P. 1



# OAR Box 

# 1813 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



## Document

Number: 

# 166 ) F

. R

. Decembe r16 , 199 3
Docket Number: 

# A-88-0 2

Printed 11/5/2008 1:25:06

PM Sheet 166 of 166P. 2



# s CXCJ^

Thursda y Decembe r 16 , 1993

¥ 3 

# LL J

— 1 lw—_ J 

# Par

t I I 

# Environmenta l Protectio n Agency 4 0 CF R Par

t 6 3 Proposed Standard s fo r Chromiu m Emission s Fro m Har

d an d Decorativ

e Chromiu m Electroplatin g an d Chromiu m Anodizin g Tanks ; Proposed Rul e



# r~ i 

# ^

=

### 6576 8 Federal Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule

. P. 3

ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y 4 0 CF R Part 6 3 [AD-FRL-4810-5 J RI M 2860-AC1 4 Nationa l Emissio n Standard s fo r Hazardou s Ai r Pollutants ; Propose d Standard s fo r Chromiu m Emission s Fro m Har d an d Decorativ e Chromiu m Electroplatin g an d Chromiu m Anodizin g Tank s AGENCY : Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA) . ACTION : Propose d rul e an d notic e o f publi c hearing . SUMMARY

: Th e propose d standard s woul d limi temission s o f chromiu m compound s fro m ne w an d existin g chromiu m electroplatin g an d anodizin g operations ; boti i majo ran d are a source s ar e bein g regulated . Th e propose d standard s implemen tsectio n 11 2 ofth e Clea n Ai rAct , a s amended . Th e inten t o f th e standard s i s t o protec tdi e publi c heald i b y minimizin g di e amoun to f chromiu m emitte d from ne w an d existin g chromiu m electroplatin g an d anodizin g operations . Thes e source s mus tachiev e a n emission s leve l consisten twid i th e installatio n an d operatio n o f

maximu m achievabl e contro l technolog y (MACT) . Th e EP A i s als o proposin g Method s 306 , 306A , an d 306 B wit h di e standards . Thes e method s woul d b e use d t o demonstrat e j complianc e wid i di e standards . 7\DATCS : Comments: Comment s mus tb e A * receive d o n o rbefor e Februar y 14,1994 . Public Hearing: I

f anyon e contact s EP A requestin g t o spea k a ta publi c hearin g b y Januar y 6,1994 , a publi c hearin g wil l b e hel d o n Januar y 18 , 1994 , beginnin g a t1 0 a.m . ADDRESSES : Comments: Comment s shoul d b e submitte d (i n duplicat e i f

. possible ) to : Ai rDocke t(LE-131) , Attention : Docke tNumbe rA-88-02 , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 20460 . Public Hearing: If

anyon e contact s EPA requestin g a publi c hearing , th e hearin g wil l b e hel d a tdi e EP A Offic e o f Administratio n Auditoriu m i n Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolina . Person s intereste d i n attendin g di e hearin g o rwishin g t o presen tora l testimon y shoul d notif y Mrs . Juli a Latta , Standard s Developmen tBranc h (MD 13) , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 27711 , telephon e numbe r(919 ) 541-5578 . Background Information Document: Th e backgroun d informatio n documen t (BID ) an d otiie rdocument s supportin g di e propose d standard s ma y b e obtaine d from di e docke to rfrom di e U.S . EP A Library (MD-35) , Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 27711 , telephon e numbe r(919 ) 541-2777 . Pleas e refe rt o "Chromiu m Electroplatin g NESHAP — Backgroun d Informatio n Documen tfo r Propose d Standards " (Volum e I : EPA 453/R-93-030 a an d Volum e II : EPA 453/R-93-030b ) an d t o "Chromiu m Electroplatin g NESHAP—Ne w Technolog y Document " (EPA-453/R 93-031) . Docket: Docke tNo . A-88-02 , containin g supportin g informatio n use d i n developin g th e propose d standards , i s availabl e fo rpubli c inspectio n an d copyin g betwee n 8 a.m . an d 4 p.m. , Monda y diroug h Friday , a tEPA' s Ai r Docke tSection , Wes tTowe rLobby , Galler y 1 , Watersid e Mall , 401 M Street , SW. , Washington , D C 20460 . A reasonabl e fe e ma y b e charge d fo r v copying . FO R FURTHE R INFORMATIO N CONTACT : Fo r informatio n concernin g regulator y decision s an d th e propose d standards , contac tMr . Lali tBanker , Standard s Developmen tBranc h ((919 ) 541-5420) . Fo rinformatio n concernin g technica l aspect s o f

chromiu m electroplatin g an d anodizin g tank s o rcontro l technologies , contac tMr . Phi l Mulrine , Industria l Studie s Branc h ((919 ) 541-5289) . Th e addres s fo reac h o f

thes e contact s i s Emissio n Standard s Divisio n (MD-13) , U . S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , "Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 27711 . SUPPLEMENTAR

Y INFORMATION

: Th e informatio n presente d i n thi s preambl e i s organize d a s follows : I. Backgroun

d tt. Nationa

l Emissio n Standards fo

r Hazardous Ai rPollutants Decisio n

. Proces s A . Source o f

AuUiorit y fo rNESHA P Developmen t B . Criteri a fo rDevelopmen to f

NESHA P C Categorization/Subcategorizatlon : Determinin g Maximu

m Achievabl e Contro l Technology Floors D . Regulator

y Approac

h and Regulator

y Alternative s HI . Overvie w o f

Proposed Standards A . Applicability ofth e Standard s B . Forma to f th e Standards ' C Actua l Standards an d Thei rBase s D . Tes tMethod s fo

rComplianc e E. Monitoring Requirement s F . Reporting and Recordkeepin g Requirement

s IV . Impact s o f Ui e Standards A . Har d Chromiu

m Electroplatin g Tank

s B . Decorative Chromiu

m Electroplatin g Tanks C . Chromiu m Anodizin g Tank

s V . Proces s Descriptio n an d Descriptio n o f Contro l Technologie s A . Proces s Description s B . Descriptio n o f

Contro l Technologie s VI . Rational e fo

rSelectio n o

f di e Proposed Standards A . Selectio n o

f Pollutantan d Source Categories t o b e Regulated B . Selectio n o

f Emissio n Points to b e Covered b y di e Standar

d C. Selectio n o

f Basi s an d Leve

l o f Proposed Standards fo

rExistin g an d Ne w Source s D . Selectio n ofth e Forma tofth e Proposed Standards E. Selectio n o

f th e Emissio n Limit

s F . Selectio n o f

Definitio n o f

Source G . Selectio n o

f Monitorin g Requirement s H . Selectio n o

f Tes tMetiiod s I . Selectio n o f

Reporting an d Recordkeepin g Requirement s J . Operating Permi

tProgra m K . Solicitatio n o f

Comment

s VD. Administrativ e Requirement s A . Publi c Hearin

g B . Docket C Executiv e Orde

r1286 6 D . Paperwor

k Reductio n Ac t E . Regulator

y Flexibility Act F . Miscellaneou s I . Backgroun d I n 1984 , di e EP A bega n a h investigatio n o f

chromiu m electroplatin g operation s a s a sourc e o f chromiu m emission s i n conjunctio n wit h a notic e o f

inten tt o lis ttota l o r hexavalen tchromiu m a s a hazardou s ai r pollutan t(HAP ) unde rsectio n 11 2 o f th e Clea n Ai rAc t(5 0 F R24317) . Thi s stud y focuse d o n chromiu m emission s from chromiu m electroplatin g an d anodizin g tanks . (Du e t o th e focu s o f thi s study , informatio n wa s no tobtaine d O n HA P emission s from odie rmeta l platin g processe s suc h a s nickel , copper , an d cadmiu m plating . A s a result , thes e processe s ar e no tinclude d i n today' s proposal. ) Durin g thi s study , i twa s determine d tha tchromiu m electroplatin g an d anodizin g tank s wer e significan temitter s o f

chromi c acid , th e principa l ingredien ti n chromiu m electroplatin g an d anodizin g baths . Chromi c aci d i s a hexavalen tchromiu m compound . Th e EP A ha s determine d tha tther e i s stron g evidenc e t o conclud e dia thexavalen tchromiu m compound s caus e lun g cance ri n humans . Thi s conclusio n wa s documente d i n di e notic e o f inten tt o lis ttota l o r hexavalen tchromiu m (5 0 F R24317) . Trivalen tchromiu m compound s ar e emitte d i n lo w level s from thos e decorativ e electroplatin g tank s dia tus e trivalen tchromiu m electroplatin g solutions . Th e dat a o n di e carcinogenicit y o f

trivalen tchromiu m ar e inconclusiv e a tthi s time ; however , i ti s know n dia ttrivalen tchromiu m ca n accumulat e i n di e lung s an d coul d potentiall y resul ti n decrease d lun gP. 4



### isi r / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s functio n unde r

ejctende dexposur e conditions

. O n Novembs r

25 , SSS9 , th

© Clean Ai r Ac t wa s amended

. Sectio n 112(b ) o f th a amende dAc t

provide s alis t

o f 18 9 compound s tiiat

ar e considere dt o b e HAP

. Chromiu mcompound s ar e inch__s

_o n thi s lis t

o f pollutants

. Unde r sactio a112(c ) of

th aAct , th s Administrato r

i s require dt o publis h End fromte t o tim e revis e
_lis t of sourc e categorie s an dsubcategorie s tha t emi t on e o r mor s c f th aHA P liste di n sectio n 112(b)

. Q aJul y 36.2892 , EP A publishe d i n th s Fefao l E_gicti_

r (5 7 F R31576 ) a n initia l lis t o f majo r an dare asourc e categorie s to

_ 3 r_g_latsd , whic h include dmajo r

Eni da_s

_source s of

har d chromiu melscEraplatfng

. decorativ e chromiu m©lsc_ropl&ting , an d chromiu manodizing

. Emissio n standard s unde r

ssctio n 112(d ) ofth e Ac t ar e bein g propose dfor

al l si x of thes e sourc e categories

. Th e stud y of tiiese sourc e categorie s tiiat ha dbegu n i n 198 4 continue dsa dbecam e th e basi s fo r thi s propose dml®

. Subcategorizatio n of

eac h of th e abov e categorie s roes studied

. Th aEPA stud y conclude ddia t

majo r an dare asource s o f emission s fromhas dchromiu m electroplatin g an dchromiu manodizin g tank s should : no t

b s subcategorized

. However , i t

wa s determine dtha t

majo r an dare asource s of

emission s from decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s shoul db e subcategorize d accordin g t o whethe r

atrivalen t chromium , o r

chromi c aci d electroplatin g bat h solutio n i s used

. Th e chromi c aci dan dtrivalen t chromiu m processe s ar e considere dseparat e sourc e subcategorie s becaus e th e trivalen t chromiu mproces s differ s i n severa l way o fromth e chromi c aci d electroplatin g process . Fo r example , th e electroplatin g bat h chemistr y fo r trivalen t bath s i s comprise dmostl y o f trivalen t chromium ; hexavalen t chromiu mi s considere dabat h contaminant , wherea s i t

i s th e mai n ingredien t

i n achromi c aci dbath

. I n addition , th e proces s lin e fo r atrivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s differ s fromtha t use dwit h achromi c aci d electroplatin g bath

. I n particular , .additiona l rinse tank s o r pos t dip s ar e adde dt o th e electroplatin g lin e i n di e trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g processe s (fo r

mor s information , se e discussio n o f

trivalen t chromiu m electroplatin g tank s i s sectio n V.A. 2 o f thi s preamble). ' Th e Ageacy' s findings indicat e dia t a majority o f

th© source s i n th e si x sourc e categorie s er aao 2 majo r

source s a s define dto sectio n 312(a)(2) ; i.e. , the y d o no t emi t as Ikw o _i apotentia l t o emi t •greate ? Ska

m0. 2 MsgQgE___

j pa r ye_ ? (Mg/yr) (1 0 ton s pe r year (tons/yr) ) o

f chromiu mcompounds

. Som e source s woul db e considere dmajo r i f di e sourc e i s locate da t

afacility tha t

i s major

. I n suc h cases , th e sourc e woul db e regulate da s amajor

source . Base do n th e fac t tha t mos t source s woul dno t

b e considere dmajo r

an dconsiderin g th e toxicit y o f

chromiu mcompounds , EP A ha s chose n t o regulat e are asource s a s wel l a s major

source s a s documente di n tiie are asourc e finding fo r thes e si x sourc e categorie s (5 7 F

R31576)

. Further , th e propose drul e woul d regulat e bot h majo r

an dare asource s b y applyin g maximu machievabl e contro l technolog y (MACT)

. IH

. N_(!MJEI_ ! Esmissi- S Sl_m_aard s for Ha__E_!__

_Ms PoffiatoEt

e ©scisi- m A. Source of

Authority for

NESHAP Development Sectio n 11 2 ofth e 199 0 Clea n Ai r Ac t give s EPA th e authorit y t o establis h nationa l standard s t o reduc e ai r toxic s fromsource s tha t

emi t on e o r mor e HAP

. Sectio n 112(b ) contain s alis t o f HAP tha t ar e di e specifi c ai r

toxic s t o b e regulate db y nationa l emissio n standard s fo

r hazardou s ai r

pollutant s (NESHAP)

. Sectio n 112(c ) direct s EP A t o us e thi s pollutan t

lis t t o develo p an d publis h alis t

of sourc e categorie s fo

r whic h NESHAP wil l b s develope dTh e EP A mus t lis t al l know n categorie s an d subcategorie s of

"majo r sources " (define dbelow ) whic h emi t on e o r mor e ofth e liste dHAP

. Are asourc e categorie s selecte db y EP A fo r NESHA P developmen t

wil l b s base do n th s Administrator' s judgmen t tha t th e source s i n acategory , individuall y o r i n aggregate , pos e a"threa t

o f advers e effect s t o healt h an dth e environment. " B. Criteria

for Development

of NESHAP Th e NESHAP ar e t o b e develope dt o contro l HA P emission s frombot h ne w an deastin g source s accordin g t o th e statutor y directive s se t

ou t i n ssctio n 12 2 of f th e Act

. Th s statut e require s th e standar dt o reflec t

th e maximu mdegre e o f reductio n i n emission s o f HA P tiiat i s achievabl e for

ne w o r existin g sources . Th e NESHAP mus t

reflec t consideratio n ofth e cos t

o f achievin g th e emissio n reduction , an y nonai r

qualit y healt h an d environmenta l impacts , an denerg y requirement s fo r

contro l level s mor e stringen t tiian th e MAC T floor (describe dbelow)

. Th e emissio n reductio n mayb e accomplishe dthroug h applicatio n of

measures , processes , methods , system s o r

techniques , including , bu t

no t limite dto , measure s which : (A ) Reduc e th e volum e of

, o r eliminat e emission s of

, suc h pollutant s throug h proces s changes , substitutio n of materials , o r

othe r modifications ; (B ) Enclos e system s o r

processe s t o eliminat e emissions ; (C) Collect , capture , o r

trea t suc h pollutant s whe n release dfrom a process , stack , storage , o r fugitiv e emission s point ; (D) Ar e aesign , equipment , wor k practice , o r

operationa l standard s includin g requirement s fo r operato r trainin g o r

certificatio n a s provide di n sectio n 112(h) ; o r (E ) Ar e acombinatio n o

f th e abov e (sectio n 112(d)(2))

. T o develo p NESHAP , EP A collect s informatio n abou t

th e industry,

. includin g informatio n o n emissio n sourc e characteristics , contro l technologies , dat afromHAP emissio n test s at well-controlle dfacilities , an d informatio n o n th e cost s an dothe r energ y an denvironmenta l impact s o f emissio n contro l techniques

. Th e EP A use s thi s informatio n t o analyz e possibl e regulator y approaches

. Althoug h NESHAP ar e normall y structure di n term s of

numerica l emissio n limits , alternativ e approache s ar e sometime s necessary . I n som e cases , physicall y measurin g emission s from a sourc e ma y b e impossibl e o r a t lees t impracticabl e du e t o technologica l an d economi c limitations

. Sectio n 112(h ) authorize s th e Administrato r t o promulgat e adesign , equipment , wor k practice , o r

operationa l standard , o r combinatio n thereof

, i n thos e case s wher e i t i s no t feasibl e t o prescrib e o r enforc e a n emission s standard

. I f source s i n th s sourc e category ar e major sources , the n aMAC T standar di s required

. Fo r

are asources , th e Administrato r

ha s th e optio n o

f establishin g eithe r

aMAC T standar do r astandar dbase do n generall y availabl e contro l technologie s (GACT ) (sectio n 112(d)(5))

. T o establis h aMAC T standard , th e leve l o f

contro l correspondin g t o tiie MACT floor need s t o b e determine da s astartin g poin t fo r developin g th e regulator y alternatives

. C. Categorizatioit/Subsategoxization: Determining Maximum Achievable Control Technology Floors Sectio n 21 2 of

th e Ac t provide s certai n ver y specifi c directive s t o guid e EP A i n th e proces s o f

establishin g MAC T standards

. I t

state s tha t

EP A shal l establis h standard s whic h requir e "th e maximu mdegre e o f

reductio n i n emission s ofth e hazardou s ai r pollutant s ° ° ° tha t

th e Administrate , takin g int o consideratio n th e coa t o f achievin g such

. ES-issicmreduction , an d an y nonai r

qualit y healt h en dP. 5



### 6577 0 Federa

l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24

0 / Thursday , Decembe

r 16 , 199 3 /

ProposedRule s environmenta l impact s an denerg y requirements , determine s i s achievabl e * * * " (sectio n 112(d)(2))

