of water-in-oil emulsions by naphthenic acids 

and their salts: model compounds, role of 

pH, and soap: acid ratio. Journal of 

Dispersion Science and Technology. 2004; 25 

(3):253-261. ISSN: 0193-2691. 

Authors investigate the use of soaps to 

counteract acids in the creation of colloidal 

structures during petroleum production. 

Exploration, appraisal drilling to expand offshore 

Ireland. Offshore. 2003; 63 (4):46,148. ISSN: 

0030-0608. 

Seep detection surveys and geochemical 

analyses of shallow core samples revealed the 

presence of gas chimneys in exploration 

appraisals of the Rockall and Erris basins. 

Fähnrich, Karsten A.; Pravda, Miloslav; Guilbault, 

George G. Immunochemical detection of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Analytical Letters. 2002; 35 (8):1269-1300. 

ISSN: 0003-2719. 

This paper reviews types of immunochemical 

methods currently used for the detection of 

PAHs, and identifies further research 

possibilities, as well as limitations of the 

technologies, in comparison with other popular 

detection methodologies. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

78

Faksness, Liv-Guri; Daling, Per S.; Hansen, Asger B. 

Round Robin study - oil spill identification.

Environmental Forensics. 2002; 3 (3-4):279-

291. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

In order to test a methodology which the authors 

believe should be considered as part of new 

guidelines for oil spill identification, seven oil 

samples from the North Sea were studied to 

determine their origin. 

Faksness, Liv-Guri; Grini, P. G.; Daling, Per S. 

Partitioning of semi-soluble organic 

compounds between the water phase and oil 

droplets in produced water. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2004; 48 (7-8):731-742. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Settling experiments show a correlation 

between dispersed oil concentrations and water 

phase in produced water and concentrations of 

semi-soluble aromatics and alkylated phenols. 

There is a high variability in the distribution of 

dispersed oil and water phase for different 

component groups of PAHs. 

Fall, Cheikh; Chaouki, Jamal; Chavarie, Claude; 

Elena-Ortega, Rosa. Multivariate study on 

phenanthrene sorption in soils. Journal of 

Environmental Engineering - ASCE. 2003; 129 

(11):1030-1040. ISSN: 0733-9372. 

A modeling approach was developed and tested 

to re-assess the impact that soil characteristics 

and liquid phase composition have on the 

adsorption of phenanthrene in complex soilwater structures. This study confirmed that the 

organic carbon content of soil was the main 

factor controlling adsorption, and detected two 

interactions and two main effects associated 

with the addition of amendments. 

Fang, Jiasong; Lovanh, Nanh; Alvarez, Pedro J. J. 

The use of isotopic and lipid toluene 

degradation to specific analysis techniques 

linking microorganisms: applications and 

limitations. Water Research. 2004; 38 

(10):2529-2536. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

Using five microbial strains, researchers found 

evidence that caution should be used when 

looking for links between lipid data and changes 

in bacteria populations in biodegradation studies 

using 13C-labeled tracers. 

Fang, Meng-Der; Lee, Chon-Lin; Yu, Chia-Shun. 

Distribution and source recognition of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the 

sediments of Hsin-Ta Harbour and adjacent 

coastal areas, Taiwan. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (8):941-953. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Contaminated sediment samples were collected 

from Hsin-Ta Harbour and adjacent coastal area 

and analyzed to characterize PAHs into groups 

for the purpose of fingerprinting to differentiate 

source recognition of the pollutants. 

Farajzadeh, M. A.; Matin, A. A. Semi-micro solvent 

extraction as a rapid and efficient 

preconcentration technique for the 

determination of n-alkanes in oilcontaiminated water and soil samples by 

capillary gas chromatography.

Chromatographia. 2002; 55 (3-4):225-229. 

ISSN: 0009-5893. 

Authors explain a process used to study the 

optimization of liquid-liquid semi-micro 

extraction in the analysis of higher aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Fasnacht, Matthew P.; Blough, Neil V. Aqueous 

photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (20):4364-4369. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Researchers measured kinetics and quantum 

yields for the photodegradation of 12 PAHs by 

exposing low concentrations of the 

hydrocarbons, in both pure and natural waters, 

to light in the solar rage. 

Fedotov, Petr S.; Bauer, Coretta; Popp, Peter; 

Wennrich, Rainer. Dynamic extraction in 

rotating coiled columns, a new approach to 

direct recovery of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from soils. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2004; 1023 (2):305-309. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

The application of rotating coiled columns has 

previously been applied to the fast continuousflow extraction of heavy metals from soils. In 

this paper, the authors report that the same 

application has been successful in the direct 

recovery of PAHs from environmental solid 

samples. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

79

Feely, M.; Parnell, J. Fluid inclusion studies of well 

samples from the hydrocarbon prospective 

Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland. Journal of 

Geochemical Exploration. 2003; 78 (SI 9):55-

59. ISSN: 0375-6742. 

The presence of aqueous and oil-bearing fluids 

was determined in well samples by the use of 

UV light microscopy and microthermometry. 

Results indicate the existence of medium and 

light oils in the basin. 

Feitkenhauer, Heiko; Märkl, Herbert. 

Biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic 

hydrocarbons at high temperatures. Water 

Science and Technology. 2003; 47 (10):123-

130. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Increasing the temperature of specific PAHs 

from 20° to 75° C enhanced bioavailability by 

raising the rates of solubility and oxygen 

transfer, leading to efficient conversion of 

PAHs and high growth rates of microbial mixed 

cultures. 

Feitkenhauer, Heiko; Müller, Rudolf; Märkl, Herbert. 

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons and long chain alkanes at 60-

70 °C by Thermus and Bacillus spp.

Biodegradation. 2003; 14 (6):367-372. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Biodegradation experiments used thermophilic 

microorganisms targeting PAH compounds and 

PAH/alkane mixtures under high temperature 

conditions with relatively neutral pH values. 

Results demonstrated conversion of 3-5 ring 

PAHs. However, an additional degradable 

liquid phase was necessary for bacteria to 

efficiently reduce PAHs, according to 

researchers. 

Ferguson, Susan H. et al. Effects of temperature on 

mineralisation of petroleum in contaminated 

Antarctic terrestrial sediments. Chemosphere. 

2003; 52 (6):975-987. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Effective rates of mineralization were 

established in contaminated Antarctic soil at 

temperatures between 27 and 42°C. The authors 

believe that a high-temperature treatment of 

Antarctic soil can be an option for the rapid 

biodegradation of contaminants. 

Fernández-Sánchez, Jorge F.; Carretero, Antonio 

Segura; Cruces-Blanco, Carmen; FernándezGutiérrez, Alberto. The development of solidsurface fluorescence characterization of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for 

potential screening tests in environmental 

samples. Talanta. 2003; 60 (2-3):287-293. 

ISSN: 0039-9140. 

Fluorescence properties of PAHs were 

investigated on five types of solid-surfaces 

under experimental variables to determine the 

characterization of these hydrocarbons and to 

establish the best conditions for developing 

sensors for further screening. 

Few operators equipped to exploit Gulf's deep 

shelf gas opportunities. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2004; 102 (18):32-34. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The potential for deepwater discoveries in the 

Gulf of Mexico still remains high. However, the 

opportunities to exploit these reserves are low, 

because several factors are deterring operators 

from further deep shelf drilling. 

Field, J. A. Limits of anaerobic biodegradation.

Water Science and Technology. 2002; 45 

(10):9-18. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

The author reviews constraints on the ability of 

microbes to completely biodegrade 

hydrocarbons, including intrinsic recalcitrance 

and limitations on bioavailability. 

Filimonova, Z. V.; Pokarzhevskii, A. D. 

Enchytraeid Enchytraeus cypticus as a test 

organism for crude oil contaminitation of 

soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination 

and Toxicology. 2000; 65 (3):407-414. ISSN: 

0007-4861. 

Sensitive species and parameters of soil biota 

are used as a biotest to assess crude oil 

contamination. It is difficult to estimate the 

direct impact of crude oil contamination on soil 

biota because of other factors that influence the 

change in soil biota. 

Filonov, Andrei E. et al. Efficiency of naphthalene 

biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida G7 in 

soil. Journal of Chemical Technology and 

Biotechnology. 2004; 79 (6):562-569. ISSN: 

0268-2575. 

Authors describe a model used to assess the 

efficiency of naphthalene degradation 

incorporating growth kinetics accounting for the 

utilization of soil organic matter by P. putida

G7. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

80

Finkbeiner, T.; Zoback, M.; Flemings, P.; Stump, B. 

Stress, pore pressure, and dynamically 

constrained hydrocarbon columns in the 

South Eugene Island 330 field, northern Gulf 

of Mexico. AAPG Bulletin. 2001; 85 (6):1007-

1031. ISSN: 0149-1423. 

A "dynamic capacity model" was created by the 

authors to explain a rapidly formed basin and 

the migration of petroleum from considerable 

distances underneath. 

Fleeger, John W.; Lotufo, Guilherme R. 

Development and Application of a Sublethal 

Toxicity Test to PAH Using Marine 

Harpacticoid Copepods. New Orleans, La.: 

U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Resource Evaluation 

Division; 1999; OCS Study MMS 99-0001; 38 

pp. 

Nitocra lacustris and Schizopera knabeni were 

exposed to diesel fuel throughout stages in their 

life cycle to determine toxicity rates of PAHs, 

and to learn the mechanisms behind 

contaminant effects. 

Flemings, Peter B.; Stump, Beth B.; Finkbeiner, 

Thomas; Zoback, Mark. Flow focusing in 

overpressured sandstones: theory, 

observations, and applications. American 

Journal of Science. 2002; 302 (10):827-855. 

ISSN: 0002-9599. 

Authors estimate spatial variation in pressure at 

two Eugene Island 330 reservoirs in the Gulf of 

Mexico, based on mudstone pressures arrived at 

from porosity and sandstone pressure 

measurements. From this data, hydrocarbon 

flow and migration rates can be predicted. 

Fletcher, Kristin A.; Pandey, Shubha; Storey, Isaiah 

K.; Hendricks, Ashley E.; Pandey, Siddharth. 

Selective fluorescence quenching of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 

nitromethane within room temperature ionic 

liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 

hexafluorophosphate. Analytica Chimica Acta. 

2002; 453 (1):89-96. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

This paper describes a new method of analyzing 

PAHs by using 2-butyl-3- methylimidazolium 

hexafluorophosphate as an ionic liquid. 

Flocco, C. G. et al. Some physiological, microbial, 

and toxicological aspects of the removal of 

phenanthrene by hydroponic cultures of 

alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). International 

Journal of Phytoremediation. 2002; 4 (3):169-

186. ISSN: 1522-6514. 

Investigators monitored plant growth, 

chlorophyll content of leaves, and peroxidase 

activity in roots to ascertain the effectiveness of 

alfalfa in the phytoremediation of phenanthrene. 

Fortin, Nathalie; Beaumier, Danielle; Lee, Kenneth; 

Greer, Charles W. Soil washing improves the 

recovery of total community DNA from 

polluted and high organic content sediments.

Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2004; 56 

(2):181-191. ISSN: 0167-7012. 

Soil washing led to desorption of contaminants 

from sediment surfaces and improved the 

recovery of DNA in highly polluted marine and 

hydrocarbon-contaminated freshwater 

sediments. 

Frontera-Suau, Roberto; Bost, F. Daniel; McDonald, 

Thomas J.; Morris, Pamela J. Aerobic 

biodegradation of hopanes and other 

biomarkers by crude oil-degrading 

enrichment cultures. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (21):4585-4592. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Specifics and patterns of biomarker degradation 

were determined for mixed microbial cultures 

from various sites. In addition, an LC culture 

was tested for biomarker degradation profiles 

with crude oils from Alaska, Nigeria, and 

Venezuela. 

Frysinger, Glenn S.; Gaines, Richard B. Separation 

and identification of petroleum biomarkers 

by comprehensive two-dimensional gas 

chromatography. Journal of Separation 

Science. 2001; 24 (2):87-96. ISSN: 1615-9306. 

Frysinger, Glenn S.; Gaines, Richard B.; Xu, Li; 

Reddy, Christopher M. Resolving the 

unresolved complex mixture in petroleumcontaminated sediments. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2003; 37 (8):1653-1662. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Researchers used comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography to analyze 

types of hydrocarbons from petroleumcontaminated marine sediment. Further analysis 

will focus on thousands of chemical 

components of the sample, which will help 

understand sources, weathering and toxicity of 

the hydrocarbons. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

81

Gabriel, J. et al. Degradation of BTEX and PAHs 

by Co(II) and Cu(II)-based radicalgenerating systems. Applied Catalysis B - 

Environmental. 2004; 51 (3):159-164. ISSN: 

0926-3373. 

Various combinations of cobalt and copper with 

hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid were used 

to achieve 95% reduction rates for a number of 

PAHs within an hour. Further research traced 

the breakdown of specific PAHs in the 

formation of other compounds. 

Gabryelski, Wojciech; Froese, Kenneth L. 

Characterization of naphthenic acids by 

electrospray ionization high-field asymmetric 

waveform ion mobility spectrometry mass 

spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 2003; 75 

(17):4612-4623. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Authors describe a new and fast method of 

analyzing commercial and naturally occurring 

naphthenic acids. One advantage of this 

technique is the ability to separate structural 

isomers, an important factor in establishing the 

composition of the acids. 

Gaile, A. A. et al. Production of environmentally 

friendly diesel fuel and petroleum aromatic 

solvents by extraction combined with 

azeotropic distillation. Russian Journal of 

Applied Chemistry. 2001; 74 (5):864-869. 

ISSN: 1070-4272. 

Authors propose a method for the production of 

an environmentally-friendly diesel fuel. The 

new fuel is created by a five-step countercurrent 

extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from the 

hydrofined diesel fraction with 

dimethylforamamide and pentane, followed by 

regeneration of extracts from azeotropic 

distillation. 

Gallego, José L. R.; Loredo, Jorge; Llamas, Juan F.; 

Vázquez, Fernando; Sánchez, Jesús. 

Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soils: 

evaluation of potential in situ techniques by 

study of bacterial degradation.

Biodegradation. 2001; 12 (5):325-335. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Using a bioreactor design, researchers 

monitored biodegradation efficiency of bacteria 

in diesel-contaminated soil. The ongoing use of 

microbial and chemical analyses allowed for 

real-time improvements in degradation rates by 

active biostimulation of the contaminated soil. 

Acinetobacter sp. was identified as the 

predominant species in the degradation process. 

Galushko, A. S.; Kiesele-Lang, U.; Kappler, A. 

Degradation of 2-methylnaphthalene by a 

sulfate-reducing enrichment culture of 

mesophilic freshwater bacteria. Polycyclic 

Aromatic Compounds. 2003; 23 (2):207-218. 

ISSN: 1040-6638. 

An enrichment culture of sulfate-reducing 

bacteria was used to degrade a hydrocarbon 

compound under oxygen- and sulfate-reducing 

conditions. Researchers noted the accumulation 

of specific metabolites during the 

biodegradation process. 

Gambus, G.; Patino, P. Analysis of the properties of 

a CH4/H2 and its interactions with liquid 

hydrocarbons. Revista Mexicana de Fisica. 

2003; 49 (Supp. 3):143-145. ISSN: 0035-001X. 

García-Junco, Marta; De Olmedo, Elvira; OrtegaCalvo, José-Julio. Bioavailability of solid and 

non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-dissolved 

phenanthrene to the biosurfactant-producing 

bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 19SJ.

Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 3 (9):561-

569. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

In this study, the growth and production of 

rhamnolipids by P. aeruginosa were monitored 

to determine the effectiveness of the 

biodegradation of phenanthrene in both crystal 

and dissolved non-aqueous phase liquid forms. 

Garcia-Junco, Marta; Gomez-Lahoz, Cesar; NiquiArroyo, Jose-Luis; Ortega-Calvo, José-Julio. 

Biosurfactant- and biodegradation-enhanced 

partitioning of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from nonaqueous-phase 

liquids. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2003; 37 (13):2988-2996. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Results of studies of partitioning kinetics 

conducted in the presence of surfactants and 

PAH-degrading bacteria suggest that in situ

treatments of biosurfactants and biodegradation 

can efficiently enhance the partitioning of 

PAHs. 

García-Rivero, M.; Saucedo-Castañeda, G.; Flores 

De Hoyos, S.; Gutiérrez-Rojas, M. Mass 

transfer and hydrocarbon biodegradation of 

aged soil in slurry phase. Biotechnology 

Progress. 2002; 18 (4):728-733. ISSN: 8756-

7938. 

Toluene added to petroleum-contaminated soil 

increased the desorption rate of total petroleum 

hydrocarbons, which improved the 

biodegradation rate. This was somewhat 

complicated by an inhibitory effect from the 

possible creation of a highly toxic toluenehydrocarbon phase. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

82

Gardner, Richard Andrew; Kinkade, Rebecca; Wang, 

Chaojie; Phanstiel, Otto IV. Total synthesis of 

petrobactin and its homologues as potential 

growth stimuli for Marinobacter 

hydrocarbonoclasticus, an oil-degrading 

bacteria. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2004; 

69 (10):3530-3537. ISSN: 0022-3263. 

Researchers synthesized petrobactin and its 

homologues and them to a hydrocarbondegrading microbe to learn how siderophores 

influence the growth of the species. 

Garon, David; Krivobok, S.; Wouessidjewe, D.; 

Seigle-Murandi, Françoise. Influence of 

surfactants on solubilization and fungal 

degradation of fluorene. Chemosphere. 2002; 

47 (3):303-309. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

In order to determine the best combination of 

fluorene degradation abilities in assays, 

researchers used two nonionic surfactants 

(Tween 80 and Triton X-100) and an anionic 

surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) in 

experiments with eighteen fungal strains. 

Garon, David; Sage, Lucile; Seigle-Murandi, 

Françoise. Effects of fungal bioaugmentation 

and cyclodextrin amendment on fluorene 

degradation in soil slurry. Biodegradation. 

2004; 15 (1):1-8. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

The addition of cyclodextrin increased the 

solubility of fluorene in soil. In soil slurry 

experiments, the enhanced bioavailability of 

fluorene resulted in higher degradation levels by 

fungi originally isolated from PAHcontaminated soil. 

Garon, David; Wouessidjewe, D.; Seigle-Murandi, 

Françoise. Enhanced degradation of fluorene 

in soil slurry by Absidia cylindrospora and 

maltosyl-cyclodextrin. Chemosphere. 2004; 56 

(2):159-166. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

After testing 47 fungal strains for their ability in 

the biodegradation of a PAH in liquid medium 

and soil slurry, authors identify the most 

efficient species. Further tests showed 90% 

degradation rate that was enhanced with the 

addition of maltosyl-cyclodextrin. 

Gauthier, E. et al. Initial characterization of new 

bacteria degrading high-molecular weight 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons isolated 

from a 2-year enrichment in a two-liquidphase culture system. Journal of Applied 

Microbiology. 2003; 94 (2):301-311. ISSN: 

1364-5072. 

Bacteria were isolated from a consortium found 

to be degrading high molecular weight PAHs. 

Four promising species were identified from the 

group and a better understanding of the 

mechanisms behind biodegradation was 

obtained. 

George, Gareth T. Late Yeadonian (Upper 

Sandstone Group) incised valley supply and 

depositional systems in the South Wales 

peripheral foreland basin: implications for 

the evolution of the Culm Basin and for the 

Silesian hydrocarbon plays of onshore and 

offshore UK. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 

2001; 18 (6):671-705. ISSN: 0264-8172. 

Thought to be a simple geological formation, 

the Upper Sandstone Group of North Wales is 

actually a complex formation that may hold 

hydrocarbon reservoirs. 

George, Simon C.; Boreham, Christopher J.; Minifie, 

Sandra A.; Teerman, Stan C. The effect of 

minor to moderate biodegradation on 5

C to 9

C hydrocarbons in crude oils. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2002; 33 (12):1293-1317. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Analysis of 18 oil samples from areas of the 

Barrow Island oilfield, Australia, suggests that 

the kinetic isotope effect related to 

biodegradation is site specific and usually 

related to a terminal carbon. 

Gerstl, Zev. Quantitative structure-activity 

relationships (QSARs) as a tool for 

predicting the sorption of organic chemicals 

in soils. Israel Journal of Chemistry. 2002; 42 

(1):55-65. ISSN: 0021-2148. 

This paper reviews the use of QSARs for 

predicting soil sorption coefficients for 

contaminants based on linear free-energy 

relationships, molecular connectivity indices, 

and quantum mechanical approaches. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

83

Ghazali, F. M.; Rahman, R. N. Z. A.; Salleh, A. B.; 

Basri, M. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in 

soil by microbial consortium. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2004; 54 

(1):61-67. ISSN: 0964-8305. 

Two separate bacterial consortiums, consisting 

of 3 and 6 strains, were selected for abilities to 

grow on crude oil or on specific PAHs. The 

groups were tested on soil samples 

contaminated with diesel, crude oil, or engine 

oil. The 6-member consortium was found to 

better reduce hydrocarbons in the soil. 

Giamarchi, P.; Burel, L.; Stephan, L.; Lijour, Y.; 

LeBihan, A. Laser-induced fluorescence with 

an OPO system. Part I. Optimisation of the 

analytical system by use of experimental 

design methodology. Application to the direct 

quantification of traces of benzo[a]pyrene.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002; 

374 (3):490-497. ISSN: 1618-2642. 

Laser-induced fluorescence was used for the 

direct analysis of trace pollutants in water, 

based on time-resolution potential and 

extremely high sensitivity. Detection levels for 

B(a)P were established in drinking water and 

raw water. 

Gibb, Angela; Chu, Angus; Wong, Ron Chik Kwong; 

Goodman, Ron H. Bioremediation kinetics of 

crude oil at 5° C. Journal of Environmental 

Engineering - ASCE. 2001; 127 (9):818-824. 

ISSN: 0733-9372. 

Researchers compared mineralization rates of 

Alberta Sweet Mix crude oil at 5° C and 21° C. 

They concluded that this type of crude oil could 

be degraded at cold temperatures. 

Gibson, Richard G.; Bentham, Peter A. Use of faultseal analysis in understanding petroleum 

migration in a complexly faulted anticlinal 

trap, Columbus Basin, offshore Trinidad.

AAPG Bulletin. 2003; 87 (3):465-478. ISSN: 

0149-1423. 

To understand and effectively evaluate the role 

of a fault seal and how it controls petroleum 

migration, a model that predicts movement of 

petroleum through stratigraphic sequence using 

shale gouge ratio was investigated in the 

Columbus Basin, offshore Trinidad. 

Gibson, Richard G.; Dzou, Leon I. P. Shelf 

petroleum system of the Columbus basin, 

offshore Trinidad, West Indies: II. Field 

geochemistry and petroleum migration 

model. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2004; 

21 (1):109-129. ISSN: 0264-8172. 

The structural evolution of the Columbus basin 

is owed to complex interactions, leading to two 

mechanisms behind the migration of petroleum. 

Geochemical traits of petroleum in this system 

indicate mature oils from horizontal migration 

along great distances, in contradiction to 

previously proposed models of the basin, which 

suggested vertical migration. 

Gibson, Richard G.; Dzou, Leon I. P.; Greeley, David 

F. Shelf petroleum system of the Columbus 

basin, offshore Trinidad, West Indies. I. 

Source rock, thermal history, and controls on 

product distribution. Marine and Petroleum 

Geology. 2004; 21 (1):97-108. ISSN: 0264-

8172. 

Examination of the Columbus basin indicates a 

combination of biogenic and thermogenic gases, 

as well as oil. The distribution of petroleum 

types varies geographically, with oil found more 

in the northwest part of the basin and gas to the 

southwest. Variations in thermal maturity are 

not believed to be the controlling factor on oil 

and gas distribution within the basin. 

Gieg, Lisa M.; Suflita, Joseph M. Detection of 

anaerobic metabolites of saturated and 

aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleumcontaminated aquifers. Environmental Science 

& Technology. 2002; 36 (17):3755-3762. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Alkylsuccinic acids were identified as a 

derivative of the anaerobic decay of 

hydrocarbons by microorganisms. These 

metabolites are good bioindicators of 

hydrocarbon metabolism in contaminated 

aquifers. 

Gimeno, R. A.; Altelaar, A. F. M.; Marcé, R. M.; 

Borrull, F. Determination of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons and polycylic 

aromatic sulfur heterocycles by highperformance liquid chromatography with 

fluorescence and atmospheric pressure 

chemical ionization mass spectrometry 

detection in seawater and sediment samples.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 958 (1-

2):141-148. ISSN: 0021-9673. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

84

Glasby, G. P. Potential impact on climate of the 

exploitation of methane hydrate deposits 

offshore. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 

2003; 20 (2):163-175. ISSN: 0264-8172. 

Due to the potential of environmental impacts 

associated with large-scale releases of CH4, the 

author urges for a need to exercise caution 

before any attempt is made to exploit offshore 

methane hydrate resources. 

Golet, D. S.; Ward, B. B. Vertical distribution of 

denitrification potential, denitrifying 

bacteria, and benzoate utilization in 

intertidal microbial mat communities.

Microbial Ecology. 2001; 42 (1):22-34. ISSN: 

0095-3628. 

Microbial mats from two estuarine systems in 

California were tested to determine the 

importance of denitrification in the degradation 

of benzoate. Data from the experiments suggest 

that denitrification may be nitrate limited under 

in situ conditions. 

Gordon, Linda; Dobson, Alan D. W. Fluoranthene 

degradation in Pseudomonas alcaligenes PA10. Biodegradation. 2001; 12 (6):393-400. 

ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Authors identify four intermediate compounds 

in the catabolic pathway while observing the 

degradation of phenanthrene by a strain of P. 

alcaligenes. 

Gorshkov, A. G.; Marinaite, I. I.; Baram, G. I.; 

Sokov, I. A. Application of high-performance 

liquid chromatography on short narrow-bore 

columns to the determination of priority 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

environmental samples. Journal of Analytical 

Chemistry. 2003; 58 (8):768-774. ISSN: 1061-

9348. 

PAHs were separated by HPLC and determined 

in short narrow-bore columns measuring 2 x 75 

mm. Authors propose detecting 

nonhomogeneous peaks by altering selectivity 

of mobile phase, detection wavelength, and 

column temperature. 

Gourlay, Catherine; Miege, Cécile; Garric, Jeanne; 

Tusseau-Vuillemin, Marie-Hélène; Mouchel, 

Jean-Marie. The use of spectrofluorimetry for 

monitoring the bioaccumulation and the 

biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in Daphnia magna. Polycyclic 

Aromatic Compounds. 2002; 22 (3-4):501-516. 

ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Spectrofluorimetric analysis was used to 

determine the accumulation of fluoranthene, as 

well as indicate the presence of metabolites of 

B[a]P, in D. magna. This method permits for 

the qualitative monitoring of bioaccumulation 

of PAHs in organisms over time. 

Grauls, D. Gas hydrates: importance and 

applications in petroleum exploration.

Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2001; 18 

(4):519-523. ISSN: 0264-8172. 

Gas hydrates are not expected to be recoverable 

in the near future, but their presence offers 

scientists the opportunity to assess geological 

structures that lead to hydrate formation on the 

ocean floor. 

Grishchenkov, V. G. et al. Degradation of 

petroleum hydrocarbons by facultative 

anaerobic bacteria under aerobic and 

anaerobic conditions. Process Biochemistry. 

2000; 35 (9):889-896. ISSN: 0032-9592. 

Seven bacterial strains were tested for their 

ability to reduce nitrate and degrade petroleum 

hydrocarbons in both aerobic and anaerobic 

conditions in experiments ranging from 10 days 

(aerobic) to 50 days (anaerobic). 

Grötzschel, Stefan; Köster, Jürgen; Abed, Raeid M. 

M.; de Beer, Dirk. Degradation of petroleum 

model compounds immobilized on clay by a 

hypersaline microbial mat. Biodegradation. 

2002; 13 (4):273-283. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Chemical, molecular and functional analyses 

were used to follow the degradation of certain 

PAHs on a microbial mat. No significant 

community changes were detected during the 

experiments. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

85

Grujic, Svetlana; Jovancicevic, Branimir; Polic, 

Predrag; Wehner, Hermann. Biomarkers of oiltype pollutants in surface soil. Fresenius 

Environmental Bulletin. 2003; 12 (4):359-363. 

ISSN: 1018-4619. 

Biomarkers were used to assess the impact of 

PAHs on soil organisms five to six weeks after 

a significant amount of oil had been released. 

Authors note that degradation intensities 

fluctuated within relatively small depths of soil 

where n-alkanes were degraded by indigenous 

microorganisms. 

Gu, G. et al. Influence of water-soluble and waterinsoluble natural surface active components 

on the stability of water-in-toluene-diluted 

bitumen emulsion. Fuel. 2002; 81 (14):1859-

1869. ISSN: 0016-2361. 

Gu, Man Bock; Chang, Suk Tai. Soil biosensor for 

the detection of PAH toxicity using an 

immobilized recombinant bacterium and a 

biosurfactant. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 

2001; 16 (9-12):667-674. ISSN: 0956-5663. 

Guieysse, Benôit; Cirne, M. D. T. G.; Mattiasson, 

Bo. Microbial degradation of phenanthrene 

and pyrene in a two-liquid phase-partitioning 

bioreactor. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2001; 56 (5-6):796-802. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

Pyrene and phenanthrene were used in 

experiments to determine the effectiveness of 

biodegradation by microbes in biphasic reactors. 

The reactors assisted in the complete 

degradation of phenanthrene, but only aided the 

removal of pyrene in small amounts when in the 

presence of the phenanthrene. 

Guieysse, Benoît; Wikström, Per; Forsman, Mats; 

Mattiasson, Bo. Biomonitoring of continuous 

microbial community adaptation towards 

more efficient phenol-degradation in a fedbatch bioreactor. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2001; 56 (5-6):780-787. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

Researchers compared randomly amplified 

polymorphic DNS (RAPD) and terminal 

fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) in 

experiments involving the anaerobic 

degradation of phenol by a bacterial culture. 

Faster degradation rates were accomplished 

with repeated substrate amendments of phenol, 

while RAPD was determined to be a better 

technique for observing shifts in the microbial 

community structure. 

Guiraud, P.; Villemain, D.; Kadri, M.; Bordjiba, O.; 

Steiman, R. Biodegradation capability of 

Absidia fusca Linnemann towards 

environmental pollutants. Chemosphere. 

2003; 52 (4):663-671. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Two strains of a fungus were tested on a variety 

of xenobiotics, including PAHs. One strain that 

was isolated from polluted soil effectively 

degraded most of the contaminants. The other 

strain was found to degrade pollutants at very 

low levels. 

Gunther, T.; Kirsche, B.; Fritsche, W. Potential of 

plant-microbe interactions for in situ

bioremediation of hydrocarboncontaminated soils. In Wise, D. L.; Trantolo, 

D. J.; Cichon, H. I.; Stottmeister, U. (Eds.) 

Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils 

(Environmental Science and Pollution Control 

Series, v.22). New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000; 

p. 285-293. ISBN: 0-8247-0333-2. 

Gürgey, Kadir. Correlation, alteration, and origin 

of hydrocarbons in the GCA, Bahar, and 

Gum Adasi fields, western South Caspian 

Basin: geochemical and multivariate 

statistical assessments. Marine and Petroleum 

Geology. 2004; 20 (10):1119-1139. ISSN: 

0264-8172. 

The author investigated 20 crude oil samples 

with geochemical and multivariate statistical 

analysis, and compared results to available 

source-rock data from the area to determine the 

maturity of reservoirs in the South Caspian 

Basin. 

Guthrie-Nichols, Elizabeth et al. The effect of aging 

on pyrene transformation in sediments.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (1):40-49. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Synthetically-aged sediments were amended 

with pyrene and aerated to compare the fate of 

pyrene with spiked, nonaged sediments. Aging 

did not influence the enhancement of pyrene 

sequestration, but did reduce the toxicity of 

sediment humin fractions. 

Haeberle, Frederick R. Reservoir property analysis 

can guide Texas Gulf Coast exploration. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (7):38-43. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

To understand changes that influence reservoir 

properties, 11 categories of properties were 

identified and data was gathered in a study area 

comprising 133 reservoirs in 110 fields. All 

reservoirs consisted of sandstones, and reservoir 

ages ranged from the Cretaceous, Paleocene, 

Eocene, and Oligocene. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

86

Hagestuen, Erik Donald. Development of Solid 

Phase Extraction-Room Temperature 

Phosphorimetry for the Analysis of 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water 

Samples. Thesis (Ph. D.): North Dakota State 

University; 1999;161 leaves. 

Hagestuen, Erik Donald; Arruda, A. F.; Campiglia, 

Andres D. On the improvement of solid-phase 

extraction room-temperature 

phosphorimetry for the analysis of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples.

Talanta. 2000; 52 (4):727-737. ISSN: 0039-

9140. 

The methodology of solid-phase extraction 

room-temperature phosphorimetry for PAHs has 

improved recently. This report describes 

advances by use of more efficient laboratory 

techniques and reduced analysis time. 

Hamada, G. M. Factor identifies hydrocarbon 

recoverability, type. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 

102 (16):49-53. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Petrophysicists are testing a new application 

that incorporates resistivity logs in order to 

evaluate hydrocarbon mobility, identify well 

recovery factor and determine if fluid flow has 

been flushed towards the welbore. 

Hamer, G.; Al-Awadhi, N. Biotechnological 

applications in the oil industry. Acta 

Biotechnologica. 2000; 20 (3-4):335-350. ISSN: 

0138-4988. 

Authors note that the oil industry has distanced 

itself from biotechnical research, and in the 

future, the industry will need to forge closer 

links, especially as more is learned about 

bioremediation. 

Hamlat, M. S.; Kadi, H.; Djeffal, S.; Brahimi, H. 

Radon concentrations in Algerian oil and gas 

industry. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 

2003; 58 (1):125-130. ISSN: 0969-8043. 

Radon concentrations were measured in crude 

oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids, and 

produced water in Algeria and then compared 

with measurements taken in other countries. 

Hansen, Asger B.; Christensen, Jan H.; Avnskjold, J.; 

Andersen, I.; Rasmussen, C. A. Identification 

of oil spills by GC/MS finger-printing in 

relation to the Danish maritime oil spill 

response. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. 

(Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, 

Analysis and Control II. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 199-

207. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

In 1998, the Admiral Danish Fleet enhanced 

surveillance and sampling of observed oil spills 

in the Danish maritime authority. GC/FID and 

GC/MS fingerprinting are now used on samples 

to identify ships responsible for illegally 

discharging oil. 

Hansen, Lance D.; Nestler, Cathy; Ringelberg, Dave; 

Bajpai, Rakesh. Extended bioremediation of 

PAH/PCP contaminated soils from the 

POPILE wood treatment facility.

Chemosphere. 2004; 54 (10):1481-1493. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

A bioremediation experiment involving an 

initial intensive treatment phase comparing two 

landfarming techniques, traditional practice 

versus gas-phase composition cultivation 

strategy, was followed by a two year lessintensive treatment. Although different 

microbial communities developed in each 

intensive treatment site, PAH removals were 

deemed efficient for each site. 

Hao, Ruixia; Lu, Anhuai; Wang, Guanyu. Crude-oildegrading thermophilic bacterium isolated 

from an oil field. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology. 2004; 50 (3):175-182. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

A bacterial strain was grown at temperatures of 

83° C and identified as belonging to the genus 

Thermus. After monitoring its growth on 

different crude oils, researchers found decreases 

in aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes. 

Hara, Akihiro; Syutsubo, Kazuaki; Harayama, 

Shigeaki. Alcanivorax which prevails in oilcontaminated seawater exhibits broad 

substrate specificity for alkane degradation.

Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 5 (9):746-

753. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

Alcanivorax became the predominant microbial 

species in crude oil-polluted seawater 

experiments when nitrogen and phosphorus 

were added to samples. Researchers believe the 

efficiency of the species to degrade alkanes 

allows it to out-compete other types of bacteria. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

87

Harney, Alexander. Bacteria improve oil 

extraction. Financial Times (London). 

Financial Times Ltd.; February 15, 2001;p. 13. 

Statoil has patented a new method of improving 

oil recovery with the aid of bacteria. Results 

from pilot projects suggest that when bacteria 

are supplied with oxygen, they thin out oil close 

to the walls of reservoirs, enabling more oil to 

be recovered. 

Hart, Alan. Numerous play types evident in 

Taranaki basin. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 

(30):40-43. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes the Taranaki basin located 

along the central west coast of New Zealand's 

North Island and its complex geology. 

Currently, all hydrocarbons produced are 

derived from terrestrial source rocks with 

shallow marine influences of CretaceousEocene age. 

Harvey, P. J. et al. Phytoremediation of 

polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and 

phenols. Environmental Science and Pollution 

Research. 2002; 9 (1):29-47. ISSN: 0944-1344. 

Havenga, W. J.; Rohwer, E. R. The use of SPME 

and GC-MS for the chemical 

characterization and assessment of PAH 

pollution in aqueous environmental samples.

International Journal of Environmental 

Analytical Chemistry. 2000; 78 (3-4):205-221. 

ISSN: 0306-7319. 

Hawthorne, Steven B.; Poppendieck, Dustin G.; 

Grabanski, Carol B.; Loehr, Raymond C. PAH 

release during water desorption, 

supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, and 

field bioremediation. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2001; 35 (22):4577-4583. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

PAH-contaminated soil from a manufactured 

gas plant was used in experiments to judge the 

effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide 

extraction (SFE) in the removal of 

hydrocarbons. PAH removal rates were 

compared between SFE and water desorption 

for amounts and concentrations of PAHs over 

time. 

Hayakawa, K. et al. Contamination of aromatic 

hydrocarbons in environmental samples 

after the Nakhodka oil spill. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; p. 231-237. ISBN: 1-85312-

526-1. 

Concentrations of various aromatic 

hydrocarbons were tracked over time by the 

authors following a spill in the Sea of Japan. 

Hayes, L. A.; Lovley, D. R. Specific 16S rDNA 

sequences associated with naphthalene 

degradation under sulfate-reducing 

conditions in harbor sediments. Microbial 

Ecology. 2002; 43 (1):134-145. ISSN: 0095-

3628. 

Microorganisms that were able to mineralize 

contaminated marine harbor sediment from San 

Diego Bay were found to be closely related to 

NaphS2, a specific sulfate-reducing culture 

isolated from sediments in Germany. 

Head, Ian M.; Jones, D. Martin; Larter, Steve R. 

Biological activity in the deep subsurface and 

the origin of heavy oil. Nature. 2003; 426 

(6964):344-352. ISSN: 0028-0836. 

This review summarizes current understanding 

about the composition of heavily biodegraded 

oils, factors influencing their structure, and the 

roles that biological and geological factors play 

in the creation of petroleum systems. 

Hedlund, Brian Paul. Diversity of Marine 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading 

Bacteria and Their Dioxygenases. Thesis (Ph. 

D.): University of Washington; 2000; 139 

leaves. 

Hedlund, Brian Paul; Staley, J. T. Vibrio 

cyclotrophicus sp. nov., a polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading marine 

bacterium. International Journal of Systematic 

Bacteriology. 2001; 51 (1):61-66. ISSN: 0020-

7713. 

Hegazi, A. H.; Andersson, J. T.; Abu-Elgheit, M. A.; 

El-Gayar, M. Sh. Source diagnostic and 

weathering indicators of tar balls utilizing 

acyclic, polycyclic and S-heterocyclic 

components. Chemosphere. 2004; 55 (7):1053-

1065. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

GC/FID, GC/AED and GC/MS analysis of tar 

balls found on beaches in Alexandria, Egypt 

determined the sources as Egyptian crude and 

Bunker C fuel oil, possibly deposited from tank 

washings or ballast discharge. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

88

Hernán, Palma-Fleming; Asencio P., Adalberto J.; 

Gutierrez, Elena. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of 

Corral Bay, south central Chile. Journal of 

Environmental Monitoring. 2004; 6 (3):229-

233. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

PAH values were measured in sediments and 

mussels and divided into low and high 

molecular weight PAHs to establish higher 

concentration values according to exposure 

rates. 

Hill, Alex J.; Ghoshal, Subhasis. Micellar 

solubilization of naphthalene and 

phenanthrene from nonaqueous-phase 

liquids. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2002; 36 (18):3901-3907. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

In this study, five nonionic surfactants were 

evaluated to determine solubilization rates of 

naphthalene, phenanthrene and hexadecane 

from nonaqueous-phase liquids. 

Hinga, K. R. Degradation rates of low molecular 

weight PAH correlate with sediment TOC in 

marine subtidal sediments. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (4):466-474. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

The author compared the percentages of total 

organic carbon (TOC) from several sites 

between three and five months’ time and 

degradation rates for low molecular weight 

PAHs. It is believed that sediment TOC can be a 

useful tool in estimating degradation rates for a 

number of sediment types and for different 

kinds of PAHs. 

Hirano, Shin-ichi et al. Isolation and 

characterization of Xanthobacter 

polyaromaticivorans sp. nov. 127W that 

degrades polycyclic and heterocyclic 

aromatic compounds under extremely low 

oxygen conditions. Bioscience Biotechnology 

and Biochemistry. 2004; 68 (3):557-564. ISSN: 

0916-8451. 

Two strains isolated from anoxic crude oil tank 

sludge were found to degrade various 

hydrocarbons. Further analysis discovered that 

the strains were species of two genuses, 

Xanthobacter and Pseudomonas. 

Hoflich, G.; Gunther, T. Effect of plant-rhizosphere 

microorganism-associations on the 

degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in soil. Die Bodenkultur: 

Austrian Journal of Agricultural Research. 

2000; 51 (2):91-97. ISSN: 0006-5471. 

Höhener, Patrick et al. Biodegradation of petroleum 

hydrocarbon vapors: laboratory studies on 

rates and kinetics in unsaturated alluvial 

sand. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2003; 

66 (1-2):93-115. ISSN: 0169-7722. 

Laboratory column experiments were found to 

accurately determine biodegradation rate 

parameters for a number of PAHs. 

Hokstad, J. N.; Daling, P. S.; Johnsen, S.; Buffagni, 

M. Chemical and toxicological 

characterization of water accomodated 

fractions relevant for oil spill situations. In

Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil 

and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis 

and Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 145-154. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1. 

Two types of North Sea Crude were tested and 

found to have large variations in chemical 

composition, depending on type of crude, 

seawater to oil ratio, and weathering degree of 

the oils. 

Hollender, Juliane; Althoff, Katrin; Mundt, Matthias; 

Dott, Wolfgang. Assessing the microbial 

activity of soil samples, its nutrient limitation 

and toxic effects of contaminants using a 

simple respiration test. Chemosphere. 2003; 

53 (3):269-275. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A fast respirometric method was successfully 

used to determine oxygen consumption and 

carbon dioxide production by microbes. This 

method is suggested as a quick way of assessing 

the need for detailed biodegradation studies. 

Hollender, Juliane; Kock, Burkhardt; Lutermann, 

Christoph; Dott, Wolfgang. Efficiency of 

different methods and solvents for the 

extraction of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from soils. International 

Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 

2003; 83 (1):21-32. ISSN: 0306-7319. 

Researchers compare results of different 

extraction methods on recover rates of various 

PAHs. For this investigation, supercritical fluid 

extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, 

Soxhlet, and ultrasonic extraction were used. 

Holman, H. Y. N. et al. Catalysis of PAH 

biodegradation by humic acid shown in 

synchrotron infrared studies. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2002; 36 (6):1276-1280. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

89

Holowenko, Fervone M.; MacKinnon, Michael D.; 

Fedorak, Phillip M. Naphthenic acids and 

surrogate naphthenic acids in methanogenic 

microcosms. Water Research. 2001; 35 

(11):2595-2606. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

Naphthenic acid (NA) mixtures were not found 

to be the direct source of methane production by 

microbial communities. However, 

methanogenic populations were found to be able 

to adapt to high concentrations of NAs, with 

adjustment time relative to the concentration of 

NAs. 

Homel, E. L.; Allen, H. C. The air-liquid interface 

of benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and 

mesitylene: a sum frequency, Raman, and 

infrared spectroscopic study. Analyst. 2003; 

128 (6):750-755. ISSN: 0003-2654. 

Hori, K.; Matsuzaki, Y.; Tanji, Y.; Unno, H. Effect 

of dispersing oil phase on the 

biodegradability of a solid alkane dissolved 

in non-biodegradable oil. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002; 59 (4-

5):574-579. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

By increasing the specific surface area of oil 

phase, researchers discovered that degradation 

rates declined in dominant microbes utilizing 

substrate uptake in oil by direct contact. It is 

recommended that researchers should determine 

the substrate uptake mechanism in a degrading 

species before applying a surfactant. 

Horvath-Szabo, G.; Masliyah, J. H.; Czarnecki, J. 

Emulsion stability based on phase behavior 

in sodium naphthenates containing systems: 

gels with a high organic solvent content.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2003; 

257 (2):299-309. ISSN: 0021-9797. 

This article describes the stability of emulsions 

with the addition of heptane over a range of 

temperatures. 

Hostettler, Frances. D.; Rosenbauer, R. J.; 

Kvenvolden, K. A. PAH refractory index as a 

source discriminant of hydrocarbon input 

from crude oil and coal in Prince William 

Sound, Alaska - response. Organic Chemistry. 

2000; 31 (9):939-943. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Hou, Li; Lee, Hian Kee. Application of static and 

dynamic liquid-phase microextraction in the 

determination of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Journal of Chromatography A. 

2002; 976 (1-2):377-385. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This study investigated the factors influencing 

the efficiency of PAH analysis in aqueous 

solution for two different types of liquid-phase 

microextraction used in combination with 

HPLC. 

Howerton, Samuel B.; Goodpaster, John V.; 

McGuffin, Victoria L. Characterization of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

environmental samples by selective 

fluorescence quenching. Analytica Chimica 

Acta. 2002; 459 (1):61-74. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Complimentary data can be gathered from using 

fluorescence and by applying nitromethane to 

selective fluorescence quenching in the process 

of identifying specific PAHs. This method of 

identification can be used to identify the source 

of PAHs in environmental samples. 

Hsieh, Ming-Mu; Kuo, Yui-Chun; Tsai, Pei-Ling; 

Chang, Huan-Tsung. Optimizing separation 

conditions for polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in micellar electrokinetic 

chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 

A. 2001; 924 (1-2):397-405. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

A stepwise technique was developed to separate 

10 selected PAHs. Authors suggest that 

capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a useful tool 

for monitoring biological and environmental 

samples. 

Hsu, C. S.; Drinkwater, D. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry in the petroleum 

industry. In Niessen, W. M. A. (Ed.) Current 

Practice of Gas Chromatography - Mass 

Spectrometry (Series: Chromatographic Science 

Series, v.86). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 

2001; p. 55-94. ISBN: 0-8247-0473-8. 

Authors describe specialized techniques, which 

have been developed in the analysis of 

petroleum products, and applications such as 

analyzing biomarkers and specific types of 

hydrocarbons. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

90

Hu, Yuting; Ren, Fenghua; Zhou, Peijin; Xia, Min; 

Liu, Shuangjiang. Degradation of pyrene and 

characterization of Saccharothrix sp PYX-6 

from the oligotrophic Tianchi Lake in 

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

Chinese Science Bulletin. 2003; 48 (20):2210-

2215. ISSN: 1001-6538. 

A strain of bacteria capable of degrading 

anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene was 

isolated and characterized based on 

morphological, physiological and biochemical 

properties. 

Hua, Zhaozhe; Chen, Jian; Lun, Shiyi; Wang, 

Xiaorong. Influence of biosurfactants 

produced by Candida antarctica on surface 

properties of microorganism and 

biodegradation of n-alkanes. Water Research. 

2003; 37 (17):4143-4150. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

The biosurfactant BS-UC influenced the 

emulsification and biodegradation of n-alkane 

substrates by a species of microbe, and its 

presence made it easier for the microbe cell to 

attach to hydrophobic substrate by changing the 

zeta potential of the cell. 

Hua, Zhaozhe; Chen, Yan; Du, Guocheng; Chen, 

Jian. Effects of biosurfactants produced by 

Candida antarctica on the biodegradation of 

petroleum compounds. World Journal of 

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2004; 20 

(1):25-29. ISSN: 0959-3993. 

A biosurfactant produced by a microbial species 

as it grew on n-undecane was found to improve 

the biodegradation rate of some n-alkanes in 

flask culture. In addition, when applied to 

simulated wastewater contaminated with 

kerosene, the biosurfactant improved the 

emulsification and biodegradation rate of the 

pollutant. 

Huang, Baojia; Xiao, Xianming; Li, Xuxuan. 

Geochemistry and origins of natural gases in 

the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, 

offshore South China Sea. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2003; 34 (7):1009-1025. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Data from the isotopic analysis of four offshore 

gas fields indicates that there are three genetic 

groups of gases in the Yinggehai and 

Qiongdongnan basins. Authors surmise origin 

and migration scenarios for each reservoir. 

Huang, Baojia; Xiao, Xianming; Zhang, Mingqiang. 

Geochemistry, grouping and origins of crude 

oils in the Western Pearl River Mouth Basin, 

offshore South China Sea. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2003; 34 (7):993-1008. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Detailed analysis of crude oils and source rocks 

indicates that the oils trapped under the Western 

Pearl River Mouth Basin underwent short 

distance oil migration, suggestive of strong 

source facies controls on geographic dispersal. 

Huang, Haiping; Jin, Guangxi; Lin, Changsong; 

Zheng, Yabin. Origin of an unusual heavy oil 

from the Baiyinchagan depression, Erlian 

basin, northern China. Marine and Petroleum 

Geology. 2003; 20 (1):1-12. ISSN: 0264-8172. 

Six oil samples, collected from shallow 

reservoirs and ranging from normal to 

extremely heavy oil, went through organic 

geochemical analysis to establish their origins. 

Heavy oil samples showed negligible evidence 

of biodegradation, leading researchers to 

conclude that water-washing was the main 

process leading to the formation of the 

hydrocarbons. 

Huang, Haiping; Larter, Steve R.; Bernard, F. J.; 

Oldenburg, Thomas B. P. A dynamic 

biodegradation model suggested by 

petroleum compositional gradients within 

reservoir columns from the Liaohe basin, NE 

China. Organic Geochemistry. 2004; 35 

(3):299-316. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Researchers recorded and observed systematic 

changes at the gradient in two biodegraded oil 

columns to analyze the effects and controls of 

biodegration on petroleum composition. 

Huang, Hsiao-Lin; Lee, Whei-May Grace. Enhanced 

naphthalene solubility in the presence of 

sodium dodecyl sulfate: effect of critical 

micelle concentration. Chemosphere. 2001; 44 

(5):963-972. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

GC and photon ionization detector analyzed 

vapor phase naphthalene in experiments to 

determine the feasibility of using anionic 

surfactants in the removal of vapor phase PAHs 

from gases. 

Huang, Hsiao-Lin; Lee, Whei-May Grace. 

Simultaneous removal of naphthalene and 

sulfur dioxide using surfactant. Journal of 

Environmental Engineering - ASCE. 2002; 128 

(1):60-67. ISSN: 0733-9372. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

91

Hubert, A.; Popp, P.; Wenzel, K.-D.; Engewald, W.; 

Schüürmann, G. One-step cleanup for PAH 

residue analysis in plant matrices using sizeexclusion chromatography. Analytical and 

Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003; 376 (1):53-60. 

ISSN: 1618-2642. 

This study describes a rapid and simple cleanup 

procedure for a number of extraction 

techniques, including accelerated solvent 

extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic 

extraction. 

Huesemann, Michael H.; Hausmann, Tom S.; 

Fortman, Tim J. Assessment of bioavailability 

limitations during slurry biodegradation of 

petroleum hydrocarbons in aged soils.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (12):2853-2860. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

PAH biodegradation was not slowed down by 

limitations of bioavailability, but rather from 

microbial factors such as cometabolic substrates 

or the lack of specific PAH-degrading bacteria. 

Because of this, researchers believe that 

microbially recalcitrant PAHs could be a greater 

environmental risk than currently thought. 

Hutchinson, S. Lewis.; Banks, M. K.; Schwab, A. P. 

Phytoremediation of aged petroleum sludge: 

effect of inorganic fertilizer. Journal of 

Environmental Quality. 2001; 30 (2):395-403. 

ISSN: 0047-2425. 

In experiments lasting one year, two common 

grasses were tested and found to have aided in 

the degradation of hydrocarbons. Authors 

propose a 100:2:0.2 C to N to P ratio for ideal 

fertilizer addition to promote the highest amount 

of remediation. 

Hutchinson, S. Lewis.; Schwab, A. P.; Banks, M. K. 

Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons 

in the rhizosphere. In McCutcheon, S. C.; 

Schnoor, J. L. (Eds.) Phytoremediation (Series: 

Environmental Science & Technology: a Wiley 

Interscience Series of Text and Monographs). 

New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003; p. 355-

386. ISBN: 0-471-39435-1. 

Hutchinson, S. Lewis; Schwab, A. P.; Banks, M. K. 

Phytoremediation of aged petroleum sludge: 

effect of irrigation techniques and 

scheduling. Journal of Environmental Quality. 

2001; 30 (5):1516-1522. ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Subsurface irrigation, performed on a daily 

schedule, was found to increase root growth and 

biomass. This, in turn, increased the depth of 

soil structure conducive to phytoremediation. 

Huybrechts, Tom; Dewulf, Jo; Van Langenhove, 

Herman. State-of-the-art of gas 

chromatography-based methods for analysis 

of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds 

in estuarine waters, illustrated with the river 

Scheldt as an example. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2003; 1000 (1-2):283-297. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This review concentrates on the procedural 

steps in VOC analysis, including the 

comparison of different sample preparation 

techniques, as well as issues of quality 

assurance, quality control, and statistical data 

analysis. In addition, data is presented from the 

results of a 3-year monitoring study. 

Hwang, Sangchul.; Cutright, Teresa. J. Statistical 

impact of the extent of desorption, compound 

aging, and bacteria inoculation on polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2002; 22 

(5):1057-1074. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Hwang, Sangchul; Cutright, Teresa J. 

Biodegradability of aged pyrene and 

phenanthrene in a natural soil. Chemosphere. 

2002; 47 (9):891-899. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Authors studied the effects of biostimulation 

and bioaugumentation on the biodegradability 

of PAHs. They warn that bioavailability of an 

aged soil can be greatly underestimated, if 

investigators rely on a microbial population 

determined from a solution and used as the sole 

agent. 

Hwang, Sangchul; Cutright, Teresa J. Effect of 

expandable clays and cometabolism on PAH 

biodegradability. Environmental Science and 

Pollution Research - International. 2003; 10 

(5):277-280. ISSN: 0944-1344. 

In slurry experiments, biodegradation rates were 

lower for soil samples that included expandable 

clays. This was possibly due to mass transfer 

limitation after pyrene sorption to clays. 

Hwang, Sangchul; Cutright, Teresa J. Preliminary 

exploration of the relationships between soil 

characteristics and PAH desorption and 

biodegradation. Environment International. 

2004; 29 (7):887-894. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Results of experiments found that increased 

levels of expandable clays decreased the levels 

of desorption and rates of biodegradation of 

pyrene. Researchers recommend that the 

contribution of expandable clays to PAH 

bioavailability should be considered when 

predicting rates of bioremediation. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

92

Ijah, U. J. J.; Antai, S. P. Removal of Nigerian light 

crude oil in soil over a 12-month period.

International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation. 2003; 51 (2):93-99. ISSN: 

0964-8305. 

This study examined the biodegradation of 

different concentrations of crude oil in soil by 

various species of bacteria. Authors identified 

microorganisms as belonging to species of 

Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Micrococcus, 

and Alcaligenes, and found that the quantity and 

age of crude oil in the soil influenced the rate 

and extent of hydrocarbon removal. 

Ilori, M. O.; Amund, D.; Robinson, C. K. 

Ultrastructure of two oil-degrading bacteria 

isolated from the tropical soil environment.

Folia Microbiologica. 2000; 45 (3):259-262. 

ISSN: 0015-5632. 

in der Wiesche, Carsten. An Investigation into the 

Remediation of Soils Contaminated by PAH 

Using White-Rot Fungi. Braunschweig: 

Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Landwirtschaft 

Braunschweig-Volkenrode; 2000;136 pp. ISBN: 

3933140412. 

Isikhuemhen, Omoanghe S.; Anoliefo, Geoffrey O.; 

Oghale, Okelezo I. Bioremediation of crude 

oil polluted soil by the white rot fungus, 

Pleurotus tuberregium (Fr.) Sing.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 

2003; 10 (2):109-112. ISSN: 0944-1344. 

Vigna unguiculata was planted in crude oilcontaminated soil following 0, 7, and 14 days 

post-treatment. The success of white rot fungus 

growing in proximity to the plant seedlings was 

determined by observing community growth 

rates and levels of remediation in the different 

treatments of soil. 

Iwabuchi, Noriyuki et al. Extracellular 

polysaccharides of Rhodococcus rhodochrous

S-2 stimulate the degradation of aromatic 

components in crude oil by indigenous 

marine bacteria. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2002; 68 (5):2337-2343. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

Extracellular polysaccharides produced by R. 

Rhodocrous acted as a surfactant for indigenous 

marine bacteria, aiding in the degradation of 

PAHs. 

Jager, Michael J.; McClintic, Daniel P.; Tilotta, 

David C. Measurement of petroleum fuel 

contamination in water by solid-phase 

microextraction with direct Raman 

spectroscopic detection. Applied Spectroscopy. 

2000; 54 (11):1617-1623. ISSN: 0003-7028. 

A new method for determining petroleum fuel 

contamination in water is discussed in this 

article. 

Jager, Tjalling et al. Bioavailability of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons to earthworms 

(Eisenia andrei, Oligochaeta) in field-polluted 

soils and soil-sediment mixtures.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (4):767-775. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Results of bioavailability, sorption and uptake 

investigations suggest that dredge spoil 

deposited on soil may lead to enhanced 

bioavailability of low-molecular-weight PAHs 

in compost worms. 

Janikowski, T. B. et al. Use of a two-phase 

partitioning bioreactor for degrading 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a 

Sphingomonas sp. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2002; 59 (2-3):368-376. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

Rapid biodegradation of PAHs was 

accomplished by using a two-phase partitioning 

bioreactor and solvent in combination with the 

bacterium S. aromaticivorans. Substantial 

improvement in degradation rates can be 

achieved by the limitation of oxygen during the 

process. 

Jirasripongpun, K. The characterization of oildegrading microorganisms from lubricating 

oil contaminated (scale) soil. Letters in 

Applied Microbiology. 2002; 35 (4):296-300. 

ISSN: 0266-8254. 

Johnsen, Anders R.; Bendixen, Karen; Karlson, 

Ulrich. Detection of microbial growth on 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

microliter plates by using the respiration 

indicator WST-1. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2002; 68 (6):2683-2689. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

A water-soluble respiration indicator was used 

with a microliter plate assay to screen bacterial 

isolates which can degrade PAHs. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

93

Johnsen, Anders. R.; Karlson, Ulrich. Evaluation of 

bacterial strategies to promote the 

bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2004; 63 (4):452-459. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

Researchers analyzed byproducts of 

degradation, such as biosurfactants, 

extracellular polymeric substances, and 

biofilms, in liquid shaken cultures to find ways 

to increase the bioavailability of PAHs by 

bacteria. 

Johnson, D. L.; Jones, K. C.; Langdon, C. J.; Piearce, 

T. G.; Semple, K. T. Temporal changes in 

earthworm availability and extractability of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Soil 

Biology & Biochemistry. 2002; 34 (9):1363-

1370. ISSN: 0038-0717. 

The ability to extract chemical compounds from 

contaminants is not an accurate predictor of 

bioavailability in a given organism. E. fetida, 

commonly used in the screening of 

contaminated soils, may not accurately reflect 

true rates of toxicity or accumulation potential. 

Johnson, D. L.; Maguire, K. L.; Anderson, D. R.; 

McGrath, S. P. Enhanced dissipation of 

chrysene in planted soil: the impact of a 

rhizobial inoculum. Soil Biology & 

Biochemistry. 2004; 36 (1):33-38. ISSN: 0038-

0717. 

A rhizobial inoculum was introduced to root 

mass of clover, which was then planted along 

with ryegrass into soils contaminated with a 

PAH. Researchers did not detect significant 

direct uptake or degradation of the PAH by the 

plants. 

Joner, Erik J. et al. Priming effects on PAH 

degradation and ecotoxicity during a 

phytoremediation experiment. Environmental 

Pollution. 2004; 128 (3):429-435. ISSN: 0269-

7491. 

Higher degradation rates of PAHs were 

obtained by a priming effect of soil than 

phytoremediation of contaminated soil. 

Joner, Erik J. et al. Rhizosphere effects on 

microbial community structure and 

dissipation and toxicity of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spiked 

soil. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2001; 35 (13):2773-2777. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Experiments were undertaken to determine 

whether mycorrhiza play a role in the 

remediation of hydrocarbons. Results indicated 

that PAHs were reduced in soil by mycorrhiza, 

and that toxicity of the soil was lowered. 

Joner, Erik J.; Leyval, Corinne. Rhizosphere 

gradients of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon (PAH) dissipation in two 

industrial soils and the impact of arbuscular 

mycorrhiza. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2003; 37 (11):2371-2375. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Phytoremediation rates were greatest in plots 

containing plants inoculated with mycorrhiza, 

although amounts differed between two types of 

PAH-spiked industrial soil. 

Joye, Samantha B. The anaerobic oxidation of 

methane and sulfate reduction in sediments 

from Gulf of Mexico cold seeps. Chemical 

Geology. 2004; 205 (3-4):219-238. ISSN: 0009-

2541. 

Rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane and 

sulfate reduction near gas hydrate mounds were 

determined by means of radiotracer techniques. 

Results show that sulfate reduction rates were in 

excess of methane oxidation, but both processes 

were loosely coupled. 

Juhasz, A. L.; Stanley, G. A.; Britz, M. L. 

Metabolite repression inhibits degradation of 

benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene 

by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia VUN 

10,003. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2002; 28 (2):88-96. ISSN: 1367-

5435. 

Soil spiked with pyrene failed to restart B(a)P or 

dibenzo(a,h)anthracene degradation by S. 

maltophilia in laboratory experiments. 

Metabolite or by-product repression was 

responsible for the failure of the bacteria to 

continue degrading the hydrocarbons. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

94

Juteau, P. et al. Improving the biotreatment of 

hydrocarbons-contaminated soils by addition 

of activated sludge taken from the 

wastewater treatment facilities of an oil 

refinery. Biodegradation. 2003; 14 (1):31-40. 

ISSN: 0923-9820. 

The addition of activated sludge from oil 

refinery wastewater caused greater 

biodegradation rates of PAHs in soil-based 

experiments using biopiles, bioreactors and 

microcosm mediums. 

Kamath, Roopa; Schnoor, Jerald L.; Alvarez, Pedro J. 

J. Effect of root-derived substrates on the 

expression of nah-lux genes in Pseudomonas 

fluorescens HK44: implications for PAH 

biodegradation in the rhizosphere.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2004; 38 

(6):1740-1745. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Root material from several plants and rootderived substrates were tested to assess their 

ability to manipulate genes responsible for 

naphthalene dioxygenase expression, in order to 

amplify microbial degradation of PAHs in the 

rhizosphere. 

Kanaly, Robert A.; Harayama, Shigeaki. 

Biodegradation of high-molecular-weight 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 

bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology. 2000; 182 

(8):2059-2067. ISSN: 0021-9193. 

In this review, several strains of bacteria 

capable of degrading high-molecular-weight 

hydrocarbons are identified. 

Kanaly, Robert A.; Harayama, Shigeaki; Watanabe, 

Kazuya. Rhodanobacter sp strain BPC1 in a 

benzo[a]pyrene-mineralizing bacterial 

consortium. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2002; 68 (12):5826-5833. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

A strain of bacteria in a benzo[a]pyrenedegrading consortium was found to specialize 

by growing on B(a)P metabolites produced by 

other bacteria, consequently increasing the 

bioavailability of the material. 

Kanaly, Robert A.; Watanabe, Kazuya. Multiple 

mechanisms contribute to the biodegradation 

of benzo[a]pyrene by petroleum-derived 

multicomponent nonaqueous-phase liquids.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2004; 23 (4):850-856. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

A diesel fuel distillate was used as a 

multicomponent nonaqueous-phase liquid 

(NAPL) in the presence of B(a)P to study its 

effect on rates of biodegradation by a bacterial 

consortium. A multimechanistic effect was 

noted in that the NAPL acted as a cosolvent for 

degradation, as a substrate to allow for other 

metabolic pathways, and as an agent to 

stimulate specific microbial populations in the 

consortia for rapid and more effective 

biodegradation. 

Kaplan, Isaac R.; Lu, Shan-Tan; Alimi, Hossein M.; 

MacMurphey, John. Fingerprinting of high 

boiling hydrocarbon fuels, asphalts and 

lubricants. Environmental Forensics. 2001; 2 

(3):231-248. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Analysis of "heavy ends" of crude oil with gas 

chromatography-mass spectrometry in full scan 

mode revealed the presence and abundance of 

specific hydrocarbons. Samples of different 

crude oils, as well as heating oil and lubricating 

oil, were included in the investigation. 

Kar, R. K.; Srivastava, A. K. Reworked 

carboniferous palynofossils from panna 

formation, Bombay offshore basin: clue to 

hidden target for hydrocarbon exploration.

Journal of the Geological Society of India. 

2001; 58 (2):179-180. ISSN: 0016-7622. 

Kasai, Yuki; Kishira, Hideo; Harayama, Shigeaki. 

Bacteria belonging to the genus 

Cycloclasticus play a primary role in the 

degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons 

released in a marine environment. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 68 

(11):5625-5633. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Bacteria that thrived in an enrichment culture 

were exposed to oil-coated gravel in seawater 

and found to aerobically degrade hydrocarbons 

with and without the addition of fertilizers. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

95

Kato, T.; Haruki, M.; Imanaka, T.; Morikawa, M.; 

Kanaya, S. Isolation and characterization of 

long-chain-alkane degrading Bacillus 

thermoleovorans from deep subterranean 

petroleum reservoirs. Journal of Bioscience & 

Bioengineering. 2001; 91 (1):64-70. ISSN: 

1389-1723. 

Thermophilic bacterial strains were isolated 

from subterranean petroleum reservoirs and 

identified as Bacillus thermoleovorans. They 

were found to effectively degrade n-alkanes, 

possibly by a terminal oxidation pathway. 

Katz, Barry Jay. Lacustrine basin hydrocarbon 

exploration - current thoughts. Journal of 

Paleolimnology. 2001; 26 (2):161-179. ISSN: 

0921-2728. 

This paper discusses factors controlling the 

development of lacustrine source rocks and the 

nature of lacustrine reservoirs, based on 

depositional models. 

Katz, Barry. Jay. Hydrocarbon shows and source 

rocks in scientific ocean drilling. International 

Journal of Coal Geology. 2003; 54 (SI 1-

2):139-154. ISSN: 0166-5162. 

In this paper, the author argues that data from 

the results of the Ocean Drilling Program and 

Deep Sea Drilling Project can be applied to 

hydrocarbon exploration worldwide. 

Kawasaki, Mikio; Kuriss, Anabel; Fukushima, 

Masami; Sawada, Akira; Tats, Kenji. Effects of 

pH and organic co-solvents on the oxidation 

of naphthalene with peroxosulfate catalyzed 

by iron(III) tetrakis(psulfonatophenyl)porphyrin. Journal of 

Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. 2003; 7 (9-

10):645-650. ISSN: 1088-4246. 

Kawata, Kuniaki et al. Determination of 

semivolatile organic compounds in 

environmental samples by gas 

chromatography/mass spectrometry after 

extraction by cyclic steam distillation.

Journal of AOAC International. 2003; 86 

(2):246-256. ISSN: 1060-3271. 

Authors report on a successful method of 

making multiple determinations of semivolatile 

compounds, including PAHs, from sediment, 

soil, groundwater, river water and seawater by 

isolating compounds with an essential oil 

distillator. 

Ke, L.; Wang, W. Q.; Wong, Teresa W. Y.; Wong, 

Yuk-shan; Tam, Nora Fung-yee. Removal of 

pyrene from contaminated sediments by 

mangrove microcosms. Chemosphere. 2003; 

51 (1):25-34. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Authors report that while pyrene was effectively 

removed from samples in a study, the role of 

root accumulation and uptake by two species of 

mangrove was inconsequential. 

Ke, L.; Wong, Teresa W. Y.; Wong, A. H. Y.; Wong, 

Yuk-shan; Tam, Nora Fung-yee. Negative 

effects of humic acid addition on 

phytoremediation of pyrene-contaminated 

sediments by mangrove seedlings.

Chemosphere. 2003; 52 (9):1581-1591. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

 Microcosms with mangrove seedlings and 

without vegetation were more efficient at 

removing pyrene from soil than similar 

microcosms amended with 6.7% concentrations 

of humic acid. 

Ke, L.; Wong, Teresa W. Y.; Wong, Yuk-shan; Tam, 

Nora Fung-yee. Fate of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in a 

mangrove swamp in Hong Kong following an 

oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 45 (1-

12):339-347. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Researchers examined a mangrove swamp to 

record the fate of PAHs between 30 and 126 

days after an oil spill. Tidal washing and photooxidation were responsible for most of the 

weathering of crude in the observed time. 

Kepkay, P. E.; Bugden, J. B. C.; Lee, Kenneth; 

Stoffyn-Egli, Patricia. Application of 

ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy to 

monitor oil-mineral aggregate formation.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 

(1):101-108. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

In situ oil-mineral aggregates (OMA) found in 

sediment samples were analyzed by researchers 

using UVF spectroscopy to predict and monitor 

OMA formation. 

Kerman, Kagan et al. Electrochemical DNA 

biosensor for the determination of 

benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts. Analytica 

Chimica Acta. 2001; 450 (1-2):45-52. ISSN: 

0003-2670. 

Electrochemical DNA biosensors were used in 

the detection of adduct creation when DNA was 

exposed to B(a)P. Electrochemical DNA 

biosensors are fast, inexpensive, easy to use, 

and hold great promise for use in future 

environmental and clinical monitoring 

situations. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

96

Kessinger, Walter. Curved-ray time migration can 

improve seismic imaging. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (41):34-41. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Curved-ray prestack Kirchhoff time migration 

creates more accurate images of steep dip and 

fault planes than previous seismic time 

migration methods. Migration velocities derived 

using this application provide better estimates of 

subsurface seismic properties. 

Khain, V. E.; Polyakova, I. D. Geodynamic 

environments of oil and gas generation on 

continental slopes of deep-water basins.

Geologiya I Geofizika. 2004; 45 (1):3-11. ISSN: 

0016-7886. 

An analysis of major geological events 

influencing the development of offshore basins 

leads authors to speculate on likely deepwater 

sources of petroleum off Russia’s coasts. 

Kim, H. Y.; Song, H. G. Transformation and 

mineralization of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by the 

white rot fungus Irpex lacteus. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003; 61 

(2):150-156. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Two different transformation pathways were 

discovered in the initial degradation of a 

specific hydrocarbon by white rot fungus. 

Researchers identified the more favorable 

denitration pathway and the nitro group 

pathway as specific options of mineralization. 

Kim, Han S.; Weber, Walter J., Jr. Bioaccumulation 

and toxic potencies of polychlorinated 

biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in tidal flat and coastal 

ecosystems of the Ariake Sea, Japan.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37 

(16):3574-3580. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Excess doses of surfactants caused bacteria to 

utilize the surfactant as the primary carbon 

source. This, in turn, affected an associated 

release of phenanthrene, which reverted to a 

crystallized form. 

Kim, In S.; Park, Jong-Sup; Kim, Kyoung-Woong. 

Enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons using nonionic 

surfactants in soil slurry. Applied 

Geochemistry. 2001; 16 (11-12):1419-1428. 

ISSN: 0883-2927. 

While investigating nonionic surfactants in the 

biodegradation process, researchers discovered 

a linear proportionality between PAH solubility 

and the concentration of surfactants above 

critical micelle concentration. This 

proportionality increased as the hydrophilelipophile balance value decreased. 

Kim, Song-Bae; Hwang, In; Kim, Dong-Ju; Lee, 

Sangjin; Jury, William A. Effect of sorption on 

benzene biodegradation in sandy soil.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (10):2306-2311. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Experiments on BTEX compounds in sandy soil 

found a correlation between sorption and 

amounts of powdered activated carbon added to 

the sites, resulting in a corresponding reduction 

in biodegradation levels. 

Kim, Song-Bae; Park, Choon-Hwa; Kim, Dong-Ju; 

Jury, William A. Kinetics of benzene 

biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 

parameter estimation. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (5):1038-

1045. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Investigators monitored benzene concentrations 

over time as the compound was degraded by 

bacteria in solution and in sandy aquifer 

materials. Results of biodegradation kinetics 

were then compared to parameters determined 

by a Monod-no-growth kinetics model. 

Kim, Tae Jung; Lee, Eun Young; Kim, Youn Jung; 

Cho, Kyung-Suk; Ryu, Hee Wook. 

Degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons 

by Burkholderia cepacia 2A-12. World Journal 

of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2003; 19 

(4):411-417. ISSN: 0959-3993. 

A bacterial strain was isolated from oilcontaminated soil and tested for its ability to 

degrade a number of PAHs. The bacterium was 

able to degrade pyrene with the addition of 

cosubstrate, and researchers discovered that the 

microbe thrived when exposed to high 

concentrations of both pyrene and 

phenanthrene. 

King, Amanda J.; Readman, James W.; Zhou, John 

L. The application of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to the analysis of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2003; 

25 (1):69-75. ISSN: 0269-4042. 

Preliminary investigations confirm that SPME 

is a useful tool for analyzing PAHs in 

environmental samples. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

97

Kira, S.; Katsuse, T.; Nogami, Y. Measurement of 

benzo[a]pyrene in sea water and in mussels 

in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2000; 65 (5):631-637. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Blue Rayon, an absorbent selective to 

compounds having three or more fused rings, 

has a high affinity to PAHs such as 

benzo(a)pyrene, and is useful to determine 

concentrations of PAHs in an aquatic 

environment. This new material can be 

transported very easily and is relatively 

inexpensive. 

Klimkiewicz, R.; Grabowska, H.; Syper, L. Oil 

industry waste as a basis for synthesis of new 

type surfactants. Polish Journal of 

Environmental Studies. 2001; 10 (5):337-339. 

ISSN: 1230-1485. 

Knightes, Christopher D.; Peters, Catherine A. 

Aqueous phase biodegradation kinetics of 10 

PAH compounds. Environmental Engineering 

Science. 2003; 20 (3):207-218. ISSN: 1092-

8758. 

Biodegradation rates for PAHs in an aqueous 

system were found to be comparable, despite 

the differences in molecule sizes of the 

compounds. Researchers believe that the data 

they compiled from aqueous phase experiments 

contrasts with data from field studies because 

biodegradation rates in field samples are 

influenced by physical-chemical processes. 

Ko, Eun-Joung; Kim, Kyoung-Woong; Wachsmuth, 

U. Remediation process monitoring of PAHcontaminated soils using laser-induced 

fluorescence. Environmental Monitoring and 

Assessment. 2004; 92 (1-3):179-191. ISSN: 

0167-6369. 

Variations in the intensity of laser-induced 

fluorescence were investigated, relative to soil 

properties such as moisture content and soil 

particle size distribution, with the intent of 

using the technique for optimal electrokinetic 

remediation monitoring of PAH-contaminated 

soils. 

Ko, Eun-Joung; Lee, Chul-Kyu; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, 

Kyoung-Woong. Monitoring PAHcontaminated soil using laser-induced 

fluorescence (LIF). Environmental 

Technology. 2003; 24 (9):1157-1164. ISSN: 

0959-3330. 

Laser-induced fluorescence was successful in 

establishing levels of PAH contamination in 

soils under different conditions, such as 

soil/sand particle size distribution and moisture 

content. 

Ko, Seok-Oh; Yoo, Hee-Chan. Enhanced 

desorption of phenanthrene from soils using 

hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin: experimental 

results and model predictions. Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health Part B - 

Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural 

Wastes. 2003; 38 (6):829-841. ISSN: 0360-

1234. 

Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD) was 

found to remove sorbed phenanthrene from soil, 

leading investigators to suggest HPCD flushing 

as an effective method of removing 

hydrophobic organic pollutants from soils. 

Kolwzan, Barbara. Bacterial preparations for 

degradation of petroleum products in soil.

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2004; 13 

(3A):216-219. ISSN: 1018-4619. 

The author reports on a three-month ex situ

method of bioremediation using oil-degrading 

strains of bacteria. Results showed very high 

degradation rates of petroleum products as 

estimated by concentrations within the soil. 

Koopmans, Martin P. et al. Biodegradation and 

mixing of crude oils in Eocene Es3 reservoirs 

of the Liaohe basin, northeastern China.

AAPG Bulletin. 2002; 86 (10):1833-1843. 

ISSN: 0149-1423. 

