PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 99999899 9895900 50 40 30 0S
300 se a SE a

Fr

Cumulative Distribution of the

200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer
+, 45

S \ : NEW YORK «
8 Sh February ——— Moy 4 ie
Ss —-—:— August --- -- » November &
Sg “= Ig
= dis ©
= -to9 a> = 8

= S
8 RSI g
g “ek
S 20 iS
x &
S &
> -
x S
e
400 &
& G

500}

00!
O 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

New York, New York

40-46 N, 73-52 W. 16 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2200 and 1000 LST)
8/52 - 5/57
Temperature (°F): January 40/28; July 85/69
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 22; July 63
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 44.2; August 5.08; February 3.09

Station is located on Flushing Bay, Long Island to the east of Manhattan.
The climate more closely resembles continental than maritime, because
weather conditions usually approach the area from a westerly direction,
rather than from the ocean. The nearby water areas have an important
local modifying influence.

85


REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

gagy 999998 99 98959) GD 50 40 30 20S | 5S 2 SO
300) ort ot tt
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
\ in the Ground-based 100-meter Layer ;
RS NICOSIA )
100 >
August Distributions
N
ft)
SE4
SN TM
~100) {/400 LST}
4, do
-200] IN
-30 {0200 LST} 4.
\
Vv
~400
\
~500]
v
“800! \
MO 81.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 7 8 90 95 98 99 908999 9999
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
gag 999998 99989590 50 40 30 0S
300; q ——r a af r I—I—1 on |
I . Cumulative Distribution of the
200 \ Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
y ‘in the Ground-based |0O-meter Layer '
[400 LsT} :
100) 0200257}. | hr cos =f
> 4 November Distributions
0 = J '
ee 4133
~100} oS
N
oO
-200)
\
30 4.)
~400
“50
~600
O 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 7 80 90 95 98 99  s989a9 9999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

90

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

95 90 . 60 70 60 50 40 30 20 20 5
— —

201 5 2 105
—

Ol

99.99 999998 99-98
300 Z

———— —
OO00Z Cumulative Distribution of the
m0 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
\ iin the Ground-based /0O -meter Layer ;
= rm Sak NICOSIA :
BS February ———May 481
iS = August + November
S 9 1
= 4133
= -100 a en
Q
8 N
x J 7 oO
S -209 N
S Saat
Se WV
= 300 ' all
=
& 400) nN
@ \
ay
~500] i
-_ \
O 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 7 80 90 95 98 99 sgegag gag

Nicosia, Cyprus
35-09 N, 33-17 E. ,

Data: Radiosonde.

Temperature (°F):

Mean Dewpoint (°F):

Precipitation (inches) :

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

218 meters MSL

0200 and 14002 (0400 and 1600 LST)

2/55 - 2/57

0000 and 1200Z (0200 and 1400 LST)

5/57 - 8/60
January 58/42; July 97/69

January 43; July 59

Annual 14.4; December 3.00; July, Aug. 0.03

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

Station is in the central part of a large island (1048 sq. miles) in the

eastern Mediterranean Sea.

87

Hot, dry summers and mild winters.


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 99999899 989590 0 40 30 0H a 2 OC
300 A

Cumulative Distribution of the

200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
7 + NIAMEY
° February ——— May 4
\ — August ---»-- November
0 — |
+ i 54133

-100)

~200)

~300)

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

-500}

600!
OH O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Niamey, Niger

13-29 N, 02-10 E. 226 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0600Z (0600 LST)

8/57 - 11/59
Temperature (°F): January 93/58; July 94/74
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 35; July 70

Precipitation -(inches) : Annual 23.4; August 8.62; Jan., Feb,
Dec. 0.00

Located on the Niger River in west Africa. A tropical monsoon climate
with hot, rainy summers and hot, dry winters.