. I n addition , aminimu mbaselin e o r

"floor " fo

r standard s i s specified

. Fo r ne w sources , th e standard s fo

r asourc e category o r subcategory "shal l no t

b e les s stringen t tha n th e emissio n contro l tha t i s achieve di n practic e b y th e bes t controlle dsimila r

source , a s determine d b y th e Administrator " (sectio n 112(d)(3))

. Existin g sourc e standard s shal l b e n o les s stringen t

tha n th e averag e emissio n limitatio n achieve db y th e bes t performin g 1 2 percen t

ofth e existin g source s i n th e category o r subcategory fo

r categorie s an d subcategorie s wit h 3 0 c r

mor e sources , o r th e bes t performin g 5 source s fo

r categorie s o r

subcategorie s wit h fewer tha n 3 0 source s (sectio n 112(d)(3))

. I n rule s currentl y unde r

development , EP A i s considerin g tw o interpretation s o f th e statutor y languag e concernin g th e MAC T floor

fo r existin g sources . On e interpretatio n group s th e word s "averag e emissio n limitatio n achieve d by " togethe r

i n asingl e phras e an dask s wha t i s th e "averag e emissio n limitatio n achieve dby " th e bes t

performin g 1 2 percent
. Thi s interpretatio n place s th e emphasi s o n "average"

. I t woul d correspon dt o first

identifyin g th e bes t performin g 1 2 percen t

of tiie existin g sources , the n determinin g th e averag e emissio n limitatio n achieve db y thes e source s a s agroup . Anothe r interpretatio n group s th e word s "averag e emissio n limitation " int o a singl e phras e an dask s wha t "averag e emissio n limitation " i s "achieve dby " al l member s ofth e bes t

performin g 1 2 percent
. I n thi s case , th e "averag e emissio n Umitation " migh t b e interprete da s th e averag e reductio n acros s th e HAP emitte db y a n emissio n poin t ove r time. Unde r

thi s interpretation , EP

A woul dloo k

a t th e averag e emissio n limit s achieve db y eac h ofth e bes t

performin g 1 2 percen t o f existin g sources , an dtak e th e lowest

. Thi s interpretatio n woul dcorrespon dt o th e leve l o

f contro l achieve db y th e sourc e a t th e 88th percentil e i f

al l source s wer e ranke dfromth e mos t controlle d(100t

h percentile ) t o th e leas t controlle d(1s t

percentile)

. Th e EP A believe s tha t

th e first interpretatio n i s appropriat e an dsolicit s commen t o n it s interpretatio n o

f "th e averag e emissio n limitatio n achieve db y th e bes t performin g 1 2 percen t

of th e existin g sources " (sectio n 112(d)(3)(A ) o f th e Act)

. Th e EP A i s als o considerin g tw o possibl e meaning s fo

r th e wor d "average " a s th e ter mi s use di n sectio n 112(d)(3 ) (A

) an d(B ) ofth e Act

. First , "average " coul db e interprete da s th e arithmeti c mean . Th e arithmeti c mea n of ase t of measurement s i s th e su mof th e measurement s divide db y th e numbe r o f measurement s i n th e set
. Th e EP A ha s determine dtha t

th e arithmeti c mea n ofth e emission s limitation s achieve db y th e bes t

performin g 1 2 percen t of existin g source s i n som e case s woul dyiel da n emissio n limitatio n tha t

fail s t o correspon dt o th e limitatio n achieve db y an y particula r technology

. I n suc h cases , EP A woul d no t selec t thi s approach

. Th e wor d "average " coul dals o b e interprete da s th e media n emissio n limitatio n value

. Th e media n i s th e valu e i n ase t of measurement s belo w an dabov e whic h ther e ar e an equa l numbe r o f value s (whe n th e measurement s ar e arrange di n orde r o f magnitude)

. Thi s approac h identifie s th e emissio n limitatio n achieve db y thos e source s withi n th e to p 1 2 percent , arrange s thos e emissio n limitation s b y magnitude , an dtake s th e contro l leve l achieve db y th e media n source . Thi s i s mathematicall y equivalen t

t o identifyin g th e emissio n Umitatio n achieve db y th e sourc e a t approximatel y th e observe d94th percentil e leve l of

emissio n control

. Eithe r o f thes e tw o approache s coul db e use di n developin g standard s fo r differen t sourc e categories

. Th e "median " approac h wa s use di n thes e propose dstandards

. Onc e th e floor

ha s bee n determine d fo r ne w o r existin g source s fo

r a category o r

subcategory , th e Administrato r

mus t se t MACT standard s tha t ar e n o les s stringen t

tha n th e floor

. Suc h standard s mus t

the n b e me t

b y al l source s withi n th e categor y o r subcategory

. However , i n estabhshin g standards , th e Administrato r may distinguis h amon g classes , types , an d size s o f source s withi n acategor

y o r subcategory (sectio n 112(d)(1))

. Thus , fo r example , th e Administrato r coul d estabUs h tw o classe s o

f source s withi n acategory o r

subcategory base do n siz e an destabUs h adifferen t

emissio n standar dfo

r eac h class , provide dbot h standard s ar e a t

leas t a s stringen t

a s th e MAC T floor

. I n addition , th e Ac t

provide s th e Administrato r

furthe r flexibiUty t o regulat e are asources . Sectio n 112(d)(5 ) provide s tha t

i n Ue u of establishin g MAC T standard s unde r

sectio n 112(d) , th e Administrato r

may promulgat e standard s whic h provid e fo r th e us e of "generall y availabl e contro l technologie s o r

management

practices. " Are asourc e standard s promulgate d unde r thi s authorit y (GAC

T standards ) woul dno t

b e subjec t

t o th e MACT "floors " describe dabove

. Moreover , fo r sourc e categorie s subjec t

t o standard s promulgate dunde r

sectio n 112(d)(5) , EPA i s no t require dt o conduc t

a residua l risk

analysi s unde r

sectio n 112(f)

. D. Regulatory Approach and Regulatory Alternatives At th e en do f th e dat agatherin g an d analysis , EP

A mus t decid e whethe r

i t i s mor e appropriat e t o follo w th e MAC T o r th e GAC T approac h fo

r regidatin g a n are asourc e category
. I n som e cases , i t may b e appropriat e t o regulat e bot h majo r an dare asource s i n asourc e category unde r

MACT

. I n othe r

cases , i t may b e mor e appropriat e t o estabUs h are asourc e standard s base do n GACT

. I n th e cas e o

f th e propose drulemakin g fo r chromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizing , th e Administrato r ha s decide dt o regulat e bot h majo r an dare a source s b y applyin g MACT

. Th e nex t ste p i n establishin g standard s i s th e investigatio n o f regulator y alternatives

. Wit h MAC T standards , onl y alternative s at leas t a s stringen t a s th e floor

ma y b e considered

. Informatio n abou t

th e industr y i s analyze dt o develo p mode l plan t population s fo

r projecting nationa l impacts , includin g HAP emissio n reductio n levels , costs , energy , an d secondar y impacts

. Severa l regulator y alternativ e level s (whic h ma y b e differen t level s o f emission s contro l o r differen t level s o f appUcabiUt

y o r both ) ar e the n evaluate dt o determin e th e mos t appropriat e regulator y alternativ e t o serv e a s th e basi s fo

r th e standard

. Th e regulator y alternative s fo r ne w versu s existin g source s ma y b e different , an dseparat e regulator y decision s mus t b e mad e fo

r ne w an dexistin g sources . Fo r bot h sourc e types , th e selecte d alternativ e ma y b e mor e stringen t tha n th e MAC T floor. However , th e contro l leve l selecte dmus t

b e technicall y achievable

. I n selectin g aregulator y alternative , th e Agenc y consider s th e achievabl e reductio n i n emission s o f HAP (an dpossibl y othe r

pollutant s tha t ar e co-controlled) , th e cos t an d economi c impacts , th e energ y requirements , an dothe r

environmenta l impacts

. Th e selecte dregulator y alternativ e i s the n translate dint o apropose d regulation

. Th e regulatio n implementin g th e decisio n typicall y include s section s o f applicability , standards , tes t methods ' an dcomplianc e demonstration , monitoring , reporting , an d recordkeeping

. Th e preambl e t o th e propose dregulatio n provide s a n explanatio n o

f th e rational e fo

r th e decision

. Th e pubU c i s invite dt o commen t o n th e propose dregulatio n durin g th e pubU c commen t period

. Base do n a n evaluatio n of thes eP. 6

te- / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s (BS57f l comments;
. EP

A reache s afinal decisio n an dpromulgate s th e standard

. H L QVSSTOOT ? c^ffirffijpsas

- SfeEsdI-irdl B Thi s sectio n provide s a n overvie w o f the:

. (1 ) AppUcabiUt

y ofth e standards ; (2 ) Forma t

of th e standards ; (3 ) Actua l standard s an dthei r bases ; (4 ) Tes t method s fo

r compUance ; (5 ) Monitorin g requirements ; an d (& } Repeatin g an drecordkeepin g requirements

. Detaile ddiscussion s concernin g th e statutor y basi s an dth e selectio n rational e fo

r th e propose dstandard s ar e provide di n section s II an dVI , respectively , o f

thi s preamble

. A. Applicability of

the Standards Th e sourc e categorie s t o b e regulate d ar e majo r an dare asource s o

f HAP emission s fromfaciUtie s performin g har dchromiu melectroplating , decorativ e chromiu melectroplating , an dchromiu manodizing

. A s note di n th e initia l sourc e category list , EP A ha s identifie de s aseparat e sourc e category eac h of th © thre e differen t

type s o f chromiu melectroplatin g an danodizin g operations

. I n addition , EP A ha s liste d bot h th e major

an dare asource s fo

r eac h o f thes e categories

. Thus , thi s rul e propose s standard s for

si x differen t sourc e categorie s identifie di n th e Jul y 16,199 2 sourc e category list

. Th e specifi c emissio n unit s tha t ar e t o b e regulate dTwithin thes e sourc ® categorie s ar e electroplatin g an d anodizin g tanks

. Ther aar e approximatel y 2,50 0 facilitie s wit h har d chromiu melectroplatin g tanks , 2,80 0 facilitie s wit h decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tanks , an d70 0 facilitie s wit h chromiu manodizin g tank s i n th e Unite dStates

. Approximatel y 1 0 percen t of th e decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s us e atrivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g process ; th e remainde r

us e achromi c aci d (hexavalen t

chromium ) electroplatin g process . A mor e detaile dproces s descriptio n ofth e emissio n source s bein g regulate di s provide di n sectio n V. A o f thi s preamble

. Sectio n 112(b ) o f

th e Ac t list s chromiu mcompound s a s HAP ; thes e ar e th e pollutant s bein g regulate db y thi s rulemaking

. Chromi c acid , a hexavalen t

chromiu mcompound , i s emitte di n significan t quantitie s fromal l har dchromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g tank s an dfrommos t decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. Hexavalen t

chromiu m compound s ar ahighl y toxi c an dar e know n huma n carcinogens

. Emission s fromthes e decorativ e electroplatin g tank s tha t us e trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g solution s includ e trivalen t chromiu man dmay includ e lo w level s o f

hexavalen t

chromium

. Th e dat ao n th e carcinogenicit y o f trivalen t chromiu mar e inconclusiv e a t thi s time ; however , i t

i s know n tha t

trivalen t chromiu mca n accumulat e i n th e lung s an dcoul dpotentiall y resul t i n decrease dlun g functio n unde r extende d exposur e conditicas

. 3. Format of ihe Standards Th e propose dstandard s ar e expresse d i n term s o

f emissio n limits

. Specifically , aconcentratio n format

wa s selecte dfo

r th e propose dstandards : Mas s of tota l chromiu memitte dpe r

uni t volum e o f air , expresse da s milligram s o f chromiu mpe r

dr y standar dcubi c mete r of ai r (mg/dscm)

. Thi s format

woul d appl y t o al l chromiu melectroplatin g an danodizin g turobaan dwoul dallo w owner/operato r

flexibiUt y i n tiie selectio n of

technologie s o r

operationa l practice s tha t

achiev e equivalen t performanc e to thos e technologie s selecte da s th e basi s o f

th e standards

. Emission s fromhar dchromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g tank s an d thos e decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s usin g e chromi c aci delectroplatin g proces s ar e comprise

- of

haxavalea t

chromium

. Emission s fromdecorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s tha t

us e atrivalen t electroplatin g proces s ar e comprise d primaril y o f

trivalen t chromium , wit h lo w level s of

hexavalen t

chromiu m possibl y present
. A n alternativ e forma

t t o reduc e emission s i s propose dfo

r decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s an d chromiu manodizin g tank s tha t us e fume suppressants
. Suc h tank s d o no t typicall y hav e ventilatio n systems ; emissio n testin g t o determin e compUanc e a t

thes e tank s woul dno t

b e possibl e (se e discussio n i n sectio n VI.D)

. Th e emissio n limit s for decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s an d chromiu manodizin g tank s usin g fume suppressant s ar e expresse di n term s o f concentratio n an dar e base do n emissio n test s performe da t source s wit h ventilation

. Anothe r parameter , surfac e tension , ha s bee n measure di n conjunctio n wit h th e emissio n rat e from tank s usin g wetting-agent-typ e fum e suppressants , an dEP

A ha s foun dtha t

a relationshi p betwee n surfac e tensio n an dtota l chromiu memissio n rate s exists

. Therefore , th e Administrato r i s proposin g tha t

thos e tank s tha t

us e wetting-agent-typ e fume suppressant s (o r awettin g agen t

plu s foai mblanket ) compl y wit h asurfac e tensio n requiremen t

rathe ? tha n th e emissio n limit

. C. Actual Standards and

Their Bases I n th e propose drulemaking , standard s hav e bee n estabUahe dfor majo r an dare asource s i n eac h categor y an dsubcategory identifie dfor regulation

. Th e Agency' s stud y ha s indicate dtha t

th e majority o

f th e source s i n eac h categor

y an d subcategory woul db e are asources , emittin g les s tha n 9. 1 Mg/y r (20 tons/yr ) o f an y on e HAP o r

22. 7 Mg/y r

(2 5 tons / yr ) o f multipl e HAP b y themselves

. Som e source s ar s considere dmajor becaus e the y ar e locate dwithi n th e fencelin e o f

asourc e tha t

i s major

. However , th e appropriat e contro l technolog y i s no t

afunctio n o

f whethe r th e sourc e i s amajo r

o r are asource . Thus , th e standard s identifie di n thi s sectio n woul dappl y bot h t o major an d are asource s i n eac h category an d subcategory

. Th e Administrato r

lie s determine d tha t differen t standard s ar e appropriat e fo r ne w source s a s compare dt o existin g sources ; thi s decisio n is , i n part , based o n th e MAC T floor

requirement s explaine di n ssctio n H.C

. Th e Administrato r

ha s als o determine dtha t fo r existin g source s i n th e har d chromiu melectroplatin g category , differen t standard s ar e suitabl e bass do n th e siz e o f th e faciUty

. A les s stringen t standar di s propose dfo

r smal l faciUtie s i n thi s sourc e category
. Th e siz e designation s identifie dfo r thi s sourc e category ar e independen t ofth e major an dare asourc e designation

. A summar y ofth e tota l chromiu m emissio n limit s for

eac h ofth e categorie s an dsubcategorie s i s provide d i n Tabl e 1

. TABL E H.—WE W AN D EXISTIN G SOURCES—BASI S O F TH E STANDAR D (TOTA L CHROMIU M EMISSIO N LIMIT ) Har dchromiu me. l actrop!_tin & Smal l Larg e Ne w _. . CMP° : (0.01 3 mgftfec m[5.7x10- o gtfetec?} )

. „ | CMP : (0.01 3 mg/asc m[5.7xrS0- « gr/dsct] )P. 7

6577 2 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 / Thursday , Decembe r16 , 199 3 / Propose d Rule s
TABL E 1.—NE W AN D EXISTIN G SOURCES—BASI S O F TH E STANDAR D (TOTA L CHROMIU M EMISSIO N LIMIT)—Continue d

Existin g

Ne w an d existin g
.... .

Ne w an d existin g Har d chromiu m electroplatin g Sma H PBS» : (0.0 3 mg/dsc m [1.3x10- s gr/dscf]) '

. Larg e CMP : (0.01 3 mg/dsc m [5.7x10- 4 gr/dscf])

. Decorativ e chromiu m (chromi c aci d bath) ; al l size s o f operations : FS*:(4 0 dynes/c m [2.7x10- 3 ib/ft] ) o r(0.00 3 mg/dsc m [1.3x10- * gr/dscf])

.