A model was used to confirm the effect of 

geologic controls on the biodegradation and 

mixing of oils in a single reservoir of oil. The 

model employed in this study can be used to 

predict oil viscosity in reservoirs, which is 

useful data for geologists to have before the 

production process commences. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

98

Koren, Omry; Knezevic, Vishnia; Ron, Eliora Z.; 

Rosenberg, Eugene. Petroleum pollution 

bioremediation using water-insoluble uric 

acid as the nitrogen source. Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 69 

(10):6337-6339. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

In experiments simulating open systems, uric 

acid crystals adhered to droplets of crude oil, 

supplying a strain of Acinetobacter with a 

nitrogen source necessary for degradation of 

hydrocarbons. 

Kornmuller, Anja; Weismann, Udo. Ozonation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

oil/water-emulsions: mass transfer and 

reaction kinetics. Water Research. 2003; 37 

(5):1023-1032. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

In this study, researchers reveal the mechanisms 

behind mass transfer and reaction kinetics 

during the ozonation of five-ring PAHs in three 

phase systems. 

Kosaric, Naim. Biosurfactants and their 

application for soil bioremediation. Food 

Technology and Biotechnology. 2001; 39 

(4):295-304. ISSN: 1330-9862. 

Kose, Tomohiro; Miyagishi, A.; Mukai, Tetsuo; 

Takimoto, Kazuto; Okada, Mitsumasa. Effect of 

non-aqueous phase liquid on biodegradation 

of PAHs in spilled oil on tidal flat. Water 

Science and Technology. 2003; 47 (7-8):243-

250. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Authors used model reactors to investigate the 

relationship between dissolution rates of PAHs 

and the viscosity of non-aqueous phase liquids 

during the biodegradation process. 

Kose, Tomohiro; Mukai, Tetsuo; Takimoto, Kazuto; 

Okada, Mitsumasa. Effect of non-aqueous 

phase liquid on biodegradation of PAHs in 

spilled oil on tidal flat. Water Research. 2003; 

37 (8):1729-1736. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

Model reactors were used to assess the effects 

of dissolution rates of PAHs on biodegradation 

efficiency. The rate of decrease of naphthalene 

was also found to impact PAH biodegradation 

rates. 

Kotha, Y. Sedimentology and sequence 

stratigraphy of hydrocarbon-bearing 

Mandapeta pays: a braided fluvial reservoir, 

Krishna-Godavari basin. Journal of the 

Geological Society of India. 2002; 60 (3):249-

270. ISSN: 0016-7622. 

Kot-Wasik, Agata. Studies on fluorene stability in 

different liquid media. Analytica Chimica 

Acta. 2004; 505 (2):289-299. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Eight organic solvents were assessed to 

understand the influence of several factors, such 

as light, bacteria, and type of solvent, on 

degradation rates of fluorine within each type of 

storage media. 

Kowalewska, Grazyna; Konat, Joanna; Dobrowolska, 

Swietoslawa. Why is it easier to determine 

PAHs than PCBs in marine sediments?

Chemia Analityczna. 2002; 47 (2):189-203. 

ISSN: 0009-2223. 

Authors believe that PAHs are easier to identify 

in marine sediments because the physicochemical properties are less varied than PCBs, 

or very different (characteristic spectra in the 

UV-VIS range) than the relevant properties of 

PCBs. 

Kraaij, Rik H.; Ciarelli, Silvana; Tolls, Johannes; 

Kater, Belinda J.; Belfroid, Angelique. 

Bioavailability of lab-contaminated and 

native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to 

the amphipod Corophium volutator relates to 

chemical desorption. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2001; 20 (8):1716-

1724. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Results of experiments on amphipods showed 

that the biota-to-sediment accumulation factor 

of PAHs corresponded with rates of desorption 

of both native and lab-contaminated 

hydrocarbons in sediment. 

Kronholm, Juhani.; Kalpala, J.; Hartonen, Kari.; 

Riekkola, Marja-Liisa. Pressurized hot water 

extraction coupled with supercritical water 

oxidation in remediation of sand and soil 

containing PAHs. Journal of Supercritical 

Fluids. 2002; 23 (2):123-134. ISSN: 0896-8446. 

Kronholm, Juhani; Desbands, Benjamin; Hartonen, 

Kari; Riekkola, Marja-Liisa. Environmentally 

friendly laboratory-scale remediation of 

PAH-contaminated soil by using pressurized 

hot water extraction coupled with 

pressurized hot water oxidation. Green 

Chemistry. 2002; 4 (3):213-219. ISSN: 1463-

9262. 

Pressurized hot water extraction was combined 

with an oxidant, potassium persulfate, to 

determine the feasibility of this process in the 

remediation of contaminated soil. Authors 

discovered a reduction in the total amount of 

carbon from this method, although considerable 

amounts of organics remained in the soil. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

99

Krupcík, Ján; Oswald, Peter; Oktavec, Drahomír; 

Armstrong, Daniel W. Calibration of GC-FID 

and IR spectrometric methods for 

determination of high boiling petroleum 

hydrocarbons in environmental samples.

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2004; 153 (1-

4):329-341. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Authors demonstrate the types and magnitudes 

of calibration problems that arise from 

determining certain petroleum hydrocarbons 

with gas chromatography-flame ionization 

detection and infrared (IR) spectrometric 

methods. Following this, they propose 

calibration of the IR method using empirical 

equations proposed in DIN 38, 409, Part 18, for 

determining total petroleum hydrocarbons in 

waters polluted with high boiled petroleum 

factors. 

Kuhn, Achim; Ballach, Hans-Joachim; Wittig, 

Rüdiger. Studies in the biodegradation of 5 

PAHs (phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoranthene, 

chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene) in the 

presence of rooted poplar cuttings.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 

2004; 11 (1):22-32. ISSN: 0944-1344. 

Kuiper, Irene; Bloemberg, Guido V.; Lugtenberg, 

Ben J. J. Selection of a plant-bacterium pair 

as a novel tool for rhizostimulation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading 

bacteria. Molecular Plant - Microbe 

Interactions. 2001; 14 (10):1197-1205. ISSN: 

0894-0282. 

Due to its root structure, Lolium multiflorum, a 

grass, was chosen to host a rhizobacteria for 

experiments on the degradation of naphthalene. 

Pseudomonas putida strain PCL1444 

successfully colonized the root structure of the 

grass and was effective in degrading 

naphthalene. 

Kukkonen, J. V. K. et al. Sediment characteristics 

affecting desorption kinetics of select PAH 

and PCB congeners for seven laboratory 

spiked sediments. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2003; 37 (20):4656-4663. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Rapid desorption rates of B(a)P was dependent 

upon components of sediment consisting of 

younger organic matter, such as plant pigment, 

lipids and lignin. 

Kuosmanen, K.; Hyötyläinen, Tuulia; Hartonen, 

Kari; Jönsson, J. Å.; Riekkola, Marja-Liisa. 

Analysis of PAH compounds in soil with online coupled pressurised hot water 

extraction-microporous membrane liquidliquid extraction-gas chromatography.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003; 

375 (5):389-399. ISSN: 1618-2642. 

Authors describe the processes in a new method 

of online analysis of PAH-contaminated soil 

samples. This method is reliable, accurate, and 

with small modifications, can be used to detect 

PAHs in aqueous samples. 

Kuyukina, Maria S. et al. Bioremediation of crude 

oil-contaminated soil using slurry-phase 

biological treatment and land farming 

techniques. Soil & Sediment Contamination. 

2003; 12 (1):85-99. ISSN: 1532-0383. 

Researchers investigated the decontamination of 

waste oil-polluted soil with ex situ

biotechnology involving a PAH-degrading 

bacteria-based biofertilizer in field-scale 

experiments. Land farming was found to be a 

sufficient technique for low levels of pollution, 

while land farming in conjunction with a soil 

slurry bioreactor was necessary for heavy oil 

contamination. 

Lalande, T. L. et al. Phytoremediation of pyrene in 

a Cecil soil under field conditions.

International Journal of Phytoremediation. 

2003; 5 (1):1-12. ISSN: 1522-6514. 

In this study, the effects of annual ryegrass 

(Lolium multiflorum) and phosphorous 

concentrations on pyrene degradation in Cecil 

loamy sand were evaluated. Pyrene removal 

was not significantly enhanced by the presence 

of ryegrass or high concentrations of 

phosphorous. 

Lanfranconi, Mariana P.; Alvarez, Héctor M.; 

Studdert, Claudia A. A strain isolated from 

gas oil-contaminated soil displays chemotaxis 

towards gas oil and hexadecane.

Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 5 

(10):1002-1008. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

Three different chemotaxis methods confirmed 

that a strain of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria 

was chemotactic to gas oil and hexadecane, as 

well as to a variety of carbon sources that can 

serve as growth substrates. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

100

LaRiviere, Daniel J.; Autenreith, Robin L.; Bonner, 

James S. Redox dynamics during recovery of 

an oil-impacted estuarine wetland. Water 

Research. 2003; 37 (14):3307-3318. ISSN: 

0043-1354. 

Reduced redox potentials were found to 

correspond with sulfate reduction following 

treatment of crude oil-impacted sediments at a 

wetland site. Researchers believe that reduced 

redox levels were due to biological oxidation by 

alkane- and PAH-degrading organisms. 

Larter, Steve et al. The controls on the composition 

of biodegraded oils in the deep subsurface - 

part 1: biodegradation rates in petroleum 

reservoirs. Organic Geochemistry. 2003; 34 

(4):601-613. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

This study projects the rate of biodegradation in 

oilfields based upon data from a combination of 

sources, including whole oil-column minimum 

rate estimates, diffusion-controlled oil column 

compositional gradient modeling and mixed oil 

kinetic models. 

Lattuati, A.; Metzger, P.; Acquaviva, M.; Bertrand, J. 

C.; Largeau, C. n-alkane degradation by 

Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus strain SP 

17: long chain β-hydroxy acids as indicators 

of bacterial activity. Organic Geochemistry. 

2002; 33 (1):37-45. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Lau, K. L.; Tsang, Y. Y.; Chiu, S. W. Use of spent 

mushroom compost to bioremediate PAHcontaminated samples. Chemosphere. 2003; 

52 (9):1539-1546. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

The addition of spent mushroom compost to 

sandy loam soil significantly reduced PAH 

toxicity. GC/MS analysis of derivative products 

confirmed the reduction or removal of toxic 

compounds in the samples. 

Laughrey, Zachary; Bear, Erin; Jones, Robert; Tarr, 

Matthew A. Aqueous sonolytic decomposition 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the 

presence of additional dissolved species.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2001; 8 (4):353-

357. ISSN: 1350-4177. 

Sonochemistry was used to explore the 

possibility of degrading PAHs. Anthracene, 

phenanthrene and pyrene were studied to 

determine degradation rates in the presence of 

other compounds, such as humic acid and 

benzoic acid. Results indicate that oxygenderived radicals play the most important role in 

the decomposition of PAHs. 

Lavine, B. K.; Brzozowski, D.; Moores, A. J.; 

Davidson, C. E.; Mayfield, H. T. Genetic 

algorithm for fuel spill identification.

Analytica Chimica Acta. 2001; 437 (2):233-246. 

ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Authors argue that pattern recognition analysis 

of gas chromatography data is less subjective in 

the identification of fuel spills. A genetic 

algorithm is then suggested for applying pattern 

recognition methods to GC spill data. 

Lavine, B. K.; Vesanen, A.; Brzozowski, D. M.; 

Mayfield, H. T. Authentication of fuel spill 

standards using gas chromatography/pattern 

recognition techniques. Analytical Letters. 

2001; 34 (2):281-293. ISSN: 0003-2719. 

Law, R. J. The analysis of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in marine samples.

International Journal of Environmental 

Pollution. 2000; 13 (1-6):262-283. ISSN: 0188-

4999. 

Law, Robin; Kelly, Carole A.; Nicholson, Mike D. 

The QUASIMEME laboratory performance 

study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAHs): assessment for the period 1996-1999.

Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2000; 2 

(5):517-523. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

Performance criteria for satisfactory results of 

the determination of PAH in sediments and 

biota are discussed. Authors note that 

differences in performance were apparent 

between gas chromatography and highperformance liquid chromatography. Future 

methodology will utilize coupled gaschromatography mass spectrometry. 

Lázaro, M. J.; Moliner, R.; Suelves, I.; Domeño, C.; 

Nerín, C. Co-pyrolysis of a mineral waste 

oil/coal slurry in a continuous-mode fluidized 

bed reactor. Journal of Analytical and Applied 

Pyrolysis. 2002; 65 (2):239-252. ISSN: 0165-

2370. 

Le Dréau, Y.; Doumeng, P.; Lamontagne, J.; Kister, 

J.; Mille, G. PAHs in sediments contaminated 

by the Haven oil spill (Genoese Bay).

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2000; 20 (1-

4):111-122. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Analysis of sediments and tarry residues 40 

months after the Haven accident revealed the 

existence of a high level of PAH’s, due to 

partial burning of the crude oil, and little 

evidence of degradation of hydrocarbon 

residues. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

101

Leblond, Jeffrey D.; Schlutz, T. Wayne; Sayler, Gary 

S. Observations on the preferential 

biodegradation of selected components of 

polyaromatic hydrocarbon mixtures.

Chemosphere. 2001; 42 (4):333-343. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

The naphthaline degrading enzyme system of a 

half-dozen bacterial strains was tested for the 

ability to degrade mixtures of PAHs and 

heterocyclic compounds. 

Lee, Byung-Dae; Hosomi, Masaaki. A hybrid 

Fenton oxidation-microbial treatment for soil 

highly contaminated with benz(a)anthracene.

Chemosphere. 2001; 43 (8):1127-1132. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Results of experiments on soil contaminated 

with benz(a)anthracene demonstrate that Fenton 

oxidation enhances biodegradation. Ethanol, 

added before the Fenton oxidation process, 

encourages higher rates of degradation by 

increasing the solubility of B(a)A. 

Lee, Chon-Lin; Kuo, Li-Jung; Wang, Huei-Ling; 

Hsieh, Ping-Chieh. Effects of ionic strength on 

the binding of phenanthrene and pyrene to 

humic substances: three-stage variation 

model. Water Research. 2003; 37 (17):4250-

4258. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

A model was developed to assess the 

parameters of binding constants associated with 

ionic strength, and to better understand the 

mechanisms that influence changes in their 

affiliation, especially when PAHs are exposed 

to humic acid in various electrolyte solutions. 

Lee, J. Y.; Lee, C. H.; Lee, K. K.; Choi, S. I. 

Evaluation of soil vapor extraction and 

bioventing for a petroleum-contaminated 

shallow aquifer in Korea. Soil & Sediment 

Contamination. 2001; 10 (4):439-458. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Lee, Kenneth et al. Composition and toxicity of 

residual Bunker C fuel oil in intertidal 

sediments after 30 years. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):187-199. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Researchers examined sediment samples of 

residual oil taken from a sheltered lagoon in 

Black Duck Cove along the Nova Scotia 

coastline 30 years after an oil spill. Researchers 

also investigated the natural processes that 

mediate biodegradation and the physical 

removal of oil from sediments at this site. 

Lee, Shi-Hee et al. Preparation of ceramic 

membrane and application to the crossflow 

microfiltration of soluble waste oil. Materials 

Letters. 2002; 52 (4-5):266-271. ISSN: 0167-

577X. 

A ceramic membrane was used in experiments 

to determine its effectiveness in retarding 

fouling during normal operations and 

backflushing conditions in the microfiltration of 

soluble waste oil. 

Lehto, Kirsi-Maarit; Lemmetyinen, Helge; Puhakka, 

Jaakko A. Biodegradation of photoirradiated 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 

constituents of creosote oil. Environmental 

Technology. 2000; 21 (8):901-907. ISSN: 0959-

3330. 

Lehto, Kirsi-Maarit; Puhakka, Jaakko A.; 

Lemmetyinen, Helge. Biodegradation of 

selected UV-irradiated and non-irradiated 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Biodegradation. 2003; 14 (4):249-263. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial cultures were 

used to compare differences in biodegradation 

rates between UV-irradiated and non-irradiated 

PAHs. Results indicated that successful UV 

pretreatment was highly dependent on the 

specific compounds being treated and on the 

microbial cultures present. 

Lehto, Kirsi-Maarit; Puhakka, Jaakko A.; 

Lemmetyinen, Helge. Photodegradation 

products of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in water and their amenability 

to biodegradation. Polycyclic Aromatic 

Compounds. 2003; 23 (4):401-416. ISSN: 1040-

6638. 

After PAHs were exposed to UV light, 

photodegradation products were isolated for 

identification and later studied with their parent 

hydrocarbon to understand their role in 

biodegradation lag times. 

Lehto, Kirsi-Maarit; Vuorimaa, E.; Lemmetyinen, 

Helge. Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dilute aqueous 

solutions detected by fluorescence. Journal of 

Photochemistry and Photobiology A - 

Chemistry. 2000; 136 (1-2):53-60. ISSN: 1010-

6030. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

102

Lei, An-ping; Wong, Yuk-shan; Tam, Nora Fungyee. Removal of pyrene by different 

microalgal species. Water Science and 

Technology. 2002; 46 (11-12):195-201. ISSN: 

0273-1223. 

Investigators report on the success of seven 

microalgal species in the removal of pyrene 

from a solution in experiments ranging from six 

hours to seven days of exposure. Of the species 

tested, Selenastrum capricornutum was the 

most efficient at removing pyrene from 

solution. 

Lei, Li; Suidan, Makram T.; Khodadoust, Amid P.; 

Tabak, Henry H. Assessing the bioavailability 

of PAHs in field-contaminated sediment 

using XAD-2 assisted desorption.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2004; 38 

(6):1786-1793. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

A nonionic polymeric adsorbent accelerated the 

desorption of PAHs in aged field-contaminated 

sediment. An adsorbent-assisted desorption 

assay shows promise in measuring 

bioavailability and predicting end points of 

bioremediation of PAHs in sediment. 

Lei, T.; Pei, M.; Zhong, J. J. Impact of the presence 

of salicylate or glucose on enzyme activity 

and phenanthrene degradation by 

Pseudomonas mendocina. Process 

Biochemistry. 2003; 38 (8):1125-1132. ISSN: 

0032-9592. 

Leifer, Ira; MacDonald, Ian. Dynamics of the gas 

flux from shallow gas hydrate deposits: 

interaction between oily hydrate bubbles and 

the oceanic environment. Earth and Planetary 

Science Letters. 2003; 210 (3-4):411-424. ISSN: 

0012-821X. 

Back illumination imaging was used to analyze 

the rise speeds, bubble distribution, and mass 

flux of hydrocarbon bubbles (gas flux) escaping 

from decomposing methane hydrates along the 

continental margin. From vertical velocities, 

researchers were able to conclude that bubbles 

were contaminated with oil. 

Lepo, Joe Eugene; Cripe, C. R. Development and 

Application of Protocols for Evaluation of 

Oil Spill Bioremediation. Gulf Breeze, Fl.: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research and Development, National Health 

and Environmental Effects Research 

Laboratory; 1998;6 pp. 

Different types of bioremediation tests were 

evaluated to give on-site coordinators better 

information about the effectiveness of 

commercial oil spill bioremediation agents. 

Lepo, Joe Eugene; Cripe, C. R. Effectiveness and 

Safety of Strategies for Oil Spill 

Bioremediation: Potential and Limitation, 

Laboratory to Field. Gulf Breeze, Fl.: U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research 

and Development, National Health and 

Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; 

1998; 6 pp. 

Various criteria for judging the effectiveness of 

commercial bioremediation agents are described 

in this report. 

Lepo, Joe. Eugene.; Cripe, C. R.; Kavanaugh, J. L.; 

Zhang, S.; Norton, G. P. The effect of amount 

of crude oil on extent of its biodegradation in 

open water- and sandy beach-laboratory 

simulations. Environmental Technology. 2003; 

24 (10):1291-1302. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

At low doses, North Slope crude oil was 

effectively biodegraded both in open water and 

beach microcosms by regular use of marine 

bacteria. However, at higher doses, 

biodegradation ceased to be effective in these 

systems to the point where rates from 

remediation were statistically indistinguishable 

between treatment systems and controls. 

Levin, L.; Viale, A.; Forchiassin, A. Degradation of 

organic pollutants by the white rot 

basidiomycete Trametes trogii. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2003; 52 

(1):1-5. ISSN: 0964-8305. 

A fungal species that has already shown 

promise in the degradation of various organic 

pollutants was found to remove over 90% of 

contaminants, including anthracene, in 

concentrations between 250 and 500 ppm. 

Leyval, Corinne; Joner, Erik J.; del Val, C.; 

Haselwandter, K. Potential of arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi for bioremediation. In

Gianinazzi, S.; Schuepp, H.; Barea, J. M.; 

Haselwandter, K. (Eds.) Mycorrhizal 

Technology in Agriculture: from Genes to 

Bioproducts. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser 

Verlag Ag; 2002; p. 175-186. ISBN: 3-7643-

6485-8. 

Li, Jianfeng; Fuller, Steven; Cattle, Julie; Way, 

Christopher Pang; Hibbert, D. Brynn. Matching 

fluorescence spectra of oil spills with spectra 

from suspect sources. Analytica Chimica Acta. 

2004; 514 (1):51-56. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Fluorescence spectra, either in combination with 

principal components analysis or direct 

matching of spectra, can be a quick and 

effective screening method for matching oil 

spills with suspected sources. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

103

Li, Mingyuan; Xu, Mingjin; Ma, Yu; Wu, Zhaoling; 

Christy, Alfred A. The effect of molecular 

parameters on the stability of water-in-crude 

oil emulsions studied by IR and UV 

spectroscopy. Colloids and Surfaces A - 

Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 

2002; 197 (1-3):193-201. ISSN: 0927-7757. 

Results of IR and UV spectroscopy of water-incrude oil emulsions demonstrate that the 

stability of crude oil fractions in water is due to 

the combination of a number of factors, 

including molecular size, aromaticity, aromatic 

condensation, and carbonyl group 

concentrations. 

Li, Peijun et al. Field-scale bioremediation of soil 

contaminated with crude oil. Environmental 

Engineering Science. 2002; 19 (5):277-289. 

ISSN: 1092-8758. 

Biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil was 

investigated with experiments using composting 

biopile windrows technology. Soils were 

inoculated with indigenous fungi and amended 

with a combination of chicken excrement and 

rice husk acting as nutrients and bulking agents. 

Li, Qing-Shan; Ogawa, Jun; Schmid, Rolf D.; 

Shimizu, Sakayu. Engineering cytochrome 

P450 BM-3 for oxidation of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 67 

(12):5735-5739. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

A P450 enzyme was extracted from Bacillus 

magaterium for use in biodegradation 

experiments. Research demonstrated that 

engineering the enzyme resulted in a four-fold 

improvement in degradation of specific 

hydrocarbons by the bacteria. 

Li, Sumei; Pang, Xiongqi; Li, Maowen; Jin, Zhijun. 

Geochemistry of petroleum systems in the 

Niuzhuang South Slope of Bohai Bay Basin. 

Part 1: source rock characterization. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2003; 34 (3):389-412. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Investigators found variations in the distribution 

and concentrations of hydrocarbon markers in 

rock extracts as a function of burial depth. It is 

believed that this might explain the uncertainty 

in maturity assessment as it relates to defining 

“immature oils” from data related to biomarker 

isomerization ratios. 

Librando, V.; Hutzinger, O.; Tringali, G.; Aresta, M. 

Supercritical fluid extraction of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons from marine 

sediments and soil samples. Chemosphere. 

2004; 54 (8):1189-1197. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A certified sample of contaminated marine 

sediment was characterized by GC-MS. The 

recovery yield was estimated for 6 PAHs. 

Analytical conditions taken from the certified 

sample were applied to a soil sample spiked 

with 11 PAHs to appraise the best recovery 

efficiency for soil remediation. 

Lichman, E.; Peters, S. W.; Squyres, D. H. Direct 

hydrocarbon detection by wavelet energy 

absorption. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 

(2):34-39. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes the use of a new, reliable 

method for the direct detection of hydrocarbons 

from seismic data. 

Lindsey, Michael; Xu, Guoxiang; Lu, Jia; Tarr, 

Matthew A. Enhanced Fenton degradation of 

hydrophobic organics by simultaneous iron 

and pollutant complexation with 

cyclodextrins. Science of the Total 

Environment. 2003; 307 (1-3):215-229. ISSN: 

0048-9697. 

Cyclodextrins were used to increase the 

efficiency of Fenton degradation in experiments 

involving contaminants, including PAHs. 

Authors believe that specific derivatives of 

cyclodextrins may increase degradation rates for 

specific compounds. 

Lindstrom, Jon E.; Braddock, Joan F. 

Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons 

at low temperature in the presence of the 

dispersant Corexit 9500. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2002; 44 (8):739-747. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

In cold weather conditions, addition of a 

dispersant may inhibit the biodegradation of 

hydrocarbons. Radiorespirometry data indicates 

that this inhibition cannot be predicted by the 

class of hydrocarbon. 

Lindström, Kristina et al. Potential of the Galega 

Rhizobium galegae system for bioremediation 

of oil-contaminated soil. Food Technology and 

Biotechnology. 2003; 41 (1):11-16. ISSN: 1330-

9862. 

Rhizosphere isolates were successfully used to 

degrade m-toluate in oil and BTEXcontaminated soils. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

104

Liste, Hans-Holger; Alexander, Martin. Butanol 

extraction to predict bioavailability of PAHs 

in soil. Chemosphere. 2002; 46 (7):1011-1017. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Researchers found that both n-butanol and 

earthworms were found to remove roughly 70% 

of pyrene remaining in soil after extensive 

biodegradation. Butanol extraction may be 

useful as a means of predicting bioavailability 

of PAHs in polluted soils. 

Litani-Barzilai, Iris; Bulatov, Valery; Gridin, 

Vladimir V.; Schechter, Israel. Detector based 

on time-resolved ion-induced voltage in laser 

multiphoton ionization and laser-induced 

fluorescence. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2004; 

501 (2):151-156. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

This paper describes a method for detecting and 

quantifying PAH compounds in air by 

combining data from three separate 

measurements for improved identification of 

pollutants in environmental samples. 

Liu, Jing-fu; Chi, Yu-guang; Jiang, Gui-bin; Tai, 

Chao; Hu, Jing-tian. Use of cotton as a sorbent 

for on-line precolumn enrichment of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters 

prior to liquid chromatography 

determination. Microchemical Journal. 2004; 

77 (1):19-22. ISSN: 0026-265X. 

Cotton was found to be effective in trapping 

PAHs in water samples for analysis by liquid 

chromatography with fluorescence detection. 

Liu, Yongsheng; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Zhongze. 

Isolation and characterization of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons-degrading 

Sphingomonas sp. strain ZL5.

Biodegradation. 2004; 15 (3):205-212. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

Researchers discuss the kinetics of degradation 

by an isolate and, more specifically, the 

enzymatic action that enables the bacteria to 

degrade phenanthrene but not naphthalene. 

Loehr, Raymond C.; Lamar, Michael R.; 

Poppendieck, Dustin G. A protocol to estimate 

the release of anthropogenic hydrocarbons 

from contaminated soils. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (9):2202-

2208. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Authors devise a batch desorption analysis, 

conducted for 7 days, that is suitable as a 

protocol for tier 1 or 2 relative risk evaluations. 

This procedure works best for two- to four-ring 

PAHs and diesel range aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Loibner, Andreas P.; Holzer, M.; Gartner, M.; Szolar, 

Oliver H. J.; Braun, Rudolf. The use of 

sequential supercritical fluid extraction for 

bioavailability investigations of PAH in soil.

Die Bodenkultur. 2001; 51 (4):225-233. ISSN: 

0006-5471. 

Aged and non-aged samples of PAHs were 

tested to determine the influence of soil organic 

matter (SOM) on biodegradation. The results 

were then compared to data from an SSFE 

method. Researchers concluded that high SOM 

levels result in reduced degradation. 

Lotfabad, S. K.; Gray, M. R. Kinetics of 

biodegradation of mixtures of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Applied Microbiology 

and Biotechnology. 2002; 60 (3):361-365. 

ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Researchers tracked the process of 

biodegradation in creosote-contaminated soil, 

and observed that the presence of phenanthrene 

caused a lag phase of 4.5 days in the 

degradation of fluoranthene and 5 days for 

chrysene. 

Lu, X. Y.; Zhang, X.; Li, G. H.; Zhang, W. H. 

Production of biosurfactant and its role in 

the biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health 

Part A - Toxic/Hazardous Substances & 

Environmental Engineering. 2003; 38 (3):483-

492. ISSN: 1093-4529. 

Lucach, S. O.; Bowler, B. F. J.; Frewin, N.; Larter, S. 

R. Variation in alkylphenol distributions in a 

homogenous oil suite from the Dhahaban 

petroleum system of Oman. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2002; 33 (5):581-594. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Luellen, Drew R.; Shea, Damian. Calibration and 

field verification of semipermeable 

membrane devices for measuring polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in water.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36 

(8):1791-1797. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

In an effort to identify the uptake or sampling 

rates of PAHs, semipermeable membrane 

devices (SPMDs) were used to allow 

quantitative estimations of freely dissolved 

concentrations of 47 compounds that are 

commonly used for PAH and petroleum product 

source fingerprinting. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

105

Lundstedt, Staffan; Haglund, Peter; Öberg, Lars G. 

Degradation and formation of polycyclic 

aromatic compounds during bioslurry 

treatment of an aged gasworks soil.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (7):1413-1420. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

After identifying over one hundred PACs in 

contaminated soil, researchers monitored 

biodegradation rates in a bioslurry treatment. 

Oxy-PAHs were singled out in the study as 

needing more research to understand the 

conditions that cause specific examples of these 

compounds to accumulate. 

Lundstedt, Staffan; van Bavel, Bert; Haglund, Peter; 

Tysklind, Mats ; Öberg, Lars G. Pressurized 

liquid extraction of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from contaminated soils.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2000; 883 (1-

2):151-162. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Using different extraction variables, researchers 

tested the efficiency of pressurized liquid 

extraction. Variables included sample load, 

solvents used, solvent ratios, pressure, 

temperature, extraction time, and rinse volume. 

Pressurized liquid extraction was found, in 

optimal conditions, to be an exhaustive 

extraction technique for contaminated soils. 

Luque-García, J. L.; Luque de Castro, M. Dolores. 

Comparison of the static, dynamic and staticdynamic pressurised liquid extraction modes 

for the removal of nitrated polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons from soil with on-line 

filtration-preconcentration. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2003; 1010 (2):129-140. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

In comparing different operational modes of 

pressurized liquid extraction, static-dynamic 

mode was found to be nearly 100% efficient, 

and extracted hydrocarbons in a shorter amount 

of time than the other modes tested. 

Luque-Garciá, J. L.; Luque de Castro, M. Dolores. 

Coupling of pressurized liquid extraction to 

other steps in environmental analysis. TrAC - 

Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2004; 23 

(2):102-108. ISSN: 0165-9936. 

Potential couplings of pressurized liquid 

extraction to one or more analytical methods are 

addressed in this paper. Authors also comment 

on static and dynamic pressurized liquid 

extraction techniques and prospective 

applications to environmental analysis. 

Luque-García, J. L.; Luque de Castro, M. Dolores. 

Static pressurised liquid extraction of 

nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

from soils with on-line filtrationpreconcentration prior to gas 

chromatography-mass spectrometry 

detection. Analyst. 2003; 128 (7):980-985. 

ISSN: 0003-2654. 

A time-saving, environmentally friendly method 

of detecting PAHs in contaminated soils is 

described in this study. An experimental design 

methodology was used to optimize extraction 

variables, such as pressure, extraction time, and 

temperature. 

Luthe, G. M.; Ariese, F.; Brinkman, U. A. T. 

Monofluorinated polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons: standards in environmental 

chemistry and biochemical applications. In

Neilson, A. H. (Ed.) Organofluorines (Series: 

Handbook of Environmental Chemistry). Berlin: 

Springer-Verlag; 2002; Vol. 3, Part N; p. 249-

275. ISBN: 3-540-42064-9. 

Luthe, G.; Brinkman, U. A. T. Monofluorinated 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: 

characteristics and intended use in 

environmental analysis. Analyst. 2000; 125 

(10):1699-1702. ISSN: 0003-2654. 

Eight monofluorinated PAHs were studied and 

found to be promising for use in analysis of 

parent PAHs. 

Luthe, G.; Ramos, L.; Dalluge, J.; Brinkman, U. A. 

T. Monofluorinated analogues of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons as internal standards 

for GC-MS in environmental analysis.

Chromatographia. 2003; 57 (5-6):379-383. 

ISSN: 0009-5893. 

Lüthje, Kati; Hyötyläinen, Tuulia; Riekkola, MajraLiisa. Comparison of different trapping 

methods for pressurised hot water 

extraction. Journal of Chromatography A. 

2004; 1025 (1):41-49. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Authors compared four methods of trapping 

PAHs during pressurized hot water extraction of 

soil and sediment samples. Each trapping 

system was assessed for solvent consumption, 

vitality, and duplication of results by analyzing 

extracts from each method with GC-MS and 

size-exclusion chromatography. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

106

Lüthje, Kati; Hyötyläinen, Tuulia; Riekkola, MarjeLiisa. On-line coupling of microporous 

membrane liquid-liquid extraction and gas 

chromatography in the analysis of organic 

pollutants in water. Analytical and 

Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2004; 378 (8):1991-

1998. ISSN: 1618-2642. 

Ma, Wanhong et al. Efficient degradation of 

organic pollutants by using dioxygen 

activated by resin-exchanged Iron(II) 

bipyridine under visible irradiation.

Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. 

2003; 42 (9):1029-1032. ISSN: 1433-7851. 

This paper introduces an environmentally 

friendly and simple photocatalytic method for 

degrading organic pollutants. 

MacKay, Scott; Fried, Jonathan; Carvill, Charles. 

Water-column changes pose seismic 

challenges. Offshore. 2003; 60 (5):114-116. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Variations in water velocity during deepwater 

exploration can cause distortions, leading to 

false indications during seismic acquisition. 4D 

seismic measurements are one method of 

getting reliable geological data during the 

investigative phase of deepwater exploration. 

MacLeod, C. T.; Daugulis, A. J. Biodegradation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a twophase partitioning bioreactor in the presence 

of a bioavailable solvent. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003; 62 (2-

3):291-296. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Bis(ethylhexyl) sebacate was successfully used 

as a carbon source for biodegradation studies in 

a two-phase particle bioreactor. Within four 

days, phenanthrene and pyrene were completely 

degraded in this experimental system. 

Macleod, Christopher J. A.; Semple, Kirk T. 

Sequential extraction of low concentrations 

of pyrene and formation of non-extractable 

residues in sterile and non-sterile soils. Soil 

Biology & Biochemistry. 2003; 35 (11):1443-

1450. ISSN: 0038-0717. 

Macnaughton, Sarah J.; Swannell, Richard; Daniel, 

Fabien; Bristow, Louise. Biodegradation of 

dispersed Forties crude and Alaskan North 

Slope oils in microcosms under simulated 

marine conditions. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):179-186. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

Microbial colonization and biodegradation of 

Forties crude and Alaskan North Slope oil were 

investigated in two studies under controlled 

simulated marine conditions. Authors wished to 

study the effects of chemical dispersants 

compared to natural attenuation processes that 

influence microbial growth rates and 

biodegradation of oil. 

Mahendraker, V.; Viraraghvan, T. Biodegradability 

testing of a petroleum refinery wastewater by 

respirometry. Fresenius Environmental 

Bulletin. 2001; 10 (2):139-142. ISSN: 1018-

4619. 

Maier, R. M. Biosurfactants: evolution and 

diversity in bacteria. In Laskin, A. I.; Bennett, 

J. W.; Gadd, G. M. (Eds.) Advances in Applied 

Microbiology, v.52. San Diego, Ca.: Academic 

Press; 2003; p. 101-121. ISBN: 0-12-002654-6. 

Maki, H.; Sasaki, T.; Harayama, S. Photo-oxidation 

of biodegraded crude oil and toxicity of the 

photo-oxidized products. Chemosphere. 2001; 

44 (5):1145-1151. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

After weeks of photo-oxidation in seawater, 

biodegraded oil was analyzed and evaluated for 

toxicity against Artemia larvae. Exposure to 

sunlight lowered the molecular weight of oil 

compounds and formed oxygenated compounds, 

which increased the bioavailability of the oil. 

The water-soluble fraction was found to cause 

100% mortality in Artemia by 25 days of 

exposure. 

Maki, Hideaki et al. Crude oil bioremediation field 

experiment in the Sea of Japan. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (1-6):74-77. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Investigators found that the addition of 

synthetic fertilizer enhanced bioremediation 

only in the early stages of a three-month 

experiment. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

107

Maki, Hideaki et al. Intrinsic biodegradation of 

heavy oil from Nakhodka and the effect of 

exogenous fertilization at a coastal area of 

the Sea of Japan. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 

2003; 145 (1-4):123-128. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

No significant differences were seen in a 

number of biodegradation parameters, including 

microbial community structure, when 

comparing chemical and biological reactions to 

fertilized and unfertilized samples of oilcontaminated rocks taken from beaches after a 

tanker spill. 

Makkar, Randhir S.; Rockne, Karl J. Comparison of 

synthetic surfactants and biosurfactants in 

enhancing biodegradation of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (10):2280-

2292. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

This review focuses on the promise of 

biosurfactants in aiding bioremediation, with the 

added benefit of being biodegradable and nontoxic to PAH-degrading bacteria. Further 

research involving the interplay between 

biosurfactants and PAHs is needed to produce 

more effective remediation results. 

Maksoud, Judy. Players change in the North Sea.

Offshore. 2003; 63 (5):42-44; 142. ISSN: 0030-

0608. 

Small oil investors are replacing major oil 

companies in the North Sea, and are focusing on 

mature fields believed to still be 

underdeveloped in hopes of meeting the rising 

demand for hydrocarbon resources in the 

region. 

Maksoud, Judy. Southeast Asia gas development 

gains momentum. Offshore. 2003; 63 (5):40; 

148. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Major oil companies are investing billions of 

dollars into five core areas in and around 

Southeast Asia. These regions have seen a 

tremendous boost in discoveries as other areas 

around the world have experienced a slump. 

Maksoud, Judy. Trinidad still the hottest play.

Offshore. 2003; 63 (5):34-36. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

With declining activity in portions of the Gulf 

of Mexico, development and exploration of the 

Angostura field in the Trinidad and Tobago 

offshore fields continues to be the focal point 

for activity in the Americas. 

Maliszewska-Kordybach, B.; Smreczak, B. Changes 

of soil microbial properties in the course of 

PAH dissipation in soils artificially 

contaminated with these compounds.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2003; 23 

(1):1-21. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Mandalakis, Manolis; Gustafsson, Örjan. 

Optimization of a preparative capillary gas 

chromatography-mass spectrometry system 

for the isolation and harvesting of individual 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2003; 996 (1-2):163-172. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Authors test a method of isolating microgramlevels of specific PAHs from complex mixtures 

with the use of a gas chromatography system 

combined with a cooled injection system 

controller. Results of the study note specific 

recovery rates and purities of individual PAHs 

obtained during the investigation. 

Mandelbaum, M. M.; Ageenkov, E. V.; Legeido, P. 

Y.; Pesterev, I. Y.; Ryklinskii, N. I. 

Differential-normalized electrical 

measurements in hydrocarbon exploration: 

the state of the art and prospects for future.

Geologiya I Geofizika. 2002; 43 (12):1137-

1143. ISSN: 0016-7886. 

Authors describe a method of detecting oil and 

gas deposits that uses polarization anomalies 

around rocks altered by the existence of 

hydrocarbon in pools deep underground. 

Mangani, F.; Maione, M.; Palma, P. GC-MS 

analysis of halocarbons in the environment.

In Brown, P. R.; Grushka, E. (Eds.) Advances in 

Chromatography, v. 42. New York: Marcel 

Dekker; 2003; p. 149-139. ISBN: 0-8247-0950-

0. 

Mango, Frank D. Comment on ''Natural gas 

composition in a geological environment and 

the implications for the processes of 

generation and preservation,'' Lloyd R. 

Snowdon, 2001, [Organic Geochemistry 32, 

913-931]. Organic Geochemistry. 2002; 33 

(1):81-83. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

This comment finds fault with the conclusions 

made from data presented arguing against 

catalytic gas in source rocks. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

108

Mansur, Claudia R. E.; Barboza, Sheila P.; González, 

Gaspar; Lucas, Elizabete F. PLURONIC x 

TETRONIC polyols: study of their 

properties and performance in the 

destabilization of emulsions formed in the 

petroleum industry. Journal of Colloid and 

Interface Science. 2004; 271 (1):232-240. ISSN: 

0021-9797. 

Data from surface tension and solubility tests of 

emulsions found in petroleum-related 

compounds show that the structure of 

copolymers influences their solubility in water. 

Marcaccio, Marco; Spagnoli, Federico; Frascari, 

Franca. Drilling mud as tracers of 

sedimentation and geochemical processes on 

continental shelves. Journal of Coastal 

Research. 2003; 19 (1):89-100. ISSN: 0749-

0208. 

Using sludge discharge from an offshore 

drilling site, researchers were able to estimate 

seasonal and multi-year sedimentation, 

resuspension and redistribution processes of sea 

bottom sediments. 

Marce, R. M.; Borrull, F. Solid-phase extraction of 

polycyclic aromatic compounds. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2000; 885 (1-2):273-290. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This review highlights different extraction 

problems of two groups of polyaromatic 

compounds, PAHs and napthalenesulfonates. 

Margesin, Rosa.; Schinner, Franz. Toxicity and 

biodegradability of a soil conditioner. Die 

Bodenkultur. 2001; 51 (4):217-224. ISSN: 

0006-5471. 

Experiments were carried out on a soil 

conditioner to determine toxicity, effects on the 

growth of microorganisms and biodegradability 

of the material in soil. 

Margesin, Rosa.; Walder, G.; Schinner, Franz. The 

impact of hydrocarbon remediation (diesel 

oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on 

enzyme activities and microbial properties of 

soil. Acta Biotechnologica. 2000; 20 (3-4):313-

333. ISSN: 0138-4988. 

Enzyme and microbial properties were analyzed 

in a ten-week study. Authors conclude that the 

effectiveness of studying these parameters 

depends on the concentration and composition 

of hydrocarbons, such as the age of 

contamination, as well as factors of soil 

characteristics, such as pH. 

Margesin, Rosa; Gander, Silvia; Zacke, Gabriele; 

Gounot, Anne Monique; Schinner, Franz. 

Hydrocarbon degradation and enzyme 

activities of cold-adapted bacteria and yeasts.

Extremophiles. 2003; 7 (6):451-458. ISSN: 

1431-0651. 

Margesin, Rosa; Schinner, Franz. Biodegradation 

and bioremediation of hydrocarbons in 

extreme environments. Applied Microbiology 

and Biotechnology. 2001; 56 (5-6):650-663. 

ISSN: 0175-7598. 

This paper reviews the results of published 

research on biodegradation experiments using 

bacteria that are found in hostile environments. 

Among the types of habitats included are low 

and high temperature environments, and 

locations noted for extreme amounts of acidity 

or alkalinity, high salinity, or pressure (deepsea). 

Margesin, Rosa; Schinner, Franz. Potential of 

halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms 

for biotechnology. Extremophiles. 2001; 5 

(2):73-83. ISSN: 1431-0651. 

This paper discusses the biotechnological 

applications of halotolerant or halophilic 

microorganisms, including their use in the 

biodegradation of oil-based pollutants. 

Márquez-Rocha, F. J.; Hernández-Rodríguez, V.; 

Lamela, M. T. Biodegradation of diesel oil in 

soil by a microbial consortium. Water, Air, & 

Soil Pollution. 2001; 128 (3-4):313-320. ISSN: 

0049-6979. 

Diesel oil-degrading bacterial cultures were 

tested in laboratory and pilot scale experiments, 

and amounts of degraded oil were measured. 

Stepwise soil inoculation and nutrient additions 

were found to enhance microbial activity. 

Martínez-Checa, F.; Toledo, F. L.; Vilchez, R.; 

Quesada, E.; Calvo, C. Yield production, 

chemical composition, and functional 

properties of emulsifier H28 synthesized by 

Halomonas eurihalina strain H-28 in media 

containing various hydrocarbons. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002; 58 

(3):358-363. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Halophilic bacteria-produced 

exopolysaccharides (EPS) were evaluated to 

determine their utility in bioremediation of 

hydrocarbon-polluted environments. The 

synthesis of EPS occurred in differently 

polluted soils, showing promise for future in 

situ bioremediation treatment. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

109

Maruyama, A. et al. Dynamics of microbial 

populations and strong selection for 

Cycloclasticus pugetii following the Nakhodka

oil spill. Microbial Ecology. 2004; 46 (4):442-

453. ISSN: 0095-3628. 

Using gene amplification and phylogenetic 

analysis, researchers were able to identify the 

predominant oil-degrading microbial species in 

an area impacted by the Nakhodka oil spill. 

Changes in microbial community structure were 

monitored, and other hydrocarbon degraders 

were identified by a combination of 

oligonucleotide probes, probe wash-off curve 

estimation, and quantitative fluorescence dotblot hybridization techniques. 

Massias, Delphine; Grossi, Vincent; Bertrand, JeanClaude. In situ anaerobic degradation of 

petroleum alkanes in marine sediments: 

preliminary results. Comptes Rendus 

Geoscience. 2003; 335 (5):435-439. ISSN: 

1631-0713. 

Results of a 24-month experiment found that 

acyclic petroleum hydrocarbons from Arabian 

light crude oil-contaminated sediment were 

degraded under natural anaerobic conditions. 

Masterson, W. D.; Dzou, L. I. P.; Holba, A. G.; 

Fincannon, A. L.; Ellis, L. Evidence for 

biodegradation and evaporative fractionation 

in West Sak, Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay field 

areas, North Slope, Alaska. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2001; 32 (3):411-441. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Mazeas, L.; Budzinski, H.; Raymond, N. Absence of 

stable carbon isotope fractionation of 

saturated and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons during aerobic bacterial 

biodegradation. Organic Geochemistry. 2002; 

33 (11):1259-1272. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

The isotope composition of PAHs remained 

stable during biodegradation by a marine 

bacterial community, leading to the possibility 

of stable carbon isotopic composition as a tool 

for source identification of n-alkanes and other 

hydrocarbons. 

Mazeas, Laurent; Budzinski, Hélèn. Molecular and 

stable carbon isotope source identification of 

oil residues and oiled bird feathers sampled 

along the Atlantic coast of France after the 

Erika oil spill. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (2):130-137. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

Oil residue and oiled bird feathers were 

collected along the north and south Atlantic 

shoreline of France following the wreck of the 

Erika tanker. Samples were then used to 

differentiate the initial oil spill effects versus 

numerous tar balls that occurred after the Erika

spill. 

Mazeas, Laurent; Budzinski, Hélèn. Polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbon 13C/12C ratio 

measurement in petroleum and marine 

sediments - application to standard reference 

materials and a sediment suspected of 

contamination from the Erika oil spill.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2001; 923 (1-

2):165-176. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Mazeas, Laurent; Budzinski, Hélèn. Stable carbon 

isotopic study (12C/13C) of the fate of 

petrogenic PAHs (Methylphenanthrenes) 

during an in-situ oil spill simulation 

experiment. Organic Geochemistry. 2002; 33 

(11):1253-1258. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

A three-year study found that introduced 

petrogenic PAHs had been degraded, but those 

present in the soil before contamination 

remained. 

Mazeas, Laurent; Budzinski, Hélène. Improved 

accuracy of GC-MS quantification of 

aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in 

marine sediments and petroleums. Validation 

on reference matrices and application to the 

Erika oil spill. International Journal of 

Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2002; 82 

(3):157-173. ISSN: 0306-7319. 

This report describes an analytical procedure 

that speeds up and simplifies the quantification 

of PAHs in sediments. After validation of the 

procedure on reference materials, researchers 

applied it to contaminated marine sediments 

associated with the Erika spill. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

110

McConkey, B. J.; Hewitt, L. M.; Dixon, D. G.; 

Greenberg, B. M. Natural sunlight induced 

photooxidation of naphthalene in aqueous 

solution. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2002; 

136 (1-4):347-359. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Photooxidation of naphthalene was investigated 

to provide examples of the types of products 

caused by photoreactions of PAHs in an 

aqueous solution. Further analyses provide the 

photooxidation reactions of naphthalene in 

natural sunlight and identify the photoproducts. 

McCormack, P.; Jones, P.; Hetheridge, M. J.; 

Rowland, S. J. Analysis of oilfield produced 

waters and production chemicals by 

electrospray ionisation multi-stage mass 

spectrometry (ESI-MSn

). Water Research. 

2001; 35 (15):3567-3578. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

ESI-MSn

 was found to be very powerful for the 

identification of polar chemicals, such as 

demulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors found in 

produced waters. 

McLellan, S. L.; Warshawsky, D.; Shann, J. R. The 

effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

on the degradation of benzo[a]pyrene by 

Mycobacterium sp. strain RJGII-135.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2002; 21 (2):253-259. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Mehrotra, N. C.; Swamy, S. N.; Rawat, R. S. 

Reworked carboniferous palynofossils from 

panna formation, Bombay offshore basin: 

clue to a hidden target for hydrocarbon 

exploration. Journal of the Geological Society 

of India. 2001; 57 (3):239-248. ISSN: 0016-

7622. 

Melcher, Rebecca J.; Apitz, Sabine E.; Hemmingsen, 

Barbara B. Impact of irradiation and 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon spiking on 

microbial populations in marine sediment for 

future aging and biodegradability studies.

Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 

68 (6):2858-2868. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Irradiation of spiked sediment killed all species 

of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and 

prevented their reappearance over a time span 

of several months. This allowed the aging of 

PAHs in the sediment, which can be used for 

future biodegradation experiments. 

Meniconi, Maria de Fatima Guadalupe et al. 

Brazilian oil spills chemical characterization 

- case studies. Environmental Forensics. 2002; 

3 (3-4):303-321. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Three advanced chemical analytical methods 

were employed to identify fractions and specific 

hydrocarbon types in spilled oil and oil in media 

such as water, sediment, sand, fish, and others. 

Meredith, W.; Kelland, S. J.; Jones, D. M. Influence 

of biodegradation on crude oil acidity and 

carboxylic acid composition. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2000; 31 (11):1059-1073. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Biodegradation was found to be the dominant 

process in the creation of carboxylic acids in 

crude oil, although other factors can contribute 

to the total acid number, or acidity of oil. 

Meyer, Susanne; Steinhart, Hans. Fate of PAHs and 

hetero-PAHs during biodegradation in a 

model soil/compost-system: formation of 

extractable metabolites. Water, Air, & Soil 

Pollution. 2001; 132 (3-4):215-231. ISSN: 

0049-6979. 

A study was undertaken to investigate the 

formation and accumulation of metabolites that 

occur with PAHs and hetero-PAHs, in separate 

and combined experiments. Degradation 

pathways of selected PAHs are discussed. 

Miles, Rick A.; Doucette, William J. Assessing the 

aerobic biodegradability of 14 hydrocarbons 

in two soils using a simple 

microcosm/respiration method. Chemosphere. 

2001; 45 (6-7):1085-1090. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

The aerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons 

was tested by measuring the amount of depleted 

O2 in controlled microcosm experiments. This 

method of assessment was found to be accurate, 

reliable, and easily reproducible. 

Milkov, Alexei V.; Sassen, Roger. Economic 

geology of offshore gas hydrate 

accumulations and provinces. Marine and 

Petroleum Geology. 2002; 19 (1):1-11. ISSN: 

0264-8172. 

Authors identify areas where gas hydrate 

reserves have typically been found, and 

conclude that certain locations might be 

economically feasible for hydrate recovery. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

111

Milkov, Alexei V.; Sassen, Roger. Estimate of gas 

hydrate resource, northwestern Gulf of 

Mexico continental slope. Marine Geology. 

2001; 179 (1-2):71-83. ISSN: 0025-3227. 

In this study, data was compiled to estimate the 

volume of gas hydrate reservoirs in the 

northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The authors 

describe the resource in terms of its relationship 

to geology, water depth and the gas hydrate 

stability zone. 

Milkov, Alexei V.; Sassen, Roger. Preliminary 

assessment of resources and economic 

potential of individual gas hydrate 

accumulations in the Gulf of Mexico 

continental slope. Marine and Petroleum 

Geology. 2003; 20 (2):111-128. ISSN: 0264-

8172. 

Hydrate-bound gas accumulations were 

estimated for the Green and Mississippi 

Canyons, the Garden Banks, and Atwater 

Valley in the Gulf of Mexico. Results suggest 

that the volumes of accumulations are 

comparable with reserves in very small to major 

conventional gas fields. 

Miller, Jacek S.; Olejnik, Dorota. Photolysis of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water.

Water Research. 2001; 35 (1):233-243. ISSN: 

0043-1354. 

Experiments were carried out to test the success 

of using UV radiation to eliminate PAHs in an 

aqueous solution. Benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, 

and fluorene were tested, with different levels of 

success. Researchers note that the 

decomposition of B(a)P and chrysene was by a 

different mechanism than was for fluorene. 

Mills, Marc A.; Bonner, James S.; McDonald, 

Thomas J.; Page, Cheryl A.; Autenreith, Robin 

L. Intrinsic bioremediation of a petroleumimpacted wetland. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2003; 46 (7):887-899. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Initial biodegradation analysis of an oilcontaminated wetland area found that 95% of 

petroleum was degraded within one year. It is 

believed that elevated nutrient levels from flood 

deposition and aerobic conditions associated 

with freshly deposited sediment enhanced 

microbial action. 

Miroshnichenko, Margarita L. et al. Isolation and 

characterization of Thermococcus sibiricus

sp. nov. from a Western Siberia hightemperature oil reservoir. Extremophiles. 

2001; 5 (2):85-91. ISSN: 1431-0651. 

New strains of hyperthermophilic bacteria were 

isolated from a depth of over 2,000 meters and 

at temperatures of over 80°C. 

Mishra, S.; Jyot, J.; Kuhad, R. C.; Lal, B. Evaluation 

of inoculum addition to stimulate in situ

bioremediation of oily-sludge-contaminated 

soil. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 

2001; 67 (4):1675-1681. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Miya, Ryan K.; Firestone, Mary K. Enhanced 

phenanthrene biodegradation in soil by 

slender oat root exudates and root debris.

Journal of Environmental Quality. 2001; 30 

(6):1911-1918. ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Researchers found that phenanthrene 

biodegradation was stimulated by the presence 

of root exudates. The bacterial population of 

phenanthrene degraders was further enhanced 

by the presence of root debris. 

Miyata, Naoyuki; Iwahori, Keisuke; Foght, Julia M.; 

Gray, Murray R. Saturable, energy-dependent 

uptake of phenanthrene in aqueous phase by 

Mycobactetium sp strain RJGII-135. Applied 

& Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70 

(1):363-369. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

In a laboratory experiment, a microbial culture 

was grown on phenanthrene and examined for 

bioavailability and mass transfer rates during 

degradation in aqueous phase. Kinetic data 

suggests that saturable transport systems and 

passive diffusion allow the bacteria to utilize the 

hydrocarbon. 

Mmereki, Baagi T.; Chaudhuri, Sri R.; Donaldson, D. 

J. Enhanced uptake of PAHs by organiccoated aqueous surfaces. Journal of Physical 

Chemistry A. 2003; 107 (13):2264-2269. ISSN: 

1089-5639. 

Researchers used laser-induced fluorescence to 

measure the uptake of anthracene and pyrene 

from a gas phase into an air-aqueous interface in 

the presence of 1-octanol (organic) coating. 

Mogensen, A. S.; Dolfing, J.; Haagensen, F.; Ahring, 

B. K. Potential for anaerobic conversion of 

xenobiotics. In Ahring, B. K. (Ed.) 

Biomethanation II (Series: Advances in 

Biochemical Engineering/Biotehnology, v.82) 

New York: Springer-Verlag; 2003; p. 69-134. 

ISBN: 3-540-44321-5. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

112

Mohn, W. W.; Radziminski, C. Z.; Fortin, M. -C.; 

Reimer, K. J. On site bioremediation of 

hydrocarbon-contaminated Arctic tundra 

soils in inoculated biopiles. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001; 57 (1-

2):242-247. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Biopiles were used to determine their 

effectiveness in the biodegradation of fuel oilcontaminated Arctic soils. Investigators 

determined that biopiles were effective in the 

remediation process, especially if ammonium 

chloride and sodium phosphate were added as 

stimulants. 

Moles, A.; Wade, T. L. Parasitism and phagocytic 

function among sand lance Ammodytes 

hexapterus Pallas exposed to crude oil-laden 

sediments. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2001; 66 

(4):528-535. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Pacific sand lance, a foraging fish that spends 

considerable time in sandy sediment, was 

exposed to low levels of oiled sediment over a 

90-day period. Results of this test showed that 

the fish experienced lower immune levels over 

time, and higher levels of parasitism by the 

trematode Gyrodactylus sp. 

Molnár, M. et al. Effects of RAMEB on 

bioremediation of different soils 

contaminated with hydrocarbons. Journal of 

Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic 

Chemistry. 2002; 44 (1-4):447-452. ISSN: 

0923-0750. 

The addition of randomly methylated 

cyclodextrin (RAMEB) improved the 

bioavailability of pollutants and improved rates 

of biodegradation in experiments involving soils 

contaminated with diesel and transformer oils. 

Montero, Larisse; Popp, Peter; Paschke, Albrecht; 

Pawliszyn, J. Polydimethylsiloxane rod 

extraction, a novel technique for the 

determination of organic micropollutants in 

water samples by thermal desorptioncapillary gas chromatography-mass 

spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 

2004; 1025 (1):17-26. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This study describes an uncomplicated and 

economical method for the absorptive extraction 

of organic pollutants from environmental 

samples. 

Moody, J. D.; Freeman, J. P.; Doerge, D. R.; 

Cerniglia, C. E. Degradation of phenanthrene 

and anthracene by cell suspensions of 

Mycobacterium sp strain PYR-1. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 67 

(4):1476-1483. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Moody, Joanna D.; Freeman, James P.; Fu, Peter P.; 

Cerniglia, Carl E. Degradation of 

benzo[a]pyrene by Mycobacterium 

vanbaalenii PYR-1. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2004; 70 (1):340-345. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

HPLC was used to separate metabolites after 

biodegradation of B(a)P by a microbial strain. 

The presence of certain substances allowed for 

researchers to formulate additions to metabolic 

pathways in the bacteria. 

Morales-Muñoz, S.; Luque-García, J. L.; Luque de 

Castro, M. Dolores. Static extraction with 

modified pressurized liquid and on-line 

fluorescence monitoring - independent 

matrix approach for the removal of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 

environmental solid samples. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2002; 978 (1-2):49-57. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Authors propose and describe an improved 

method for the liquid extraction of PAHs from 

environmental samples. 

Morasch, Barbara; Annweiler, Eva; Warthmann, Rolf 

J.; Meckenstock, Rainer U. The use of a solid 

adsorber resin for enrichment of bacteria 

with toxic substrates and to identify 

metabolites: degradation of naphthalene, o-, 

and m-xylene by sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2001; 44 

(2):183-191. ISSN: 0167-7012. 

Anaerobic bacteria were aided in the breakdown 

of PAHs by the addition of Amberlite-XAD7, a 

solid absorber resin. The cultivation of bacteria 

in XAD7 led to extremely high degradation 

levels. 

Morasch, Barbara; Richnow, Hans H.; Schink, 

Bernhard; Vieth, Andrea; Meckenstock, Rainer 

U. Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope 

fractionation during aerobic bacterial 

degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 

68 (10):5191-5194. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Strains of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were 

grown on toluene, xylene, and naphthalene, 

while stable isotope fractionation of 13C/12C and 

D/H was determined throughout the 

biodegradation process. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

113

Morasch, Barbara; Richnow, Hans H.; Vieth, Andrea; 

Schink, Bernhard; Meckenstock, Rainer U. 

Stable isotope fractionation caused by glycyl 

radical enzymes during bacterial 

degradation of aromatic compounds. Applied 

and Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70 

(5):2935-2940. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Authors propose that rough estimates of in situ

biodegradation can be established by 

investigating intrinsic enrichment factors 

associated with stable isotopic fractionation 

caused by reactions by a glycyl radical enzyme. 

More explorers lining up off northwestern Africa.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (25):38-40. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Morocco has granted licenses to two oil & gas 

companies to conduct a comprehensive 

geological and geophysical study along the 

Atlantic coastline in Northwest Africa, to 

determine if hydrocarbon reserves exist. 

Morelli, Irma Susana; Vecchioli, Graciela Isabel; Del 

Panno, María Teresa; Painceira, María Teresa. 

Effect of petrochemical sludge concentrations 

on changes in mutagenic activity during soil 

bioremediation process. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2001; 20 (10):2179-

2183. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Researchers studied mutagenic activity in 

sludge-soil systems and the persistence of 

mutagenic activity during a laboratory soil 

bioremediation process. It is speculated that 

persistence of direct mutagenic activity is 

related to sludge concentration. 

Mori, T.; Kitano, S.; Kondo, R. Biodegradation of 

chloronaphthalenes and polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by the white-rot fungus 

Phlebia lindtneri. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2003; 61 (4):380-383. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

A number of compounds, including 

phenanthrene and naphthalene, were degraded 

by white-rot fungus while researchers 

investigated mechanisms behind the removal of 

the contaminants. Researchers noted the 

likelihood that initial oxidation of substrates 

was accomplished by a CYP450 

monooxygenase. 

Moritis, Guntis. CO2 sequestration adds new 

dimension to oil, gas production. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (9):39-44. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The author describes a method of injecting CO2

into hydrocarbon reservoirs to enhance oil and 

gas recovery. 

Mougin, Christian. Bioremediation and 

phytoremediation of industrial PAH-polluted 

soils. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2002; 2 

(5):1011-1043. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

The importance and abilities of microorganisms 

and plants in the remediation of PAHcontaminated soils are discussed in this paper. 

Mrozik, Agnieszka; Piotrowska-Seget, Zofi; 

Labuzek, Sylwia. Bacterial degradation and 

bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Polish Journal of 

Environmental Studies. 2003; 12 (1):15-25. 

ISSN: 1230-1485. 

This review summarizes the current literature 

regarding the species of bacteria involved in the 

biodegradation of PAHs and the metabolic 

pathway involved in that process. 

Mrozik, Agnieszka; Piotrowska-Seget, Zofi; 

Labuzek, Sylwia. Changes in whole cellderived fatty acids induced by naphthalene 

in bacteria from genus Pseudomonas.

Microbiological Research. 2004; 159 (1):87-95. 

ISSN: 0944-5013. 

Mukherji, Suparna; Weber, Walter J., Jr. Erratum: 

mass transfer effects on microbial uptake of 

naphthalene from complex NAPLs.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2001; 75 

(1):130-141. ISSN: 0006-3592. 

Mulder, H.; Breure, A. M.; Rulkens, W. H. 

Prediction of complete bioremediation 

periods for PAH soil pollutants in different 

physical states by mechanistic models.

Chemosphere. 2001; 43 (8):1085-1094. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

Biodegradation and mass-transfer models were 

tested on three theoretical physical states of 

PAH-contaminated soil. Results demonstrated 

that mass-transfer models could predict the 

amount of time needed for rates of 

biodegradation. 

Muñoz, J. A. et al. Growth of moderately 

halophilic bacteria isolated from sea water 

using phenol as the sole carbon source. Folia 

Microbiologica. 2001; 46 (4):297-302. ISSN: 

0015-5632. 

Halophilic bacteria were isolated and tested in 

aerobic conditions. Authors demonstrated that 

phenol utilization occurs by an inducible 

enzyme system. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

114

Muñoz, R.; Guieysse, Benoît; Mattiasson, Bo. 

Phenanthrene biodegradation by an algalbacterial consortium in two-phase 

partitioning bioreactors. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003; 61 

(3):261-267. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

A bacterial consortium was found to degrade 

phenanthrene when dissolved in silicon oil and 

exposed to a light source. 

Muratova, A. et al. Plant - rhizosphere-microflora 

association during phytorernediation of 

PAH-contaminated soil. International Journal 

of Phytoremediation. 2003; 5 (2):137-151. 

ISSN: 1522-6514 

Authors compared reed (Phreagmites australis) 

and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) during 

phytoremediation experiments, and found that 

alfalfa stimulated the rhizosphere microflora 

more effectively, leading to higher degradation 

rates than reed. 

Murthy, N. B. K.; Sherkhane, P. D.; Kale, S. P. 

Metabolism of 14C-naphthalene in marine 

sediments. Environmental Technology. 2002; 

23 (11):1271-1273. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

After a five-week investigation, metabolism of 

naphthalene in intertidal marine sediments was 

found to have been more pronounced in moist 

(aerobic) conditions than in flooded (anaerobic) 

conditions. 

Murygina, V.; Arinbasarov, M.; Kalyuzhnyi, S. 

Bioremediation of oil polluted aquatic 

systems and soils with novel preparation 

'Rhoder'. Biodegradation. 2001; 11 (6):385-

389. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Nadalig, T. et al. Degradation of phenanthrene, 

methylphenanthrenes and dibenzothiophene 

by a Sphingomonas strain 2mpII. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002; 59 

(1):79-85. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Several biodegradation experiments were 

monitored to understand how different 

hydrocarbon metabolites act as inhibitors or 

stimulants for other hydrocarbons during the 

degradation process. 

Nadalig, T.; Raymond, N.; Gilewicz, M.; Budzinski, 

H. Development of a protocol to study 

aerobic bacterial degradation of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons: application to 

phenanthrenes. Polycyclic Aromatic 

Compounds. 2000; 18 (2):177-192. ISSN: 1040-

6638. 

In this study, methylphenanthrenes were 

targeted for degradation by a bacterial 

community. Phenanthrene, 2-

methylphenanthrene and 9-methylphenanthrene 

were used and observed to degrade at different 

rates. 

Nadarajah, Nalina.; et al. Enhanced transformation 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a 

combined Fenton's reagent, microbial 

treatment and surfactants. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002; 59 (4-

5):540-544. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

A pretreatment of an oxidation solution, 

followed by the addition of surfactants, was 

found to increase the ability of bacteria to 

transform anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene in 

controlled experiments. 

Nadarajah, Nalina; Singh, Ajay; Ward, Owen P. Deemulsification of petroleum oil emulsion by a 

mixed bacterial culture. Process Biochemistry. 

2002; 37 (10):1135-1141. ISSN: 0032-9592. 

The de-emulsification of various field oils by a 

mixed bacterial culture was monitored with a 

surfactant-stabilized kerosene-water model 

system. The mixed culture was found to 

completely de-emulsify a wide variety of field 

oil emulsions in within 3 days. 

Nail, Robert S. et al. Early Cretaceous-Miocene 

potential seen in deepwater Potiguar basin 

off Brazil. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 

(21):38-43. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Results of a multiclient 3D survey, as well as 

analysis of public domain data and other 

information, aided the authors in determining 

potential oil and gas reserves off the coast of 

northeastern Brazil. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

115

Nam, Kyoungphile; Alexander, Martin. Relationship 

between biodegradation rate and percentage 

of a compound that becomes sequestered in 

soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 2001; 33 

(6):787-792. ISSN: 0038-0717. 

In the biodegradation of phenanthrene, 

researchers found that the percentage of 

sequestered material was determined by the 

initial rate of degradation. Incubation 

temperature, bacterial culture and soil properties 

determined the rate of mineralization. 

Nam, Kyoungphile; Rodriguez, Wilson; Kukor, 

Jerome J. Enhanced degradation of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons by biodegradation 

combined with a modified Fenton reaction.

Chemosphere. 2001; 45 (1):11-20. ISSN: 0006-

3592. 

A bacterial consortium was used to study the 

possibility to enhance degradation of PAHs in 

the presence of hydrogen peroxide oxidation of 

contaminated soil. Over 90% of total PAHs 

were biodegraded, with higher rates (98%) for 

2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons and lower rates 

(70% and 85%) for 4- and 5-ring compounds. 

Namiesnik, Jacek. Trace analysis - challenges and 

problems. Critical Reviews in Analytical 

Chemistry. 2002; 32 (4):271-300. ISSN: 1040-

8347. 

Namkoong, Wan; Hwang, Eui-Yong; Park, JoonSeok; Choi, Jung-Yong. Bioremediation of 

diesel-contaminated soil with composting.

Environmental Pollution. 2002; 119 (1):23-31. 

ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Compost and sewage sludge were combined in 

differing amounts to find the best combination 

of these ingredients for the remediation of diesel 

oil in contaminated soil. Rates of degradation 

were monitored and compared with CO2

respiration rates and dehydrogenase activity for 

the different mixtures of sludge and compost. 

Negri, Marco et al. Solid phase treatment of an 

aged soil contaminated by polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health Part A - 

Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental 

Engineering. 2004; 39 (1):1-17. ISSN: 1093-

4529. 

Over a 100-day period, three laboratory scale 

tests were carried out on soil contaminated with 

high molecular weight PAHs. Wood chips and 

urea were added to soil in two tests, and of 

these, one was bioaugmentated with PAHdegrading bacteria. A third test included soil 

only as control. Results between three tests were 

compared to determine removal efficiencies and 

factors controlling the biodegradation process. 

N'Guessan, Adeola L.; Carignan, Todd; Nyman, 

Marianne C. Optimization of the peroxy acid 

treatment of α-methyinaphthalene and 

benzo[a]pyrene in sandy and silty-clay 

sediments. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2004; 38 (5):1554-1560. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

A chemical oxidative treatment combining 

hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was tested 

for the most favorable mixture in the 

degradation of two PAH compounds in two 

types of sediment. 

Nicholson, Carla A.; Fathepure, Babu Z. 

Biodegradation of benzene by halophilic and 

halotolerant bacteria under aerobic 

conditions. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2004; 70 (2):1222-1225. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

An enriched halophilic bacterial consortium 

extracted from oilfield brine was able to rapidly 

degrade BTEX compounds. Researchers believe 

that the addition of growth promoting nutrients 

would further increase biodegradation levels. 

Nicodem, David E. et al. Photochemistry of 

petroleum. Progress in Reaction Kinetics and 

Mechanisms. 2001; 26 (2-3):219-238. ISSN: 

0079-6743. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

116

Niehus, Brigitte; Popp, Peter; Bauer, Coretta; Peklo, 

Gisela; Zwanziger, Heinz W. Comparison of 

stir bar sorptive extraction and solid phase 

extraction as enrichment techniques in 

combination with column liquid 

chromatography for the determination of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water 

samples. International Journal of 

Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2002; 82 

(10):669-676. ISSN: 0306-7319. 

After a series of comparative experiments, the 

authors discuss the advantages and 

disadvantages of two methods used to determine 

PAHs from precipitation water samples. 

Nishigima, Fernando Noboru; Weber, Rolf Roland; 

Bícego, Márcia Caruso. Aliphatic and 

aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of 

Santos and Cananéia, SP, Brazil. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (11):1064-1072. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Sediments from two lagoons were analyzed for 

the presence of hydrocarbons. Analysis of the 

sediment at Camanéia showed no evidence of 

oil as the source of PAHs, but the Santos data 

showed oil contributions from diverse sources. 

Nocentini, M.; Pinelli, D.; Fava, F. Bioremediation 

of a soil contaminated by hydrocarbon 

mixtures: the residual concentration 

problem. Chemosphere. 2000; 41 (8):1115-

1123. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Noh, Seung-Lim; Choi, Jung-Min; An, Youn-Joo; 

Park, Seok-Soon; Cho, Kyung-Suk. Anaerobic 

biodegradation of toluene coupled to sulfate 

reduction in oil-contaminated soils: optimum 

environmental conditions for field 

applications. Journal of Environmental Science 

and Health Part A - Toxic/Hazardous 

Substances & Environmental Engineering. 

2003; 38 (6):1087-1097. ISSN: 1093-4529. 

In microcosm experiments, optimal microbial 

activity occurred with neutral soil pH and 

temperature ranges between 30-37°C. 

Noordman, Wouter H.; Janssen, Dick B. 

Rhamnolipid stimulates uptake of 

hydrophobic compounds by Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2002; 68 (9):4502-4508. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

After observing the biodegradation of 

hexadecane by several bacterial strains in the 

presence or absence of an added surfactant, 

researchers determine that P. aeruginosa

degraded the hydrocarbon by the rhamnolipid 

biosurfactant produced within the same 

organism. 

Noordman, Wouter H.; Wachter, Johan H. J.; de 

Boer, Geert J.; Janssen, Dick B. The 

enhancement by surfactants of hexadecane 

degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

varies with substrate availability. Journal of 

Biotechnology. 2002; 94 (2):195-212. ISSN: 

0168-1656. 

Rhamnolipid, a surfactant, was observed in 

experiments to determine its success in 

biodegradation of hexadecane, when compared 

to other surfactants. Rhamnolipid was found to 

enhance degradation of poorly soluble 

substrates, and possible mechanisms for this 

process are described. 

Nordgård Bolås, Hege Marit; Hermanrud, Christian. 

Hydrocarbon leakage processes and trap 

retention capacities offshore Norway.

Petroleum Geoscience. 2004; 9 (4):321-332. 

ISSN: 1354-0793. 

Authors contrast geological processes of two 

offshore basins to explain leakages at sites with 

different overpressures. Differences in retention 

capacities of the two basins were attributed to 

dissimilar leakage processes. 

Norman, R. Sean; Frontera-Suau, Roberto; Morris, 

Pamela J. Variability in Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide expression 

during crude oil degradation. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 68 

(10):5096-5103. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Researchers used atomic force microscopy, 

along with biochemical techniques, to 

characterize differences in the 

lipopolysaccharide process of two isolates of oil 

degrading bacteria. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

117

Norton, Dean; Shamsi, Shahab A. Separation of 

methylated isomers of benzo[a]pyrene using 

micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

Analytica Chimica Acta. 2003; 496 (1-2):165-

176. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

A T-type micelle polymer was used to separate 

7 of 12 methylated benzo(a)pyrene isomers 

within 26 minutes, making it a useful 

pseudostationary phase polymer for micellar 

electrokinetic chromatographic separation of 

hydrophobic isomers. 

Notar, Marko; Leskovsek, Hermina; Faganeli, Jadran. 

Composition, distribution and sources of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

sediments of the Gulf of Trieste, northern 

Adriatic Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 

42 (1):36-44. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Sediment was sampled at several areas in the 

northern Adriatic sea to determine PAH 

concentrations, as well as ratios of different 

types of PAHs, arranged by number of aromatic 

rings. Analysis of the data collected showed 

higher concentrations of contamination close to 

the shoreline. 

Nunn, Jeffrey A.; Meulbroek, Peter. Kilometer-scale 

upward migration of hydrocarbons in 

geopressured sediments by buoyancy-driven 

propagation of methane filled fractures.

AAPG Bulletin. 2002; 86 (5):907-918. ISSN: 

0149-1423. 

Physical and chemical evidence suggests that 

buoyancy-driven propagation drives the upward 

migration of hydrocarbons hundreds of meters 

per year in the Gulf of Mexico Basin. 

Nwachukwu, S. C. U.; James, P.; Gurney, T. R. 

Inorganic nutrient utilisation by ''adapted'' 

Pseudomonas putida strain used in the 

bioremediation of agricultural soil polluted 

with crude petroleum. Journal of 

Environmental Biology. 2001; 22 (3):153-162. 

ISSN: 0254-8704. 

Obiajunwa, E. L.; Pelemo, D. A.; Owolabi, S. A.; 

Fasasi, M. K.; Johnson-Fatokun, F. O. 

Characterisation of heavy metal pollutants of 

soils and sediments around a crude-oil 

production terminal using EDXRF. Nuclear 

Instruments & Methods in Physics Research 

Section B - Beam Interactions with Materials 

and Atoms. 2002; 194 (1):61-64. ISSN: 0168-

583X. 

X-Ray fluorescence analysis of soil, sediments 

and solid wastes around a crude-oil production 

terminal documented fourteen different heavy 

metals in samples, demonstrating a correlation 

between the environmental pollutants and crude 

oil production. 

Obuekwe, C. O.; Hourani, G.; Radwan, Samir. S. 

High-temperature hydrocarbon 

biodegradation activities in Kuwaiti desert 

soil samples. Folia Microbiologica. 2001; 46 

(6):535-539. ISSN: 0015-5632. 

Odden, W.; Barth, T.; Talbot, M. R. Compoundspecific carbon isotope analysis of natural 

and artificially generated hydrocarbons in 

source rocks and petroleum fluids from 

offshore Mid-Norway. Organic Geochemistry. 

2002; 33 (1):47-65. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Carbon isotopic analysis was used to determine 

the composition of n-alkanes in the source rocks 

of the Åre and Spekk formations. From this 

data, authors were able to identify the influence 

of specific formations to oils in producing 

fields. 

Ogino, A.; Koshikawa, H.; Nakahara, T.; Uchiyama, 

H. Succession of microbial communities 

during a biostimulation process as evaluated 

by DGGE and clone library analyses. Journal 

of Applied Microbiology. 2001; 91 (4):625-635. 

ISSN: 1364-5072. 

Authors traced the changes in the structure of a 

bacterial community after adding a 

biostimulation treatment to an area affected by 

the Nakhodka oil spill. Biostimulation initially 

disrupted the community structure, but 

immediate recovery occurred at the end of 

fertilization. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

118

Oh, Young-Sook; Sim, Doo-Seup; Kim, Sang-Jin. 