86

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 99 98 95_—«90— 8706) 50 40 30 20s Sk OS
300 SS SS
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer 5
NICOSIA ;
100} S67
= = | [020015 id 1] February Distributions
H — ~tN \
3133
-100
©
200) a.
\
30 4.
400}
500
600!
O O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 98 9590807060 50 40 3020S
300 es
- Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer 5
> MC :
7 Se OsIA 1,
NS ~~! May Distributions
0 4 |
= 133
SN
100 +
©
200)
300) 4-1
~400 T
\
-500) \
\
\
-600 \
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 7 80 90 95 98 99  ga8ga9 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

89

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 98 = 9590S 040 30 20 SS OC
300 ‘om an

————
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based |00 -meter Layer 5

S ma MIDWAY ISLAND
3 February ———May 44
S ——'— August p00000G ‘November
S 9 > |
= ll 133
S -109 Les
&
8 ©
§ -200]
»
&
>
> -300 \
5 neh
&
400 I
&

~500]

~600

| 6051 2 SUL Ok) SO 0 80 40 50 HO 70 80 «=H «8598 999,899 99.98
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Midway Island, Pacific

28-13 N, 177-22 W. 6 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 15002 (1500 and 0300 LST)
8/50 - 5/53

0000 and 1200Z (1200 and 0000 LST)
8/57 - 11/59

Temperature (°F): January 72/60; July 84/71
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 57; July 70
Precipitation (inches): Annual 46.3; October 5.2; November 1.7

Station is located on a small island in the central Pacific; part of
a low coral atoll. Sub-tropical maritime climate.

81

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 :98_~— 95908070 60 50 40 30 5 2 1 52 05 ON
300) 7 Ir — —— T r T

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

—a — oT
1200Z Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
a NICOSIA [
February ———Moy 7;
—-—-— August - ++ - November
0 I
d =n 4133
Se
100}
©
~200}
N
Ay
30 4,
\
AY
400
~500)
600!
O 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

88

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

05

0

pop gogoo8 99 98_— 95 BOO HD 50 40 30 20 SSC
T= r

a os a SS T
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer 5
= NEW DELHI
¥ 100 st
GS February ———May abe
S — a August ‘November .
S 0 !
2 =| 44133
© -i0d WP petoeer tt.
g ee TS
= co =
S209 ; >
x a —
&
> .
z= 30 =
x
Eo S
ec
50
600!
oO 01.2 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 9 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

New Delhi, India
28-35 N, 77-12 E.

Data: Radiosonde. 03002 (0800
2/57
0000Z (0500
5/57 - 8/61
Temperature (°F):
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 44;

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 25.2

216 meters MSL

LST)

LST)

January 70/44; July 96/81

July 76
; July 7.1; November 0.1

Located on the Jumna River in northern India; near the center of the
Indian subcontinent. A monsoon-type climate, with cool, dry winters and

warm, wet summers.

84

. EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Ps 999998 99 98 = 959080 0 «40-302 5 2 1 5 2 105

on

Cumulative Distribution of the +f
Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer

MUHARRAQ, BAHRAIN

February ———May 481
August * November

200)

s

= t33

3

FA
7

|“

g

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
yi |
7
y)
8
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

~500) A

00 \ Y
oO 051.2 5 | 2 5 1 20 30 40 50 6 1 80 90 05 98 99 sne0a9  g099
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Muharrag, Bahrain (Persian Gulf)

26-16 N, 50-37 E. 2 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000Z (0300 LsT)

2/58 - 11/60
Temperature (°F): January 68/57, July 99/85
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 56; July 77

Precipitation (inches): Annual 3.2; Feb., Nov., Dec. 0.70; May, June,
July, Aug., Sept., Oct. 0.00

On an island in the western Persian Gulf about 25 miles off the coast of

the Arabian peninsula. Semi-tropical arid climate with hot, humid sum-
mers and relatively cool winters with scanty winds.

83


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
prs 999998 99: 98— 959 BO 50 40 30 0S OSC
1 It

— oe os Ss Se oe
Cumulative Distribution of the |
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient |
in the Ground-based |00-meter Layer 5
= \ Moscow | |
3 February ———May 7"
= ——-— August --» November |] |
Ss 0 1
3 = =o. 4133
s 100) :
8
< oO
§ 20
»
&
> -
zm s1
x
& ;
-500)
600!

MO 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 % 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Moscow, U.S.S.R.

55-49 N, 37-37 E. 156 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0200Z (0500 LsT)
8/55 - 2/57

0000Z (0300 LST)
5/57 and 2/60 - 11/60
0000 and 1200zZ (0300 and 1500 LST)

8/57 - 11/59
Temperature (°F): January 21/9; July 76/55
Precipitation (inches): Annual 24.8; July 3.0; March 1.1

Located on the Moskva River. Rather severe continental temperate
climate. Deep snow in area much of the winter.

82

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k