Decorativ e chromiu m (trivalen t chromiu m bath) ; al l size s o f operations : TVC* : (n o action ) (5 5 dynes/c m [3.8x10- 3 Ibrftt] ) o r(0.04 8 mg/dsc m [2.1x10- * gr/dscf])

. Chromiu m anodizing ; al l size s o f operations : FS : (4 0 dynes/c m [2.7x10- 3 foyft]) o r(0.00 3 mg/dsc m [1.3x10- « gr/dscf])

.
• CMP=Composit e mes h pad

. •>PBS=Packed-be d scrubber , c FS=Chsm!ca l fum e suppressan t •»TVS=Trivalen t chromiu m platin g process
. 1 . Har d Chromiu

m Electroplatin g Tanks a . Ne w Tanks. Al l ne w har d chromium electroplatin g tanks , regardles s of

size , woul d b e required t o meeta total chromium emissio n Umi to f 0.01 3 mg/dsc m (5.7x1 0 -- grain pe rdr y standar d cubi c foot[gr/dscf]) . Thi s emissio n Umi

ti s base d o n th e us e of

a composit e mesh-pa d system . Composit e mesh-pa d system s hav e bee n demonstrate d t o achiev e a n outle ttotal chromium concentratio n of 0.01 3 mg / dscm (5.7xl0- « gr/dscf) . b . Existing Tanks. Th e emissio n limit s forexistin g hard chromiu m electroplatin g tank s tha

tar e presente d i n th e followin g paragraphs differ dependin g o n th e siz e ofth e faciUty . FaciUtie s wit h maximum cumulativ e potential rectifie rcapacitie s les s than 6 0 milUo n Ah/y r ar

e considere d small . Othe rfaciUtie s ar e considere d large . A discussio n ofth e calculatio n of maximum potential rectifie rcapacit y i s provide d i n sectio n VI.

A of thi s preamble . Al l existin g hard chromiu m electroplatin g tank s a

tlarg e faciUtie s woul d b e required t o mee ta total chromium emissio n Umi tof 0.01 3 mg / dscm (5.7xl0- « gr/dscf) , whic h i s base d o n th e composit e mesh-pa d system . Al l existin g har

d chromium electroplatin g tank s a

tsmal l faciUtie s woul d b e required t o mee ta total chromium emissio n Umi tof 0.0 3 mg / dscm (1.3xl0" s gr/dscf) . Thi s emissio n Umi ti s base d o n th e us e of

a well maintaine d an d weU-operate d packed be d scrubber. 2 . Decorativ e Chromiu m Electroplatin g Tanks Usin g a Chromic Aci d Bat h Al l ne w an d existin g decorativ e chromium electroplatin g tank s tha tus e a chromi c aci d electroplatin g process , regardles s of

size , woul d b e required to : (1 ) Meeta tota l chromium emissio n limi tof 0.00 3 mg/dsc m (1.3x10- 6 gr / dscf ) i f a n airpollutio n contro l devic e i s th e sol e mean s t o contro l chromium emissions ; o

r(2) us e a wetting-agent typ e fume suppressan ti n th e electroplatin g bat

h and maintai n a bat

h surface tensio n n o greate rthan 4 0 dyne s pe rcentimete r (dynes/cm ) (2.7x10- 3 poun d forc

e per foo t[lbf/ft]) . Chemical fume suppressants i n th e for m of wettin g agents , use d eithe r alon e o rwit h a foa m blanket , ar

e expecte d t o achiev e outle tconcentration s of

0.00 3 mg/dsc m (1.3xl0- « gr/dscf

) whe n use d i n accordanc e wit h vendo r recommendations . 3 . Decorativ e Chromiu

m Electroplatin g Tanks Usin g a TrivalentChromiu m Bat h Emissio n test s conducte d o n a trivalen tchromium electroplatin g tan k indicate d tha

tth e total chromium outle t concentratio n from suc h a bat h i s 0.04 8 mg/dsc m (2.1x10- * gr/dscf) . Th e maximum valu e o

f bat h surfac e tensio n measure d durin g th e tes twa s 5 5 dynes / cm (3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft) . Becaus e surface tensio n i s relate d t o emissions , th e propose d standar

d require s tha

tthi s valu e no tb e exceeded . Surface tensio n monitorin g i s required t o minimiz e th e potentia l tiiatany ne w proces s development s fo

rtrivalen tchromiu m bath s woul d resul ti n a

n increas e i n emission s from th e process . I f a n air poUutio n contro l devic e i s th e sol e

mean s of controllin g chromiu m emissions , faciUtie s mus tmee ta total chromium emissio n Umi tof 0.04 8 mg / dsc m (2.1x10- 5 gr/dscf) . 4 . Chromiu

m Anodizin g Tanks Al l ne w an d existin g chromiu m anodizin g tanks , regardles s o f size , woul d b e required t o mee ta total chromium emissio n Umi to f 0.00 3 mg / dsc m (1.3xl0- « gr/dscf

) (i f a n ai r poUutio n devic e i s th e sol e mean s o f controllin g chromiu m emissions ) o r maintai n a surface tensio n n o greate r than 4 0 dynes/c m (2.7x10- 3 lbf/ft ) (i f wettin g agents ar

e use d t o contro l chromium emissions) . 5 . CompUanc

e Schedul e Owners oroperators of

existin g har

d chromium electroplatin g tanks woul d b e required t o compl y wit h th e propose d standard s withi n 1 yearafte rth e effectiv e dat

e o f th e standards . In accordanc e wit h propose d § 63.7(a) , th e owne roroperato rwoul d the n hav e 12 0 day s afte rth e compUance dat

e t o conduc ta performance test. * Thes e time period s ar

e necessar y t o allo w th e estimate d 6 0 percen tof

thos e facilitie s wit h tank s currently operatin g uncontroUed , o

rwit h les s effectiv e air poUutio n contro l device s than thos e require d unde rth e standards , t o obtain , install , an d tes tappropriat e contro l systems . Th e EP

A believe s thi s amount o f tim e i s adequat

e an d thata longe r time i s neithe rnecessary no rdesirabl e
i Th e EP A proposed regulation s fo r subpar tA o f 4 0 CF Rpar t6 3 publishe d i n th e Federal Register o n Augus t11,199 3 a

t5 8 F R42760 .P. 8

:e ? / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s give n th e highl y toxi c natur e of chromiu memission s an dth e proximit y o f thes e operation s f

o highl y populate d areas . Th e owne r

o r operato r o f a n existin g decorativ e chromiu mo r

chromiu m anodizin g tan k

woul dhav e 3 month s t o compl y afte

r th e effectiv e date

. A shorte r tim e perio di s appropriat e fo r thes e tank s becaus e fume suppressant s alread y ar e widel y used , alarg e numbe r o f vendor s suppl y chemica l fume suppressants , an dn o installatio n o f equipmen t

i s neede dt o compl y wit h th e standards

. Owner s o r

operator s o f

ne w har d chromiu mo r

decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g o r

anodizin g tank s tha t commenc e constructio n o r reconstructio n after

th e standard s ar e proposed , an dbefore th e final standard s ar e promulgated , woul dhav e t o compl y immediatel y upo n startu p unles s th e promulgate dstandard s ar e mor e stringen t tha n th e propose dstandards

. I n accordanc e wit h §63.7(a)(2)(ix) , i f th e promulgate dstandard s ar e mor e stringen t tha n th e propose dstandards , th e compUanc e dat e fo

r tank s buil t

after proposa l bu t

before promulgatio n woul d b e 1 yea r after th e effectiv e date. 2 Th e owne r o r operato r woul dhav e t o compl y wit h th e standar da s propose d unti l th e complianc e date

. Th e owne r o r operato r woul dthe n b e require dt o conduc t aperformanc e tes t

withi n 12 0 day s after tiie compUanc e date

. Th e owne r

o r operato r of an y har d chromiu mo r

decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g o r

anodizin g tan k constructe dafter

th e effectiv e dat e o f th e standard s woul db e require dt o compl y immediatel y upo n startup
. 6

. Earl y Reductio n Prdgra m A n earl y reductio n progra mfo r existin g source s i s se t

ou t i n sectio n 112(i)(5 ) ofth e Act

. Thi s i s avoluntar y progra mtha t

allow s a n emissio n sourc e t o qualif y fo r a6-yea r extensio n from th e compUanc e dat e t o compl y wit h th e promulgate dstandard , provide di t meet s an ddemonstrate s al l th e progra m requirements

. Thos e requirement s are : (1 ) Th e sourc e mus t

achiev e a9 0 percen t o r greate r reductio n i n HA P emission s (9 5 percen t

fo r particulat e matter) ; (2 ) a n enforceabl e commitmen t fo r thi s reductio n i s mad e t o EPA ; (3 ) th e emissio n reductio n mus t b e achieve dbefor e th e standard' s proposal , unles s th e sourc e quaUfie s for an d makes a n enforceabl e commitmen t fo r thi s reductio n befor e th e proposa l dat e tha t state s th e reductio n wil l b e achieve dafte

r proposa l bu t

befor e Januar y 1,1994 ; an d(4 ) th e earl y emissio n reductio n mus t b e determine d throug h acompariso n ofth e reduce d emission s level s achieve dwit h th e baseUn e level s i n existenc e n o earlie r tha n 198 7 (unles s dat awer e submitte d i n respons e t o aSectio n 11 4 reques t an d receive db y th e Administrato r before Novembe r

15,1990 ; i n whic h case , 198 5 o r 198 6 baselin e dat aca n b e used)

. Th e earl y reductio n progra mimplementin g sectio n 112(i)(5 ) wa s promulgate do n Decembe r

29,199 2 (5 7 F

R61970)

. Th e EP A ha s e:xplaine dth e earl y reductio n progra mt o affecte dindustr y source s an dexpect s som e source s t o participat e i n th e program . Thos e mos t likel y t o participat e woul db e thos e tha t hav e recentl y installe deffectiv e contro l measures . D. Test Methods for

Compliance Tes t Method s 30 6 an d306A , "Determinatio n o f

Chromiu mEmission s fromDecorativ e an dHar dChromiu m Electroplatin g an dAnodizin g Operations, " ar e th e propose dmethod s fo r determinin g complianc e wit h th e emissio n standards

. Tes t

Metho d306B , "Surfac e Tensio n Measuremen t an d Recordkeepin g fo

r Tank s use da t Chromiu mElectroplatin g an d Anodizin g FaciUties, " i s th e propose d metho dfor

monitorin g surfac e tensio n a f decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g an dchromi c aci danodizin g facilities

. E. Monitoring Requirements Two type s of

monitorin g woul db e require db y thi s standard : Complianc e monitorin g an doperatio n an d maintenanc e (O&M

) monitoring

. CompUanc e monitorin g woul db e conducte dt o ensur e ongoin g complianc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. Operatio n an dmaintenanc e monitorin g woul db e require dt o ensur e tha t th e affecte dsourc e an dit s emissio n contro l syste mi s properl y maintaine dan d operate df

o minimiz e emissions

. 1

. CompUanc e Monitorin g A U owner s o r

operator s tha t

us e a n ai r poUutio n contro l devic e f o demonstrat e compUanc e wit h th e specifie d chromiu memissio n limit s woul db e require db y th e propose dstandard s f o conduc t a n initia l performanc e test , i n accordanc e wit h th e requirement s of § 63.7. 3 Durin g th e performanc e test , th e owne r o r operato r woul destablis h value s for operatin g parameter s t o b e monitore df

o ensur e continue d compUanc e wit h th e standard

. Thi s sectio n identifie s th e parameter s f o b e monitore dan dth e frequency of monitoring

. Th e procedure s fo r

a Ibid . "Ibid . monitorin g ar e outline di n § 63.34 5 of th e propose dregulation

. A n owne r

o r operato r wh o use s a n ai r pollutio n contro l devic e t o compl y wit h th e emissio n limit s woul db e require dt o monito r an drecor donc e eac h da y th e ga s velocity of

th e inle t strea mt o th e contro l device

. Th e valu e o r rang e of value s o f ga s velocit y tha t

correspon dt o compUanc e wit h th e emissio n Umit woul db e estabUshe db y th e owne r o r operato r durin g th e initia l performanc e test
. I f apacked-be dscrubber

i s use dt o compl y wit h th e standard , th e owne r o r operato r woul dals o b e require dt o measur e onc e eac h day , usin g a hydrometer , th e concentratio n o f chromi c aci di n th e scrubbe r water
. Ga s velocity an dscrubber

wate r concentratio n (fo

r packed-be d scrubbers ) hav e bee n identifie db y th e Agenc y a s th e site-specifi c operatin g parameter s tha t

woul ddetermin e compUanc e o r

noncomplianc e wit h th e regulation

. Shoul dth e ga s velocit y b e outsid e o f th e rang e establishe ddurin g th e performanc e tes t

(i.e. , eithe r

highe r o r lowe r tha n th e pre-establishe dvalu e o r rang e of values ) o r

shoul dth e scrubber wate r concentratio n excee d4 5 gram s pe r lite r (g/L) ( 6 ounce s pe r

gallo n (oz/gal) , th e owne r

o r operato r woul db e i n noncomplianc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. A s a n alternativ e to th e abov e requirements , a n owne r

o r operato r wh o use s a n ai r

pollutio n contro l devic e i n conjunctio n wit h fume suppressant s t o contro l emission s from adecorativ e chromiu mo r

chromiu manodizin g operatio n ma y monito r

surfac e tensio n ofth e electroplatin g bat h f o demonstrat e ongoin g complianc e (ga s velocity an d scrubbe r wate r concentratio n woul dno t hav e t o b e monitored)

. Th e maximu m valu e fo r surfac e tensio n may b e determine db y th e owne r o r operato r durin g th e initia l performanc e test , o r th e owne r

o r operato r may adher e t o th e surfac e tensio n limit s se t b y thi s standard

. (I

f th e surfac e tensio n limit s se t b y thi s standar dar e use df o indicat e compliance , a n initia l performanc e tes t woul dno t

b e required. ) Th e owne r o r operato r woul db e require dt o measur e an drecor dth e surfac e tensio n of th e bat h usin g astalagmomete r o r a tensiomete r

a t leas t onc e ever y 4 hour s durin g operatio n o

f th e tank

. Operatio n of th e electroplatin g tan k

a t surfac e tension s abov e th e acceptabl e valu e woul dconstitut e noncomplianc e wit h th e standard

. A n owne r

o r operato r of atan k tha t use s awefting-agent-fyp e fume suppressan t

o r acombinatio n wetting

agent/foam-blanket-typ e suppressan t f o compl y wit h th e standar dwoul db e require df o measur e an drecor dth e

### 6577 4 Federal Registe r/ Vol . 58 , No . 24 0 /

Thursday , December16 , 199 3 / Propose d Rule s P. 9



### surface tensio n ofth e bat

h usin g a stalagmomete

r o r atensiomete

r at leas t onc e ever y 4 hour s durin g operatio n o f th e tank

. Operatio n ofth e electroplatin g tan k a t surfac e tension s above th e acceptabl e valu e woul dconstitute noncompUanc e with th e standard

. A n owne r o r operator o f atan k tha t use s afoa mblanket alon e t o compl

y wit h th e standar

dwoul db e require dt o conduc t a n initia l performanc e tes t

t o confir mtha t th e emissio n Umi

t o f 0.00 3 mg/dscm(1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf

) i s being met
. Fo r ongoing compUance , th e owne r o r operato r woul db e require dt o maintai n th e foa

mblanket thicknes s a

t 2. 5 centimeter s (cm

) ( 1 inc h (in.)) , an d measur e an drecor

dth e foa mblanket thicknes s a

t leas t onc e ever y hour durin g operatio n ofth e tank

. Operatio n o f th e electroplatin g tank

a t afoa m blanket thicknes s belo w th e acceptabl e valu e woul dconstitute noncompUanc e wit h th e standard

. A n owne r o r operator o f atrivalent chromiu melectroplatin g tan

k woul db e require db y th e standardt o monitor di e surface tensio n usin g astalagmomete r o r tensiomete r ever y 4 hours

. Operatio n o

f th e electroplatin g tank

at surfac e tension s above th e acceptabl e valu e woul dconstitute noncompUanc e wit h th e standard

. 2

. Operation an dMaintenanc e Monitoring To ensure prope

r operatio n o

f th e ai r poUutio n contro l device , th e propose d standard s requir

e th e owne r o r operator t o prepar e a n operatio n an d maintenanc e pla

n fo r th e device

. The pla n woul db e incorporate dint o th e startup , shutdown , malfunction plan require dby § 63.6(e), * an dwoul d includ e astandardize dchecklis t t o documen t th e operatio n an d maintenanc e ofth e equipment , a systemati c procedur

e fo r identifying malfunction s an dfo

r reportin g themt o supervisor y personnel , an dprocedure s to b e followe

dto ensur e tha t equipmen t o r proces s malfunction s du e to poor maintenanc e o

r othe r preventabl e condition s do no t

occur . As a n indicatio n o

f goodmaintenanc e procedures , th e owne

r o r operator woul db e require dto recor

donc e eac h da y th e performanc e o

f washdown o

f th e packe dbe do

r mesh pa dan dt o measur e an drecor

dth e pressure dro p acros s th e device

. As wit

h th e gas velocity , th e acceptabl e pressur e dro p rang e woul db e estabUshedb y th e owne r o r operato r durin g th e initia l performanc e test
. Unlik

e ga s velocit

y an dscrubbe

r wate r concentration , di e pressur e dro p readings woul db e use d onl y a s a n indicatio n o

f adherenc e t o th e operatio n an dmaintenanc e plan

. Operation outside ofth e pre-establishe d pressure dro p rang e woul dno t alon e indicate noncomplianc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. F. Reporting and

Recordkeeping Requirements The owne r o r operator o f an y tan k subjec t t o thes e standard s woul db e require dto fulfil

l th e reportin g an d recordkeeping requirement s outline di n § 63.10(e)(3)(v). s Thes e requirement s includ e thos e associate dwit h startup , shutdown , o

r malfunctions ; operatio n an dmaintenanc e records ; compUance monitoring syste

mrecords ; performanc e tes t reporting ; quarterly report s o f n o exces s emission s fo

r ayea r an dsemi

annua l reportin g subsequently , i

f there ar e n o exces s emissions ; an dquarterly report s o f exceedance s ofth e emissio n limits

. The owne

r o r operato r o f an y tan k subject t o thes e standard s woul db e require dto submit

quarterly report s o

f any exceedance s o

f monitore doperatin g paramete r value s require dunder

thi s subpart

. Thes e quarterly report s mus t contai n th e monitore doperatin g paramete r valu e reading s for

th e period s constitutin g exceedances , an da descriptio n an dtiming o

f step s taken t o addres s th e caus e ofth e exceedances

. I n additio n t o th e abov

e requirements , th e owne r o r operato r o f atan k tha t use s a n add-o n air

poUution contro l devic e t o mee t a n emissio n standar

dwoul dals o b e require dto maintai n record s o f daily an dmonthly inspections , daily ga s velocit y readings , daily washdowns , daily pressur

e dro p readings , andan

y emissio n test s a

t th e faciUty

. FaciUtie s usin g packed-bedscrubber s to compl y wit h tn e standard s woul dals o b e require dto maintai n record s o f daily scrubbe r wate r concentrations

. Al l record s mus t

b e maintaine dfo

r a minimumo

f 5 years . Eac

h inspectio n recor dwoul didentif

y th e devic e inspecte dan dinclud e th e followin g (se e furthe r discussio n i n sectio n VII) : th e date an dapproximat

e tim e o f inspection , abrie

f descriptio n o

f th e working conditio n o

f th e devic e durin g th e inspection , th e gas velocity , th e scrubbe r wate r concentratio n (i

f appUcable) , th e pressur

e drop , an dan

y action s taken to correc t

deficiencie s foun ddurin g th e inspection

. Each recor do f washdow n woul didentif

y th e devic e an dinclud e th e date , approximat

e time , an dduratio n ofth e washdown

. A n owne r o r operator o f atan k tha t use s afum e suppressant

o r foa mblanket t o compl y wit h th e standardwoul db e •Ibid . • Ibid . 