Effects of nutrients on crude oil 

biodegradation in the upper intertidal zone.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (12):1367-

1372. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Oil-contaminated microcosms, simulating an 

intertidal zone, were used in experiments 

investigating the process of enhancing 

biodegradation with the addition of slow release 

fertilizer (SRF). SRF had a positive effect on 

degradation rates, especially in early 

applications. Pristane, phytane, and nor-hopane 

were monitored as biomarkers to detect 

treatment differences in specific cases. 

Okieimen, C. O.; Okieimen, F. E. Effect of natural 

rubber processing sludge on the degradation 

of crude oil hydrocarbons in soil. Bioresource 

Technology. 2002; 82 (1):95-97. ISSN: 0960-

8524. 

Olejniczak, J.; Staniewski, J.; Szymanowski, J. 

Extraction of selected pollutants in open 

tubular capillary columns. Analytica Chimica 

Acta. 2003; 497 (1-2):199-207. ISSN: 0003-

2670. 

A method of extraction and determination of 

phenols and PAHs in aquatic environments is 

described. Extraction yields were found to be 

similar to those obtained from equilibrium 

solvent extraction. 

Oleszczuk, P.; Baran, S. Degradation of individual 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 

soil polluted with aircraft fuel. Polish Journal 

of Environmental Studies. 2003; 12 (4):431-437. 

ISSN: 1230-1485. 

Biodegradation experiments demonstrate that 

the rate of decomposition of PAHs in soil is 

directly related to the solubility of 

hydrocarbons, soil properties, microbial density 

and community structure, and available 

nutrients. According to the authors, the rapid 

degradation of 3-ring hydrocarbons may be a 

factor in the limitation of 5-ring (and higher) 

PAH degradation. 

Olivera, N. L.; Commendatore, M. G.; Delgado, O.; 

Esteves, J. L. Microbial characterization and 

hydrocarbon biodegradation potential of 

natural bilge waste microflora. Journal of 

Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 

2003; 30 (9):542-548. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

Bilge waste containing PAHs was placed in 

open lagoons to identify hydrocarbon-degrading 

microorganisms present in the waste and assess 

biodegradation potential. After 17 days, 

significant degradation occurred with 

acenaphtylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, 

anthracene, and pyrene. No evidence of 

extracellular biosurfactant production was 

found, leading researchers to suggest that the 

addition of biosurfactants would lead to higher 

biodegradation rates. 

Omari, K.; Revitt, M.; Shutes, B.; Garelick, H. 

Hydrocarbon removal in an experimental 

gravel bed constructed wetland. Water 

Science and Technology. 2003; 48 (5):275-281. 

ISSN: 0273-1223. 

A subsurface flow bed was filled with pea 

gravel and planted with Typha seedlings before 

being treated with aqueous concentrations of 

diesel oil. Investigators found that hydrocarbon 

removal rates exceeded 60%, indicating that 

Typha assisted adsorption of pollutants onto the 

gravel substrate. 

Onwurah, I. N.; Nwuke, C. Enhanced 

bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated 

soil by a Pseudomonas species and mutually 

associated adapted Azotobacter vinelandii.

Journal of Chemical Technology and 

Biotechnology. 2004; 79 (5):491-498. ISSN: 

0268-2575. 

By combining hydrocarbon-degrading with 

diazotrophic bacteria, researchers were able to 

achieve high degradation rates of PAHs. 

Enhanced biodegradation occurred when 

diazotrophs produced concentrations of fixed 

nitrogen, thus stimulating growth rates for the 

PAH degraders. 

Ortiz, Irmene; Auria, Richard; Sigoillot, Jean-Claude; 

Revah, Sergio. Enhancing phenanthrene 

biomineralization in a polluted soil using 

gaseous toluene as a cosubstrate.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37 

(4):805-810. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

The addition of gaseous toluene reduced the 

resistance to microbial degradation of phthalic 

acid, which subsequently allowed for greatly 

increased mineralization rates of phenanthrene 

in soil. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

119

Otremba, Zbigniew; Toczek, Henryk. Degradation 

of crude oil film on the surface of seawater: 

the role of luminous, biological and aqutorial 

factors. Polish Journal of Environmental 

Studies. 2002; 11 (5):555-559. ISSN: 1230-

1485. 

Page, Cheryl Ann. Oil Spill Chemical 

Countermeasure Use in Near-Shore 

Environments. Thesis (Ph. D.): Texas A&M 

University; 2000;162 leaves. 

Page, David S. et al. A holistic approach to 

hydrocarbon source allocation in the subtidal 

sediments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, 

embayments. Environmental Forensics. 2002; 

3 (3-4):331-340. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Researchers identify the sources of 

hydrocarbons that can be found in the subtidal 

sediments and embayments of Prince William 

Sound. 

Page, David S. et al. Hydrocarbon composition and 

toxicity of sediments following the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska, USA. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (7):1438-1450. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Sediment samples taken during the period of 

1990 to 1993 following the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill were statistically analyzed to determine the 

relationship between amphipod mortality, total 

concentrations of 39 parent and methylsubstituted PAHs and the effect of oil 

weathering on toxicity. Recovery of shoreline 

biota observed in this study was consistent with 

site samples from other impacted areas in Prince 

William Sound. 

Pal, B.; Sharon, M. Photodegradation of 

polyaromatic hydrocarbons over thin film of 

TiO2 nanoparticles; a study of intermediate 

photoproducts. Journal of Molecular Catalysis 

A - Chemical. 2000; 160 (2):453-460. ISSN: 

1381-1169. 

TiO2, sprayed in a thin film over a glass 

substrate, effectively caused the photocatalytic 

degradation of naphthalene and anthracene in an 

aqueous solution. 

Palmroth, Marja R. T.; Pichtel, John; Puhakka, 

Jaakko A. Phytoremediation of subarctic soil 

contaminated with diesel fuel. Bioresource 

Technology. 2002; 84 (3):221-228. ISSN: 0960-

8524. 

Selected plant species from northern latitudes 

were shown to aid in the remediation of diesel 

fuel in contaminated soil. 

Pan, Feng; Yang, Qingxiang; Zhang, Yu; Zhang, 

Shujun; Yang, Min. Biodegradation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pichia 

anomala. Biotechnology Letters. 2004; 26 

(10):803-806. ISSN: 0141-5492. 

Yeast isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil 

was able to completely degrade naphthalene, 

phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene within 48 

hours. Crysene was degraded when in the 

presence of naphthalene, although removal took 

longer than other PAHs. 

Pandey, Gunjan; Jain, Rakesh K. Bacterial 

chemotaxis toward environmental pollutants: 

role in bioremediation. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 68 

(12):5789-5795. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

This paper reviews the latest understanding of 

the role of bacterial chemotaxis in pollution 

control and the potential for bioremediation 

applications. 

Pang, Xiongqi; Li, Maowen; Li, Sumei; Jin, Zhijuan. 

Geochemistry of petroleum systems in the 

Niuzhuang South Slope of Bohai Bay Basin. 

Part 2: evidence for significant contribution 

of mature source rocks to ''immature oils'' in 

the Bamianhe field. Organic Geochemistry. 

2003; 34 (7):931-950. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Several samples of crude oil and oil sands 

indicate the existence of a relatively immature 

oil reservoir. Chemical and biomarker 

information suggests that oils were formed 

under conditions of enhanced salinity or 

stratified water columns. 

Pannu, Jasvir K.; Singh, Ajay; Ward, Owen P. 

Influence of peanut oil on microbial 

degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology. 2003; 49 (8):508-513. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

The addition of peanut oil to contaminated 

weathered soil slurry stimulated biodegradation 

of hydrocarbons, especially high molecular 

weight PAHs. The peanut oil amendment also 

increased biodegradation rates of PAHs sorbed 

onto activated carbon. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

120

Paquin, Daniel; Ogoshi, Richard; Campbell, Sonia; 

Li, Qing X. Bench-scale phytoremediation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarboncontaminated marine sediment with tropical 

plants. International Journal of 

Phytoremediation. 2002; 4 (4):297-313. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Of 20 plant species tested, researchers identified 

dwarf hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) and vetiver 

(Vetiver zizanoides) as causing the greatest 

reduction of PAHs in contaminated sediment 

plots. 

Parales, Rebecca E. The role of active-site residues 

in naphthalene dioxygenase. Journal of 

Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 

2003; 30 (5):271-278. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

This study describes the three-component 

naphthalene dioxygenase enzyme system used 

by Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4 in the 

first step of naphthalene biodegradation. 

Parales, Rebecca E.; Harwood, Caroline S. Bacterial 

chemotaxis to pollutants and plant-derived 

aromatic molecules. Current Opinion in 

Microbiology. 2002; 5 (3):266-273. ISSN: 

1369-5274. 

This paper describes current knowledge about 

chemotaxis and its relationship to the role of 

biodegradation of environmental chemicals by 

microorganisms. 

Park, Jeong-Hun; Zhao, Xianda; Voice, Thomas C. 

Biodegradation of non-desorbable 

naphthalene in soils. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2001; 35 (13):2734-2740. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Two types of bacteria, Pseudomas putida G7 

and NCIB 9816-4, were used to degrade 

naphthalene. Sorption and degradation rates 

were tracked by the measurement of 

naphthalene concentrations in sorbed and 

dissolved phases. In all studies, non-desorbable 

naphthalene was degraded. 

Parnell, John; Chen, Honghan. Application of fluid 

inclusion studies to understanding oil charge, 

pre-salt succession, offshore Angola. In

Arthur, T. J.; Macgregor, D. S.; Cameron, N. R. 

(Eds.) Petroleum Geology of Africa: New 

Themes and Developing Technologies (Series: 

Geological Society Special Publication). Bath, 

UK: Geological Society Publishing House; 

2003; p. 275-283. ISBN: 1-86239-128-9. 

Parnell, John; Middleton, David; Chen, Honghan; 

Hall, Don. The use of integrated fluid 

inclusion studies in constraining oil charge 

history and reservoir compartmentation: 

examples from the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, 

offshore Newfoundland. Marine and 

Petroleum Geology. 2001; 18 (5):535-549. 

ISSN: 0264-8172. 

This paper reports on the contribution of fluid 

inclusion analysis to the understanding of 

petroleum geology as it relates to offshore 

Newfoundland. Authors note that fluid 

inclusion studies can play an important role in 

the exploration of 'frontier' areas to the south 

and east of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin. 

Pasteris, G.; Werner, D.; Kaufman, Karin; Höhener, 

Patrick. Vapor phase transport and 

biodegradation of volatile fuel compounds in 

the unsaturated zone: a large scale lysimeter 

experiment. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (1):30-39. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

Pavlova, A.; Papazova, D. Oil-spill identification by 

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2003; 41 

(5):271-273. ISSN: 0021-9665. 

Authors identify the source of an oil spill by 

using GC-MS to categorize ion profiles and 

quantify abundances of ions for different 

hydrocarbons. 

Pavón, José Luis Pérez et al. A method for the 

detection of hydrocarbon pollution in soils by 

headspace mass spectrometry and pattern 

recognition techniques. Analytical Chemistry. 

2003; 75 (9):2034-2041. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Authors report on a fast and simple process of 

detecting PAH contamination in soils that 

requires neither prior chromatographic 

separation nor sample manipulation. 

Payne, James R.; Clayton, John R., Jr.; Kirstein, 

Bruce E. Oil/suspended particulate material 

interactions and sedimentation. Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):201-221. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

This study presents a wealth of data collected on 

a number of oil interaction kinetics, including 

velocity of particle settling, for a number of 

sediment types in Alaska. It is hoped that the 

data presented can be used to augment models 

designed to predict trajectories, weathering, and 

impacts related to oil spills. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

121

Peacock, D. C. P. Propagation, interaction and 

linkage in normal fault systems. Earth - 

Science Reviews. 2002; 58 (1-2):121-142. ISSN: 

0012-8252. 

Interactions between fault lines lead to joining 

and displacement within the fault zone. This 

paper describes the steps in which this occurs, 

as well as the development of geological 

structures such as relay ramps after the joining 

and vertical segmentation of faults. 

Pearce, P.; Parker, W.; Van Geel, P. Long term 

monitoring of hydrocarbon contamination 

using multi-level vapor phase piezometers.

Environmental Forensics. 2002; 3 (2):163-177. 

ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Data collected in this study suggests that there 

is substantial variability in the concentration of 

gases released over short periods of time, 

leading researchers to stress that vapor phase 

piezometer sampling periods should be shorter 

when monitoring hydrocarbon contamination. 

Pelletier, E.; Delille, D.; Delille, B. Crude oil 

bioremediation in sub-Antarctic intertidal 

sediments: chemistry and toxicity of oiled 

residues. Marine Environmental Research. 

2004; 57 (4):311-327. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Fertilizers were added to crude oil-contaminated 

sediments while integrated chemical, microbial, 

and toxicological parameters monitored the 

biodegradation of PAHs. Results suggest that 

fertilizer made from fish bones immediately 

applied to a spill site sped up degradation rates 

in the first three months after a spill. 

Pelz, Oliver; Chatzinotas, Antonis; Zarda-Hess, 

Annatina; Abraham, Wolf-Rainer; Zeyer, Josef. 

Tracing toluene-assimilating sulfate-reducing 

bacteria using 13C-incorporation in fatty 

acids and whole-cell hybridization. FEMS 

Microbiology Ecology. 2001; 38 (2-3):123-131. 

ISSN: 0168-6496. 

A consortia of sulfate-reducing bacteria were 

analyzed in experiments to determine role of 

polar lipid-derived fatty acids in the degradation 

of toluene. Carbon stable isotope analysis was 

used to trace the flow of carbon from toluene 

into fatty acids during the degradation process. 

Peña-Mendez, E. M.; Astorga-España, M. S.; GarcíaMontelongo, F. J. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in the intertidal 

limpet Patella crenata from the coast of 

Tenerife, Canary Islands. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

1999; 63 (5):665-672. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Authors study a species of limpet found around 

the Canary Islands for exposure to n-alkanes, 

PAHs, and methyl-polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons to determine whether the species 

can be considered a sentinel organism. 

Peña-Méndez, E. M.; Astorga-España, M. S.; GarcíaMontelongo, F. J. Chemical fingerprinting 

applied to the evaluation of marine oil 

pollution in the coasts of Canary Islands 

(Spain). Environmental Pollution. 2000; 111 

(2):177-187. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Two marine organisms, limpets P. crenata and 

P. ulyssiponensis aspera, are used to define the 

distribution of n-alkanes and PAHs from coastal 

areas of the Canary Islands. Chemical 

fingerprinting is demonstrated as an excellent 

technique to characterize oil pollution in coastal 

areas using marine organisms. 

Peressutti, Silvia R.; Alvarez, Héctor M.; Pucci, 

Oscar H. Dynamics of hydrocarbondegrading bacteriocenosis of an experimental 

oil pollution in Patagonian soil. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2003; 52 

(1):21-30. ISSN: 0964-8305. 

The ability of indigenous bacteria to degrade 

PAHs was investigated by observing changes in 

amounts of fractions of hydrocarbons and 

populations of bacterial species in contaminated 

soil. A shift in populations was noted, from 

Gram negative bacteria in the first five months 

of experiments to Gram positive species 

thereafter. 

Perez, S.; Barcelo, D. Evaluation of anti-pyrene 

and anti-fluorene immunosorbent clean-up 

for PAHs from sludge and sediment 

reference materials followed by liquid 

chromatography and diode array detection.

Analyst. 2000; 125 (7):1273-1279. ISSN: 0003-

2654. 

Four different immunosorbents (IS) were 

analyzed using liquid chromatography with 

diode array detection, and results validated by 

use of gas chromatography coupled to a mass 

spectrometer. The extraction recovery of 13 

PAHs with the IS was measured. Results were 

compared to conventional cleanup procedures. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

122

Péréz-Jiménez, J. R.; Young, L. Y.; Kerkhof, L. J. 

Molecular characterization of sulfatereducing bacteria in anaerobic hydrocarbondegrading consortia and pure cultures using 

the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) 

genes. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2001; 35 

(2):145-150. ISSN: 0168-6496. 

Peter, A. et al. Assessing microbial degradation of 

o-xylene at field-scale from the reduction in 

mass flow rate combined with compoundspecific isotope analyses. Journal of 

Contaminant Hydrology. 2004; 71 (1-4):127-

154. ISSN: 0169-7722. 

To quantify the biodegradation of o-xylene in 

field tests, researchers used Integral 

Groundwater Investigation, compound-specific 

isotope analysis and a combination to 

consistently achieve between 98-99% 

degradation rates. 

Petersen, Henrik I.; Nytoft, Hans P.; Nielsen, Lars H. 

Characterisation of oil and potential source 

rocks in the northeastern Song Hong Basin, 

Vietnam: indications of a lacustrine-coal 

sourced petroleum system. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2004; 35 (4):493-515. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Lacustrine and coal-derived geochemical 

features were noted in oil samples that were 

analyzed fro a basin located in coastal Vietnam. 

Mudstones from the area show extensive 

hydrocarbon generation over a small range of 

temperature. 

Pettersson, Johan; Kloskowski, Adam; Zaniol, Carlo; 

Roeraade, Johan. Automated high-capacity 

sorption probe for extraction of organic 

compounds in aqueous samples followed by 

gas chromatographic analysis. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2004; 1033 (2):339-347. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Solid-phase microextraction was combined with 

stir bar sorptive extraction for the creation of an 

automated sorption instrument to be used for 

GC analysis of trace pollutants. To evaluate the 

device, 44 compounds, including PAHs, were 

combined in a test mixture for detection. 

Petzet, Alan. Africa's reserves, production enter 

period of steady growth. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (8):44-48. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

During the past 10 years, Africa’s proved oil 

reserves have steadily risen. Estimates of 

reserves now nearly equal those of Russia and 

the eastern FSU and double those of the AsiaPacific region. With continued discoveries of 

huge oil reserves offshore and numerous 

deposits on land, the African continent is 

turning into a major oil producing territory. 

Petzet, Alan. Newfield groups prepare for drilling 

on Gulf shelf ultradeep treasure blocks. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (21):40-41. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The deepest well on the Gulf of Mexico shelf is 

estimated to contain several trillion cubic feet of 

recoverable gas according to one company. 

Phelps, C. D.; Young, L. D. Biodegradation of 

BTEX under anaerobic conditions: a review.

Advances in Agronomy. 2001; 70;329-357. 

ISSN: 0065-2113. 

Philip, R. Paul; Allen, Jon; Kuder, Tomasz. The use 

of the isotopic composition of individual 

compounds for correlating spilled oils and 

refined products in the environment with 

suspected sources. Environmental Forensics. 

2002; 3 (3-4):341-348. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

The authors of this paper propose the use of 

combined gas chromatography-isotope ratio 

mass spectrometry in addition to GC and GCMS for more accurate identification of 

suspected sources of crude oil in the 

environment. 

Philip, R. Paul; Smallwood, B.; Allen, Jon. 

Correlation of weathered and unweathered 

oil samples using the carbon isotope 

composition of individual components in the 

crude oil. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. 

(Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, 

Analysis and Control II. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 211-

219. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

Heavily weathered oil from spills is analyzed by 

using GC-IRMS, a relatively new correlation 

technique. Authors report that CG-IRMS is a 

very powerful method for identifying individual 

components of complex mixtures of 

biodegraded PAHs. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

123

Pichtel, J.; Liskanen, P. Degradation of diesel fuel 

in rhizosphere soil. Environmental 

Engineering Science. 2001; 18 (3):145-157. 

ISSN: 1092-8758. 

Piehler, Michael F.; Maloney, Julie S.; Paerl, Hans 

W. Bacterioplanktonic abundance, 

productivity and petroleum hydrocarbon 

biodegradation in marinas and other coastal 

waters in North Carolina, USA. Marine 

Environmental Research. 2002; 54 (2):157-168. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Areas with boating traffic were exposed to 

additional petroleum pollution to determine the 

effect on bacterioplanktonic communities. 

Seasonal patterns, community structure and 

diesel biodegradation rates were not profoundly 

altered by additional petroleum products in the 

system. 

Pineda-Flores, Gabriel; Boll-Argüello, Gisela. A 

microbial consortium isolated from a crude 

oil sample that uses asphaltenes as a carbon 

and energy source. Biodegradation. 2004; 15 

(3):145-151. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

A microbial consortium was extracted from 

Maya crude oil and tested to assess its ability to 

mineralize asphaltenes in different aeration, 

temperature, salinity, and pH conditions. 

Results suggest that the consortium was capable 

of degrading asphaltenes at room temperature, 

with salinity of 100 ppm, and pH of 7.4. 

Pino, Verónica; Ayala, Juan H.; Afonso, Ana M.; 

González, Venerando. Determination of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

seawater by high-performance liquid 

chromatography with fluorescence detection 

following micelle-mediated preconcentration.

Journal of Chromatography A,. 2002; 949 (1-

2):291-299. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

To keep PAHs suspended in water for analysis, 

polyoxyethylene-10-lauryl ether (POLE), a 

nonionic surfactant, was added to aqueous 

solution before extraction and preconcentration 

experiments. CPE-HPLC and LLE-GC-MS data 

were compared to analyze specific 

hydrocarbons suspended in PAH-contaminated 

seawater. 

Pino, Verónica; Ayala, Juan H.; Afonso, Ana M.; 

González, Venerando. Ultrasonic micellar 

extraction of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from marine sediments.

Talanta. 2001; 54 (1):15-23. ISSN: 0039-9140. 

Pino, Verónica; Ayala, Juan H.; Afonso, Ana M.; 

González, Venerando. Micellar microwaveassisted extraction combined with solidphase microextraction for the determination 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a 

certified marine sediment. Analytica Chimica 

Acta. 2003; 477 (1):81-91. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Authors describe a method of analyzing PAHs, 

and successfully test the method on 

contaminated marine sediments by quantifying 

10 of 16 PAHs with recovery close to or lower 

than certified values. 

Podzorova, E. A.; Pikaev, A. A.; Buryak, A. K.; 

Ulyanov, A. V.; Pikaev, A. K. Radiationchemical purification of water from 

petroleum products as studied by gas 

chromatography-mass spectrometry. High 

Energy Chemistry. 2001; 35 (2):61-68. ISSN: 

0018-1439. 

GC-MS was used to analyze results of 

radiation-chemical purification of water from 

diesel, motor, and residual fuel oil. A dose of 

~25 kGy was found to completely remove 

organic compounds. 

Poindexter, Michael K.; Lindemuth, Paul M. Applied 

statistics: crude oil emulsions and 

demulsifiers. Journal of Dispersion Science 

and Technology. 2004; 25 (3):311-320. ISSN: 

0193-2691. 

Field studies were used to better understand 

how demulsifiers work in the context of crude 

oil components, and to streamline the 

demulsification process. 

Pond, Kristy L.; Huang, Yongsong; Wang, Yi; 

Kulpa, Charles F. Hydrogen isotopic 

composition of individual n-alkanes as an 

intrinsic tracer for bioremediation and 

source identification of petroleum 

contamination. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (4):724-728. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

Authors describe a new method for monitoring 

the degradation of lower molecular weight nalkanes by focusing on effects of biodegradation 

on hydrogen isotopic composition, rather than 

carbon isotopic values. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

124

Popp, Peter; Bauer, Coretta; Paschke, Albrecht; 

Montero, Larisse. Application of a 

polysiloxane-based extraction method 

combined with column liquid 

chromatography to determine polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental 

samples. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2004; 504 

(2):307-312. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

Silicone rods were used to extract PAHs from 

water samples at rates comparable to stir bar 

sorptive extraction. Although this method has a 

slower extraction time than other processes, the 

rods are inexpensive and reusable. 

Porte, C.; Biosca, X.; Solé, M.; Albaigés, Joan. The 

integrated use of chemical analysis, 

cytochrome P450 and stress proteins in 

mussels to assess pollution along the Galician 

coast (NW Spain). Environmental Pollution. 

2001; 112 (2):261-268. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Mussels collected in October 1995 were tested 

for effects from hydrocarbons exposure. The 

effect of pollution on mussels was shown by the 

correlation between stress-70 protein levels and 

four- to six-ring PAHs in mussel tissue. 

Potin, Olivier; Rafin, Catherine; Veignie, Etienne. 

Bioremediation of an aged polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-

contaminated soil by filamentous fungi 

isolated from the soil. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2004; 54 

(1):45-52. ISSN: 0964-8305. 

Soil was extracted from a PAH-contaminated 

gasworks site and 21 fungi were isolated and 

tested for PAH-degrading abilities in the 

presence of two inoculation treatments (spore 

and mycelial inoculum). Results show that 

fungi, with proper inoculation, can be used to 

treat aged PAHs in soil. 

Potter, Thomas. L.; Duval, Brian. Cerro Negro 

bitumen degradation by a consortium of 

marine benthic microorganisms.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2001; 35 

(1):76-83. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Bitumen was separated from Orimulsion and 

incubated in sediments from a petroleumimpacted site and observed for possible 

bioremediation. Results showed that 40% of the 

bitumen was bioaccessible, making 

bioremediation a potential treatment option. 

Powell, Eric N. et al. Taphonomy on the 

continental shelf and slope: two-year trends - 

Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas.

Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology 

Palaeoecology. 2002; 184 (1-2):1-35. ISSN: 

0031-0182. 

Prabhu, Y.; Phale, P. S. Biodegradation of 

phenanthrene by Psuedomonas sp strain 

PP2: novel metabolic pathway, role of 

biosurfactant and cell surface 

hydrophobicity in hydrocarbon assimilation.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2003; 

61 (4):342-351. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

After identifying the production of growthdependent extracellular biosurfactant in a 

hydrocarbon-degrading culture, investigators 

surmise an interaction between biosurfactant 

production and cell surface hydrophobicity, and 

the role the interaction plays in the 

biodegradation process. 

Prak, Dianne J. Luning; Pritchard, Parmely H. 

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons dissolved in Tween 80 

surfactant solutions by Sphingomonas 

paucimobilis EPA 505. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology. 2002; 48 (2):151-158. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

The metabolism of PAH mixtures was analyzed 

to determine the role surfactants played in the 

biodegradation process. The results of 

experiments suggest that the surfactant Tween 

80 enhances biodegradation in S. paucimobilis

by increasing competition among PAHs for the 

same enzymatic sites. 

Prantera, Mônica T.; Drozdowicz. Adam; Leite, 

Selma Gomes; Rosado, Alexandre Soares. 

Degradation of gasoline aromatic 

hydrocarbons by two N-2-fixing soil bacteria.

Biotechnology Letters. 2002; 24 (1):85-89. 

ISSN: 0141-5492. 

Two bacterial strains were extracted from BTXcontaminated soils were tested to determine if 

they could fix N2 and simultaneously degrade 

BTX compounds. SMPE-GC was used to 

quantify the results, which showed that 

significant degradation of benzene, toluene and 

xylene occurred in the experiments. 

Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X. et al. Isolation and 

characterisation of fungi growing on volatile 

aromatic hydrocarbons as their sole carbon 

and energy source. Mycological Research. 

2001; 105 (4):477-484. ISSN: 0953-7562. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

125

Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X.; Ballerstedt, H.; Gerritse, J.; 

Grotenhuis, J. T. C. Bioremediation of BTEX 

hydrocarbons: effect of soil inoculation with 

the toluene-growing fungus. Biodegradation. 

2004; 15 (1):59-65. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Investigators introduced a fungal species to soil 

contaminated by specific PAHs. The fungus 

was able to degrade toluene, ethylbenzene and 

xylene. The introduction of the fungus to the 

spiked soil did not appear to harm the 

indigenous bacteria. 

Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X.; Vervoort, J.; Grotenhuis, J. T. 

C.; van Groenestijn, J. W. Substrate 

interactions during the biodegradation of 

benzene, toluene, ethylbenzine, and xylene 

(BTEX) hydrocarbons by the fungus 

Cladophialophora sp. strain T1. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 68 

(6):2660-2665. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Priego-Capote, F.; Luque-García, U.; Luque de 

Castro, M. Dolores. Automated fast extraction 

of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

from soil by focused microwave-assisted 

Soxhlet extraction prior to gas 

chromatography-electron-capture detection.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2003; 994 (1-

2):159-167. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Authors propose an extraction technique for 

PAHs that rivals efficiency standards proposed 

by EPA methods, yet with a much reduced 

extraction time and involving less organic 

solvent. 

Priego-López, E.; Luque de Castro, M. Dolores. 

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of 

nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 

soil prior to gas chromatography - mass 

detection. Journal of Chromatography A. 2003; 

1018 (1):1-6. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Researchers report on a novel method of 

extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from 

contaminated soil that is faster and more 

efficient than the reference EPA method. 

Prince, Roger C. et al. The roles of photooxidation 

and biodegradation in long-term weathering 

of crude and heavy fuel oils. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):145-156. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Residues from previous oil spills were analyzed 

to determine photochemical and biodegradation 

processes behind the transformation of PAHs. 

Prince, Roger C.; Owens, Edward H.; Sergy, Gary A. 

Weathering of an Arctic oil spill over 20 

years: the BIOS experiment revisited. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (11):1236-1242. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A follow-up investigation of the remains of 

crude from the Baffin Island Oil Spill shows 

that biodegradation can be an important factor 

in the fate of oil, even when biological 

processes are severely restricted by harsh 

environments. 

Proctor, L. M.; Toy, E.; Lapham, L.; Cherrier, J.; 

Chanton, J. P. Enhancement of Orimulsion 

biodegradation through the addition of 

natural marine carbon substrates.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2001; 35 

(7):1420-1424. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Orimulsion, a cheaper alternative to fuel oils, 

presents different problems if released in marine 

waters due to its density. Experiments carried 

out to gauge the success of remediation 

techniques found that the addition of seagrass 

and pinfish stimulated the degradation of 

bitumen in the orimulsion. 

Prost, Rene; Yaron, Bruno. Use of modified clays 

for controlling soil environmental quality.

Soil Science. 2001; 166 (12):880-895. ISSN: 

0038-075X. 

Modified clays can play an important role in the 

remediation of polluted soils, as well as in 

containing various organic contaminants. This 

paper explores the status of current studies of 

clay modification. The authors suggest that the 

focus of future studies should concentrate on the 

molecular level in the development of 

nanocomposite clays. 

Purwaningsih, I. S.; Hill, G. A.; Headley, J. V. Mass 

transfer and bioremediation of naphthalene 

particles in a roller bioreactor. Water 

Research. 2004; 38 (8):2027-2034. ISSN: 0043-

1354. 

In monitoring the remediation of naphthalene 

particles by microbes in a roller bioreactor, 

researchers identified the dissolution mass 

transfer rate as the limiting step for 

bioremediation. By combining intermediate 

aeration in sequential batch mode, higher 

bioremediation rates were achieved. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

126

Quiñones-Aguilar, Evangelina E. et al. Emergence 

and growth of maize in a crude oil polluted 

soil. Agrociencia. 2004; 37 (6):585-594. ISSN: 

1405-3195. 

Two separate types of maize were grown from 

seeds collected at different locations and 

monitored for phytoremediation capabilities at 

sites with different concentrations of crude oil 

in soils. 

Racey, A. et al. The petroleum geology of the Early 

Eocene El Garia Formation, Hasdrubal field, 

offshore Tunisia. Journal of Petroleum 

Geology. 2001; 24 (1):29-53. ISSN: 0141-6421. 

The El Garia formation, which holds significant 

volumes of hydrocarbons in Tunisia and Libya, 

is described in this paper. A new depositional 

model of the formation is proposed, based upon 

data gathered from wells drilled in the past. 

Radwan, Samir S.; Al-Hasan, R. H.; Salamah, S.; AlDabbous, S. Bioremediation of oily sea water 

by bacteria immobilized in biofilms coating 

macroalgae. International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation. 2002; 50 (1):55-59. ISSN: 

0964-8305. 

Bacteria that were immobilized due to being 

attached to microalgae were observed 

consuming significant amounts of low 

molecular weight PAHs in seawater. 

Researchers suspect that the predominant 

microorganisms can also utilize almost all 

fractions of crude oil. 

Radwan, Samir S.; Al-Muteirie, Awatif S. Vitamin 

requirements of hydrocarbon-utilizing soil 

bacteria. Microbiological Research. 2001; 155 

(4):301-307. ISSN: 0944-5013. 

Two bacterial strains, biovars of C. flavigena

and R. erythropolis, were tested in order to 

determine if the addition of vitamins in the soil 

aided in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. 

Field experiments confirmed that vitamin 

fertilization of oil-polluted sand enhanced the 

process. 

Radwan, Samir. S.; Al-Hasan, R. H. Potential 

application of coastal biofilm-coated gravel 

particles for treating oily waste. Aquatic 

Microbial Ecology. 2001; 23 (2):113-117. 

ISSN: 0948-3055. 

This paper examines natural immobilizing 

hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms of the 

Arabian Gulf coast. Microbial consortiums 

consisting of cyanobacterial mats have 

contributed to the self-cleaning of the coasts. 

Researchers are looking at the potential of 

applying the bacteria to oily industrial wastes 

before their disposal in the open environment. 

Rafin, Catherine; Potin, Olivier; Veignie, Etienne; 

Sahraoui, A. L. H.; Sancholle, M. Degradation 

of benzo[a]pyrene as sole carbon source by a 

non white rot fungus, Fusarium solani.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2000; 21 (1-

4):311-329. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Spores of F. solani germinated and fed off of 

B(a)P as a sole carbon source. Research 

indicated that cytochrome P-450 1A was 

produced during the degradation process. 

Raghavan, T. M.; Furtado, T. Tolerance of an 

estuarine halophilic archaebacterium to 

crude oil and constituent hydrocarbons.

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology. 2000; 65 (6):725-731. ISSN: 0007-

4861. 

In this study, Halobacterium strain R1-- isolated 

from the Mandovi estuary in Goa, India--was 

incubated and then monitored periodically for 

its tolerance to toxic hydrocarbons and crude oil 

under both nutrient rich and limited conditions. 

Raghukumar, C.; Vipparty, V.; David, Jason. J.; 

Chandramohan, D. Degradation of crude oil 

by marine cyanobacteria. Applied 

Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001; 57 

(3):433-436. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

Bombay High crude oil was degraded by three 

species of cyanobacteria in experiments with 

natural seawater and artificial seawater 

nutrients. A mixed culture of the three species 

was found to remove 40% of the crude oil. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

127

Rahman, K. S. et al. Enhanced bioremediation of nalkane in petroleum sludge using bacterial 

consortium amended with rhamnolipid and 

micronutrients. Bioresource Technology. 

2003; 90 (2):159-168. ISSN: 0960-8524. 

The addition of bacterial consortium, 

rhamnolipid biosurfactant and a solution 

consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus and 

potassium significantly improved the rate of 

bioremediation of soil contaminated with oil 

sludge. 

Rahman, K. S. M.; Rahman, Thahira J.; 

Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P.; Banat, Ibrahim M. 

Towards efficient crude oil degradation by a 

mixed bacterial consortium. Bioresource 

Technology. 2002; 85 (3):257-261. ISSN: 0960-

8524. 

Researchers investigated the degradation of 

crude oil using several species of bacteria either 

separately or in a consortium. The consortium 

outperformed all separate bacteria species when 

degrading crude oil in a 1% concentration, but 

its effectiveness dropped when concentrations 

of crude were increased to 10%. 

Rahman, K. S. M.; Rahman, Thahira J.; 

Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P.; Marchant, Roger.; 

Banat, Ibrahim. M. The potential of bacterial 

isolates for emulsification with a range of 

hydrocarbons. Acta Biotechnologica. 2003; 23 

(4):335-345. ISSN: 0138-4988. 

Investigators isolated 32 species of oildegrading bacteria from 10 contaminated sites, 

and from these species, found that 80% of these 

produced biosurfactants. The range of 

hydrocarbons emulsified by the isolates 

included Bombay High crude oil, kerosene, 

gasoline and diesel fuel. 

Rahman, K. S. M.; Rahman, Thahira J.; McLean, 

Stephen; Marchant, Roger; Banat, Ibrahim M. 

Rhamnolipid biosurfactant production by 

strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using lowcost raw materials. Biotechnology Progress. 

2002; 18 (6):1277-1281. ISSN: 8756-7938. 

Rhamnolipid biosurfactant production and 

emulsification of hydrocarbons by bacteria 

isolated from diesel and gasoline contaminated 

soils were augmented by the addition of 

soybean oil supplements. 

Raikar, Mula T.; Raghukumar, Seshagiri; Vani, V.; 

David, Jason J.; Chandramohan, D. 

Thraustochytrid protists degrade 

hydrocarbons. Indian Journal of Marine 

Sciences. 2001; 30 (3):139-145. ISSN: 0379-

5136. 

Thraustochytrid, a marine fungus, was tested 

for hydrocarbon-degrading abilities. It was 

found to degrade high proportions of weathered 

oil (tar balls) in sediment. 

Raksit, Asit; Johri, Saima. Determination of 

dissolved volatile hydrocarbons in 

environmental aqueous samples by 

headspace-gas chromatography with flame 

ionization detection. American Laboratory. 

2003; 35 (12):10-13. ISSN: 0044-7749. 

Authors describe a simple analytical method for 

identifying and quantifying dissolved volatile 

hydrocarbons in environmental aqueous 

samples. This technique provides improved 

results on peak shape, resolution, sensitivity and 

reproducibility of compounds and is 

recommended for analyzing low-molecular 

mass aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Ramirez, Nubia; Cutright, Teresa; Ju, Lu-Kwang. 

Pyrene biodegradation in aqueous solutions 

and soil slurries by Mycobacterium PYR-1 

and enriched consortium. Chemosphere. 

2001; 44 (5):1079-1086. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Ramón, J. C.; Dzou, L. I.; Hughes, W. B.; Holba, A. 

G. Evolution of the Cretaceous organic facies 

in Colombia: implications for oil 

composition. Journal of South American Earth 

Sciences. 2001; 14 (1):31-50. ISSN: 0895-9811. 

Cretaceous source rocks in Colombia are 

characterized by significant variations in 

organic matter input and depositional 

environments. Although similar to the oils 

generated from lower Cretaceous rocks, Upper 

Cretaceous-derived oils can be distinguished by 

the presence of oleanane and other angiosperm 

biomarkers. 

Ramos, L.; Kristenson, E. M.; Brinkman, U. A. T. 

Current use of pressurised liquid extraction 

and subcritical water extraction in 

environmental analysis. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2002; 975 (1):3-29. ISSN: 

0021-9673. 

This paper reviews current information 

regarding two extraction methods and their 

advantages in the analysis of organic pollutants 

from environmental samples. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

128

Ramsay, Juliana A.; Li, Hao; Brown, R. S.; Ramsay, 

Bruce A. Naphthalene and anthracene 

mineralization linked to oxygen, nitrate, 

Fe(II) and sulphate reduction in a mixed 

microbial population. Biodegradation. 2003; 

14 (5):321-329. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Mineralization of PAHs by a microbial 

consortium was accomplished by the 

availability of specific elements or compounds 

acting as terminal electron acceptors. 

Ramsay, Michelle A.; Swannell, Richard P. J.; 

Shipton, Warren A.; Duke, Norman C.; Hill, 

Russell T. Effect of bioremediation on the 

microbial community in oiled mangrove 

sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 41 

(7-12):413-419. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Aeration of soil, plus the addition of fertilizer, 

was found to enhance the growth of 

biodegrading bacteria in experiments using 

Gippsland crude oil. 

Randazzo, Demetrio et al. Efficient polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons dihydroxylation in 

direct micellar systems. Biotechnology and 

Bioengineering. 2001; 74 (3):240-248. ISSN: 

0006-3592. 

Experiments were undertaken to investigate 

whole-cell bioconversion of certain PAHs by 

microorganisms with the addition of a nonionic 

surfactant. In direct microemulsion systems, 

PAHs were solubilized at high rates, and more 

efficient substrate bioconversion occurred as a 

result. However, dihydroxylated products 

inhibited conversion reactions in anthracene and 

phenanthrene, and complete turnover of 

substrates did not occur. 

Ravelet, C.; Grosset, C.; Montuelle, B.; BenoitGuyod, J. L.; Alary, J. Liquid 

chromatography study of pyrene 

degradation by two micromycetes in a 

freshwater sediment. Chemosphere. 2001; 44 

(7):1541-1546. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A quick and efficient method of liquid 

chromatographic analysis of the degradation of 

pyrene was achieved in laboratory experiments. 

Researchers, surprised by very low levels of 

biodegradation, offer possibilities for the results 

they observed. 

Rawa-Adkonis, Magdalena; Wolska, Lidia; 

Namiesnik, Jacek. Modern techniques of 

extraction of organic analytes from 

environmental matrices. Critical Reviews in 

Analytical Chemistry. 2003; 33 (3):199-248. 

ISSN: 1040-8347. 

The authors review the latest developments and 

applications in extraction techniques for the 

isolation and determination of trace organic 

contaminants. 

Reddy, Christopher M. et al. Radiocarbon as a tool 

to apportion the sources of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in 

environmental samples. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2002; 36 (8):1774-1782. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Authors identify and depict two independent 

analytical methods of determining the relative 

abundance of 14C in environmental samples. 

Reemtsma, Thorsten. Liquid chromatography-mass 

spectrometry and strategies for trace-level 

analysis of polar organic pollutants. Journal 

of Chromatography A. 2003; 1000 (1-2):477-

501. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This paper reviews the use of atmospheric 

pressure ionization added to LC-MS to increase 

detection rates of polar pollutants, including 

PAHs, in water. 

Reid, Brian J.; Stokes, Joanna D.; Jones, Kevin C.; 

Semple, Kirk T. Influence of hydroxypropylβ-cyclodextrin on the extraction and 

biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2004; 23 (3):550-556. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

The application of hydroxypropyl-βcyclodextrin enhanced phenanthrene 

degradation in soil, and also made aged 

phenanthrene less extractable and less available, 

reducing the risk for residual contamination. 

Reid, Brian. J.; Fermor, T. R.; Semple, Kirk. T. 

Induction of PAH-catabolism in mushroom 

compost and its use in the biodegradation of 

soil-associated phenanthrene. Environmental 

Pollution. 2001; 118 (1):65-73. ISSN: 0269-

7491. 

Remediation of oil-contaminated soils, witout 

problems and environmentally compatible.

Tenside Surfactants Detergents. 2000; 37 

(3):193. ISSN: 0932-3414. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

129

Rentz, Jeremy A.; Alvarez, Pedro J. J.; Schnoor, 

Jerald L. Repression of Pseudomonas putida

phenanthrene-degrading activity by plant 

root extracts and exudates. Environmental 

Microbiology. 2004; 6 (6):574-583. ISSN: 

1462-2912. 

Rentz, Jeremy A.; Chapman, Brad; Alvarez, Pedro J. 

J.; Schnoor, Jerald L. Stimulation of hybrid 

poplar growth in petroleum-contaminated 

soils through oxygen addition and soil 

nutrient amendments. International Journal of 

Phytoremediation. 2003; 5 (1):57-72. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Passive oxygen delivery, as used in a 

phytoremediation system, is a cost-effective 

remediation method, as opposed to conventional 

methods, according to investigators. In addition, 

passive oxygen delivery can extend remediation 

efforts to areas with contaminants that have 

high biochemical oxygen demand. 

Resina-Pelfort, Olga; García-Junco, Marta; OrtegaCalvo, José Julio; Comas-Riu, Juame; VivesRego, Josep. Flow cytometry discrimination 

between bacteria and clay-humic acid 

particles during growth-linked 

biodegradation of phenanthrene by 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 19SJ. FEMS 

Microbiology Ecology. 2003; 43 (1):55-61. 

ISSN: 0168-6496. 

Authors describe a flow cytometry method that 

quickly appraises bacterial concentrations and 

aggregations in soil and sediment samples. 

Revil, A.; Cathles, L. M. III. Fluid transport by 

solitary waves along growing faults - a field 

example from the South Eugene Island 

Basin, Gulf of Mexico. Earth and Planetary 

Science Letters. 2002; 202 (2):321-335. ISSN: 

0012-821X. 

This paper describes the migration of 

hydrocarbons through the Red Fault, an active 

growth fault system in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Rezende, C. E.; Ovalle, A. R. C.; Souza, C. M. M.; 

Carvalho, C. E. V.; Lacerda, L. D. 

Geochemistry and spatial distribution of 

heavy metals in continental shelf sediments 

from two offshore oil fields in south-eastern 

Brazil. In De Lacerda, L. D.; Santelli, R. E.; 

Duursman, E.; Abrao, J. J. (Eds.) 

Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical and 

Subtropical Environments. Berlin: SpringerVerlag; 2004; p. 355-364. ISBN: 3-540-42540-

3. 

Richards, Phil. Overview of petroleum geology, oil 

exploration and associated environmental 

protection around the Falkland Islands.

Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater 

Ecosystems. 2002; 12 (1):7-14. ISSN: 1052-

7613. 

The geology of the North Falkland Basin is 

described, along with the history of drilling in 

the area and the recent steps taken by both the 

offshore industry and the Falklands Island 

government in insuring minimal environmental 

impact for future exploration. 

Richmond, S. A.; Lindstrom, Jon. E.; Braddock, 

Joan. F. Effects of chitin on microbial 

emulsification, mineralization potential, and 

toxicity of Bunker C fuel oil. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2001; 42 (9):773-779. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Nutrient and chitin amendments were used to 

increase both biodegradation and emulsification 

of hydrophobic petroleum compounds. The 

addition of chitin to nutrients significantly 

reduced the toxicity of emulsified oils after 

incubation times of 4 and 6 weeks. 

Richter, Dana L.; Warner, Jennifer I.; Stephens, 

Aimee L. A comparison of mycorrhizal and 

saprotrophic fungus tolerance to creosote in 

vitro. International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation. 2003; 51 (3):195-202. ISSN: 

0964-8305. 

Thirty-nine isolates of fungal species were 

grown on agar, tested and then rated according 

to their tolerance to creosote contamination in 

doses of 25, 50 and 100 ppm. 

Richter, H. et al. Chemical characterization and 

bioactivity of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from non-oxidative thermal 

treatment of pyrene-contaminated soil at 

250-1,000° C. Environmental Health 

Perspectives. 2000; 108 (8):709-717. ISSN: 

0091-6765. 

Superfund-related soil mixtures were heated at 

various temperatures to determine if heat could 

effectively decontaminate the soil. Authors note 

that at various temperatures, by-products from 

PAHs are formed. 

Riis, Volker; Babel, Wolfgang; Pucci, Oscar Héctor. 

Influence of heavy metals on the microbial 

degradation of diesel fuel. Chemosphere. 

2002; 49 (6):559-568. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

The toxicity of heavy metals inhibited the 

degradation of diesel fuel by microbes in liquid 

cultures, but had no significant effect on the 

microbial community in soil slurry experiments. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

130

Riis, Volker; Kleinsteuber, Sabine; Babel, Wolfgang. 

Influence of high salinities on the 

degradation of diesel fuel by bacterial 

consortia. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 

2003; 49 (11):713-721. ISSN: 0008-4166. 

Bacterial communities were taken from three 

separate saline soils and tested for their ability 

to degrade diesel fuel under salinity conditions 

ranging from 0% to 25%. Reaction to saline 

conditions was markedly different among 

communities, but all showed some 

biodegradation potential if salinity 

concentrations were kept lower than 15%. 

Rila, Jean-Paul; Eisentraeger, Adolf. Application of 

bioassays for risk characterisation and 

remediation control of soils polluted with 

nitroaromatics and PAHs. Water, Air, & Soil 

Pollution. 2003; 148 (1-4):223-242. ISSN: 

0049-6979. 

The authors reiterate the need for bioassays in 

addition to routine chemical analyses in order to 

obtain better assessments of remediated sites. 

Rincón, N. et al. Anaerobic biodegradability of 

water separated from extracted crude oil.

Environmental Technology. 2003; 24 (8):963-

970. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Rink, Jörg E.; Boesl, Ulrich. Mass-selected 

resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation 

spectra of laser-desorbed molecules for 

environmental analysis: 16 representative 

polycyclic aromatic compounds. European 

Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2003; 9 (1):23-

32. ISSN: 1469-0667. 

Authors describe a method of analyzing PAHs 

by use of a compact laser desorption/laser 

ionization source that detects the thermal 

equilibrium of desorbed molecules. 

Rios-Hernandez, Luis A.; Gieg, Lisa M.; Suflita, 

Joseph M. Biodegradation of an alicyclic 

hydrocarbon by a sulfate-reducing 

enrichment from a gas condensatecontaminated aquifer. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 69 (1):434-

443. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Bacteria were used to degrade 

ethylcyclopentane (ECP), and researchers noted 

sulfate reduction coupled to the degradation 

process in the presence of enrichment. 

Ripley, M. B.; Harrison, A. B.; Betts, W. B.; Dart, R. 

K. Mechanisms for enhanced biodegradation 

of petroleum hydrocarbons by a microbecolonized gas-liquid foam. Journal of Applied 

Microbiology. 2002; 92 (1):22-31. ISSN: 1364-

5072. 

Petroleum-contaminated soil was spiked with an 

application of protein hydrolysate-based 

oxygenated bioactive foam and studied to 

determine changes in biodegradation rates. The 

foam enhanced biodegradation rates, due to 

improved oxygen availability and transfer, with 

the protein hydrolysate stimulating nhexadecane removal efficiency in bacteria. 

Rivera, Nestor; Sehbi, Baljit; Spivey, John P.; 

Fairbairn, Jim. Multilateral, intelligent well 

completion benefits explored. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (15):45-53. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A comprehensive evaluation that compared 

multilateral well performance with conventional 

horizontal well performance was used to 

ascertain specific reservoir characteristics, 

drilling conditions and economic feasibility. 

Rivera-Cruz, María del Carmen et al. 

Decontamination of soils polluted with crude 

petroleum using indigenous microorganisms 

and Alemán Grass [Echinochloa polystachya

(H.B.K.) Hitche]. Agrociencia. 2004; 38 (1):1-

12. ISSN: 1405-3195. 

Native populations of rhizospheric bacteria and 

fungus were used to evaluate the removal of 

crude oil from contaminated soils. 

Rivera-Espinoza, Y.; Dendooven, L. Dynamics of 

carbon, nitrogen and hydrocarbons in dieselcontaminated soil amended with biosolids 

and maize. Chemosphere. 2004; 54 (3):379-

386. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

In a laboratory experiment, an uncontaminated 

soil sample containing clay was spiked with 

diesel fuel and then amended with biosolids and 

maize. The sample was monitored to evaluate 

the dynamics of carbon, nitrogen and 

hydrocarbons for each amendment as the 

remediation process unfolded in the soil. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

131

Robelo, Carmen Rodríguez; Novoa, Vanesa Zazueta; 

Zazueta-Sandoval, Roberto. Effects of carbon 

source on expression of alcohol oxidase 

activity and on morphologic pattern of YR-1 

strain, a filamentous fungus isolated from 

petroleum-contaminated soils. Applied 

Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2004; 113-

116;161-171. ISSN: 0273-2289. 

Alcohol oxidase expression in a strain of fungus 

isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil was 

due either to hydrocarbon induction or carbon 

catabolite regulation by glucose. Further tests 

discounted a regulatory mechanism involving 

catabolic inhibition of alcohol oxidase. 

Robinson, Sandra L.; Novak, John T.; Widdowson, 

Mark A.; Crosswell, Scott B.; Fetterolf, 

Glendon J. Field and laboratory evaluation of 

the impact of tall fescue on polyaromatic 

hydrocarbon degradation in an aged 

creosote-contaminated surface soil. Journal of 

Environmental Engineering - ASCE. 2003; 129 

(3):232-240. ISSN: 0733-9372. 

PAHs, with the exception of phenanthrene, were 

degraded in the presence of fescue. It is 

suspected that observed degradation was the 

result of rhizosphere-related bacteria. 

Robson, Diana Bizecki; Knight, J. Diane; Farrell, 

Richard E.; Germida, James J. Ability of coldtolerant plants to grow in hydrocarboncontaminated soil. International Journal of 

Phytoremediation. 2003; 5 (2):105-123. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Researchers identify Psoralea esculenta and 

Agropyron pectiniformae as having promise in 

phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated 

soils, based on tolerance to hydrocarbons and 

high root biomass production. 

Rockne, Karl J.; Strand, Stuart E. Anaerobic 

biodegradation of naphthalene, 

phenanthrene, and biphenyl by a dentrifying 

enrichment culture. Water Research. 2001; 35 

(1):291-299. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

Sub-cultures of nitrate-reducing bacteria were 

found to reduce PAHs after three feedings, 

ceasing only when nitrogen was depleted, and 

resuming when nitrogen was re-introduced. 

Mineralization rates differed by type of PAH, 

with 96% of phenanthrene biodegradation being 

the highest recorded. 

Rodríguez, E.; Nuero, O.; Guillén, F.; Martínez, A. 

T.; Martínez, M. J. Degradation of phenolic 

and non-phenolic aromatic pollutants by four 

Pleurotus species: the role of laccase and 

versatile peroxidase. Soil Biology & 

Biochemistry. 2004; 36 (6):909-916. ISSN: 

0038-0717. 

Two of four species of fungi tested were able to 

mineralize B(a)P in liquid cultures. Upon 

further investigation, lignonolytic enzymes were 

found to be present, and later experiments 

showed that either 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-

ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) or 1-

hydrobenzotriazole were required as mediators 

for B(a)P to be degraded. 

Rodríguez, J. J. Santana; Sanz, C. Padrón. 

Fluorescence techniques for the 

determination of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in marine environment: an 

overview. Analusis. 2000; 28 (8):710-717. 

ISSN: 0365-4877. 

Rodriguez, Miguel, Jr.; Klasson, K. Thomas; 

Davison, Brian H. Enhancement of the 

conversion of toluene by Pseudomonas putida

F-1 using organic cosolvents. Applied 

Biochemistry and Biotechnology Part A: 

Enzyme Engineering and Biotechnology. 2001; 

91 (3):195-204. ISSN: 0273-2289. 

Rogers, Vincent V.; Liber, Karsten; MacKinnon, 

Michael D. Isolation and characterization of 

naphthenic acids from Athabasca oil sands 

tailings pond water. Chemosphere. 2002; 48 

(5):519-527. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A solvent-based procedure was developed to 

extract naphthenic acids from oil sands tailings 

pond water for oral toxicity tests in mammals. 

Röling, Wilfred F. M. et al. Bacterial community 

dynamics and hydrocarbon degradation 

during a field-scale evaluation of 

bioremediation on a mudflat beach 

contaminated with buried oil. Applied and 

Environmental Microbiology. 2004; 70 

(5):2603-2613. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Different fertilized treatments degraded buried 

oil more rapidly than plots with no fertilizer, 

although no difference in oil chemistry was seen 

between types of fertilizer treatment. 

Community dynamics between oiled fertilized 

plots and control were roughly similar, but 

within oiled plots community dynamics showed 

marked differences over time depending upon 

type of treatment. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

132

Röling, Wilfred F. M. et al. Robust hydrocarbon 

degradation and dynamics of bacterial 

communities during nutrient-enhanced oil 

spill bioremediation. Applied & Environmental 

Microbiology. 2002; 68 (11):5537-5548. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

This study examined changes in microbial 

community structure during the biodegradation 

process. Investigators also analyzed the effects 

of nutrient amendments on specific bacterial 

species and overall community dynamics. 

Romero, M. Cristina; Salvioli, Mónica L.; Cazau, M. 

Cecilia; Arambarri, A. M. Pyrene degradation 

by yeasts and filamentous fungi.

Environmental Pollution. 2002; 117 (1):159-

163. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Authors identified four fungal species that 

thrived in contaminated sediments found near a 

petroleum refinery. The fungal types, which are 

not considered white-rot or brown-rot fungi, 

were able to metabolize four-ring aromatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Ron, Eliora Z.; Rosenberg, Eugene. Natural roles of 

biosurfactants. Environmental Microbiology. 

2001; 3 (4):229-236. ISSN: 1462-2912. 

This review discusses the types (low- versus 

high-molecular weight) of surfactants, as well 

as chemical structures and the natural roles they 

play (direct versus indirect) in the degradation 

of pollutants. 

Rost, Helmut; Loibner, Andreas P.; Hasinger, 

Marion; Braun, Rudolf; Szolar, Oliver H. J. 

Behavior of PAHs during cold storage of 

historically contaminated soil samples.

Chemosphere. 2002; 49 (10):1239-1246. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

The role that cold temperatures have on the fate 

of PAHs in soils was studied. Researchers 

identified physical, chemical and biological 

factors indicative of long-term PAH stability in 

contaminated soils. 

Rothermich, Mary M.; Hayes, Lory A.; Lovley, 

Derek R. Anaerobic, sulfate-dependent 

degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in petroleum-contaminated 

harbor sediment. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (22):4811-4817. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Results of a study reveal significant anaerobic 

degradation of PAHs in anoxic, sulfate-reducing 

sediments, suggesting a greater self-purifying 

capacity than previously thought. 

Roy, Subarna; Hens, Dipak; Biswas, Debabrata; 

Biswas, Dipa; Kumar, Ranajit. Survey of 

petroleum-degrading bacteria in coastal 

waters of Sunderban Biosphere Reserve.

World Journal of Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2002; 18 (6):575-581. ISSN: 

0959-3993. 

Authors identify several species of bacteria 

thriving in petroleum-contaminated marine 

sediments. One of the strains is suspected of 

being able to degrade high molecular weight 

hydrocarbons. 

Ruberto, Lucas; Vazquez, Susana C.; MacCormack, 

Water P. Effectiveness of the natural bacterial 

flora, biostimulation and bioaugumentation 

on the bioremediation of a hydrocarbon 

contaminated Antarctic soil. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2003; 52 

(2):115-125. ISSN: 0964-8305. 

Investigations into hydrocarbon-contaminated 

soil discovered that initial exposure to 

indigenous bacteria inhibited growth and 

reduced diversity. However, the bacteria were 

able to degrade an important fraction of the 

hydrocarbons and bioaugumentation with 

nitrogen and phosphorus improved 

biodegradation efficiency. 

Ryder, A. G. et al. Characterization of crude oils 

using fluorescence lifetime data.

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A: Molecular and 

Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2002; 58 (5):1025-

1037. ISSN: 1386-1425. 

Saadoun, I. Recovery of Pseudomonas spp. from 

chronically fuel oil-polluted soils in Jordan 

and the study of their capability to degrade 

short chain alkanes. World Journal of 

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2004; 20 

(1):43-46. ISSN: 0959-3993. 

A number of microbes from the Pseudomonas

family were examined and identified by species. 

Biodegradation test revealed five species that 

could degrade hexane or heptane, and from 

these, three species that could degrade both 

compounds. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

133

Sabaté, J.; Viñas, M.; Solanas, A. M. Laboratoryscale bioremediation experiments on 

hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation. 2004; 54 (1):19-25. ISSN: 

0964-8305. 

Authors describe a two-phase protocol for 

assessing treatment of polluted soils. In the first 

phase, information gathered indicates whether 

biological treatment is appropriate for the soil. 

The second phase is an attempt to identify the 

best treatment available by evaluating various 

additives and overall soil conditions. 

Sabljic, A. QSAR models for estimating properties 

of persistent organic pollutants required in 

evaluation of their environmental fate and 

risk. Chemosphere. 2001; 43 (3):363-375. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Noting that molecular connectivity indices 

(MCIs) have been used in QSAR models for 

over two decades, the author argues for more 

wise and critical uses of MCIs in the future. 

Sager, William W.; MacDonald, Ian R.; Hou, R. S. 

Side-scan sonar imaging of hydrocarbon 

seeps on the Louisiana continental slope.

AAPG Bulletin. 2004; 88 (6):725-746. ISSN: 

0149-1423. 

Saikia, N.; Bhuyan, J.; Bora, R. Efficacy of mixed 

bioformulation on development of neem 

(Azadirachta indica) in crude oil 

contaminated soil near drill sites. Indian 

Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2003; 72 

(10):622-624. ISSN: 0019-5022. 

Saint'Pierre, Tatiana D. et al. Determination of Cu, 

Mn, Ni and Sn in gasoline by electrothermal 

vaporization inductively coupled plasma 

mass spectrometry, and emulsion sample 

introduction. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: 

Atomic Spectroscopy. 2002; 57 (12):1991-2001. 

ISSN: 0584-8547. 

Authors describe and successfully test a novel 

method for detecting trace metals in gasoline 

samples. 

Saison, Carine; Perrin-Ganier, Corinne; Amellal, 

Samira; Morel, Jean-Louis; Schiavon, Michel. 

Effect of metals on the adsorption and 

extractability of 14C-phenanthrene in soils.

Chemosphere. 2004; 55 (3):477-485. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

To establish the effects of specific cocontaminants on the fate of PAHs, four metals 

(Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) were added to phenanthrenecontaminated soil and adsorption and desorption 

rates were monitored. Compared to rates 

gathered from phenanthrene-spiked soil with no 

metals added, adsorption of the PAH was 

significantly higher, and desorption was not as 

easily reversed. Researchers believe that future 

experiments should assess the bioavailability of 

PAHs in the presence of metals. 

Saison, Carine; Perrin-Ganier, Corinne; Schiavon, 

Michel; Morel, Jean-Louis. Effect of cropping 

and tillage on the dissipation of PAH 

contamination in soil. Environmental 

Pollution. 2004; 130 (2):275-285. ISSN: 0269-

7491. 

Under natural attenuation, PAH levels 

decreased in the first six months, but no 

significant reductions occurred after that time. 

Results show that tillage and cropping at the 

soil surface did not improve PAH reduction 

rates. 

Sakami, T.; Takayanagi, K.; Shiraishi, M. Acute 

toxicity of inipol EAP22, an oil spill 

bioremediation fertilizer, to four marine 

species. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 2001; 67 

(2):302-303. ISSN: 0021-5392. 

Salanitro, J. P. Bioremediation of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in soil. Advances in Agronomy. 

2001; v. 72;53-105. ISSN: 0065-2113. 

Salcedo, R.; Zaragoza, I. P.; Martínez-Magadán, J. 

M.; García-Cruz, I. Electronic structure in 

different environments for vanadyl 

porphyrinate molecules present in crude oil.

Journal of Molecular Structure - Theochem. 

2003; 626;195-201. ISSN: 0166-1280.

A theoretical determination of the role of lateral 

chains in vanadyl porphyrinate was achieved by 

analyzing the behavior of the molecules in three 

different solvents, measuring for aromacity, and 

observing molecular orbital changes and charge 

behavior. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

134

Salloum, Myrna J.; Dudas, Marvin J.; Fedorak, 

Phillip M. Microbial reduction of amended 

sulfate in anaerobic mature fine tailings from 

oil sand. Waste Management & Research. 

2002; 20 (2):162-171. ISSN: 0734-242X. 

Observations of the remediation of mature fine 

tailings led to the identification of three 

microbial groups involved in the remediation 

process. 

Salminen, Jani M.; Tuomi, Pirjo M.; Suortti, AnnaMari; Jørgensen, Kirsten S. Potential for 

aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of 

petroleum hydrocarbons in boreal 

subsurface. Biodegradation. 2004; 15 (1):29-

39. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Laboratory microcosms were used to assess 

aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs 

in soils contaminated from diesel fuel and 

lubrication oil. Results indicate that endogenous 

microbes are capable of degrading n-alkanes in 

boreal environments. 

Samanta, S. K.; Singh, O.V.; Jain, R. K. Polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons: environmental 

pollution and bioremediation. Trends in 

Biotechnology. 2002; 20 (6):243-248. ISSN: 

0167-7799. 

Samoilov, N. A.; Khlestkin, R. N.; Osipov, M. I.; 

Chichirko, O. P. Formation of consolidated 

bed by carbon sorbent and oil in removal of 

spilled oil. Russian Journal of Applied 

Chemistry. 2004; 77 (2):327-332. ISSN: 1070-

4272. 

The process of sorption of spilled oil by a 

carbon sorbent in a consolidated bed was 

studied for the use in cleaning oil spills on water 

surfaces. 

Santas, Regas.; Santas, Photeinos. Mesocosm and 

field assays of oil spill bioremediation. In

Wise, D. L.; Trantolo, D. J.; Cichon, H. I.; 

Stottmeister, U. (Eds.) Bioremediation of 

Contaminated Soils (Environmental Science 

and Pollution Control Series, v.22). New York: 

Marcel Dekker; 2000; p. 383-391. ISBN: 0-

8247-0333-2. 

Saponaro, Sabrina; Bonomo, Luca; Petruzzelli, 

Gianniantonio; Romele, Laura; Barbafieri, 

Meri. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAHs) slurry phase bioremediation of a 

manufacturing gas plant (MGP) site aged 

soil. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2002; 135 (1-

4):219-236. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Heavily contaminated soil was used in 

experiments to determine biodegradation 

efficiency by use of a slurry system reactor. 

Investigators report high removal rates for all 

PAHs after 23 days of treatment. 

Sarg, J. F. Sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, 

and economic importance of evaporitecarbonate transitions: a review. Sedimentary 

Geology. 2001; 140 (1-2):9-42. ISSN: 0037-

0738. 

The author describes a sequence stratigraphic 

model that places evaporite deposition into a 

chronologic and geographic setting. The Gulf of 

Mexico basin, among others, is used to illustrate 

an example of evaporate succession in the 

model described. 

Sarma, Priyangshu Manab; Bhattacharya, Dhruva; 

Krishnan, S.; Lal, Banwari. Degradation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a newly 

discovered enteric bacterium, Leclercia 

adecarboxylata. Applied and Environmental 

Microbiology. 2004; 70 (5):3163-3166. ISSN: 

0099-2240. 

This paper describes the isolation, identification 

and characterization of an enteric bacterium 

capable of degrading PAHs. 

Sasek, Václav; Bhatt, M.; Cajthaml, Tomás; 

Malachová, K.; Lednická, D. Compostmediated removal of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from contaminated soil.

Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology. 2003; 44 (3):336-342. ISSN: 0090-

4341. 

Mushroom compost containing wheat straw, 

chicken manure, and gypsum was used in a 

series of bioremediation experiments. Between 

37% and 80% of individual PAHs were 

removed after 154 days, and chemical analyses 

and ecotoxicity tests were performed on soil, 

bacteria, earthworms and plant seed to follow 

changes in the toxicity of contaminants. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

135

Sassen, Roger; Sweet, Stephen T.; DeFreitas, Debra 

A.; Morelos, J. Alejadro; Milkov, Alexei V. 

Gas hydrate and crude oil from the 

Mississippi Fan Foldbelt, downdip Gulf of 

Mexico Salt Basin: significance to petroleum 

system. Organic Geochemistry. 2001; 32 

(8):999-1008. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

A study of this site in the eastern Mississippi 

Fan Foldbelt found termogenic hydrocarbons, 

confirming the presence of an active petroleum 

system. The geology of the area is discussed, 

with recommendations for further study of the 

geophysical and geochemical properties of the 

region. 

Sawada, Akira; Kanai, K.; Fukushima, Masami. 

Preparation of artificially spiked soil with 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for soil 

pollution analysis. Analytical Sciences. 2004; 

20 (1):239-241. ISSN: 0910-6340. 

Three methods of preparing spiked soil with 

PAHs were tested to confirm the most suitable 

method for a standardized procedure. A soil 

slurry dispersed by rotary evaporator was found 

to create the most homogeneous distribution of 

PAHs in the samples. 

Schmidt, H.; Kaminsky, W. Pyrolysis of oil sludge 

in a fluidised bed reactor. Chemosphere. 

2001; 45 (3):285-290. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Schmidt, T. C. et al. Compound-specific stable 

isotope analysis of organic contaminants in 

natural environments: a critical review of the 

state of the art, prospects, and future 

challenges. Analytical and Bioanalytical 

Chemistry. 2004; 378 (2):283-300. ISSN: 1618-

2642. 

This review of an analytical technique focuses 

on successful applications in environmental 

analysis, and suggests future directions 

concentrating on kinetic isotope effects with the 

intent of examining chemical and biochemical 

mechanisms. 

Schubert, Patricia; Schantz, Michele M.; Sander, 

Lane C.; Wise, Stephen A. Determination of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 

molecular weight 300 and 302 in 

environmental-matrix standard reference 

materials by gas chromatography/mass 

spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 2003; 75 

(2):234-246. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Authors report of the results of a study on the 

quantitative characterization of PAH isomers at 

specific molecular weights using GC/MS, a 

more accurate method of determining specific 

hydrocarbons than LC-fluorescence. 

Schuler, Lance J.; Lydy, Michael J. Chemical and 

biological availability of sediment-sorbed 

benzo[a]pyrene and hexachlorobiphenyl.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2001; 20 (9):2014-2020. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Sediment spiked with B(a)P and 

hexachlorobiphenyl was aged for varying 

amounts of time and used in experiments to 

demonstrate that there is not necessarily a 

correlation between bioavailability and 

chemical availability. Uptake coefficients and 

feeding rates of these compounds were 

determined by using the oligochaete 

Lumbriculus variegatus. 

Schultz, T. Wayne; Sinks, Glendon D. 

Xenoestrogenic gene expressions: structural 

features of active polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (5):783-786. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Researchers investigated phenolic A- and Bring two-dimensional structural alignments to 

determine estrogenic gene activation by PAHs. 

Seklemova, E.; Pavlova, A.; Kovacheva, K. 

Biostimulation-based bioremediation of 

diesel fuel: field demonstration.

Biodegradation. 2001; 12 (5):311-316. ISSN: 

0923-9820. 

In a study of a diesel fuel-contaminated forest 

soil, researchers added nutrients to determine 

the effect on ex-situ bioremediation. Results 

demonstrated that the nutrients had no effect on 

the decontamination of polluted soil. 

Selli, Elena; Zaccaria, Cristina; Sena, Fabrizio; 

Tomasi, Giorgio; Bidoglio, Giovanni. 

Application of multi-way models to the timeresolved fluorescence of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons mixtures in water. Water 

Research. 2004; 38 (9):2269-2276. ISSN: 0043-

1354. 

This paper describes the application of a 4-way 

fluorescence data array to resolve complex 

aqueous mixtures with low levels of PAHs 

present. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

136

Semple, K. T.; Morriss, A. W. J.; Paton, G. I. 

Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic 

contaminants in soils: fundamental concepts 

and techniques for analysis. European Journal 

of Soil Science. 2003; 54 (4):809-818. ISSN: 

1351-0754. 

This review describes the behavior of 

contaminants in soil by looking at mechanisms 

behind soil/contaminant interactions and 

microbe/contaminant interactions during 

biodegradation. Also, the authors compare 

chemical and biological techniques used to 

assess bioavailability, and urge the need for 

chemical techniques in quantifying 

bioavailability. 

Sepic, Ester; Bricelj, Mihael; Leskovsek, Hermina. 

Toxicity of fluoranthene and its 

biodegradation metabolites to aquatic 

organisms. Chemosphere. 2003; 52 (7):1125-

1133. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Growth inhibition and immobility tests were 

performed on algae, bacteria and crustaceans by 

exposing them to fluoranthene and typical 

metabolites resulting from normal 

biodegradation of the PAH. Tests on 

Scenedesmus subspicatus found that most 

metabolites were between 37 and 3000 times 

less toxic to the algal species than fluoranthene. 

Sharaf, Lobna M. Source rock evaluation and 

geochemistry of condensates and natural 

gases, offshore Nile Delta, Egypt. Journal of 

Petroleum Geology. 2003; 26 (2):189-209. 

ISSN: 0141-6421. 

Author reports that results of geochemical 

research of the offshore Nile Delta suggest that 

some areas of the region have potential to 

generate hydrocarbons. 

Sharma, S. L.; Pant, A. Biodegradation and 

conversion of alkanes and crude oil by a 

marine Rhodococcus sp. Biodegradation. 

2000; 11 (5):289-294. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Rhodococcus sp. was found to degrade up to 

50% of the aliphatic faction of Assam crude oil 

in seawater with small additions of nitrogen and 

phosphorus. Further analysis showed a 

correspondence between major fatty acids and 

the chain length of hydrocarbons in the oil. 

Sharma, S. L.; Pant, A. Crude oil degradation by a 

marine actinomycete Rhodococcus sp. Indian 

Journal of Marine Sciences. 2001; 30 (3):146-

150. ISSN: 0379-5136. 

An organism found in a chronically oil-polluted 

area was isolated and found to be able to 

degrade certain fractions of three different crude 

oils in both distilled and sea waters. Authors 

speculate that the addition of nitrogen to oilpolluted ecosystems would speed the 

degradation process. 

Shatkin, Jo Anne; Wagle, Mandeera; Kent, Sean; 

Menzie, Charles A. Development of a 

biokinetic model to evaluate dermal 

absorption of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from soil. Human and 

Ecological Risk Assessment. 2002; 8 (4):713-

734. ISSN: 1080-7039. 

A fugacity-based model incorporates data on 

desorption kinetics to predict dermal uptake of 

chemicals associated with PAHs, in order to 

better understand health risk of workers exposed 

to soil contaminants. 

Shaw, L. J.; Burns, R. G. Biodegradation of organic 

pollutants in the rhizosphere. In Laskin, A. I.; 

Bennett, J. W.; Gadd, G. M. (Eds.) Advances in 

Applied Microbiology, v.53. San Diego, Ca.: 

Academic Press; 2003; p. 1-60. ISBN: 0-12-

002655-4. 

Shi, T.; Fredrickson, J. K.; Balkwill, D. L. 

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by Sphingomonas strains 

isolated from the terrestrial subsurface.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2001; 26 (5):283-289. ISSN: 

1367-5435. 

Five bacterial strains were tested for their ability 

to biodegrade different types of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons. Sphingomonas 

aromaticivorans strain B0695 was able to 

degrade acenaphthene, anthracene, 

phenanthrene, 2,3-benzofluorene, 2-

methylnaphthalene 2,3-dimethlynaphthalene, 

and fluoranthene with the aid of Tween 80. 

Shin, W. S.; Pardue, J. H. Oxygen dynamics in 

crude oil contaminated salt marshes: I. 

Aerobic respiration model. Environmental 

Technology. 2001; 22 (7):845-854. ISSN: 0959-

3330. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

137

Shin, W. S.; Pardue, J. H.; Choi, S. J. Oxygen 

dynamics in crude oil contaminated salt 

marshes: II. Carbonaceous sediment oxygen 

demand model. Environmental Technology. 

2001; 22 (7):855-867. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Shin, W. S.; Pardue, J. H.; Jackson, W. A.; Choi, S. J. 

Nutrient enhanced biodegradation of crude 

oil in tropical salt marshes. Water, Air, & Soil 

Pollution. 2001; 131 (1-4):135-152. ISSN: 

0049-6979. 

This study investigated both intrinsic and 

nutrient enhanced rates of crude oil degradation 

in core studies. In addition, loading rates of 

nitrogen and optimal porewater nitrogen 

concentrations were determined. 

Shor, Leslie M.; Liang, Wenhsin; Rockne, Karl J.; 

Young, L. Y.; Taghon, Gary L. and Kosson, 

David S. Intra-Aggregate Mass TransportLimited Bioavailability of Polycyclic 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Mycobacterium

Strain PC01. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2003; 37 (8):1545-1552. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Biodegradation rates for a species of bacteria 

were controlled more by intra-aggregate mass 

transport limitations than PAH utilization 

capacity. A mathematical model was then 

developed by the authors to accurately predict 

biodegradation kinetics. 

Shor, Leslie M.; Rockne, Karl J.; Taghon, Gary L.; 

Young, L. Y.; Kosson, David S. Desorption 

kinetics for field-aged polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons from sediments. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2003; 37 (8):1535-1544. 

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

A study of the mass transfer of PAHs in 

estuarine sediments found that desorption of 

PAHs is influenced by aging history, physical 

and chemical properties of sediment. Authors 

propose a conceptual framework for PAH 

desorption from sediment. 

Short, Jeffrey W. Oil identification based on a 

goodness-of-fit metric applied to 

hydrocarbon analysis results. Environmental 

Forensics. 2002; 3 (3/4):349-355. ISSN: 1527-

5922. 

This paper discusses using first-order loss-rate 

kinetics in combination with weatheringinvariant analytes for more accurate 

hydrocarbon source recognition methods. 

Shu, Youn Yuen; Lai, Teh Long; Lin, Huann-shyang; 

Yang, Thomas C.; Chang, Chi-Peng. Study of 

factors affecting on the extraction efficiency 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 

soils using open-vessel focused microwaveassisted extraction. Chemosphere. 2003; 52 

(10):1667-1676. ISSN: 0045-6535 

Focused microwave-assisted extraction was 

used to analyze the extraction of PAHs from 

contaminated soil. Extraction efficiency was 

enhanced by soil moisture in most cases, but 

specific solvent types used did not significantly 

influence extraction rates. 

Siciliano, Steven; Germida, James J.; Banks, Kathy; 

Greer, Charles W. Changes in microbial 

community composition and function during 

a polyaromatic hydrocarbon 

phytoremediation field trial. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 69 (1):483-

489. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Investigators used tall fescue (Festuca 

arundinacea) and rose clover (Trifolium hirtum) 

to study how phytoremediation promotes 

degradation of PAHs, by monitoring the 

composition and degrading ability of bulk soil 

during experiments. 

Siddiqui, Samina; Adams, W. A.; Schollion, John. 

The phytotoxicity and degradation of diesel 

hydrocarbons in soil. Journal of Plant 

Nutrition and Soil Science - Zeitschrift Fur 

Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde. 2001; 164 

(6):631-635. ISSN: 1436-87. 

Soil was spiked with different concentrations of 

diesel fuel and incubated for varying amounts of 

time to determine the effects of phototoxicity on 

the germination of ryegrass. Lag times in the 

germination process were linked to the 

percentages of diesel contamination in the soil. 

Singh, Varsha; McLachlan, Ian. South Africa's east 

coast frontier offers untested mid to 

deepwater potential. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 

101 (22):40-44. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Authors report on a reappraisal of geological 

data from the southern area of the Mozambique 

basin. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

138

Skrbic, B.; Miljevic, N. An evaluation of residues at 

an oil refinery site following fires. Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health Part A - 

Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental 

Engineering. 2002; 37 (6):1029-1039. ISSN: 

1093-4529. 

Analysis of soil samples taken around a site 

where crude oil had spilled and burned resulted 

in the identification of PAHs, heavy and 

inorganic metals, and PCBs. There is a threat 

that the pollution will migrate into groundwater 

supplies. 

Slater, G. F. Stable isotope forensics - when 

isotopes work. Environmental Forensics. 2003; 

4 (1):13-23. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

This paper presents principles, issues, abilities 

and limitations related to stable carbon isotopic 

analysis of volatile organic contaminants by 

focusing on work done related to groundwater 

contamination. 

Smith, Emma; Wraige, Emma; Donkin, Peter; 

Rowland, Steven. Hydrocarbon humps in the 

marine environment: synthesis, toxicity, and 

aqueous solubility of monoaromatic 

compounds. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2001; 20 (11):2428-2432. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Researchers studied elements comprising 

unresolved complex mixture (UCM) 

hydrocarbons in an effort to understand the 

impact of monoaromatic compounds on the 

mussel Mytilus edulis. Results suggest that 

constituent parts of the monoaromatic 

hydrocarbons are toxic to the mussel. 

Smith, Roger M. Extractions with superheated 

water. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002; 

975 (1):31-46. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This review describes the superheated water 

extraction process as a method of separating 

natural products from environmental samples. 

Snowdon, Lloyd R. Reply to comment on ''Natural 

gas composition in a geological environment 

and the implications for the processes of 

generation and preservation''. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2002; 33 (1):85-88. ISSN: 0146-

6380. 

The author finds fault with arguments made in 

commentary to his original article on gas 

composition in geological structures. 

So, Chi Ming; Young, Lilly Y. Anaerobic 

biodegradation of alkanes by enriched 

consortia under four different reducing 

conditions. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2001; 20 (3):473-478. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Contaminated, anoxic estuarine sediment was 

used to test alkane-degrading bacteria under 

sulfate-reducing, denitrifying, iron-reducing, 

and methanogenic conditions. Under each 

condition, the bacterial community was able to 

mineralize alkanes. 

Somoza, L. et al. Seabed morphology and 

hydrocarbon seepage in the Gulf of Cádiz 

mud volcano area: acoustic imagery, 

multibeam and ultra-high resolution seismic 

data. Marine Geology. 2003; 195 (1-4):153-

176. ISSN: 0025-3227. 

Authors describe the unique seabed topography 

in the Gulf of Cádiz, as well as the possible 

geologic forces that led to the shallow fluid 

venting responsible for the undersea features. 

Sonderkamp, Silke; Vomberg, Anja; Schmitz, 

Christoph; Faßbender, Ulrich; Klinner, Ulrich. 

Interactions between bacterial populations 

during degradation of a lubricant base oil.

FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2001; 38 (2-

3):97-104. ISSN: 0168-6496. 

Researchers observed changes in microbial 

community structure during degradation of 

TMPO, a biodegradable base oil of lubricants. 

Surprisingly, the predominating bacteria species 

were not hydrocarbon degraders. 

Southam, G.; Whitney, M.; Knickerbocker, C. 

Structural characterization of the 

hydrocarbon degrading bacteria-oil 

interface: implications for bioremediation.

International Biodeterioration & 

Biodegradation. 2001; 47 (4):197-201. ISSN: 

0964-8305. 

Transmission electron microscopy was 

employed to observe the degradation of 

hydrocarbons by bacteria. Researchers propose 

that the assimilation of oil by bacteria may 

occur by the fusion of tens of nanometer-sized 

droplets of oil on the outer membrane of gramnegative microbes. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

139

Specht, A. A.; Blades, M. W. Direct determination 

of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid 

matrices using laser desorption/laser 

photoionization ion trap mass spectrometry.

Journal of the American Society for Mass 

Spectrometry. 2003; 14 (6):562-570. ISSN: 

1044-0305. 

Authors report on the development and 

application of a new instrument that uses 

infrared laser desorption followed by UV laserphoto-ionization in the analysis of solid samples 

with no pre-treatment. 

Spencer, A. M.; MacTiernan, B. Petroleum systems 

offshore western Ireland in an Atlantic 

margin context. In Shannon, P. M.; Haughton, 

P. D. W.; Corcoran, D. V. (Eds.) Petroleum 

Exploration of Irelands Offshore Basins (Series: 

Geological Society Special Publication 188). 

London: Geological Society of London; 2001; 

p. 9-29. ISBN: 1-86239-087-8. 

The petroleum geology of the Irish Atlantic 

basins is analyzed from a petroleum systems 

point of view of the entire Atlantic margin. 

Authors concentrate on the Rockall, Slyne, Erris 

and Porcupine basins in this paper. 

Spieker, P. Matthew; Gawrys, Keith L.; Trail, Chad 

B.; Kilpatrick, Peter K. Effects of petroleum 

resins on asphaltene aggregation and waterin-oil emulsion formation. Colloids and 

Surfaces A - Physicochemical and Engineering 

Aspects. 2003; 220 (1-3):9-27. ISSN: 0927-

7757. 

Small-angle neutron scattering was used to 

analyze the effect of petroleum resins on 

aggregate sizes of asphaltene. The addition of 

resins increased aggregate sizes and the 

solubility of asphaltene. 

Steffan, S.; Tantucci, P.; Bardi, L.; Marzona, M. 

Effects of cyclodextrins on dodecane 

biodegradation. Journal of Inclusion 

Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry. 2002; 

44 (1-4):407-411. ISSN: 0923-0750. 

Cyclodextrins have been found to enhance 

biodegradation by increasing the solubility of 

hydrocarbons. A series of experiments were 

undertaken to further understand the role of 

cyclodextrins by investigating the influence that 

types and concentrations of cyclodextrins, soil 

temperature, and microbial populations had on 

rates of biodegradation. 

Steinbach, Alfred; Seifert, Richard; Annweiler, Eva; 

Michaelis, Walter. Hydrogen and carbon 

isotope fractionation during anaerobic 

biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons - a 

field study. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2004; 38 (2):609-616. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

Researchers were able to monitor separate 

transformations of hydrocarbons and 

mechanisms of biodegradation in a complex 

contaminated system with the use of hydrogen 

and carbon isotope fractionation. 

Stella, Anna et al. Principal component analysis 

application in polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons "mussel watch" analyses for 

source identification. Analytica Chimica Acta. 

2002; 461 (2):201-213. ISSN: 0003-2670. 

This paper describes the application of the 

chemometric technique of principal component 

analysis to data collected during the 1999 

Ligurian mussel watch, in order to identify 

source types of PAH pollutants. 

Stencel, J. R.; Jaffe, P. R. Trace metal analysis 

using ion chromatography in water 

partitioned from crude-oil spills. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 223-230. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1. 

Authors believe that using ion chromatography 

to identify ratios of nickel to vanadium is a costeffective method of determining the origin of 

crude oil spills. 

Stojanovic, K. et al. Maturity assessment of oils 

from the Sakhalin oil fields in Russia: 

phenanthrene content as a tool. Organic 

Geochemistry. 2001; 32 (5):721-731. ISSN: 

0146-6380. 

Crude oil samples taken from nine oil fields on 

Sakhalin Island (Russia) were assessed and 

classified into three categories for their 

maturation on the basis of the distribution and 

abundance of tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

than the more biodegraded alkane-type 

biological markers. 

Stone, Ralph A.; LeRoy, Samuel D. Deepwater 

basin confirmed far off western Madagascar.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (9):35-38. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Data compiled from various sources suggests 

that part of the Mozambique Channel in 

Madagascar territorial waters should be a target 

for future deepwater hydrocarbon exploration. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

140

Stone, Ralph A.; LeRoy, Samuel D. How new 

seismic data show basin off western 

Madagascar. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 

(10):42-45. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Results of a deepwater seismic survey taken in 

late 2001 off Madagascar identified large 

structures and stratigraphic zonation in the west 

Morondava basin, confirming sufficient size and 

frequency for continuing exploration. 

Story, S. P.; Parker, S. H.; Hayasaka, S. S.; Riley, M. 

B.; Kline, E. L. Convergent and divergent 

points in catabolic pathways involved in 

utilization of fluoranthene, naphthalene, 

anthracene, and phenanthrene by 

Sphingomonas paucimobilis var. EPA505.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2001; 26 (6):369-382. ISSN: 

1367-5435. 

Authors describe the biochemical 

characterization of intermediate catabolites 

accumulated by the bacteria during the 

degradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Stover, S. Chereé; Ge, Shemin; Weimer, Paul; 

McBride, Barry C. The effects of salt 

evolution, structural development, and fault 

propagation on Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic oil 

migration: a two-dimensional fluid-flow 

study along a megaregional profile in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico Basin. AAPG 

Bulletin. 2001; 85 (11):1945-1966. ISSN: 0149-

1423. 

Oil migration patterns were explored using 

sequential forward modeling. Authors note that 

migrating patterns were greatly impacted by salt 

evolution and geological structure, with 

differing results of migration in the southern, 

central, and northern parts of the study area. 

Straube, W. L. et al. Remediation of polyaromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) through landfarming 

with biostimulation and bioaugmentation.

Acta Biotechnologica. 2003; 23 (2-3):179-196. 

ISSN: 0138-4988. 

Researchers monitored remediation of high 

molecular weight PAH-contaminated soil at 5, 

11, and 17 months under conditions that 

included biostimulation and/or 

bioaugmentation. Increasing native bacteria and 

using slow-release nitrogen fertilizer with 

bulking agent are two recommendations for 

improving biodegradation via landfarming. 

Sugaya, Kazuo et al. Biodegradation of quinoline in 

crude oil. Journal of Chemical Technology and 

Biotechnology. 2001; 76 (6):603-611. ISSN: 

0268-2575. 

Researchers used Comamonas sp to 

successfully degrade a nitrogen compound in 

crude oil. A centrifuge was then used to 

separate water and cell mass from the crude oil. 

Sullivan, Elise R.; Zhang, Xiaoming; Phelps, Craig; 

Young, L. Y. Anaerobic mineralization of 

stable-isotope-labeled 2-methylnaphthalene.

Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 

67 (9):4353-4357. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

After studying the mineralization of 2-

methylnapthalene (2-MNAP) by sulfatereducing consortia, the authors demonstrate a 

proposed pathway of biodegradation of 2-

MNAP to carbon dioxide. 

Sumrow, Mike. Industry funded project 

investigates jack up rig spudcan, footprint 

interactions. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 

(44):56-58. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A survey was distributed to gather information 

on prevention methods and procedures for 

controlling spudcan-footprint interaction 

problems. A best practices guideline document 

will be produced, based on data collected from 

the survey. 

Synovec, R. E.; Prazen, B. J.; Johnson, K. J.; Fraga, 

C. G.; Bruckner, C. A. Chemometric analysis 

of comprehensive two-dimensional 

separations. In Brown, P. R.; Grushka, E. 

(Eds.) Advances in Chromatography, v. 42. 

New York: Marcel Dekker; 2003; p. 1-42. 

ISBN: 0-8247-0950-0. 

Szewczyk, Rafal; Bernat, Przemyslaw; Milczarek, 

Krystyna; Dlugonski, Jerzy. Application of 

microscopic fungi isolated from polluted 

industrial areas for polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons and pentachlorophenol 

reduction. Biodegradation. 2003; 14 (1):1-8. 

ISSN: 0923-9820. 

Authors isolated 15 fungal strains capable of 

degrading a number of contaminants, including 

crude and waste oils. Two strains were able to 

transform phenanthrene into a derivative 

compound. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

141

Szolar, Oliver H. J. et al. Sequential supercritical 

fluid extraction (SSFE) for estimating the 

availability of high molecular weight 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

historically polluted soils. Journal of 

Environmental Quality. 2004; 33 (1):80-88. 

ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Sequential supercritical fluid extraction was 

used to analyze eight PAH-contaminated soils 

to help researchers understand sorptiondesorption behavior related to high molecular 

weight hydrocarbons. Particle size and organic 

dry mass of the soils did not seem to influence 

sorption-desorption actions of PAHs. 

Tabak, Henry H. et al. Studies on bioremediation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarboncontaminated sediments: bioavailability, 

biodegradability, and toxicity issues. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2003; 22 (3):473-482. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

After establishing baseline toxicity levels of 

PAH-contaminated sediments, five sediment 

treatments were used find the cause of toxicity. 

The bioavailability of individual hydrocarbons 

was assessed along with an appraisal of the 

biodegradability of contaminants in the 

sediments, to understand how one influences the 

other during the bioremediation process. 

Tajuddin, R.; Smith, Roger. M. On-line coupled 

superheated water extraction (SWE) and 

superheated water chromatography (SWC).

Analyst. 2002; 127 (7):883-885. ISSN: 0003-

2654. 

Talley, Jeffrey W.; Ghosh, Upal; Tucker, Samuel G.; 

Furey, John S.; Luthy, Richard G. Particlescale understanding of the bioavailability of 

PAHs in sediment. Environmental Science & 

Technology. 2002; 36 (3):477-483. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

A study of PAH bioaccumulation in earthworms 

demonstrated that worms ingested PAHs from 

the clay/silt fraction of sediments. PAHs 

associated with the clay/silt fraction of 

sediments are more mobile and biodegradable 

than coal-derived PAHs, and should be the 

cause for greatest concern. 

Tam, Nora Fung-yee; Guo, C. L.; Yau, C.; Ke, L.; 

Wong, Yuk-shan. Biodegradation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by 

microbial consortia enriched from mangrove 

sediments. Water Science and Technology. 

2003; 48 (8):177-183. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Two separate microbial consortia were 

extracted from different PAH-impacted 

mangrove swamps near Hong Kong and 

assessed for their abilities to biodegrade 

phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene under 

salinity conditions of 0 and 10 ppt. 

Tam, Nora Fung-yee; Guo, C. L.; Yau, W. Y.; Wong, 

Yuk-shan. Preliminary study on 

biodegradation of phenanthrene by bacteria 

isolated from mangrove sediments in Hong 

Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 45 (1-

12):316-324. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Researchers assessed the effects of salinity, 

phenanthrene concentrations, and addition of 

glucose on biodegradation rates of bacteria 

found among sediments in a mangrove swamp. 

High salinity inhibited degradation ability, but 

the addition of glucose reduced the negative 

impact of salinity. 

Tang, Chung-Shih; Sun, Wenhao; Toma, Marisa; 

Robert, Françoise; Jones, Ryan. Evaluation of 

agriculture-based phytoremediation in 

pacific island ecosystems using trisector 

planters. International Journal of 

Phytoremediation. 2004; 6 (1):17-33. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments using 

milo, kou and false sandalwood were 

undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of these 

plants in phytoremediation of contaminants 

entrenched in deep soil layers. 

Taylor, P.; Bennett, B.; Jones, M.; Larter, S. Effect of 

biodegradation and water washing on the 

occurrence of alkylphenols in crude oils.

Organic Geochemistry. 2001; 32 (2):341-358. 

ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Teige, Gunn M. G.; Hermanrud, Christian. Seismic 

characteristics of fluid leakage from an 

underfilled and overpressured Jurassic fault 

trap in the Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum 

Geoscience. 2004; 10 (1):35-42. ISSN: 1354-

0793. 

Authors report on an investigation that used 

seismic information to locate a leakage zone in 

the area where a fault exists, for possible oil and 

gas exploration in the North Sea. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

142

Thomassin-Lacroix, Eric J. M. et al. DNA-based and 

culture-based characterization of a 

hydrocarbon-degrading consortium enriched 

from Arctic soil. Canadian Journal of 

Microbiology. 2001; 47 (12):1107-1115. ISSN: 

0008-4166. 

A bacterial consortium was monitored as it 

biodegraded fuel in contaminated soil. Results 

indicate that individual species within a 

microbial consortium can be quantitatively 

monitored, allowing for the targeting of the 

more successful degraders in the community. 

Thomassin-Lacroix, Eric. J. M.; Eriksson, Mikael.; 

Reimer, K. R.; Mohn, William. W. 

Biostimulation and bioaugmentation for onsite treatment of weathered diesel fuel in 

Arctic soil. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2002; 59 (4-5):551-556. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

The addition of an inoculation of organisms into 

contaminated soil did not cause biostimulation 

or increase biodegradation in field or laboratory 

microcosm experiments. Possible reasons for 

this are discussed. 

Tian, Lee; Ma, Pei; Zhong, Jian-Jiang Kinetics and 

key enzyme activities of phenanthrene 

degradation by Pseudomonas mendocina.

Process Biochemistry. 2002; 37 (12):1431-

1437. ISSN: 0032-9592. 

Investigation of P. mendocina revealed the 

activities of PAH dioxygenase and catechol-2,3-

oxygenase, two enzymes involved in the 

biodegradation of phenanthrene. 

Tien, Truong Hong; Katayama, Arata. 

Biodegradation kinetics of volatile 

hydrophobic organic compounds in cultures 

with variable fractional volumes.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2004; 85 

(6):580-588. ISSN: 0006-3592. 

This paper describes research undertaken as an 

extension to previous models that describe 

phenanthrene biodegradation kinetics by using a 

sampling procedure to quantify phenanthrene 

sorption. Results demonstrate that models were 

able to considerably reduce the amount of 

experimental work necessary for estimating 

kinetic parameters. 

Tobajas, Monserrat; Siegel, Marc H.; Apitz, Sabine 

E. Influence of geometry and solids 

concentration on the hydrodynamics and 

mass transfer of a rectangular airlift reactor 

for marine sediment and soil bioremediation.

Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 

1999; 77 (4):660-9. ISSN: 0008-4034. 

Airlift reactors were analyzed for their 

efficiency as gas-liquid-solid mixers. Based 

upon results of experiments presented in this 

article, the authors believe that the airlift 

reactors could be an effective tool in the 

bioremediation process for both soils and 

marine sediments. 

Todd, Sarah J.; Cain, Ronald B.; Schmidt, Stefan. 

Biotransformation of naphthalene and diaryl 

ethers by green microalgae. Biodegradation. 

2002; 13 (4):229-238. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

In this study, three types of green algae were 

found to transform fat soluble hydrocarbons 

into water soluble metabolites. 

Tolls, Johannes et al. Aqueous solubility-molecular 

size relationships: a mechanistic case study 

using 10C to 19C alkanes. Journal of Physical 

Chemistry A. 2002; 106 (11):2760-2765. ISSN: 

1089-5639. 

In studying alkanes, research demonstrated that 

molecular size mostly determines solubility in 

water. Increased molecular size results in less 

water solubility. 

Toren, Amir; Gefen, Yuval; Ron, Eliora Z.; 

Rosenberg, Eugene. Solubilization of 

phenanthrene by recombinant protein 

bioemulsans. Biochemical Engineering 

Journal. 2003; 16 (2):169-174. ISSN: 1369-

703X. 

Researchers identified the sequences needed for 

protein AlnA and its derivatives to solubilize 

phenanthrene by identifying amino acids in 

hydrophobic portions of the protein that 

increase emulsifying activity. 

Torkian, Ayoob; Dehghanzadeh, Reza; Hakimjavadi, 

M. Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons 

in a compost biofilter. Journal of Chemical 

Technology and Biotechnology. 2003; 78 

(7):795-801. ISSN: 0268-2575. 

Results of biofilter experiments show that 

maintaining specific organic loading rates can 

efficiently remove over 90% of toluene and 

xylene when initial concentrations do not 

exceed 20 ppm for toluene and 70 ppm for 

xylene. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

143

Torres, Eduardo; Bustos-Jaimes, Ismael; Le Borgne, 

Sylvie. Potential use of oxidative enzymes for 

the detoxification of organic pollutants.

Applied Catalysis B - Environmental. 2003; 46 

(1):1-15. ISSN: 0926-3373. 

Authors review the literature regarding the 

ability of peroxidases and laccases enzymes in 

diminishing PAH toxicity, the negative effect 

that organic solvents have on these enzymes, 

and propose strategies to surmount these and 

other limitations in order to make them 

available for commercial use. 

Townsend, G. Todd; Prince, Roger C.; Suflita, 

Joseph M. Anaerobic oxidation of crude oil 

hydrocarbons by the resident 

microorganisms of a contaminated anoxic 

aquifer. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2003; 37 (22):5213-5218. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Anaerobic biodegradation of two types of crude 

oil showed alkane-degrading metabolic 

processes involving methanogenic, rather than 

sulfate-reducing activities. 

Trefry, John H.; Rember, Robert D.; Trocine, Robert 

P.; Brown, John S. Trace metals in sediments 

near offshore oil exploration and production 

sites in the Alaskan Arctic. Environmental 

Geology. 2003; 45 (2):149-160. ISSN: 0943-

0105. 

As industrial activity begins to move offshore 

the coast of the Beaufort Sea, researchers 

analyze trace metals as selected indicators, to 

help evaluate the cumulative impact from oil 

development in the Alaskan Arctic. 

Troquet, Julien; Larroche, Christian; Dussap, ClaudeGilles. Evidence for the occurrence of an 

oxygen limitation during soil bioremediation 

by solid-state fermentation. Biochemical 

Engineering Journal. 2003; 13 (SI 2-3):103-

112. ISSN: 1369-703X. 

Investigators studied parameters and physical 

limiting factors influencing the biodegradation 

process by manipulating different components 

of biodegradation with the use of fixed bed 

column reactors and a rotating fermentor. 

Tsvetkova, T.; Nevinsky, I.; Nevinsky, V.; 

Paniyshkina, A. Experience of working with 

SSNTDs in Caucasus: a survey. Radiation 

Measurements. 2004; 38 (3):263-269. ISSN: 

1350-4487. 

Radon surveys were carried out at geological 

sites and petroleum storehouses. Authors 

believe that combining SSNTDs with hydrogen 

surveys could lead to locating petroleum 

reserves without drilling. 

Tzing, Shin-Hwa et al. A simple and rapid method 

for identifying the source of spilled oil using 

an electronic nose: confirmation by gas 

chromatography with mass spectrometry.

Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 

2003; 17 (16):1873-1880. ISSN: 0951-4198. 

An electronic nose consisting of a sensory array 

was tested alongside an electronic nose using 

fast gas chromatography in determining the 

source of spilled oil. This fast and simple 

method of detection was successful, as 

confirmed by results of GC/MS analysis. 

Udosen, E. D.; Essien, J. P.; Ubom, R. M. 

Bioamendment of petroleum contaminated 

ultisol: effect on oil content, heavy metals 

and pH of tropical soil. Journal of 

Environmental Sciences - China. 2001; 13 

(1):92-98. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

Ulfig, K. et al. Keratinolytic fungi as indicators of 

hydrocarbon contamination and 

bioremediation progress in a petroleum 

refinery. Polish Journal of Environmental 

Studies. 2003; 12 (2):245-250. ISSN: 1230-

1485. 

During a 39-month assessment of 

bioremediation progress at a PAH-contaminated 

biopile, researchers noted the frequent presence 

of fungal species. Growth of the fungi was 

found to be dependent on concentrations of 

PAHs and their polar derivatives in the soil 

mixture. 

Vallejo, Begoña A.; Izquierdo, Andrés; Blasco, 

Rafael; del Campo, Pedro Pérez; Luque de 

Castro, M. Dolores. Bioremediation of an area 

contaminated by a fuel spill. Journal of 

Environmental Monitoring. 2001; 3 (3):274-

280. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

Nutrients, in addition to oxygenation of 

contaminated soil (bioventing), led to successful 

in situ bioremediation of a large area 

contaminated with fuel oil. A hydraulic barrier 

was also used to keep the contaminants from 

migrating out of the affected area. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

144

van den Huevel, Henny; van Noort, Paul C. M. 

Competition for adsorption between added 

phenanthrene and in situ PAHs in two 

sediments. Chemosphere. 2003; 53 (9):1097-

1103. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Significant amounts of phenanthrene were 

added to slowly desorbing and very slowly 

desorbing PAH-contaminated sediments and 

removal rates of the PAHs were monitored. 

Removal rates of PAHs in the very slowly 

desorbing domain were as expected, but the 

addition of phenanthrene in the slowly 

desorbing domain did not result in PAH 

removal. 

van Gestel, Cornelis A. M. et al. The use of acute 

and chronic bioassays to determine the 

ecological risk and bioremediation efficiency 

of oil-polluted soils. Environmental Toxicology 

and Chemistry. 2001; 20 (7):1438-1449. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Acute bioassays were found to be useful for an 

initial quick screening of polluted soils. 

However, chronic bioassays using sublethal 

endpoints are needed for an accurate assessment 

of long-term effects of pollution in sediments. 

Van Gestel, Kristen; Mergaert, Joris; Swings, Jean; 

Coosemans, Jozef; Ryckeboer, Jaak. 

Bioremediation of diesel oil-contaminated 

soil by composting with biowaste.

Environmental Pollution. 2003; 125 (3):361-

368. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Biowaste was mixed with oil-contaminated soil 

at a ratio of 10:1 and degradation levels were 

monitored to compare the effects of room 

temperature versus composting temperature on 

biodegradation efficiency. 

Van Hamme, Jonathan D.; Ward, Owen P. Physical 

and metabolic interactions of Pseudomonas

sp. strain JA5-B45 and Rhodococcus sp. 

strain F9-D79 during growth on crude oil 

and effect of a chemical surfactant on them.

Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 2001; 

67 (10):4874-4879. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Bacterial cultures were tested separately and in 

combination, and also with the addition of a 

nonionic surfactant, (Igepal CO-630), to 

determine rates and amounts of biodegradation 

of crude oil. Authors suggest a dual role of the 

surfactant in the coculture part of the 

experiment, which increased the availability of 

oil to one of the bacterial strains. 

Van Hamme, Jonathan D.; Ward, Owen P. Volatile 

hydrocarbon biodegradation by a mixedbacterial culture during growth on crude oil.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & 

Biotechnology. 2001; 26 (6):356-362. ISSN: 

1367-5435. 

Van Hamme, Jonathan. D.; Ward, Owen. P. 

Development of a method for the application 

of solid-phase microextraction to monitor 

biodegradation of volatile hydrocarbons 

during bacterial growth on crude oil. Journal 

of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 

2000; 25 (3):155-162. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

SPME-GC-FID was used to analyze the 

biodegradation of volatile hydrocarbons using 

different bacteria cultures. Authors found that a 

mixed culture was more effective than pure 

cultures in degrading specific types of 

hydrocarbons. 

van Herwijnen, René et al. Influence of 

phenanthrene and fluoranthene on the 

degradation of fluorene and glucose by 

Sphingomonas sp strain LB126 in chemostat 

cultures. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2003; 

46 (1):105-111. ISSN: 0168-6496. 

The presence of fluoranthene and phenanthrene 

hindered the removal of fluorene, possibly due 

to competitive inhibition, but did not influence 

the growth of bacteria in biodegradation 

experiments. Over time, removal rates for 

fluorene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene 

reached approximately 95%. 

Vasudevan, N.; Rajaram, P. Bioremediation of oil 

sludge-contaminated soil. Environment 

International. 2001; 26 (5-6):409-411. ISSN: 

0160-4120. 

After a series of bioremediation experiments, 

scientists found better results when the soil was 

tilled and when wheat bran was added as a 

bulking agent. 

Vazquez, M. M. et al. Application of programmedtemperature split/splitless injection to the 

trace analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons by 

gas chromatography. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2001; 919 (2):363-371. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

145

Veignie, Etienne; Rafin, Catherine.; Woisel, Patrice.; 

Lounes-Hadj Sahraoui, A.; Cazier, Fabrice. 

Metabolization of the polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene by a non-white 

rot fungus (Fusarium solani) in a batch 

reactor. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 

2002; 22 (1):87-97. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

F. solani was observed to degrade B(a)P in 

experiments. Cytochrome P-450 levels were 

monitored while B(a)P was mineralized by the 

fungus. 

Veignie, Etienne; Rafin, Catherine; Woisel, Patrice; 

Cazier, Fabrice. Preliminary evidence of the 

role of hydrogen peroxide in the degradation 

of benzo[a]pyrene by a non-white rot fungus 

Fusarium solani. Environmental Pollution. 

2004; 129 (1):1-4. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Using enzyme inhibitors, researchers discovered 

that a bacterium could degrade PAHs by use of 

an alternative metabolic pathway. 

Vennin, E. et al. A 3D outcrop analogue model for 

Ypresian nummulitic carbonate reservoirs: 

Jebel Ousselat, northern Tunisia. Petroleum 

Geoscience. 2003; 9 (2):145-161. ISSN: 1354-

0793. 

This study summarizes six years of geological 

research into carbonate reservoirs and 

petroleum reserves extending to offshore North 

Africa. 

Venosa, Albert D.; Zhu, Xueqing. Biodegradation of 

crude oil contaminating marine shorelines 

and freshwater wetlands. Spill Science & 

Technology Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):163-178. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Researchers investigate the factors that 

influence natural attenuation in biodegradation 

as a weathering process in high-energy marine 

shorelines compared to a low-energy shoreline 

environment including a freshwater wetland. 

Ventura, Karel; Adam, Martin; Dostálek, Jaromír. 

Comparison of modern extraction techniques 

in analysis of soil contaminated with fuel and 

crude oil spills. Journal of Liquid 

Chromatography & Related Technologies. 

2003; 26 (2):247-259. ISSN: 1082-6076. 

The extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbons 

was evaluated between supercritical fluid 

extraction with CO2 and pressurized fluid 

extraction methods. 

Verbruggen, Eric M. J.; Hermens, Joop L. M.; Tolls, 

Johannes. Physicochemical properties of 

higher nonaromatic hydrocarbons: a 

literature study. Journal of Physical and 

Chemical Reference Data. 2000; 29 (6):1435-

1446. ISSN: 0047-2689. 

A literature study was carried out on the 

behavior of higher aliphatic hydrocarbons in the 

environment and especially in relation to 

hydrophobicity. 

Verdin, Anthony; Sahraoui, Anissa Lounès-Hadj; 

Durand, Roger. Degradation of 

benzo[a]pyrene by mitosporic fungi and 

extracellular oxidative enzymes. International 

Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2004; 53 

(2):65-70. ISSN: 0964-8305. 

Using three fungal strains, researchers studied 

the contribution of three extracellular oxidative 

enzymes in the degradation of B(a)P. Results of 

data did not show a correlation between 

production of enzymes and degradation levels 

of B(a)P. 

Vervaeke, P. et al. Phytoremediation prospects of 

willow stands on contaminated sediment: a 

field trial. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 126 

(2):275-282. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Willow stands were grown in dredged 

sediments containing a number of contaminants, 

including PAHs. Analysis showed that the 

presence of willows did not reduce the amount 

of PAHs when compared to soil plots left 

fallow. 

Verweij, J. M.; Simmelink, H. J.; Van Balen, R. T.; 

David, P. History of petroleum systems in the 

southern part of the Broad Fourteens Basin.

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie 

en Mijnbouw. 2003; 82 (1):71-90. ISSN: 0016-

7746. 

Authors used 2D basin modelling to determine 

the migration and maturation of petroleum, as 

well as to predict oil and gas accumulations in 

sections of the southern part of the Broad 

Fourteens Basin. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

146

Villatoro-Monzón, W. R.; Mesta-Howard, A. M.; 

Razo-Flores, E. Anaerobic biodegradation of 

BTEX using Mn(IV) and Fe(III) as 

alternative electron acceptors. Water Science 

and Technology. 2003; 48 (6):125-131. ISSN: 

0273-1223. 

BTEX compounds were degraded, while 

researchers noted reductions of Fe(III) and 

Mn(IV) to Fe(II) and Mn(II). It is believed that 

using a solid metal oxide as a final electron 

acceptor has potential and is a cost-effective 

way for approaching bioremediation for fuelcontaminated sites. 

Viñas, M.; Grifoll, M.; Sabaté, J.; Solanas, A.M. 

Biodegradation of a crude oil by three 

microbial consortia of different origins and 

metabolic capabilities. Journal of Industrial 

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2002; 28 

(5):252-260. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

Viraraghavan, T.; Moazed, H. Removal of oil from 

water by bentonite. Fresenius Environmental 

Bulletin. 2003; 12 (9):1092-1097. ISSN: 1018-

4619. 

Na-bentonite effectively removed oil from 

different oil-in-water emulsions and 

wastewaters, and batch kinetic studies 

confirmed that various models accurately 

described the kinetics of sorption of oil by 

bentonite. 

Volke-Sepúlveda, T. L.; Gutiérrez-Rojas, M.; FavelaTorres, E. Biodegradation of hexadecane in 

liquid and solid-state fermentations by 

Aspergillus niger. Bioresource Technology. 

2003; 87 (1):81-86. ISSN: 0960-8524. 

Submerged fermentation and solid-state 

fermentation (SSF) methods were compared in 

the degradation of a PAH. The rate of 

hexadecane consumption was three times 

higher, and a PAH-degrading fungus grew 30 

times faster in experiments utilizing SSF. 

Voutsas, E. C.; Abatzi, E. V.; Tassios, D. P. 

Application of the equilibrium partitioning 

theory for the prediction of the 

bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in 

aquatic biota. Fresenius Environmental 

Bulletin. 2001; 10 (5):480-483. ISSN: 1018-

4619. 

Wagner, M.; Nicell, J. A. Peroxidase-catalyzed 

removal of phenols from a petroleum 

refinery wastewater. Water Science and 

Technology. 2001; 43 (2):253-260. ISSN: 0273-

1223. 

The application of horseradish peroxidase and 

hydrogen peroxide was found to effectively 

remove the phenol content from refinery 

wastewater. Investigators also reported a 95% 

reduction in toxicity of the wastewater. 

Walczak, M.; Donderski, W.; Mudryk, Z.; 

Skorczewski, P. Aromatic hydrocarbon 

decomposition by neustonic bacteria - Part 

II. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 

biodegradation. Polish Journal of 

Environmental Studies. 2001; 10 (1):33-36. 

ISSN: 1230-1485. 

Walczak, M.; Donderski, W.; Mudryk, Z.; 

Skorczewski, P. Aromatic hydrocarbon 

decomposition by neustonic bacteria - Part I. 

Single-ring hydrocarbon biodegradation.

Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2000; 

9 (6):471-474. ISSN: 1230-1485. 

Wan, C. K.; Wong, J. W. C.; Fang, M.; Ye, D. Y. 

Effect of organic waste amendments on 

degradation of PAHS in soil using 

thermophillic composting. Environmental 

Technology. 2003; 24 (1):23-30. ISSN: 0959-

3330. 

Pig manure was found to be effective as an 

additive in compost-related PAH remediation 

experiments. 

Wang, T. G. et al. High molecular weight (C-35(+)) 

n-alkanes of Neogene heavily biodegraded oil 

in the Qianmlqiao region, North China.

Chinese Science Bulletin. 2002; 471 (16):1402-

1407. ISSN: 1001-6538. 

Wang, Xu-Chen; Chen, Robert F.; Whelan, Jean; 

Eglinton, Lorraine. Contribution of ''old'' 

carbon from natural marine hydrocarbon 

seeps to sedimentary and dissolved organic 

carbon pools in the Gulf of Mexico.

Geophysical Research Letters. 2001; 28 

(17):3313-3316. ISSN: 0094-8276. 

Carbon abundance was measured in sediment 

and water around hydrocarbon seeps in the 

Green Canyon, Northern Gulf of Mexico. The 

amounts of "old" carbon led researchers to 

suggest that natural seepage could contribute a 

significant amount of that carbon to the marine 

environment. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

147

Wang, Yi; Huang, Yongsong. Hydrogen isotopic 

fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons 

during vaporization: implications for 

assessing artificial and natural remediation 

of petroleum contamination. Applied 

Geochemistry. 2003; 18 (10):1641-1651. ISSN: 

0883-2927. 

Researchers established hydrocarbon (H) 

isotope fractionation for C10-C14 n-alkanes, 

MTBE and BTEX during progressive 

vaporization, and found that H isotope 

fractionation increased with n-alkane chain 

length. 

Wang, Zhendi et al. Characterization and 

identification of the Detroit River mystery oil 

spill (2002). Journal of Chromatography A. 

2004; 1038 (1-2):201-214. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Oil fingerprinting techniques were used to 

identify the type of spilled oil in the Detroit 

River. Results show that samples were mostly 

lube oil, and some samples were more 

weathered than others. 

Wang, Zhendi; Fingas, Merv F.; Owens, Edward H.; 

Sigouin, L.; Brown, C. E. Long-term fate and 

persistence of the spilled Metula oil in a 

marine salt marsh environment - 

degradation of petroleum biomarkers.

Journal of Chromatography A. 2001; 926 

(2):275-290. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Wang, Zhendi; Fingas, Merv F.; Sigouin, L. 

Characterization and identification of a 

''mystery'' oil spill from Quebec (1999).

Journal of Chromatography A. 2001; 909 

(2):155-169. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Using GC-MS and GC-Flame ionization, 

researchers identified "source specific marker" 

compounds and diagnostic ratios of a sample of 

spilled oil. The spill was then traced to the 

responsible company. 

Wang, Zhendi; Fingas, Merv F.; Sigouin, L. 

Characterization and source identification of 

an unknown spilled oil using fingerprinting 

techniques by GC-MS and GC-FID. LCGC 

North America: The Magazine of Separation 

Science. 2000; 18 (10):1058-1067. ISSN: 1527-

5949. 

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas 

chromatography-flame ionization detection 

were successful in tracing the origin of a diesel 

fuel spill in Quebec, Canada. 

Wang, Zhendi; Fingas, Merv; Sigouin, L. Using 

multiple criteria for fingerprinting unknown 

oil samples having very similar chemical 

composition. Environmental Forensics. 2002; 3 

(3-4):251-262. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Gas chromatography with a flame ionization 

detector and gas chromatography with mass 

spectrometry were used in an attempt to identify 

oil samples of unknown origin. 

Wang, Zhendi; Fingas, Mervin F. Development of 

oil hydrocarbon fingerprinting and 

identification techniques. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-12):423-452. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Authors review various chemical analysis 

methodologies in current techniques used to 

fingerprint and characterize oil sources in 

environmental forensic investigations. 

Wang, Zhenyu; Ashraf-Khorassani, Mehdi; Taylor, 

Larry T. Design for on-line coupling of 

supercritical fluid extraction with liquid 

chromatography: quantitative analysis of 

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in a solid 

matrix. Analytical Chemistry. 2003; 75 

(16):3979-3985. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Supercritical fluid extraction coupled with 

liquid chromatography successfully extracted 

and quantified PAHs in contaminated soil. This 

method was determined to be precise and a 

faster technique than Soxhlet extraction with 

GC/MS analysis. 

Ward, Owen; Singh, Ajay; Van Hamme, Jonathan. 

Accelerated biodegradation of petroleum 

hydrocarbon waste. Journal of Industrial 

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2003; 30 

(5):260-270. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

Authors describe a new process for the 

bioremediation of petroleum waste sludge over 

a 10-12 day period using a mixed culture 

capable of high rates of biodegradation. This 

process is capable of degrading up to 99% of 

total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

Warne, M. A.; Ebbels, T. M. D.; Lindon, J. C.; 

Nicholson, J. K. Semiempirical molecularorbital properties of some polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons and correlation with 

environmental toxic equivalency factors.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2003; 23 

(1):23-47. ISSN: 1040-6638. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

148

Watanabe, H.; Seong, D. J. The thermal 

conductivity and thermal diffusivity of liquid 

n-alkanes: CnH2n+2 (N=5 to 10) and toluene.

International Journal of Thermophysics. 2002; 

23 (2):337-356. ISSN: 0195-928X. 

Watson, J. S.; Jones, D. M.; Swannell, R. P. J.; van 

Duin, A. C. T. Formation of carboxylic acids 

during aerobic biodegradation of crude oil 

and evidence of microbial oxidation of 

hopanes. Organic Geochemistry. 2002; 33 

(10):1153-1169. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Authors report on the presence of hopanoic 

acids as a by-product of n-alkane removal 

during the biodegradation of crude oil. 

Weber, Walter J., Jr.; Huang, Qingguo. Inclusion of 

persistent organic pollutants in humification 

processes: direct chemical incorporation of 

phenanthrene via oxidative coupling.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37 

(18):4221-4227. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

In aqueous phase, phenanthrene was found to 

bond with reaction products either by sorption 

or chemical bonding. Researchers believe this 

offers insight to potential roles of natural 

humification in the fate of PAHs. 

Webster, J.; Webster, K.; Nelson, P.; Waterhouse, E. 

The behaviour of residual contaminants at a 

former station site, Antarctica. Environmental 

Pollution. 2003; 123 (2):163-179. ISSN: 0269-

7491. 

Webster, L. et al. The polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon and geochemical biomarker 

composition of sediments from sea lochs on 

the west coast of Scotland. Journal of 

Environmental Monitoring. 2004; 6 (3):219-

228. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

Sediments were collected at random from 

individual lochs on the west coast of Scotland 

and analyzed for parent and branched PAHs. 

Wei, Qu-fu; Mather, R. R.; Fotheringham, A. F.; 

Yang, R. D. Characterization of water-incrude oil emulsions in oil spill response.

Journal of Environmental Sciences - China. 

2003; 15 (4):506-509. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

In this study, environmental scanning election 

microscopy was used to analyze density, 

viscosity, distribution and droplet sizes of 

water-in-crude-oil emulsions. 

Wenger, Lloyd M.; Isaksen, Gary H. Control of 

hydrocarbon seepage intensity on level of 

biodegradation in sea bottom sediments.

Organic Geochemistry. 2002; 33 (12):1277-

1292. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

A lack of 25-norphane series of hydrocarbons at 

deepwater seeps suggests that biodegradation 

pathways differ between surface and deepwater 

bacterial communities. Authors propose reasons 

why extensive biodegradation occurs at some 

seeps, yet other sites have no evidence of 

hydrocarbon utilization by bacteria. 

Wennrich, Luise; Vrana, Branislav; Popp, Peter; 

Lorenz, Wilhelm. Development of an 

integrative passive sampler for the 

monitoring of organic water pollutants.

Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2003; 5 

(5):813-822. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

This study describes the development of a 

monitor consisting of a simple PDMS tube with 

a polyethylene membrane that collects 

pollutants for direct analysis by 

thermodesorption-GC/MS methods. 

Whelan, Jean K.; Whelan, Lorraine; Kennicutt, 

Mahlon C., II; Qian, Yaorong. Short-time-scale 

(year) variations of petroleum fluids from the 

U.S. Gulf Coast. Geochimica et Cosmochimica 

Acta. 2001; 65 (20):3529-3555. ISSN: 0016-

7037. 

The authors present evidence indicating a rapid 

vertical migration of hydrocarbons that has 

changed the fluid composition of the Eugene 

Island Block 330 (EI-330) reservoir in the last 

eight years. Possible reasons for the short-term 

migration are proposed. Evidence also suggests 

that a similar process is occurring over a much 

wider area than the EI-330 reservoir. 

White, G. J.; Rood, A. S. Radon emanation from 

NORM-contaminated pipe scale and soil at 

petroleum industry sites. Journal of 

Environmental Radioactivity. 2001; 54 (3):401-

413. ISSN: 0265-931X. 

A study was undertaken to determine whether 

radon emanation associated with petroleum 

production was similar to that of uranium mill 

tailings. Although radium concentrations from 

pipe scale samples were consistent with mill 

tailings, radon emanation fractions were lower, 

possibly due to the physical structure of the pipe 

scale restricting the rate of released radon. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

149

White, P. M.; Wolf, D. C. ; Thoma, G. J. ; Reynolds, 

C. M. Influence of organic and inorganic soil 

amendments on plant growth in crude oilcontaminated soil. International Journal of 

Phytoremediation. 2003; 5 (4):381-397. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Plants with fibrous roots were exposed to 

various soil amendments in crude oilcontaminated soil to evaluate phytoremediation 

as an alternative remediation technique. 

Whyte, L. G. et al. Gene cloning and 

characterization of multiple alkane 

hydroxylase systems in Rhodococcus strains 

Q15 and NRRL B-16531. Applied & 

Environmental Microbiology. 2002; 68 

(12):5933-5942. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

This paper is the first published study of a 

detailed genetic characterization of alkane 

hydroxylase systems in strains of bacteria 

known for their ability to degrade aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. 

Wick, Lokas Y.; Pasche, Natacha; Bernasconi, 

Stefano M.; Pelz, Oliver; Harms, Hauke. 

Characterization of multiple-substrate 

utilization by anthracene-degrading 

Mycobacterium frederiksbergense LB501T.

Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 2003; 

69 (10):6133-6142. ISSN: 0099-2240. 

Microbes were exposed to anthracene in the 

presence of dissolved glucose as researchers 

monitored the utilization of carbon sources in 

the biodegradation process. Analysis of 13C 

suggests that the microbes initially degraded the 

PAH and formed biomass in preference to the 

more bioavailable dissolved glucose. Enhanced 

substrate utilization occurred from the 

utilization of additional sources of carbon from 

dissolved glucose, indicating that more efficient 

biodegradation can be achieved by carbon 

supplements. 

Widada, J.; Nojiri, H.; Omori, T. Recent 

developments in molecular techniques for 

identification and monitoring of xenobioticdegrading bacteria and their catabolic genes 

in bioremediation. Applied Microbiology and 

Biotechnology. 2002; 60 (1-2): 45-59. ISSN: 

0175-7598. 

In this review, the authors discuss current 

developments in techniques and applications of 

molecular biology as applied to the 

bioremediation of xenobiotics. 

Wilhelms, A. et al. Biodegradation of oil in uplifted 

basins prevented by deep-burial sterilization.

Nature. 2001; 411 (6841):1034-1037. ISSN: 

0028-0836. 

The authors propose that biodegradation does 

not occur in some basins because petroleum 

reservoirs were once heated to around 80-90° C 

deep underground. After upwelling, and being 

filled with oil, the sterilized sediments were not 

recolonized by the types of bacteria which 

degrade oil. 

Wilkes, Heinz et al. Formation of n-alkane- and 

cycloalkane-derived organic acids during 

anaerobic growth of a denitrifying bacterium 

with crude oil. Organic Geochemistry. 2003; 

34 (9):1313-1323. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Researchers used GC-MS to detect a number of 

metabolites formed during the biodegradation of 

PAHs in crude oil by a strain of anaerobic 

bacteria. 

Williamson, Kelly S.; Petty, Jimmie D.; Huckins, 

James M.; Lebo, Jon A.; Kaiser, Edwin A. 

HPLC-PFD determination of priority 

pollutant PAHs in water, sediment, and 

semipermeable membrane devices.

Chemosphere. 2002; 49 (7):703-715. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

HPLC-PFD was used to gain a better 

understanding of the enrichment techniques and 

analytical methodologies that can be 

successfully used to isolate, characterize, and 

quantify priority pollutant PAHs in 

environmental samples. 

Williamson, Kelly S.; Petty, Jimmie D.; Huckins, 

James M.; Lebo, Jon A.; Kaiser, Edwin A. 

Sequestration of priority pollutant PAHs 

from sediment pore water employing 

semipermeable membrane devices.

Chemosphere. 2002; 49 (7):717-729. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

SPMDs were used to sequester PAHs from 

sediment samples, and recovery rates for 

hydrocarbon compounds were established. 

Researchers found that PAH uptake was 

dependent on physical factors, such as water 

solubility, microbial activity, UV radiation, and 

temperature. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

150

Wine, Gary et al. Trujillo basin off Peru contains 

numerous promising structures. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (20):31-37. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The complex Trujillo basin located offshore 

northwestern Peru was explored to determine 

remaining undiscovered hydrocarbons and to 

evaluate reserves for economic return. 

Wise, Stephen A. Standard Reference Materials 

(SRMs) for the determination of polycyclic 

aromatic compounds - twenty years of 

progress. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 

2002; 22 (3-4):197-230. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

This paper reflects on technological advances 

over the past two decades that led to the 

certification of more than twenty-five Standard 

Reference Materials used for verification 

purposes in the testing of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in environmental mediums. 

Wise, Stephen. A. et al. Recent developments in 

NIST Standard Reference Materials for 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 

environmental matrices. Polycyclic Aromatic 

Compounds. 2000; 19 (1-4):297-313. ISSN: 

1040-6638. 

Standard Reference Materials for Organics in 

Marine Sediment (SRM 1941a) and Organics in 

Mussel Tissue (SRM 1974a), collected in 1994 

and 1995, respectively, had run out by the end 

of 1999. Replacement material, SRM 1941b, 

was collected in Baltimore harbor, while SRM 

1974b was to be collected from Boston harbor 

in late 1999. 

Witt, Gesine. Occurrence and transport of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the 

water bodies of the Baltic Sea. Marine 

Chemistry. 2002; 79 (2):49-66. ISSN: 0304-

4203. 

Seasonal and spatial patterns were observed for 

specific PAHs in different areas of the Baltic 

Sea. After data collection, PAH concentrations 

in the Baltic Sea were compared with other 

major sea areas. 

Wolska, Lidia. Miniaturised analytical procedure 

of determining polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls 

in bottom sediments. Journal of 

Chromatography A. 2002; 959 (1-2):173-180. 

ISSN: 0021-9673. 

Wong, J. W. C.; Wan, C. K.; Fang, M. Pig manure 

as a co-composting material for 

biodegradation of PAH-contaminated soil.

Environmental Technology. 2002; 23 (1):15-26. 

ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Biodegradation of PAHs in a compost heap was 

significantly enhanced with an amendment of 

pig manure. Researchers note that amendments 

of between 12.5% and 15% were most effective 

in causing increases in bacterial populations. 

Woo, Seung H.; Lee, Min W.; Park, Jong M. 

Biodegradation of phenanthrene in soilslurry systems with different mass transfer 

regimes and soil contents. Journal of 

Biotechnology. 2004; 110 (3):235-250. ISSN: 

0168-1656. 

Phenanthrene degradation rates were established 

in experiments using low and high soil contents 

for slurry systems, flask and roller-bottle tests. 

Woo, Seung H.; Park, Jong M.; Rittmann, B. E. 

Evaluation of the interaction between 

biodegradation and sorption of 

phenanthrene in soil-slurry systems.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 2001; 73 

(1):12-24. ISSN: 0006-3592. 

Wu, Chih-Cheng; Lee, Whei-May Grace. Control of 

vaporous naphthalene by scrubbing with 

surfactants. Journal of Environmental 

Engineering - ASCE. 2004; 130 (3):276-281. 

ISSN: 0733-9372. 

One anionic and two nonionic surfactants were 

added to scrubbing liquid in batch and 

continuous experiments to investigate their 

influence during the absorption of naphthalene 

using a wet scrubber. Removal efficiency was 

established in continuous experiments, with 

somewhat lower removal efficiencies in batch 

experiments. 

Wyszkowski, M.; Wyszkowska, J.; Ziolkowska, A. 

Effect of soil contamination with diesel oil on 

yellow lupine yield and macroelements 

content. Plant Soil and Environment. 2004; 50 

(5):218-226. ISSN: 1214-1178. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

151

Xia, Lixin; Lu, Shiwei; Cao, Guoying. 

Demulsification of emulsions exploited by 

enhanced oil recovery system. Separation 

Science and Technology. 2003; 38 (16):4079-

4094. ISSN: 0149-6395. 

Authors present data showing the influence of 

factors affecting enhanced oil recovery systems 

(components, surfactants, alkalis, polymers) on 

demulsification of water from emulsions. 

Results of research suggest that the use of 

microwave radiation would greatly enhance 

demulsification efficiency. 

Xu, Guanjun; Zhang, Dajiang; Wang, Peirong. Using 

the biomarker bonded on the asphaltenes for 

biodegraded oil-source correlation. Chinese 

Science Bulletin. 2003; 48 (3):300-304. ISSN: 

1001-6538. 

Ruthenium-oil-catalyzed oxidation (RICO) was 

employed to locate the origin of oils from 

different basins in China. Researchers believe 

that RICO can be an accurate method of 

identifying oil-source correlation. 

Xu, Ran; Obbard, Jeffery P.; Tay, E. T. C. 

Optimization of slow-release fertilizer dosage 

for bioremediation of oil-contaminated beach 

sediment in a tropical environment. World 

Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 

2003; 19 (7):719-725. ISSN: 0959-3993. 

Beach sediments were spiked with Arabian light 

crude and indigenous microorganism biomass 

was monitored to find the best concentration of 

slow-release fertilizer for stimulating growth 

and biodegradation rates. Investigators found 

that a dry weight concentration of 1.5% 

fertilizer yielded the best rates of biodegradation 

for branch-chain alkanes. 

Xu, Ran; Obbard, Jeffrey P. Effect of nutrient 

amendments on indigenous hydrocarbon 

biodegradation in oil-contaminated beach 

sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality. 

2003; 32 (4):1234-1243. ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Various combinations of slow-release fertilizers 

and inorganic nutrients were tested on oilspiked beach sediments to determine the best 

overall results involving rapid stimulation of 

microbial biomass, sustained release of 

nutrients, and enhanced biodegradation of 

PAHs. 

Yamada, Mihoko et al. Study on the fate of 

petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the effect of 

chemical dispersant using an enclosed 

ecosystem, mesocosm. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 47 (1-6):105-113. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Chemical dispersants were added to mesocosm 

tanks that were filled with spiked seawater 

containing water-soluble heavy oil residues. 

Researchers then observed biodegradation rates 

for PAHs and calculated the amounts of high 

molecular weight particles in the water column 

to assess the impact on benthic environments. 

Yang, Jian-gang et al. Influence of nonionic 

surfactant on the solubilization and 

biodegradation of phenanthrene. Journal of 

Environmental Sciences - China. 2003; 15 

(6):859-862. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

Phenanthrene solubilization with a nonionic 

surfactant in aqueous systems caused a 

simultaneous transfer of phenanthrene from 

solid to aqueous phase. Also, the surfactant did 

not appear to have an inhibitory effect on 

biodegradation rates, even when present in high 

concentrations. 

Yang, L.; Lai, C. T.; Sheih, W. K. Biodegradation of 

dispersed diesel fuel under high salinity 

conditions. Water Research. 2000; 34 

(13):3303-3314. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

An aerobic, upflow submerged biofilter, 

coupled with a trickling filter, removed over 

90% of total organic carbon while also 

effectively biodegrading volatile organic 

compounds. 

Yanik, Peter J.; O'Donnell, Thomas H.; Macko, 

Stephen A.; Qian, Yaorong; Kennicutt, Mahlon 

C., II. The isotopic compositions of selected 

crude oil PAHs during biodegradation.

Organic Geochemistry. 2003; 34 (2):291-304. 

ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Isotopic variations in PAH compounds were 

monitored as crude oil biodegraded in wetland 

soil plots over a 2-month period. According to 

the authors, the extent of isotopic changes over 

time was unexpected. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

152

Yateem, A.; Balba, M. T.; Al-Shayji, Y.; Al-Awadhi, 

N. Isolation and characterization of 

biosurfactant-producing bacteria from oilcontaminated soil. Soil & Sediment 

Contamination. 2002; 11 (1):41-55. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 

isolated from oil-contaminated soil and tested 

for biosurfactant-producing capabilities. 

Investigations reveal that each strain differed in 

processes creating biosurfactant stimulation. Of 

these strains, one was particularly effective in 

the emulsification of crude oil. 

Yen, Tin-Weng; Marsh, William P.; MacKinnon, 

Michael D.; Fedorak, Phillip M. Measuring 

naphthenic acids concentrations in aqueous 

environmental samples by liquid 

chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 

A. 2004; 1033 (1):83-90. ISSN: 0021-9673. 

This paper describes the use of an enhanced 

HPLC technique, which is less complicated and 

faster at analyzing contaminants than Fouriertransform infrared spectrometry. Both methods 

were used to examine environmental samples 

containing naphthenic acids and the results were 

compared. 

Yim, U. H. et al. Identification of PAHs sources in 

bivalves and sediments 5 years after the Sea 

Prince oil spill in Korea. Environmental 

Forensics. 2002; 3 (3/4):357-366. ISSN: 1527-

5922. 

Researchers investigated oiled remnants from a 

spill in 1995 for evidence of residual effects of 

weathered PAHs and possible transport of those 

hydrocarbons into the subtidal zone. No 

significant evidence was found of transport into 

the subtidal environment, but data was collected 

suggesting the bioconcentration of oil-derived 

PAHs in mussels. 

Younes, Mohamed Abdel-Aziz. Hydrocarbon 

seepage generation and migration in the 

southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt: insights from 

biomarker characteristics and source rock 

modelling. Journal of Petroleum Geology. 

2003; 26 (2):211-224. ISSN: 0141-6421. 

Analysis of active oil seeps in the southern Gulf 

of Suez shows petroleum rich in tricyclic 

terpanes and extended hopanes, and suggests 

that the oil has undergone extensive lateral and 

vertical migration. 

Yu, Hongtao. Environmental carcinogenic 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: 

photochemistry and phototoxicity. Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health Part C - 

Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology 

Reviews. 2002; 20 (2):149-183. ISSN: 1059-

0501. 

This paper updates current knowledge of the 

photochemical reaction, photo-transformation, 

and phototoxicity of PAHs and their derivatives 

at the molecular level. 

Yuan, Hua; Cao, Chenzhong. Topological indices 

based on vertex, edge, ring, and distance: 

application to various physicochemical 

properties of diverse hydrocarbons. Journal 

of Chemical Information and Computer 

Sciences. 2003; 43 (2):501-512. ISSN: 0095-

2338. 

Two new components of a set of topological 

indices were used to better characterize 

molecular structure information for a variety of 

hydrocarbons. 

Yuan, S. Y.; Chang, J. S.; Yen, J. H.; Chang, B. V. 

Biodegradation of phenanthrene in river 

sediment. Chemosphere. 2001; 43 (3):273-278. 

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Researchers investigated the potential for 

aerobic biodegradation of phenanthrene in a 

series of experiments. In the absence of 

sediment, phenanthrene showed higher 

biodegration rate constants. 

Yuan, S. Y.; Chang, S. W.; Chang, B. V. 

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in sludge. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2003; 71 (3):625-632. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

The authors investigated the influence of pH 

levels, temperature, surfactants, and 

amendments such as nitrogen, carbon, yeast, or 

hydrogen peroxide on degradation rates of 

specific PAHs by native and introduced aerobic 

bacteria in contaminated sludge samples. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

153

Yuan, S. Y.; Shiung, L. C.; Chang, B. V. 

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by inoculated microorganisms 

in soil. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2002; 69 

(1):66-73. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

An aerobic PAH-reducing bacteria consortium 

was found to reduce five hydrocarbons by rates 

of 70-100% within forty days. The consortia is 

recommended for degradation of hydrocarbons 

in soil under conditions of pH7.0, 30° C, and 

the presence of phenanthrene, acenaphthene, 

anthracene, fluorene, and pyrene. 

Yuan, S. Y.; Wei, S. H.; Chang, B. V. 

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by a mixed culture.

Chemosphere. 2000; 41 (9):1463-1468. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

An aerobic mixed culture was investigated for 

its ability to degrade PAHs. Phenanthrene was 

the sole carbon source in these experiments. The 

mixed culture was able to degrade pyrene and 

acenaphthene, but failed to degrade anthracene 

and fluorine. In addition, higher phenanthrene 

concentrations resulted in slower degradation 

rates. 

Zabanbark, A. Peculiarities of oil and gas basins in 

Brazil continental margins. Okeanologiya. 

2001; 41 (1):147-154. ISSN: 0030-1574. 

The geology of oil and gas basins from offshore 

Brazil is described. It is shown that the 

formation content of sedimentary deposits is 

similar in all basins, leading to the conclusion 

that the potential for holding reserves is 

extremely high. 

Zakaria, Mohammad Pauzi; Okuda, Tomoaki; 

Takada, Hideshige. Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes in 

stranded tar-balls on the coasts of Peninsular 

Malaysia: applications of biomarkers for 

identifying sources of oil pollution. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (12):1357-1366. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Tar-balls were collected and analyzed for 

hopanes and PAHs, in order to identify the 

source of the oil. Based on biomarker 

signatures, researchers identified the source of 

oils as being Middle East crude, and oil 

extracted from platforms in the South China 

Sea. 

Zazueta-Sandoval, Roberto; Novoa, Vanesa Zazueta; 

Jiménez, Hortencia Silva; Ortiz, Roberto 

Cabrera. A different method of measuring 

and detecting mono- and dioxygenase 

activities - key enzymes in hydrocarbon 

biodegradation. Applied Biochemistry and 

Biotechnology. 2003; 108;725-736. ISSN: 

0273-2289. 

Enzyme activity of hydrocarbon-degrading 

fungi was quantified via a novel 

spectrophotometric method of observation. 

Zerhouni, P.; Bengtsson, G. A high throughput 

procedure for polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) assayed for 

biodegradation in contaminated soils.

International Journal of Environmental 

Analytical Chemistry. 2001; 79 (1):1-14. ISSN: 

0306-7319. 

Zhang, Xiaoming; Sullivan, Elise R.; Young, L. Y. 

Evidence for aromatic ring reduction in the 

biodegradation pathway of carboxylated 

naphthalene by a sulfate reducing 

consortium. Biodegradation. 2000; 11 (2-

3):117-124. ISSN: 0923-9820. 

After carboxylation, researchers discovered six 

naphthalene metabolites as the next step in 

anaerobic metabolism. A proposed initial 

pathway for anaerobic naphthalene metabolism 

under sulfate-reducing conditions is presented. 

Zhang, Y.; Wu, R. S. S.; Hong, H.-S.; Poon, K.-F.; 

Lam, M. H. W. Field study on desorption 

rates of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 

from contaminated marine sediment.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2000; 19 (10):2431-2435. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

An experiment was conducted to study 

desorption behavior of nine PAHs in 

contaminated sediments under field conditions 

mimicking marine disposal situations. The 

results of this study clearly state that a more 

reliable environmental and risk assessment of 

nonionic hydrophobic organic pollutants, in 

natural sediments under field conditions, is 

needed. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

154

Zhang, Yong; Zhu, Ya-Xian; Kwon, Kae Kyoung; 

Park, Jae Hyun; Kim, Sang-Jin. Novel method 

for determining pyrene biodegradation using 

synchronous fluorimetry. Chemosphere. 2004; 

55 (3):389-394. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Synchronous fluorimetry (SF) was used to 

detect the degradation of pyrene, and results 

were confirmed by the use of gas 

chromatography with flame ionized detector 

(GC/FID). Researchers point out that the SF 

method does not require solvent extraction of 

samples, and is faster and less expensive than 

CG/FID. 

Zheng, G. D. et al. Pyrolysis studies on the 

conversion of vitrinite reflectance and the 

primary productivity of various non-marine 

source rocks in China. Journal of Asian Earth 

Sciences. 2004; 22 (4):353-361. ISSN: 1367-

9120. 

Laboratory pyrolysis studies indicate that 

sedimentary environment and age should be 

factored in when assessing vitrinite reflectivity 

values and hydrocarbon yields for source rock. 

Zheng, Z.; Obbard, Jeffrey. Philip. Oxidation of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by 

the white rot fungus, Phanerochaete 

chrysosporium. Enzyme and Microbial 

Technology. 2002; 31 (1-2):3-9. ISSN: 0141-

0229. 

Zheng, Zhongming; M.; Obbard, Jeffrey. Philip. 

Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by fungal isolates from an oil 

contaminated refinery soil. Environmental 

Science and Pollution Research. 2003; 10 

(3):173-176. ISSN: 0944-1344. 

Researchers isolated 21 fungal strains from oilcontaminated soil and evaluated their 

effectiveness in the degradation of a number of 

PAHs. Of these isolates, Penicillium sp. 06, was 

found to be the most effective at oxidizing a 

range of PAHs, especially lower molecular 

weight hydrocarbons. 

Zheng, Zhongming; Obbard, Jeffrey Philip. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon removal 

from soil by surfactant solubilization and 

Phanerochaete chrysosporium oxidation.

Journal of Environmental Quality. 2003; 31 

(6):1842-1847. ISSN: 0047-2425. 

This paper describes attempts to develop a 

method of removing PAHs from soil by 

combining soil washing with hydrocarbon 

oxidation by white rot fungus in a rotating 

biological contactor reactor. 

Zheng, Zhongming; Obbard, Jeffrey Philip. 

Removable of surfactant solubilized 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 

Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a rotating 

biological contactor reactor. Journal of 

Biotechnology. 2002; 96 (3):241-249. ISSN: 

0168-1656. 

Immobalized white rot fungus was tested for its 

ability to remove Tween 80-solubilized PAHs 

in a rotating biological contractor (BRC) 

reactor. Batch operations of the BRC reactor 

demonstrated that P. chrysosporium was able to 

remove over 90% of PAHs in eight successive 

tests. 

Zheng, Zuoping; Aagaard, Per; Breedveld, Gijs D. 

Intrinsic biodegradation of toluene coupled 

to the microbial reduction of ferric iron: 

laboratory column experiments.

Environmental Geology. 2002; 42 (6):649-656. 

ISSN: 0943-0105. 

Rates of anaerobic biodegradation of toluene 

differed in column experiments where flow 

rates were set at two separate velocities. 

Zhong, P.; Kong, L. R.; Lin, Z. F.; Liu, G. M. 

Photodegradation of diesel oil in aqueous 

solutions. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2003; 70 

(6):1128-1135. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

Successful reduction of diesel oil in wastewater 

was achieved by combining photodegradation 

with Fenton reagent. 

Zhu, Lizhong; Feng, Shaoliang. Synergistic 

solubilization of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons by mixed anionin-nonionic 

surfactants. Chemosphere. 2003; 53 (5):459-

467. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Water solubility enhancements of various PAHs 

were accomplished by the addition of solutions 

of single and mixed anionic-nonionic 

surfactants. 

Zhuang, W. Q.; Tay, J. H.; Maszenan, A. M.; 

Krumholz, L. R.; Tay, S. T. L. Importance of 

Gram-positive naphthalene-degrading 

bacteria in oil-contaminated tropical marine 

sediments. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 

2003; 36 (4):251-257. ISSN: 0266-8254. 

Investigators isolated three bacterial strains 

found to be able to degrade naphthalene. One 

strain, MN-003, was found to have a high 

specific growth rate on naphthalene, and 

outgrew the other two isolates in biodegradation 

experiments. 
CHEMISTRY/GEOCHEMISTRY/GEOLOGY 

155

Zhuang, W. Q.; Tay, J. H.; Maszenan, A. M.; Tay, S. 

T. L. Bacillus naphthovorans sp. nov. from 

oil-contaminated tropical marine sediments 

and its role in naphthalene biodegradation.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002; 

58 (4):547-553. ISSN: 0175-7598. 

A strain of bacteria was isolated and identified 

within marine sediments. Data from enrichment 

experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of 

this organism in the degradation of naphthalene. 

Ziccardi, Michael H.; Gardner, Ian A.; Mazet, Jonna 

A. K.; Denison, Michael S. Application of the 

luciferase cell culture bioassay for the 

selection of refined petroleum products.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (10):983-

991. 

This study was undertaken to detect and 

quantify the presence of Ah-R-active chemicals 

in various types and weathered samples of 

petroleum products. Luciferase-based bioassays 

are more accurate and less expensive than other 

testing methods for the presence of Ah-R-active 

chemicals. 

Zima, Jiri; Housova, Alena; Barek, Jiri. HPLC 

monitoring of the efficiency of chemical 

decomposition of genotoxic fluoranthene 

derivatives. Chemia Analityczna. 2003; 48 

(3):509-519. ISSN: 0009-2223. 

Researchers used RP HPLC to separate and 

determine levels of fluoranthene, 3-

aminofluoranthene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene, 

then evaluate the effectiveness of chemical 

destruction of the hydrocarbons with zinc and 

Fenton oxidizing reagent. 

Zinjarde, S. S.; Pant, A. A. Hydrocarbon degraders 

from tropical marine environments. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (2):118-121. ISSN: 

0025-326X. 

Seventeen bacteria and yeasts were isolated 

from 50 species found at 20 sites in mud and 

water along the Mumbai coast region. Analysis 

determined that the aliphatic fraction of 

Bombay High crude oil was most effectively 

degraded by the yeast isolates. 

Ziolli, Roberta L.; Jardim, Wilson F. Operational 

problems related to the preparation of the 

seawater soluble fraction of crude oil. Journal 

of Environmental Monitoring. 2002; 4 (1):138-

141. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

This paper described the results of experiments 

investigating the effects of sunlight and 

peroxide photoproduction on water-soluble 

fractions (WSFs). The authors stress the 

urgency for the development of a standard 

procedure for the production of WSFs in order 

to ensure more reliability in impact assessments 

of oil spills. 

Ziolli, Roberta L.; Jardim, Wilson F. Photochemical 

transformations of water-soluble fraction 

(WSF) of crude oil in marine waters - a 

comparison between photolysis and 

accelerated degradation with TiO2 using GCMS and UVF. Journal of Photochemistry and 

Photobiology A - Chemistry. 2003; 155 (1-

3):243-252. ISSN: 1010-6030. 

Researchers achieved complete degradation of 

PAHs when adding TiO2 to a water-soluble 

fraction and exposing the mixture to UV light 

for 1-2 days. 

Zucchi, M. et al. Response of bacterial community 

during bioremediation of an oil-polluted soil.

Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 94 

(2):248-257. ISSN: 1364-5072. 

Investigation of a microbial community showed 

successive stages of activity among different 

populations during bioremediation experiments 

with oil-polluted soil. 
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Aadnoy, Bernt S.; Saetre, Roar. New model 

improves deepwater fracture gradient values 

off Norway. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101

(5):51-54. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

During deepwater drilling, problems with depth

and overburden densities limit margins during

drilling, resulting in a low fracture gradient. In a 

study conducted off Norway, a method was 

tested that corrects for varying overburden 

densities, while also improving deepwater 

fracture gradient values. 

Akbarzadeh, K.; Ayatollahi, Sh.; Nasrifar, Kh.;

Yarranton, H. W.; Moshfeghian, M. Equations 

lead to asphaltene deposition predictions. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (44):51-52. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Authors present a method for predicting 

asphaltene precipitation in various oils, by

inputting values into a regular solution theory 

model.

Alliot, Vincent; Frazer, Ian. Tie-in system uses lowcost flanges on deepwater Girassol 

development. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(18):96-102. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Stolt Offshore, Inc. has developed and 

successfully performed ultra deepwater tie-in 

operations with their newly designed MATIS 

equipment, which deploys API flanges 

remotely. This technology provides economic 

and efficient applications for deep and ultradeepwater field developments. 

Accardi-Dey, Amymarie; Gschwend, Philip M. 

Reinterpreting literature sorption data 

considering both absorption into organic 

carbon and adsorption onto black carbon.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(1):99-106. ISSN: 0013-936X.

Field measurements and laboratory observations

were used to assess a model created to combine 

both adsorption and absorption rates to account

for the sorption of PAHs to natural sediments. 

Al-Mutawa, Majdi; Al-Anzi, Ealian H.; Jemmali, 

Mohamed; Samuel, Mathew. Polymer-free 

self-diverting acid stimulated Kuwaiti wells.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (31):39-42. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

In a field test, a polymer-free viscoelastic 

diverting acid was evaluated for its stimulation

capabilities by restoring reservoir pressure and 

production in a mature well. 

Ahmad, M. et al. Interwell tracing by

environmental isotopes at Fimkassar Oilfield, 

Pakistan. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 

2003; 58 (5):611-619. ISSN: 0969-8043.

Environmental isotopes were used to identify 

sources of water in a production well. Analysis 

showed a combination of injected water and 

formation water from the samples collected over 

a period of 15 months. 

Anderson, Brian S. Enhancing seismic with field 

potential tools. Offshore. 2002; 62 (11):54-56. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

High quality resolution data for seismic surveys 

now exists because of new technological

advances in the analysis of gravity and magnetic 

information. The cost-effective nature of the 

new technology has resulted in the industry

reacquiring surveys completed before 1990. 

Airborne sensor aids oil spill monitoring.

GeoWorld. 2000; 13 (7):10-11. ISSN: 0897-

5507. 

In April 2000, 110,000-gallons of fuel-oil 

leaked from a Pepco pipeline in Maryland's

Prince George's County into Swanson Creek. A 

rainstorm and high winds drove the spill, which

had been contained in Swanson Creek-into the 

Patuxent River. In order to provide response

teams with real time data to map the spill, the 

Maryland EPA and the Maryland Department of

Natural Resources was hired to fly over the 

fuel-oil spill site with its SPECIM-built AISA 

airborne hyperspectral sensor. The river flights 

mark the first time the sensor was used to look

for oil. 

Anderson, Malcolm; Gullco, Robert S. Some 

probability applications to oil exploration.

Natural Resources Research. 2002; 11 (1):61-

70. ISSN: 1520-7439. 

Anderson, Roger; Boulanger, Albert. How to realize 

LEM benefits in ultradeepwater oil and gas.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (25):36-43. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

To optimize exploration in underdeveloped 

reservoirs, the oil and gas industry must 

implement a model that will integrate tools and 

processes to achieve a streamlined environment

and develop a more cost-effective operation. 

157
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Antunes de Carmo, J.; Costa, M. Modelling of oil 

spill evolution in estuaries and coastal 

regions. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A.

(Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling,

Analysis and Control II. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 63-72.

ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

A numerical model, linked to a transport

Langrangean approach and another twodimensional hydrodynamic model, was created 

to predict oil spill events off the coast of

Portugal. The model was then successfully 

tested by comparing generated data to

information collected after the New World and 

Cercal tanker accidents. 

Anderson, Roger; Boulanger, Albert. 

Ultradeepwater oil-gas development: 

designing uncertainty into the enterprise. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (20):42-46. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

An integrated definition methodology program

used in an array of industries is now being

incorporated into the oil and gas industry. The 

program consists of a software application 

designed to streamline activities, optimize 

performance, reduce costs and improve cycle 

time for oil production.

Anderson, Roger; Boulanger, Albert. 

Ultradeepwater suitability matrix helps 

estimate value of lean processes. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (24):35-39. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Applebee, Michelle S.; Geissler, John D.; 

Schellinger, Adam P.; Jaeger, Richard J.; 

Pierce, David T. Field screening of 

waterborne petroleum hydrocarbons by

thickness shear-mode resonator 

measurements. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2004; 38 (1):234-239. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

This paper describes a lightweight and

inexpensive sensor that can be brought into the 

field for determining petroleum hydrocarbons in

aqueous samples. 

Andrews, J. M.; Lieberman, S. H. Multispectral 

fluorometric sensor for real time in-situ

detection of marine petroleum spills. In

Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil 

and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis 

and Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 291-302. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

A system, comprised of an array of underwater

sensors, detects surface sheen and emulsified or 

dissolved phase petroleum in the water column. 

The system was designed for use in the

protection of marine facilities from accidental 

spills by providing real-time information to spill 

response authorities. 

Barron, Mace G.; Ka'Aihue, Lisa. Potential for

photoenhanced toxicity of spilled oil in 

Prince William Sound and Gulf of Alaska

waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 43 (1-

6):86-92. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Photoenhanced toxicity was evaluated to

establish the mechanism of photoactivation in

fish and aquatic invertebrates, and implications 

for injury and risk assessment and oil spill 

response. 

Beens, J. Multidimensional chromatographic

applications in the oil industry. In Mondello, 

L; Lewis, A. C.; Bartle, K. D. Multidimensional

Chromatography: Techniques and Applications. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2002; p. 379-

406. ISBN: 0-471-98869-3. 

Annika, Pollani et al. The Poseidon operational tool

for the prediction of floating pollutant

transport. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 43

(7-12):270-278. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The Poseidon system was designed to provide 

real time data for oil spill simulation and

operational management in the Aegean Sea. In a 

crisis, the application would forecast the 

predicted movement and spreading of an oil

spill, in addition to identifying potential coastal 

areas which might be impacted. 

158
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Biteau, Jean-Jaques; Perrodan, Alain. The petroleum 

system: a fundamental tool. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (30):34-39. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Explorers are using a method that

simultaneously evaluates the remaining

hydrocarbon potential for mature reservoirs and 

assesses new petroleum prospects. 

Begak, O. Yu.; Syroezhko, A. M. Identification of

oil pollution sources by a set of modern 

instrumental methods. Russian Journal of

Applied Chemistry. 2001; 74 (5):784-787. 

ISSN: 1070-4272. 

Authors describe multiple instrumental methods

used to identify sources of oil pollution. 

Identification methods include computer 

comparison of absorption bands of oil samples, 

radionuclide composition analysis, impurity

content of oils and metallic/nonmetallic 

elements found in those impurities. 