### require dt o maintai n th e following record s a t th e faciUt y fo r at leas t 5 years : th e amount s o

f fum e suppressant s purchase d(invoices) ; th e surfac e tensio n o r foamblanket

thicknes s measurements ; th e frequency o f maintenanc e additions ; th e amount o f materia l adde ddurin g eac h maintenanc e addition ; th e surfac e tensio n ofth e bath ; measurement s o f foa mblanket thickness ; an dan

y emissio n test s t o assur

e compUance wit h th e standard

. Eac

h recor do f a surface tensio n measuremen t woul d identif y th e tan k an dinclud e th e date , approximat

e time, measure dsurface

. tension , an dwhether

any addition s wer e made t o th e bath

. Eac

h recordo f afoa mblanket thicknes s measuremen

t woul didentif

y th e tank an dinclud e th e date , approximat

e time , measure d thickness , an dwhether

any addition s wer e made t o th e bath

. I

f a n additio n wa s made , th e amount

o f materia l adde d woul dals o b e recorded. A n owne r o r operator o f atan k tha t use s atrivalent

chromiumelectroplatin g proces s woul db e require dto maintai n a t th e faciUt y fo r a t leas t 5 year s record s ofth e surfac e tensio n measurements ; th e amoun t o f bat h additiv e (containing fum e suppressant) that

i s purchase d (invoices) ; an dany emissio n test s conducted

. Eac

h recordo f asurfac e tensio n measuremen

t woul didentif

y th e tan k an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, an dmeasure dsurfac e tension

. IV

. Impact s ofth e Standard s The nationwid e impact s presente d belo w ar e th e impact s th e propose d standard s woul dhav e on existin g faciUtie s i n eac h categor

y o r subcategor

y identified

. N

o ne t growt h i s projecte d fo r th e sourc e categorie s coveredb y thes e standard s althoug h ne w facilitie s ma y b e constructe dt o replace existing , obsolet e faciUties

. Becaus e n o information i s availabl e fo

r projecting number s o f

ne w faciUtie s o r 

### electroplatin g tanks , nationwid e impact s beyondbaselin e ar e presente d here fo r existin g faciUtie s only

. For informationa

l purposes , model plan t impact s ar e presente dfo

r ne w faciUtie s i n section VI.C.4

. Mor

e detaile d discussio n on ho w thes e impact s wer e calculate dca

n b e found i n sectio n V.I. C o f thi s preamble , Chapter s 6 through 8 o f th e BID, an di n th e Ne

w Technology Documen t (se e ADDRESSE

S section)

. A. Hard Chromium Electroplating Tanks Existing hardchromium electroplatin g tank s at

facilitie s wit

h maximu mcumulativ e potential rectifier capacitie s greate

r than o r equa l to 6 0 miltio n Ah/y

r (large faciUties ) woul db e requiredt o mee

t atotal chromiumP.1 0

teif / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s emissio n Umit

of 0.01 3 mg/dsc m (5.7xl0- agr/dscf) , whic h i s base do n th e appUcatio n of

composit e mes h pads

. Th e aggregate dnationwid e emissio n reductio n frombaselin e whic h woul db e achieve db y thes e source s woul db e approximatel y 12 6 megagram s pe r yea r (Mg/yr) (13 9 ton s pe r

year (tons/yr))

. Nationwid e aggregate dannua l cost s beyon dbaselin e woul db e approTximafel

y $1 7 milUon

. Existin g har dchromiu m electroplatin g tank s a t

faciUtie s wit h maximu mcumulativ e potentia l rectifier capacitie s les s tha n 6 0 millio n Ah/y r (smal l facilities ) woul db e require df o mee t atota l chromiu memissio n Umi t o f 0.0 3 mg/dsc m(1.3xl0- 3 gr/dscf) , whic h i s base do n th e appUcatio n of packed

be dscrubbers

. Th e aggregate d nationwid e emissio n reductio n from baselin e whic h woul db e achieve db y thes e source s woul db e approximatel y 1 8 Mg/y r (2 0 tons/yr)

. Nationwid e aggregate dannua l cost s beyon dbaselin e woul db e approximatel y $ 5 milUon

. Th e tota l emissio n reductio n for th e har dchromiu melectroplatin g sourc e category woul db e 14 4 Mg/y r (15 9 tons / yr) wit h a n associate dtota l annua l cos t fo r contro l o f $2 2 milUon

. Th e tota l annua l reportin g an drecordkeepin g cost s ofth e propose dstandard s woul d b e approximatel y $8. 6 milUon

. Th e annua l cos t

fo r contro l woul d increas e th e electroplatin g cos t fo r hard

chromium-plate dproducts

. I t i s assume dtha t

th e majority of

thes e cost s ca n b e passe do n f

o th e custome r becaus e th e capita l investmen t th e custome r ha s i n th e part , i n mos t

cases , fa r outweigh s th e increase d electroplatin g cost
. I n addition , th e actua l produc t

pric e increas e resultin g fromcompUanc e wit h th e emissio n standar dwoul db e les s tha n 1 percen t o f th e curren t

produc t price

. Th e relativel y mino r

effec t o n en dproduc t pric e result s because , mos t often , har d chromiu melectroplatin g i s no t performe do n a n entir e en dproduct

. Instead , electroplatin g i s performe do n component s (e.g. , hydrauli c cylinders ) ofth e en dproduc t

(e.g. , backhoe) , an d th e cos t increas e fo

r thi s servic e (that woul dresul t

fromcompUanc e wit h th e standard ) i s smal l compare dt o th e pric e ofth e en dproduct

. I t

i s conservativel y estimate dtha t

fewer tha n 3 0 facilitie s wit h har dchromiu melectroplatin g tanks , o r les s tha n 2 percen t

ofth e industr y (largel y thos e tha t ar e presentl y uncontrolled) , woul dclos e becaus e of thei r inabilit y t o absor

b th e cos t o f meetin g th e standard

. Th e nationwid e aggregate energ y impac t (mainl y fo

r additiona l fa

n horsepower ) beyon dbaselin e woul db e approximatel y 102,90 0 megawatt hour s pe r

year (MWh/yr ) for

larg e faciUtie s an d6,30 0 MWh/y r

for sma U faciUties

. Th e nationwid e soU dwast e impac t beyon dbaseUn e fromth e periodi c disposa l o f

packin g materia l woul db e 13 0 cubi c meter s pe r

year (ms/yr ) (4,59 0 cubi c feet pe r yea r (ft'/yr) ) for

larg e faciUtie s an d2 6 ms/y r

(91 0 fts/yr) fo

r smal l faciUties

. Th e us e of

composit e mesh-pad s an d packed-be dscrubber s results i n th e generatio n of

wastewate r

requirin g reuse , treatment , o r

disposal

. However , i t i s assume dtha t

al l wastewate r

woul d eventuall y b e draine df

o th e electroplatin g tank s t o mak e u p fo r evaporativ e losses , a s i s th e curren t industr y practice

. Thus , n o wastewate r impact s woul db e associate dwit h thi s standard

. If

, fo r som e reason , th e wastewate r

wer e no t recycled, i t

woul d nee dt o b e treate dan ddispose dof i n accordanc e wit h requirement s unde r th e Resourc e Conservatio n an dRecover y Act

. B. Decorative Chromium Electroplating Tanks Existin g decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s usin g achromi c aci dbat h woul db e require df o mee t a tota l chromiiu n emissio n limi t of 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3xl0- o gr/dscf ) i f a n ai r poUutio n contro l devic e i s th e sol e mean s of controllin g emission s o r us e wetting-agent-typ e fum

e suppressant s an dmaintai n asurfac e tensio n of les s tha n 4 0 dynes/c m(2.7x10- 3 lb f /ft)

. Impact s ar e estimate dbase do n th e us e of chemica l fume suppressants
. Th e aggregate nationwid e impac t o f th e standard s o n decorativ e chromiu m electroplater s usin g chromi c aci dbath s i s estimate dt o b e 1 0 Mg/y r (1 1 tons/yr ) i n emissio n reductions

. N o additiona l cos t of contro l beyon dtha t

incurre da t baselin e woul daccru e becaus e ther e ar e n o capita l cost s associate dwit h chemica l fume suppressants
. (Th e cost s projectedfor

baselin e condition s resul t fromth e assumptio n tha t 4 2 percen t

o f th e faciUtie s wil l elec t

f o us e packed

be dscrubber s i n conjunctio n wit h fume suppressants. ) (Se e furthe r discussio n i n sectio n VI.C. ) Tii e tota l annua l reportin g an drecordkeepin g cost s of th e propose d standard s woul db e approximatel y $1 4 milUon

. N o closure s ar e anticipate da s aresul t of compUanc e becaus e ther e i s n o additiona l cos t

of control

. N o energ y o r soli dwast e impact s ar e attributabl e t o th e us e o f chemica l fume suppressants
. Ther e ar e n o contro l requirement s i n thi s propose drulemakin g fo r existin g decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s usin g atrivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g process . Therefore , ther e ar e n o cost , economic , energy , o r soUd wast e impacts

. Thes e faciUtie s woul db e requiredt o maintai n asurfac e tensio n of th e electroplatin g bat h of 5 5 dynes/c m (3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft

) o r t o mee t atota l chromiu memissio n Umit of 0.04 8 mg / dsc m(2.1xl0- s gr/dscf)

. Th e tota l annua l reporting an drecordkeepin g cost s ofth e propose dstandard s woul d b e approximatel y $1. 6 milUon

. C

. Chromium Anodizing Tanks Existin g chromiu manodizin g tank s woul db e requiredf

o mee t a n emissio n Umit o f 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3xlO- Q gr / dscf ) o r maintai n asurfac e tensio n o f les s tha n 4 0 dynes/c m(2.7x10- 3 lbf/ft)

. Thi s i s base do n th e us e of chemica l fume suppressants
. Th e nationwid e aggregate emissio n reductio n beyon d baselin e woul db e 4 Mg/y r (4. 4 tons/yr)

. A s wit h decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g facilitie s usin g achromi c aci delectroplatin g process , ther e woul d b e n o nationwid e cos t

impac t beyon d baseline

. N o closure s ar e anticipate da s aresult of compUanc e wit h th e propose dstandard s becaus e ther e i s n o additiona l cos t

of control

. Ther e ar e als o n o energ y o r

soUdwast e impact s attributabl e t o th e us e o f

chemica l fume suppressants
. Th e tota l annua l reportin g an drecordkeepin g cost s of th e propose d standard s woul db e approximatel y $3. 8 million

. V

. Proces s Descriptio n an dDescriptio n o f Contro l Technologie s Thi s sectio n describe s th e chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g processe s an dth e technologie s tha t ca n b e use dto contro l chromiu memission s fromthes e processes . Thi s sectio n i s provide dt o supplement.th e rational e fo r selectio n o f th e propose dstandard s presente di n sectio n VI

. Fo r

mor e detaile dproces s an dcontro l technolog y descriptions , consul t th e BI D fo r th e propose d standard s (se e ADDRESSES ) an dth e Ne w Technolog y Documen t

(se e ADDRESSES)

. A. Process Descriptions Th e sourc e categorie s tha t woul db e regulate db y thi s standar dar e thos e performin g har dchromiu m° electroplating , decorativ e chromiu m electroplating , an dchromiu m anodizing

. (Are aan dmajor source s o

f eac h woul db e regulate dfo r atotal of si x sourc e categories. ) Th e specifi c emissio n source s tha t

woul db e regulate dar e th e electroplatin g an d anodizin g tanks

. Thre e distinc t processe s ca n b e performe di n thes e tanks : chromi c aci delectroplating , trivalen t chromiu melectroplating , an d chromiu manodizing

. Eac h proces s i s describe dbelow

.6577 6 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s p.1 1

1

. Chromi c Aci dElectroplatin g Chromi c aci delectroplatin g i s th e mos t widel y use dprocedur e fo r depositin g chromiu mo n metal

. Chromiu manhydrid e (CrOa) , commonl y referredt o i n th e industr y a s chromi c acid , i s th e hexavalen t

chromiu m compoun duse dt o formulat e th e electroplatin g bath

. Chromi c aci d electroplatin g bath s typicall y contai n approximatel y 24 0 g/

L (3 2 oz/gal ) of chromi c aci dan d2. 4 g/

L (p.3 2 oz/gal ) o f sulfuri c acid , whic h act s a s abat h catalyst

. Emission s o f

hexavalen t

chromiu m fromth e electrodepositio n of chromiu m i n chromi c ad delectroplatin g bath s occu r primaril y becaus e ofth e inefficienc y of

th e chromi c ad d electroplatin g process . Eighty t o 9 0 percen t ofth e electrica l curren t

appUe d i s consume db y th e evolutio n of oxyge n an dhydroge n gase s a t

th e electrodes

. A s th e bubble s burs t

a t th e surfac e o

f th e electroplatin g solution , afine chromi c aci dmis t i s formed

. Th e rat e of

mis t formatio n i s afunctio n ofth e chemica l o r electrochemica l activit y i n th e tan k an dincrease s directl y wit h th e amoun t of curren t (amperage ) appUe dt o th e tank , whic h i s determine db y th e amoun t an dtyp e of

part s plate do r surfac e are aplate di n th e tan k an dth e curren t densitie s neede dt o effectivel y plat e th e parts
. I n har dchromiu melectroplating , a relativel y thic k

laye r of chromiu mi s deposite ddirectl y o n abas e meta l (usuall y steel ) t o provid e functiona l o r engineerin g characteristic s suc h a s hardness , alo w coeffiden t of friction , an dwear an dcorrosio n resistance. Har d chromiu melectroplatin g i s use dfo r item s suc h a s hydrauU c cylinder s an d rods , industria l rolls, zin c di e castings , plasti c molds , engin e components , an d marin e hardware

. Curren t densitie s for har dchromiu melectroplatin g tank s rang e from 1,60 0 t o 6,50 0 ampere s pe r squar e mete r

of surfac e are aplate d(A

/ m 2 ) (15 0 t o 60 0 ampere s pe r squar e foo t [A/ft2])

. Electroplatin g times rang e from one-hal f hou r t o 3 6 hours , an d electroplatin g thicknesse s rang e from a fe w t o severa l hundre dmicron s dan). I n decorativ e chromiu m electroplating , th e bas e materia l (e.g. , brass , steel , aluminum , o r plastic ) generall y i s plate dwit h layer s o f coppe r an dnicke l followe db y arelativel y thi n laye r of chromiu mt o provid e abrigh t surfac e wit h wea r

an dtarnis h resistance

. Decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g i s use dfor

item s suc h a s automotiv e trim , meta l furniture , bicydes , han dtools , an dplumbin g fixtures

. Curren t

densitie s for

decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s rang e from54 0 t o 2,40 0 A/m 2 o f surfac e are a plate d(5 0 t o 22 0 A/ft 2 )

. Electroplatin g time s rang e fromles s tha n 1 minut e t o 5 minutes , an delectroplatin g thicknesse s rang e from0.00 3 t o 2. 5 (i m (0.000 1 t o 0. 1 mil)

. Har dchromiu melectroplatin g tank s emi t significantl y mor e chromi c aci d emission s tha n decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s becaus e ofth e highe r curren t densitie s an dlonge r electroplatin g times require dt o achiev e th e desire dplat e thickness