Black, Richard; Freman, Lawson; Calderon, Jaime A. 

Pioneering deepwater gulf pipeline system

integrates five segments. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (19):58-61. ISSN: 0030-1388.

The largest capacity deepwater pipeline system

ever built is near completion in the Gulf of 

Mexico. The Mardi Gras transportation system

will connect to existing infrastructure and will 

provide access to multiple processing facilities 

and onshore pipelines all along the Gulf Coast. 

Belt, John Q., Jr.; Rice, Gary K. Application of 

statistical quality control measures for nearsurface geochemical petroleum exploration.

Computers & Geosciences. 2002; 28 (2):243-

260. ISSN: 0098-3004. 

This paper describes four quality control 

measures that can be used to develop a 

petroleum exploration model, when integrated 

with geomorphology, surface geology, and 

seismic survey data. 

Bonham, C. D. Selection of hydrocarbon variables

to assess reduction of residual oil on nutrient 

enriched beaches. Applied Mathematics and 

Computation. 2002; 126 (2):361-376. ISSN: 

Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro. Beyond BACI: 0096-3003. 

optimization of environmental sampling 

designs through monitoring and simulation.

Ecological Applications. 2001; 11 (3):783-799. 

ISSN: 1051-0761. 

This paper addresses the impact of

environmental disturbances on the abundance of

algae and invertebrates, using real estimates of 

spatial and temporal variability of populations. 

Bonner, James S.; Page, Cheryl A.; Fuller, Chris. 

Meso-scale testing and development of test

procedures to maintain mass balance. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-12):406-414. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Investigators recount the search for a technique

to help in the establishing of a protocol for 

materials balance when testing oil on water 

surfaces at a meso-scale testing facility. 

BP rejuvenating North Slope outlook with new 

technology, strategies. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (32):74-77. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

BP Exploration's new giant oil and gas

processing module will introduce new 

efficiencies with greater expanded use of such 

technologies as coiled tubing drilling and

horizontal wells. In addition, advances in 3D

seismic data gathering and processing have 

enabled the company to discover a number of 

small satellite fields in the greater Prudhoe area. 

Berry, John R.; McCormack, Niall J.; Doyle, Eamonn 

F. Overcoming pore-pressure challenges in

deepwater exploration. Offshore. 2003; 63

(6):62-64; 100. ISSN: 0030-0608.

Operators use real-time input of data from

logging-while-drilling and surface data logging 

to automatically calculate quantitative pore 

pressure estimates to provide ample warning of

pressure changes at the bit at all times. 

Bird, David. Scarecrow goes to sea: floating 

noisemaker steers birds away from oil spills.

The Gazette (Montreal). February 24, 2001; K

3. 

A new device designed by the Canadian 

Wildlife Service, the Environmental Innovation

Program and Ultramar Canada, Breco 

Innovation, will be used to prevent birds from

wandering into oil spills. The bird scaring

device floats like a buoy, is watertight and

resistant to all kinds of weather. The device is 

filled with four submersible loudspeakers and is 

designed to give off sudden, sharp sounds, well

within the audible range of birds. 

159
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Brauner, J. Steven; Widdowson, Mark A. Numerical 

simulation of a natural attenuation

experiment with a petroleum hydrocarbon 

NAPL source. Ground Water. 2001; 39

(6):939-952. ISSN: 0017-467X. 

Quantification of various microbial processes

on individual petroleum-contaminated sites 

during natural attenuation has always been

problematic. The SEAM3D code was employed 

to create a numerical simulation of natural 

attenuation and to re-create concentration 

distributions observed during natural 

attenuation.

Caleyo, E.; Hallen, J. M.; González, J. L.; FernándezLagos, F. Reliability-based method assesses 

corroding oil pipeline. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (2):56-61. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Assessment methodology is used to evaluate an 

application of a reliability-based pipeline 

condition of an in-service corroded oil pipeline. 

Caribbean nations back Trinidad-based subsea

gas pipeline. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(51):25-27. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A proposed subsea natural gas pipeline system

is presented. The pipeline system will travel 

from Trinidad and Tobago northward through

the Caribbean Sea and possibly end on the

mainland at Miami. 

Brebbia, C. (Ed). Oil Spill Modelling and 

Processes. Boston, Ma.: WIT Press; 2001; 172 

pp. ISBN: 1-85312-672-1. 

Caspian crude oil line gets power system. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (25):62-63. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The 1,500-km Caspian pipeline is the site for 

installation of 113 grid-connected power

systems, each in self-contained protective 

housing. The system has two separate battery

banks specifically to ensure 100% power 

availability in the event that main line block

valve actuation is required.

Bryce, P.; Jax, P.; Fang, J. Leak-detection system

designed to catch slow leaks in offshore

Alaska line. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(50):53-59. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Northstar began production of crude oil in

October 2001 offshore in the Beaufort Sea. 

Because of continuous ice cover during winter

months, installation of the LEOS leak-detection 

system has been installed to detect small and

slow leaks in the pipeline.

Chao, Xiaobo; Shankar, N. Jothi; Cheong, Hin Fatt.

Two- and three-dimensional oil spill model 

for coastal waters. Ocean Engineering. 2001; 

28 (12):1557-1573. ISSN: 0029-8018. 

The coupling of 2-D and 3-D numerical models

is being successfully used for predicting the 

movement of an oil slick spreading over a

surface, as well as providing data for the many 

complex factors that influence the behavior of

oil. 

Chen, F. H.; Yapa, Poojitha D. Modeling gas 

separation from a bent deepwater oil and gas

jet/plume. Journal of Marine Systems. 2004; 45

(3-4):189-203. ISSN: 0924-7963. 

Authors describe a model that uses the 

Lagrangian control volume method for 

estimating the effects of turbulent multi-phase 

plume in a cross-flow. The model should help in

the understanding of the nature of gas 

separation in a bent plume during deepwater 

blowouts. 

Bufton, Scott A. Ultradeepwater will require less 

conservative flow assurance approaches. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (18):66-77. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Flow assurance, once refined for offshore 

production, must now be reconsidered for

deepwater projects, specifically to address risk 

mitigation for health, safety, environmental, and 

economic concerns. 

Byfield, Russell. Harbor pipelay is one of the 

world's longest bottom-pull jobs. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2000; 98 (33):76-80. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A 4-5-km pipeline bundle for Shell Eastern 

Petroleum was completed in May in the 

Singapore harbor. This is one of the world's 

largest bottom-pull installations. The bundle 

consists of eight pipelines and two fiberoptic 

cables connecting Shell's refinery on Pulau

Bukom Island with the Petrochemical Corp. of

Singapore on Jurong Island. 

160
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Cory, Shelly; Turner, Evan. Case-specific designs

improve drill bit performance. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (11):55-59. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Historically, drilling operators based bit 

selection and application on information from

previously drilled environments. Because

modern operators must drill more wells to

maintain the same production level, a 

collaborative effort is underway to develop a 

protocol for customizing specific applications

and bit selection.

Chen, W.; Kan, A. T.; Newell, C. J.; Moore, E.; 

Tomson, M. B. More realistic soil cleanup 

standards with dual-equilibrium desorption.

Ground Water. 2002; 40 (2):153-164. ISSN: 

0017-467X.

This paper describes the dual-equilibrium

desorption model, which is the only biphastic 

model to date. According to results from this 

model, the authors suggest that many regulatory 

standards for cleanup of soils and sediments can 

be increased without increasing risk. 

Chen, Z.; Huang, G. H. Integrated subsurface

modeling and risk assessment of petroleumcontaminated sites in western Canada.

Journal of Environmental Engineering - ASCE. 

2003; 129 (9):858-872. ISSN: 0733-9372.

A model is developed that incorporates 

biodegradation modeling, health risk

assessments, site remediation, and matters 

related to multicontaminant transport simulation

to help the decision-making process regarding 

site remediation actions. 

Cunneff, S.; Devitis, D.; Nash, J. Test and 

evaluation of six fire resistant booms at

Ohmsett. Spill Science & Technology. 2000; 6 

(5-6):353-355. ISSN: 1353-261.

The in situ burning of marine oil within booms 

is an effective response technique. An

experiment was conducted at the Minerals

Management Service's Ohmesett Facility to test 

six fire resistant booms for effectiveness for oil 

collection, wave conformance, and critical tow 

speed. 

Cheng, Nian Sheng; Law, Adrian Wing Keung;

Findikakis, Angelos N. Oil transport in the

surf zone. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 

2000; 126 (11):803-809. ISSN: 0733-9429. 

A mass conservation equation is used to create a 

model for the understanding of the fates and

effects of an oil spill along a coastline. 

Curtis, G. P. Comparison of approaches for 

simulating reactive solute transport involving 

organic degradation reactions by multiple

terminal electron acceptors. Computers &

Geosciences. 2003; 29 (3):319-329. ISSN: 

0098-3004. 

Daling, Per S.; Moldestad, Merete Øverli; Johanses, 

Øistein; Lewis, Alun; Rodal, Jon. Norwegian 

testing of emulsion properties at sea - the 

importance of oil type and release conditions.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2003; 8

(2):123-136. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Using various grades of oils, researchers 

performed a full scale field test, as well as 

laboratory bench scale and mesoscale tests to

obtain data on the emulsification behavior of

crude oils. 

Chopra, Satinder; McConnell, Ian. Using interwell 

chemical tracers and the coherence cube to 

understand reservoir communication. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (19):37-42. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Coherence technology and interwell chemical 

tracers were combined to demonstrate 

preferential flow in reservoirs. 

Construction of most northerly LNG projects

starts. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (48):38-

40. ISSN: 0030-1388.

This article describes a state-of-the-art gas

liquefaction plant that will be located on the 

Norwegian continental shelf. The plant will be

self-contained, without fixed or floating surface 

facilities. 

161
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Dey, Prasanta K.; Gupta, Soumitra S. Risk-based

model aids selection of pipeline inspection 

maintenance strategies. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (28):54-60. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A risk-based model that reduces the amount of

time spent on inspection has been developed. 

This model not only reduces the cost of

maintaining petroleum pipelines, but also

suggests an efficient design and operation 

philosophy, construction method, and logical

insurance plans. 

Daniel, P.; Poitevin, J.; Tiercelin, C.; Marchand, M. 

Forecasting accidental marine pollution 

drift: the French operational plan. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 43-52. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

This article discusses how Cedre (an

environmental association) and Météo-France 

(the French national weather service) provide

assistance to French authorities during oil spill 

response. It also describes Météo-France's 

development of MOTHY, a three-dimensional

oil spill model. 

Dharmadhikari, Shashi; Bretherton, Anthony. 

Accurate fluid characterization, process 

optimization boosts crude production. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (25):45-53. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

A process that accurately characterizes reservoir 

fluids is an essential tool for achieving the 

process design of oil and gas production 

facilities to optimize recover of hydrocarbons 

and maximize financial returns. 

Deissenberg, Christophe; Gottinger, Hans; Gurman, 

Vladimir; Marinushkin, Dmitry. A dynamic

model of optimal reduction of marine oil 

pollution. International Journal of Environment

and Pollution. 2001; 15 (3):322-332. ISSN: 

0957-4352. 

An ecological-economic model, which takes

into account the realities of modern Russia, 

including problematic governmental response

time, corrupt inspectors, and polluters' behavior, 

is presented in this paper. 

Donovan, G. G.; Ugueto C., G.; Pellerin, N. M.

Wireline and logging-while-drilling

applications in undersaturated oil sands in

deepwater GoM. Offshore. 2002; 62 (12):42-

44. ISSN: 0030-0608.

A tool that acquires magnetic resonance 

imaging logging (MRIL) is used to determine 

uncertainties in rock texture, fluid type and

hydrocarbon saturation. This application has 

been tested in deepwaters of the Gulf of Mexico 

to compute flow throughout all zones, and to 

determine if the MRIL tool would be a 

workable replacement for the wireline 

instrument in difficult environments. 

Douglas, Gregory; Owens, Edward H.; Hardenstine, 

Jeffrey ; Prince, Roger C. The OSSA II 

pipeline oil spill: the character and 

weathering of the spilled oil. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (3-4):135-148. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

A fracture in the OSSA II pipeline accidentally 

released oil in an area where it crosses over the 

Río Desaguadero in Bolivia, South America. 

Approximately one year following the release, 

samples of oil, oiled sediment, water and 

vegetation were collected from the surrounding

areas to determine the composition of the 

spilled oil and the unique weathering processes 

that occurred after the spill. 

Deissenberg, Christophe; Gurman, Vladimir;

Ryumina, Elena; Tsirlin, Anatoly. An 

empirically tractable model of optimal oil 

spills prevention in Russian sea harbours.

International Journal of Environment and 

Pollution. 2001; 15 (3):301-309. ISSN: 0957-

4352. 

Authors propose a simple model that accounts 

for the poor availability of data on spills in

Russia and the Ukraine. The model is then

applied to harbors on the Black and Baltic Seas. 

Delvigne, Gerard A. L. Physical appearance of oil

in oil-contaminated sediment. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):55-63. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

Droplet size distribution and the physical

appearance of oil were investigated to establish

the division of oil in its different phases, as it 

applies to three types of oil-contaminated

sediment interaction processes.

162
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Ezra, S. et al. Weathering of fuel oil spill on the 

east Mediterranean coast, Ashdod, Israel.

Organic Geochemistry. 2000; 31 (12):1733-

1741. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Systematic monitoring of a fuel oil spill showed 

initial rapid weathering, and then slower 

weathering after 3 months. Authors speculate

that evaporation and wave energy play an 

important role in the degradation of oil.

Dutta, Nirmal; Kendall, Don. ExxonMobil 

integrates information at Cerro Negro. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 100 (4):55-59. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A new system's application referred to as

integrated control and information management

system went live in early 2001 at the 

ExxonMobil led joint venture, Operadora Cerro 

Negro SA facilities in Venezuela. The system

will network information that will provide 

universal access via PCs to the entire facility. Fang, Fangxin; Johnston, Archie J. Oil containment 

by boom in waves and wind. I: numerical 

model. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and

Ocean Engineering. 2001; 127 (4):222-227.

ISSN: 0733-950X. 

Authors develop a two-phase nonlinear 

hydrodynamic numerical model to simulate oil 

containment in open sea conditions with the use 

of a fixed boom. A simulation of oil slick

behavior is described, with varying physical

properties, slick shapes, and wave actions added 

to determine the accuracy of the model. 

Eghtesadi, P.; Riazi, G.; Taghikhani, M.; Ranaei 

Siadat, S. O. Distribution and sources of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the 

Northern Persian Gulf as indicated by

kinetic and thermodynamic criteria. Bulletin

of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology. 2002; 69 (5):704-711. ISSN: 0007-

4861. 

At offshore stations in the Persian Gulf, 

sediment sampling was monitored for the 

presence of PAHs. Chrysene was the most 

prevalent hydrocarbon found during the 

investigation. Authors urge for the periodic

monitoring of the region as an indicator of

environmental quality. 

Fang, Fangxin; Johnston, Archie J. Oil containment 

by boom in waves and wind. II: waves.

Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean 

Engineering. 2001; 127 (4):228-233. ISSN: 

0733-950X.

Authors apply differing hydrodynamic 

conditions to a two-phase numerical model. 

Specifically, they investigate effects of currents 

and waves on interfacial waves and differing 

thickness of oil. Effects of waves and currents

on the effectiveness of the boom are described. 

Elks, William C., Jr. Extended-reach drilling

develops Sacate field, offshore California. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (10):45-55. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Located at its Heritage platform offshore 

California, ExxonMobil has set a world record

for an extended reach drilling (ERD) well in 

water depths greater than 650 ft. ERD

technology will minimize offshore structures

and allow marginal oil fields to be developed. 

Fang, Fangxin; Johnston, Archie J. Oil containment 

by boom in waves and wind. III: containment 

failure. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal,

and Ocean Engineering. 2001; 127 (4):234-239.

ISSN: 0733-950X. 

Authors focus on the effects of oil viscosity and 

containment failure in a numerical model. The 

influence of oil volume and boom draft is also 

investigated in this study. Results are compared 

to data from laboratory experiments using a

wave flume. 

Farzanegan, M. R. Iranian options most 

economically viable for exporting Caspian 

oil. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (11):22-26. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article outlines advantages and

disadvantages to using Iran as a country to host

a pipeline that will carry Caspian oil to ports 

along the Persian Gulf. 

Espedal, H. A.; Johannessen, O. M. Detection of oil 

spills near offshore installations using 

synthetic aperture radar (SAR). International 

Journal of Remote Sensing. 2000; 21 (11):2141-

2144. ISSN: 0143-1161. 

SAR is capable of detecting oil spills 

independent of light at high spatial resolutions, 

unlike other remote sensing sensors. This

technology provides a unique opportunity for

global scale oil spill detection, compared to

scattered ship observations or aircraft

surveillance in limited areas. 

163
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Fay, J. A. Model of spills and fires from LNG and 

oil tankers. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 

2003; 96 (2-3):171-188. ISSN: 0304-3894.

A model that predicts the discharge flow of

liquids less dense than seawater configures the 

discharge rate of the cargo by determining the 

pressure gradient with the surrounding

environment at the time of the puncture

opening. 

Fiscella, B.; Giancaspro, A.; Nirchio, F.; Pavese, P.; 

Trivero, P. Oil spill detection using marine 

SAR images. International Journal of Remote

Sensing. 2000; 21 (18):3561-3566. ISSN: 0143-

11621. 

Synthetic Aperture Radar images are used to 

distinguish oil spills from other similar oceanic 

features in a marine environment. Data sets

containing examples of oil spill images and

natural features exhibiting characteristics 

similar to oil spills were compared and

evaluated using an algorithm classification. 

Fingas, Mervin F.; Fieldhouse, Ben. Studies of the

formation process of water-in-oil emulsions.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-12):369-

396. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Authors review published papers investigating

the formation process and stability factors 

associated with water-in-oil emulsions. From

existing studies, they determine that water-in-oil 

mixtures can be grouped into four states 

separated by rheological and visual gradations. 

Floating vane withstands strong currents to 

manage oil spills. Offshore. 2000; 60 (10):157. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

The Bohus Innovation Company has introduced

a new design of a flexible boom. Bohus claims

that the system is ready for use in large rivers 

subject to strong currents of up to four knots, 

and with a little further development, the system

will be suitable for offshore use. The design of a 

hydrodynamic separator allows the influence of

the current, the water and oil to be guided into a 

rotational chamber where a slow-moving vortex 

is created that traps and concentrates the oil. 

Fingas, Mervin F.; Hollebone, B. P. Review of

behaviour of oil in freezing environments.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-12):333-

340. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Laboratory experiments were conducted to

better understand the physical changes that

occur when oil is discharged in waters with

varied ice environments. 

Fluids analysis system designed for deepwater

environments. Offshore. 2003; 63 (6):82. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Fluid logging and real-time analysis technology

is performed by using a mass spectrometer 

coupled to a gas chromatography that

continuously measures hydrocarbons and sour

gases. This process is improving reservoir

evaluations at deepwater exploration sites. 

Forde, Samantha E. Modelling the effects of an oil 

spill on open populations of intertidal

invertebrates. Journal of Applied Ecology. 

2002; 39 (4):595-604. ISSN: 0021-8901.

A model was used to predict the effects of an oil 

spill on barnacle populations. Results of the 

study indicate that recruitment variation is a 

critical factor in determining population

disturbances of organisms with dispersal larval

phases. 

Fingas, Mervin, F.; Brown, Carl E. Oil-spill remote

sensing-an update. Sea Technology. 2000; 41

(10):21-26. ISSN: 0093-3651. 

A general review of oil-spill remote sensors 

includes discussions of infrared cameras, laser 

fluorosensors, radar, and remote sensors. 

Fingas, Mervin, F.; Fieldhouse, Ben; Wang, Zhendi.

The long term weathering of water-in-oil 

emulsions. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):137-143. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

To understand the breakdown processes of longterm stability of water-in oil emulsions, 

researchers analyzed data collected from

laboratory experiments conducted over a 9-year

period and investigated emulsion formation in

experiments that were conducted for a period of

2-10 days. 

164
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

French, D. P. Evolution of oil trajectory, fate, and 

impact assessment models. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 73-86. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

This article discusses modelling as a means of

quantifying the impacts of spills, and focuses on

the development of models coupling oil fates 

and effects. 

Gas, water injection included in off-Norway 

heavy-oil development. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (4):50-51. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

To achieve better recovery rates in the Grane

field off Norway, selected pressure maintenance 

with gas and water was used for recovering

heavy oil from the reservoir.

Ghannam, Mamdouh T. Creep-recovery

experimental investigation of crude oilpolymer emulsions. Journal of Applied

Polymer Science. 2004; 92 (1):226-237. ISSN: 

0021-8995. 

North Sea crude oil was used to better 

understand the visoelsatic behavior of crude oilAlcoflood polymer emulsions. The Maxwell 

and Burger models were found to simulate 

visoelastic behavior depending upon the

polymer concentration. 

Friis-Hansen, Peter; Ditlevsen, Ove. Nature 

preservation acceptance model applied to 

tanker oil spill simulations. Structural Safety. 

2003; 25 (1):1-34. ISSN: 0167-4730.

A standard profile for risk modelling was used 

to predict and simulate tanker collisions. Data

collected from the application was then applied 

to another risk profile named the Poisson

model, and scenarios were calculated to obtain a 

lognormal distribution for oil spill volume per 

spill. 

Giarrusso, C. C.; Carratelli, E. Pugliese; Spulsi, G. 

On the effects of wave drift on the dispersion 

of floating pollutants. Ocean Engineering. 

2001; 28 (10):1339-1348. ISSN: 0029-8018. 

Frysinger, Glenn S.; Gaines, Richard B. GC x GC - a 

new analytical tool for environmental

forensics. Environmental Forensics. 2002; 3 

(1):27-34. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Two-dimensional gas chromatography can be

used effectively in the analysis of environmental 

samples. In this paper, harbor sediment extracts

were investigated and several environmental 

contaminants, including numerous PAHs, were 

identified. 

Gilchrist, Robert, T.; Visser, R. C.; Carlson, Gary E. 

Innovations drive pipeline installation in 

Cook Inlet. Oil & Journal. 2003; 101 (37):80-

89. ISSN: 0030-1388.

A newly designed heavy-wall seamless tubular 

pipeline was laid offshore in several areas 

surrounding the Osprey platform, Cook Inlet,

Alaska, to test a new method of pipeline 

installation.

Gilchrist, Robert. Preparedness validated in gulf

deepwater flowline repair. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (34):58-66. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The first J-lay pipe-in-pipe insulated flowline, 

referred to as the Macaroni flowline system,

was designed and installed to provide reliable 

transportation for produced fluids from a group 

of subsea wells to a location nearly 12 miles 

away. As construction and installation

continued, an accident occurred suspending

3,800-ft of pipe into 3,400 feet of water. This

article discusses the accident and steps used to 

recover the pipe and resume construction. 

Fye, J. L.; Nelson, H. H.; Mowery, R. L.; Baronavski,

A. P.; Callahan, J. H. Scanning ultraviolet 

two-step laser mass spectroscopy of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

distributions on creosote-contaminated soil

particles. Analytical Chemistry. 2002; 74

(13):3019-3029. ISSN: 0003-2700. 

Authors construct an instrument capable of

producing two-dimensional images of PAH 

distribution on planar and three-dimensional

objects. This device is able to collect data on 

PAH desorption from both UV and IR

wavelengths. 

Gao, Y. Z.; Zhu, L. Z. Phytoremediation and its

models for organic contaminated soils.

Journal of Environmental Sciences - China. 

2003; 15 (3):302-310. ISSN: 1001-0742.

165
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Gray, M. R. New technique defines the limits of 

upgrading heavy oils, bitumens. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (1):50-53. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

In order to transport heavy oils and bitumens by

pipeline, they must be diluted with a solvent or

upgraded to reduce viscosity and increase 

gravity. In this article, a new upgrading process 

is presented which is used to complement the 

existing coking and hydroconversion processes. 

Gobas, Frank A. P. C.; MacLean, Laura G. 

Sediment-water distribution of organic 

contaminants in aquatic ecosystems: the role

of organic carbon mineralization.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(4):735-741. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

A fugacity-based model is proposed and 

developed to account for chemical

magnification during the food chain transfer of 

hydrophobic organic chemicals in sedimentwater distribution. 

Grisolía-Santos, D.; Spaulding, M. L. Influence of 

oil particle size distribution as an initial 

condition in oil spill random walk models. In

Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control II. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 19-27. ISBN: 1-

85312-828-7.

The authors of this paper employed a random

walk model to study the influence of oil particle 

size distribution on horizontal spreading by a 

vertical shearing current. 

González, M. et al. Numerical tool for hydrocarbon 

pollution forecasting in the autonomous port 

of Bilbao. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. 

(Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling,

Analysis and Control II. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 95-

104. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

A model is being developed for the port of

Bilboa with the cooperation of a number of

groups. This model will be tested, calibrated,

and used to predict the fate of an oil spill in the 

Abra estuary. 

Hamlat, M. S.; Kadi, H.; Fellag, H. Precipitate

containing NORM in the oil industry: 

modelling and laboratory experiments.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2003; 59

(1):95-99. ISSN: 0969-8043. 

This study describes a model that can calculate

potential factors influencing a precipitate 

containing NORM, including shaking velocity, 

contact time, temperature, and mixing water 

ratio. Experimental results were compared with

the model to confirm accuracy. 

Han Myung Woo; Chang, Kyung Il; Park, Yong

Chul. Distribution and hydrodynamic model

of the Keumdong oil spill in Kwangyang Bay, 

Korea. Environment International. 2001; 26 (7-

8):457-463. ISSN: 0160-4120. 

Based on samples collected 165 days after the 

Keumdong oil spill, researchers were able to

model the transport and fate of the spilled oil. 

Surface currents were found to influence the

initial migration of the oil, but little evidence 

pointed to the role of bottom currents in oil 

dispersal. 

Goodman, Ron. Tar balls: the end state. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2003; 8

(2):117-121. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

The author analyzed data collected from

previous studies on the topic of the formation of 

tar balls to ascertain the characteristics of tar 

ball origination from various types of oil. Based 

on that information, he evaluated the 

mechanisms involved in the formation of tar

balls from oil and clay fines.

Gottinger, Hans W. Stochastic models of oil spill 

processes. International Journal of

Environment and Pollution. 2001; 15 (3):266-

289. ISSN: 0957-4352. 

This paper presents a probabilistic model that 

investigates the situation of a spill, including the 

operating environment of a ship, patrol and 

enforcement of spills. The model demonstrates 

that a spill size is affected by pollution control 

instruments, such as fines, enforcement effort, 

and attentiveness of operating personnel.

Grattoni, Carlos; Moosai, Roshni; Dawe, Richard A.

Photographic observations showing

spreading and nonspreading of oil on gas 

bubbles of relevance to gas flotation for oily 

wastewater cleanup. Colloids and Surfaces A -

Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 

2003; 214 (1-3):151-155. ISSN: 0927-7757. 

Photographic evidence of the spreading of oil 

around a gas bubble is made available in this

article. 

166
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Hostettler, Frances D.; Rosenbauer, Robert J.; 

Kvenvolden, Keith A. Response to comment 

by Bence et al. Organic Geochemistry. 2000; 

31(9):939-943. ISSN: 0146-6380. 

Authors defend the use of a refractory index in

the analysis of weathered oil, and address other 

aspects of their investigation that was 

questioned in a previous article. 

Han, Do-Hung; Stuchinskaya, Tatiana; Won, YangSoo; Park, Wan-Sik; Lim, Jae-Kyong. 

Oxidative decomposition of aromatic

hydrocarbons by electron beam irradiation.

Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2003; 67

(1):51-60. ISSN: 0969-806X. 

Researchers identify a chlorine radical, formed 

from irradiation during exposure to an electron

beam, responsible for causing a chain reaction 

that speeds up the oxidative destruction of 

aromatic compounds. 

Huang, Yen-Chieh; Liang, Uen-Chin.

Interferometric oil-spill detection system.

Optical Engineering. 2001; 40 (5):740-745. 

ISSN: 0091-3286. 

Authors describe the creation of an optical early 

warning system for the detection of oil spills in

water. The system is compact, inexpensive, 

energy efficient, and can monitor oil spills from

a buoy. 

Hill, Paul S.; Khelifa, Ali; Lee, Kenneth. Time scale 

for oil droplet stabilization by mineral 

particles in turbulent suspensions. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):73-

81. ISSN: 1353-2561.

This paper presents a physical model that

explains the variability in the formation rates of 

oil-mineral aggregates (OMA), and a time scale 

in which the stabilization of oil droplets with 

mineral particles are suspended in a turbulent 

medium. Researchers predict that this model 

will establish a protocol for oil-spill response 

communities by providing data important to

OMA formation relative to other weathering 

processes in the coastal environment. 

Hussein, Maged; Jin, Minghui; Weaver, James W. 

Development and verification of a screening 

model for surface spreading of petroleum.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2002; 57

(3-4):281-302. ISSN: 0169-7722. 

The Oil Surface Flow Screening Model was 

used to predict the fate and transport of 

hydrocarbons that overflow or leak from

aboveground storage tanks and pipelines. 

Holbrook, P. Overburden, fracture pressure, 

permeability regulate in situ pore-pressure

profiles. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (51):37-

42. ISSN: 0030-1388.

A real-time application log that applies forcebalance physics to calculate pore pressure is 

executed by operators to meet safety and cost

objectives. 

Istre, Michael R. Pipeline end-sled design for gulf 

lateral sets several benchmarks. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (31):66-75. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

This article focuses on the successful use of 

large diameter, high-pressure diverless 

connectors, their design, fabrication, testing and 

installation of the lateral's pipeline end-sleds. 

Horn, C. Tool adds to deepwater flow-assurance 

flexibility. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(45):89-91. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Paragon Engineering Services, Inc. is currently 

developing a tool that will allow remediation of

a subsea flow blockage from a surface vessel

directly to a manifold. This new tool will ensure 

production flow for multiple fields and 

applications. 

Izett, Ronaldo; Machado, Fernando; Moreira, 

Oswaldo; Ratterman, Gene; Hill, Leo H. Crossdiscipline technologies complete deepwater 

wells off Brazil. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 

(45):56-62. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The world’s first fully electric intelligent subsea 

system combining cross-discipline components 

with multizone sand-control systems will be

remotely operated in Brazil’s Campos basin. 

Jackson Nielsen, Victoria B.; Piedras, Jose; Stimatz, 

Gregory P.; Webb, Tamara R. Intelligent 

completions vital for three-field deepwater

project. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (16):41-

45. ISSN: 0030-1388.

An application that provides operators with realtime or near-real time reservoir data is 

maximizing field efficiency and reservoir 

production. 

Horváth-Szabó, Géza; Czarnecki, Jan; Masliyah, 

Jacob H. Sandwich structures at oil-water 

interfaces under alkaline conditions. Journal

of Colloid and Interface Science. 2002; 253 

(2):427-434. ISSN: 0021-9797. 

167
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Kaplan, I. R. Age dating of environmental organic 

residues. Environmental Forensics. 2003; 4 

(2):95-141. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

The author describes both long-term and shortterm methods of assessing time of release of

organic residues into the environment. Shortterm release includes crude oil and refined 

petroleum fuels, and methodology involves five 

approaches for estimating release times based 

on technology, time-frame of government 

mandated additives, onset of corrosion,

weathering, and Pb-206/Pb-207 isotope ratios. 

Jacques, John. Geographic information systems as

an advanced exploration tool. Offshore. 2002;

62 (11):58-59, & 90. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Integrating GIS functionality into a web-based

program will provide data management systems 

a tool that will exceed current expectations for 

predicting geospatial relationships. However,

implementation of this interface will depend on

the time it takes to begin writing RDFcompatible scientific documents. 

Jiang, Zhizhuang et al. Mineralogy-based acid 

design restores sandstone productivity. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (23):44-47. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Khelifa, Ali; Stoffyn-Egli, Patricia; Hill, Paul S.; Lee, 

Kenneth. Characteristics of oil droplets 

stabilized by mineral particles: effects of oil 

type and temperature. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):19-30. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

Researchers investigated the characteristics of 

oil droplets by stabilizing them with the process 

of oil-mineral aggregation (OMA). Next, 

researchers combined seawater with a mixture 

of natural mineral fines, and added an

assortment of variables to determine the extent

of OMA formation. 

Jin, Meibing; Wang, Jia. Interannual variability 

and sensitivity study of the ocean circulation 

and thermohaline structure in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska. Continental Shelf 

Research. 2004; 24 (3):393-411. ISSN: 0278-

4343. 

A 3D model simulating ocean circulation and 

thermocline structure in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska shows variability of possible oil spill 

trajectories, importance of wind impact on 

surface circulation and mixed layer depth, and 

how salinity determines circulation patterns in

the central sound. 

Khristov, K.; Taylor, S. D.; Czarnecki, J.; Masliyah, 

J. Thin liquid film technique - application to 

water-oil-water bitumen emulsion films.

Colloids and Surfaces A - Physicochemical and

Engineering Aspects. 2000; 174 (1-2):183-196. 

ISSN: 0927-7757. 

Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of 

the Jurassic petroleum system of the 

Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea.

Petroleum Geoscience. 2002; 8 (1):37-50.

ISSN: 1354-0793. 

This modelling study enabled researchers to 

determine the vertical and lateral migration of

hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that

present-day resources are the result of a multilayered, multi-directional migrating system

originating from three separate fields. 

Kim, Byoung-Yun; Moon, Jun Hyuk; Sung, TaeHyun; Yang, Seung-Man; Kim, Jong-Duk. 

Demulsification of water-in-crude oil 

emulsions by a continuous electrostatic 

dehydrator. Separation Science and 

Technology. 2002; 37 (6):1307-1320. ISSN: 

0149-6395. 

In a series of experiments, demulsification of

crude oil was observed and effects of 

demulsifier concentration, temperature, 

frequency, and contact time were monitored.

Kim, Yunjin; Huneycutt, Bryan. Instrument 

characteristics and data products for NASA's 

next SAR mission. AAPG Bulletin. 2000; 84

(9):1448. ISSN: 0149-1423.

The concept for a free-flying SAR, which could

be used, in part, for oil exploration and oil spill 

detection, is described. 

Jovancicevic, B. et al. Steranes and triterpanes as a 

tool for identification of petroleum-type 

pollutants in alluvial ground waters (Danube 

alluvial sediments, Yugoslavia). Fresenius

Environmental Bulletin. 2001; 10 (6):527-532. 

ISSN: 1018-4619

168
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Knott, Michelle. A cleaner way to drain oil wells to

the last drop. New Scientist. 2004; 181

(2432):23. ISSN: 0262-4079. 

A method that separates oil from water in

reservoirs that are presumed dried uses fluid 

mechanics, the “laminar flow” (flow without 

turbulence), allowing the fluid to move faster as 

it becomes further away from the wall of the 

chamber. 

Kostrov, Sergey; Wooden, William O.; Roberts, 

Peter M. In situ seismic shockwaves. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (36):47-51. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The new in situ seismic stimulation (ISS) tool

uses seismic pulses to mobilize oil left behind in

reservoirs. ISS creates elastic waves of highenergy (up to 10Mw) and low-frequency that

dislodge immobile oil droplets and coalesce oil

films. 

Kochergin, I. E.; Bogdanovsky, A. A.; Mishukov, V. 

F.; Putov, V. F. Oil spill scenario modelling

for Sakhalin shelf. In Rodriguez, G. R.;

Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon 

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control II. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 

2000; p. 39-50. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

A modelling technique is used to assess the 

impact of an oil spill in four areas around 

Sakhalin Island. 

Kumagai, T.; Murakami, S.; Muraoka, M.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of water-jet

pump for removing oils. In Garcia-Martinez, 

R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 

1998; p. 177-186. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

This article describes, in engineering terms, the 

efficiency of a water-jet pump designed for use 

in cleaning areas affected by oil spills. 

Kong, F. N. et al. 'Seabed logging': a possible 

direct hydrocarbon indicator for deepsea 

prospects using EM energy. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (19):30-38. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Seabed logging, a type of controlled source

electromagnetic technique has been used to

determine if deepsea structures have high

resistivity during drilling operations. This 

method may aid in determining potential

hydrocarbon resources. 

Kutasov, I. M.; Kagan, M. Procedures correct 

temperatures for deep offshore wells. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (49):56-61. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Authors describe a method of using an

analytical equation combined with other 

techniques to simplify the prediction of 

bottomhole circulating temperature and 

bottomhole static temperatures during drilling

and completion. 

Lanan, Glenn A. Arctic offshore oil pipeline will 

move production before year end. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (18):80-90. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

BP Exploration has installed the first trenched

subsea oil pipeline off Sea Island in the 

Beaufort Sea. The Northstar pipeline system

began drilling in December 2000 with planned 

production to start in the fourth quarter of 2001, 

when crude oil will be transported to the TransAlaskan Pipeline System. 

Larsen, P. T. et al. Environmental spill modelling

and risk assessment of Orimulsion 400 and 

heavy fuel oil. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control II. Billerica, 

Ma.: Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 2000; p.

3-10. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7.

Many scenarios were modeled to gauge the 

effects of a possible spill in Kalundborg fjord,

off the Danish coast. Authors conclude that the 

model is capable of producing realistic spill 

conditions, which then can be used in risk

assessment for bird life or aquatic organisms. 

Konopczynski, Michael. Intelligent well technology

maximizes recovery, reduces costs. Offshore. 

2003; 63 (1):58-60. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

An evaluation process that will assess 

uncertainty in reservoir behavior can improve

the economics of a project early in the planning 

stages. Intelligent well technology in 

combination with Stochastic evaluation

processes provides this capability. 

Korotenko, K. A.; Dietrich, D. E.; Bowman, M. J. 

Modeling of the circulation and transport of

oil spills in the Black Sea. Oceanology. 2003; 

43 (4):474-484. ISSN: 0001-4370. 

A model, based on DieCAST and adapted to the 

Black Sea, is described in this paper. The 

authors assert that experiments confirm that the 

model accurately reproduces the principal 

features of sea dynamics, including near-shore 

eddies, and correctly predicts the spread of oil 

pollution.

169
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Li, Ming. Estimating horizontal dispersion of 

floating particles in wind-driven upper 

ocean. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 

2000; 6 (3-4):255-261. ISSN: 1353-2561.

Data collected from sonar images of the ocean 

surface are used to formulate values of 

diffusivity of oil due to wind currents. 

Crosswinds and downwinds each cause the oil

to spread in different ways, and need to be

differentiated by an oil spill model. 

Lee, Jong-Hyeon; Landrum, Peter F.; Field, L. Jay; 

Koh, Chul-Hwan. Application of a Sigma 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon model and 

a logistic regression model to sediment

toxicity data based on a species-specific, 

water-only LC50 toxic unit for Hyalella

azteca. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2001; 20 (9):2102-2113. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Two models were developed and tested to

predict toxicity in organisms from PAHcontaminated sediments. Li, Mingyuan, et al. Interfacial film properties of 

asphaltenes and resins. Fuel. 2002; 81

Lee, Richard F. Photo-oxidation and photo-toxicity (14):1847-1853. ISSN: 0016-2361. 

of crude and refined oils. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):157-162.

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Researchers investigate the weathering and 

toxicity of an oil spill and how the process is

affected by solar radiation through 

photooxidation and phototoxicity. 

Li, Y.; Brimicombe, A. J.; Ralphs, M. P. Spatial 

data quality and coastal spill modeling. In

Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil 

and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis 

and Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 53-62. ISSN: 1-

85312-526-1. 

Initial results of research are presented on a case 

study of Jiao Zhou Bay, in China. 

Lehr, William J.; Jones, Robert; Evans, Mary; 

Simecek-Beatty, Debra; Overstreet, Roy. 

Revisions of the ADIOS oil spill model.

Environmental Modelling and Software. 2002; 

17 (2):189-197. ISSN: 1364-8152. 

A revised oil spill model, called ADIOS2, takes 

into account additional weathering processes

and other types of cleanup strategies not 

included in the original version. 

Liu, Xinshan; Shi, Zaihong. Improved method 

makes a soft landing of well path. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (43):47-51. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The authors propose an advanced 3D model for 

accurate well-path planning in order to 

successfully drill directional or horizontal wells. 

Lehr, William J.; Overstreet, Roy. Smoke plume 

screening tool for in-situ burning. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 121-129. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1. Authors present different

mathematical formulas, adapted from Briggs'

Gaussian smoke-stack model, to estimate the 

plume resulting from burning oil at sea under 

different conditions. 

López-Cortijo, J.; Méndez, A. Gas-to-liquid FPSOs: 

the way forward. Offshore. 2002; 62 (11):48. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

This article presents a concept to construct 

floating gas-to-liquid FPSOs in remote offshore

locations for the conversion of gas to premium

grade liquids. An ultra-large floating production 

system would offload the finished product, as

well as provide storage. 

Luo, Yuejin; Barucha, Kaiwan; Samuel, Robello; 

Bajwa, Faris. A simple, practical approach

provides a technique for calibrating

tortuosity factors. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003;

101 (35):69-72. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Authors describe a new methodology that

calibrates factors associated with contortions by

using actual survey data. This technique

provides operators with a simplified approach

for dealing with complex directional well 

trajectories in thin reservoirs and extended reach 

wells. 

Lehr, William J.; Simecek-Beatty, Debra. The

relation of Langmuir circulation processes to 

the standard oil spill spreading, dispersion, 

and transport algorithms. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (3-4):247-253. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Authors develop formulas to account for the

effects of spreading, dispersion and transport on

an oil spill which are not currently in models, or 

in some cases, are not accurate enough based on 

data they have analyzed. 

170
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

McCay, Deborah P. French. Development and

application of damage assessment modeling:

example assessment for the North Cape oil 

spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-

12):341-359. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A model that uses existing knowledge from sitespecific data inputs has been developed for the 

purpose of quantifying natural resource damage 

and ecological risk assessment. 

MacLean, A. et al. Fibre optic sensor for the 

detection of hydrocarbon fuel spills. In

Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control II. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 221-227. ISBN: 1-

85312-828-7.

A non-electrical, low-power laser sensor has

been developed for use in detecting spills. The 

author describes the sensor, and also points out

that the sensor is capable of accurately 

identifying the location of multiple spills along

its 10 km length. 

McCay, Deborah P. French. Modelling oil, 

chemical, spill impacts. Sea Technology. 2001; 

42 (4):43-49. ISSN: 0093-3651. 

This article gives an overall view of oil and 

chemical spill models. The biological, 

environmental, economic and legal importance 

of the models is also mentioned. 

Maitland, G. C. Oil and gas production. Current 

Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science. 2000; 5 

(5-6):301-311. ISSN: 1359-0294. 

Advances in certain aspects of oil and gas

production are reviewed from the perspective of

colloidal and interface sciences. This review 

focuses three major aspects of production: well 

construction, reservoir simulation, and 

hydrocarbon production. 

McWilliams, James C.; Sullivan, Peter P. Vertical 

mixing by Langmuir circulations. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (3-

4):225-237. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

A formula was tested accounting for vertical

effects of oil spreading in a water column with

large eddy movement. A K-profile

parameterization model was tested, and some

formulas were presented to generalize the

results. 

Marcelis, C. L. M.; van Leeuwen, M.; Polderman, H. 

G.; Janssen, A. J. H.; Lettinga, G. Model 

description of dibenzothiophene mass 

transfer in oil/water dispersions with respect 

to biodesulfurization. Biochemical 

Engineering Journal. 2003; 16 (3):253-264.

ISSN: 1369-703X. 

The mass transfer rate of a PAH compound was 

established by means of a mathematical model 

that accounted for medium (hydrocarbon 

distillates and solvents) as well as temperature 

and volume fractions of oil. The model showed 

the importance of oil viscosity influencing mass 

transfer rates, and found that microbial 

desulphurization was the rate-limiting process 

step. 

Means, Steve R.; Mehdizadeh, Parviz. New

technology improves portable well testing 

units. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (44):36-38. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Over the last 2 years, the portable well testing 

trailer device was compared with the 

performance of conventional automatic welltesting measurements. The portable well testing

device allows an operator to optimize a field's 

performance by shutting-in wells, working them

over or stimulating them. Conventional well 

testing involves gravity separation of the 

production stream into oil, water, and gas. This 

new multiphase measurement technology for on

line determination of oil, water and gas volumes 

are accurate and consistent. 

Mearns, Alan J.; Simecek-Beatty, Debra. Longerterm weathering - research needs in 

perspective. Spill Science & Technology

Bulletin. 2003; 8 (2):223-227. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

Participants of the Long-Term Fate Workshop

collectively identify uncertainties in oil spill 

modelling, simulation, and field monitoring and

focus on ways to improve spill response 

activities. 

Marghany, Maged. RADARSAT observations and 

forecasting of oil slick trajectory movements.

Journal of Environmental Sciences - China. 

2004; 16 (1):44-48. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

A new method of oil slick trajectory

incorporates the Doppler frequency shift model 

that simulates tidal current patterns based on

RADARSAT data with the Langrangian model 

that can predict oil slick spreading patterns. 

171
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Mearns, E. W.; McBride, J. J. Strontium isotope 

analysis can help define

compartmentalization. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (35):70-78. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes and evaluates the use of 

Strontium Isotope Residual Salt Analysis of 

core samples as a means of measuring the 

(

87Sr/86Sr) ratios in formation water from

hydrocarbon columns and aquifers. This method

provides information during the early stages of 

field evaluation and development, which are 

important for cost-effective exploitation. 

Miessner, Daniel; Chong, Adrian C. K.; Rodman, 

Dave; Wong, Thomas. Steerable holeenlargement technology drills complex

directional wells. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 

101 (2):43-47. ISSN: 0030-1388

Engineers ran a variety of bottomhole assembly

configurations with an alternate steerable holeenlargement technology, which enabled crews 

to enlarge wellbore in a single run and easily 

run casing strings. 

Moazed, H.; Viraraghavan, T. Coalescence/filtration 

of an oil-in-water emulsion in a granular 

organo-clay/anthracite mixture bed. Water,

Air, & Soil Pollution. 2002; 138 (1-4):253-270. 

ISSN: 0049-6979. 

This study explains the contributions of

filtration, coalescence and adsorption

mechanisms in the separation of oil from water 

by a bentonite organo-clay sorbent.

Mehdizadeh, Parviz ; Perry, D. T. Procedure 

optimizes well test frequency. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (12):49-53. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Operators routinely test wells to evaluate well 

performance. Determining the optimum well 

testing interval, with the model discussed in this 

article, can balance the cost of performing 

periodic well tests and offer additional benefits. Moe, K. A. The Svalbard Intertidal Zone: a 

concept for the use of GIS in applied oil 

sensitivity, vulnerability and impact analyses.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6

(2):187-206. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

A mathematical model is developed which 

incorporates GIS data for the characterization of 

habitat sensitivity and vulnerability in terms of

coastal segments and grid aggregations. These 

types of analyses have been used in prioritizing 

environmental impact assessments and risk

analyses as well as oil spill contingency 

planning. 

Mohamad Puad, H. A.; Muhd Noor, M. Y. 

Behaviors of 323

Th, 238U, 228Ra and 226Ra on

combustion of crude oil terminal sludge.

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2004;

73 (3):289-305. ISSN: 0265-931X. 

Radionuclides present in crude oil terminal 

sludge are thought to be better disposed of by

incineration than traditional methods. In this

study, researchers compare initial results of 

incineration with a model used to predict 

percentage of volatilization, as a way of 

measuring concentrations of material remaining

in filter ash.

Mehdizadeh, Parviz. Test verifies water-cut meter 

accuracy in steamflood. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2000; 98 (40):97-100. ISSN: 0030-1388.

A field evaluation was undertaken to establish 

the capability of new oil and water-monitoring

devices to accurately measure water cut in 

producing streams that have different crude and 

water salinities. 

Mehdizadeh, Parviz; Marrelli, Jack; Ting, Ven C. 

Meter designs provide wet-gas measurement 

alternatives. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101

(12):53-56. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

To optimize production from a remote and

subsea field, a new design has been introduced 

that provides real-time wet-gas flow rates. 

Michels, Thomas J. Technology drives the oil and 

gas industry push into deep water. Sea 

Technology. 2000; 41 (8):41-43. ISSN: 0093-

3651. 

Heightened competition has spurred advances in

offshore drilling and exploration technology

that have focused the domestic industry's

attentions on deeper waters. 

172
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Moore, Michael N.; Allen, J. Icarus. A 

computational model of the digestive gland 

epithelial cell of marine mussels and its 

simulated response to oil-derived aromatic 

hydrocarbons. Marine Environmental 

Research. 2002; 54 (3-5):579-584. ISSN: 0141-

1136. 

This paper describes a model that can be used to

predict the interaction between digestive cells 

and aromatic hydrocarbons. Physiological

factors affecting the uptake of contaminants by

the cells are also included in the model. 

Morkin, M.; Devlin, J. F.; Barker, J. F.; Butler, B. J.

In situ sequential treatment of a mixed

contaminant plume. Journal of Contaminant 

Hydrology. 2000; 45 (3-4):283-302. ISSN:

0169-7722. 

Researches evaluated an in situ treatment 

sequence for remediation of contaminants in a 

groundwater plume. Results indicated that

treatment sequences are viable, but also that 

further work is needed to optimize the process. 

Mullen, Steve. Appropriate practices avoid tube 

fitting failures. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 

(41):48-52. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes current methods of

preventing corrosion and failed tube fitting by 

establishing regular maintenance schedules and

by using exotic materials, such as alloys and

titanium, on tubes. 

Morgan, Dennis; Yuan, Mike; Lowson, Brent. 

Multilateral technique increases production 

in a mature offshore China field. Offshore. 

2002; 62 (11):44-45, & 89. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

A new junction construction technique was

combined with a multilateral application to 

increase production in a mature offshore field

without compromising the flow of the original 

well. Multiphase flowmeters test wells in Netherlands.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (40):106. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Oil well performance data was collected from

three wells, each with different flowrates and 

conditions, without production disruption. The 

deployment of the multiphase flowmeter was 

used at the onshore Pernis West facility at 

Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij. According 

to the well-test service provider, Expro North

Sea Ltd., the multiphase meter eliminates the 

need to depressurize the system and flare 

hydrocarbons. 

Moritis, Guntis. Liquid management influences 

large, long flowline tie-back design. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (23):59-60. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Flow assurance and operability were two factors 

that influenced the design of large OD lines for 

carrying gas ashore from subsea-completed 

deepwater fields in the Mediterranean Sea, off 

the coast of Egypt. 

Moritis, Guntis. New tools, approaches meet 

increased downhole demands. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (23):45-51. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

New tools and advanced technology are being

implemented by operators to combat the harsh 

conditions associated with deep water 

production. 

Multi-purpose catamaran designed for deepwater

heavy-lift market. Offshore. 2002; 62 (11):70-

71. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Huisman-Itrec has developed a vessel capable 

of transporting loads up to 100,000 metric tons

on its 13,800-sq-m main deck. The 196-m

multi-purpose catamaran can perform in both

deepwater and shallow-draft areas. 

Nagel, N. B. Compaction and subsidence issues 

within the petroleum industry: from 

Wilmington to Ekofisk and beyond. Physics 

and Chemistry of the Earth Part A - Solid Earth 

and Geodesy. 2001; 26 (1-2):3-14. ISSN: 1464-

1895. 

Key issues and impacts of compacting and 

subsiding oilfields are addressed in this paper. 

Numerical models are presented to predict the 

impact of subsidence, and methods of 

monitoring the effects are presented. 

Moritis, Guntis. Symposium focuses on IOR 

technology advances. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (20):26-27. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Papers presented at the Society of Petroleum

Engineers Symposium focused on employing 

new technologies and adding existing

technologies for the advancement of recovering 

oil from deepwater reservoirs.

173
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Oil spill surveillance. Offshore. 2000; 60 (8):196. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

The Swedish Space Corporation has developed 

another advanced system for airborne 

surveillance of oil spills. The new MSS 5000

System uses radar and infrared images of an oil 

spill. The images are geo-corrected and overlaid

on an electronic map in real time to display the 

location and extent of the spill. 

Nagihara, Seiichi, et al. Application of marine heat 

flow data important in oil, gas exploration.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (27):43-49. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Geothermal heat flow in the seafloor is

determined with a single instrument that 

separates the thermal gradient and thermal 

conductivity of the sediment in a depth interval. 

Data analysis is then used to focus on

applications of hydrocarbon maturation, subsalt

exploration and assessing the stability of marine

gas hydrates. 

Olufsen, Arnt; Løland, Geir; Gorf, Peter; Webb, 

Simon. Evaluation ranks deepwater, harshenvironment floater, riser concepts. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (3):39-46. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A two-step ranking process was developed to

assess the status and maturity of different 

technology elements and their range of 

application. This study also outlined areas 

where the industry needs to develop new 

technology for harsh environments to provide a 

feasible and economically viable application. 

Nakhla, George. Biokinetic modeling of in situ

bioremediation of BTX compounds - impact 

of process variables and scaleup implications.

Water Research. 2003; 37 (6):1296-1307. ISSN: 

0043-1354. 

Researchers examined the effects of 

groundwater velocity, dissolved oxygen and 

BTX concentrations on bioremediation kinetics 

in a pilot-scale bioremediation system. 

Additionally, they investigated the impact of

scale on biokinetic coefficients by comparing 

results from laboratory versus field 

investigations. 

Omotoso, Oladipo E.; Munoz, Vincente A.; Mikula, 

Randy J. Mechanisms of crude oil-mineral

interactions. Spill Science & Technology

Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):45-54. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

In this study, two types of oil-mineral

interactions were observed in the formation of

oil-mineral aggregates (OMA). Researchers 

observed shearing action and the ability of

mineral solids to stabilize the droplets and

prevent them from coalescing during the OMA 

formation process. In addition, researchers 

analyzed the stabilization of OMA formation by

trapping minerals in an oil-continuous phase. 

Nonconcrete gravity-based platform refloated 

successfully. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(24):72-78. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article provides designers and operators 

with background information and the 

applicability of tanker design requirements for 

FPSOs. It also evaluates loading issues, 

comparing the use of empirical formulas versus 

direct analysis methods, and provides

recommendations for when to consider direct

analysis methods. O'Sullivan, Michael. Predicting interactive effects

of CALM buoys with deepwater offloading

systems. Offshore. 2003; 63 (1):66-68. ISSN:

0030-0608. 

Catenary anchor leg mooring and taut anchor

leg mooring buoys are begin used as an

alternative for FPSO offloading systems in 

areas of remote deepwater fields. 

Otremba, Zbigniew; Krol, Tadeusz. Modeling of the 

crude oil suspension impact on inherent 

optical parameters of coastal seawater. Polish

Journal of Environmental Studies. 2002; 11

(4):407-411. ISSN: 1230-1485. 

Norwegian designer sees new production 

opportunities in GoM. Offshore. 2003; 60

(5):98-100. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

A submerged turret loading (STL) production

technology system will be the first of its kind to 

enter the Gulf of Mexico. The design of the STL 

enables the system to continue functioning

during loading operations in extreme weather 

conditions. 

Novotny, Ladislav; Herout, Martin; Kalvoda, Robert. 

Device for oil spill detection on water 

surfaces. Electroanalysis. 2000; 12 (15):1237-

1239. ISSN: 1040-0397. 

Authors describe an electrochemical device for 

detecting an oil layer on water. 

174
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Peters, Ruth. NSW: a mobile bird washing unit will 

save oiled birds. AAP Newsfeed. April 23, 

2001. 

Taronga Zoo, in conjunction with Procter and 

Gamble Australia, has developed a mobile bird 

washing unit designed for use at oil spill sites. 

The sink-like unit uses dishwashing liquid and 

hot water under constant high pressure to

remove oil from feathers and provides a means 

of stabilizing the bird's temperature before the 

cleaning begins. 

Otremba, Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek. Modelling the 

bidirectional reflectance distribution 

function (BRDF) of seawater polluted by an

oil film. Optics Express. 2004; 12 (8):1671-

1676. ISSN: 1094-4087. 

A Monte Carlo model was used to determine 

angles of visual and non-visual light

wavelengths for observing oil film on seawater. 

Otremba, Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek; Król, Tadeusz. 

Modelling the reflectance of sea areas 

polluted with oil emulsion. Fresenius 

Environmental Bulletin. 2003; 12 (9):1109-

1113. ISSN: 1018-4619. 

Authors describe two stages of a model that

determines reflectance of oil in different 

concentrations under different wind and light

conditions. The model can account for optical 

parameters of both seawater and oil suspension. 

Peterson, Charles H.; McDonald, Lyman L.; Green, 

Roger H.; Erickson, Wallace P. The joint 

consequences of multiple components of 

statistical sampling designs. Marine Ecology - 

Progress Series. 2002; 231;309-314. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

In this reply commentary, the authors clarify the 

rationale for conclusions reached from their 

assessment of biological impacts and recovery 

of intertidal benthic communites following the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Oudot, J. Biodegradabilty of the Erika fuel oil.

Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences

Series III - Sciences de la Vie - Life Sciences. 

2000; 323 (11):945-950. ISSN: 0764-4469. 

Peterson, Charles H.; McDonald, Lyman L.; Green, 

Roger. H.; Erickson, Wallace P. Sampling

design begets conclusions: the statistical basis 

for detection of injury to and recovery of 

shoreline communities after the 'Exxon 

Valdez' oil spill. Marine Ecology - Progress 

Series. 2001; 210;255-283. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, 4

assessment studies of the effects of the spill on

the intertidal biota were conducted. With studies 

overlapping sufficiently in geographic areas,

shoreline habitat, and biological responses,

variables of multiple design decisions led to

substantial differences in conclusion. 

Petit, B. Expected impact of oil spills in the 

Southern Ocean. In Rodriguez, G. R.;

Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon 

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control II. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 

2000; p. 29-38. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

A model of the Weddel Sea was created and 

used as an experiment in order to demonstrate 

the effects of an oil spill in icy waters. 

Researchers found that the ice pack modifies the 

effect of the slick, by controlling the spreading

and drift of the oil. 

Park, Seok S.; Park, Jae-Woo; Uchrin, Christopher;

Cheney, Marcos A. A micelle inhibition model 

for the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in aquatic systems.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 

2002; 21 (12):2737-2741. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Authors developed a bioaccumulation model

and validated it by comparing data from the 

model with experimental results of accrued

PAHs in the gills of a freshwater mussel. 

Pereira, Pedro et al. Aquaconversion technology 

offers added value to E. Venezuela synthetic 

crude oil production. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (20):79-85. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article summarizes the main results from a 

prefeasibility study to incorporate additional 

extra-heavy oil production in eastern Venezuela 

using Aquaconversion. The development of the 

Aquaconversion technique transforms an 8 ° 

gravity extra-heavy crude oil to synthetic crude

oil of 16 ° gravity and decreased viscosity at a 

low investment. 

175
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Rach, Nina M. Scientific ocean drilling. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (36):19. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, a 

successor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project, is a 

partnership between 15 countries and over 750

scientists, and represents international 

cooperation in basic scientific research funding. 

Petrocchi, Andrea. Slick sensing: monitoring oil 

spills with satellite imagery. Geo Info Systems. 

2000; 10 (5):32-38. ISSN: 1051-9858. 

The European Space Agency is spearheading an

effort to aid marine and coastal authorities in

tracking illegal oil discharge activities at sea. By 

using synthetic aperture radar images from its 

Earth Remote Sensing Satellites, the agency is 

providing vital information for spill response 

planning. Rainey, Gail; Lehr, William; Johnson, Walter. 

Longer term weathering workshop: an 

overview. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 

2003; 8 (2):115-116. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

A joint workshop among participants of NOAA

and MMS reviewed concerns over the 

importance of spill response in deep water 

operations. Presentations focused around

weathering processes and potential of the spilled

oil to remain as cohesive entities for longer 

periods of time. 

Phillips loads first ANS crude cargo on new 

double-hulled tanker. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (32):69. ISSN: 0030-1388.

The new Millennium class tanker is designed to 

isolate all cargo, fuel and lube oils from the 

ship's side by ballast tanks or void spaces. The 

vessel carrying capacity is a little over 1 million

barrels of crude oil in 12 cargo tanks.

Ramnath, Lawrence et al. Fiber optics profiles realtime temperature across horizontal lateral.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (13):33-40. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A fiber-optic temperature sensing system was 

successful in providing valuable information by 

logging continuous, real-time temperature data

across a horizontal wellbore off Trinidad. 

Pikas, Joe L.; Beighle, Bruce D. Direct assessment, 

data integration important in establishing 

pipeline integrity. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 

100 (36):66-72. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Authors describe the role of direct assessment in 

a structural framework of determining pipeline 

integrity as mandated by federal regulations, as 

well as an initiative by the state of Texas. 

Reardon, Kenneth F.; Mosteller, Douglas C.; Rogers, 

Julia Bull; DuTeau, Nancy M.; Kim, Kee-Hong. 

Biodegradation kinetics of aromatic 

hydrocarbon mixtures by pure and mixed 

bacterial cultures. Environmental Health

Perspectives. 2002; 110 (Supp. 6):1005-1011. 

ISSN: 0091-6765. 

Experimental data reveals that simple models

for mixed substrate kinetics do not accurately

predict the results of biodegradation 

experiments with mixed cultures. Authors 

propose a new model to account for mixed 

culture interactions and competition.

Prosser, Thomas E.; Deul, Hans; Rhone, Bill. 

Aluminum-alloy riser extends driller's reach 

into deeper water. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 

101 (26):53-56. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The first industry-approved aluminum-alloy

drilling riser has been successfully deployed in 

deepwater off the coast of Brazil. A new 

structural design allows drilling activities to

extend further offshore, compared to 

conventional risers that require increased

support to stabilize the riser during drilling

operations. 

Qiao, B. Oil spill model development and 

application for emergency response system.

Journal of Environmental Sciences - China. 

2001; 13 (2):252-256. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

Reeves, A. D.; Chudek, J. A. Use of Nuclear 

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to assess 

impact of oil-related waste on estuarine

sediments and sediment dynamics. Geological 

Society Special Publication. 2000 (175):201-

206. 

Ribeiro, F. A. D.; Ferreira, M. M. C. QSPR models 

of boiling point, octanol-water partition 

coefficient and retention time index of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of

Molecular Structure - Theochem. 2003; 663 (1-

3):109-126. ISSN: 0166-1280. 

Rach, Nina M. R & D programs yield advances in 

drilling technologies. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (43):55-58. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Collaborative projects among government, 

academic, and industry engineers are advancing 

drilling technology by creating next-generation 

tools and methods for immediate use in the

field. 

176
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Schuler, Mark; Friedman, Y. Zak.; Kesler, Michael 

G.; Belanger, Paul. Refinery uses column data 

to infer and control product properties. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (8):40-42. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A Pennsylvania refinery has installed an online 

closed-loop system that controls product

qualities and internal reflux of the refinery's 

preflash and atmospheric columns in their crude

units. 

Riddle, A. M.; Beling, E. M.; Murray-Smith, R. J. 

Modelling the uncertainties in predicting

produced water concentrations in the North 

Sea. Environmental Modelling and Software. 

2001; 16 (7):659-668. ISSN: 1364-8152. 

Roberts, Sheila J. Fluid flow in the South Eugene

Island area, offshore Louisiana: results of

numerical simulations. Marine and Petroleum

Geology. 2001; 18 (7):799-805. ISSN: 0264-

8172. 

Fault zones below the South Eugene Island area 

were found to be the likely paths of heat and 

fluid transport in numerical simulations. Results 

of the simulations also indicate that fluid 

movement in the area has occurred recently. 

Scott, Stuart L. Multiphase pumping addresses a 

wide range of operating problems. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (37):59-66. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

In an effort to improve production rates and

eliminate emissions during drilling operations, 

multiphase pumping is being adopted

throughout the offshore industry. Rosenfeld, Michael J. Here are factors that govern

evaluation of mechanical damage to 

pipelines. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 

(37):64-69. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article presents damage-assessment criteria 

to address the mechanical damage that causes 

major failures in pipelines. 

Shi, Zaihong; Liu, Xiushan. Multiphase technique 

improves mud-pulse velocity calculations. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (26):45-51. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The authors present a method used to monitor

mud-pulse velocity that yields high data-transfer 

rates from the drillbit. This new method, 

measurement-while-drilling (MWD), is 

expected to furnish more accurate data than 

conventional methods, provide a better 

understanding of pulse velocity, and prepare the 

industry for failures and limitations of the 

MWD tool.

Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark

in Caspian Sea. Offshore. 2003; 63 (5):50. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Continued investments in oil exploration in the 

Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has 

resulted in the use of modern exploration 

methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of

(4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to

improve imaging of the subsurface. 

Shin, W. S.; Park, J. C.; Pardue, J. H. Oxygen 

dynamics in petroleum hydrocarbon 

contaminated salt marsh soils: III. A rate 

model. Environmental Technology. 2003; 24

(7):831-843. ISSN: 0959-3330. 

Authors propose and test a model that 

simultaneously accounts for oxygen uptake, cell 

growth, and oil degradation in establishing

oxygen demands during the biodegradation of

crude oil in flooded saltwater wetland

environments. 

Simecek-Beatty, Debra; Clemente-Colón, P. 

Locating a sunken vessel using SAR imagery: 

detection of oil spilled from the SS Jacob 

Luckenbach. International Journal of Remote

Sensing. 2004; 25 (11):2233-2241. ISSN: 0143-

1161. 

SAR imagery was used to locate small 

persistent episodes of oil seeps on the ocean 

surface. Divers later confirmed oil sightings in 

the same area, and the source of the oil was

established as coming from a sunken vessel.

Rye, Henrik. Probable effects of Langmuir

circulation observed on oil slicks in the field.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (3-

4):263-271. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Using field data, LC "cells" are identified and

their influence on spreading oil in water is 

described. The investigator acknowledges that it

is difficult to include the effects of LC cells in

contingency planning at present.

Sagehashi, M.; Miyagishi, A.; Kose, T.; Nishijima, 

W.; Okada, M. Numerical modelling of the 

petroleum oil penetration into sandy beach 

sediments. Water Science and Technology. 

2003; 47 (9):9-14. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

177
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Simecek-Beatty, Debra; Lehr, William J. Langmuir 

circulation and oil spill trajectory models 

workshop comments and recommendations.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (3-

4):273-274. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

The importance of LC in the spreading of a 

slick has not been widely studied in the past. 

NOAA and the MMS held a workshop to 

encourage ideas about how LC could be 

included in modelling studies. The panel

recommended that parameters for including LC

into models should be easily obtained; that the 

causes of LC are well understood, so building

models should not be too difficult; and that the 

information presented at the meeting should be

disseminated to a larger audience. 

Smith, Eric P.; Robinson, Tim; Field, L. Jay; Norton, 

Susan B. Predicting sediment toxicity using 

logistic regression: a concentration-addition 

approach. Environmental Toxicology and

Chemistry. 2003; 22 (3):565-575. ISSN: 0730-

7268. 

Three models were tested to find whether they

could be considered as good predictors for 

sediment toxicity. For these experiments, 

researchers used field data on several types of

contaminants, including PAHs. 

Soares de Santos, A.; Daniel, P. Oil spill modelling

near the Portuguese coast. In Rodriguez, G. 

R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control II. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 

2000; p. 11-18. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

MOTHY, an oil spill model used in France, has 

been adapted to be used for simulations off the 

northern Portuguese coast near the Lexiões oil

terminal. A simulation of a spill of 100,000 tons 

of Iranian heavy crude oil is described. 

Simple suggestions for including vertical physics 

in oil spill models. Spill Science & Technology

Bulletin. 2000; 6 (3-4):209-211. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

In this editorial, the author suggests routinely 

monitoring the density stratification of a water 

column to later incorporate the data into a 

working oil spill model. Spence, G. D.; Hyndman, R. D. The challenge of 

deep ocean drilling for natural gas hydrate.

Geoscience Canada. 2001; 28 (4):179-186. 

ISSN: 0315-0941. 

Sjöblom, Johan et al. Our current understanding of 

water-in-crude oil emulsions. Recent 

characterization techniques and high

pressure performance. Advances in Colloid

and Interface Science. 2003; 100-102;399-473. 

ISSN: 0001-8686. 

Authors review the latest advances in research 

to identify mechanisms and processes in relation 

to the creation of water-in-oil emulsions created

during the production of crude oil.

Squyres, D. H.; Lichman, E.; Peters, S. W.; Sheng, 

Zhang Dai. Direct gas reservoir detection 

from seismic wavelets using absorption. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (1):32-37. ISSN:

0030-1388. 

Wavelet energy absorption a new state-of-the 

art seismic direct detection technology, has been 

employed to identify hydrocarbons in a clastic

data set from western China. 

Stearns, John. Canyon express touts industry firsts, 

shared infrastructure for deepwater gulf 

development. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101

(20):64-69. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Canyon Express Pipeline project is the 

deepest gas subsea project to date. The 

flowlines total 114 miles. Nine subsea wells 

will produce from three ultra deepwater 

reservoirs into a common subsea multiphase 

gathering system. 

Skyllingstad, Eric D. Scales of Langmuir 

circulation generated using a large eddy 

simulation model. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin. 2000; 6 (3-4):239-246. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

A large eddy simulation model was employed to

understand the sensitivity of upper-ocean

turbulence to wave and wind forcing. Results 

show that waves have a large influence in

organizing surface material. 

178
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Sumrow, Mike H. Expandable tubulars gaining 

industry confidence. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 

100 (3):33-37. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Houston-based Enventure Global

Technology LLC company has developed four

different expandable tubular products. This new

technology will enable operators to drill in deep

waters to reservoirs with sufficient hole-size 

remaining until the job is completed.

Sterling, Michael C., Jr. ; Bonner, James S.; Ernest, 

Andrew N. S.; Page, Cheryl A.; Autenrieth, R. 

L. Chemical dispersant effectiveness testing: 

influence of droplet coalescence. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 48 (9-10):969-977. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Coalescence kinetics of crude oil were 

established for certain shear rates and salinity 

concentrations. After modelling coalescent

reaction rates, the effects of dispersant-oil

contact efficiency could be separated from

water column transport efficiency and

coalescence efficiency. 

Sumrow, Mike H. Harsh environments, emerging 

technologies, organizational capacity to 

shape future of drilling. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (24):52-54. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Deepwater exploration and development is 

challenging existing operational and well design

concepts, and there is a need for experienced 

personnel that can quickly organize and employ

new technologies. 

Stoffyn-Egli, Patricia; Lee, Kenneth. Formation and 

characterization of oil mineral aggregates.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8

(1):31-44. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

In this study, three types of oil-mineral 

aggregates (OMA) are identified for the 

purposes of understanding the nature and 

properties of OMA and the factors influencing

their formation. Researchers investigate these 

processes in order to gain a better understanding

of how OMA enhances and prolongs oil

weathering processes. 

Sumrow, Mike H. Industry promotes surface BOPs 

for floating drilling operations. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (51):37-40. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Health, safety and environmental issues related

to surface blowout preventer applications were 

presented at a MMS workshop, which allowed 

the industry and regulators to present the 

technology’s current state-of-the-art concepts in 

reference to pending work. 

Subsea-to-subsea gulf pipelay further signals 

movement into deep water. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (11):68-69. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Shell Exploration & Production Co. achieved its

deepest pipelay to date by installing a flowline 

and an umbilical tied between a new deepwater 

Einstat well and two existing Tahoe facilities. 

The "subsea-to-subsea" installation was said to 

be rare, but seems to be more common for 

deepwater development.

Sumrow, Mike H. MMS to require casing pressure 

monitoring for subsea wellheads. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (50):58-59. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A notice was issued by the US Minerals 

Management Service proposing a regulation 

requiring oil and gas well-completion

operations completed after January 1, 2005 to 

have a means for monitoring casing pressures. 

Wellhead manufacturers state that the 

requirement represents a technical challenge to 

existing subsea wellhead designs. 

Sumrow, Mike H. Rotary steerable tool design 

targets increased drilling efficiency, lower 

running costs. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(30):45-49. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A new rotary steerable tool (RST) was designed 

with two objectives in mind: simplicity and

drilling system compatibility. The company 

wanted the RST to be cost-competitive with

other directional drilling technologies, and to be

simple to use and serviceable in remote 

locations. 

Suffridge, G. S.; Tarlton, O. Full-scale test of 

deepwater hot-tap system set for early 2002.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (45):92-99. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

A new diverless hot-tap clamp, hot-tapping

machine, and ocean-floor support equipment 

perform deepwater taps greater than 1,500 feet 

on infrastructure along the Gulf Coast. 

Sumrow, Mike H. Drilling industry advances 

deepwater, related technologies. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (46):60-62. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The author highlights papers that were 

presented at the 2001 SPE annual technical 

conference and exhibition in New Orleans. 

179
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Thompson, Richard Eugene. A Probabilistic Model 

for Predicting Polycyclic Aromatic 

Hydrocarbon (PAH) Bioavailability to

American Oysters (Crassostrea virginia) 

Inhabiting South Carolina Estuarine 

Environments. Thesis (Ph. D.): Medical 

University of South Carolina; 1999; 195 leaves. 

Sumrow, Mike H. SPE: government, industry 

unveil new drill pipe telemetry test results.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (47):38-39. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Officials at the SPE conference presented test 

results from new drill pipe telemetry technology 

in October 2002. This technology will allow 

high-speed data transmission from the drill bit 

to the surface during drilling and other 

operations. 

Thompson, Richard Eugene; Voit, E. O.; Scott, G. I. 

A probabilistic model for predicting 

distributions of PAH ratios between oysters 

and marine sediments. Ecological Modelling. 

2000; 135 (2-3):231-242. ISSN: 0304-3800 

The results of statistical tests on the 

bioavailability of contaminants to oysters led 

researchers to conclude that Equilibrium

Partitioning was not an accurate model for 

estimating biota-to-sediment ratios. In this paper 

an alternate kinetic model is proposed for 

predicting the uptake, fate, and transport of

PAHs by oysters. 

Tao, Shu et al. Fate modeling of phenanthrene with 

regional variation in Tianjin, China.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(11):2453-2459. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Authors describe the development of a 

multimedia fate model, which was evaluated by

calculating phenanthrene concentrations in the 

air, water, soil, and sediment of Tianjin, China. 

Tearpock, D. J.; Brenneke, J. C. Multidisciplinary

teams, integrated software for shared-earth

modeling key E&P success. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (50):84-88. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The use of a single database that stores and 

incorporates real-time data from all disciplines 

was designed by a multidisciplinary team in oil 

and gas exploration. The integrated

interpretation software and project workflows 

allows the team to develop an accurate sharedearth model for exploration or development

projects. 

Thorpe, S. A. Langmuir circulation and the 

dispersion of oil spills in shallow seas. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (3-

4):213-223. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Effects of LC in dispersing oil are identified as 

convergence, advective dispersal and spread and 

dispersion by cell instability or breakdown. 

Processes which compete with LC are also

identified. 

Tkalich, P. Numerical simulation of oil spills and 

oil combating techniques. In Rodriguez, G.

R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control II. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 

2000; p. 51-59. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

A multiphase spill model has been developed

which incorporates surface and sediment 

components. The author adds that different spill 

responses can be incorporated into the model, 

giving response teams more accurate 

information.

Tkalich, Pavlo; Chan, Eng Soon. Vertical mixing of

oil droplets by breaking waves. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (11):1219-1229. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

This study describes a model that provides for a 

rapid estimation of the amount of dispersed oil

in a water column that has been affected by 

breaking waves. 

Thoma, G. J.; Lam, T. B.; Wolf, D. C. A 

mathematical model of phytoremediation for

petroleum contaminated soil: model 

development. International Journal of

Phytoremediation. 2003; 5 (1):41-55. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

This study describes a model for root length

density that includes parameters accounting for 

annual biomass turnover, maximum standing

biomass, and maximum depth of root

penetration.

Thoma, G. J.; Lam, T. B.; Wolf, D. C. A 

mathematical model of phytoremediation for

petroleum contaminated soil: sensitivity

analysis. International Journal of

Phytoremediation. 2003; 5 (2):125-136. ISSN: 

1522-6514. 

Authors present a sensitivity analysis model that 

can evaluate the effects of manipulated 

variables, such as rate of growth and seasonal 

root biomass cycles, on the efficiency of 

phytoremediation.

180
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Urquhart, Frank. Fast-response device for oil spills.

The Scotsman. Edinburgh: The Scotsman 

Publications Ltd.; May 30, 2001; 3. 

Two of Britain's leading oil spill specialist 

companies have joined together in providing a 

service as well as developing a new device that

will be used to fight against oil pollution in the 

North Sea. The joint service will have a Cessna

surveillance aircraft, equipped with digital and

infra-red cameras, as well as the new device - 

the dispersant pod, which will be fitted to the 

undercarriage of an aircraft, and will be capable 

of carrying enough dispersant to clean a spill of

up to 25 tons of oil. 

Tough, G.; Denniel, S.; Sharif, M.; Hutchison, J.

Innovations key reeled pipe-in-pipe flowline 

for gulf deepwater project. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (33):46-51. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

This method of fabrication of pipe-in-pipe

flowline allows optimum spoolbase efficiency

and removes the requirement for field joints.

This removes the need for welded half shells or 

sleeves that may prove problematic during 

reeling and pipeline operation. This paper 

presents details of design and qualifications

testing for the insulation material, pipeline 

centralizers, buckle arrestors, and reelable 

water-stops. 

UV searchlight enhances navigation, rescue, and

oil spill detection. Offshore. 2001; 61 (7):126. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

A new technological development by the

company ColorLight is a searchlight that uses a 

special frequency ultraviolet (UV) light to 

detect oil on water. Natural fluorescent 

properties in oil allow the UV light to see the 

sheen of oil on the water, regardless of the 

thickness or type of oil product floating on the 

water. 

True, Warren R. Insulated, coated pipe headed to 

Nigeria for offshore project. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (26):62-63. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Elf Petroleum Nigeria Ltd. announced that it

would begin taking delivery of thermally 

insulated and weight-coated line pipe for its 

Amenam-Kpono field project in the Niger Delta 

off the coast of Nigeria. The pipeline was 

designed for deepwater production and it would 

link a production platform to a floating storage 

and offloading terminal. van der Spuy, D.; Jikelo, N. A.; Ziegler, T.; Bowyer, 

M. Deepwater 2D data reveal Orange basin 

objectives off western South Africa. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (14):44-49. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

A recent seismic survey of the deepwater 

Orange basin off the coast of South Africa 

suggests conditions favorable for an active

petroleum basin. 

Ueyama, S.; Hijikata, K.; Hirotsuji, J. Water

monitoring system for oil contamination 

using polymer-coated quartz crystal 

microbalance chemical sensor. Water Science 

and Technology. 2002; 45 (4-5):175-180. ISSN: 

0273-1223. 

Authors report on the effectiveness of a new 

high-sensitivity oil monitoring system. This 

new system has a quick response time, can 

discern types of petroleum (gasoline, kerosene, 

diesel and fuel oil), and has a long lifetime 

under field conditions. 

Veil, John A. Interest revives in downhole oilwater separators. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(9):47-56. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Downhole oil-water separators (DOWS), once 

technologically unproven and expensive, are 

now being investigated for use in the field. 

DOWS holds the promise to reduce produced

water at the surface of a well, saving costs in

disposal of the water and protecting aquifers as 

well. 

Veitch, Gordon; Barboza, Gabriela; Nasr, Hatem;

Suheil, Sami. Field trial tests web-based

wireless eSCADA. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002;

100 (38):39-41. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

New wireless and web-based software called

eSCADA (supervisory control and dataacquisition system) is providing remote asset 

management and operations in the upstream oil

and gas sector. 

Ünlü, S.; Güven, K. C. Role of reference materials 

used in measurement of oil pollution and a 

correlation equation to determine oil in 

seawater. Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology. 2001; 67 (1):1-

5. ISSN: 0007-4861. 

This paper examines the importance of

reference materials in determining oil pollution 

levels in seawater. The authors also propose a 

correlation equation for unspecified pollutant

oils. 

181
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Ventikos, N. P.; Psaraftis, H. N.; Iacovou, E. A 

prototype statistical approach of oil pollution

in the Mediterranean Sea. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 33-42. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

The development and capabilities of

SPILLASE, an oil spill database of incidents in

the Mediterranean Sea from 1978 to 1995, is 

described in this report. 

Washburn, Libe; Johnson, Cyril; Gotschalk, Chris C.; 

Egland, E. Thor. A gas-capture buoy for 

measuring bubbling gas flux in oceans and 

lakes. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic 

Technology. 2001; 18 (8):1411-1420. ISSN: 

0739-0572. 

This article describes the design, calibration and 

deployment of the flux buoy, an instrument

used for measuring gas flux that arises from

marine hydrocarbon seeps. The flux buoy is also 

used to quantify the spatial distribution of 

methane seepage over continental shelves. 

Summaries of the instrument characteristics and 

Ver Ho performance are presented. ef, Jay M.; Frost, Kathryn J. A Bayesian 

hierarchical model for monitoring harbor 

seal changes in Prince William Sound, 

Alaska. Environmental and Ecological

Statistics. 2003; 10 (2):201-219. ISSN: 1352-

8505. 

Researchers inputted a number of variables into

a model, and from that calculated a 3.3% 

decrease per year in harbor seal populations in 

Prince William Sound. 

Wellhead retrieval system speeds subsea

abandonment. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(42):52-53. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes the development of a new 

retrieval system consisting of a four-component

fishing tool designed to keep the workstring in

tension during cutting. Downhole motors and 

explosives are not needed for this method of 

wellhead retrieval. 

Vieth, Patrick; Moghissi, Oliver; Beavers, John A. 

Integrity-verification methods support US

efforts in pipeline safety. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (51):52-58. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Due to safety reasons and an effort to validate 

pipeline-integrity verification programs, the US 

pipeline industry is undergoing significant

changes.

Werkema, D. Dale, Jr.; Atekwana, Estella A.; Endres, 

Anthony L.; Sauck, William A.; Cassidy, 

Daniel P. Investigating the geoelectrical 

response of hydrocarbon contamination 

undergoing biodegradation. Geophysical

Research Letters. 2003; 30 (12):1647. ISSN:

0094-8276. 

A geoelectrical model predicted high

conductivity related to an area undergoing

biodegradation at a PAH-contaminated site. In

situ vertical conductivity measurements from a 

non-aqueous phase liquid contaminated site 

confirmed results of the model, which the 

authors stress can be used to evaluate

biodegradation success for specific types of 

contaminated soils. 

Wick, Lokas Y.; Colangelo, T.; Harms, Hauke. 

Kinetics of mass transfer-limited bacterial 

growth on solid PAHs. Environmental Science 

& Technology. 2001; 35 (2):354-361. ISSN: 

0013-936X.

Villasenor, R. et al. An air quality emission

inventory of offshore operations for the 

exploration and production of petroleum by 

the Mexican oil industry. Atmospheric 

Environment. 2003; 37 (26):3713-3729. ISSN: 

1352-2310. 

Data was collected from a number of facilities 

and platforms related to the offshore petroleum

industry to build a model that can accurately 

assess the transport and dispersion of SO2

generated from offshore production. 

182
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

Zhao, Dongye; Hunter, Margaret; Pignatello, Joseph

J.; White, Jason C. Application of the dualmode model for predicting competitive 

sorption equilibria and rates of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediment 

suspensions. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry. 2002; 21 (11):2276-2282. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

A model was employed to further understand

the role of competition in sorption and 

desorption rates of PAHs in estuarine 

sediments. The model has great potential for 

predicting contaminant transport and

bioavailability in sediments. 

Williams, Bob; Petzet, G. Alan; Clark, Judy R.; 

Dittrick, Paula. Deepwater hotspots, offshore 

gas transport advances top OTC agenda. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (19):18-26. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

During the most recent OTC conference, heads 

of the oil industry and the Minerals 

Management Service discussed problems and 

solutions on topics related to deepwater 

petroleum transport, storage and technology

issues surrounding exploration. 

Wood, D. A. Probabilistic methods with simulation

help predict timing, costs of projects. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (46):79-83. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Advanced spreadsheet applications offer 

sophisticated probabilistic simulation models, 

which can be designed and efficiently applied to

a wide range of oil and gas projects to help

manage time and cost overruns. 

Zhao, Dongye; Pignatello, Joseph J. Model-aided 

characterization of Tenax®-TA for aromatic

compound uptake from water. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry. 2004; 23 (7):1592-

1599. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

A polymer adsorbent was tested and a model

was used to help determine equilibrium and 

kinetic parameters for uptake of a number of

PAHs. 

Ye, Xiaodong. Gas oil desalting reduces chlorides 

in crude. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (42):76-

78. ISSN: 0030-1388.

In crude-distillation units, the accumulation of 

salt causes chlorides in crude oil. A new 

atmospheric gas oil electrical-desalting process 

reduces the amount of chlorides in the main 

fractionator of a fluid-catalytic cracking unit.

Zhao, Yong; Liao, Yanbiao. Compensation

technology for a novel reflex optical fiber 

temperature sensor used under offshore oil 

well. Optics Communications. 2003; 215 (1-

3):11-16. ISSN: 0030-4018.

Authors propose and describe a temperature 

sensor system for offshore exploration that

corrects for errors caused by changes in light 

intensity, fluctuations in detector responsiveness 

and the amplification of processor circuitry. 

Yeung, A.; Dabros, T.; Masliyah, J.; Czarnecki, J. 

Micropipette: a new technique in emulsion 

research. Colloids and Surfaces A - 

Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 

2000; 174 (1-2):169-181. ISSN: 0927-7757. 

In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of 

micropipettes in micron-scale studies, 

experiments were conducted with water droplets 

in crude oil. 

Zhen, Z. C.; Harbert, T. Optical technology

improves batch cutting, quality

determination. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 

(16):66-68. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Optical technology is being tested on an 800-

mile pipeline in China to reduce the 

downgrading of product quality. The technology

also provides online quality control and

monitoring. 

Zheng, Q. et al. Space shuttle observations of open 

ocean oil slicks. Remote Sensing of

Environment. 2001; 76 (1):49-56. ISSN: 0034-

4257. 

Demonstrated in this paper is information on

how to extract data from space shuttle 

photography regarding details of oil slicks in the 

open ocean. The method that was developed

may also be used for interpreting other satellite

images, such as SAR images that are even more

efficient and can extract data under cloudy

conditions and at night. 

Yip, Francis K. New operation strategies in heavy 

crude pipeline will increase profit margin.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (6):60-64. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

To insure the movement of heavy crude through 

pipelines with varying temperatures, a design is

presented that will optimize the temperature of 

the inlet of the pipeline. 

Yudhbir, Lalit. Maritime risk and transportation

model for the transport of crude oil and 

petroleum products. Thesis (Ph. D.):

University of Miami; 1999; 156 leaves. 

183
ENGINEERING/PHYSICS 

184

Zhu, Song-Ping; Strunin, Dmitry. Modelling the 

confinement of spilled oil with floating 

booms. Appplied Mathematical Modelling. 

2001; 25 (9):713-729. ISSN: 0307-904X.

Zpraster, Steven. A surface modeling algorithm 

designed for speed and ease of use with all

petroleum industry data. Computers &

Geosciences. 2003; 29 (9):1175-1182. ISSN: 

0098-3004. 

The author presents a multi-grid algorithm for 

constructing grid-based surface models that can 

be used with petroleum industry data. 
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Al-Masri, M. S.; Suman, H. NORM waste 

management in the oil and gas industry: the 

Syrian experience. Journal of Radioanalytical

and Nuclear Chemistry. 2003; 256 (1):159-162. 

ISSN: 0236-5731. 

Authors identify three categories of radioactive 

waste associated with the petroleum industry 

and the present disposal and cleanup criteria as 

defined and approved by Syria’s Regulatory

Office. 

A new oil spill hits Buzzards Bay. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (7):800. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Scientists from Woods Hole Oceanographic 

Institution began investigations of a spill in

coastal Massachusetts. Data collected from the 

recent spill of 15,000 gallons of Number 6 fuel 

oil will be compared with baseline data 

collected from a spill in 1969 to assess the fate 

and effects of the recent event. Various marine 

species were captured for rehabilitation,

including loons, sea ducks and oystercatchers. 

Anderson, C. M.; Labelle, R. P. Update of

comparative occurrence rates for offshore oil 

spills. Spill Science & Technology. 2000; 6 (5-

6):303-321. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

In this study estimates of spill occurrence rates 

were restricted to spills greater than or equal to

1000 barrels. Occurrence rates for offshore oil 

spills are useful for analyzing potential oil-spill 

impacts and for oil-spill response contingency 

planning. 

Adebajo, M. O.; Frost, R. L.; Kloprogge, J. T.; 

Carmody, O.; Kokot, S. Porous materials for 

oil spill cleanup: a review of synthesis and 

absorbing properties. Journal of Porous 

Materials. 2003; 10 (3):159-170. ISSN: 1380-

2224. 

This review focuses on current knowledge about 

porous materials, such as hydrophobic silica 

aerogels, zeolites, organoclays and natural 

sorbents, and identifies areas where future

developments are possible. Anderson, Roger N.; Boulanger, Albert; Longbottom,

James; Oligney, Ronald. Lean energy 

management required for economic 

ultradeepwater development. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (11):47-53. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Energy management teams are requiring

operators of ultradeepwater development to

integrate computer software among all project

participants in order to increase efficiency and 

reduce production costs. 

At least 1,000 fowl dead in wake of tanker spill.

Houston Chronicle. Houston, Tx. The Houston

Chronicle Publishing Company; April 3, 2001; 

A 12. 

A freighter carrying 9.7 million gallons of oil 

wrecked March 28, 2001 off the coast of

Denmark. 764,000 gallons of oil spilled into the 

Baltic Sea, killing at least 1,000 ducks, swans 

and seagulls. Approximately 59,000 gallons of

oil remain on 12 miles of beaches, which are 

migratory stopovers for shorebirds and assorted 

waterfowl. Danish Forest and Nature Agencies 

sent hunters to comb more than 75 miles of 

coastline with orders to destroy birds deemed

beyond saving. 

Aisien, F. A.; Hymore, F. K.; Ebewele, R. O. 

Potential application of recycled rubber in oil 

pollution control. Environmental Monitoring

and Assessment. 2003; 85 (2):175-190. ISSN: 

0167-6369. 

Rubber particles between 0.15 and 2.36 mm 

were used to absorb crude oil at temperatures

ranging from 5 to 40°C. Changes in equilibrium

absorption were attained at different periods of

time depending upon factors such as oil

temperature, size of rubber particles, and 

recycled versus regenerated recycled rubber. 

Aislabie, Jackie M.; Balks, Megan R.; Foght, Julia 

M.; Waterhouse, Emma J. Hydrocarbon spills

on Antarctic soils: effects and management.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2004; 38

(5):1265-1274. ISSN: 0013-936X.

The authors review data of hydrocarbon spills

located on ice-free soil areas in the Antarctic, 

and analyze the physical and chemical 

breakdown of the PAHs to understand how

weathered properties of hydrocarbons impact

the soils. 

185
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Barbier, Sandra. Hole in pipe leads to Lafitte oil 

spill; cleanup of greasy mess under way. New 

Orleans Times-Picayune. New Orleans, La: 

Times-Picayune Publishing Company; April 8, 

2002; B 1.

Divers discovered a three-inch hole in a pipeline 

which spilled 75,000 gallons of crude oil along

Little Lake in the Barataria estuary of

Louisiana. An oil containment boom was laid

and roughly 50 percent of the oil had been

recovered or had evaporated by late that 

evening. Rough weather caused the remaining 

oil to drift into fragile coastal marshes, delaying

recovery efforts. 

Baine, Mark. The North Sea rigs-to-reefs debate.

ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S277-S280. ISSN: 1054-3139.

In an effort to establish a rigs-to-reef program in 

the North Sea, a steering group has been created 

to assess the potential need and suitability of

artificial reefs and guide ongoing independent 

research. The steering group will also monitor 

the actions of fishermen to evaluate the success 

of the program.

Balks, Megan R.; Paetzold, Ron F.; Kimble, John M.; 

Aislabie, Jackie; Campbell, Lain B. Effects of

hydrocarbon spills on the temperature and 

moisture regimes of cryosols in the Ross Sea 

region. Antarctic Science. 2002; 14 (4):319-

326. ISSN: 0954-1020. 

Hydrocarbon-contaminated sites were found to

have higher soil temperatures than control sites, 

possibly due to surface reflectivity. The ability 

of soil to retain moisture was not found to be

affected by the presence of PAHs. 

Barbier, Sandra. Oil spill threatens 2 wildlife 

refuges. New Orleans Times-Picayune. New 

Orleans, La.: Times-Picayune Publishing

Company; November 30, 2000; A 6. 

Approximately 25 miles downriver of the 

grounding of the oil tanker Westchester are two 

major wintering grounds for migratory

waterfowl. Cleanup crews contained the oil on

the east side of the river by placing floating 

booms across the channels from the lower 

Mississippi River. The Louisiana Department of

Wildlife and Fisheries reported that no oil had

entered the Delta. 

Banat, I. M. Potentials for use of biosurfactants in

oil spills cleanup and oil bioremediation. In

Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control II. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 177-185. ISBN: 1-

85312-828-7.

This article reviews state of the art techniques

for the potential use of biosurfactants in oil spill 

remediation. 

Barker, Christopher H.; Galt, J. A. Analysis of

methods used in spill response planning: 

trajectory analysis planner TAP II. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6

(2):145-152. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

To plan a response to an oil spill, the 

complexity of physical oceanography and 

trajectory analysis procedures must be

understood. Spill scenarios are used as a basis 

for planning response capability. In order for 

model developers to be successful and gain

support, expectations and a criteria must be 

satisfied. This paper deliberates specific 

constraints and discusses methods that can be 

used to quantify some aspects of the 

uncertainty. 

Barron, Mace G.; Holder, Eric. Are exposure and 

ecological risks of PAHs underestimated at 

petroleum contaminated sites? Human and

Ecological Risk Assessment. 2003; 9 (6):1533-

1545. ISSN: 1080-7039. 

Results of screening level analysis show that 

current ecological risk assessments and the

proposed numerical correction factor don’t 

adequately account for alkylated PAHs and

underestimate the hazards of these toxins. 

Banks, Stuart. SeaWiFS satellite monitoring of oil 

spill impact on primary production in the 

Galápagos Marine Reserve. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 47 (7-8):325-330. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Satellite images taken from 1998 to 2000 were 

used as a baseline to determine the impact on

primary production of phytoplankton following

the grounding of the oil tanker Jessica in 2001. 

Further investigations into the impact of

chlorophyll-a distribution were compared to 

data collected in years within the El 

Niño/Southern Oscillation cycle. 

186
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Barry, Maggie. Tanker rock smash sparks oil spill 

fears; leaking hull threatens wildlife. The

Mirror. May 8, 2001;14. 

A Swedish tanker carrying hazardous chemicals 

and tons of heavy oil ran aground in the Sound

of Mull, offshore Scotland. Coast guard

officials reported that 200-plus tons of oil

remained on board, but posed no great 

environmental concern. 

Bercaru, Ofelia; Gawlik, Bernd Manfred; Ulberth,

Franz; Vandecasteele, Carlo. Reference 

materials for the monitoring of the aquatic

environment - a review with special emphasis 

on organic priority pollutants. Journal of

Environmental Monitoring. 2003; 5 (4):697-

705. ISSN: 1464-0325. 

The authors argue for Certified Reference 

Materials covering different matrices and

focusing on organic pollutants. 

Barth, Hans-Jörg. The coastal ecosystems of the 

Arabian Gulf ten years after the 1991 oil 

spill. Geographische Rundschau. 2002; 54

(12):36-42. ISSN: 0016-7460. 

Data collected in this study contradicts 

previously published research suggesting site 

recovery from oil spilled in the 1991 Gulf War. 

Delayed recovery is best seen in salt marshes, 

which are not exposed to wave action and suffer 

from anaerobic conditions due to oily 

substrates. 

Betti, M. et al. Results of the European 

Commission Marina II study part II - effects 

of discharges of naturally occurring 

radioactive material. Journal of

Environmental Radioactivity. 2004; 74 (1-

3):255-277. ISSN: 0265-931X. 

A study of NORM discharges into the North

Sea showed that oil and gas production are now 

the major contributor of alpha emitting 

radionuclides into the sea. 

Biers, John. Westchester oil spill is bad but not the 

worst. New Orleans Times-Picayune. New 

Orleans, La: Times-Picayune Publishing

Company; November 30, 2000; A 07. 

The grounding of the Westchester oil tanker in

the lower Mississippi River was caused by a 

power failure on board before the ship ran

aground. In recent years, regulators have been

prosecuting more companies for oil spills. In

this particular case, investigators have not 

turned up any evidence of criminal intent. 

Basheer, Chanbasha; Obbard, Jeffrey Philip; Lee, 

Hian Kee. Persistent organic pollutants in

Singapore's coastal marine environment: 

part I, seawater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 

2003; 149 (1-4):295-313. ISSN: 0049-6979. 

While analyzing collecting seawater from

several offshore sites around Singapore, 

researchers found higher levels of PAHs than

other organic pollutants. It is believed that this

is due to the extensive petroleum industry in the 

region. 

Bohannon, John; Bosch, Xavier. Spanish 

researchers vent anger over handling of oil 

spill. Science. 2003; 299 (5606):490. ISSN: 

0036-8075. 

Arguments between the Spanish scientific 

community and the Spanish government

continued following the sinking of the Prestige

oil tanker off the Iberian coast. Scientist claimed

they were not consulted regarding the decision

to tow the tanker out to sea rather than bring it 

into port. 

Bohannon, John; Bosch, Xavier; Withgott, J. 

Scientists brace for bad tidings after spill.

Science. 2002; 298 (5599):1695, 1697. ISSN: 

0036-8075. 

In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker split 

in half and began spilling Bunker oil into the 

Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Spain. Scientists 

blame the governments of France, Spain, and 

Portugal for long-term ecological and 

environmental damages, because the leaking 

ship was not allowed into their ports. 

Basheer, Chanbasha; Obbard, Jeffrey Philip; Lee, 

Hian Kee. Persistent organic pollutants in

Singapore's coastal marine environment: 

part II, sediments. Water, Air, & Soil 

Pollution. 2003; 149 (1-4):315-325. ISSN: 

0049-6979. 

Authors investigate levels of individual PAH

compounds in the marine sediments 

surrounding Singapore. Results show

widespread contamination, but in levels 

considered moderate. 

Begak, O. Y.; Syroezhko, A. M. Monitoring of the 

sources of environmental pollution with 

crude oil. Russian Journal of Applied 

Chemistry. 2001; 74 (4):636-639. ISSN: 1070-

4272. 

The authors describe methods used in

determining the identification of crude oil 

samples recovered from various fields,

including samples of contaminated soil and 

water. 

187
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Brown, Carl E.; Fingas, Mervin F. Review of the

development of laser fluorosensors for oil 

spill application. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2003; 47 (9-12):477-484. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

This paper reviews the use of airborne laser

fluorosensors for the detection of oil spills in

complex marine environments. 

Bosch, Xavier. For Spain, oil spill disaster is in the 

bag. Science. November 23, 2003; 302

(5660):1485. ISSN: 0036-8075. 

Following a long dispute between researchers 

and government officials regarding the correct 

or incorrect handling of the shipwrecked tanker

Prestige, scientists have convinced the 

government of Spain to allow them to deploy a 

technological process for the removal of the 

remaining oil aboard the sunken tanker. Bruzzone, A. G. et al. Risk analysis in harbor 

environments using simulation. Safety 

Science. 2000; 35 (1-3):75-86. ISSN: 0925-

Bosch, Xavier. Spain: research chief a victim of the 7535. 

oil spill? Science. 2003; 299 (5607):637, 639. 

ISSN: 0036-8075. 

Following the Prestige oil spill, hundreds of 

scientists accused the Spanish government of 

not listening to views from the scientific 

community. Intensified pressure from the 

scientific community to the president of Spain’s 

Higher Research Council requesting that he 

address several concerns about management of

the agency is said to have led to his resignation. 

Burlington, Linda B. An update on implementation 

of natural resource damage assessment and 

restoration under OPA. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):23-29. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

The Natural Resource Damage Assessment 

(NRDA) regulation allows recovery of damages 

for restoration of injured natural resources and

lost services due to oil spills. This paper 

presents legal standards used in two previous

case studies under the NDRA for spill recovery 

and rehabilitation. 

Brebbia, C. A.; Saval Perez, J. M.; Garcia Andion, L. 

(Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills IV: 

Modelling, Analysis and Control. Billerica, 

Ma: Computational Mechanics; 2004; 250 pp. 

ISBN: 1-85312-711-6. Burns, George; Pond, Robert; Tebeau, Peter; Etkin,

Dagmar Schmidt. Looking to the futuresetting the agenda for oil spill prevention, 

preparedness and response in the 21st

century. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 

2002; 7 (1-2):31-37. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

To develop an improved action plan for future

oil pollution threats, the Coast Guard is 

overseeing the formulation of a coordinated 

Broad-Based OSPPR Program Risk 

Assessment. 

Breuer, E.; Stevenson, A. G.; Howe, J. A.; Carroll, J.; 

Shimmield, G. B. Drill cutting accumulations 

in the Northern and Central North Sea: a 

review of environmental interactions and 

chemical fate. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2004;

48 (1-2):12-25. ISSN: 0025-326X.

In this review, the results of over two decades of 

research on drill cuttings indicate that 

hydrocarbons found in accumulations are 

relatively unchanged over time. It is believed 

that they are likely to remain in this state unless 

disturbed, at which point they can become

exposed to organisms. 

Burton, A. Spain studies problems of Prestige oil 

spill. Frontiers in Ecology and the 

Environment. 2003; 1 (1):5. ISSN: 1540-9295. 

Caravaca, F.; Roldan, A. Assessing changes in 

physical and biological properties in a soil

contaminated by oil sludges under semiarid

Mediterranean conditions. Geoderma. 2003;

117 (1-2):53-61. ISSN: 0016-7061. 

Researchers found that soils contaminated by oil

sludge showed reduced efficiencies by

organisms, as seen in higher rates of microbial

biomass carbon, basal respiration and metabolic

quotient. The total porosity of contaminated soil 

showed a 15-fold increase compared with 

uncontaminated soil, and minute cracks were 

found that could hamper the soil’s ability to

hold water for plants and microorganisms. 

Brown, Carl E.; Fingas, Mervin F. Development of

airborne oil thickness measurements. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-12):485-492. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A newly developed sensor remotely measures 

oil-on-water slick thickness and provides 

information about the dynamics of the oil slick 

spreading and spill response applications. 

188
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Carlowicz, Mike. Oil spill lingers in Falmouth 

marsh. Woods Hole Currents. 2003; 9 (4):8-9. 

Researchers at WHOI renewed a grant that will 

continue to study the long-term fate of

petroleum products from contaminated 

sediments in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. 

Cassidy, Daniel P.; Hudak, Andrew J.; Murad, 

Ahmed A. Effect of loading in soil slurrysequencing batch reactors on biosurfactant 

production and foaming. Journal of

Environmental Engineering - ASCE. 2002; 128 

(7):575-582. ISSN: 0733-9372. 

In a series of experiments, it was determined 

that three different amounts of contaminants

loaded into a bioslurry resulted in vastly 

different population distributions of

hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial species. 

Carls, Mark G.; Harris, Patricia M.; Rice, Stanley D. 

Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince 

William Sound, Alaska. Marine

Environmental Research. 2004; 57 (5):359-376. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

After experimental restoration of mussel beds in

areas contaminated by crude oil, bivalve 

population dynamics and residual hydrocarbon

levels were monitored for five years. Mussel 

population densities and fluctuations were not 

significantly different from other sites, and

contamination levels were typically at baseline

levels with oiled reference cites. Researchers 

believe that although mussel relocation is 

feasible, chemical or mechanical removal of oil 

from sediment is more effective than manual

removal.

Cetin, Eylem; Odabasi, Mustafa; Seyfioglu, Remzi. 

Ambient volatile organic a petrochemical

(VOC) concentrations around compound 

complex and a petroleum refinery. Science of

the Total Environment. 2003; 312 (1-3):103-

112. ISSN: 0048-9697. 

Air samples taken near petroleum processing

facilities found high levels of ethylene

dichloride, ethyl alcohol and acetone.

Concentrations of VOCs were influenced by

seasonal variation, and by combinations of

temperature and wind speed. 

Carney, R. S.; (Ed.) Workshop on Environmental

Issues Surrounding Deepwater Oil and Gas 

Development: Final Report. New Orleans: 

U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals

Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Region; 1997; OCS Study MMS 98-0022; 163

pp. 

Various issues in deepwater drilling were 

addressed in this report. Different working

groups met to address socioeconomic, 

ecological, geological and biological issues 

related to deepwater drilling.

CGES: Baltic exports of Russian crude threaten 

dominance of Black Sea routes. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (23):53-54. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Traditional Russian crude ports are being

threatened by rapid expansion of new export

terminals on the Baltic Sea. With the rise in the 

volume of crude oil being transported,

bordering countries of the Baltic Sea are 

concerned with the potential impact of an oil

spill on the fragile ecosystem. 

Chen, N. Y. An environmentally friendly oil 

industry? Chemical Innovation. 2001; 31

(4):10-21. ISSN: 1527-4799. 

Chen, Z.; Huang, G. H.; Chan, C. W. ; Geng, L. Q.; 

Xia, J. Development of an expert system for

the remediation of petroleum-contaminated 

sites. Environmental Modeling & Assessment. 

2003; 8 (4):323-334. ISSN: 1420-2026. 

This paper describes the processes involved in

the conception and implementation of an expert

system used to assess remediation alternatives

for decision makers in petroleum waste 

management. 

Carroll, Loren. Turning drilling waste into a

resource. Offshore. 2002; 62 (11):96. ISSN: 

0030-0608. 

The author describes a pilot project in New 

Zealand that converts drill cuttings to organic 

fertilizer using worm-based bioremediation.

Caselle, J. E.; Love, M. S.; Fusaro, C.; Schroeder, D.

Trash or habitat? Fish assemblages on 

offshore oilfield seafloor debris in the Santa

Barbara Channel, California. ICES Journal of

Marine Science. 2002; 59 (Supplement):S258-

S265. ISSN: 1054-3139. 

Offshore oilfield debris was assessed in central 

and southern California to determine its

significance related to fish assemblages. A ROV 

was used to video the fish assemblages and

measure debris characteristics. 

189
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Clean-up begins in month-old oil spill. San Diego 

Union-Tribune. San Diego, Ca.: Union-Tribune

Publishing Company; February 12, 2001; A 12. 

Approximately one month following the 

grounding of the Amargos tanker in Taiwan, 

cleanup of hundreds of tons of sludge began.

Central and county government officials are 

under investigation for neglecting to rapidly

deploy an oil spill response plan. 

Cheong, C. J.; Okada, M. Effects of spilled oil on

the tidal flat ecosystem evaluation of wave

and tidal actions using a tidal flat simulator.

Water Science & Technology. 2001; 43 (2):171-

177. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Using fuel oil C, researchers tested to determine 

the effects of wave and tidal actions on the

penetration of spilled oil on tidal flats. Results 

show that fuel oil C penetrated into sediments 

by tidal action, not wave action. The oil then

inhibited seawater infiltration into the 

sediments, resulting in impeding the delivery of

oxygen, nitrogen, nutrients, and organic matter 

from seawater to benthic communities. 

Coast guard helps with oil spill cleanup in 

Galápagos Islands. Houston Chronicle. 

Houston, Tx.: Houston Chronicle Publishing

Company; January 21, 2001; A 21. 

On Tuesday, January 16, 2001, the tanker

Jessica ran aground on San Cristobal Island.

The tanker started leaking diesel on Friday into 

the bay that is populated by rare marine species. 

A team of U.S. experts headed out to the

ecologically fragile Galápagos Islands to help

clean up the oil spill. Officials were concerned

that the oil spill posed a risk of being a major 

environmental disaster. 

Chilean oil spill damages birds, salmon farm.

Reuters News Service. June 7, 2001. 

On May 25, 2001, a tanker ran aground in a 

remote southern Chilean fjord, spilling 92,600

gallons of crude oil. The Chilean Navy reported 

that the slick was 70 miles long. Reports of

damage included wildlife and one of the 

numerous salmon farms that comprise the main 

commercial activity in the region. 

Copeland, Morgan Lee, Jr.; Wilkinson, George. 

Preparation key for pipeline's management 

of large spill, explosion. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2004; 102 (21):60-64. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A set of guidelines is presented for safety 

issues, regulatory compliance and litigation 

following a pipeline explosion or large oil spill 

in a populated area. 

Christensen, Jan H. Application of multivariate 

data analysis for assessing the early fate of

petrogenic compounds in the marine 

environment following the Baltic Carrier oil 

spill. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2002; 

22 (3-4):703-714. ISSN: 1040-6638.

Principal component analysis was used to

monitor the changes in chemical composition of

oil after a spill at sea. Cordes, Erik E.; Bergquist, Derk C.; Shea, Katriona; 

Fisher, Charles R. Hydrogen sulphide demand

of long-lived vestimentiferan tube worm 

aggregations modifies the chemical 

environment at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps.

Ecology Letters. 2003; 6 (3):212-219. ISSN: 

1461-023X.

Authors describe the ecosystem changes that 

take place when aggregations of Lamellibrachia

luymesi modify the habitat over time around

hydrocarbon seeps. 

Cormack, Douglas. Response to Marine Oil 

Pollution: Review and Assessment. Boston, 

Ma.: Kluwer Academic; 1999. 385 pp. ISBN:

0792356748. 

Chun, C. L.; Park, J. W. Oil spill remediation using 

magnetic separation. Journal of

Environmental Engineering - ASCE. 2001; 127 

(5):443-449. ISSN: 0733-9372. 

Two magnetic substances, magnetite and 

maghemite, were used in experiments to

determine the effectiveness of their use in the 

sorption of crude oil. Due to several factors 

maghemite was found to be the most effective 

in the remediation of oil. 

Cicero, Anna Maria et al. Monitoring of

environmental impact resulting from 

offshore oil and gas installations in the 

Adriatic Sea: preliminary evaluations. Annali 

di Chimica. 2003; 93 (7-8):701-705. ISSN: 

0003-4592. 

Researchers monitored the water column around 

several offshore installations in the Adriatic sea 

to assess effects of produced water on physical

and chemical properties of sea water, and to

establish concentrations of PAHs in mussels for 

further studies.

190
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Davis, Donald; Baumann, Robert. Oil in Louisiana's 

estuarine environments: a development 

model. Science in China Series B - Chemistry. 

2001; 44 (Suppl. S):230-239. ISSN: 1006-9291.

Louisiana's barrier islands are considered the 

most important defense against oil spills. In an

effort to protect and provide Louisiana's coastal

areas with an effective oil-spill response plan; a 

comprehensive database is being developed 

with detailed pre-existing environmental, 

ecological, historic and habitat information. 

Cripps, S. J.; Aabel, J. P. Environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment of Ekoreef, a 

multiple platform rigs-to-reefs development.

ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S300-S308. ISSN: 1054-3139.

A multiple platform located in the Ekofisk oil 

field in North Sea is at the end of its production

time and is being recommended for the rigs-toreef program. A standard decommissioning

impact assessment process is used to identify 

factors that present special environmental or 

socio-economic risks or benefits. 

de Leon, J. B.; Arguelles, A.; Morales, R. M. 

Pipeline installations critical in Cantarell. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (35):54-57. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

This article describes the construction of

additional subsea pipelines to support the 

operating objectives of the Cantarell field in the 

Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of the project is to

increase production, conserve gas resources, 

and improve operational safety. 

Cross, Ian. Far East deepwater exploration to see 

strong growth, bias to gas. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (45):38-48. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Future exploration and recovery of deepwater 

basins of the Far East should have excellent

returns for liquefied natural gas. The Chinese 

government sees economic benefits for their 

country, as they become less dependent on

Middle East suppliers for oil and gas. 

Dean, K. Bruce et al. Remediating UK river 

crossing. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (14):64-

70. ISSN: 0030-1388.

A petroleum products line that crosses the River

Wye in the UK poses environmental risk partly 

because of the meandering bend in the river. 

The pipeline was originally laid in 1972; 

however, in 1999 Mainline Pipelines discovered 

that vertical scour of the riverbed had exposed 

the pipeline, leaving an unsupported span of 9

meters. An assessment of the situation

concluded that remedial measures were required 

to ensure the integrity of the pipeline as rapidly 

and as practically as possible. 

Curran, K. J.; Hill, P. S.; Milligan, T. G. The role of 

particle aggregation in size-dependent 

deposition of drill mud. Continental Shelf 

Research. 2002; 22 (3):405-416. ISSN: 0278-

4343. 

Dauvin, Jean-Claude; Gesteira, J. L. G.; Fraga, M. S. 

Taxonomic sufficiency: an overview of its use 

in the monitoring of sublittoral benthic 

communities after oil spills. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (5):552-555. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Taxonomic sufficiency is a process where

organisms are identified to the lowest possible 

taxonomic species level. Scientists believe that 

by using this approach to assess the impact on a 

macrobenthic communities following an oil 

spill, it will clearly reflect pollution gradients 

and be less affected by natural nuisance 

variables than species analysis. 

Deepwater oil spills: how do plumes spread and 

negotiate water column? Offshore. 2000; 60

(4):182. ISSN: 0030-0608.

Deissenberg, Christophe; Gurman, Vladimir;

Ryumina, Elena; Shevlyagin, Konstantin; 

Shevchuk, Elena. Empirical data and optimal 

monitoring policies: the case of four Russian 

sea harbours. International Journal of

Environment and Pollution. 2001; 15 (3):310-

321. ISSN: 0957-4352. 

Data was collected and used to run a monitoring

efforts optimization model that weighs the 

economic costs of monitoring against the cost of 

controlling harbor pollution. Authors stress that 

measures other than monitoring should be

immediately implemented in order to prevent a 

future spill. 

Davies, A. M.; Kwong, S. C. M.; Flather, R. A. On

determining the role of wind wave 

turbulence and grid resolution upon 

computed storm driven currents. Continental 

Shelf Research. 2000; 20 (14):1825-1888. 

ISSN: 0278-4343. 

191
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Delille, D. Response of Antarctic soil bacterial 

assemblages to contamination by diesel fuel 

and crude oil. Microbial Ecology. 2000; 40

(2):159-168. ISSN: 0095-3628. 

The effects of diesel fuel and crude oil on 

bacteria in soil were monitored in a year-long

series of experiments. 

Donlan, Michael; Sperduto, Molly; Hebert, Charlie. 

Compensatory mitigation for injury to a 

threatened or endangered species: scaling 

piping plover restoration. Marine Ecology - 

Progress Series. 2003; 264;213-219. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

A fusion of population limitations from species 

recovery plans were used as a backdrop for 

developing compensatory restoration of piping

plovers in newly colonized areas recently 

impacted by the North Cape oil spill. Although

this restoration option cannot account in 

advance for future effects of the spill on bird 

populations, such as abundance and diversity of

prey, authors believe that the model can be 

adjusted as monitoring data is gathered. 

DelValls, Ángel. The oil spill produced by the 

tanker Prestige (13/11/2002): impact

assessment of the northwest coast of the 

Iberian Peninsula. Ciencias Marinas. 2003; 29

(1): i-iii. ISSN: 0185-3880. 

The weathering properties of the remaining oil 

on the shores of the Iberian Peninsula, Italy,

indicate that the soluble fraction is low and 

biodegradation is slow under natural conditions. 

It is feared that the worst is yet to come for this 

region, with more than 50,000 tons of oil still 

aboard the sunken Prestige. 

Dubai beach cleanup starts. Associated Press 

Online. April 17, 2001. 

The Georgian-flagged vessel, Zainab, broke up

and sank while being escorted by Navy ships for

violating U.N. sanctions. The vessel had less 

than 380,000 gallons of fuel on board, some of

which spilled after the ship sank. Municipality 

workers collected patches of the slime that 

began to wash up on the shoreline of the Dubai

beaches. Emirate officials reported that there

was no indication of a large cleanup operation 

needed, and thus far they had found only 15 to

20 small patches of oil. 

DERA washes up slicker technologies. Harts E&P. 

2000; 73 (6):106. ISSN: 0164-8322.

A new type of measuring buoy was developed

by U.K.'s Defense Evaluation and Research

Agency, which can be used to monitor oil slick

conditions. Dispersion of oil slicks can be

calculated by measuring wave height. 

Deschampes, Gerald; Caruel, Hefve; Borredon,

Marie-Elisabeth; Bonnin, Christophe; Vignoles, 

Christian. Oil removal from water by 

selective sorption on hydrophobic cotton 

fibers. 1. Study of sorption properties and 

comparison with other cotton fiber-based 

sorbents. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2003; 37 (5):1013-1015. ISSN: 

0013-936X.

Researchers investigated hydrophobic cotton 

fibers for sorption properties and compared their 

use with other cotton fiber-based sorbents for 

the removal of oil. 

Edgar, Graham J.; Kerrison, Linda; Shepherd, 

Scoresby A.; Toral-Granda, M. Veronica. 

Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on intertidal

and shallow subtidal plants and animals.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (7-8):276-

283. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Surveys of intertidal and subtidal sites were 

obtained prior to the Jessica oil spill and 

compared to data one month following the spill 

to determine the impact on densities of flora and 

fauna. Data indicates that the spill caused very 

little impact on intertidal and shallow subtidal 

zones. 

Edgar, Graham J.; Marshall, Paul A.; Mooney, Peter. 

The effect of the Jessica grounding on 

Galápagos reef fish communities adjacent to 

the wreck site. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2003; 47 (7-8):296-302. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Fish assemblages were surveyed 15 weeks postspill following the grounding of the oil tanker 

Jessica. Results of data indicated elevated fish

numbers rather than a depressed species 

population at the reference site 60-90 meters 

adjacent to the wreck. 

Dieguez, L. V.; Hernandez, A. F.; Fernandez, J. J. G.

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons in surficial sediments of the 

Vigo estuary, Spain, central axis and 

adjacent shelf. Polycyclic Aromatic 

Compounds. 2002; 22 (2):161-173. ISSN: 1040-

6638. 

192
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Efendiyeva, I. M. Ecological problems of oil

exploration in the Caspian Sea area. Journal 

of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2000; 

28 (4):227-231. ISSN: 0920-4105. 

Evans, David D.; Mulholland, George W.; Baum, 

Howard R.; Walton, William D.; McGrattan,

Kevin B. In situ burning of oil spills. Journal 

of Research of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology. 2001; 106 (1):231-

278. ISSN: 1044-677X. 

NIST's role in establishing in situ burning as an

option to oil spill response is described in this 

article. The development of a smoke plume 

modelling software, the ALOFT-FT for 

personal computers, is also described. 

Ehlers, Laura J.; Luthy, Richard G. Contaminant 

bioavailability in soil and sediment.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(15):295A-302A. ISSN: 0013-936X.

This article describes the benefits of 

bioavailability as a tool in the cleanup of soils 

containing a number of contaminants, including 

PAHs. Fabi, G.; Grati, F.; Lucchetti, A.; Trovarelli, L. 

Evolution of the fish assemblage around a 

gas platform in the northern Adriatic Sea.

ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S309-S315. ISSN: 1054-3139.

Over a two-year period, monthly sampling with

a trammel net was conducted near a gas 

platform and at an open-sea control site to

investigate the effects of platforms on fish

assemblages. Researchers also observed

seasonal patterns of the fish assemblages at the 

two sites, as well as identifying species richness 

and establishing a diversity index. 

Ekundayo, E. O.; Emede, T. O.; Osayande, D. I. 

Effects of crude oil spillage on growth and 

yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in soils of

Midwestern Nigeria. Plant Foods for Human

Nutrition. 2001; 56 (4): 313-324. ISSN: 0921-

9668. 

Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D. Priority lists for persistent 

organic pollutants and emerging 

contaminants based on their relative toxic 

potency in environmental samples. TrAC - 

Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2004; 22

(10):655-665. ISSN: 0165-9936. 

Current estimates of the toxic equivalent

quantity for several environmental 

contaminants, including PAHs, are compiled in 

this overview of recently published data. 

Fang, Jianzhi. Instability Study of Oil Slicks 

Contained by Oil Boom Systems. Thesis (Ph.

D.): University of Miami; 2000; 136 leaves. 

Fattal, P.; Fishaut, B. Erika: a first assessment of

the impact of the cleaning techniques on the 

coastal morphology. Annales de Geographie. 

2002; (623):3-24. ISSN: 0003-4010. Elliot, A. J.; Jones, B. The need for operational 

forecasting during oil spill response. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 40 (2):110-121. ISSN: 

0025-326X.

Relying on response to the Sea Empress oil 

spill, authors argue for better coordination

between the scientific community and the 

U.K.'s Meteorological Office to facilitate realtime forecasting of oil spill movement. 

Findikakis, A. N.; Law, A. W. K.; Papadimitrakis, Y.

Assessment of the risk of shore 

contamination by offshore oil spills: model 

formulation. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, 

C. A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 209-

220. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

A simulation model has been developed which 

takes a number of factors into account following 

an oil spill, including the effect of the ocean and 

weather on the spread of a slick. The model also 

accounts for other aspects of a spill, including 

shore characteristics and the behavior of oil as it 

approaches the shoreline.

Fingas, Mervin F.; Charles, Jennifer. Basics of Oil 

Spill Cleanup. 2nd Edition; Boca Raton, Fl.: 

Lewis Publishers; 2000; 272 pp. ISBN: 

1566705371. 

Essiad, Hedeff I. et al. Inverse modeling of BTEX

dissolution and biodegradation at the

Bemidji, MN crude-oil spill site. Journal of

Contaminant Hydrology. 2003; 67 (1-4):269-

299. ISSN: 0169-7722. 

193
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Fritcher, D. L. et al. Evaluation of two direct 

immunoassays for rapid detection of 

petroleum products on marine birds. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (5):388-395. ISSN: 

0025-326X.

Two commercially available immunoassays

were evaluated for cost-effectiveness and 

efficiency by testing common murres captured 

near an oil spill. These products can be used in

the field to quickly identify unoiled birds that 

can be then be relocated, thereby reducing 

mortality due to captive handling. 

Fingas, Mervin; Brown, C. A review of the status of

advanced technologies for the detection of oil 

in and with ice. Spill Science & Technology

Bulletin. 2001; 6 (5-6):295-302. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

In this review, the authors assess current remote 

sensors used to detect oil in ice and with ice.

Acoustic, optical, and other methods are 

discussed in their ability to distinguish oil from

the non-oil heterogeneous matter of the ice. 

Fitzpatrick, M.; Warren, R.; Rkrol, N. South Arne 

field development: an environmental impact

assessment of oil spills. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. September 2000; 6

(2):133-144. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

As part of the requirement for obtaining field

development approval, a comprehensive 

environmental impact assessment was carried 

out. This paper presents a brief review of the 

methodology applied in the EIA and a summary

of the most important results. 

Fry, Carolyn. Map sends out warning of oil-spill 

black spots. New Scientist. 2003; 179

(2412):10. ISSN: 0262-4079. 

This article describes a map that details areas of

potential risk to oil spills in the Black Sea, 

which is being used by the International Tanker 

Owners Pollution Federation for preventive 

measures, in addition to reinforcing 

international agreements and assessing spill 

response preparedness of regional nations. 

Fletcher, Sam. Trinidad and Tobago seeks 

sustainable gas development. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (32):22-24. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Trinidad and Tobago's minister of energy and 

energy industries has proposed a plan to attract 

outside investments in order to double current

production levels and maintain sustainable 

development for natural gas resources. 

Fuel leaks from sunken Japan ship. Associated 

Press. July 24, 2001. 

The Takeo Maru, sunken in 1979 off Sakhalin

Island in Russia, began seeping oil that formed

a slick a half-mile long and 165 feet wide.

Emergency workers were collecting the oil, 

while divers attempted to stop up holes in the 

tanks. 

Fuel spilled from the tanker Jessica, which ran 

aground in a bay 850 meters from San 

Cristobal, Galápagos archipelago, threatened to

affect the rare species that are native to the 

islands. Emergency plans to relocate the species 

were being implemented. 

Furlow, William. As deepwater fields become more

complex, flow assurance issues change: 

custom solutions pit remediation against 

prevention. Offshore. 2002; 62 (12):40. ISSN: 

0030-0608. 

In deeper waters, hydrates and paraffins in oil 

flowlines are more intense because of low 

seabed temperatures. Operators are using a new 

approach to flowline assurance by insulating

deepwater pipes and continuously injecting a 

chemical inhibitor in order to maintain

continuous flow. 

Flores, H.; Andreatta, A.; Llona, G.; Saavedra, I. 

Measurements of oil spill spreading in a wave

tank using digital image processing. In

Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil 

and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis 

and Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 165-173. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

After analysis of oil spreading on the surface of 

water, the authors discovered that the speed of

dispersal exceeded results expected in Fay's 

spreading theory. 

Ford, N. Oil drilling vs. conservation, continued.

Scientific American. 2001; 285 (5):10. ISSN:

0036-8733. 

The opinion of the author challenges this nation

to uphold its commitment to a clean energy 

future that will enable the US to cut one third of 

today's consumption of oil. Attempting to

reduce consumption would require a massive 

change in emphasis and in funding priorities on

the part of the federal government. 

194
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Gage, John D. Deep-sea benthic community and 

environmental impact assessment at the 

Atlantic frontier. Continental Shelf Research. 

2001; 21 (8-10):957-986. ISSN: 0278-4343. 

The author argues for a profile of the 

community structure in the northeast Atlantic 

sea, so that future impacts from oil and gas 

production and other anthropogenic effects can

be measured. 

Gin, Karina Yew Hoong; Huda, Kamrul; Lim, Wee 

Kiat; Tkalich, Pavlo. An oil spill-food chain 

interaction model for coastal waters. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (7):590-597. ISSN: 

0025-326X.

A multiphase oil spill model, in combination

with a food chain model, was developed to

determine possible impacts of spills on marine

species. The model was then applied to the 1997

Evoikos-Orapin Global spill. 

Galápagos Islands threatened by second oil spill in 

less than two years. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2002; 44 (9):838. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Two thousand gallons of diesel fuel spilled from

the BAE Taurus in July 2002, threatening the 

beaches of Isabel Island in the Gálapagos 

archipelago. 

Global oil spill responsibility. Petroleum Review. 

2001; 55 (648):30. ISSN: 0020-3076. 

Glover, Adrian G.; Smith, Craig R. The deep-sea 

floor ecosystem: current status and prospects 

of anthropogenic change by the year 2025.

Environmental Conservation. 2003; 30 (3):219-

241. ISSN: 0376-8929. 

Authors relate a number of factors affecting the 

deep-sea floor ecosystem, including the effects 

of deep water drilling operations and impacts 

from accumulations of contaminated drill 

cuttings. They conclude that, given the

immensity of the deep-sea floor, anthropogenic 

influence on the ecosystem will be relatively 

small within the next 20 years. 

Gamini, Gabriella; Henderson, Mark. Galápagos

species in peril: Ecuador pleads for help to 

save animals from disaster. Ottawa Citizen. 

January 23, 2001; A 08. 

Garcia-Martinez, R. Some recommendations for 

testing oil spill computer models. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 97-105. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

This article lists various objectives that should

be achieved for the development of a standard

benchmark for the evaluation of oil dispersal

models. 

Gottinger, Hans W. Special issue - monitoring 

pollution accidents: the case of oil spills - 

preface and introduction. International 

Journal of Environment and Pollution. 2001; 15

(3):243-248. ISSN: 0957-4352. 

Graham-Rowe, Duncan. A slicker way to clean up 

oil tanker spills. New Scientist. 2003; 177 

(2385):16. ISSN: 0262-4079. 

The author describes a ship that is designed to

clean up spilled oil at sea. 

Grant, Alastair; Briggs, Andrew D. Toxicity of

sediments from around a North Sea oil

platform: are metals or hydrocarbons 

responsible for ecological impacts? Marine

Environmental Research. 2002; 53 (1):95-116. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Researchers investigated contaminated 

sediments associated with by-products of

offshore petroleum production, in an effort to

identify the components most responsible for 

toxicity in the benthic environment.

Hydrocarbons were found to be the most 

significant pollutant in the contaminated 

sediments. 

Gaspar, M. L.; Cabello, M. N.; Cazau, M. C.; Pollero, 

R. J. Effect of phenanthrene and Rhodotorula 

glutinis on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus 

colonization of maize roots. Mycorrhiza. 2002; 

12 (2):55-59. ISSN: 0940-6360. 

Gesteria, J. L. G.; Dauvin, Jean-Claude. Amphipods 

are good bioindicators of the impact of oil

spills on soft-bottom macrobenthic 

communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000;

40 (11):1017-1027. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Benthic community structures in areas affected

by different oil spills (Amaco Cadiz and Aegean 

Sea) are compared in this study. 

Ghannam, Mamdouh T.; Chaalal, Omar. Oil spill 

cleanup using vacuum technique. Fuel. 2003;

82 (7):789-797. ISSN: 0016-2361. 

Authors describe a vacuum method of cleaning

oil spills that promises to be quick, efficient and 

economical. This technique can operate under 

any environmental condition.

195
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Grimwood, M. J. (Ed.) Crude Oil Derived 

Petroleum Products in the Aquatic 

Environment: Priorities and Control. Bristol, 

UK: Env. Agency; 2001; 78 pp. ISBN:

1857052404. 

Grossi, Vincent.; Massias, Delphine.; Stora, G.; 

Bertrand, Jean-Claude. Burial, exportation 

and degradation of acyclic petroleum

hydrocarbons following a simulated oil spill 

in bioturbated Mediterranean coastal 

sediments. Chemosphere. 2002; 48 (9):947-

954. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A one-year study found that bioturbation 

processes have a significant influence on the 

fate of acyclic hydrocarbons following

petroleum contamination. Sizeable losses of 

hydrocarbons were contributed to the 

macrobenthic organisms, which aided in the 

degradation process. 

Guillen, G.; Rainey, Gail; Morin, M. A simple rapid 

approach using coupled multivariate

statistical methods, GIS and trajectory

models to delineate areas of common oil spill 

risk. Journal of Marine Systems. 2004; 45 (3-

4):221-235. ISSN: 0924-7963. 

Authors propose a model that combines cluster

analysis to real-time GIS data to identify areas 

of risk following oil spills in open waters. 

Guitart, C.; García-Flor, N.; Dachs, J.; Bayona, Josep 

M.; Albaigés, Joan. Evaluation of sampling 

devices for the determination of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in surface microlayer

coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2004; 48 (9-10):961-968. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

After testing four sampling devices, researchers 

concluded that a metal screen was the most 

efficient sampling method for finding PAHs in

the sea surface microlayer. 

Gulf oil spill dissipates; marine life unharmed.

Houston Chronicle. Houston,Tx.: Houston

Chronicle Publishing Company; April 3, 2001; 

A 16. 

On March 30, 2001, approximately 5,000

gallons of crude oil was spilled into the Gulf of

Mexico, 70 miles south of Galveston. Coast 

Guard officials reported that the oil had 

dissipated by the next morning posing no threat

to marine life. 

Guyomarch, Julien; Le Floch, Stéphane; Merlin, 

François-Xavier. Effect of suspended mineral 

load, water salinity and oil type on the size of

oil-mineral aggregates in the presence of 

chemical dispersant. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):95-100. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

Authors investigated the process of oil-mineral

aggregates and the formation of size and 

buoyancy in the presence of chemical 

dispersants to evaluate whether chemical

dispersion is an option for spill response in a

particular environment.

Haines, J. R.; Koran, K. M.; Holder, E. L.; Venosa, 

A. D. Protocol for laboratory testing of

crude-oil bioremediation products in 

freshwater conditions. Journal of Industrial

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2003; 30

(2):107-113. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

An EPA protocol for evaluation of

bioremediation products in marine

environments was revised for freshwater 

environments. Authors report on the results of

studies on four bioremediation products with

the revised protocol, noting that differences in

product performance were easily discerned 

using the protocol. 

Hall, S. J. Is offshore oil exploration good for 

benthic conservation? Trends in Ecology and 

Evolution. 2001; 16 (1):58. ISSN: 0169-5347. 

Resources needed to conduct large-scale 

surveys that would identify valuable seabed

communities and in particular, sessile epifauna

communities, are limited by most research

institutions. However, as part of the licensing

agreements for exploration, oil companies must 

provide an environmental impact assessment, 

which will provide the resources for distribution

data that will identify areas for protection.

Hall, S. J. The continental shelf benthic ecosystem: 

current status, agents for change and future 

prospects. Environmental Conservation. 2002;

29 (3):350-374. ISSN: 0376-8929. 

Hamada, Sei-Ichi. Remaining position of stranded 

oil in beach profiles. Report of the Geological

Survey of Hokkaido. 2001; 72; 73-84. ISSN: 

1345-3815. 

Hamlat, M. S.; Kadi, H.; Djeffal, S. Formation and 

prevention of NORM containing scale in the 

Algerian oil production. Revue Roumaine de 

Chimie. 2003; 48 (5):405-412. ISSN: 0035-

3930. 

Harkins, Timothy J. Oil Spill Response Techniques: 

Reactions to the Valdez Disaster. Thesis

(M.S.): SUNY Maritime College; 1999; 77

leaves. 

196
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Hester, Mark et al. Potential for Accelerated

Bioremediation and Restoration of OilImpacted Marshes Through the Selection of 

Superior Oil-Tolerant Vegetation. New

Orleans, La.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico 

OCS Region; May 2000; OCS Study MMS 

2000-042; 47 pp. 

Hawkins, S. J. et al. Recovery of polluted

ecosystems: the case for long-term studies.

Marine Environmental Research. 2002; 54 (3-

5):215-222. ISSN: 0141-1136. 

Authors propose possible pathways of recovery

for sites affected by pollution, and argue for 

long-term research to better understand the 

recovery process at impacted areas. 

Heubeck, Martin et al. Assessing the impact of 

major oil spills on seabird populations.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (7):900-

902. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The authors argue for a comprehensive, four

step oil spill impact assessment to monitor 

seabirds exposed to spilled oil. 

Hayes, Dan. Oilwatch gets tough on polluters.

Harts E & P. 2000; 73 (6):105. ISSN: 0164-

8322. 

This article describes the creation of Oilwatch, a

joint venture between several large oil 

operators, U.K.'s Defence Evaluation and 

Research Agency, and the Earth Observation 

Sciences, Ltd. The purpose of Oilwatch is to 

speed up responses to oil spills by using

satellites and new software applications. Hoberg, Max; Feder, Howard. The macrobenthos of

sites within Prince William Sound, Alaska, 

prior to the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

International Review of Hydrobiology. 2002; 87

(1):25-45. ISSN: 1434-2944. 

Authors present data on the benthic community

of Prince William Sound for the years 1982 and 

1990. Extreme variability in the fauna was 

noted within Rocky and Zaikov Bays between 

the two sampling periods. 

Helvey, Mark. Are southern California oil and gas 

platforms essential fish habitat? ICES Journal

of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S266-S271. ISSN: 1054-3139.

An oil and gas platform located in southern

California is slated for decommissioning. 

Federal agencies are consulting with the 

National Marine Fisheries Service to properly

evaluate fish assemblages around the platform

and its ecological structure and function for 

essential fish habitat. 

Holdway, D. A. The acute and chronic effects of 

wastes associated with offshore oil and gas 

production on temperate and tropical marine 

ecological processes. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2002; 44 (3):185-203. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Herrenkohl, Mark J.; Lunz, John D.; Sheets, Richard 

G.; Wakeman, John S. Environmental impacts 

of PAH and oil release as a NAPL or as

contaminated pore water from the 

construction of a 90-cm in situ isolation cap.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2001; 35

(24):4927-4932. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

A sediment cap was placed over PAHcontaminated sediments in an effort to restrain

the pollutant from leaching into the surrounding 

harbor near the Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor

Superfund site. Research on sediment cores 

showed that PAHs had not migrated up to the to 

10 cm of the sediment, and were contained by

the cap. 

Hopkins, Liz; Olleveant, Andrew. A collaborative

approach to the environmental assessment 

process prior to oil exploration activites 

offshore the Falkland Islands. Aquatic 

Conservation-Marine and Freshwater

Ecosystems. 2002; 12 (1):137-144. ISSN: 1052-

7613. 

This paper describes the cooperative approach

taken between offshore operators in establishing 

a framework for exploration that relies heavily 

on feedback from government agencies and 

environmental concerns. 

Hornaday, Bill W. Fort Worth, Texas, firm's device 

fights Mississippi River oil spill. KnightRidder/Tribune Business News. December 1, 

2000. 

SeaPatch, a magnetic device believed to be able

to stop leaking hulls immediately, was to be

tried on the Westchester. 

Herrick, Thaddeus. Oil companies grapple with 

how to dispose of abandoned platforms. The 

Wall Street Journal. Chicopee, Ma.: Dow Jones 

and Company Incorporated; June 27, 2001. 

There is controversy over what to do with

abandoned drilling platforms in the Gulf of

Mexico. One alternative is converting rigs into

artificial reefs. However, some 

environmentalists see this option as turning the 

gulf into an undersea junkyard. 

197
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Irvine, G. V. Persistence of spilled oil on shores 

and its effects on biota. In Sheppard, C. R. C. 

(Ed.) Seas at the Millennium: an Environmental 

Evaluation, v.3. 3rd Edition; New York: 

Pergamon Press; 2000; p. 267-281. ISBN:

0080432077. 

Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. Deepwater, deep gas focus 

of exploration work. Offshore. 2003; 63

(1):32-33. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Five-year projections for exploration in the Gulf

of Mexico show steady increases. As major oil

companies exit the mature basins, independent

and large companies are beginning to explore 

the deep and ultra-deepwater reservoirs. Itavaara, M.; Piskonen, R.; Rytkonen, J.

Biodegradation of crude oil in cold climatic

conditions. In Wise, D. L.; Trantolo, D. J.; 

Cichon, H. I.; Stottmeister, U. (Eds.) 

Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils 

(Environmental Science and Pollution Control

Series, v.22). New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000; 

p. 327-337. ISBN: 0-8247-0333-2. 

Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. Extensive

decommissioning work ahead for aging GoM 

platforms. Offshore. 2003; 60 (5):135-137.

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

The author presents a number of possible 

industry solutions for the thousands of 

unproductive and aging rigs presently located in 

the Gulf of Mexico. Janiot, Lucio Jose; Sericano, Jose Luis; Marcucci, 

Omar. Evidence of oil leakage from the Bahía

Paraíso wreck in Arthur Harbour,

Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46

(12):1619-1622. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

High-resolution gas chromatography was used 

to analyze water samples to assess sources and 

relative concentrations of hydrocarbons 

associated with oil and fuels aboard a ship that 

had wrecked in the Antarctic in 1989. 

Hupka, Jan. Proceedings of the 3rd International 

Conference on Oil Pollution - Gdansk, 

Poland, 08-11 Sept. 2002 - foreword.

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2004; 13

(3A):175. ISSN: 1018-4619. 

This foreword describes the topic of oil 

discharge that was the general focus of a recent

conference. Issues covered at the conference 

included bioremediation technology, analytical

procedures and characterization of 

contaminants, oil spills and oil sorption, and

pollution prevention. 

Jensen, Hans V.; Mullin, Joseph V. MORICE - new

technology for mechanical oil recovery in ice 

infested waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2003; 47 (9-12):453-469. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A coordinated effort among multinational

organizations and researchers has led to the 

development of a unit for removing oil in ice

that incorporates ice processing equipment and

alternative oil recovery units installed on a work

platform. 

Jézéquel, R.; Menot, L.; Merlin, F. X.; Prince, R. C. 

Natural cleanup of heavy fuel oil on rocks:

an in situ experiment. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (8):983-990. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Brest Harbor was used as a study site to 

examine the weathering process of Bunker C 

heavy oil on rocks that were subsequently 

exposed to the elements for a period of 556 

days. 

Huyter, Matthew G. Oil Spill Containment 

Technology, Techniques, and Selection.

Thesis (M.S.): SUNY Maritime College; 1999;

83 leaves. 

If offshore drilling rig sinks, huge oil spill from

underwater pipes is possible, Brazil warns.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 17, 2001; p. 12. 

A giant 40-story oil rig off the coast of Rio de 

Janeiro State, was crippled by an explosion to

its pillar supporting the rig. Approximately

400,000 gallons of oil was reported to be aboard

the platform as it began to sink. Cleanup crews 

responded immediately by stationing floating 

barriers around the rig.

Indonesia and Norway to set up an oil spill

response unit. Jakarta Post. March 3, 2001. 

Norway's Ministry of Maritime Affairs and

Fisheries, in cooperation with the Ministry of

International Development, signed an

agreement to establish an oil spill response unit 

in Indonesia. Over the years Indonesia has been 

used as a dumpsite for oil residue from foreign

and domestic ships. Indonesia faces the problem

of a lack of adequate rules and law enforcement 

for oil spill incidents. 

198
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Kaur, Karamjit. Oil spills after tanker runs 

aground. Straits Times (Singapore). Singapore

Press Holdings Limited; October 4, 2000; 39. 

The Panama-registered oil tanker, Natuna Sea, 

ran aground October 3, 2000, 8 km from

Sentosa. 7,000 tones of crude oil leaked out into

Indonesian waters. Maritime and Port 

Authorities of Singapore are implementing spill 

response strategies to contain the oil spill and

prevent it from spreading to Singapore waters. 

Jones, B. A comparison of visual observations of

surface oil with Synthetic Aperture Radar 

imagery of the Sea Empress oil spill.

International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2001;

22 (9):1619-1638. ISSN: 0143-1161. 

After analyzing SAR imagery with visual 

observations of the Sea Empress oil spill, the 

author found cases where the SAR imagery 

indicated the thickness of the oil spill. However, 

this only occurred under certain environmental 

conditions, with low wind speeds on the surface 

of the slick. Kazakh government orders oil majors to halt 

work after spill. Agence France Presse. 

France: Agence France Presse; April 20, 2001.

On April 20, 2001, the Kazakhstan's 

government ordered a consortium of Western 

oil majors to halt production activity at a mobile 

rig off the Caspian Sea after an oil spill 

occurred. 210 liters of oil leaked into the sea 

during the testing of the West Kashagan well. 

Jones, Nicola. Oil spills show they can stick 

around. New Scientist. 2002; 176 (2366):21. 

ISSN: 0262-4079. 

Trapped oil remains in oxygen-deprived

sediments off the cost of Massachusetts, in an

area that sustained environmental damage from

a major oil spill some 30 years ago. New data

collected by chemists suggests that 

contamination could persist indefinitely in this 

environment. Kazakhstan clears up oil spill from submerged 

well. Global News Wire. Interfax News Agency; 

April 2, 2001. 

A submerged oil well at the South-western 

Tajigali deposit in the Kazakh sector of the 

Caspian Sea leaked about 200 tons of oil into 

the sea. An absorbent floating barrier was

erected around the well to collect and prevent 

the oil from spreading to other locations. 

Jones, Nicola. Spills' lethal legacy lives on. New 

Scientist. 2003; 178 (2389):16. ISSN: 0262-

4079. 

Researchers began studying the effects of 

weathered oil on local mussels, noting

toxicological effects and specific toxins 

responsible for changes in the health of 

individual bivalves. Khan, Faisal I.; Husain, Tahir; Hejazi, Ramzi. An

overview and analysis of site remediation 

technologies. Journal of Environmental 

Management. 2004; 71 (2):95-122. ISSN: 0301-

4797. 

An analysis and summary of site remediation

techniques are presented in the hopes of giving

aid in the selection and implementation of

appropriate technologies for site cleanup. 

Kim, Yong-Jin; Osako, Masahiro. Leaching 

characteristics of polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAHs) from spiked sandy 

soil. Chemosphere. 2003; 51 (5):387-395.

ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Researchers looked at a number of factors 

influencing the leachability of organic 

pollutants. It was recommended that an

alternative reagent be used in the place of 

dissolved humic matter (DHM) in leaching 

experiments, due to a lack of uniformity in

DHMs.

Jørgensen, Terje; Løkkeborg, Svein; Soldal, Aud 

Vold. Residence of fish in the vicinity of a 

decommissioned oil platform in the North 

Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S288-S293. ISSN: 1054-3139.

Transmitters were surgically implanted into fish

caught near a decommissioned platform in the 

Norwegian sector of the North Sea. 

Researchers anchored receivers around the 

decommissioned platform and at another

platform 8 km away to monitor the presence of 

the tagged fish. From May to August 1998, data 

was collected from both sites to determine the 

residence of the tagged fish around the artificial 

reef. 

Kapustka, Lawrence A. Establishing eco-SSLs for 

PAHs: lessons revealed from a review of 

literature on exposure and effects to 

terrestrial receptors. Human and Ecological 

Risk Assessment. 2004; 10 (2):185-205. ISSN: 

1080-7039. 

A review of published research on PAHs found

that only 4% met the minimum criteria for the 

US EPA’s ecological soil-screening values. 

199
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Kuwait tries to contain spill of oil. Associated 

Press. October 30, 2001. 

A Panamanian-registered tanker carrying 3,500

tons of heavy crude oil ran aground in shallow

waters off Boubyan, the largest of Kuwait's 

uninhabited islands. Officials report that the

tanker's captain had deliberately tried to pollute 

Kuwait's beaches. Reports indicated that the

tanker was not damaged. Kuwait's government

activated a national emergency plan to contain 

and clean up the spill. 

Kingston, Emily. Pakistan sues shipping company 

after oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003;

46 (10):1216. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A $1 billion suit has been filed by the Karachi 

Port Trust for an oil spill caused by the 

grounding of the Greek-registered Tasman 

Spirit. The spill impacted 16 kilometers of

beach and threatened rare turtle breeding areas 

along the coast. 

Kingston, P. F.; Runciman, D.; McDougall, J. Oil 

contamination of sedimentary shores of the 

Galápagos Islands following the wreck of the

Jessica. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (7-

8):303-312. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Samples of beach sediments were collected 

from a variety of sites located in the southern

Galápagos Archipelago following the wreck of

the Jessica. Low levels of hydrocarbon

contamination were noted for most sites. 

Kvenvolden, K. A.; Cooper, C. K. Natural seepage 

of crude oil into the marine environment.

Geo - Marine Letters. 2003; 23 (3-4):140-146. 

ISSN: 0276-0460. 

Natural seeps account for approximately 47% of 

all crude oil entering the marine environment, 

and, as a category, surpasses each type of 

human-induced introduction. The amount of

seepage is estimated at 600,000 metric tons per 

year, but may reach as high as 2,000,000 metric 

tons, according to the authors.

Kingston, Paul F. Long-term environmental impact 

of oil spills. Spill Science & Technology

Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):53-61. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

The author defines long-term environmental

impact and recovery based on specific 

environments, the organisms and plants that live 

there, and the type of oil that is spilled into that 

environment.

Lacerda, L. D.; Rezende, C. E.; Ovalle, Á. R. C.; 

Carvalho, C. E. V. Mercury distribution in 

continental shelf sediments from two offshore 

oil fields in southeastern Brazil. Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2004; 72 (1):178-185. ISSN: 0007-4861.

Sediment samples were collected during the 

winter and summer months of 1998-1999,

around platforms south of the Paraíba do Sul

River mouth and along the Campos coast.

Analysis of data suggests terrigenous influence 

of Hg in sediments around platforms, although

it is difficult to establish the effects of oil 

producing activities on concentrations of the 

metal in sediments. 

Lambton, J. W. (Ian). Summary of field equipment 

requirements for responding to riverine oil 

spills in ice. Spill Science & Technology

Bulletin. 2002; 7 (3/4):173-181. ISSN: 1353-

2561. 

This paper summarizes the technological 

requirements and equipment needed for oil spill 

responses in icy environments, based on data

collected from oil spill responses in Western

Canada. 

Korotenko, K. A.; Mamendov, R. M.; Mooers, C. N.

K. Prediction of the dispersal of oil transport 

in the Caspian Sea resulting from a 

continuous release. Spill Science &

Technology. 2000; 6 (5-6):323-339. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

The 3-D hybrid flow/transport model presented 

in this paper is divided into three major 

modules: input, trajectory and fate prediction

algorithms and output; the latter, in turn, is 

subdivided into the oil data output and

environmental data output. The combination of

incident-specific environmental data and spilled 

oil characteristics allows conducting diagnostic 

and prognostic simulations of behavior of the 

oil slick in the marine environment. 

Kreuzer, Heidi. Westchester incident highlights oil 

spill concerns. Pollution Engineering. 2001; 33

(1):9-10. ISSN: 0032-3640. 

Krotikov, V. D.; Mordvinkin, I. N.; Pelyushenko, A.

S.; Pelyushenko, S. A.; Rakut, I. V.

Radiometric methods of remote sensing of oil 

spills on water surfaces. Radiophysics and 

Quantum Electronics. 2002; 45 (3):220-229.

ISSN: 0033-8443. 

200
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Lenhart, Melissa; Savage, Kevin. Vapor combustion 

solves odor problem at marine crude-oil 

terminal. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (40):78-

83. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Over the years a subsidiary of B.C. Gas,

Vancouver, had experienced periodic odor

problems at its Westridge marine terminal in

Burnaby, B.C., from the loading of sour crudes 

and condensates. TMPL's Westridge marine 

facility operates the only pipeline system

transporting crude oil and petroleum products

from Alberta to the western coast of British

Columbia. Complaints from neighboring

communities regarding odors of sour crude 

forced the facility to install the vaporcombustion system designed by John Zink Co.,

Tulsa. The vapor-combustion unit is capable of

handling a wide variety of products

simultaneously, as well as other high

performance design features. 

Le Floch, Stéphane et al. The influence of salinity 

on oil-mineral aggregate formation. Spill 

Science &Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):65-

71. ISSN: 1353-2561.

In a laboratory experiment, oil-mineral 

aggregate formation was tested in diluted

seawater to obtain a salinity range to predict the 

significance of this process for the removal of

stranded oil in coastal marine environments. 

Le Hir, Maryvonne; Hily, Christian. First 

observations in a high rocky-shore 

community after the Erika oil spill 

(December 1999, Brittany, France). Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (11):1243-1252. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Researchers identify changes in community 

structure in various habitats of an upper shore

area following a major oil spill. Long-term

monitoring is recommended to track the 

progression of ecological successions towards a 

new stable community structure. Lessard, R. R.; Demarco, G. The significance of oil 

spill dispersants. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin. 2000; 6 (1):59-68. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

This paper provides basic information about the 

use of dispersants as a tool for responding to oil

spills. It also provides an overview of dispersant

principles and advantages and summarizes the 

development of COREXIT 9500, a new formula 

capable of dispersing heavy and weathered oils. 

Lederer, Cynthia Anne. Geographic Specific 

Tactical Response Plan: a Practical Guide

for Oil Spill Management and Response.

Thesis (Ph. D.): The Union Institute; 1999; 104 

leaves. 

Lee, J. C.; Lee, K. Y. Emulsification using 

environmental compatible emulsifiers and 

de-emulsification using DC field and 

immobilized Nocardia amarae. Biotechnology

Letters. 2000; 22 (14):1157-1163. ISSN: 0141-

5492. 

Lin, Qianxin; Mendelssohn, Irving A.; Carney, 

Kenneth; Bryner, Nelson P.; Walton, William

D. Salt marsh recovery and oil spill 

remediation after in-situ burning: effects of 

water depth and burn duration.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36

(4):576-581. ISSN: 0013-936X. Lee, Kenneth. Oil-particle interactions in aquatic 

environments: influence on the transport, 

fate, effect and remediation of oil spills. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):3-8.

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Research efforts are being focused on the 

mechanisms and factors that influence the rate 

and extent of oil-mineral aggregates, and how 

this contributes to the removal of stranded oil in

secluded intertidal environments. 

Linden, O.; Husain, T. Impact of wars; the Gulf 

War 1990-91. Gulf Ecosystem: Health and 

Sustainability (Series: Ecovision World

Monograph Series). Leiden, Netherlands: 

Backhuys; 2002; p. 279-290. ISBN: 90-5782-

106-0. 

Lipscombe, Ray. Australia's tyranny of distance in 

oil spill response. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin. 2000; 6 (1):13-25. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

This paper has been prepared to identify 

problems with small oil spill response by

personnel in Australia, when compared to

possibilities of facing larger spills from sources 

like large tankers. 

201
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Literathy, P.; Quinn, M.; Al-Rashed, M. Pollution

potential of oil-contaminated soil on

groundwater resources in Kuwait. Water 

Science and Technology. 2003; 47 (7-8):259-

265. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

MacAvoy, Stephen E.; Carney, Robert S.; Fisher, 

Charles R.; Macko, Stephen A. Use of

chemosynthetic biomass by large, mobile, 

benthic predators in the Gulf of Mexico.

Marine Ecology - Progress Series. 2002;

225;65-78. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

The benthic community living around a 

hydrocarbon seep was the focus of a study to

determine what role chemosynthetic material

played in the nutritional needs of predatory 

species that thrived in the area. 

Løkkeborg, Svein; Humborstad, Odd-Børre;

Jørgensen, Terje; Soldal, Aud Vold. Spatiotemporal variations in gillnet catch rates in 

the vicinity of North Sea oil platforms. ICES 

Journal of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S294-S299. ISSN: 1054-3139. 

Results obtained from three fishing experiments 

conducted around an oil platform in the North 

Sea provided data for potential commercial 

fishing sites. This data may also provide enough

information for the use of decommissioned oil

platforms as artificial reefs. 

Madaeni, Sayed Siavash; Yeganeh, Mehrdad

Kasrayie. Microfiltration of emulsified oil 

wastewater. Journal of Porous Materials. 

2003; 10 (2):131-138. ISSN: 1380-2224.

Polyvinylidenefluoride membranes were tested

for the treatment of emulsified oil wastewater. 

Researchers determined the best operating 

conditions for filtration, and investigated the 

effects of concentration of contaminants and pH 

on filtration efficiency. 

Losh, Steven; Cathles, Lawrence; Meulbroek, Peter.

Gas washing of oil along a regional transect, 

offshore Louisiana. Organic Geochemistry. 

2002; 33 (6):655-663. ISSN: 0146-6380.

GC data was used to plot the mass depletion of

n-alkanes from oils found along the Louisiana 

coastline, in a transect extending 180 kilometers 

into the Gulf of Mexico. Gas washing was 

found to occur at extremely high rates near to 

the coast, yet diminished to nil at the south end 

of the transect. 