. Emission s frombot h har dchromiu man d decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g ar e comprise dalmos t

entirel y o

f hexavalen t chromiu mbecaus e achromi c ad d electroplatin g proces s i s used

. 2

. Trivalen t

Chromiu mElectroplatin g Trivalen t chromiu mprocesse s ar e use da t les s tha n 1 0 percen t

of th e 2,80 0 fadUtie s wit h decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tanks

. Thi s proces s i s no t use dfo r har dchromiu melectroplatin g becaus e th e trivalen t

chromiu mprocess , a s currentl y formulated, canno t achiev e th e fu U rang e o f

plat e thicknesse s necessar y for

mos t har dchromiu m electroplatin g appUcations

. Trivalen t chromiu mprocesse s ar e appUcabl e fo

r th e ful l rang e o f decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g appUcations

. However , becaus e th e proces s i s relatively new , i t doe s no t hav e widesprea duse . Also , speda l precaution s mus t

b e take n whe n a trivalen t chromiu mproces s i s use dfo r electroplatin g brass , zinc , an dtubula r (hollow ) stee l parts
. I

f ther e i s insuffiden t

coverag e o

f nicke l o n th e part , th e expose dbas e metal s ma y dissolv e i n th e trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g solution , resulting i n contaminatio n of

th e bath

. Contaminatio n problem s ca n b e overcom e throug h th e appUcatio n of a thicke r laye r of nickel , th e us e of

io n exchang e column s t o purif y th e bath , an dsevera l othe r

methods

. A t

present , ther e ar e severa l trivalen t chromiu m tank s a t whic h thes e type s o f

part s ar e successfull y plated

. Two type s of

trivalen t chromiu m processe s ar e commerciall y available : Th e single-cel l an dth e double-cell

. Th e single-ce U proces s i s ahalogen-base d syste musin g graphit e anode s an d additive s t o preven t

oxidatio n o f trivalen t chromiu ma t

th e anode

. I n thi s system , th e anode s ar e i n direc t contac t wit h th e electroplatin g solution

. Th e double-ce U proces s i s asulfate-base d syste mi n whic h lea danode s ar e encase di n boxe s tha t

ar e line dwit h a permeabl e (ion-selective ) membran e an d tha t contai n adilut e solutio n of sulfuri c add

. Thi s syste meliminate s contac t an d oxidatio n o

f th e trivalen t

chromiu m electrolyt e a t th e anode

. Th e double-cel l proces s requires fewer

additives

. Th e mai n differenc e betwee n th e trivalen t chromiu mprocesse s an d chromi c ad delectroplatin g processe s i s i n th e chromiiu n electroplatin g step
. Th e electroplatin g bat h chemistr y i s differen t fo r trivalen t baths ; th e bat h i s comprise dmostl y o f

trivalen t chromiu m wit h hexavalen t

chromiu mconsidere d a s abat h contaminant

. Trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g solution s typicall y contai n betwee n 2 2 t o 3 0 g/ L ( 3 t o 4 oz/gal ) of

trivalen t chromium

. Th e exac t composition s o f

trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g solution s ar e proprietary

. Th e proces s line s fo r trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g - processe s als o differ

fromthos e use d wit h achromi c ad delectroplatin g bath

. Fo r example , additiona l rins e tank s o r pos t dip s ar e adde dt o th e electroplatin g lin e i n th e trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g processes . Test s indicat e tiiat

emission s from trivalen t chromiu mtank s hav e tota l chromiu mconcentration s of 0.04 8 mg / dsc m(2.1x10- 5 gr/dscf

) an dhexavalen t chromiu memission s of

0.00 4 mg/dsc m (1.75x10- 6 gr/dscf)

. Additiona l advantage s of

usin g atrivalen t chromiu mbath , from apollutio n preventio n standpoint , ar e discusse di n sectio n V.B.5

. 3

. Chromiu mAnodizin g I n th e chromiu manodizin g process , chromi c ad di s use dt o for ma n oxid e laye r o n aluminu mtha t

provide s corrosio n resistance. Th e chromiu m anodizin g proces s i s use dprimaril y t o coa t aircraf t part s an darchitectura l structure s tha t

ar e subjec t

t o hig h stres s an dcorrosiv e conditions

. Th e Departmen t

of Defens e (Nava l Ai r System s Command ) i s conductin g research o n alternative s t o chromi c ad d anodizin g fo

r miUtary aircraft

. Thi s research focuse s o n th e us e o f asulfuric / bori c aci danodizin g process . I f th e research result s impac t

th e curren t rulemaking , the y wil l b e mad e availabl e for comment
. Th e chromi c ad dconcentratio n i n anodizin g bath s i s approximatel y 5 0 t o 10 0 g/ L ( 7 t o 1 3 oz/gal)

. Th e curren t densitie s appUe drang e from1,55 0 t o 7,75 0 A/m i (14 4 t o 72 0 A/ft? ) of surfac e are aanodized

. Th e anodizin g tim e range s fromone-hal f

t o 1 hour

. Th e anodizin g proces s i s avoltage

controlle dprocess . Voltag e i s appUe d step-wis e (i n 5 V increment s pe r minute ) from 0 t o 2 0 o r

4 0 V an d maintaine da t

th e desire dvoltag e fo

r th e remainder

of th e anodizin g period

. Whe n curren t

i s appUed , chromi c ad d break s dow n i n di e anodizin g bat h resulting i n th e Uberatio n of oxyge n an d

### P.1 2

Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s 6577 7 hydrogen

. Th e oxyge n evolve s a t th e surfac e o f th e aluminu mpar t

wher e i t react s wit h th e substrat e t o forma n aluminu moxid e layer

. A t th e sam e time , chromi c an ddichromi c acid s containe di n th e bat h reac t wit h th e aluminu moxid e fil

mi n adissolvin g action , whic h result s i n th e formatio n o f very fine pore s tha t

enhanc e A e continuatio n o f

curren t flow t o th e meta l surface

. Abou t

hal f o f th e oxidize daluminu mi s retaine da s anodi c film , an dth e remainde r goe s int o solutio n t o for

malumina-chromi c ad d compounds

. Th e liberatio n o f hydroge n an doxyge n ga s result s i n th e formatio n o f afine chromi c ad dmis t

a t th e surfac e o f th e anodizin g solution

. Mistin g i s mor e pronounce da

t th e beginnin g o

f th e anodizin g cycl e whe n ther e i s minima l resistance t o curren t flow

. A s th e oxid e filmdevelop s o n th e surfac e o f th e part , th e resistance t o curren t flo w i s higher , an dles s mis t

i s formed

. B. Description of

Control Techniques Thi s sectio n present s description s o f th e technique s typicall y use dt o contro l emission s o

f chromi c ad dmis t

from chromiu melectroplatin g an danodizin g tanks

. Al l o

f thes e contro l technologie s are effectiv e regardless ofth e siz e o f th e operation

. I n particular , th e us e o f a give n technolog y i s no t

afunctio n o

f whethe r asourc e i s considere dmajo r o r area . A mor e complet e descriptio n o f thes e contro l technologie s i s presente d i n th e BI D fo r th e propose dstandard s (se e ADDRESSES

) an di n th e Ne w Technolog y Report

(se e ADDRESSES

) Contro l technologie s (e.g. , chevron

blad e mis t

eliminators ) tha t

wer e considere dles s stringen t

tha n tii e MACT floor

are no t include di n th e followin g discussion

. However , informatio n o n less-stringen t contro l technologie s i s presente di n th e BI D fo r thepropose dstandards

. Th e discussion s belo w presen t informatio n concernin g th e achievabl e emissio n level s an dpercen t reduction s (effidencie. ) fo

r th e variou s demonstrate dcontro l measures . Percen t reductio n provide s aconvenien t basi s o n whic h t o compar e variou s contro l techniques

. Percen t

reduction i s determine dfromth e contro l devic e inle t an doutle t

mas s emissio n rates. However , th e availabl e tes t dat astrongl y indicat e tha t

outle t chromiu m concentration s withi n eac h clas s o f contro l devic e typ e ar e relativel y constan t an dar e no t

influence db y th e inle t chromiu mconcentratio n t o th e contro l device

. Thus , th e "contro l efficiency " actuall y achieve db y agive n contro l devic e woul dvary dependin g o n inle t loading

. Fo r

thi s reason, th e leve l o f contro l assigne dt o eac h contro l techniqu e i n th e discussio n belo w i s base do n th e percen t

reductio n achievabl e b y well-maintaine dunit s a t representativ e inle t

loading s (refe

r t o chapter s 4 an d5 o

f th e BID ) an di s used here onl y for

th e purpos e o

f estimatin g emissio n reduction impact s assodate a with alternativ e contro l techniques

. 1

. Packed-Be dScrubber s Packed-be dscrubber s ar e typicall y usedb y har dan ddecorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g an dchromi c ad d anodizin g tank s t o contro l emission s o f chromi c aci dmist

. Bot

h singl e an d doubl e packed-be ddesign s ar e used

. Chromi c ad dmis t

i s removed fromth e ga s streamprimaril y b y impactio n o f droplet s o n packin g media

. First , th e ga s strea mi s wette db y sprayin g wate r

countercurren t

t o th e ga s flow t o enlarg e th e drople t size

. Th e ga s strea mthe n passe s throug h th e packe d bed(s ) wher e th e droplet s imping e o n th e packin g media

. In e packin g medi a use dt o contro l chromi c ad dmis t typicall y are mad e o

f polypropylen e an d ar e configure dt o hav e ahig h surface

area-to-volum e ratio

. Packin g dept h i s typicall y abou t

0. 3 t o 0. 6 m( 1 t o 2 ft). I n mos t cases , th e packed-be dsectio n o f th e scrubber

I s followe db y amis t eliminato r

sectio n comprise do

f asingl e chevron-blad e mis t

eliminator

. Th e mis t eliminato r

remove s an y wate r

entraine d fromth e packed-be dsection

. Treate d gase s the n pas s throug h a n induce d draf t fa n an dou t astac k o r exhaus t vent
. Th e scrubber

wate r i s usuall y recirculatedan dperiodicall y tappe d an ddischarge dt o th e electroplatin g tank s a s makeu p solution

. Th e operatin g parameter s tha t mos t greatl y affect

th e performanc e o f packed-be dscrubber s includ e th e ga s velodt y enterin g th e packe dbe dan dth e liquid-to-ga s ratio. Removal o f chromi c aci dmis t i s accomplishe db y reducin g th e velodt y o

f th e ga s strea mi n a n expansio n chambe r

a t th e inle t ofth e scrubber

. Th e velodt y mus t b e maintaine da t

arate suc h tha t

th e droplet s posses s suffiden t energ y t o collid e wit h th e packin g media

. Operatio n o

f packed-be dunit s a t

greate r tha n th e desig n ga s velodt y wil l decreas e gravitationa l settlin g o f chromi c ad ddroplet s upstrea mofth e packe dbed

. A

n increas e o

f th e ga s velodt y abov e optima l level s wil l als o caus e reentrainmen t

o f chromi c ad d droplet s fromth e packe dbe dan d contribut e t o a n overal l decreas e i n collectio n effidency

. I

f th e liquid-to-ga s rati o i s to o high , th apacke dbe dwil l becom e floodedan dth e ga s flow wil l b e restricted. A liquid-to-ga s rati o tha t i s to o lo w wil l resul t

i n insuffiden t wettin g ofth e packe dbed , leavin g portion s ofth e be ddry

. Thi s inhi l interceptio n o

f particle s b y th e flui d boundarie s o n th e packin g mate r Also , th e inle t

ga s strea mwil l no t

b e wette denoug h t o allo w enlargemen t o f th e chromi c ad ddroplets

. Therefore , a liquid-to-ga s ratio tha t

i s to o lo w wil l resul t i n lowe r collectio n efficien ' Othe r factor s that

affect performanc e includ e th e surfac e contac t are aan d distributio n o

f th e packin g medi a Inadequat e surfac e contac t are aresults i n lea s impingemen t

and , thus , les s removal o f chromi c ad dm Nonuniformdistributio n o r Bottling o f th e packin g medi ai n it s frame result s i n channelin g o r

bypass , whic h advers e affect s scrubbe r

performance

. Also , pluggin g o

f th e spray nozzle s use dfo r packin g medi awashdow n ca n result excessiv e buildu p i do n th e packin g medi aleadin g t o reentrainmen t

o r pluggin g o

f th e bed

. Two independen t

studie s wer e conducte db y th e Agenc y t o determin e th e effect s of

: (1 ) Chromi c ad d concentration s i n th e scrubber v » an d(2) overhea dwashdow n o n scrubbe r performance

. Th e results o f th e rediculatio n stud y indicat e tha t th e chromi c aci dconcentratio n o f th e scrubber wate r doe s no t significantl y affect scrubbe r performance

. However , a sligh t increas e i n emission s wa s note d a t scrubbe r wate r concentration s abov e 4 5 g/ L ( 6 oz/aal)

. Therefore , th e Ago i i s requiring ma t

chromi c ad d concentration s i n tii e scrubbe r b e maintaine dbelo w 4 5 g/

L ( 6 ox; , Mos t plant s typicall y hav e scrubber wate r concentration s les s tha n 1 5 g/ L (2 oz/gal)

. Result s fromth e washdow n stud y indicate dtha t

periodi c floodin g o

f th e packe dbe dwit h clea n wate r help s t o clea n packin g medi aan dpre v degradation i n th e performanc e o f th e unit

. However , continuou s wash ' o f th e packin g medi adoe s no t significantl y improv e ; beyon dtha t

achieve dv washdown

. Emissio n tas t re s iiS O sugges t tha t doubl e packed-be ddesign s d o no t improv e th e performanc e leve l beyon dtha t

achieve dwit h singl e packed-be ddesigns

. Th e EP A n comment s o n th e appropriatenes s o f th e scrubber wate r concentratio n valu e o r an y dat at o indicat e th e significanc e o f increas e i n chromiu memission s relativ e t o th e scrubber

wate r concentration

. A s discusse dpreviously , th e i : loadin g t o packed-be dscrubber s doe s no t affect th e outle t

concentratio n achieved ; therefore , th e percen t reduction achieve db y th e contro l devic e i s dependen t

upo n th e fan concentratio n level

. Har dchromiu m electroplatin g tank s typicall y hav e hig h inle t concentration s (abov eP.1 3

6577 8 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s approximatel y 3 mg/dsc m[0.00 1 gr / dscf])

. Decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g tanks , whic h operat e wit h lowe r curren t densities , produc e lowe r

emissions , abou t one-thir ddia t

encountere da t representativ e har dchromiu m electroplatin g tanks

. Contro l devic e vendor s estimat e tha t removal efficiencie s fo

r packed-be d scrubber s rang e from9 5 t o 9 9 percent
. Th e contro l efficiencie s achieve db y existin g chromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g tank s usin g packed-be d scrubber s ar e ofte n o n th e lo w en do f thi s rang e becaus e o f

di e less-than

optimu moperatin g an dmaintenanc e practice s prevalen t

i n di e industry

. Base do n dat aobtaine ddurin g EPA' s emissio n tes t

program , packed-be d scrubber s wit h periodi c washdow n ca n achiev e outle t

hexavalen t

chromiu m concentration s o

f 0.0 3 mg/dsc m (1.3x10- * gr/dscf)

. Assumin g performanc e ofth e contro l devic e a t prope r conditions , a9 9 percen t

contro l efficienc y fo

r packed-be dscrubber s i s achievable a t

di e highe r

inle t concentration s typicall y foun di n har d chromiu melectroplatin g tanks ; 9 7 percen t efficienc y i s achievabl e a t th e lowe r inle t concentration s foun da t decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g tanks

. Operatin g cost s fo

r packed-be d scrubber s depen do n uni t size

. Th e siz e i s afunctio n of

th e airflo w rate , whic h i s determine db y di e surfac e are aan d configuratio n ofth e electroplatin g o r anodizin g tank(s)

. 2

. Composit e Mesh-Pad s Composit e mesh-pad s consis t o f layer s o f interlocke dfibers densel y packe dbetwee n tw o supportin g grids

. Th e composit e mes h pa dwa s develope d t o remove smal l particle s (< 5 nm[0. 2 mils] ) dia t

wer e no t effectivel y controlle db y conventiona l technologies

. Th e layer s o f materia l i n composit e pad s ar e arrange dwit h di e smalles t diamete r fiber laye r locate di n th e cente r ofth e pa dan dprogressivel y large r diamete r layer s locate do n bot h side s o f di e center
. Th e fiber

diameter s use di n thes e pad s rang e from0.00 5 t o 0.0 8 c m[ 2 t o 3 2 mils])

. Particle s large r tha n 1 nm(0.02 5 mil) , travelin g wit h sufficien t velocity , collid e wid i di e fibers i n th e first

portio n of

di e pa dan d adher e t o thei r

surfaces

. Thes e capture d particle s coalesc e int o large r droplet s a s the y trave l throug h di e small-diamete r fiber layer s i n th e cente r

o f th e pad

. Thes e enrarge dparticle s eithe r drai n t o th e botto mof

di e uni t o r ar e reentrained i n th e ga s stream
. Th e reentrained particle s ar e the n capture db y th e large

diamete r fiber layer s i n th e bac k

of th e pad

. Factor s tha t

affect di e performanc e of mesh-pa dmis t

eliminator s includ e th e pa dcleanin g frequency, di e velocity of th e ga s stream , an ddi e particl e siz e o f th e entraine dpollutant