Maliszewska-Kordybach, Barbara. Soil quality

criteria for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

- current information and problems.

Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2003; 12

(8):919-924. ISSN: 1018-4619. 

This review synthesizes data collected in 

numerous studies regarding PAH content of

soils in several European countries, as well as 

policies and regulatory measures to address the 

contamination. In conclusion, it suggests that

working towards a harmonized European

database on PAH content in soils would be 

beneficial. 

Malnic, Eric. Oil slick is traced to sunken ship; 

pollution: the substance that has killed birds 

in the Bay area for years leaks from fuel

tanks of vessel that sank in 1953. Los Angeles 

Times. Los Angeles, Ca.: Times Mirror 

Company; February 9, 2002; B 12. 

Using a remote-controlled submarine, the task

force studied the wreckage of the Luckenbach, 

an oil tanker that sank some 50 years ago 

southwest of the Golden Gate Bridge. Samples 

of oil collected from the sea surface were taken 

and compared with the oil previously collected. 

Experts were able to conclude that the samples 

of oil matched.

Lu, J. Marine oil spill detection, statistics and 

mapping with ERS SAR imagery in southeast Asia. International Journal of Remote

Sensing. 2003; 24 (15):3013-3032. ISSN: 0143-

1161. 

In this paper, a four-step process is described 

for successful ocean oil spill monitoring using 

data generated by ERS-1/2 SAR imagery.

Lyndon, Alastair R. Long-term impact of 

Massachusetts oil spill. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 46 (1):6. ISSN: 0025-326X.

This article reviews a recent study investigating 

the long-term impact of heavy oil that remains 

in deep sediments off the cost of Massachusetts 

following an oil spill that occurred in 1969. 

202
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Marshall, Paul A.; Edgar, Graham J. The effect of 

the Jessica grounding on subtidal

invertebrate and plant communities at the 

Galápagos wreck site. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2003; 47 (7-8):284-295. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Following the grounding of the Jessica, the 

wreckage caused a shallow furrow 

approximately 50 by 30 meters to be gouged out

in a species-rich area. Concerns over the 

introduction of foreign species into the area 

prompted researchers to assess the distribution 

and abundance of biota within 100 meters of the 

wreck. Researchers did observe large amounts 

of indigenous organisms, including algae and 

large barnacles relatively soon after the 

accident. 

McCay, Deborah P. French; Peterson, Charles H.; 

DeAlteris, Joseph T.; Catena, John. Restoration 

that targets function as opposed to structure: 

replacing lost bivalve production and 

filtration. Marine Ecology - Progress Series. 

2003; 264;197-212. ISSN: 0171-8630

The North Cape oil spill impacted bivalve 

populations along the Rhode Island coast. In

this paper, a modelling approach was used to

estimate population impacts on surf clams, and 

scaling restoration was employed to develop the 

optimal recovery scenario for the species. 

McCay, Deborah P. French; Rowe, Jill J. Habitat 

restoration as mitigation for lost production 

at multiple trophic levels. Marine Ecology - 

Progress Series. 2003; 264;233-247. ISSN: 

0171-8630. 

Scaling restoration was employed to assess 

recovery habitat following the North Cape oil 

spill. Data from a trophic model suggests the 

restoration of seagrass beds over salt marsh

restoration, based on estimates of primary

production and benthic faunal production after 

re-establishment. 

Martinez, M. G. et al. Diagnostic and resulting 

approaches to restore petroleumcontaminated soil in a Mexican tropical

swamp. Water Science and Technology. 2000; 

42 (5-6):377-384. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Masak, Jan; Machackova, Jirina; Siglova, Martina;

Cejkova, Alena; Jirku, Vladimir. Capacity of

the bioremediation technology for clean-up 

of soil and groundwater contaminated with 

petroleum hydrocarbons. Journal of

Environmental Science and Health Part A - 

Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental

Engineering. 2003; 38 (10):2447-2452. ISSN: 

1093-4529. 

A column reactor was used to assess the 

efficiency of new technology employed in the 

cleanup of hydrocarbon pollution at an airport

site. 

McCleneghan, Kim; Reitter, Gary A.; Hardwick, 

James E.; McGovern, Patrick T. Management 

of oil spill response and cleanup in a river 

under severe winter conditions. Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin . 2002; 7 (3-4):163-172. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

This paper describes recovery after an oil spill 

into the East Walker River near Bridgeport, 

California, during the winter months. Issues

concerning the safety of workers, equipment

and legal issues surrounding the recovery are 

also addressed. 

McGirk, Jan. 'Incalculable damage' as oil spills 

into sea off Galápagos. Independent (London). 

London: Newspaper Publishing PLC; January

22, 2001; 13. 

Off the coast of San Cristobal island, 1,000 

gallons of heavy fuel known as IFO-120 began

to leak from a crack in the wrecked diesel 

tanker Jessica into the fragile ecosystem of the 

archipelago. A US Coast Guard team rushed to

the Galápagos Islands to help prevent the 

stricken tanker from polluting the pristine 

waters of the remote archipelago. 

Mayer, P. et al. Sensing dissolved sediment 

porewater concentrations of persistent and 

bioaccumulative pollutants using disposable

solid-phase microextraction fibers.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2000; 34

(24):5177-5183. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

McCay, Deborah P. French; Gibson, Mark; Cobb, J. 

Stanley. Scaling restoration of American 

lobsters: combined demographic and 

discounting model for an exploited species.

Marine Ecology - Progress Series. 2003;

264;177-196. ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Following population losses of American

lobsters due to the North Cape oil spill, 

researchers create a model for estimating the 

impact of the spill on populations, as well as 

develop a restoration course of action that is 

believed to be the most reliable for recovery of

the species. 

203
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

McMillan, John. Texaco to settle suit for $10 

million; details being finalized, official says.

Advocate. Baton Rouge, La.: Capitol City Press; 

October 20, 2000;B 07. 

In 1997 a suit was filed against Texaco and its 

subsidiary, Texaco Exploration and Production 

Inc., by the Lafourche Basin Levee District for 

environmental damages that occurred in the Bay 

de Chene area of Lafourche Parish. It is noted 

that Texaco had 130 oil wells operating in the 

area at one time, and had been operating on

several thousands of acres in the area since the 

early 1940s. 

Mendelssohn, Irving A.; Slocum, Matthew G. 

Relationship between soil cellulose 

decomposition and oil contamination after an

oil spill at Swanson Creek, Maryland. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 48 (3-4):359-370. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

In a brackish intertidal marsh, the decay of 

organic matter as measured by cellulose 

decomposition was not found to be affected by

concentrations of oil components that remained 

from a recent spill. 

Meyer, J. F. C. A.; Cantão, R. F.; Poffo, I. R. F. Oil 

spill movement in coastal seas; modeling and 

numerical simulations. In Garcia-Martinez, 

R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 

1998; p. 23-32. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

Results from the research of oil spill modelling

and simulation in Brazil are presented in this 

paper. 

McStay, D. et al. A multi-capability sensor for 

hydrocarbons, synthetic-based fluids and 

heavy metals: applications for environmental

monitoring during removal of drill cutting

piles. Underwater Technology. 2002; 25 (2):69-

75. ISSN: 0141-0814. 

Means, Steve R.; Mehdizadeh, Parviz. New

technology improves portable well testing 

units. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (44):36-38. 

ISSN: 0030-1388

Over the last 2 years, the portable well testing 

trailer device was compared with the 

performance of conventional automatic welltesting measurements. The portable well testing

device allows an operator to optimize a field's 

performance by shutting in wells, working them

over or stimulating them. Conventional well 

testing involves gravity separation of the 

production stream into oil, water, and gas. This 

new multiphase measurement technology for on

line determination of oil, water and gas volumes 

are accurate and consistent. 

Michel, Jacqueline. Assessment and

recommendations for the oil spill cleanup of 

Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (1):89-96. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

Michel, Jacqueline; Henry, Charles B., Jr.; Thumm,

Stephen. Shoreline assessment and

environmental impacts from the M/T 

Westchester oil spill in the Mississippi River.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (3-

4):155-161. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Authors review possible reasons for a successful

recovery after an oil spill, including rapid

deployment of booms, and environmental and 

meteorological events that kept the oil contained

and easily accessible by recovery personnel. 

Moritis, Guntis. North Sea giant gas field 

approaches final months. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (28):42-46. ISSN: 0030-1388.

The Frigg field, located on the median line 

between the Norwegian and UK sectors of the 

North Sea, poses a complex decommissioning 

and abandonment challenge. Production is 

expected to cease as early as 2003, with the 

decommissioning process lasting another 8 

years. 

Mearns, Alan; Watabayashi, Glen; Lankford, Jeff. 

Dispersing oil near shore in the California 

Current region. California Cooperative 

Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports. 2001; 

42;97-109. ISSN: 0575-3317. 

Results of mathematical models of different oil

spill responses were revealed to ecological risk

assessment workshops, in order to arrive at a

consensus between competing interests. It was 

determined that chemical dispersion models 

showed the best results for survivability of the 

marine community.

204
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Mullin, Joseph V.; Lane, James S. R & D users 

guide to the Ohmsett oil spill response test 

facility. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 

2000; 6 (1):77-87. ISSN: 1353-2561.

The world's largest oil spill response test 

facility, Ohmsett, is used to test advanced stateof-the-art response technology and to provide 

independent performance testing and 

assessment of oil containment and mechanical 

collection systems. 

Morrison, R. D. An environmental forensics focus 

on petroleum hydrocarbons. Environmental 

Forensics. 2002; 3 (3-4):203. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Mostafawi, Nasser. How severely was the Persian 

Gulf affected by oil spills following the 1991 

Gulf War? Environmental Geology. 2001; 40

(10):1185-1191. ISSN: 0943-0105. 

After studying fauna in the northwestern part of

the Persian Gulf, it was concluded that 

contamination from oil spills had greatly 

impacted the biological community in that area. Munawar, M. et al. Aquatic ecosystem health of the

Arabian Gulf: status and research needs. In

Khan, N. Y.; Munawar, M.; Price, A. R. G.

(Eds.) Gulf Ecosystem: Health and

Sustainability (Series: Ecovision World

Monograph Series). Leiden, Netherlands: 

Backhuys; 2002; p. 303-325. ISBN: 90-5782-

106-0. 

Mudge, Stephen M. Reassessment of the 

hydrocarbons in Prince William Sound and 

the Gulf of Alaska: identifying the source 

using partial least-squares. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2002; 36 (11):2354-

2360. ISSN: 0013-936X.

Assessment of data from two sources indicates 

that the pre-spill background of hydrocarbons in

Prince William Sound comes from mixed

sources (coal and oil seeps), although there is

considerable variation within the geographic 

area. 

Muniz, Pablo et al. Assessment of contamination by 

heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in 

sediments of Montevideo Harbour 

(Uruguay). Environment International. 2004; 

29 (8):1019-1028. ISSN: 0160-4120.

Samples of contaminated sediments were 

collected at eight locations within Montevideo

Harbor, Uruguay, during summer and winter of

1998 to establish the spatial distribution of

anthropogenic pollutants. 

Mudge, Stephen. M.; Miller, N. Removing mineral 

oil residues from beaches with vegetable oils. 

In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). 

Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling,

Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 323-

332. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

Biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil was shown

to dissolve heavy fractions of weathered Brent

crude oil in artificial sand columns. In addition,

periodic washing with clean seawater also lifted 

more crude oil from the sediment than untreated 

sands. 

Muschenheim, D. K.; Lee, Kenneth. Removal of oil 

from the sea surface through particulate 

interactions: review and prospectus. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 8 (1):9-

18. ISSN: 1353-2561.

Using laboratory and field studies, researchers 

investigated the role of oil-particle interactions

in the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons to

determine the influence of environmental 

factors within a short time of the spill event. 

Myers, Phil; Engelhardt, Jerry. New spill rule for US 

tank management due out this year. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (29):56-65. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The Spills Prevention Control and 

Countermeasures (SPCC) response plan invokes 

industry standards as a requirement for 

implementation at most petroleum distribution

facilities, in an effort to prevent spills and 

improve response. 

Mueller, Danica C. et al. The use of toxicity 

bioassays to monitor the recovery of oiled 

wetland sediments. Environmental Toxicology

and Chemistry. 2003; 22 (9):1945-1955. ISSN: 

0730-7268. 

Investigators compared assays for predicting 

toxicity in petroleum-contaminated wetland

sediments. Of the six assays tested, the best 

results came from the Mictotox 100% test, the 

Microtox Solid Phase Test, and an amphipod 

assay. 

205
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Neff, Jerry M. Environmental Impacts of 

Synthetic-based Drilling Fluids. New Orleans, 

La.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Region; 2000; OCS Study MMS 2000-064; 121

pp. 

Nagashima, H.; Ono, Y.; Sekiguchi, M. Evaluation 

of aquatic environment by polyaromatic 

hydrocarbon concentration and induction of 

EROD activity in HepG2 cells. Chemistry 

Letters. 2002; (10):1070-1071. ISSN: 0366-

7022. 

Nelson, Paul. Australia's national plan to combat

pollution of the sea by oil and other noxious 

and hazardous substances overview and 

current issues. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin. 2000; 6 (1):3-11. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

A Research Development and Technology 

Assessment steering committee is responsible 

for implementing a computer-based National

Oil Spill Response Atlas, which will be used as 

strategy for research and development

associated with ship-sourced marine pollution

and response. 

Naidenko, V. V.; Grechkanev, O. M. The state of

components of the biota as an indicator of

disturbances in natural ecosystems exposed 

to petrochemical pollution. Russian Journal of

Ecology. 2002; 33 (1):62-64. ISSN: 1067-4136. 

Morphological variability was analyzed in

ground beetles (Pterostichus cupreum) and fruit

flies (Drosophila melanogaster) near the 

NORSI Oil Company plant, Russia. A reduction 

in body size of the ground beetle was 

discovered, as were morphological changes in

the fruit flies over generations when compared

to control groups. It is believed that high levels

of air pollution recorded around the oil-refining 

plant are affecting the normal development of

animal populations in the area. 

Nelson, Rob; Turni, Karen. Spill floods river with 

oil. New Orleans Times-Picayune. New

Orleans, La.: Times-Picayune Publishing

Company; November 30, 2000; A 01, 06-07. 

On November 27, 2000, a 26-mile stretch of the 

Mississippi River near Port Sulphur and 

Plaquemines Parish was shut down to ship

traffic, due to an oil spill. A half-million gallons

of oil flooded the lower Mississippi River after 

a tanker lost power and ran aground. Hundreds

of environmentalist and marine workers 

descended on the area near Port Sulphur and

Plaquemines Parish to keep an watchful eye on

wildlife. 

Najar, A. M.; Turner, J. T. Enhanced oil recovery

using the rotating-disc skimmer. Proceedings

of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part 

E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. 

2000; 214 (4):271-282. ISSN: 0954-4089.

In an effort to improve recovery rates of disc

skimmers, experiments were carried out 

exploring the effects of disc spacing, disc 

thickness, rotational speeds and oil viscosity on

the amount of oil recovered. Authors note that

the addition of a rim scoop significantly 

enhanced recovery rates. Nicholson, Benjamin L.; Perakis, Anastassios N.;

Bulkley, Jonathan W. Seaborne petrochemical 

spill analysis within the United States, 1992-

1999. Environmental Management. 2003; 31

(4):532-545. ISSN: 0364-152X. 

To understand the causes of petrochemical

spills, researchers provide a logical and 

organizational outline capable of presenting a 

hierarchical progression of events leading up to 

an oil spill. 

Northcott, Grant L.; Jones, Kevin C. Validation of 

procedures to quantify nonextractable 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in 

soil. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2003; 

32 (2):571-582. ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Three extraction methods were used on different

soil mass ratios, degrees of dryness, and hours 

of exposure to discover the optimum procedure 

for removal of PAHs. 

Nam, Kyoungphile; Kukor, Jerome J. Combined 

ozonation and biodegradation for 

remediation of mixtures of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in soil.

Biodegradation. 2000; 11 (1):1-9. ISSN: 0923-

9820. 

Nature works in cleanup crews' favor in 

Galápagos. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles,

Ca.: Times Mirror Company; January 24, 

2001;A 01. 

As cleanup crews continued to contain the oil

spill caused by the wrecked tanker Jessica, 

favorable ocean currents spared one of the 

world’s most significant and sensitive 

ecosystems from an ecological disaster. 

According to the Ecuadorian president's office, 

the 160,000-gallons of oil and diesel fuel was 

partially dissipated by wind and ocean currents, 

and had pushed out into the Pacific Ocean, 

away from the islands. 

206
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Oil spill found in Mississippi River. The Associated

Press State & Local Wire. August 29, 2001. 

Coast Guard officials discovered an oil spill 

stretching for about 10 miles in the Mississippi 

River near New Orleans. Plans were made to 

survey the spill from the air and a cleanup crew 

was summoned to the area. No estimate had 

been made on how much oil had spilled.

Norwegian vessel fined for dumping oily bilge 

water off Nova Scotia. AP Worldstream. April 

23, 2001. 

Operators of the Bahamian-registered vessel, 

the Sandviken, pleaded guilty to the charge of 

spilling thousands of liters of oily bilge water 

off the coast of Nova Scotia in October 2000. 

The vessel was fined $25,600. An 8-mile slick 

coated an area about 35 miles southwest of 

Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, an area frequented by

thousands of migratory birds. 

Oil spill moves to center of Galápagos ecosystem.

New York Times. New York, NY: New York

Times Company; January 23, 2001;A 06. 

Dispersants and absorbents were being used to

recover and lessen the effects of the spill that

was caused by the oil tanker Jessica, which ran 

aground on January 16, 2001, off the coast of 

San Cristobal. 

Ogus, Ayla. Three Essays on Accidental Oil Spills.

Thesis (Ph. D.): Boston College; 1999; 111 

leaves. 

O'Harra, Doug. Scientists still finding oil after 1989

Exxon Valdez spill. The Nando Times. 

Anchorage Daily News: Nando Media; July 16, 

2001. 

In a project funded by the Exxon Valdez Oil 

Spill State/Federal Trustee Council, a team of

scientists is surveying some of the most oiled

beaches around the Sound by digging pits 

randomly at selected locations to determine how 

much surface and subsurface oil remains. 

Oil spill off Oregon could hit California. Los

Angeles Times. Los Angeles, Ca.: Times Mirror 

Company; August 11, 2001; B 10. 

Twelve thousands gallons of fuel oil was spilled

during a transfer from one tank to another 

aboard the vessel MS Tristan. The vessel was 35

miles off Newport, Oregon, heading north to 

Tacoma, Washington. 

Oil Spill Risks From Tank Vessel Lightering.

Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 

1998; 125 pp. ISBN: 0309061930. 

Oil leaks from cargo ship on rocks off Norway.

Reuters News Service. December 27, 2000. 

Norwegian anti-pollution authorities rushed to

clean up a spill after the John R ran aground on

rocks off the coast. The spill was roughly 3 km

by 3 km in size. Oil spill threatens Kazakh Caspian sector. BBC 

Worldwide Monitoring. March 30, 2001. 

Local rescuers cleaned up an oil patch 20 meters 

wide and 1.5 km long by hand in the southwest

Kazakh sector of the Caspian Sea. The oil had 

been frozen, but as the ice and snow melted oil 

was discovered leaking from the surface. 

Ecologist believe that a combination of heavy 

oil and shallow water will lead to a build up of

contaminated sediments for years to come. 

Oil tanker threats environmental disaster in the

Gulf. Euronews (Online). April 15, 2001. 

A tanker smuggling Iraqi oil sank in the Persian

Gulf, threatening pollution along Dubai's coast. 

Oil rigs jostle sperm whales in the Gulf of Mexico.

Environment News Service. May 24, 2001. 

Researchers conducted studies to determine the 

effects of increased deepwater offshore oil and 

gas exploration on endangered sperm whales in

the Gulf of Mexico. 

Oil spill concerns linger after Brazil platform 

disaster. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (13):24-

25. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Brazilian governmental officials were 

concerned about 1.2 million liters of diesel fuel 

in storage tanks aboard a Petrobas platform. 

Petrobas reported that the entire diesel had 

already leaked from the tanks, because storage 

tanks would have ruptured before the entire 

platform came to rest on the seabed 1,350 

meters below. 

207
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Owens, Edward H.; Henshaw, Tony. The OSSA II 

pipeline oil spill: the distribution of oil, 

cleanup criteria, and cleanup operations.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 2002; 7

(3-4):119-134. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Cleanup operations for the OSSAII pipeline

spill were developed based on aerial videotape 

surveys made to assist in oil residue removal

operations. In order to respond to specific 

environmental conditions, four sets of cleanup

end points were established. Within three 

months, the oil removal was considered a

success.

Olivera, N. L.; Commendatore, M. G.; Moran, A. C.; 

Esteves, J. L. Biosurfactant-enhanced

degradation of residual hydrocarbons from

ship bilge wastes. Journal of Industrial

Microbiology & Biotechnology. 2000; 25

(2):70-73. ISSN: 1367-5435. 

Researchers tested the effectiveness of Bacillus 

subtilis as a biosurfactant ("surfactin") and its 

role in bioaugumentation in the degradation of

hydrocarbons found in bilge wastes. Authors 

note that this biosurfactant can be produced

cheaply and easily, and has promise in the 

degradation process. 

Owens, Edward H.; Lee, Kenneth. Interaction of oil 

and mineral fines on shorelines: review and 

assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 

47 (9-12):397-405. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

This paper explains the importance of fine

mineral particles as they transform stranded oil 

into oil-mineral aggregate OMA formations, 

which naturally remove and relocate oiled 

sediments from sheltered coastal environments. 

Omar, M. et al. Distribution of radium in oil and 

gas industry wastes from Malaysia. Applied

Radiation and Isotopes. 2004; 60 (5):779-782.

ISSN: 0969-8043. 

Investigation of 470 samples from oil and gas 

industry waste found that radium levels within

normal range of concentrations found in soils in

Malaysia. However, some of the platform

sludge samples were found to have much higher

radium concentrations. 

Owens, Edward H.; Sergy, Gary A. The 

development of the SCAT process for the 

assessment of oiled shorelines. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-12):415-422. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The use of the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment 

Team process to assess oiled shorelines has

greatly improved the protocol for spill response 

management over the past decade. As the 

program has evolved, data from the program has 

become invaluable to planners and decision

makers regarding shoreline treatment options. 

Otsuka, N. et al. Basic study on recovery of spilled 

oil in the sea by the use of buckets. In

Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.) Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control II. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 155-164. ISBN: 1-

85312-828-7.

During a response cleanup of the Nakhodka oil 

spill, a technique was proposed by utilizing a 

bucket with holes for the recovery of the spilled

oil. A series of experiments were conducted 

with different viscosity to find the optimal hole 

configuration. Owens, Edward. H. Comment on ''The West 

Falmouth oil spill after thirty years: the 

persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in

marsh sediments''. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2003; 37 (9):2020. ISSN: 0013-

936X. 

The author of this correspondence argues that 

data from a single core sample used in a 

previous study by Reddy et al. is too narrow to

make an implication that an entire spill area still 

suffers from residual effects 30 years later. 

Paganie, David. Deepwater presents new 

construction opportunities. Offshore. 2002; 62

(11):28. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

The author describes current developments in

the offshore construction industry, including

company mergers, the rise of floating 

production units, subsea production systems, 

and a potential rise in decommissioning and

removal of older platforms. 

Owens, Edward H. Response strategies for spills on

land. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin . 

2002; 7 (3-4):115-117. ISSN: 1353-2561.

Strategy, methods and equipment for spill 

response operations are primarily associated 

with operational factors as one variable and 

levels of cleanup versus natural attenuation as 

another. Knowledge and response practices are 

transferred from one scenario to another.

208
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Patin, Stanislav. Environmental Impact of the 

Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. East 

Northport, N.Y.: Ecomonitor; 1999; 425 pp. 

ISBN: 096718360X. 

Page, Cheryl A.; Bonner, James S.; McDonald, 

Thomas J. Behavior of a chemically dispersed 

oil in a wetland environment. Water Research. 

2002; 36 (15):3821-3833. ISSN: 0043-1354. 

Although there was no reported difference in 

loss or biodegradation rates between chemically 

dispersed oil and oil control, dispersed oil was 

observed to flush off sediments more readily

than the oiled control. 

Peachey, Rita B. J. Tributyltin and polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbon levels in Mobile Bay,

Alabama: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2003; 46 (11):1365-1371. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Sampling sites were mapped in Mobile Bay,

Alabama, to analyze spatial and temporal trends

in PAH and TBT contamination in sediments 

and oysters. 

Pahl, James W.; Mendelssohn, Irving A.; Henry, 

Charles B., Jr.; Hess, Thomas. J. Recovery 

trajectories after in situ burning of an oiled 

wetland in coastal Louisiana, USA.

Environmental Management. 2003; 31 (2):236-

251. ISSN: 0364-152X. 

This article examines the in situ burning of a 

marshland in the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge 

area, Cameron Parish, Louisiana, and its longterm effect on the recovery and restoration of 

the marsh.

Pearce, B.; Jones, D.; McIlvaine, H. An oil spill 

model for Cook Inlet and Shelikov Strait,

Alaska. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. 

(Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, 

Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 349-

358. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

A model has been developed which allows a

user to input a number of parameters, including

location of spill, duration, time, and update 

information such as wind speed and direction. 

Paige, D.; Park, Nich; Posner, J. Modeling pipeline 

spill determines impact on HCAs. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (12):72-77. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Hazardous-liquid pipeline operators are being 

required to develop and follow an integritymanagement program, recently passed by the

US Office of Pipeline Safety. The program

requires operators to maintain a continual 

assessment of the integrity of all pipeline 

segments for areas deemed as high consequence 

areas HCAs. 

Pearce, Fred. When is an oil spill an environmental 

disaster? New Scientist. 2002; 176 (2371):9. 

ISSN: 0262-4079. 

Following the loss of the oil tanker Prestige, 

disagreements among scientists and the Spanish

government regarding the decision to tow the 

tanker out into the deep Atlantic rekindled

concerns for the environmental impact of oil

spills at sea. 

Parga-Lozano, C. H.; Marrugo-González, A. J.; 

Fernández-Maestre, R. Hydrocarbon 

contamination in Cartagena Bay, Colombia.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (1):71-74.

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Data gathered from sediments and bivalves 

enabled researchers to construct a hydrocarbon 

contamination profile of Cartagena Bay, an

important tourist attraction and port area. 

Pecseli, M. et al. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in 

the Greenland marine environment.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 2002; 22 (3-

4):689-702. ISSN: 1040-6638. 

Penn, Tony; Tomasi, Theodore. Calculating

resource restoration for an oil discharge in 

Lake Barre, Louisiana, USA. Environmental 

Management. 2002; 29 (5):691-702. ISSN: 

0364-152X

Texaco's transmission pipeline discharged 6,561 

barrels of crude oil into Lake Barre, Louisiana 

in May 1997. The objective of this study was to

quantify resource impacts and determine the 

scale of restoration needed. 

Pastor, D.; Sanchez, J.; Porte, C.; Albaigés, Joan. 

The Aegean Sea oil spill in the Galicia coast 

(NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the

crude oil and combustion products in

subtidal sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2001; 42 (10):895-904. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Chemical markers that remained detectable in

coastal sediments following the Aegean Sea

grounding, were used to monitor and fingerprint

the oil source and weathering. Presence of oil 

was recognized one year later in the sediments 

and was found preserved in the subsurface 

layers. 

209
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Penrose, Justin. Oil spill in channel after ships 

collide. Press Association Newsfile. April 23, 

2001. 

The collision of a French fishing boat and an oil 

tanker occurred in the English Channel on April 

23, 2001. The oil tanker was carrying 26,000

tons of oil. About 110 tons of oil spilled into the 

English Channel. 

Pezeshki, S. Reza; DeLaune, Ronald D.; Jugsujinda, 

Aroon. The effects of crude oil and the

effectiveness of cleaner application following 

oiling on US Gulf of Mexico coastal marsh 

plants. Environmental Pollution. 2001; 112 

(3):483-489. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Field studies were conducted in marsh habitats

in Louisiana coastal wetlands that consisted of

brackish marsh covered by Spartina patens, and 

freshwater marsh covered by Sagittaria 

lancifolia. These two wetland habitats were 

used to evaluate the effectiveness of COREXIT 

9580 in removing oil from plant canopies. 

Results are discussed. 

Pereira, M. Glória; Mudge, Stephen M. Cleaning

oiled shores: laboratory experiments testing 

the potential use of vegetable oil biodiesels.

Chemosphere. 2004; 54 (3):297-304. ISSN: 

0045-6535. 

A set of experiments were created to determine 

the effectiveness of using vegetable oil and 

waste cooking oil biodiesels in cleaning oiled

shorelines. Batch experiments showed that

vegetable oil biodiesels, comprising rapeseed

and soybean oils, were most effective at 

cleaning oiled sands. In microcosm and 

mesocosm experiments, oil-contaminated 

sediments were sprayed with oil biodiesels and 

subjected to simulated tides. In these 

experiments, effectiveness of each test was 

measured in ratios of biodiesel to crude oil. 

Pierce, S. E. Oil signs alluring, but commercial 

find still elusive in Dominican Republic. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (12):40-46. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Pikovskii, Y. I.; Gennadiev, A. N.; Chernyanskii, S. 

S.; Sakharov, G. N. The problem of 

diagnostics and standardization of the levels 

of soil pollution by oil and oil products.

Eurasian Soil Science. 2003; 36 (9):1010-1017. 

ISSN: 1064-2293. 

This study investigated the setting of standards 

for classifying oil-based soil pollution by

different degrees from a method employing 

multiple data inputs. 

Peruzzo, P. J.; Porta, A. Application of multimedia

patterns to the study of a case of oil spill in 

the coast of Rio de la Plata (Argentina).

Afinidad. 2003; 60 (504):169-176. ISSN: 0001-

9704. Ponti, Massimo; Abbiati, Marco; Ceccherelli, Victor 

Ugo. Drilling platforms as artificial reefs: 

distribution of macrobenthic assemblages of

the "Paguro" wreck (northern Adriatic Sea).

ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S316-S323. ISSN: 1054-3139.

Sampling was used by researchers to investigate 

a platform that sank in 1965 to determine the 

structure’s support of macrobenthic 

assemblages. The wreck provides data for 

overall species richness, based on depth and

prevailing currents. 

Porte, C.; Bosca, X.; Pastor, D.; Solé, M.; Albaigés, 

Joan. The Aegean Sea oil spill. 2. Temporal 

study of the hydrocarbons accumulation in

bivalves. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2000; 34 (24):5067-5075. ISSN: 0013-936X.

Peterson, Charles H. et al. Long-term ecosystem 

response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

Science. 2003; 302 (5653):2082-2086. ISSN: 

0036-8075. 

This review condenses results of studies that

point out the persistence of toxic subsurface oil 

found in the ecosystems of Prince William

Sound. Of special importance to scientists are 

long-term chronic exposures, some at sublethal 

levels, which continue to impact the recovery of

wildlife and other organisms. 

Peterson, Charles H. The "Exxon Valdez" oil spill 

in Alaska: acute, indirect and chronic effects 

on the ecosystem. Advances in Marine Biology, 

v.39. 2001; p. 1-103. ISBN: 0-12-026139-1.

Peterson condenses the results of over two 

hundred investigations into a comprehensive

report on the effects of the oil spill on the Prince 

William Sound biological community, from

intertidal and subtidal species to vertebrates that 

use shoreline habitats. 

210
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Prego, Ricardo; Cobelo-Garcia, Antonio. Zinc

concentrations in the water column 

influenced by the oil spill in the vicinity of the 

Prestige shipwreck. Ciencias Marinas. 2003; 

29 (1):103-108. ISSN: 0185-3880. 

Following the Prestige tanker spill, researchers 

established a sampling regime in the 

surrounding water column to evaluate the 

concentrations of zinc contamination, and to

determine if the traces of zinc could be used to 

detect the presence of fuel in areas free of oil. 

Qian, Yaorong; Wade, Terry L.; Sericano, Jose L. 

Sources and bioavailability of polynuclear 

aromatic hydrocarbons in Galveston Bay, 

Texas. Estuaries. 2001; 24 (6A):817-827. 

ISSN: 0160-8347. 

Oysters and sediment were collected from

several sites in Galveston Bay between 1986

and 1998. After analyzing concentrations of

PAHs and comparing data between the two 

subjects, researchers conclude that oysters tend

to accumulate four to six ring PAHs. Petroleumbased PAHs are not likely to be the primary 

Price, Jam source of pollution in that system. es M.; Marshall, Charles Francis; Lear, 

Eileen M. Oil-Spill Risk Analysis: Use of

Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading

(FPSO) Systems in the Gulf of Mexico.

Herndon, Va.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service; Environmental

Division; 2000; MMS 2000-059; 269 pp. 

Qiao, B. Oil spill model development and 

application for emergency response system.

Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2001; 13

(2):252-256. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

Qiao, B.; Chu, J. C.; Zhao, P.; Yu, Y.; Li, Y. Marine

oil spill contingency planning. Journal of

Environmental Sciences - China. 2002; 14

(1):102-107. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

Product helps remove oil spills. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2000; 98 (39):94. ISSN: 0030-1888.

A new nontoxic substance, called Petrotech,

encapsulates petroleum spills on contact. This 

new product creates a "microbial food" that 

attracts as much as 100% of natural indigenous 

bacteria to accelerate the biodegredation process 

of oil.

Rabalais, Nancy N.; Smith, Lorene E.; Henry, 

Charles B., Jr.; Roberts, Paulene O.; Overton, 

Edward B. Long-Term Effects of 

Contaminants From OCS Produced-Water

Discharges at Pelican Island Facility, 

Louisiana. New Orleans, La.: U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region; 1998; OCS Study

MMS 98-0039; 88 pp. 

Sedimentary analysis of this area in 1989 and 

1996 showed that total target aromatic 

hydrocarbons had been reduced by weathering. 

However, hydrocarbon concentrations were

found deeper in the sediment than before. Also, 

the effect of hydrocarbons on the benthic

community is discussed.

Radetic, Maja M.; Jocic, Dragan M.; Jovancic, Petar 

M.; Petrovic, Zoran L. J.; Thomas, Helga F. 

Recycled wool-based nonwoven material as 

an oil sorbent. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2003; 37 (5):1008-1012. ISSN: 

0013-936X.

The sorption properties of recycled wool-based 

nonwoven material were ascertained for 

potential use in the cleanup of oil spills. 

Researchers note that the material may be a 

viable alternative to commercially available 

synthetic materials. 

Pulsipher, Allan G.; Tootle, Deborah; Pincomb, 

Richard. Economic and Social Consequences 

of the Oil Spill in Lake Barre, Louisiana.

New Orleans, La.: U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of 

Mexico OCS Region; 1998; OCS Study MMS 

99-0028; 32 pp. 

Short-term social and economic impacts of the 

spill were very limited, and long-term impacts 

difficult to guage so soon after this oil spill. 

Authors note, however, that owners of oyster 

leases in the vicinity were bringing suit for 

damages to oyster beds. 

Purpura, Paul. Meeting targets oil spill planning: 

scenarios designed to challenge officials. New 

Orleans Times-Picayune. New Orleans, La.:

Times-Picayune Publishing Company; April 29, 

2002; B 1. 

In an effort to organize oil spill response plans 

for the Gulf of Mexico region, officials gathered

for a meeting to challenge information and then 

worked through exercises of worst case scenario

spills. 

211
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Reddy, Christopher. M.; Quinn, J. G. The North 

Cape oil spill: hydrocarbons in Rhode Island 

coastal waters and Point Judith Pond. Marine

Environmental Research. 2001; 52 (5):445-462. 

ISSN: 0141-1136. 

During a severe winter storm, the North Cape

oil barge ran aground near Moonstone Beach, 

South Kingstown, Rhode Island, spilling

approximately 2700 metric tons of No. 2 fuel oil

into local coastal waters and salt ponds. The 

focus of this research was to determine the 

amount and distribution of PAHs and observe 

the behavior of PAHs and TPHs relative to each 

other in the water column after the spill. 

Raia, Joseph C.; Blakley, Calvin R.; Fuex, Anthony 

N.; Villalanti, Dan C.; Fahrenthold, Paul D. 

Evaluation of environmental samples

containing heavy hydrocarbon components 

in environmental forensic investigations.

Environmental Forensics. 2004; 5 (1):21-32. 

ISSN: 1527-5922. 

This paper describes an analytical technique that

combines high-temperature simulated

distillation with a mathematical regression to

approximate amounts of compounds present in

PAHs found in environmental samples. 

Distributions of hydrocarbons are arrived at by

use of GC-MS with nitric oxide ionization

spectrometry. 

Reddy, Chrostopher M. et al. The West Falmouth 

oil spill after thirty years: the persistence of

petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36

(22):4754-4760. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Sediment cores taken from marshes impacted by

the Florida spill of 1969 were analyzed by GC 

and GC x GC. Results show that n-alkanes had 

completely degraded, but other hydrocarbons,

including different alkanes, were still present in

layers of the sediment. 

Rain or shine... Independent (London). London: 

Newspaper Publishing PLC; 2. 

This article contains a brief description of an oil 

spill which endangered the Lungkeng coral reef 

off the coast of Taiwan. Weather conditions

made clean up efforts difficult.

Readman, J. W. et al. Petroleum and PAH 

contamination of the Black Sea. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (1):48-62. ISSN:

0025-326X

Sediments from the Black Sea were analyzed 

for concentrations of PAHs. Results indicate 

that the Black Sea is no more contaminated than 

the Mediterranean Sea, and less contaminated

than areas like Hong Kong, Taiwan, or New

York Bight. 

Reed, Mark; Ekrol, Marve. Quantifying 

environmental implications of alternative oil 

spill contingency and response plans. In

Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil 

and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis 

and Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 3-22. ISBN: 1-85312-

526-1. 

Using the SINTEF Oil Spill and Contengency 

and Response model system, the authors 

investigate physical, chemical, and toxicological 

measures of mitigation success. 

Reef pollution fears deepen as dead dolphin found

off Taiwan. Agence France Presse. February 

15, 2001. 

On January 14, 2001, the Amorgos tanker ran 

aground on Taiwan's "Great Barrier Reef". 

Shortly after the spill, dead fish, crabs, shrimp

and clams washed ashore. One month later as

soldiers were still combatting the oil spill, a 

dolphin was found dead in the polluted reef. 

EPA officials warn that the pollution could had 

been worse than originally anticipated. 

Reddy, Christopher. M. et al. Response to comment 

on ''The West Falmouth oil spill after thirty 

years: the persistence of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in marsh sediments''.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2003; 37

(9):2021. ISSN: 0013-936X.

Authors reply to correspondence, published in

Environmental Science & Technology, volume 

37 (2003), by addressing concerns about the 

scope of their study and whether the 

conclusions could be extrapolated to the entire 

area originally affected by the spill. 

212
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Refinery completes revamp to accommodate 

Venezuelan crude. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 

98 (43):30. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A revamp of the Sweeny, Texas refinery to

process heavier crude was completed with the 

help of the Bechtel Corperation, Phillips 

Petroleum, and Petroleos de Venezuela SA. The 

new unit gives the refinery the ability to process 

Merey 16, a blend of heavy crude oil found in

eastern Venezuela. The new project gives the

refinery the ability to produce fuel-grade

petroleum coke, which it can sell as a ingredient

for cement or a fuel for electric generation. 

Roberts, J. M.; Harvey, S. M.; Lamont, P. A.; Gage, 

J. D.; Humphrey, J. D. Seabed photography,

environmental assessment and evidence for 

deep-water trawling on the continental 

margin west of the Hebrides. Hydrobiologia. 

2000; 441 (1-3):173-183. ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Photographic images were taken covering a 

known area of seabed and used to describe the 

substratum, estimate near bed current direction 

from sediment bedforms, and estimate the 

density and composition of any epifaunal

megabenthos. Major resources targeted were

hydrocarbon reserves and non-quota deep-water

fish stocks. The impact of these activities on the 

deep-water ecosystem remains poorly

understood. Reynolds, John G.; Coronado, Paul R.; Hrubesh, 

Lawrence W. Hydrophobic aerogels for oilspill cleanup: intrinsic absorbing properties.

Energy Sources. 2001; 23 (9):831-843. ISSN: 

0090-8312 

Rogers, Howard R. Assessment of PAH 

contamination in estuarine sediments using 

the equilibrium partitioning-toxic unit 

approach. Science of the Total Environment. 

2002; 290 (1-3):139-155. ISSN: 0048-9697. 

Equilibrium partitioning-toxic unit testing (EqPTU) was used to identify sediments from

several UK estuaries for the highest potential 

for toxicity on local fauna. In the course of this 

investigation, limitations of the EqP-TU 

approach were discovered. 

Reynolds, John G.; Coronado, Paul R.; Hrubesh, 

Lawrence W. Hydrophobic aerogels for oilspill clean up - synthesis and 

characterization. Journal of Non - Crystalline 

Solids. 2001; 292 (1-3):127-137. ISSN: 0022-

3093

Preliminary tests were conducted with Prudhoe 

Bay crude oil mixed with salt water and aerogel

to determine the absorbing capacity of the solid

aerogel. Rosen, Yereth. Oil spill concerns spur curbs at BP 

Alaska field. Reuters News Service. October

18, 2000. 

Following the failure of several oil spill tests, 

the state of Alaska imposed seasonal restrictions

on drilling at the offshore Northstar field, where 

production was expected to begin in 2001. 

Rotella, Sebastian; Kraul, Chris. Oil platform off 

Brazil sinks and starts leaking. Los Angeles 

Times. Los Angeles, Ca.: Times Mirror 

Company; March 21, 2001; A 09. 

Despite efforts to save the crippled Brazilian oil 

platform, the 40-story rig tipped and sank

rapidly. Some of the fuel aboard the structure 

began to leak into the Atlantic Ocean. Cleanup 

crews that were stationed around the rig 

contained the relatively small amount of oil and

removed it from the surface water. 

Richardson, K. Anthropogenically induced changes

in the environment: effect on fisheries. In

Sinclair, M.; Valdimarsson, G. (Eds.) 

Repsonsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem. 

New York: Oxford University Press; 2003; p. 

275-289. ISBN: 0-85199-633-7. 

Rig accident spills crude oil into sea. Los Angeles

Times. Los Angeles, Ca.: Times Mirror 

Company; April 13, 2001; A 11. 

Seventy-five miles off the southeastern coast of

Brazil, an explosion on a Brazilian offshore oil 

rig dumped more than 3,400 gallons of crude oil 

into the sea. The oil workers union reported that 

the spill was six miles long. 

213
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Salomone, Monica. Ecological riches threatened as

oil-spill history repeats itself. Nature. 2002; 

420 (6914):347. ISSN: 0028-0836. 

Nearly 20 species of birds, as well as the

Finisterrae Aquarium, were threatened by the 

spill of heavy oil from the sinking of the 

Prestige in November 2002. 

Rowland, Steven; Donkin, Peter; Smith, Emma;

Wraige, Emma. Aromatic hydrocarbon 

''humps'' in the marine environment: 

unrecognized toxins? Environmental Science 

& Technology. 2001; 35 (13):2640-2644. ISSN:

0013-936X.

Monoaromatic components of an unresolved

complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons were 

found to cause a sublethal toxic response in the 

mussel Mytilus edulis. Authors note the resistant 

nature of UCMs and potential sublethal

toxicological effects in the environment.

Salter, E.; Ford, J. Holistic Environmental 

Assessment and offshore oil field exploration 

and production. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2001; 42 (1):45-58. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The Holistic Environmental Assessment is a 

goal-orientated process that utilizes knowledge 

from all available sources and disciplines. It

attempts to give an accurate account of the total 

environmental risk to society arising from all 

phases of oil production and development.

Rye, H.; Brandvik, P. J.; Strom, T. Field 

experiments with subsurface releases of oil. 

In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). 

Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling,

Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 277-

287. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

In June of 1996, field experiments were carried 

out to chart the behavior of oil and gas during a 

subsurface blowout. In addition, experiments 

were carried out by releasing dyed water and 

gas. Results of the experiments are discussed.

Sassen, Roger et al. Free hydrocarbon gas, gas

hydrate, and authigenic minerals in 

chemosynthetic communities of the northern 

Gulf of Mexico continental slope: relation to 

microbial processes. Chemical Geology. 2004;

205 (3-4):195-217. ISSN: 0009-2541. 

Chemical and geological processes are

described by researchers investigating the role

of microbes and free gas in the development of

mineral deposits and chemosynthetic

communities around sea floor vents. 

Rytkönen, Jorma; Liukkonen, Seppo; Riipi, Timo. 

Laboratory tests of oil spreading under the 

ice cover. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 155-

164. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

Four types of oil were tested to judge spreading 

capabilities in level and rough ice conditions. 

Authors discovered that the final thickness of 

the oil slicks did not necessarily depend on the 

oil type, and also that the rough ice experiments 

resulted in a thinner, wider slick of oil than level 

ice experiments. 

Sebastião, P.; Guedes Soares, C. Weathering of oil 

spills accounting for oil components. In

Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil 

and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis 

and Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 63-72. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

A model is described that assesses crude oil in

eight fractions, formulates the weathering 

properties of the fractions, and then compares

results against a model which predicts 

weathering of the crude as a whole. 

Sadiq, R.; Husain, T.; Bose, N.; Veitch, B.

Distribution of heavy metals in sediment

pore water due to offshore discharges: an 

ecological risk assessment. Environmental 

Modelling and Software. 2003; 18 (5):451-461. 

ISSN: 1364-8152. 

This study uses a theoretical case study to 

assess water quality impacts from various 

concentrations of synthetic and oil based 

drilling fluids used in bore hole pressure drilling

operations. 

Serret, Pablo; Álvarez-Salgado, Xosé Antón; Bode,

Antonio. Spain's earth scientists and the oil 

spill. Science. 2003; 299 (5606):511. ISSN: 

0036-8075. 

Spanish scientists blamed authorities for the 

region’s environmental disaster following the 

Prestige tanker oil spill, because of the lack of 

scientific and technical consultation protocols. 

Seys, J. et al. Long-term changes in oil pollution 

off the Belgian coast: evidence from beached 

bird monitoring. Belgian Journal of Zoology. 

2002; 132 (2):111-118. ISSN: 0777-6276. 

214
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Smircic, A.; Vilibic, I.; Leder, N.; Grzetic, Z. 

Diffusion experiment in the Split harbour 

(middle Adriatic Sea). In Garcia-Martinez, R.; 

Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon 

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 

1998; p. 267-276. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

An oil spill was created and tracked using

chemical, physical, and biological means to 

determine the diffusion of waste material in the 

Split harbor area. 

Sharma, Virender K.; Hicks, Steven D.; Rivera, 

Wayne; Vazquez, Felipe G. Characterization

and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons 

following an oil spill into a coastal 

environment of south Texas, USA. Water, Air, 

& Soil Pollution. 2002; 134 (1-4):111-127.

ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Bank and deep sediments were observed for a 

year following a spill of light crude oil in a 

coastal environment. Concentrations of aliphatic 

and aromatic hydrocarbons were monitored, and

degradation rates were compared to known rates 

based on published research. Smith, E.; Hegazy, S.; El-Assar, N. Pond treatment

and effluent reuse of sewage from an oil

production site in an arid coastal

environment. Water Science and Technology. 

2003; 48 (2):45-52. ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Ship with Iraq oil sinks in Gulf fleeing patrol.

Reuters News Service. August 2, 2001. 

A ship smuggling 900 tons of Iraqi oil sank in

the Persian Gulf after being intercepted by a 

U.S.-led naval force monitoring U.N. sanctions

against Baghdad. The Bahrain-based Marine 

Emergency Mutual Centre said the oil posed no

danger to any nearby countries. 

Soldal, Auld Vold; Svellingen, Ingvald; Jørgensen,

Terje; Løkkeborg, Svein. Rigs-to-reefs in the 

North Sea: hydroacoustic quantification of

fish in the vicinity of a "semi cold" platform.

ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2002; 59

(Supplement):S281-S287. ISSN: 1054-3139.

Transects were set up around a “semi-cold” 

platform and carried out 5 nautical miles to

estimate the extent to which decommissioned

platforms in the North Sea attract fish. 

Researchers also anchored acoustic transducers 

from three sides of the platform to monitor fish

density at different times of the day and season. 

Short, Jeffrey W. Estimate of oil persisting on the

beaches of Prince William Sound 12 years 

after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Environmental 

Science & Technology. 2004; 38 (1):19-25.

ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Results from estimates of surface and 

subsurface oil from beach samples indicate that 

oil remaining from the Exxon Valdez spill 

constitutes the vast majority of biologically 

available PAHs on beaches and that organisms 

that rely on these areas for survival face 

continued exposure to contaminants. 

Solorzano, I. et al. EG injection, gas plant 

relocation-expansion highlight offshore 

storage plans. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(49):62-64. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A plan to expand an underground natural gas

storage area, located in the Gaviota offshore 

reservoir, northern Spain, is under 

consideration. The gas treatment and 

compression facilities are onshore, connected by

a subsea pipeline to the Gaviota platform. By

expanding the storage area onshore, the Goviota 

production platform would be re-certified as an 

unmanned wellhead platform. 

Sperduto, Molly B.; Powers, Sean P.; Donlan, 

Michael. Scaling restoration to achieve

quantitative enhancement of loon, seaduck, 

and other seabird populations. Marine

Ecology - Progress Series. 2003; 264;221-232. 

ISSN: 0171-8630. 

Scaling restoration methods were used to assess 

recovery for seabird species affected by the 

North Cape oil spill. Results of scaling 

calculations estimated the optimal number of 

nest sites and years of protection to bring

populations back to pre-spill levels. 

Shriadah, M. A. Tar contamination on beaches of

the United Arab Emirates. Bulletin of

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 

2003; 70 (4):680-687. ISSN: 0007-4861.

Tar balls along the shores of the Arabian Gulf 

and the Gulf of Oman coastline are being used

as indicators to estimate levels of offshore oil 

pollution.

Small oil spill being cleaned near Eloi Bay. New 

Orleans Times-Picayune. New Orleans, La.:

Times-Picayune Publishing Co.; September 10, 

2000; B 03. 

On September 9, 2000, 275 gallons of oil leaked

into Eloi Bay, Louisiana. The bay is rich with

shrimp and oyster beds. The company

responsible for the spill, which was not

identified, was ordered to hire a firm to clean up

the oil immediately. 

215
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Standing, T. H. Climate change projections hinge

on global CO2, temperature data. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (46):20-26. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Concerns and issues over increasing 

concentrations of atmospheric CO2 is placing 

the energy industries in a predicament. This

article examines the relationship between 

hydrocarbon fuels and carbon dioxide 

emissions, and addresses many points in the 

global warming debate. 

Stout, Scott A.; Uhler, Allen D.; McCarthy, Kevin J. 

A strategy and methodology for defensibly

correlating spilled oil to source candidates.

Environmental Forensics. 2001; 2 (1):87-98. 

ISSN: 1527-5922. 

In this report, gas chromatography/mass 

spectrometry operating in the selected ion

monitoring mode was used to investigate 66

candidate sources for a heavy fuel spill. 19

chemical indices were identified based on PAHs

and biomarkers that were precise and not

weathered, and then analyzed using primary 

component analysis. This strategy and 

methodology can be applied to other 

environmental forensic investigations. 

Staniloac, Dumitru; Petrescu, Bogdan; Patroeseu,

Constantin. Pattern recognition based 

software for oil spills identification by gaschromatography and IR spectrophotometry.

Environmental Forensics. 2001; 2 (4):363-366. 

ISSN: 1527-5922. 

A software application has been designed for 

quick identification of spill sources based upon

data gathered from gas chromatography and

infrared spectroscopy. The database uses 

existing data from known spill sources, 

including oils and fuels, to match against the 

unknown source data for quick identification of 

the source of a spill. 

Study could reduce chance of offshore oil leaks.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (10):796. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

To detect pipeline releases, pressure safety 

alarms are installed to indicate a possible leak or 

break in the pipe. Recommendations for 

improving the monitoring system's reliability 

are discussed. 

Suderman, Keith; Thistle, David. Spills of fuel oil #6

and Orimulsion can have indistinguishable 

effects on the benthic meiofauna. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (1):49-55. ISSN:

0025-326X.

Researchers placed benthic organisms into 

microcosms treated with Orimulsion and fuel 

oil #6. The organisms were assessed for a threemonth period using a variety of indicators to

determine if the hydrocarbon treatments showed 

any significant differences. 

Sumrow, Mike. Synthetic-based muds reduce 

pollution discharge, improve drilling. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (52):43-48. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The development and use of synthetic based

fluids (SBFs) was determined by a reliable 

biodegradation test and approved by the EPA.

The quantity of SBFs cuttings discharge is 

limited and controlled through base-fluid stock. 

By strictly enforcing base-fluid stock, EPA can 

regulate sediment toxicity and biodegradation of

contaminants. 

Stejskal, I. V. Obtaining approvals for oil and gas

projects in shallow water marine areas in 

Western Australia using an environmental 

risk assessment framework. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (1):69-76. ISSN: 

1353-2561. 

Increasing public concern about the protection

of coastal and marine environments has resulted 

in the development of statutory and 

administrative processes. More stringent 

environmental assessment and operating 

conditions and greater scrutiny on the issue of

access of proposals to marine acreage will be 

used to evaluate the risk of a project on 

obtaining government approval of adjacent

resources. 

216
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Teruhisa, Komatsu; Masahiro, Nakaoka; Hiroshi,

Kawai; Tomoko, Yamamoto; Kouichi, Ohwada. 

Impacts of the Nakhodka heavy-oil spill on an 

intertidal ecosystem: an approach to impact 

evaluation using geographical information

system. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (1-

6):99-104. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Using a geographical information system, 

topographic images were taken for a period of

three years to assess the impact and recovery of 

flora and fauna of an intertidal ecosystem

following the Nakhodka heavy-oil spill. 

Sun, Xiao-Feng; Sun, Run Cang; Sun, Jing-Xia. 

Acetylation of rice straw with or without 

catalysts and its characterization as a natural

sorbent in oil spill cleanup. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002; 50

(22):6428-6433. ISSN: 0021-8561. 

Not only is acetylated straw hydrophobic, but 

also in laboratory experiments it has been found 

to have a greater sorption capacity than 

synthetic sorbents. 

Sundararaghavan, Harikrishnan. Analysis of Oil 

Containment Failure and Spreading. Thesis

(M.S.): University of Hawaii; 2000; 271 leaves. The Americas: Brazilian oil spill threatens beach.

Wall Street Journal. Chicopee, Ma.: Dow Jones 

and Company Incorporated; November 26, 

2001; A 10. 

An underwater pipeline at the Manguinhos 

refinery near Rio de Janeiro leaked 26,000

gallons of oil, threatening nearby beaches. 

Sverdrup, Line E.; Nielsen, Torben; Krogh, Paul

Henning. Soil ecotoxicity of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to soil 

sorption, lipophilicity, and water solubility.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2002; 36

(11):2429-2435. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

Authors propose obtaining a dataset from the 

results of toxicity tests of PAHs on Folsomia

fimetaria, a soil-dwelling springtail. Results 

indicate that low toxicity for individual

hydrocarbons is attributed to low water

solubility. 

Thibault, Marc; Blaney, Sonia. The oil industry as

an underlying factor in the bushmeat crisis in 

Central Africa. Conservation Biology. 2003; 

17 (6):1807-1813. ISSN: 0888-8892. 

The bushmeat trade, an illegal activity in

Gabon, has grown in large part due to

population growth from the oil industry in onceprotected areas. Authors believe that the effect 

of oil industry operations is having a larger 

impact on forested areas than logging activities. 

Also, the economic influence of the oil industry 

can impede legislative attempts to remedy

environmental crises. 

Takahashi, S.; Ohshima, K.; Kawai, K.; Watanabe, 

Y.; Saeki, H. Control and recovery of spilled 

oil by using ice boom. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; 

Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon 

Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control. 

Billerica, Ma.: Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 

1998; p. 333-345. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

The exploration of oil in frozen waters, and the 

behavior of oil in cold water prompted authors 

to identify characteristics of oil beneath ice 

sheets and describe research to develop 

recovery methods of oil trapped beneath ice 

floes. 

Tolosa, Imma et al. Aliphatic and aromatic 

hydrocarbons in coastal Caspian Sea 

sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 48

(1-2):44-60. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Data collected from PAHs in sediments from

several areas of the Caspian Sea suggest various

origins for the hydrocarbons, depending on

sample location. In the South Caspian Sea, 

where there is considerable offshore oil 

development, the majority of PAHs are believed

to be from fossil sources. 

Trofimov, S. Y.; Rozanova, M. S. Transformation 

of soil properties under the impact of oil 

pollution. Eurasian Soil Science. 2003; 36

(Supp. 1):S82-S87. ISSN: 1064-2293. 

Authors review studies dealing with oil 

pollution of soils and, from these, develop a set 

of standards to distinguish degrees of

contamination by oil and oil products. 

Terek, B. Dispersants and their use in sea oil 

spillage cleanup. Hrvatske Vode. 2001; 9 

(37):409-422. ISSN: 1330-1144. 

This article focuses on the role of surfactants in

oil spill cleanup, with special attention to

environmental aspects and potential harmful 

effects of dispersants on the ecosystem.

217
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Urban, R.; Hanlon, W. The application of remote

sensing techniques to create a Black Sea 

coastal response strategy for oil spill 

response. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 303-

311. ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

Remote satellite imaging, combined with GIS 

technology, resulted in the creation of a coastal 

mapping system which identifies and accurately 

locates various ecosystems along the Black Sea. 

This will aid in the prioritization of the 

protection of ecosystems in response to an oil 

spill. 

Tsvetnenko, Yuri; Evans, Louis. Improved 

approaches to ecotoxicity testing of 

petroleum products. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2002; 45 (1-12):148-156. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

This paper describes the evaluation of a revision

of steps in the standard protocol for the testing

of crude oil toxicity. 

Turni, Karen. Oil tanker moved for repairs. New 

Orleans Times-Picayune. New Orleans, La.:

Times-Picayune Publishing Company;

December 13, 2000; B 01-02. 

The Westchester oil tanker ran aground on the 

Mississippi River as the result of an explosion

in the engine, which caused the vessel to lose 

power. The tanker dumped 550,000 gallons of

crude oil into the Mississippi River. Cleanup 

crews had recovered approximately 523,000

gallons of emulsified oil from the river.

Contractors expected full recovery of the oil to

take another two weeks. 

van Bernem, K. H. et al. Dispersants as an option in

oil-spill combating. Hydrologie und

Wasserbewirtschaftung. 2000; 44 (6):290-301. 

ISSN: 0012-0235. 

Investigators note that the physical 

characterization of the German North Sea coast 

had led to aggravated environmental damage 

when field trials were undertaken with older

dispersants. However, new generation 

dispersants, which are less harsh on the 

environment, could be used in that ecosystem. 

TWRI project seeks to find ways to use waters

generated by oil and gas production. New

Waves. College Station, Tx.: Texas Water 

Resources Institute; 2000; 13 (3):6. 

A team of interdisciplinary researchers from

Texas A&M University and a group of

professional staff from the Texas Agricultural

Extension Service are taking steps toward 

addressing critical water resources and 

environmental issues. According to the Texas 

Water Resources Institute, roughly seven barrels 

of water are produced for each barrel of oil that

comes out the ground. In West Texas, more than 

400 million gallons of water are produced daily. 

The researchers will need to figure out how to

treat these produced waters and make them

suitable for irrigation and revitalizing the 

ecosystems. 

van Bernem, K. H.; Bluhm, B.; Krasemann, H. 

Sensitivity mapping of particularly sensitive 

areas. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. A. 

(Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling,

Analysis and Control II. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 229-

238. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7. 

A data system with metadata input points was 

developed to catalog the ecosystem types of the 

Wadden Sea estuary and the benthic community 

by its vulnerability to oil. The maps are now 

used as part of the German contingency plan for 

oil spill response. 

Varlamov, S. M.; Yoon, J.-H.; Hirose, N.; 

Kawamura, H. The oil spill modelling in the 

Sea of Japan: application to the tanker 

'Nakhodka' 1997 incident. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 359-370. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1.

An oil spill model was developed which 

included an ocean circulation model and particle

tracking technique. Authors believe this model 

will evolve into a real-time simulation in the 

future. 

Uninvited guests. New Orleans Times-Picayune. 

New Orleans, La.: Times-Picayune Publishing

Company; November 29, 2000; C 01,07.

As divers descended onto the Pan Producer oil

rig, which was coming back from Brazil to its 

home off the Texas coast, they encountered a 

tropical paradise. Colonies of strange species

native to the southern Atlantic Ocean--

organisms never before seen in the Gulf of

Mexico--were encrusted in the struts of the rig.

Scientists say oilrigs that move from foreign

waters into the Gulf bring with them an

assortment of exotic marine life that could be

trouble for the Gulf's delicate ecological 

balance. 

218
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Varney, James. La. oil firm forced to wait in Costa 

Rica: spate of delays stalls offshore drilling

project. New Orleans Times-Picayune. New 

Orleans, La.: Times-Picayune Publishing

Company; February 11, 2002; A 4.

A proposed offshore exploration site six miles 

of the cost of Costa Rica, is causing tremendous 

controversy. Opponents argue that Costa Rica

doesn't have the capacity to refine the oil

experts expect to find. Environmentalists

criticize the plan, saying the oil exploration 

would endanger tourism along the country's 

coast. Supporters anticipate the much-needed 

revenue that the project would generate and

contribute to this economically depressed area. 

Verrhiest, G. V.; Clément, B.; Volat, B.; Montuelle, 

B.; Perrodin, Y. Interactions between a 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture 

and the microbial communities in a natural 

freshwater sediment. Chemosphere. 2002; 46

(2):187-196. ISSN: 0045-6535. 

A PAH mixture was tested on freshwater 

sediment-based microbial communities to

determine toxicity and effects on community

structure. PAHs were found to impact microbial 

population densities and metabolism. Some

microorganisms effectively degraded specific

hydrocarbons in the PAH mixture. 

Verweij, J. M.; Simmelink, H. J. Geodynamic and 

hydrodynamic evolution of the Broad 

Fourteens Basin (the Netherlands) in relation 

to its petroleum systems. Marine and

Petroleum Geology. 2002; 19 (3):339-359.

ISSN: 0264-8172. 

Vaughan, Shari L.; Mooers, Christopher N. K.; Gay, 

Shelton M. Physical variability in Prince 

William Sound during the SEA study (1994-

98). Fisheries Oceanography. 2001; 10 (Supp. 

1):58-80. ISSN: 1054-6006.

Vinnem, Jan Erik. Offshore Risk Assessment: 

Principles, Modeling and Applications of 

QRA Studies. Boston, Ma.: Kluwer Academic 

Publishers; 1999; 480 pp. ISBN: 0792358600. 

All elements of Quantified Risk Assessment 

(QRA) are detailed in this exhaustive study of

hazards encountered in offshore operations. 

Descriptions of different types of QRA software 

tools are also included in this book. 

Veguería, Sergio F. Jerez; Godoy, José M.; Miekeley, 

Norbert. Environmental impact in sediments 

and seawater due to discharges of Ba, Ra226, Ra-228, V, Ni and Pb by produced water 

from the Bacia de Campos oil field offshore 

platforms. Environmental Forensics. 2002; 3

(2):115-123. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

Sediment and seawater samples were taken at

distances between 250 to 1000 meters from two

offshore platforms in order to evaluate the 

environmental impact of trace metals found in

produced waters. Data indicates that even at 

close sampling distances, concentrations were 

similar to local background levels, possibly due

to dispersal from strong local currents. 

Volckaert, F. A. M.; Kayens, G.; Schallier, R.; 

Jacques, T. G. Aerial surveillance of 

operational oil pollution in Belgium's 

Maritime Zone of Interest. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2000; 40 (11):1051-1056. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Between 1991 and 1995, remote-sensing aircraft

observed 228 oil spills and their patterns. 

Meteorological and oceanic conditions were

then analyzed to discover any correlation 

between sea conditions and oil slick patterns. 

Verma, Dave K.; des Tombe, Karen. Benzene in 

gasoline and crude oil: occupational and 

environmental implications. AIHA Journal. 

2002; 63 (2):225-230. ISSN: 1529-8663.

Benzene levels in gasoline have been reduced in

North America and Europe to approximately

1% by volume. This trend is reflective of the

known impact of this chemical, both to the 

environment and to occupational exposure to

workers in the petrochemical industry. 

Von Wedel, R. CytoSol-cleaning oiled shorelines 

with a vegetable oil biosolvent. Spill Science 

& Technology. 2000; 6 (5-6):357-359. ISSN: 

1353-261. 

A new product, CytoSol biosolvent, is used to

aid in the removal of crude or fuel oil from

shorelines. The use of this minimizes physical 

and chemical impacts to marine organisms, 

cleans oiled surfaces effectively, and allows the 

oiled ecosystem to recover with less mortality 

than conventional methods. 

219
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Wade, Michael J. Age-dating diesel fuel spills: 

using the European empirical time-based 

model in the USA. Environmental Forensics. 

2002; 2 (4):347-358. ISSN: 1527-5922. 

The Christensen and Larsen empirical timebased petroleum-contamination model was used

to evaluate U.S. investigations assessing the 

date of a diesel fuel spill, and age dating of 

subsurface petroleum contamination. 

Wei, Q. F.; Mather, R. R.; Fotheringham, A. F.;

Yang, R. D. Evaluation of nonwoven

polypropylene oil sorbents in marine oil-spill 

recovery. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46

(6):780-783. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

In this study, various types of nonwoven

polypropylene materials were investigated to

evaluate their initial oil-sorption capacities and 

oil-retention properties for the removal of 

spilled petroleum from the marine environment. 

Wang, J. R.; Xu, C. Cleaning method of the oil field

wastewater treatment by UF process. Journal

of Environmental Sciences - China. 2001; 13

(3):365-367. ISSN: 1001-0742. 

Wertheim, Peter Howard. Brazil interested in 

exploring deepwater GOM off Cuba. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (32):40-41. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

As foreign companies participate in the 

development of Cuba's ultra deepwater oil

extraction, US-based oil companies may seek 

authorization from the US government to

compete for exploration rights.

Wang, Xiulin et al. Contribution of biological 

processes to self-purification of water with 

respect to petroleum hydrocarbon associated

with No. 0 diesel in Changjiang Estuary and 

Jiaozhou Bay, China. Hydrobiologia. 2002; 

469;179-191. ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Authors attempt to quantify the scientific basis 

required for estimating the capacity of 

environmental factors in the self-purification of 

diesel-contaminated water. To this end, they

incorporate mesocosm and parallel laboratory 

experiments, and design a conceptual model for 

predicting petroleum hydrocarbon distribution

in multiphase environments. 

White Rose approval changes focus off 

Newfoundland. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(3):58-61. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Steel Floating, Production, Storage, and 

Offloading vessels (FPSOs), designed for 

unusual environmental conditions, are being

considered for use in the future development off 

Newfoundland. A field development concept is

presented for the FPSO to process, store, and 

offload production from wellheads into holes

buried 10-12 ft below the seabed. Watkinson, Captain John. Oil spill prevention and 

response initiatives in the Great Barrier 

Reef. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 

2000; 6 (1):31-44. ISSN: 1353-2561.

The intent of this paper is to examine the 

prevention and response initiatives to marine oil 

spills, and discuss prevention and control 

measures in place within the Great Barrier Reef. 

White, Daniel M.; Ask, Ingegerd; Behr-Andres, 

Christina. Laboratory study on dispersant 

effectiveness in Alaskan seawater. Journal of

Cold Regions Engineering. 2002; 16 (1):17-27. 

ISSN: 0887-381X. 

Whitfield, John. How to clean a beach. Nature. 

2003; 422 (6931):464-466. ISSN: 0028-0836. 

This article discusses the application of 

technology as a result of decades of research

into oil spill cleanup following the wreck of the 

Prestige, as well as the reaction of Spanish 

scientists to their government’s response to the 

spill and overall commitment to environmental 

protection.

Webster, Lynda et al. Aliphatic hydrocarbons and 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 

sediments collected from the 110 mile hole 

and along a transect from 58 degrees 58.32'N 

1 degrees 10.38'W to the inner Moray Firth, 

Scotland. Journal of Environmental

Monitoring. 2003; 5 (3):395-403. ISSN: 1464-

0325. 

Geochemical biomarker profiles were used to

identify PAHs found in different sections of

Moray Firth. Authors identified triterpanes often 

associated with Middle Eastern oils in small 

amounts throughout a majority of the sediments 

from the Firth.

220
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

Woodall, Debra W.; Gambrell, Robert P.; Rabalais, 

Nancy N.; DeLaune, Ronald D. Developing a 

method to track oil and gas produced water 

discharges in estuarine systems using salinity 

as a conservative tracer. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2001; 42 (11):1118-1127. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

The authors establish a sampling design to

assess the impact of drilling discharges and the 

behavior of the discharged effluents in a small,

semi-enclosed bay located at the Empire and

Manilla Village sites. 

Wilcoxen, Steven E.; Meier, Peter G.; Landrum,

Peter F. The toxicity of fluoranthene to 

Hyalella azteca in sediment and water-only

exposures under varying light spectra.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2003;

54 (1):105-117. ISSN: 0147-6513. 

Researchers studied the phototoxicity of

fluoranthene on a freshwater amphipod using a 

light regimen for sediment toxicity testing 

specified by the US Environmental Protection 

Agency. In sediment experiments, mortality 

levels were reduced by amphipods burrowing 

into the sediment to avoid UV light. 

Xu, Ran; Obbard, Jeffrey P. Biodegradation of

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oilcontaminated beach sediments treated with 

nutrient amendments. Journal of

Environmental Quality. 2004; 33 (3):861-867.

ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Three nutrient amendments were tested to

determine their effects on biodegradation rates 

by microbial action. Osmocote, a slow-release 

fertilizer, yielded the best results on target 

PAHs after 45 days. 

Williams, Bob. Peak-oil, global warming concerns 

opening new window of opportunity for 

alternative energy sources. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (32):18-28. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Renewable energy sources will play a larger 

role in overall world consumption in the future, 

leading to growing business opportunities for 

companies usually associated with oil and gas 

exploration and development.

Wilson, Vicky. Norwegian pollution authority

improves oil spill detection by 50%. Offshore. 

1999; 59 (7):112. ISSN: 0030-0608.

The MSS 5000 software performs real time geocorrection of the sensor images to produce

overlays on the digital map and also

incorporates (GIS). 

Yamamoto, Tomoko; Nakaoka, Masahiro; Komatsu, 

Teruhisa; Kawai, Hiroshi; Ohwada, Kouichi. 

Impacts by heavy-oil spill from the Russian 

tanker Nakhodka on intertidal ecosystems: 

recovery of animal community. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (1-6):91-98. ISSN: 

0025-326X.

The present study examined population 

dynamics of individual benthic species and their 

ability to recover following a heavy oil spill. 

Yang, L.; Chen, L. S.; Li, C. F. Biological cleanup

of oil spills on sandy beaches by land farming

techniques. In Rodriguez, G. R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.) Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, 

Modelling, Analysis and Control II. Billerica, 

Ma.: Computational Mechanics Inc.; 2000; p. 

165-175. ISBN: 1-85312-828-7.

The technique of landfarming (raking sandy soil

periodically to aerate it), in combination with 

the use of fertilizers, was found to be effective 

in the bioremediation of contaminated sandy 

beach. 

Wiseman, Alan; Goldfarb, Peter; Redgway, Tim.

Aquatic-environment xenoestrogens and 

phytoestrogens: no clean ecorestoration 

without biointervention? Journal of Chemical

Toxicology and Biotechnology. 1999; 74

(7):597-598. ISSN: 0268-2575. 

Authors state that in some cases, post-spill 

environmental remediation attempts may do 

more harm than good to the affected 

ecosystems. 

Wittlingerova, Z.; Landa, I. Evaluation of old 

environmental loads of soils contaminated by 

petroleum products. Rostlinna Vyroba. 2001; 

47 (8):339-343. ISSN: 0370-663X. 

221
ENVIRONMENT/ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT/SPILLS 

222

Yapa, Poojitha D.; Zheng, Li; Chen, Fanghiu. A 

model for deepwater oil/gas blowouts. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 43 (7-12):234-241. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A computer model was developed to simulate

the behavior of oil and gas when released from

deepwater locations. The model can account for 

hydrates moving through different water 

pressures, and effects of hydrates on the jet and 

plume of the spilled materials. 

Youssef, T.; El-Amry, M.; Youssef, A. Post-spill 

behavior in an oil contaminated mangrove

stand Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. in

UAE. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research. 

2000; 18 (2):102-109. ISSN: 1015-4442. 

Zenetos, A. et al. The Eurobulker oil spill: midterm changes of some ecosystem indicators.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 48 (1-2):122-

131. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Eight months after an oil spill, researchers 

found that the impact on the benthic community 

was more indirect and delayed than

environmental assessments had predicted,

possibly due to the geography of the site. 

Zheng, L.; Yapa, Poojitha D. Modeling gas 

dissolution in deepwater oil/gas spills. Journal

of Marine Systems. 2002; 31 (4):299-309. ISSN: 

0924-7963. 

Zhou, J. L.; Maskaoui, K. Distribution of polycyclic 

aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface 

sediments from Daya Bay, China.

Environmental Pollution. 2003; 121 (2):269-

281. ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Zhu, L. Z.; Chiou, C.T. Water solubility

enhancements of pyrene by single and mixed 

surfactant solutions. Journal of Environmental

Sciences-China. 2001; 13 (4):491-496. ISSN: 

1001-0742. 
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Anderson, Alison G. The media politics of oil spills.

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-

2):7-15. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

The author argues that particular interests shape 

media coverage of oil spills as companies compete 

against one another for market share and influence 

the public. Media coverage will often feature 

images for the purposes of entertaining the public 

rather than relaying important information.

1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2000; 40 (12):1068. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A protocol was recently signed for the ending of

the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund

agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for 

higher compensation for parties affected by oil 

pollution.

A string of misfortune with oil spills continues for 

Petrobras. Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (32):9. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

In a month's time, Petrobras has reported three 

incidents involving leakage or spills of oil or 

products. One incident reported a 4,000 litre crude 

oil spill from an oil tanker off the coast of Rio de

Janeiro state. During the same month, the 

company reported a 4 million-liter crude oil leak

from a pipeline at a refinery in Parana state, and

recently the company reported that a processing 

unit at one of its refineries in Rio de Janeiro state 

had leaked 1,000 liters of the substance MTBE. 

Anderson, Roger N.; Boulanger, Albert. Enterprisewide systems integration needed in 

ultradeepwater operations. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (45):48-54. ISSN: 0030-1388.

This article presents lean energy management

scenarios that would benefit industries involved in

ultradeepwater development, by providing

methods that cut costs and predict reservoir

performance variability over time. 

Antosh, Nelson. Offshore technology finds deepwater 

oil; getting it to shore a problem. Houston 

Chronicle. Houston, Tx: Houston Chronicle 

Publishing Company; April 29, 2001; 2.

An estimated 10 billion barrels of recoverable oil 

exists in the Gulf of Mexico, but only 3.6 billion

barrels have been developed thus far. Deepwater 

exploration is outpacing the industry in its ability 

to extract the oil out of the ground and then

transport it to shore. 

Aalund, Leo R. Offshore conference focuses on rising 

oil demand. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(37):40-41. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Speakers attending the Offshore Northern Seas 

Conference in Stavanger voiced their differences 

of opinion regarding predicted shortages of the 

world's energy resources. 

Appeals court throws out $5 billion punitive-damage 

award against Exxon. Houma Daily Courier. 

Houma, La.: Houma Daily Courier; November 8, 

2001; A 9. 

Following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, family

owned fishing permits lost more than 3/4 of their 

value. In an attempt to have Exxon pay for the 

destroyed leases, the fisherman filed a $5 billion

dollar punitive-damage suit against Exxon. A 

federal appeals court in Juneau, Alaska threw out

the suit saying that while damages were justified

to punish the company for the 1989 oil spill, $5

billion was an excessive amount. 

American rig sinks in Mediterranean, 84 rescued.

Reuters. December 4, 2001. 

Due to rough seas, an American oil drilling rig

began breaking up and sinking out of Egyptian

waters toward the coast off Tel Aviv on Tuesday, 

December 3, 2001. An international rescue

operation airlifted all 84 people aboard the rig and

brought them to safety. The drilling rig is owned

and operated by Global Santa Fe, the world's 

second-largest offshore oil and natural gas driller. 

Analysts claim early peak in world oil production.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (34):33-36. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

An energy industry consulting firm predicts a 

peak in world oil production by 2010, resulting in

the doubling or trebling of oil prices shortly 

thereafter. 

Arata, Catalina M.; Picou, J. Steven; Johnson, G. 

David; McNally, T. Scott. Coping with

technological disaster: an application of the 

conservation of resources model to the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 

2000; 13 (1):23-39. ISSN: 0894-9867. 

223
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Barbosa, F. Mexico's new government launches 

major projects to boost oil production. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (19):66-69. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The new administration of Mexican President 

Vicente Fox recently approved the upstream

investment program by Petroleos Mexicanos to

increase output of heavy and light crude oil.

Priorities outlined for the projects are: to boost oil 

and gas recovery in fields in the Bay of 

Campeche; and to boost production in the Delta 

del Grijalva region. 

Austin, Diane. Social and Economic Impacts of 

Outer Continental Shelf Activities on

Individuals and Families. New Orleans, La: U.S.

Department of the Interior, Minerals Management

Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region; 2002; OCS 

Study MMS 2002-022 & 023; various pages. 

Auty, Richard. Natural resources and 'gradual' 

reform in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

Natural Resources Forum. 2003; 27 (4):255-266.

ISSN: 0165-0203. 

This study argues that in two resource-rich 

developing nations, excessive reliance upon

natural resource rents have created a condition 

whereby capital is used to consolidate political 

power rather than being allocated towards 

economic reform to market-based systems. 

Barrow, C. W.; Sweeney, S. E. Beyond crisis science 

and emergency legislation: what do we really 

know about oil spills. Spill Science & Technology

Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):3-6. ISSN: 1353-2561.

According to the authors, enforcement of the US 

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 has exceeded the 

estimated economic benefits of the legislation. 

Critics argue that the legislation does not account 

for non-economic losses, such as the disruptive 

impact to the culture of local communities. 

Bainbridge, Keith. World markets speeding change

for LNG shipping. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 

(17):98-100. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The author takes a retrospective look at the 

functionality of LNG carriers from their inception 

in 1964 to the present time. 

BC investigates lifting West Coast exploration ban.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (3):62-63. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

British Columbia's new Liberal government has 

appointed a three member scientific panel to 

examine technical and scientific issues related to 

offshore exploration in the Queen Charlotte basin 

off Canada's West Coast. This area is subject to

both British Columbia and federal moratoria on

industry activity. Supporters for the removal of the 

ban claim that renewed exploration would be a 

major boost for the economy.

Bakhtiari, A. M. Samsam. North Sea oil reserves: half 

full or half empty? Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101

(33):24-32. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article recounts the history of North Sea oil 

production, and provides evidence that the six 

UKCS giant reserves are in decline. 

Bakhtiari, A. M. Samsam. World oil production 

capacity model suggests output peak by 2006-

07. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (16):18-20. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Results from a model estimating recoverable

hydrocarbons from conventional oil reserves 

suggest that global oil production will peak well 

before the end of the decade, leading to an 

irreversible decline of oil production.

Behm, Ed; Brett, J. Ford. Analysis used to assess, 

improve drilling performance. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (9):43-48. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The authors give an explanation of perfect-well

analysis, which assesses drilling performance as a 

Banasak, Sara; Traxler, Franz. Public resistance way to identify areas that need cost savings. 

narrowing LNG options in North America. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (22):20-24. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The construction of proposed LNG regasification 

terminals around the United States and Mexico are 

facing public opposition because of environmental 

implications. 

Behm, Ed; Brett, J. Ford. Measure drilling

performance objectively. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2004; 102 (11):39-43. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Perfect-well analysis is a new technique used to 

evaluate performance standards and improve wellcost estimates.

224
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Birch, C. Achieving maximum crude oil value 

depends on accurate evaluation. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (2):54-56. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

To achieve accurate crude oil value, several key 

issues such as distillation yield, bulk property, 

refining value and supply and demand can 

influence the market and price differentials. 

Behr, Peter. BP Amoco reviews safety at Prudhoe 

Bay; foes of Arctic drilling say shutoff valve

failures endanger the land. Washington Post. 

Washington, D.C.: Washington Post Company; 

July 15, 2001; A 13. 

A review of safety systems at the Prudhoe Bay oil 

field in Alaska began after BP Amoco PLC

acknowledged an increase in test failures of

emergency shutoff valves designed to stop oil

spills and prevent gas explosions at the field. 

Birkland, Thomas A.; Lawrence, Regnia G. The social 

and political meaning of the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7

(1-2):17-22. ISSN: 1353-2561.

The attention received by the Exxon Valdez oil 

spill was due to a cultural tension between an

identification with the wilderness versus the need

for exploitation of natural resources, according to 

the authors. 

Behr, Peter. Chevron to acquire Texaco; deal creates

no. 4 oil firm in world. Washington Post. 

Washington, D.C.: Washington Post Company; 

October 16, 2000; A 01. ISSN: 0740-5421. 

Aspects of the merger, including a possible loss of

4,000 jobs and scrutiny from the U. S. Federal

Trade Commission, are discussed. 

Born, Abraham F.; Espinoza, Eduardo; Murillo, Juan

Carlos; Nicolaides, Francis; Edgar, Graham J. 

Effects of the Jessica oil spill on artisanal 

fisheries in the Galápagos. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2003; 47 (7-8):319-324. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

Reports of total catches of fishes hauled from sites 

near the grounding of the oil tanker Jessica

indicated no significant changes after the spill. 

However, large boats tended to avoid the areas 

directly impacted by the accident. A decline in

fishing by small boat operators were recorded and

later noted that the vessels were used in clean up

operations. 

Behr, Peter. High court denies Exxon Valdez review.

Washington Post. Washington D.C.: Washington

Post Company; October 3, 2000; A 02. ISSN:

0740-5421. 

Exxon Mobil Corporation lost a bid for a Supreme 

Court review of a $5 billion punitive damage

award for the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The 

court refused to consider Exxon Mobil's argument

concerning alleged irregularities, which occurred

during deliberations. 

Biers, John M. Gulf oil, gas firms to merge. New 

Orleans Times-Picayune. New Orleans, La.:

Times-Picayune Publishing Company; October

31, 2000; C 01-02.

Stone Energy Corp., a natural gas company,

announced its purchase of Basin Exploration Inc. 

The purchase of the Rocky Mountain-based rival 

combines two Gulf Coast operators that specialize 

in natural gas production, boosting production at a 

time of strong commodity prices. This purchase 

will improve reserves, production rates, enhance 

its exploratory prospects, as well as adding to the 

cash flow. 

Boughton, Bob; Horvath, Arpad. Environmental

assessment of used oil management methods.

Environmental Science & Technology. 2004; 38

(2):353-358. ISSN: 0013-936X. 

This paper reviews the Used Oil Management

Methods program, to assess the environmental 

impact and benefits based on the product end-oflife scenario. 

Bourdelande, J. L.; Marquet, J.; Herance, J. R.; 

Balduzzi, U. Cleaning-up of oil taint stones by 

using H2O2, metallic salts and light.

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2004; 

3 (4):329-330. ISSN: 1474-905X. 

Authors describe a process whereby oiled stones 

were cleaned by a solution of hydrogen peroxide

and metallic salts. Tests were carried out in both

sunlight and dark conditions. 

Biers, John M. The deepening debate; new oil vessels

may be headed deep into the gulf. But critics 

say the massive rigs are environmental 

hazards. New Orleans Times-Picayune. New 

Orleans, La.: Times-Picayune Publishing Co.;

December 31,2000; Money; 01. 

The use of FPSOs has been approved off the 

coasts of Louisiana and Florida, with some

restrictions. Industry officials and environmental

advocates weigh in on either side of the issue.

Brown Jeffrey. Sputtering Asia-Pacific oil demand to 

improve in 2002. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(48):24-26. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

In this review of the changing patterns of oil

demands in the Asia-Pacific region, the effects on 

past, present, and future Asia-Pacific oil demands 

is examined in a global context. 

225
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Chang, Thi. Sincor to offer Zuata Sweet crude in 

2002. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (29):52-54. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The company Sincor will complete and 

commission its heavy oil upgrader at Venezuela's 

Jose industrial complex by the end of 2001. The 

oil upgrader will transform heavy oil from

Orinoco to Zuata Sweet crude oil. This crude is 

mainly targeted for the US markets in the early 

months of 2002. 

Bruso, Joseph M., Jr.; Getz, Steven L.; Wallace, Ronald 

L. Geology will support further discoveries in 

Gulf of Guinea's Golden Rectangle. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (7):30-38. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This paper reviews current geological information 

that suggests additional oil discoveries in the area 

over the next five years.

Burke, Bruce F. China's crude imports disrupt global

supply. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (8):64-65. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Analysts note that China was the main recipient of 

OPEC crude in 2000 rather than Europe or the US. 

China's crude imports increased more than

700,000 b/d, implying a crude oil inventory

buildup of 71 million bbl in the first 9 months of

2000. 

China expects offshore production to buttress 

overall output target. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 

99 (51):58-65. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Analysts predict that by 2005 China's offshore oil 

production will double the level set in 2001. As 

China becomes more and more reliant on offshore 

supplies of crude oil, exploration opportunities are 

Canada prosecutes oil polluting ship. Marine promising for foreign companies. 

Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (5):337. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

In February 2000, Oak Maritime (Canada) Inc., 

owners of the vessel M. V. Donau Ore, pleaded

guilty to the charge of illegal dumping of oily 

bilge waste. The vessel was observed by aerial 

surveillance, and was seen trailing a sevenkilometer long oil slick. The slick was 

approximately 40 miles from the Cape St. Mary's

Ecological Reserve in southeast Newfoundland. 

Clark, Judy. Government, industry forge

partnerships for security enhancement. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (24):20-24. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A network of federal departments and agencies 

are working together with the US Department of 

Homeland Security to provide a secure 

infrastructure for the energy industry and 

personnel as the risks of terrorism continue. 

Cuba's oil output rises, other projects loom absent 

sanctions. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (1):38-

39. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Two senior diplomats from the US administration, 

working as independent consultants, conducted a 

study showing the continued increase of foreign 

companies interested in oil and gas exploration in

Cuba. These consultants believe that lifting the 

embargo against Cuba would provide US energy

firms between $2 billion and $3 billion per year in 

additional revenues. 

Canadian ship fined $450,000 for dumping oil.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2004; 48 (5-6):416. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A Canadian company operating the Philippineflagged cargo ship Emerald Banker offered a

guilty plea on November 14, 2003 for violating

the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships by

dumping oil in the Pacific Ocean. The company 

was sentenced to 4 years probation and fined 

$450,000. 

Castle, Jack. Custom designed bits improve 

efficiency, lower costs. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003;

101 (49):60-62. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Drilling operators evaluate custom designed bits 

for specific applications to improve drilling

performance and save money.

Cueille, Jean-Philippe; Rodriguez, Jesus F. de Miquel. 

Large US independent petroleum firms 

emerging as viable competitors to majors. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (8):22-30. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Competition from small independent companies 

that are merging to become one major company is 

growing significantly. This article identifies 

features and assesses these companies on the

world oil and gas scene. 

Cautious optimism characterizes Gulf of Mexico

activity. World Oil. 2001; 222 (1):111-113. ISSN: 

0043-8790. 

The Gulf of Mexico E&P activity appears healthy, 

with strong indications that it will remain active at 

least during the next year. However, some

analysts warn of jackup rig reduction due to a 

decline in shelf reserves. 

226
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Diller, S. Risk assessment and cost-benefit 

techniques as management tools for oil spill 

prevention. In Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. 

A. (Eds.). Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling,

Analysis and Control. Billerica, Ma.: 

Computational Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 253-263. 

ISBN: 1-85312-526-1. 

Concepts and examples in risk prevention and risk

assessment are presented to show the link between

oil spill prevention options and the management

finance decision-making process. 

Dauterive, Les. Rigs to Reefs Policy, Progress, and

Perspective. New Orleans, La.: U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region; 2000; OCS Study

MMS 2000-073; 8 pp. 

This report emphasizes the Rigs-to-Reefs policy,

which provides the oil industry with rig disposal 

alternatives and options for the reduction of

abandonment costs and the preservation of 

associated reef organisms. This creates an

incentive to convert platforms to reefs. These

platforms provide the largest artificial reefs 

complex in the world. Dittrick, Paula. Pioneer working to develop oil, gas 

businesses in South Africa. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (11):48-51. ISSN: 0030-1388.

An anticipated startup of Sable field, off the coast 

of South Africa, is expected in the first quarter of 

2003. Pioneer Natural Resources Co., Dallas, is 

attempting to develop a future gas market in South

Africa. Pioneer is the first outside company to

produce oil off the coast of South Africa. 

Davis, Michael. In Erika's wake, capacity sinks; oil 

companies abandoning older tankers, 

precipitating shipping-capacity shortage.

Houston Chronicle. Houston, Tx.: Houston 

Chronicle Publishing Company; December 3, 

2000; Business – 01. 

Following the grounding of the Erika, a 25-year

old Maltese tanker, off the western coast of

France, stricter standards are being enforced

regarding the transport of oil on old tankers.

Analysts predict that phasing out the vintage

tankers, and having to charter newer tankers will 

result in higher oil prices. 

Dittrick, Paula. Industry likely to keep pace with 

LNG vessel demand. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 

102 (22):30. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Increased demands for larger LNG carriers to be 

built will double by 2015. Although a strong LNG

trade and transport are expected for many years to 

come, the shipping industry is concerned that not

enough people will be available to operate all the 

anticipated vessels. 

de Mora, Stephen J.; Turner, Tim. The Caspian Sea: a 

microcosm for environmental science and 

international cooperation. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2004; 48 (1-2):26-29. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

An overview of the Caspian Sea region touches 

upon hydrology, environmental sciences, 

industrial development, and the formation of 

various treaties and protocols by international

bodies and regional governments to protect the 

ecosystem. 

Doering, Christopher. US advisory panel urges outer 

shelf drilling. Reuters News Service. May 24, 

2001. 

A report issued by the Interior Department

advisory panel is recommending the federal

government move forward with a plan that could 

open protected American shorelines for future oil 

and gas exploration. Environmental groups 

believe that coastal waters off California, North

Carolina, Georgia, and Florida could be studied. 

Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Environmental and 

Socioeconomic Data Search and Literature

Synthesis Volume I: Technical Narrative and 

Volume II: Annotated Bibliography. New

Orleans, La.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico 

OCS Region; OCS Study MMS 2000-049 & 50; 

various pages.

Drieu, Michael D.; Nourse, Peter C.; MacKay, Ronald; 

Cooper, David A.; Hvidbak, Flemming. Latest

update of tests and improvements to US Coast 

Guard viscous oil pumping system. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 47 (9-12):470-476. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The US Coast Guard and several maritime 

working groups are sharing ideas and techniques 

to safely transport and improve the pumping

technology of viscous oil products. 

Deepwater testing center proposed off French 

Riviera. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (36):25-

26. ISSN: 0030-1388.

The world's first deepwater testing facility, located

off Toulon on the French Riviera, is in submission

to possible financial bidders. The facility will 

provide information regarding equipment needed

for deepwater hydrocarbon exploration,

development, and production facilities testing.

227
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Enger, S.; Logan, A. Ultradeepwater play paces gulf, 

North America. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(45):80-85. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

As several recent discoveries come on line in the 

next few years, oil and gas output from deepwater 

fields is set to grow at an increasing rate. The 

industry appears to have found approximately 4 

billion barrels of oil in nine discoveries. 

Ebeku, Kaniye S. A. Nigerian Supreme Court and 

ownership of offshore oil. Natural Resources 

Forum. 2003; 27 (4):291-299. ISSN: 0165-0203. 

A decision by Nigeria’s Supreme Court negated a 

constitutional provision requiring that 13% of

mineral royalties go to states from which

resources were extracted. In this study, the author 

argues that the decision granting the national

government all offshore royalties failed to 

consider the legislative history of the provision, as 

required by law. Further, the decision is likely to

inflame sentiments in the delta region, where there

is already widespread discontent over

environmental damage from oil extraction and 

perceptions about the relationship between the oil 

industry and government on economic matters. 

Environmental effects of the Erika oil spill. Marine 

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (5):530. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

A joint program was set up between the French 

Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea and

the National Institute for the Industrial 

Environment and Risks to coordinate projects

addressing the environmental impact of an oil spill 

caused by the tanker Erika in the Bay of Biscay, 

France. 

Eggeling, T.W. Government perspective, statutory 

protection and the direction of future research 

and co-operation in the context of the marine 

environment. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and 

Freshwater Ecosystems. 2002; 12 (1):153-159. 

ISSN: 1052-7613. 

Future oil exploration in the Falkland Islands will 

be considered within the framework of a broad

environmental policy incorporating several

interest groups and governmental agencies. 

EPA files complaints for lack of oil spill measures.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (11):1320. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

Complaints were filed by the EPA against 

facilities in New England that have not

implemented a Spill Prevention Control and 

Countermeasure Plan. Facilities were fined for 

storm water collection systems that were found to

drain into water bodies, and for storing large

amounts of oil on site. 

Eleven companies to draw crude from SPR. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (42):46. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Clinton administration has authorized the US 

Department of Energy to accept bids from 11 

companies seeking 30 million bbl of oil from the 

Strategic Petroleum Reserve. DOE has estimated 

that the release of the 30 million bbl of crude this 

fall could result in additional production of 3-5

million bbl of heating oil. The Energy Department

is not releasing the individual amounts to be 

returned by individual companies at this time. 

Disclosing the specific exchange ratios at the 

point could bias future offers should the exchange 

process be repeated. 

Eskew, Blake T.; Jones, Stephen L. Gulf deepwater

crude impacts downstream disposition. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (18):80-90. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

The rapid growth of deepwater exploration in the 

Gulf of Mexico poses economic and logistic

challenges associated with marketing the new 

production. Clearly, new infrastructure and new

supply relationships must be established to

develop future production. 

ExxonMobil drops Trinidad deepwater blocks, looks

to Gulf of Paria venture. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (5):44-45. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Despite a recent withdrawal from an exploration 

commitment off the East Coast of Trinidad, 

ExxonMobil has negotiated with government

officials to forego penalties as part of an

agreement to invest into a joint geotechnical study 

in an area in the Gulf of Paria. 

Emerson, S. SPR drawdowns trigger law of

unintended consequences. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (50):24-30. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

As the US continues a global campaign against 

terrorism, the risk of disruption of oil imports

continues to grow. This article reflects on the 

three drawdowns from the Strategic Petroleum

Reserve (SPR) over time, and describes the 

unintended consequences that the US has faced 

from these actions. The author also reiterates the 

SPR's original emergency preparedness mission. 

Fall, James A.; Ultermohle, Charles J.; Brown, Louis A. 

Subsistence Harvests and Uses in Eight 

Communities Ten Years After the Exxon 

Valdez Oil Spill. Juneau, Ak: Alaska Department

of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence; 1999. 

228
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Fletcher, Sam. MMS ups Gulf of Mexico deep gas 

reserves estimate. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 

(46):29-30. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

To project future reserves, MMS analysts have 

reinterpreted data estimates of deepwater natural 

gas reservoirs on the Outer Continental Shelf of

the Gulf of Mexico. 

Fatica, Al. Gas-quality debate heats up as more US

LNG imports loom. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004;

102 (22):69-74. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

US natural gas processing plants are closing

because of unfavorable economic conditions for 

the extraction of natural gas liquids (NGLs),

allowing unacceptable accumulations of heavier 

NGLs to flow through transmission pipelines. 

Developments of large gas projects outside the US 

are gaining momentum and prompting the demand 

for more US LNG import terminals. 

Fletcher, Sam. Senate asks Interior to halt new 

drilling off California. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 

100 (41):30. ISSN: 0030-1388.

The US Senate unanimously approved a bill that 

will prohibit new drilling activities in undeveloped

leases off the coast of California. 

Field, Lawrence J. Evaluating and Communicating 

Subsistence Seafood Safety in a Cross-Cultural 

Context: Lessons Learned from the Exxon

Valdez Oil Spill. Pensacola, Fl.: SEATAC Press; 

1999; 338 pp. ISBN: 1880611295. 

This book is dedicated to the people of Prince 

William Sound, Lower Cook Inlet, Kodiak Island,

and the Alaska Peninsula whose subsistence food

resources and traditional way of life were affected

by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Freudenburg, William R.; Gramling, Robert. How 

crude: advocacy coalitions, offshore oil, and the 

self-negating belief. Policy Sciences. 2002; 35

(1):17-41. ISSN: 0032-2687. 

The Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) 

theory of policy formulation was tested by

applying it to the offshore leasing program under 

the Reagan Administration. The authors believe 

that the ACF needs refining if it is to be a standard

methodological tool. 

Fla. drilling rights plea rejected by U.S. Los Angeles 

Times. Los Angeles, Ca.: Times Mirror Company; 

April 18, 2001; A 8. 

An appeal to stop the planned auction of offshore 

oil and gas leases in the eastern Gulf of Mexico 

was rejected by the Bush Administration. Florida's 

governor, Jeb Bush led the effort to block the sale

of converted offshore oil and gas leases. 

Frumkes, D. R. The status of the California rigs-toreefs programme and the need to limit 

consumptive fishing activities. ICES Journal of

Marine Science. 2002; 59 (Supplement):S272-

S276. ISSN: 1054-3139. 

Portions of decommissioned rigs are evaluated for 

their value to marine habitats, but consumptive 

fishing could hamper enhancement potential. An

enhancement trust fund has been established, with

the program receiving a minimum of 40% of the

savings from decommissioned rigs. 

Fleming, Michael; Fleming, R. Farley. Workers 

identify hazards through energy source 

recognition. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(29):42-47. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Authors identify energy sources as the origin of

hazards in the workplace. One case study 

demonstrates how a safety-training program

stressing this concept has been successfully 

implemented. 

Gaddy, Dean. Russian oil companies improve. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (8):30-34. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Despite low levels of direct foreign investment, 

Russian oil companies continue to improve

operational and financial efficiencies. The 

introduction of modern business practices, and 

new organizational structures, influenced

aggregate output, which has risen for the first time

in 11 years. 

Fletcher, Sam. Industry ponders if oil production can

rise to meet demand. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 

99 (9):30-31. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Analysts predict that in order to meet future 

demands for oil, a worldwide average of a 7% 

increase in production rate is required. 

Worldwide, the industry has discovered more than

the equivalent of 700 billion barrels of oil not yet 

developed. To bring future supplies online in a 

timely manner, governments of oil and gasproducing countries must first establish regulatory 

and fiscal policies that encourage rather than

discourage access to exploration prospects.

Galil, N. I.; Levinsky, Y. Reuse of industrial 

wastewater effluent in the petrochemical 

industry. In Rubin, H.; Nachtnebel, P.; Shamir, 

U.; Furst, J. (Eds.) Water Resources Quality. 

Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2002; p. 331-345. ISBN: 

3-540-43148-9. 

229
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Gottinger, Hans W. Econometric modelling, 

estimation and policy analysis of oil spill 

processes. International Journal of Environment

and Pollution. 2001; 15 (3):333-363. ISSN: 0957-

4352. 

Before designing a stochastic model that addresses 

oil spill processes, the author identifies parameters 

suitable for inclusion. Effects of economic 

incentive measures on the frequency of spills, spill 

size, volume of oil spilled and enforcement effort 

are incorporated into the model. 

Gallagher, John J. The application of strict criminal 

liabilities to spillage of oil: the practical impact 

on effective spill response. Spill Science &

Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):39-44. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The author argues that the Federal Water Pollution

Control Act and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990

provide an adequate means to prosecute and

incarcerate intentional polluters, if criminal 

penalties are strict enough. 

Gillan, Audrey. Exxon accused of rights abuses; Esso 

parent group cited in US case over Indonesian 

violations. The Guardian. London: Guardian

Publications, Ltd.; June 22, 2001; 23. 

Villagers from the impoverished Aceh region of 

western Indonesia allege that ExxonMobil was 

complicit in murder, rape, torture and kidnapping

during the recent campaign by the Indonesian

military to squash insurgency by separatists. A 

Washington-based organization filed the lawsuit 

against ExxonMobil on behalf of the villagers. An

ExxonMobil spokesman said that the company 

had not been served with the lawsuit and he did

not have confirmation that it had been filed.

Gulf plays move deeper. Harts E & P. 2001; 74

(1):15. ISSN: 0164-8322. 

Haeberle, Frederick. R. Porosity and permeability 

effects in Texas Gulf Coast reservoirs. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (11):30-35. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

This article describes a method that provides an 

understanding of reservoir and fluid properties and 

how they react to geological changes.

Hamer, M. Spy on board - like aircraft, oil tankers

may soon have to record their voyages. New

Scientist. 2000; 167 (2249):11. ISSN: 0262-4079. 

Voyage data recorders will be fitted on all ships 

built from 2002 into the future. There is, however, 

resistance to the idea of fitting present cargo ships 

with the black boxes.

Godec, Michael L.; Kuuskraa, Vello A.; Bank, Greg. 

Future gulf supplies: role of the federal 

government. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(36):32-38. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes topics affecting the stability 

of domestic oil and gas supplies, as well as factors 

that will impact the future of Gulf of Mexico

deepwater oil and gas production. 

Harrison, Bob; Warnock, Andrew. Technique 

forecasts production from waterflooded

reservoirs. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101

(45):55-59. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

An analytical method provides fast, efficient

forecasting for future production in a variety of 

mature shallow marine reservoirs. 

Godec, Michael L.; Kuuskraa, Vello A.; Kuck, Brian T. 

How US Gulf of Mexico development, finding,

cost trends have evolved. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (18):52-56. ISSN: 0030-1388.

To assess the potential accuracy of projections of 

future declines in production, historical trends and 

projections of output in the Gulf of Mexico are 

analyzed. The authors look at recent production 

data in deepwater fields and technological

advances in the industry as factors necessary to 

appraise the accuracy of recent projections.

Hart, Alan. Court order represents more delays for 

drilling programs off California. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 99 (30):43-44. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Drilling programs off coastal California face more 

delays after the US Minerals Management Service 

issued a draft environment impact statement for 

proposed delineation drilling on 36 leases off 

Santa Barbara County, Houston's Nuevo Energy

Company reports that the leases contain more than 

1 billion barrels of oil. 

230
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. FPSO risks no different from 

other deep systems. Offshore. 2001; 61 (3):18. 

ISSN: 0030-0608. 

The Minerals Management Service has published

the final environmental impact statement, 

reporting that floating production, storage, and 

offloading vessels in the Gulf of Mexico

deepwater pose similar potential impacts as other 

deepwater development and production systems. 

Heath, C. P. M. Geological, geophysical, and other

technical and soft skills needed by geoscientists 

employed in the North American petroleum 

industry. AAPG Bulletin. 2003; 87 (9):1395-

1410. ISSN: 0149-1423. 

A survey was used to rank the educational skills 

needed by petroleum geoscientists, from the 

perspective of a number of American and 

Canadian oil companies. From this data, the 

author lists a number of suggestions for 

curriculum reform in the geosciences. Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. Future of FPSOs in the Gulf 

of Mexico. Offshore. 2000; 60 (7):20. ISSN:

0030-0608. 

The approval of floating production, storage, and 

offloading vessels is imminent. The Minerals

Management Service is expected to approve as 

early as February, 2001. 

Heavy penalties for Washington oil spill cover up.

Marine Pollution. 2003; 46 (3):273. ISSN: 0025-

326X.. 

Companies responsible for the dumping of waste 

oil in Commencement Bay, Washington plead

guilty to crimes related to a recent oil spill. The 

responsible parties will have to collectively pay 

$750,000 and are required to develop and 

implement a comprehensive environmental

management plan. 

Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. GoM yards deal with 

competitors, tight budgets. Offshore. 2002; 62

(11):25-26. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Competition by larger overseas fabrication yards 

and construction cost increases have forced

smaller production facilities along the Gulf of 

Mexico region to reduce their workforces and 

focus more on efficiency. 

Hiett, Robert L. Economic Impact of Recreational

Fishing and Diving Associated with Offshore 

Oil and Gas Structures in the Gulf of Mexico.

New Orleans, La.: U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of 

Mexico OCS Region; 2002; OCS Study MMS 

2002-010; various pages.

IMO raises oil pollution compensation limits. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 42 (1):3. ISSN: 0025-

326X. 

The International Maritime Organization is 

establishing an international fund for 

compensation for oil pollution damage. Limits of 

compensation payable to victims of pollution by

oil tankers will be raised by 50%. This 

amendment was drawn up to ensure that the

burden of compensation is spread more evenly 

between shipowner and cargo interests. 

Holden, Roger; Soria, Ernesto. Pipeline study aims at

benchmarking operators' performances. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (42):64-68. ISSN: 0030-

1388.

A preliminary study authored by a group of 

European oil pipeline companies initiated

comparisons of resource consumption and 

performance analysis of pipeline operations to

identify areas for improving operating efficiency. Janssen, Onno; Feuerhelm, H. Thomas. Measurement 

uncertainty and trade: an example from the 

petroleum industry. Accreditation and Quality 

Assurance. 2003; 8 (12):576-578. ISSN: 0949-

1775. 

The petroleum industry serves as a model for how 

measurement uncertainties can be used by other

industries involved in global commerce when

determining the impacts of product pricing. 

Hull, Jennifer P. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 

1,000 feet. Offshore. 2001; 61 (2):16. ISSN: 0030-

0608. 

The Minerals Management Service sees the

amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good 

indication for potential economic growth in the 

Gulf of Mexico. 

Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. Deepwater discovery survey

shows increase from 2001. Offshore. 2003; 63

(1):36. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Survey results show that 17 offshore discoveries 

in waters greater than 1,0000 feet were added to 

the deepwater discovery list in 2002 for the Gulf

of Mexico. 

231
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Kelley, William R. Socioeconomic and 

Environmental Issues Analysis of Oil and Gas 

Activity on the Outer Continental Shelf of the 

Western Gulf of Mexico. New Orleans, La.: U.S.

Department of the Interior, Minerals Management

Service, Gulf of Mexico UCS Region; 2002; OCS 

Study MMS 2002-011; 66 pp. 

Johnson, Christina S. Rigs to reefs? California Coast 

and Ocean. 2001; 17 (1):22-23. ISSN: 1052-5823. 

The debate over the conversion of abandoned oil

rigs to artificial reefs is still a heated topic. Marine

biologists say that the rigs have altered the local 

habitat for marine life. Opponents contend that the 

massive steel structures will pose a hazard to 

navigation, and the state would be left liable for 

any accidents. Kelly, Andrew. Oil firms urged to fund whalefriendly seismic study. Reuters News Service. 

April 30, 2001. 

Oil companies are being encouraged to make 

funds available to researchers in order for them to

study the effects of seismic surveying on whales 

and other marine mammals. Seismic surveying is

utilized by the oil and gas industry to map

underground structures to see if they might

contain oil or gas. 

Kaiser, Mark J.; Pulsipher, Allan G. Meta-modeling 

system applied to gulf’s Na Kika fields group.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (44):43-45. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

This article presents a fiscal development scenario

for Na Kika fields in the Gulf of Mexico based on

four models that project the volatility of

hydrocarbon prices. 

Kemp, Alexander G.; Stephen, Linda. The economics 

of petroleum exploration and development west 

of Scotland. Continental Shelf Research. 2001; 21

(8-10):1095-1120. ISSN: 0278-4343.

After looking at the costs of exploration and the 

returns in discoveries, authors conclude that many

areas off the west coast of Scotland aren't

economically viable for production at present oil 

and gas prices. 

Kaiser, Mark J.; Pulsipher, Allan G. New approach 

offered to smooth fiscal system analysis and 

design. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (43):42-46. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A procedure that uses “meta-modeling” to 

demonstrate a cash flow model approach is used

to evaluate the design and implementation of a 

field governed under a specific fiscal system

analysis. 

Kempster, Norman. Oil firms sign human rights pact.

Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, Ca.: Times 

Mirror Company; December 21, 2000; A 01. 

An agreement among Chevron, Texaco, Conoco, 

Royal Dutch/Shell and BP Amoco was signed 

after a year of negotiations. The pact is intended to

prevent human rights abuse, that oil and mining 

companies have been accused of committing, 

especially in developing nations. In addition to the 

oil companies, mining companies, FreeportMcMoRan Copper & Gold and Rio Tinto, signed 

the agreement. 

Kallaur, Carolita U. US offshore oil and gas policy: a 

fresh look is needed. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 

100 (32):28-29. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Author argues that the federal government should

be seeking more, not less, offshore development

due to a reduction in foreign supply and the 

improved safety of current extraction techniques. 

Kaplan, A.; Marshall, Graham. World LNG trade

responding to increased natural gas demand.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (45):74-76. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Analysts predict a significant rise in LNG exports 

over the next 20 years to the United States and 

Europe as construction for independent

liquefaction plants increase and the production 

process becomes affordable. 

Ketkar, Kusum W. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990: a

decade later. Spill Science & Technology 

Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):45-52. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

US Coast Guard data on oil spills was compared 

to data collected before passage of the Oil 

Pollution Act of 1990. Results show that 

quantities of oil spilled since 1990 are correlated

with amount of oil imported, and that there has 

been a significant reduction in the quantity of oil 

spilled from accidental releases. 

Keeble, John. Out of the Channel: the Exxon Valdez

Oil Spill in Prince William Sound. (2nd 

Edition); Cheney, Wa.: Eastern Washington 

University Press; 1999; 363 pp. ISBN: 

0910055548. 

A detailed account of events leading up to the 

spill, and the effects, both social and economic, on

the communities surrounding Prince William

Sound. 

232
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Khan, Faisal I.; Amyotte, Paul R. Inherent safety in 

offshore oil and gas activities: a review of the 

present status and future directions. Journal of

Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 2002;

15 (4):279-289. ISSN: 0950-4230. 

The inherent safety approach to hazard and risk 

management is applied to the offshore petroleum

industry in this paper. The role of technology in

the present and future applications of inherent 

safety is discussed. 

Latvia demands Lithuanian compensation for losses 

from oil spill. BBC Worldwide Monitoring. Great 

Britain: British Broadcasting Corporation; April 

20, 2001. 

The Latvian Environmental Maritime

Administration demanded that the Lithuanian

joint-stock oil company Mazeikiu Nafta 

compensate for losses from the March 6 accident 

at the Butinge Oil Terminal, where 3,427 liters of

oil spilled into the Baltic Sea. 

Kim, Inho. Ten years after the enactment of the Oil

Pollution Act of 1990: a success or a failure.

Marine Policy. 2002; 26 (3):197-207. ISSN: 0308-

597X. 

The author notes several reasons why it is too

early to determine if the Oil Pollution Act of 1990

has been successful in preventing spills or aiding

in the response of a major oil spill. 

Leahy, Kevin; Lawrence, Steve; Thrift, John. 

Caribbean source rocks may point toward

buried treasure. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102

(8):35-39. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Exploration teams are identifying and appraising 

samples of source rocks collected from offshore 

basins in the Caribbean in search of potential oil 

and gas deposits. 

LeBlanc, Leonard. U. S. Gulf of Mexico deepwater 

discoveries on record pace. Offshore. 2000; 60

(10):36. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Deepwater drilling rates in the Gulf of Mexico

scaled up substantially during 2000, as more 

deepwater vessels were launched. A combination

of excellent prospects, outstanding reservoir

structural features, and strong 3D seismic 

technology improved the discovery rate in many

areas by over 50%. 

Kjersem, G. Floaters in the offshore industry - a 

brief perspective. Naval Architect. 2002; 

(Supplement):35-36. ISSN: 0306-0209. 

Knight, Roger; Robertson, Steve; Harbinson, Dominic. 

Deep water: how West Africa compares with 

Gulf of Mexico. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101

(18):42-48. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Analysts compare West Africa and North America 

both in terms of their deepwater reserve prospects 

and in levels of capital expenditures. 

Lehr, William J.; Overstreet, Roy. Smoke plume 

screening tool for in-situ burning. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 121-129. ISBN: 1-

85312-526-1. 

Authors present different mathematical formulas, 

adapted from Briggs' Gaussian smoke-stack 

model, to estimate the plume resulting from

burning oil at sea under different conditions.

Kuuskraa, Vello; Godec, Michael L.; Kuck, Brian T.

Shallow water gulf oil, gas supply: a glass half 

full or half empty? Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(26):34-40. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The authors present the history of production and

development in shallow waters less than 200 miles 

offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. The sharp decline 

in shallow water developments and the potential 

impacts on economy and energy security are 

studied. 

Labelle, Robert. Overview of US Minerals 

Management Service activities in deepwater 

research. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2001; 43 (7-

12):256-261. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

To enforce safe and environmentally sound 

management offshore, the US Minerals

Management Service is presenting an outline that 

will assess these activities in deepwater resources. 

233
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Lorenzetti, Maureen. OTC: Deepwater Gulf of 

Mexico still an industry draw. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (19):27-28. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Announcements made by MMS of significant

deepwater discoveries in the Gulf of Mexico

contradict data that suggest a decline in actual 

drilling. MMS believes that many factors are 

contributing to the findings in the data, but remain

confident that there is no decline in exploration 

recoveries. 

Leschine, Thomas M. Oil spills and the social

amplification and attenuation of risk. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):63-

73. ISSN: 1353-2561.

Much has been learned from the aftermaths of

major oil spills in the past several decades. 

Nevertheless, both social amplification and 

attenuation of information from the media and 

others have not translated into public acceptance 

of the continued risk of oil production and oil

transport by sea. 

Lorenzetti, Maureen. Senate Democrats file 

California-GOM oil lease swap bill. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (9):38-40. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Legislation was introduced by senators from

Louisiana and California to close a decade-old 

billion-dollar dispute between industry and

California over offshore oil leases. The bill would 

allow the swap of leases equivalent in value in the 

Gulf of Mexico within 30 days of the approval of

the bill. 

Li, Y.; Brimicombe, A. J.; Ralphs, M. P. Spatial data

quality and coastal spill modeling. In GarciaMartinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil and 

Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 53-62. ISSN: 1-85312-

526-1. 

Lichtblau, John; Goldstein, Larry; Gold, Ron.

Commonalities, uniqueness of oil as commodity

explain crude oil, gasoline price behavior. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (24):18-24. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Analysts focus on newly implemented federal and

state regulations on supply availability for 

gasoline, accounting for the growing imports due 

to minimal growth in refining capacity within the 

US. Then they compare the continued upward

price movement in oil, and how oil prices 

compare to nonfuel commodities. 

Lorenzetti, Maureen; Poruban, S. Deepwater Gulf of

Mexico takes center stage at OTC. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (19):22-27. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A recent MMS publication underscores the

importance of deepwater exploration in the Gulf

of Mexico to US energy supplies, and indicates 

that the Gulf will remain one of the world's 

premier oil and gas basins. 

Luke, Ronald Thomas. Socioeconomic Baseline and 

Projections of the Impact of an OCS Onshore 

Base for Selected Florida Panhandle 

Communities. New Orleans, La.: U.S.

Department of the Interior, Minerals Management

Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region; 2002; OCS 

Study MMS 2002-024, 025, & 026; various pages. 

Literathy, P.; Khan, N. Y.; Linden, O. Oil and 

petroleum industry. In Khan, N. Y.; Munawar,

M.; Price, A. R. G. (Eds.) Gulf Ecosystem: Health

and Sustainability (Series: Ecovision World 

Monograph Series). Leiden, Netherlands: 

Backhuys; 2002; p. 127-156. ISSN: 90-5782-106-

0. MacMillan, Adrian. Effective FPSO hull design uses 

combined approach. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 

99 (24):72-78. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article provides designers and operators with

background information and the applicability of

tanker design requirements for FPSOs. It also

evaluates loading issues, comparing the use of 

empirical formulas versus direct analysis methods, 

and provides recommendations for when to

consider direct analysis methods. 

Loegering, Cory; Campbell, Tom; Winter, Karl; Maioli, 

Filippo. King Kong- Yosemite illustrates 

smaller deepwater development techniques. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (2):41-50. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

New technology allows companies to optimize 

larger projects more efficiently or make smaller 

deepwater projects profitable. 

Lorenzetti, Maureen. Norway outlines strategy to 

attract oil, gas investment. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (33):28-34. ISSN: 0030-1388.

To encourage foreign investment in Norway's oil 

and gas industry, new technology must be in place 

that can exploit old reserves, and new petroleum

resources must be discovered.

234
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

McGregor, Karen. Shell to face U. S. lawsuit for SaroWiwa execution. Independent (London). London:

Newspaper Publishing PLC.; September 19, 2000;

13. ISSN: 0951-9467. 

A suit alleging the complicity of Shell Oil in the 

torture and murder of Nigerian activists was 

allowed to go to trial recently in the state of New 

York. 

Maher, Nora. The application of a job exposure

matrix in the natural gas industry. AIHA

Journal. 2004; 64 (6):806-814. ISSN: 1529-8663. 

Results of a questionnaire regarding occupational 

exposure to hazardous material was compared 

against a list of known agents in the workplace to 

determine occupational risks associated with the 

natural gas industry. 

Merrifield, John. A general equilibrium analysis of 

the insurance bonding approach to pollution 

threats. Ecological Economics. 2002; 40 (1):103-

115. ISSN: 0921-8009. 

The author identifies political and institutional 

obstacles to the idea of an insurance bonding 

approach to the economics of oil spill risk. An 

equilibrium analysis looks at the insurance 

bonding approach against the traditional 

command-and-control approach in order to

compare effectiveness, and impacts on prices, 

output levels, and factor returns. 

Malavis, N. Book Review: Oil and ideology: the 

cultural creation of the American petroleum 

industry. Journal of Southern History. 2002; 68

(1):212-214. ISSN: 0022-4642. 

Marsh, Roy. A database of archived drilling records 

of the drill cuttings piles at the North West 

Hutton oil platform. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 

2003; 46 (5):587-593. ISSN: 0025-326X.

The author expresses the need for a network of 

archived data regarding drill cuttings and chemical 

products used during a platform’s drilling history 

to establish a generic ‘discharge profile’ that can

be accessible to the public. Merski, A. T. Cooperative commercialization: 

finding alternate oil spill response tools. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (5-6):289-

293. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

Despite advancements in technology, the tools 

used in oil spill response have not changed in the 

past eleven years. Neither the public nor the 

private sectors have the leadership, incentives, or 

commitment to develop new tools for spill 

response. 

Matthews, S.; Nix, William.; Berlack, Evan. Internet 

privacy, security if next hurdle for oil and gas 

industry. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (25):82-

84. ISSN: 0030-1388.

As technology grows in electronic commerce, the 

need to establish legal regimes for all elements of

US society is needed to provide internet privacy 

and security. 

Michels, Thomas J. Innovations combine for big 

success in offshore industry. Sea Technology. 

2001; 42 (4):17-20. ISSN: 0093-3651. 

With oil being the most prevalent energy source 

on the planet, the demand for discovering new 

reserves is imperative. New technologies that will 

enable deepwater discoveries in oil production

have not shown as much promise for natural gas.

Experts are saying that access to the eastern Gulf

of Mexico and the Atlantic regions are becoming 

even more critical. 

McCaul, James R. Special report: floating production 

systems; deepwater remote fields rely on 

floating production systems. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (24):68-71. ISSN: 0300-1388. 

As deepwater exploration persists, floating 

production systems have proven to be a major 

breakthrough in expanding offshore oil and gas 

production. Utilizing this production technology

has provided a solution to develop fields that

otherwise would not have been cost-effective for 

fixed platforms. 

Miraglia, Rita A. The cultural and behavioral impact

of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on the native

peoples of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):75-

87. ISSN: 1353-2561.

This article recounts the struggle of the Alu'utiq

Native communities in Price William Sound, 

Alaska, as they survive the impact of the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill and its aftermath regarding

disruption of their cultural values. 

McCutcheon, Hilary. Mixed fortunes in the Caspian.

Offshore. 2003; 63 (6):48-49. ISSN: 0030-0608. 

Efforts to attract interest and investment in the 

Caspian Sea are reflected in current levels of 

offshore activity. However, exploration surveys 

are more concentrated in the northern Russian

Caspian, while little activity is going on at other 

offshore licensed areas. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Moritis, Guntis. Complexities challenge oil, gas

production in 2002. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002;

100 (1):74-77. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The oil and gas industry is developing new tools 

as well as mechanisms to aid with the complexity 

of oil and gas exploration. 

MMS okays FPSO use in Gulf of Mexico. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (1):26. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The use of Floating Production, Storage, and

Offloading systems in the central and western 

Gulf of Mexico have been approved by the US 

Minerals Management Service. An Environmental

Impact Statement found no compelling reason 

why development and production plans should not 

be submitted by the oil and gas industry. Emission 

restrictions and mitigation requirements will be

imposed to minimize negative impacts within the

Breton National Wildlife Refuge. 

Moritis, Guntis. Hubs, new technologies provide

access to more deepwater reserves. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (44):54-61. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Smaller deepwater facilities in the Gulf of Mexico

are becoming more numerous because of 

advancements in new technologies, in addition to

processing hub installations that make them

economically feasible. 

MMS sees accelerating growth in Gulf of Mexico oil, 

gas production. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(27):39. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Data confirms that deepwater production

surpassed shallow-water oil production in March 

2000. Deepwater oil and gas production are 

estimated to increase 160% by the end of 2006. 

Moritis, Guntis. New downhole technologies tackle 

multifaceted environments. Oil & Gas Journal. 

102 (8):41-46. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The article presents a new downhole technology

which enables production of petroleum resources

from wells with complex geometries and diverse

environments to be mastered.

MMS sees deepwater Gulf as an expanding frontier.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (22):45-48. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

MMS reports on deepwater drilling activity in the 

Gulf of Mexico and the anticipated recovery of 

reserves. 

Moritis, Guntis. New option lets operators eliminate 

facility disposal liability. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (28):39-41. ISSN: 0030-1388.

A new company has been formed that assumes the 

liability for well abandonment and 

decommissioning of rigs from commercial 

operators in the Gulf of Mexico by purchasing

properties that are close to the end of their 

production life.

Mobil faces fines up to $1 million over alleged oil 

spill. AAP Newsfeed. AAP Information Services 

Pty. Ltd.; June 13, 2001. 

In December of 1999, the Sylvan Arrow tanker 

allegedly caused an oil spill approximately 30 to 

40 meters wide off Wilson's Promontory, on

Victoria's south-west coast in Australia. Mobil's 

shipping arm is now facing a fine of up to $1

million dollars for the spill. 

Moritis, Guntis. New tools, services expand 

deepwater well testing options. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (44):62-64. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

New tools provide on site analysis for determining

deepwater reservoir fluids in previous drilled

reservoirs, as well as performing flow assurance

work for estimating a reservoir’s production

potential. 

Montgomery, David. Protest on oil rig. The Scotsman. 

Edinburgh: The Scotsman Publications, Ltd.;

April 2, 2001; 1.

In a protest against the oil giant Jet, a handful of

Greenpeace activists took action to bring light to 

the corporation's role in global warming and its 

alleged failure to use bio-diesel. Eleven people

were arrested as activists attempted to stop the 

Drill Star from sailing to the North Sea. 

Mozur, Carolina Guédez; Hernández, Desirée De 

Armas; Gil, Rosa Reyes; Rico, Luis Galván. 

Environmental management systems in 

international petroleum industries. Interciencia. 

2003; 28 (9):528-533. ISSN: 0378-1844. 

Moody-Stuart, M. The curse of oil? Proceedings of the

Geologists Association. 2004; 115 (1):1-5. ISSN: 

0016-7878. 

The author comments on the negative effects of

oil on socioeconomic conditions in a number of 

developing countries, and possible remedies by

those countries and international governmental 

organizations. 

236
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Ofiara, D. D. Natural resource damage assessments 

in the United States: rules and procedures for 

compensation from spills of hazardous 

substances and oil in waterways under US 

jurisdiction. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44

(2):96-110. ISSN: 0025-326X.

To assess economic losses that are a result of oil 

and/or hazardous substance spills, which occur in

waterways under US jurisdiction, federal rules and

procedures are being applied, and responsible 

parties are held accountable in court. 

Mullin, J. V. The U.S. Minerals Management Service 

- Oil Spill Response Research Program. In

Garcia-Martinez, R.; Brebbia, C. A. (Eds.). Oil 

and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and 

Control. Billerica, Ma.: Computational 

Mechanics, Inc.; 1998; p. 109-120. ISSN: 1-

85312-526-1.

The program is described, as well as goals, results

from recent research, and future research

directions. 

Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to 

dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal

capacities. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (12):70-

72. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Data presented in this article shows an increase in 

LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and

2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not 

continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of

regasification versus market prices for gas.

Øien, Knut. Risk Control of Offshore Installations: a 

Framework for the Establishment of Risk 

Indicators. Thesis (Ph. D.): Norwegian 

University of Science and Technology; 2001; 270 

leaves. 

Oil spill compensation set at 25.1 billion yen. Daily 

Yomiuri. Tokyo: Yomiuri Shimbun; February 22, 

2002; pg. 2. 

An award of 25.14 billion yen was to be dispersed

to 6,000 claimants for damages caused by the 

Russian tanker Nakhodka in the Sea of Japan. It 

was reported that the settlement was the largest 

suit involving an oil tanker accident in Japan.

New DOE oil projects focus on long-term research.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (15):54-55. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The US Department of Energy has selected

several exploration, drilling, and production

research projects in an effort to keep US oil and 

gas fields producing in the future. Oil tankers heading into rough waters in 2002; gas

carriers' prospects bright. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 99 (52):62-66. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Very large crude tanker earnings have severely

dropped since the start of 2001, because of

slumping world economies and increased

deliveries of new tankers. Analysts predict that in

the first 6 months of 2002, shipping rates will 

decrease even further. 

Nigeria to get tough on oil polluters. Marine

Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46 (3):271-272. ISSN: 

0025-326X.

In response to allegations of years of neglect to

environmental damage from oil production and

spills, the Nigerian government is imposing new 

penalties on oil and gas companies whose 

operations negatively impact the environment.

Okey, Thomas. Lost Eden. E: the Environmental 

Magazine. 2000; 11 (3):34-39. ISSN: 1046-8021. 

This article is a personal reflection of Mr. Thomas 

Okey, a researcher and the author of this paper, as

he first laid eyes on Prince William Sound

following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in March

1989. 

Nigerian governor accuses US oil group of neglect.

Agence France Presse. April 25, 2001. 

The US oil giant Mobil has been accused of 

neglect for an oil spill in the Niger delta and for 

refusing to pay for damages. A governor in

Nigeria claimed that the entire coastline was 

damaged by the spill, and that he could provide 

evidence proving that Mobil was responsible for 

damages. 

Olah, George A. After oil and gas: methanol 

economy. Catalysis Letters. 2004; 93 (1-2):1-2.

ISSN: 1011-372X. 

Author proposes converting hydrogen and carbon

dioxide to methanol as a fuel source for the future. 

Northern route to remain open for Caspian Sea 

crude oil. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (10):64-

65. ISSN: 0030-1388.

The Ukrainian government has recommended that

the flow of crude oil be reversed in the Caspian

pipeline for 3 years, allowing the oil to flow 

southward to a new port along the Black Sea. This 

will result in establishing a direct connection into

European markets and allowing an established 

port in Odessa to remain open. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Paisie, John E. Special Report: oil, gas and the 

internet; 'E-transformation' of oil companies 

offers unprecedented value-creation 

opportunities. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(25):66-68. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The emphasis on an e-transformed firm will shift 

from physical capital to human and brand capital. 

The Meta Capitalism principles will allow 

companies to effectively utilize e-business 

enablers, optimize their portfolio of assets, and 

capture efficiencies available from external 

service providers. The result will be a more 

efficient and dynamic company. 

Onu, N. Chukumeka Hemanachi. The oil rich Niger 

delta region: a framework for improved 

performance of the Nigerian regulatory 

process. Ambio. 2003; 32 (4):325-326. ISSN: 

0044-7447. 

In 1999, the Popoola Commission recommended 

the establishment of a regulatory body to address

the many environmental and community crises 

caused by oil companies. These companies had no 

vested interest in setting or maintaining voluntary 

environmental standards in the Niger Delta region. 

O'Rourke, Dara; Connolly, Sarah. Just oil? The 

distribution of environmental and social 

impacts of oil production and consumption.

Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 

2003; 28;587-617. ISSN: 1543-5938.

In this review, authors analyze the environmental, 

social and health impacts of the oil industry from

extraction to consumption, and investigate the 

distribution of these burdens on populations from

socioeconomic and ethnic groups to countries and 

ecosystems. 

Pemberton, Mary. Scientists study arctic drilling.

Associated Press Newsfile. January 11, 2001. 

The National Research Council convened a panel 

of independent scientists to study the impact of 30

years of drilling on Alaska's North Slope. The 

study was expected to take 18 months. 

Petrobras scandal grows in platform disaster 

aftermath. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (14):32-

33. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Brazil's Nation Oil Works Union released internal 

documents seized from Petrobras accusing the 

state firm of knowing about problems with the 40-

story structure before it exploded and sank in

March 2001. The explosion claimed the lives of

11 workers. 

Pagano, Susan S. Worldwide expansion of oil drilling

activities. Sea Technology. 2001; 42 (4):10-14. 

ISSN: 0093-3651. 

As drilling activities expand into the promising 

deepwaters of the Gulf of Mexico, offshore Brazil 

and West Africa, fundamentals are in place to

encourage exploration and boost field

development activity for upcoming years, as long

as crude prices remain high and natural gas prices 

hold steady. 

Petroleum shipping industry facing shortage, two 

studies say. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (48):56-

58. ISSN: 0030-1388.

By the end of 2004, as much as 28% of the US 

existing tank vessel capacity--including 45% of all 

large, ocean-going tank barges--will be lost during

the phase out of single-hulled tank vessels. 

Analysts predict that the US will be faced with a 

shortage of tank vessels, which would have 

military and commercial implications. 

Pagano, Susanne S. Offshore oil/gas market outlook: 

momentum continues into the future. Sea

Technology. 2001; 42 (1):21-24. ISSN: 0093-

3651. 

With the high demand for natural gas, high

commodity prices are boosting interest in 

deepwater prospects in the Gulf of Mexico and 

strategic targets offshore Brazil and West Africa. 

A high level of exploration and production 

activities were anticipated for 2001, with

improved business conditions leading to more 

wells drilled and new field developments. 

Petzet, Alan. Exploration opportunities abound in 

many of world's remote basins. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (10):38-43. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Revenues provided by high oil and gas prices over

the past several months have allowed frontier 

exploration efforts and opportunities in many

countries with remote basins. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Rach, Nina M. Underbalanced, near-balanced 

drilling are possible offshore. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (46):39-44. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes the use of underbalanced 

and near-balanced drilling methods, and describes 

how they with the use of lightweight drilling 

fluids, they can have practical applications 

offshore. 

Petzet, Alan. US drilling to drop from 15-year high; 

smaller decline expected in Canada. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 100 (4):86-87. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A forecasted decrease is expected in drilling in the 

US and Canada for 2002 and into 2003, compared

to a strong showing in 2001. Declines in the price 

of crude oil and natural gas at the wellhead is said

to be the problem. US operators have not

exceeded 2001's overall drilling and completion 

spending since 1986. Radler, Marilyn. US oil, gas demand to grow as

economy recovers in 2002. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 100 (4):70-83. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Economists predicted that the demand for oil and 

gas imports would depend on the recovery of the 

US economy in 2002. An estimated average of 

10,000 b/d of crude oil was imported for the 

Strategic Petroleum Reserve in 2000, up from

8,000 b/d in the previous two years. 

Picou, J. Steven; Gill, Duane A.; (Eds.) Exxon Valdez

Disaster: Readings on a Modern Social 

Problem. (2nd Edition). Dubuque, Ia.: 

Kendell/Hunt Publishing Company; 1999; 337 pp. 

ISBN: 0787256854. 

This workbook contains several excerpts from

books and reports that deal with the sociological 

impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on Alaskan

residents. Radler, Marilyn. Worldwide reserves grow; oil 

production climbs in 2003. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (49):43-47. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Statistics on oil production and reserve capacity

by country and region show changes in production 

in 2003 compared to the previous year. Regions

such as Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and 

Africa showed large increases in production, with 

slight decreases in the Western Hemisphere and 

the Asian Pacific, and a significant drop-off for 

Western Europe compared with 2002 data. 

Pinder, David. Offshore oil and gas: global resource 

knowledge and technological change. Ocean &

Coastal Management. 2001; 44 (9-10):579-600. 

ISSN: 0964-5691. 

Poruban, Steven. Decommissioning advances made in

Gulf of Mexico waters. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001;

99 (3):58-62. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Advancements in technology have provided

operators with a broader range of options for

platform decommissioning and removal. The rigsto-reef program offers a solution for the no longer

operable platform, which converts the platform to 

a reef. The use of explosives to decommission a 

platform in the mature basins of the gulf is still a 

major environmental issue. 

Rand, G. M.; Carriger, J. F. US environmental law 

statutes in coastal zone protection.

Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. 2001; 20

(1):115-121. ISSN: 0730-7268. 

Authors review federal laws that impact the health

of coastal ecosystems. 

Rao, Ganga Prasad G. The MACT for petroleum 

refinery FCCs is a fraud! International Journal

of Environment and Pollution. 2004; 21 (1):24-63. 

ISSN: 0957-4352. 

In this paper, the author points out inadequacies 

and potential for abuse in the New Source 

Performance Standards that are part of the Fluid 

Catalytic Cracking particulate emission limits of

the Maximum Achievable Control Technology

edict. 

Poruban, Steven. Oil and gas industry continues to 

grapple with technical personnel shortage. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (39):22-24. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Competition for skilled technical workers, such as 

petroleum engineers and geologists, has become a 

hurdle for some oil companies. In order to remain

competitive, the oil industry needs to constantly 

reevaluate and evolve to remain attractive to 

technical talent. 

Rach, Nina M. Latin American drilling activity 

swells in past year. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 

(23):39-43. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Sandrea, Ivan; Buraiki, Osama Al. Future of 

deepwater, Middle East hydrocarbon supplies.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (24):22-32. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

Authors look at deepwater production in Egypt, 

Nigeria, and the Gulf of Mexico, as well as 

political and economic factors that could impact 

the flow of oil in the Middle East, to determine if 

projections of future oil and gas supply made by

the International Energy Agency are likely to be

met.

Read, Roger. North Sea evolution to track Gulf of 

Mexico model. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 

(34):40-44. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Large fields and major oil companies have

dominated the North Sea oil market for years. 

However, as existing reserves become depleted, 

the market must change to attract independent 

E&P companies in order to develop the remaining 

small fields in this region. 

Robertson, John. Protesters ordered to quit oil rig.

The Scotsman. Edinburgh: The Scotsman 

Publications Ltd.; April 7, 2001; 2. 

In a second attempt to stop the sailing of a North 

Sea oil rig 30 miles east of Aberdeen, Greenpeace 

activists boarded the platform and began their 

protest against the company's policy regarding 

global warming. Greenpeace activists were served

with a Court order, demanding that the activists 

remove themselves from the platform. 

Sen, Colleen Taylor. World's LNG industry surges, 

pushed by confluence of factors. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2004; 102 (22):58-68. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Surplus production, reduced costs, strong

economic growth in India and China, and 

restructuring of energy industries in a number of 

countries have contributed to a surge in worldwide 

LNG demand.

Shaw, D. G.; Connor, M. S.; Schuble, J. R. Petroleum 

development moratoria on Georges Bank: 

environmental decision making where values 

predominate. Environmental Science &

Technology. 2000; 34 (22):4677-4683. ISSN: 

0013-936X. 

Rosen, Yareth. Alaskan natives sue to block Phillips 

oil project. Reuters News Service. December 19, 

2000. 

The tribal organization of the Inupiat Community, 

which represents eight villages of the North Slope

Borough of the Arctic Slope, has filed two

lawsuits to try to block Phillips Petroleum's plans 

to explore an offshore prospect in the Beaufort

Sea. The lawsuit challenges the U.S. Minerals

Management Service decision to grant Phillips a 

permit to explore the McCovey prospect 12 miles 

north of Prudhoe Bay. Phillips has failed to meet 

the MMS regulations for oil-spill planning and 

meet state standards for disaster contingency at its

offshore Northstar field.

Sherif, Yousif Ibrahim. Influence of the Oil Pollution

Act of 1990 on Structural Design and

Economics of Oil Tankers. Thesis (Ph. D.): 

Oklahoma State University; 1999; 99 leaves. 

Sherritt boosts heavy oil output in northern Cuba.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2000; 98 (41):38. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Sherritt International Corporation holds an 

indirect interest in seven exploration/productionsharing contracts with the Cuban government. 

Sherritt had developed heavy oil fields along the 

island's northern coast. Cuba's gross oil production

rate in the quarter that ended June 30 averaged

31,818 b/d, compared with 18,801 b/d in the 1999

second quarter. Sherritt gets a percentage of the 

incremental oil production and accelerated

recovery of its costs. 

Ryan, Robert G.; Bowkley, Colin.; Baruch, Peter. 

Special Report: LNG's evolution, technology, 

commercial developments speed changes in 

world's LNG industry. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 

99 (29):60-67. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

This article describes the main LNG industry 

themes after 4 decades as well as emerging 

developments that are shaping the industry's

future. The LNG industry has evolved from a 

regional to global industry in a short amount of

time. Single-hull tanker phase-out. Marine Pollution 

Bulletin. 2000; 40 (12):1068. ISSN: 0025-326X. 

A global timetable for the accelerated phasing-out 

of single-hull oil tankers has managed to meet

approval on proposed amendments to MARPOL 

73/78. The approval paves the way for draft

revisions with clear alternative schemes. 

240
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Speiss, Ben. Slope borough ok's ice road. Anchorage 

Daily News. Anchorage, Ak.: Anchorage Daily 

News; December 2, 2000; Business 01. 

Phillips Alaska Inc., was granted a permit to begin

construction of an ice road into the Beaufort Sea 

to explore for oil. The construction of the road 

would allow the company to reach the McCovey 

prospect, which sits 12 miles off the North Slope. 

Skippins, J.; Johnson, D.; Davies, R. Corrosion - 

mitigtion program improves economics for 

processing naphethenic crudes. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2000; 98 (37):64-67. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The return of profit for refineries capable of

processing discounted high-acid crudes is

discussed in this article. 

Smith, Karen P.; Arnish, John J.; Williams, Gustavious

P.; Blunt, Deborah L. Assessment of the disposal 

of radioactive petroleum industry waste in 

nonhazardous landfills using risk-based 

modeling. Environmental Science & Technology. 

2003; 37 (10):2060-2066. ISSN: 0013-936X.

Authors conclude that disposal of technologicallyenhanced NORM wastes in nonhazardous landfills 

pose a negligible risk to the environment.

Stankiewicz, B. Arthur. Integration of geoscience and 

engineering in the oil industry - just a dream?

Nature. 2003; 426 (6964):360-363. ISSN: 0028-

0836. 

This article discusses future technologies, trends, 

and demands related to the oil and gas industry as 

it branches out into management of other energyrelated resources. 

Stern, David. International group hails big oil 

discovery in Kazakhstan. Financial Times 

(London). London: FT Information Ltd.; October 

6, 2000;12.

An international consortium developing the 

Kashagan offshore oilfield in Kazakhstan's sector 

of the Caspian believe that if results of initial

explorations are confirmed, the field could be one 

of the biggest finds in decades.

Smith, Richard I.; Simpson, Mike; Wicker, Armin K. 

Coordinated optimization, new well design

reduce wellbore stability problems in Valhall 

field. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (1):42-44. 

ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A new well design was used in a field-specific 

operation to refine welbore instability, lost 

circulation and stuck-pipe problems at a site in the 

North Sea. 

Snieckus, Darius V. UN moves to halt unauthorized 

Iraqi oil shipments. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(16):34-35. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The United Nations took action to halt 

unauthorized Iraqi oil exports. UN monitors 

worked together with tanker personnel to prevent 

the diversion of Iraqi crude oil to unauthorized

destinations. 

Study sees continued growth for floating production.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102 (19):51. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The International Maritime Associates Inc., 

reports that a 250% increase for floating 

production systems will be required for future 

offshore projects in water deeper than 5,000 feet. 

Suezmax caught in economic squeeze. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (38):50-51. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Use of Suezmax tankers are increasing in terms of 

shipments going to Europe and the United States. 

Although these tankers are considered ideal in size 

by the oil and gas tanker industry, they are 

underutilized because of the world's economically

depressed markets. 

Solow, Steven P. US pipelines face increased

criminal threat from heightened environmental 

scrutiny. Oil & Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (49):70-

75. ISSN: 0030-1388.

US Department of Justice environmental

enforcement authorities, armed with new 

prosecuting tools, are focusing their attention on

the pipeline industry.

Suit seeks lease value where Florida denied drilling.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (6):46. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A lawsuit was filed by Coastal Petroleum against 

Florida for the value of a state lease the company 

holds in the Gulf of Mexico. The State is denying 

the drilling permit, and Coastal is claiming that 

the state is taking its property without 

compensation. 

South African approval for offshore gas search.

Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2002; 44 (4):267. 

ISSN: 0025-326X. 

The energy company Sasoil has received 

permission to look for natural gas in a 28,395 km2

area offshore of western South Africa, in waters 

up to 300 meters deep. 

241
SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Toughill, Kelly. Record fine for ocean polluter.

Toronto Star. Toronto, Canada: Toronto Star 

Newspapers, Ltd.; February 26, 2002; A 3.

A fine in the amount of $125,000 was levied

against the Prime Orient Maritime Corporation for 

the illegal dumping of polluted bilge waste. 

Authorities hope this action will encourage other 

ships to dispose of the oil properly while in port. 

Sumrow, Mike H. Challenging wells require greater 

rig capabilities, enabling technologies. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (1):78-80. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Drilling contractors are faced with an increasingly 

difficult problem of older, less efficient drilling

equipment performing in mature petroleum basins. 

Costly renovations and enhancements to drilling

rigs ensure higher utilization rates in the long

term. However, drilling contractors are expected

to deliver efficient rigs at an economical rate in

the face of economic recession, low commodity 

prices and plummeting rig counts.

True, Warren R. Leap in worldwide pipeline 

construction plans lags industry downturn. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2001; 100 (5):64-82. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Data derived from a survey of world pipeline

operators, industry sources, and published 

information reveal plans for an anticipated 65,000

miles of pipeline construction to be installed

globally, beginning in 2001 year and extending

into the next decade. 

Sumrow, Mike H. Deepwater drilling activity 

remains steady. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(45):86-88. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

At year's end in 2001, deepwater drilling

continued to advance steadily in the Gulf of 

Mexico. Drilling activity in shallow water 

continued to decline due to depressed natural gas 

prices and many other factors. However, 

deepwater drilling has such a long lead time that 

significant changes are not expected in the near 

future. 

True, Warren R. Pipeline safety progress noted at 

API pipeline conference. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2002; 100 (18):38-40. ISSN: 0030-1388.

In a speech by the chairman of the API Pipeline 

Committee, improved performance was stressed 

as a means of building public trust. The chairman

noted that the number of incidents and amount of

petroleum accidentally released in 2000 and 2001 

was lower than previous years.

Sumrow, Mike H. Global staffing to reshape 

petroleum industry as current workforce ages.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (39):18-19. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

The author stresses the need for an international 

work force of younger technical employees to

replace the group of people who are approaching 

retirement in the oil industry. To effectively 

service the oil industry's worldwide operations, 

the industry must recruit engineering students

from foreign universities. 

True, Warren R. Recent studies show health, future 

of oil tanker industry. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 

99 (27):60-62. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Results from three studies provide information 

relating to petroleum and petroleum products

tankers. The International Tanker Owners 

Pollution Federation Ltd. report that the 1990's 

witnessed a reduction in the volume and 

frequency of accidental oil spills from tankers. 

Studies also indicate that the agreement on of 

single-hull oil tankers will combine with a 

slowing global economy and low product trade 

growth to undermine current freight market

strength. 

Tariff accord clears way for Russian oil exports

through Mediterranean Sea. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2001; 100 (9):64-65. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Russian publication Commersant reported 

that a tariff accord ratified in late 2001 by the 

Ukraine will allow Russian crude oil to be moved

out of a deepwater terminal on the Mediterranean 

Sea and into world export markets. Urquhart, Donald. IMO to develop new US$1b oil 

spill fund. The Business Times Singapore. 

Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings, Ltd.; 

November 28, 2001;SHIP-1.

A protocol to be drafted by the International

Maritime Organization would address the issue of

compensation to communities affected by oil

spills in European waters. 

Timko, Don. How to use petrophysical data to 

determine deep prospectivity. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 102 (9):32-42. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Petrophysical data is an efficient method used to

evaluate the depth level of commercial oil and gas 

reservoirs. This technique is more feasible than 

conventional evaluations methods for well 

recovery, especially in deep reservoirs. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Vallee, James E. FERC Hackberry decision will spur 

more US LNG terminal development. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (43):64-68. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

A decision made by the Federal Energy

Regulatory Commission will allow LNG import 

terminals to operate without complying with openaccess requirements for natural gas. This decision 

is expected to boost market competition, as well 

as reduce prices and price volatility. 

US wetland oil spill results in fine. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2001; 42 (9):708. ISSN: 0025-326X.

Deep River Oil, Inc., was fined $137,000 for an

oil spill that polluted a wetland that flows into

Platts Reed Pond, which connects to the 

Connecticut River two miles away. The facility 

did not have proper containment or diversionary

equipment to lessen the effect of an oil spill or

prevent it from getting into the wetland. 

Usman, F.; Fernandes, T.; Fernie, J.; Read, P.; Hundal, 

J. The prevention of oil and chemical pollution: 

proactive approaches in the UK and Canada.

Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and 

Environmental Management. 2001; 15 (1):51-55.

ISSN: 0951-7359. 

In an attempt to develop a more concerted 

approach to non-regulatory initiatives, UK and 

Canadian agencies allocate substantial budgets 

toward education campaigns for the prevention of 

oil and chemical pollution. 

Van Mourik, Maarten; Shepgerd, Shepherd. 

Investment incentive concerns overlooked in 

peak-oil debate. Oil & Gas Journal. 2004; 102

(10):18-23. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

Investments are driven by short-term patterns, 

such as quarterly reports and current market 

performance. Presently, this results in an

imbalance in investments in oil companies, which

are considered long-term assets. This could lead to 

an unprecedented circumstance where

underinvestment, not political or macroeconomic 

Vahidy, Hassaan S.; Fesharaki, Fereidun. Middle East forces, causes higher prices. 

crude oil trade: future directions and 

implications for formula pricing. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2001; 100 (7):56-65. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The Middle East's total production export 

availability of crude and the region's production

capacity is forecasted to increase substantially 

over the next 4 years. However, maintaining a 

level price for the product across various regions

has not been successful. Recently, Middle Eastern 

producers have implemented a formula-based 

pricing scheme, which involves the use of

different markers and differentials based on

destination.

Wertheim, Peter Howard. Rio state studying $5 billion 

LNG, petrochemical complex. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2003; 101 (44):38-39. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

A 20-year contract between Brazil and Bolivia 

will eventually lead to the production of 30

million cubic meters of natural gas per day, with

exports to the United States via LNG carriers. Site 

evaluations are underway for a major LNG plant 

and an industrial complex south of the city of Rio

de Janeiro. 

Westwood, John. Worldwide offshore sector offers 

major challenges. Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99

(18):72-76. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The long-delayed response to the oil price 

increase is under way. Contractors report greatly 

increased business in long-lead items, ranging 

from front-end engineering and design to offshore

vessel design. However, recovery differs by

industry sector and the dynamics seem different

from earlier cyclical upturns. 

Vahidy, Hassaan.; Fesharaki, Fereidun. US solicits bids 

to fill strategic reserve with Gulf of Mexico

royalty oil. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (4):34. 

ISSN: 0300-1388. 

In an effort to fill the Strategic Petroleum Reserve 

to its 700 million bbl capacity, MMS solicited

bids from prequalified companies. The royalty oil

will be extracted from the Gulf of Mexico and 

delivered from offshore platforms to designated 

market centers. Westwood, John; Knight, Roger. Looking at offshore 

Europe prospects in a global context. Oil & Gas 

Journal. 2002; 100 (33):22-28. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

There is a trend towards offshore exploration by

small independent companies, although it is 

increasingly difficult for them to compete in this 

region, due to entrenched world-scale contractors 

presently serving the major oil companies. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

Wooley, Chris. The myth of the "pristine 

environment": past human impacts in Prince 

William Sound and the northern Gulf of

Alaska. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin. 

2002; 7 (1-2):89-104. ISSN: 1353-2561. 

According to the author, Prince William Sound

has a history of anthropogenic impacts to its 

environment prior to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Although the spill was devastating to the area's 

ecosystem, the claim that the spill destroyed a 

"pristine environment" is false. 

Williams, Bob. Oil industry adapting to evolving new 

paradigm on corporate governance, 

accountability. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100 

(44):20-32. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The author describes what effect the new 

Sarbanes-Oxley Act will have on the way that the 

oil and gas industry handles financial disclosures

and corporate reporting. 

Williams, Bob. Progress in IOR technology, 

economics deemed critical to staving off 

world's oil production peak. Oil & Gas Journal. 

2003; 101 (30):18-25. ISSN: 0030-1388.

This article outlines techniques for improving oil 

recovery, and provides insight in an effort to 

prepare for the decline in global oil production

Wren, John. Overview of the compensation and 

liability regimes under the international oil 

pollution compensation fund (IOPC). Spill 

Science & Technology Bulletin. 2000; 6 (1):45-58. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

This article provides key lessons and guidelines 

based on prior oil spills for administrations

seeking to alleviate the impact of a major 

pollution incident, or those involved in helping or

advising claimants with regards to the fund.

Although each oil spill will present many different 

problems, there will also be many similarities to

previous spills. 

Williams, Bob. State oil company Petrotrin pushing 

foreign investment in bid to resuscitate

Trinidad & Tobago petroleum sector. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2002; 100 (12):24-26. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

To successfully move Petrotrin from a 

bureaucracy to a more externally focused 

company, Petrotrin is willing to interact with the 

various stakeholders in Trinidad and Tobago's

petroleum industry. Wu, Chao. Liability and compensation for oil 

pollution damage: some current threats to the

International Convention System. Spill Science 

& Technology Bulletin. 2002; 7 (1-2):105-112. 

ISSN: 1353-2561. 

This paper proposes the creation of a fund of last

resort, to be used regionally or nationally, for 

liability and compensatory relief for damages not 

currently covered under existing international 

Conventions that address oil pollution from ships. 

Williams, James L.; Alhajji, A. F. Parallels with 

earlier energy crises underscore US 

vulnerability to oil supply shocks today. Oil &

Gas Journal. 2003; 101 (5):20-24. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Analysts review and discuss the threat of an 

energy crisis in the U.S. and the possible impact 

on the nation's economy and national security. 

Wu, Kang; Fesharaki, Fereidun. Central Asia's 

potential as Asia-Pacific oil supplier limited for 

years to come. Oil & Gas Journal. 2002; 100

(31):18-23. ISSN: 0030-1388. 

The potential of Central Asia to supply the region

and the rest of the world with oil will be hampered

until political and economic stabilization make it 

possible for the safe transport of petroleum.

Wold, Amy. Lengthy trial centers on value of

marshland. Bayou Business Review. Houma, La.: 

Houma Daily Courier; September 4, 2000; 4 

(7):19, 31. 

Fina Oil and Chemical Company is under scrutiny 

for their alleged destruction of wetlands in

Louisiana. 3-D seismic work done for Fina in

1995 provided data for likely places to explore for 

oil. This procedure damaged property to the tune 

of $40 million in restoration costs, according to

landowners in Bobtown, Louisiana. 

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SOCIOECONOMIC/REGULATION/GENERAL 

245

Wu, Kang; Fesharaki, Fereidun. China's refining 

sector challenges: surging demand, rising 

imports of sour crude's, new business models.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (8):66-70. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

China's aggressive strategy to revamp, upgrade 

and expand its refinery capabilities is due mainly 

to the projected rise in the use of sour crudes from

the Middle East. If all revisions are successful to 

the refining plants, and it is predicted that China 

will greatly increase its sour crudes handling 

capability and the crude distillation capacity in

coastal areas as planned. 

Wu, Kang; Fesharaki, Fereidun. Deregulation will 

change Taiwan's petroleum product market.

Oil & Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (52):58-61. ISSN: 

0030-1388. 

A new petroleum law, passed by China's 

parliament in September 2001, ended the

monopoly of state-owned Chinese Petroleum

Corporation in all phases of imports, refining, and 

product distribution. The implementation of this 

law would liberalize import restrictions on all 

petroleum products. 

Yemen's oil production climbing, potential great. Oil 

& Gas Journal. 2001; 99 (10):82-84. ISSN: 0030-

1388. 

Yemen, one of the smallest countries in the 

Middle East in terms of oil reserves, has made 

remarkable progress in the past 15 years. Crude 

oil and condensate production has grown to

440,000b/d in 2000 from a minimal figure in

1986. 

Zaykina, R. F.; Zaykin, Y. A.; Mirkin, G.; Nadirov, N. 

K. Prospects for irradiation processing in the 

petroleum industry. Radiation Physics and

Chemistry. 2002; 63 (3-6):617-620. ISSN: 0969-

806X. 

Irradiation processing of heavy high-viscosity

crude oil and heavy waste oil is discussed as a 

refining option for the petroleum industry.

Different types of irradiation processing are 

compared to determine the most effective method 

for the industry. 
The Department of the Interior Mission

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility

for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering

sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity;

preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places;

and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses

our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best

interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care.

The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities

and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration.

The Minerals Management Service Mission

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS)

primary responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer

Continental Shelf (OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian

lands, and distribute those revenues.

Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally

sound exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral

resources. The MMS Minerals Revenue Management meets its responsibilities by ensuring the

efficient, timely and accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and

production due to Indian tribes and allottees, States and the U.S. Treasury.

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially

affected parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the

quality of life for all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic 

development and environmental protection.