. Pa dcleanin g frequency i s relatedt o th e tendenc y of mes h pad s t o plu g i f

chromi c aci di s allowe dt o buil du p o n di e pa dmaterial

. Th e mes h pad s shoul db e washe ddow n wit h wate r

a t leas t dail y t o reduce th e chanc e of plugging

. Ga s strea mvelocit y an dparticl e siz e affect performanc e becaus e a s velocity increases , collectio n of

particle s throug h th e mechanis mof

inertia l impaction , increases

. Thus , ga s velocitie s tha t ar e to o lo w ca n resul t

i n reduce d performance

. However , ga s velocitie s tha t ar e to o hig h als o ca n reduc e performanc e becaus e particle s may becom e reentrainedi n di e ga s stream
. Base do n emissio n tes t

results , a composit e mesh-pa dsyste mca n achiev e outie t hexavalen t

chromiu m concentration s of

0.01 3 mg/dsc m (5.7x1 0 -- gr/dscf)

. A t

representative inle t loadings , th e percen t

reductio n achieve db y acomposit e mesh-pa d syste mi s greate r

tha n 99. 5 percen t

a t th e highe r

inle t loading s typica l fo

r a har dchromiu melectroplatin g operation

. Operatin g cost s fo

r composit e mesh

pa dsystem s depen do n di e siz e an ddi e typ e of contro l equipmen t

tha t i s use d i n conjunctio n wit h di e composit e pad s (e.g. , packed-be dscrubber s o r aserie s o f mes h pads)

. Th e siz e ofth e uni t i s a functio n ofth e airflo w rate , whic h i s determine db y th e surfac e are aan d configuratio n ofth e electroplatin g o r anodizin g tank(s)

. 3

. Fiber-Be dMis t

Eliminator s Fiber-be dmis t

eliminator s hav e bee n use dpredominantl y t o contro l aci d mist s fromsulfuric , phosphoric , an d nitri c aci dplants

. On e system , however , i s know n t o b e i n plac e t o contro l chromiu memission s fromelectroplatin g tanks

. Fiber-be dmis t

eliminator s remov e contaminant s from aga s strea m throug h di e mechanism s o f inertia l impactio n an dBrownia n diffusion

. Fiber-be dmis t

eliminator s tha t

ar e designe dbase do n inertia l impactio n a s di e principa l contro l mechanis mar e mor e efficien t

tha n odie r

contro l device s tha t us e thi s mechanis m(e.g. , packed

be dscrubbers ) becaus e ofth e highe r surfac e area-to-volum e ratios

. Thes e highe r ratio s resul t

i n greate r obstructio n o

f th e ga s flow, whic h provide s additiona l opportunitie s fo r impaction

. Fibe r

bed s designe dfo

r contaminan t

removal b y Brownia n diffusio n a s wel l a s inertia l impactio n ar e th e mos t efficien t mis t eliminator s currentl y available

. Thes e unit s ar e typicall y installe ddownstrea mo f a n existin g contro l system
. Fiber-be dmis t eliminator s ar e no t

recommendeda s th e first stag e o f acontro l syste mbecaus e o f thei r tendenc y t o plug

. A n existin g contro l system , suc h a s mes h pad s o r a• packed-be dscrubber , shoul dpreced e th e fiber-bedmis t

eliminato r

t o remove th e majority ofth e emission s an dthu s preven t pluggin g of

th e fibe r bed

. Fiber-be dmis t

eliminator s typicall y consis t of on e o r mor e fiber

beds

. Eac h be dconsist s of

ahollo w cylinde r forme dfromtw o concentri c Screen s attache dt o ato p flang e an dabotto m drai n plat e (fibe

r cage)

. Th e fiber

packe d int o th e annula r

spac e betwee n th e tw o screen s form s abe dwid i aradia l thicknes s of

5 t o 8 centimeter s (cm) (2 t o 3 inche s (in.))

. Th e cage s ar e typicall y fabricate dfromeithe r

metal

- o r fiberglass-reinforcedplastic

. Th e fibers ar e fabricate dfromglass , ceramic , plastic , o r

meta l i n bul k

(loose ) o r roving (rope ) form

. Th e individua l fibers ar e usuall y les s tha n 2 5 um( 1 mil ) i n diameter

. A typica l impactio n cylinde r ha s a n outsid e scree n diamete r

o f 6 6 c m(2 6 in.) , abe dthicknes s of

5 c m( 2 in.) , an d a n overal l length of

18 0 c m(7 2 in.)

. Pressur e drop s fo

r impactio n unit s rang e from0.1 2 t o 2. 0 kiloPascal s (kPa ) (0. 5 t o 8 inche s of

wate r colum n [in

. w.c.])

. Fiber-be dmis t

eliminator s ar e als o equippe dwit h tw o spra y nozzles

. On e nozzl e i s locate da t

th e to p o f th e uni t an di s use dt o was h dow n an y larg e particle s tha t

ma y clo g di e mis t eliminator

. Th e othe r

nozzl e i s locate d a t th e botto mof

th e uni t an di s use da s a n aeroso l spra y t o remov e an y contaminant s i n th e mis t eliminato r

tha t may caus e pluggin g o r

imprope r drainage

. Fiber-be dunit s ar e designe dfo r horizontal , concurren t

gas-liqui dflo w diroug h Ui

e bed

. Th e contaminate dga s strea man dwate r

flo w t o th e downstrea mfac e of

di e bed , an dtiie aci dmis t i n th e ga s strea mimpact s o n th e surfac e ofth e fibers an ddrain s dow n th e oute r

fac e of th e be dt o th e sump , whil e th e cleane dga s flow s u p an dou t th e to p of

th e unit

. Th e majo r

factor s affectin g th e performanc e of

th e fiber-bedmis t eliminato r

ar e th e ga s velocit y an d pressur e drop

. A s wit h mesh-pa dmis t eliminators , ga s flo w rate s wit h impaction-type , fiber-bedunit s mus t b e maintaine dabov e acertai n lowe r limi t becaus e ofth e decreas e i n efficienc y o f inertia l impactio n a t

lo w flo w rates
. Th e maximu mga s flo w rat e i n fiber-bedmis t eliminator s i s limite db y either : (1 ) A decreas e i n efficienc y wit h increasin g

### Pssfas l RjTsgsst e / Vol

. 58 , No

. %

_

0 7~TJi-_-sday , December 16 , 199 3 /

Proposs dStile s {5377 9 P.1 4

ga s flo w rat e o r

(2 ) a.gas-phas apressur e dro p Mmitatron

.

- Fiber-be dmis t

eliminators , usin g impaction-typ e cylinders , hav e recentl y bee n employe da t

aNava l depo t

that

perform s chromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizing

. Prio r

t o enterin g th e fiberbe dmis t eliminators , eac h chromi c ad d strea mi s controlle dwit h avertical-flow , .singl e packed-be dscrubbe r uni t wit h chevron-blad e mis t

eliminator s precedin g an dfollowin g th e scrubber

. A s previousl y discussed , thi s configuratio n i s designe dto preven t pluggin g o f

th o fiberbadunit

. Emission s tes t

results o n fiber-bed mis t eliminator s sugges t

tha t thes e system s ar e capabl e o f

achievin g outle t tota l chromiu mconcentration s o f 1.0xl0- « mg/dsc m(4.4xl0- s gr/dscf ) wit h correspondin g remova l efficiencie s greate r tha n 99. 9 percent
. Operatin g cost s fo

r fiber-be dmis t eliminator s depen do n th asiz e an dth e desig n pressur e drop

. Th e siz e ofth e uni t i s afunctio n ofth e airflo w rate , whic h i s determine db y th e surfac e are a an dconfiguratio n ofth e electroplatin g . o r anodizin g tank(s)

. Th e desig n pressur e dro p i s afunctio n ofth e densit y of th e fiber bed

. Th e highe r

th e be ddensity , ih e highe r

th e pressur e drop

. Ne t annualize dcost s for

fiber-bed mis t eliminator s ar e approximatel y 20 0 percen t highe r tha n th e cost s fo

r singl e packed-be dscrubber s a t

bot h ne w an d existin g facilities , an dapproximatel y 9 0 percen t highe r tha n composit e mesh

pa dsystems
. Thes e cost s accoun t fo r th e additiona l contro l device , suc h a s a packed-be dscrubber , tha t i s require d prio r t o th e fiber-bedmis t

eliminato r

f o preven t plugging

. Th e onl y fiber-bed mis t eliminato r

syste mknow n t o b e controllin g chromi c aci demission s from electroplatin g tank s i s locate da f a government , no t

acommercial , facility , an di s no t considere dasimila r

source . Becaus e of

thi s fac t an dth e hig h cost s associate dwit h thi s contro l device , EP A ha s determine dtha t

fiber-bedmis t eliminator s ar ano t

MAC T fo r ne w source s bu t

ar aconsidere da n emergin g technolog y fo

r th asourc e categorie s bein g regulated

. , 4

. Chemica l Fum e Suppressant s •Chemica l fume .suppressant s ar e compound

- tha t

ar aadde ddirectl y t o chromiu m-lecteoplatiE g an d__odi_in g bath s t o reduc e o r

inhibi t misting

. JFum

e suppressant s includ e thre e types : wettim g agents , foamblanket- , an d combination s tha t

includ e bot h a wettin g agen t

an dafoa mblanke t Trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g solution s akoeanteL awettin g agents , i n di e trivatea t

chromiu mbsth.eowEfyTsr, M wettin g tigaa t

i s use dt o enhanc e th a uniformit y of electroplatin g thickness , no t a s a&m asuppressant
. Therefore , th e followin g discussio n of fume suppressant s a s acontro l technolog y i s specifi c t o hexavalen t

chromiu mbaths

. Informatio n o n trivalen t

chromiu m bath s ca n b e foun di n section s V.A. 2 an dV.B.5

. A n importan t

distinctio n betwee n wettin g agents an dfoa

mblanket s i s i n th e mechanis mb y whic h the y reduce emissions

. Wettin g agents reduc e o r inhibi t mistin g b y lowerin g th e surfac e tensio n o f th e electroplatin g o r anodizin g bath

. Whe n th e surfac e tensio n o f di e solutio n i s reduced , gase s escap e at th e surfac e o

f th e electroplatin g solutio n wit h les s o f a "bursting " effect , formin g les s mist

. Fum e suppressant s tha t

produc e afoa

m blanke t d o no t preclud e th e formatio n o f chromi c aci dmist , bu t

ratha r tra p th e mis t forme dunde r

ablanke t o f foam

. Fum e suppressant s ar e use dwidel y b y decorativ e chromiu melectroplaters

. Har dchromiu mplater s seldo mus e fum e suppressant s becaus e th e wettin g agents use daggravat e pitting , whic h affect s th e qualit y of

di e har dchromiu m plate

. Also , whe n foa

mblanket s ar e used , ther e i s apotentia l fo r explosio n o f di e entrappe dhydroge n gas . Thes e tendencie s ar e mor e pronounce di n har d chromiu melectroplatin g tha n i n decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g becaus e ofth e highe r

curren t densities , longe r electroplatin g times , an dthicke r deposit s associate dwit h har dchromiu m electroplatin g tanks

. a . Wetting Agesits. Th e mos t commo n type s of wettin g agents use dar e fluorinate dwettin g agents , whic h ar a very stabl e throughou t

awid e rang e o

f operatin g temperatures , curren t densities , chromi c aci dconcentrations , an doxidation-reductio n reactions

. A numbe r o f fume suppressant , formulate s indicat e tha t

wettin g agent s dia t ar e fhnorocarbon-base dmay aggravate pittin g an ddefect s i n bas e metal s whe n electroplatin g thicknes s exceed s 1 3 f

o 2 5 p n (9. 5 f

o 1 mil)

. Som e fum e suppressan t

vendo r literatur e recommend s cautio n regardin g us e o f thes e compound s a s th e chromiu m diicknes s increase s beyoc d2 5 t o IG O U m( 1 t o 4 mils ) (-speedin g o n ti e product)

. However , som e 3m_n_f_cturer s no w stat e tha t

certai n bas e metal s hav e atendenc y t o pi t

an dtha t thi s tendenc y i s mo t aggravate db y th e w® o f

fum e suppressan t

-additives

. Cnromi c ad dslsctrcpktia g bath s typically-hav e asurfac e tensio n o f abou t 7 0 dynes/c m(4.8x13- 3 lbf/ft)

. Th s additio n cf awettin g agen t ca n effectivel y lowe r

th e surfac e tensio n
_

f thes e beth at o -abou

t 4 0 dyass/c m (2.7x1 0 - s !V&)

. Furthe r

addition s o f th e wettin g agen t wil l no t lowa r th e surfac e tensio n of

£_ aelscfc?cpla_iT

g solutio n appreciabl y beyon dthi s point

. Surfac e tension s betwee n 3 0 t o 4 0 dynes/c m(2.0x10- 3 to 2.7X10-- iVft ) minimiz e chromi c aci dmis t 7T?_ro._tia n becaus ath e hydroge n am doxyge n ga s bubble s generate ddurin g electroplatin g d o no t burs t a t th e c_r3ac

_ ofth e electroplatin g (__£

_E S Cha y d o at ii*5ts r bat h surfac e tensions

. Th e initia l makeu p volume ) of wiltin g agents i s determine db y th e volum o CT ! electroplatin g o r

ancdizia g achit

f a n as d di e temperatur e ofth e fccth. The y oro deplete dfromelectroplatin g izzd anodizin g bath s b y drsge-t

. Brag-ti t i s di e solutio n carrie dou t

c f th e electroplatin g o r

snoozin g talk

b y pcrTi O a s th e part s ar e transferre dbstwcs n tanks

. Monitorin g th aourfac o tanda acl di e electroplatin g o r

oncdi_ir» 3 b_t

_i s di e mos t effectiv e matfco dfe ? determinin g whe n t o ad dwettin g e^ec t t o th e batii

. Th e surfac e tsneic aof th s bat h ca n b e determine db y usiaj j

_ 3 easy-to-use , relativel y inexpaETJiv e devic e calle dastalegmoraetar

. b

. Foam BlanketsTFoam blanket s ar e forme db y agitatio n produce db y th o hydroge n an doxyge n ga s bubble s generate ddurin g electroplating

. Onc e -formed , th e foa

mblanke t

i s usuall y maintaine da t

athicknes s of

1. 3 t o 2. 5 c m(0. 5 t o 1. 0 in.) an dcover s th e entir e surfac e o f ui e electroplatin g bath

. Foa m blanket s tra p th e hydroge n ga s aa d chromi c aci dmis t

i n th e foa

mlayer

. I n orde r t o maintai n di e dosire dfca m thicknes s aroun dth s cathode , aheav y foa mlaye r ca n develo p i n othe r

area s (comers ) ofth e tank

. S

n thes e heav y foa mareas , hydroge n gase s wil l buil d u p an di f aspark i s generate d(e.g. , from di e contactin g equipment ) ahydroge n explosio n ca n occur . A s aresult of thi s explosion , th e foa

mlayer , aloritr, wit h a portio n ofth e electroplatin g solution , i s blow n ou t

o f th e tank , an dth e chromiu mplat e o n di e par t ma y b e damaged

. I

f th e foa mlaye r i s no t maintaine da t

aminimu mreasonable diickness , di e abilit y ofth e foa mlaye r t o inhibi t mistin g i s reduced. Initia l makeu p volume s of foa m blanke t solution s ar e determine dby th e surfac e are aof

th e electroplatin g bath , amoun t o f curren t applied , an d temperatur e an dchromi c aci d concentratio n of

th e electroplatin g bath

. Generally , th e lowe r

th e temperature , di e les s produc t

i s needed

. Foamblanket s ar e deplete dprimaril y b y decomposition ; however , dregou t of th e foa mma y als o b aafactor

. Also , foa mblanket s ma y b e pulle dint o ventilatio n hood s i f

th e solutio n leve l i s to o clos e t o th e hoods

. Som e type s may als o b e deplete db y excessiv e ai r6578 0 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s agitatio n o

f th e bath

. Appreciabl e concentration s of

alkal i meta l ions , especiall y potassium , ten dt o reduc e di e solubilit y o

f som e foa mblankets

. Visua l monitorin g o

f th e diicknes s o

f th e foa mblanke t

i s th e mos t

commo n ..metiio dfo

r determinin g whe n t o ad d foa mblanke t

solutio n t o th e bath

. Th e frequency ofth e maintenanc e addition s depend s o n th e amoun t

of wor k processe dthroug h th e electroplatin g tan k an dth e dragou t

rat e o f th e solution

. c . Combination Fume Suppressants. Combinatio n fume suppressant s (wettin g agen t

plu s afoa

mblanket ) reduc e di e surfac e tensio n o f th e electroplatin g bat h whil e formin g a foa mblanke t

ove r th e surface

. Becaus e ofth e synergisti c effect s ofth e tw o components , les s produc t i s require d tha n if eithe r di e wettin g agen t

o r di e foa mblanke t

wer e use dalone

. d

. Factors Affecting Performance and Cost of Fume Suppressants. Th e mai n facto r affectin g th e performanc e of chemica l fum

e suppressant s i s di e amoun t o f fume suppressan t

presen t i n th e electroplatin g o r

anodizin g bath

. I

f insufficien t

wettin g agen t

i s presen t

i n th e bath , di e surfac e tensio n ofth e solutio n wil l no t

b e maintaine dbelo w 4 0 dynes/c m(2.7x10- 3 lb f /ft) and , therefore , th e effectivenes s o f th e wettin g agen t

i n inhibitin g mistin g wil l b e substantiall y reduced

. I f afoa m blanke t i s used , prope r

car e mus t

b e take n t o maintai n th e foa mblanke t a t th e specifie dthicknes s becaus e athi n foa mlaye r wil l no t entra p th e chromi c aci dmis t efficiently , an darea s o

f heav y foa mma y caus e ahydroge n ga s buildu p an dexplosio n potential

. Emissio n test s wer e conducte do n a decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g lin e wit h an dwithou t

fume suppressants
. Two type s o

f fume suppressant s wer e evaluate ddurin g di e tes t program : (1 ) A foa mblanket ; an d(2) acombinatio n foa mblanke t

an dwettin g agent
. Tes t result s indicat e tha t

fume suppressant s ar e extremel y effectiv e i n inhibitin g th e releas e of chromi c aci dmist

. Hexavalen t chromiu mconcentration s rang e from 0.00 1 t o 0.00 7 mg/dsc m(4.4x10- ' t o 3.1x10- 6 gr/dscf

) whe n afoa

mblanke t o r acombinatio n foa

mblanke t an dfume suppressan t

i s use di n th e electroplatin g bath

. Th e he:xavalen t

chromiu m concentration s measure dwhe n di e combinatio n foa

mblanke t

an dwettin g agen t wer e use drange dfrom0.00 1 t o 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(4.4X10- ? t o 1.3xl0~ « gr/dscf)

. Thes e result s indicate dtiiat th e combinatio n fume suppressan t migh t b e marginall y mor e effectiv e tha n th e foa m blanke t typ e suppressant
. Both type s o f fume suppressant s reducedchromiu m emission s b y mor e tha n 99. 5 percen t compare dt o uncontrolle dlevels

. Th e cost s o

f usin g chemica l fum

e suppressant s depen dupo n th e tan k capacity , th e amoun t

o f curren t applied , an dth e numbe r

o f part s processed

. 5

. Sourc e Reductio n an dRecyclin g Th e Pollutio n Preventio n Ac t o f 199 0 establishe s th e followin g environmenta l managemen t

hierarch y a s nationa l policy : a . Pollutio n shoul db e prevente do r reduce da t

th e sourc e whereve r

feasible ; b

. Pollutio n tha t

canno t b e prevente d shoul db e recycle di n a n environmentall y saf

e manne r whereve r feasible ; c . Pollutio n tha t

canno t b e prevente d o r recyele dshoul db e treate di n a n environmentall y saf

e manne r whereve r feasible ; an d d

. Disposa l o r

otiie r releas e int o th e environmen t

shoul db e employe donl y a s alas t resor t an dshoul db e conducte d i n a n environmentall y saf e manner . Althoug h th e Ac t

doe s no t specificall y defin e "pollutio n prevention, " i t state s tha t sourc e reductio n i s fundamentall y differen t an dmor e desirabl e tha n wast e management

an dpollutio n control

. Sourc e reductio n i s define da s an y practic e tha t

reduce s th e amoun t

o f an y hazardou s substanc e enterin g th e wast e strea mo r otherwis e release dint o th e environmen t

prio r t o recycling , treatment , o r

disposal

. Ther e ar e tw o sourc e reductio n alternative s availabl e fo

r decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. Th e first involve s th e us e o

f atrivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g proces s instea do f a chromi c aci dprocess . Thi s alternativ e ha s tw o primar y benefits

. First , trivalen t chromiu mmay b e les s toxi c tha n hexavalen t

chromiu man di s no t presentl y classifie da s aknow n huma n carcinogen , a s i s he:xavalent chromium

. A secon dbenefi t

i s tha t thes e processe s als o resul t

i n les s tota l chromiu mi n proces s wastewater s becaus e o f th e lowe r tota l chromiu mconcentration s i n th e electroplatin g bath s a s compare dt o chromi c aci delectroplatin g baths

. Th e tota l chromiu mconcentratio n of trivalen t chromiu msolution s i s approximatel y one-fift

h tha t o f hexavalen t

chromiu msolutions

. I n addition , les s sludg e i s generate d becaus e ofth e lowe r

tota l chromiu m conten t i n th e wastewater
. A s discusse d i n sectio n VI.K

. o

f thi s preamble , EP

A specificall y requests commen t o n whethe r th e trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g proces s shoul db e requiredfo

r al l ne w decorativ e chromiu melectroplaters

. Th e additio n of

chemica l fume suppressant s i s als o considere dt o b e a sourc e reductio n techniqu e becaus e fum e suppressant s inhibi t

emission s a t th e source . A s mentione dpreviously , chemica l fume suppressant s ar e extremel y effectiv e (greate r tha n 99. 5 percent ) i n reducin g emission s from decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g tanks

. I n addition , eac h ofth e add-o n pollutio n contro l technique s bein g considere dfo

r thi s sourc e category ha s arecyclin g element ; the y allo w fo r recyclin g o

f al l collecte dchromiu m and/o r reduction s i n th e tota l wastewate r

treatmen t

burde n o f a facility

. Al l o

f th e effluen t

generate d fromth e contro l device s a t har d chromiu melectroplatin g an danodizin g tank s i s recycle dbac k

t o th e electroplatin g tan k

t o mak e u p fo

r evaporativ e losses

. At

decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tanks , wher e larg e quantitie s of

rins e wate r

ar e generated , scrubber s ar e ofte n use da s evaporator s tha t

reduc e th e tota l wastewate r

treatmen t

burde n b y concentratin g th e proces s rins e water s prio r t o treatment
. Fo r

thi s reason , a larg e majority of

decorativ e chromiu m electroplater s continu e t o operat e scrubber s i n conjunctio n wit h fum e suppressants
. A s discusse di n sectio n VI.K

. o f thi s preamble , EP

A specificall y request s commen t

o n whethe r

th e final standard s shoul drequir e recyclin g o f th e wastewater
. Unlik e decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tanks , har dchromiu m electroplatin g tank s typicall y d o no t us e fum e suppressant s eithe r

alon e o r i n conjunctio n wit h a n add-o n contro l device

. A s discusse dearlier , wettin g agent s ca n caus e pittin g i n th e har d chromiu mplat e and , historically , foa m blanket s hav e bee n viewe da s explosio n hazards

. However , EP

A obtaine ddat a fromates t

a t ahar dchromiu m electroplatin g operatio n usin g afum e suppressan t

( acombinatio n wettin g agent/foamblanket ) i n conjunctio n wit h a n add-o n contro l device , amesh-pa d mis t eliminator

. Th e EP

A als o performe dates t

t o measur e emission s fromasyste minvolvin g th e us e o f a foa mblanke t

an dpolypropylen e ball s i n conjunctio n wit h apacked-be dscrubber t o contro l emission s a t

ahar dchromiu m electroplatin g operation

. Thes e dat a indicat e tha t

chromiu mremova l efficiencie s average d97. 7 percen t whe n afoa mblanke t

wa s use dan donl y 60. 1 percen t wit h th e us e of

acombinatio n fume suppressant
. (Thes e contro l efficiencie s d o no t

includ e contro l associate dwit h th e add-o n contro l device , onl y th e contro l associate dwit h th e foa mblanke t

o r fume suppressant
. Outle t concentrations , considerin gP.1 6

F__er_ l Registe r

/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s ©578 1 control , ar e provide di n th e paragrap h below. ) Th e significan t

differenc e i n tiie performanc e ofth e foa

mblanke t compare dto tha t

ofth e combinatio n fum e suppressan t

a t th e har dchromiu m electroplatin g tank s canno t b e explaine d b y informatio n obtaine da f th e time o

f testing

. Possibl e explanation s fo r thi s inconsistenc y includ e difference s i n th e maintenanc e o

f foa mblankets , characteristic s ofth e part s bein g plated , an ddi e transportatio n an dhandlin g o f Ih e part s i n th e electroplatin g bath

. Th e dat ad o indicat e tha t

th e us e o f foa m blanket s an dcombinatio n fume suppressant s i n har dchromiu m electroplatin g tank s i s les s effectiv e tha n th e us e of thes e compound s i n decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. Th e abov e test s als o indicate dtha t overal l emission s from afum e suppressan t

o r foa mblanket/contro l devic e syste mwer e lowe r tha n emissio n rate s achieve dsolel y wit h acontro l device

. Th e emission s fromth e fume suppressant/mis t

eliminato r

wer e measure da s 0.00 8 mg/dsc m(3.5x10- 6 gr/dscf) , a3 0 percen t

improvemen t

i n emissio n contro l ove r

tha t obtaine dwiti i th e mis t eliminato r

syste malone

. Emission s fromth e foa

mblanket/ packed-be dscrubber

syste mwer e als o measure da s 0.00 8 mg/dsc m(3.5x10- « gr/dscf) , a h 8 6 percen t

increas e i n emissio n contro l ove r

tha t obtaine dwit h th e packed-be dscrubber

syste malone

. However , a s previousl y stated , wettin g agent s ca n caus e pittin g i n th e har d chromiu mplate , an dfoa

mblanket s hav e apotentia l explosio n hazard

. Therefore , th e us e o

f foa mblanket s and / o r wettin g agent s i n conjunctio n wit h add-o n contro l device s wa s no t considere dfeasibl e fo

r th e entir e rang e of har dchromiu melectroplatin g tank s an di s no t include da s aregulatory alternative

. Thi s doe s no t preclud e th e us e of thes e method s b y som e faciUties , suc h a s thos e tested , whic h may b e abl e t o compl y wit h th e standar db y usin g wettin g agents o r

foa mblanket s i n conjunctio n wit h a n add-o n contro l device

. VI

. Rationaal e fiwr

Selectio n ofth e Thi s sectio n describe s th e rational e fo r th e decision s mad e b y th e Administrato r

i n selectin g th e propose d standards

. A. Selection of

Pollutant and Source Categories To Be Regulated Sectio n 11 2 requires Ef

A f o estabhs h nationa l standard s f

o reduce HAP emission s fromsourc e categorie s tha t emi t thes e pollutants

. Sectio n 112(b ) provide s alis t of 18 9 compound s tha t ar e considere df

o b e HAP

. Chromiu m compound s ar e include do n thi s Ust o f pollutants

. Sectio n 112(c ) direct s EP A t o us e thi s pollutan t

Us t t o develo p an d pubUs h aUst

o f sourc e categorie s fo

r whic h NESHA

P wil l b e developed

. Thi s lis t of sourc e categories , whic h wa s pubUshe di n th e Federa l Registe r o n Jul y 16,1992 , include s major an dare a source s performin g har dchromiu m electroplating , decorativ e chromiu m electroplating , an dchromiu m anodizing

. Thus , emission s of chromiu mcompound s fromthes e si x sourc e categorie s ar e bein g regulate db y thi s propose drulemaking

. Th e preambl e t o th e lis t

o f sourc e categorie s (5 7 F

R31588 ) present s th e rational e fo

r listin g th e chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g are asourc e categories

. Tha t

discussio n i s repeated i n th e followin g paragraphs , an dEP A request s commen t

o n whethe r

ther e i s a basi s fo r removing fromth e sourc e categorie s Ust

an y o f th e categorie s o r subcategorie s coveredb y tiie propose d standards

. Specifi c informatio n i s requestedconcernin g whethe r th e delistin g criteri ao

f sectio n 112(c)(9 ) woul db e met , o r

whether , i n th e alternative , i t

woul db e appropriate , i n th e cas e of

an y propose dsubcategory (such a s decorativ e electroplatin g usin g th e trivalen t

chromiu mprocess) , to conduc t an assessmen t

unde r sectio n 112(c)(3 ) ofth e effect

o n huma n healt h o r th e environmen t

before finall y creatin g suc h subcategory an daddin g i f f o th e sourc e categor

y Ust

. Chromiu melectroplater s ca n presen t a n advers e healt h threa t

f o population s livin g nea r

th e sourc e o

f emissions

. Chromiu melectroplater s mostl y emi t th e hexavalen t

for mo f chromium , Cr(+6) , a s chromi c aci dmist , an dlesse r amount s of

trivalen t chromiu mCr(-t-3)

. Curren t healt h effect s dat asugges t tha t th e hexavalen t

for mo f chromiu mi s th e mos t toxi c o f al l chromiu mcompounds

. Both huma n cas e studie s an d epidemiologica l studie s attes t to th e advers e healt h effect s frominhalatio n o f hexavalen t

chromium

. Acut e exposur e to hexavalen t

chromiu mha s bee n show n f o caus e nasa l irritatio n i n worker s an dothe r

individuals

. Intermediat e an dchroni c inhalatio n exposur e f

o chromiu mha s bee n reportedt o caus e advers e respiratory trac t effects , includin g irritatio n an d perforatio n ofth e nasa l mucosa , decrease s i n lun g function , an drena l proteinuria

. Anima l studie s of acut e organ toxicit y als o sugges t tha t chromiu mcompound s ma y produc e kidne y an dUve

r damage

. Th e carcinogeni c healt h effect s from chromiu mer e als o wel l documented

. Hexavalen t chromiu mi s considere da Grou p A carcinoge n becaus e ther e i s adequat e evidenc e fo

r it s carcinogenicit y i n humans

. Specifically , chroni c occupationa l exposur e t o chromiu mha s bee n associate dwit h increase dincidenc e o

f respiratory cance r i n workers

. Th e associatio n o f exposur e f

o chromiu man dth e inductio n of

lun g cance r

i s strengthene d b y th e hig h lun g cance r

mortalit y ratio s foun di n variou s epidemiologica l studies , th e consistenc y o f results acros s severa l studies , th e increase dtumor s foun di n associatio n wit h increasin g doses , an dth e specificit y o f th e tumo r site

. Th e rol e of

trivalen t chromiu mi n carcinogenesi s i s presentl y unclear

. Reproductiv e studie s o n animal s als o sugges t tiiat chromiu mcompound s ma y hav e som e feta

l an dmaterna l toxicity effects

. Althoug h conclusiv e results ca n no t b e draw n fromth e availabl e data , studie s sugges t

tha t chromiu m compound s ca n adversel y affect feta l developmen t

an dmal e reproductio n i n experimenta l animals

. Recognizin g th e considerabl e uncertaintie s associate dwit h cance r ris k assessment , th e Agenc y ha s develope d nationwid e emissio n an dpopulatio n exposur e estimate s associate dwit h chrom e plater s an danodizers

. Base do n thi s analysis , th e Agenc y estimate s tha t chrom e plater s an danodizer s contribut e significantl y t o th e tota l increase d cance r incidenc e i n th e U.S

. from airborn e toxics

. Har dchrom e platers , decorativ e chrom e platers , an aaci d anodizer s may caus e a s man y a s 11 0 increase dcance r

case s pe r year i n th e U.S

. I n additio n t o significan t populatio n risks , chrom e plater s an d anodizer s contribut e significantl y t o maximu mindividua l cance r risk s i n th e proximit y o

f particula r

faciUties

. Th e Agenc y estimate s tha t

maximum , upper boun dindividua l risks rang e fromtw o chance s i n 100,00 0 (2xl0-s ) fo r smal l aci danodizin g plant s f

o five chance s i n 1,000 (5x10-3 ) fo

r larg e har dplatin g operations

. Al l estimate s o f ris k i n thi s analysi s ar e base do n hexavalen t chromiu monly , an dno t

o n trivalen t chromium

. A n Agenc y stud y o

f Southeas t Chicag o estimate s tha t

chrom e plater s contribut e abou t

on e sixth o

f th e tota l cance r incidenc e du e f

o al l source s o

f airborn e toxic s i n th e stud y area , includin g stee l mills , roa dvehicles , an d othe r industria l sources . A n Agenc y analysi s o

f cance r incidenc e fromai r

toxi c emission s i n five larg e U.S

. citie s show s tha t chrom e plater s contribut e abou t

on e tent h o

f th e tota l increase dcance r

incidenc e du e t o al l source s o

f airborn e toxics

. Extrapolatin g th e cance r

rat e i n th e five6578 2 Federa l Registe r/Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 / Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s P.1 7

citie s t o th e U.S

. yield s a n estimat e o f a s hig h a s 9 0 increase dcase s pe r year . Currently , th e onl y Federa l emissio n regulation s for

electroplater s ar e limite d t o OSHA workplac e emissio n standards , designe dspecificall y t o Umit worke r exposure . Fourtee n State s hav e adopte d o r propose dregulation s for controllin g chromiu memission s from electroplaters

. Th e Agenc y finds tha t

th e overal l emissions , exposures , an dknow n an d suspecte dhealt h impact s associate d wit h chromiu melectroplater s an d anodizer s presen t

athrea t o f advers e effect s t o huma n health

. Base do n th e findin g above , th e Agenc y ha s include d chromiu melectroplater s an danodizer s o n th e initia l Us

t of categorie s of

are a sources . Th e si x sourc e categorie s subjec t t o th e propose drulemakin g wer e evaluate dt o determin e i f subcategorizatio n ofth e sourc e categorie s wa s justified

. Th e Agency' s analysi s indicate s tha t

th e decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g sourc e categor y shoul db e subcategorize dbase d o n whethe r

achromi c aci do r

trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s i s used

. N o subcategorizatio n i s recommende dfo

r th e har dchromiu m electroplatin g an dchromiu manodizin g sourc e categories

. Th e decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g sourc e category ha s bee n subcategorize ddependin g o n whethe r a chromi c aci d(hexavalen t chromium ) o r trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s i s used

. Thes e tw o subcategorie s ar e bein g considere dseparatel y becaus e th e trivalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g proces s i s very differen t

fromth e hexavalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g process . Trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g solution s typicall y contai n betwee n 2 2 t o 3 0 g/ L ( 3 t o 4 oz / gal ) of trivalen t chromium

. Chromi c aci di s considere dabat h contaminant , an dth e tota l chromiu mconcentratio n i n trivalen t bath s i s fou

r times lowe r

tha n tha t i n chromi c aci dbaths

. Also , th e trivalen t chromiu msolution s contai n wettin g agents ; thes e ar e use dprimaril y t o provid e aunifor mplat e thicknes s acros s th e entir e surfac e are ao f th e parts
. Whil e th e wettin g agents may als o inhibi t misting , thi s i s asecondar y purpose . I n contrast , i n chromi c aci d baths , wettin g agents ar e specificall y use dt o inhibi t

misting

. Also , i n a trivalen t chromiu mprocess , th e wettin g agents ar e no t

adde dseparatel y durin g th e electroplatin g process . Electroplatin g solutio n compositio n i s maintaine dthroug h th e us e o f automati c controller s tha t

ad dspecifie damount s of amateria l o n a n Ampere-hou r basis

. • Additio n of

wettin g agents alon e ma y jeopardiz e th e trivalen t chromiu mbat h chemistry

. Becaus e som e emission s contro l i s inheren t

i n th e trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g process , tank s usin g thi s proces s ar e onl y require dt o monito r th e process , wherea s thos e tank s wit h achromi c aci delectroplatin g proces s ar e requiredt o ad dwettin g agen t t o th e electroplatin g solution

. Anothe r consideratio n i s tha t

th e trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g process , whil e suitabl e fo r th e ful l rang e o f decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tanks , ha s uniqu e operatin g considerations

. Fo r

eTxample , th e trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s i s mor e sensitiv e t o contaminatio n tha n hexavalen t chromiu melectroplatin g baths

. Certai n material s suc h a s copper , zinc , an dlead , whic h ar e commonly foun di n th e meta l part s bein g plated , ma y contaminat e th e trivalen t chromiu mbat h solution

. Also , th e finish colo r

achieve dwit h th e trivalen t electroplatin g proces s may diffe r fromtha t

traditionall y obtaine d wit h chromi c aci dbaths , an dth e differenc e i n colo r

may b e unacceptabl e t o th e en duser . Finally , wit h th e trivalen t chromiu mbath , additiona l posttreatmen t

an drinsin g tank s may b e needed

. Althoug h th e Agenc y di dno t findan y basi s for subcategorizin g th e har d chromiu melectroplatin g sourc e category , i t

wa s determine dtha t

distinc t siz e classe s of

faciUtie s existe di n th e sourc e category
. Th e rational e fo r selectin g thes e size s i s base dprimaril y o n contro l costs , whic h ar e discusse di n section s VI.C. 4 an dVI.C.5 ; th e siz e distinction s ar e presente dher e becaus e section s o f thi s preambl e tha t

preced e sectio n VI.C.4

. contai n discussio n usin g th e siz e distinctions

. Fo r th e purpose s o

f thi s rulemaking , th e distinctio n betwee n smal l an dlarg e har dchromiu melectroplatin g faciUtie s withi n th e sourc e category i s base do n th e maximu mcumulativ e potentia l rectifier capacit y a t

afaciUty

. A tank' s rectifie r capacit y determine s th e amoun t of curren t (amperes ) tha t

ca n flo w throug h th e platin g solutio n (fromth e anod e t o th e cathode)

. Maximu m cumulativ e potentia l rectifie r capacit y i s calculate das : ( £ RCj ) x 8,40 0 hr/yr x 0. 7 where : RQ=th e rectifie r

capacit y ratin g of

a n individua l tan k 8,40 0 hr/yT=operatin g schedul e base d o n 2 4 hr/d , 7 d/wk , 5 0 wk/y r 0.7=th e percen t

tim e th e electrode s ar e energize d Base do n th e mode l plan t parameter s use dfo r thi s analysis , asmal l mode l plan t woul dhav e on e platin g tank , wit h amaximu mrectifie r

capacit y o f

10,00 0 Amperes

. Th e maximu mrate dcapacit y woul db e approximatel y 6 0 milUo n Ah / yr . Therefore , th e cutof

f betwee n smal l an dlarg e faciUtie s ha s bee n estabUshe d a s 6 0 millio n Ah/yr

. Existin g faciUtie s woul dfollo w th e sam e procedur e i n calculatin g thei r

tota l maximu mrectifier capacity

. B. Selection of

Emission Points To Be Covered by the Standard Th e primar y source s of

HA P withi n th e chromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g sourc e categorie s ar e th e electroplatin g an danodizin g tanks , whic h emi t

chromiu mcompounds

. Thes e ar e th e emissio n point s tha t woul db e covere db y th e propose drule

. Othe r processe s locate da t

facilitie s tha t performchromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g tha t

emi t smal l quantitie s of othe r HAP includ e surfac e preparatio n step s suc h a s aci ddippin g an dvapo r degreasin g ar e no t

covere db y thi s NESHAP

. Th e HAP emitte dfromthes e processe s ar e aci dmist s an dsolven t vapors . Hazardou s ai r

pollutan t emission s fromothe r

meta l platin g processe s suc h a s nickel , copper , an d cadmiu mplatin g ar e als o no t include d i n th e scop e of

thi s rule

. Th e reason s fo r excludin g thes e emissio n point s ar e provide dbelow

. Th e Agency' s stud y of

chromiu m emission s fro mchromiu melectroplatin g an danodizin g tank s wa s begu n prio r t o th e 199 0 amendment s t o th e Act

. Th e stud y focuse do n chromiu mcompound s only ; informatio n o n source s emittin g HAP othe r

tha n chromiu mcompound s ha dno t bee n obtained

. Therefore , onl y thos e source s emittin g chromiu m compound s (i.e. , th e chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g tanks ) ar e include di n thi s propose drulemaking

. Th e additiona l tim e tha t

woul db e require dt o develo p th e necessar y backgroun dinformatio n t o regulat e th e associate dsurfac e preparatio n step s coul dunnecessaril y dela y regulatio n o f th e electroplatin g an danodizin g tanks

. Th e EP A i s i n th e proces s of

developin g NESHA P fo r emission s fromdegreasin g tank s tha t woul dcove r

suc h operation s locate da t faciUtie s performin g > chromiu melectroplatin g an danodizing

. Meta l finishing processe s tha t produc e aci dmist s ar e foun di n avariet y of sourc e categories , an dEP A wiU conside r thes e source s i n aforthcomin g 5-yea r are asourc e study

.P.1 8

m I Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s C. Selection of

Basis and

Level of Proposed Standards for

Existing and New Sources 1

. Selectio n of

MACT/GAC T Approac h Sectio n 11 2 ofth e amende dAc t direct s th e Administrato r t o promulgat e standard s that : requir e th s maximu

mdegre e o f reductio n i n emission s o

f the hazardou s ai

r pollutant s

. . . tha t th aAdministrator , taking into consideration the cost

o f achievin g such emission reductions , an

dan y nonai r qualit y healt h an denvironmenta

l impacts an

d energ y requirements , determine s i s achievable 0 ° ° Thi s contro l leve l i s referre dt o a s MACT

. Sectio n 112(d)(3 ) ofth e amende dAc t

specifie s th e requirement s fo r detenninin g MACT fo

r ne w an d existin g sources . Th e MAC T leve l i s requiredfo

r al l majo r sources . However , th e Administrato r

may elec t

f o promulgat e standard s o r

requirements appUcabl e f

o source s i n categorie s o r subcategorie s of

are asource s tha t provid e fo

r th e us e o f generall y availabl e contro l technologie s (GACT ) o r management

practice s b y suc h source s t o reduce emission s o f HAP

. Th e GAC T approac h ca n b e les s stringen t tha n th e MAC T floor , an di t consider s th e availabilit y o f th e emissio n contro l systems , thei r cost s an deconomi c impacts , an dth e technica l capabilitie s of

owners / operator s f

o operat e an dmaintai n emissio n contro l systems
. Unde r th e GACT approach , a"floor " evaluatio n i s no t conducte dfo

r eac h category o r subcategory f

o asses s th e minimu m allowabl e control

. Also , th e Administrato r

i s no t require dt o conduc t aresidual ris k

analysi s t o determin e i f mor e stringen t

standard s ar e necessar y t o protec t pubU c healt h unde r

sectio n 112(f) , althoug h th e Administrato r ma y conduc t suc h aresidual risk

analysi s a s appropriate

. Suc h a n analysi s i s require dfo

r sourc e categorie s fo

r whic h MAC T i s required

. Th e criteri afo

r distinguishin g major fromare asource s ar e include di n th e definition s o

f majo r an dare asource s i n sectio n 112(a)

. A majo r

sourc e i s on e tha t emit s o r ha s th e potentia l t o emit , considerin g control , 9. 1 Mg/y r (1 0 tons / yr ) o r mor ao f an y HAP o r

22. 7 Mg/y r (2 5 tons/yr ) o r

mor e of an y combinatio n of HAP

. A n are asourc e is , b y definition , an y stationar y sourc e of

HA P tha t i s no t amajo r source . I f i s expecte dtha t

fo r eac h ofth e si x sourc e categorie s covered b y thi s propose drulemaking , th e majorit y o f source s i n eac h category wil l b e are asources . Chromiu memission s froma n electroplatin g o r

anodizin g operatio n alon e ar e unlikel y f o excee d th e majo r sourc e cutoffs

. However , i f th e chromiu melectroplatin g o r anodizin g operatio n i s locate da

f afacilit y tha t meet s th e criteri afo

r amajo r sourc e du e to HAP emission s fromothe r operations , the n i f woul db e considere damajo r sourc e fo r purpose s ofth e propose d rule

. Th e Administrato r

i s proposin g to regulate are asource s performin g chromiu melectroplatin g an danodizin g unde r sectio n 112(c)(3) , base do n a finding tha t

the y presen t

athrea t o f advers e effect s to huma n healt h o r th e environmen t

(se e sectio n VI

. A.)

. Thi s proposa l i s base do n dat atha t sho w tha t asignifican t

amoun t of hexavalen t chromium , aknow n huma n carcinogen , i s emitte df

o th e atmospher e fromth e chromiu melectroplatin g an danodizin g tank s a f th e level s of

chromiu m emission s tha t

presen t athrea t of advers e effect s f

o huma n health

. I n determinin g whethe r

f o regulat e are asource s b y applyin g MACT o r GACT , th e Administrator , als o considere dth e availabilit y of contro l technologie s an dth e cos t of compUanc e for are asources . Th e contro l technologie s o n whic h thi s propose d rulemakin g i s base dinclud e packed-be d scrubber s an dcomposit e mesh-pa d system s fo

r har dchromiu m electroplatin g operation s an dfume suppressant s fo

r decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g operations

. Packed-be dscrubber s ar acurrentl y use d widel y i n th e har dchromiu m electroplatin g industry ; composit e mesh-pa dsystem s ar e als o bein g installe da

f al l size s o

f faciUtie s althoug h thei r

us e i s no t

yet a s widesprea da s packed-be dscrubbers

. Fum e suppressant s ar e use dwidel y fo r decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g operations

. Becaus e o f th e availabiUf y of thes e contro l technologies , the y woul db e considere d appropriat e base s fo

r GACT a s wel l a s MACT

. Also , th e cos t

of applyin g thes e contro l technologie s ha s bee n foun df o b e reasonable fo

r mos t source s i n thes e sourc e categorie s (se e sectio n VI.C.4)

. Becaus e o f th e hig h toxicit y of chromiu mcompound s an dth e availabilit y an dreasonable cos t o f contro l technologies , th e Administrato r i s proposin g t o appl y MAC T t o bot h majo r an dare asource s o

f chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizing

. Th e appUcatio n of

MACT t o bot h are aan d majo r source s ensure s tha t

aresidua l ris k analysi s o

f emission s associate d wit h thes e source s wil l b e conducte db y th e Agency , a s requiredb y sectio n 112(f ) o f th e Act , to determin e whethe r additiona l regulation i s warrante di n th e futur e t o protec t

pubU c health

. Th e agenc y solicit s comment s o n th e proposa l to establis h MAC T standard s fo r are asource s instea dof

adoptin g GACT standards

. ' 2

. Selectio n of

th e MAC T Floo r A s discusse di n sectio n U.C , Ca t egorization/Subcategorization : Determinin g Maximu mAchievabl e Contro l Technolog y "Floors, " EP A develop s an dconsider s regulator y alternative s tha t

ar e a f leas t a s stringen t a s th e MAC T floor

a s define di n th e Act

. Th e MAC T floor

i s determine dfro

m informatio n o n variou s contro l level s withi n eac h ofth e categorie s an d subcategorie s (baselin e conditions)

. Th e baselin e condition s tha t

le df o th e developmen t

o f th e MAC T floor s ar e discusse dbelow

. Additiona l informatio n o n baselin e condition s i s foun di n Chapte r

5 o f th e BID

. a . Hard Chromium Electroplating MACT Floor. Baselin e condition s tha t wer e originall y establishe dfo r facilitie s operatin g har dchromiu melectroplatin g tank s wer e base do n a n industr y surve y o f 4 4 har dchromiu melectroplatin g operation s tha t

wa s conducte di n 1987

. Base do n thi s surve y an dindustr y censu s data , i t

wa s estimate dtha t baselin e condition s fo

r facilitie s operatin g har dchromiu melectroplatin g tank s include datota l populatio n o f 1,54 0 facilities

. O f

thes e tanks , 3 0 percen t wer e uncontrolled , 3 0 percen t wer e controlle db y chevron-blad e mis t eliminators , an d4 0 percen t wer e controlle db y packed-be dscrubbers

. Chevron-blad e mis t

eliminator s represen t acontro l devic e efficienc y of approximatel y 9 5 percen t a t representative inle t

loading s fo

r har d chromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. Th e associate doutle t

concentratio n i s 0.1 5 mg/dsc m(6.6x10- 6 gr/dscf)

. Alternatively , well-maintaine dan d -operate dpacked-ba dscrubber s tha t incorporat e periodi c washdow n o f th e packin g ca n achiev e an emissio n reduction o

f 9 9 percent , wit h a n associate doutle t

concentratio n o

f 0.0 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 3 gr/dscf ) considere d feasible

. Althoug h EP

A believe s tha t

a n undetermine dnumbe r

o f existin g facilitie s ar e operatin g packed-be d scrubber s unde r

less-than-idea l operatin g an dmaintenanc e conditions , i f prope r operatio n an dmaintenanc e procedure s ar e implemented , existin g unit s wil l readily achiev e an emissio n limi t of 0.0 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 3 gr / dscf)

. Mor e recent

informatio n obtaine d fromcontro l devic e vendor s confirm s tha t composit e mesh-pad s ar e bein g use da f approximatel y 5 percen t o f har d chromiu melectroplatin g faciUtie s an d tha t th e growth i n us e i s expecte dt o continue

. Th e vendo r

surve y als o indicate dtha t

thes e contro l device s ar e

_ri_i._. . ,___ , __4 , _Uh_l_

_• _i_g_ i6578 4 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /Propose dRule s P.1 9

bein g installe da t

al l size s o f

faciUties

. Base do n emissio n tes t

results from thre e faciUties , acomposit e mesh-pa d syste mca n achiev e a n averag e outle t concentratio n of

0.01 3 mg/dsc m (5.7xl0- « gr/dscf)

. Base do n a representative inle t

loading , th e percen t reduction achieve db y th e composit e mesh-pa dsyste mi s greate r tha n 99. 8 percent
. Th e curren t

us e of thi s syste m i n th e industr y a s we

U a s th e fac t

tha t i t represent s th e "maximu mdegre e of reductio n i n emissions " (sectio n 112(d)(3 ) ofth e Act ) resultedi n th e selectio n of

0.01 3 mg/dsc m(5.7x10- 6 gr/dscf ) a s th e MAC T floor

fo r ne w sources . Som e uncertaint y surround s th e exac t effect tha t th e increasin g us e of composit e mesh-pad s ha s o n th e origina l existin g sourc e baseline

. Th e EP A ha s n o informatio n o n whethe r th e composit e mesh-pa dsystem s wer e installe dt o replace o r

augmen t existin g packed-be dscrubber s o r

i f the y wer e installe da t

faciUtie s tha t

wer e eithe r uncontrolle do r

wer e usin g chevron

blad e mis t

eliminators

. Thi s uncertainty , however , doe s no t affec t th e existin g sourc e MAC T floor; th e sam e leve l o

f contro l woul drepresen t th e MACT floor

whethe r th e origina l o r modifie dbaselin e condition s ar e . assumed

. A discussio n of ho w di e existin g sourc e MAC T floor i s calculate dunde r

eithe r circumstanc e i s provide dbelow

. I n th e first

MAC T floor

analysis , i t

i s assume dtha t

composit e mesh-pad s ar e no t include di n th e baselin e conditions

. Th e existin g sourc e MAC T floo r i s determine db y calculatin g th e averag e emissio n Umitatio n achieve db y di e bes t performin g 1 2 percen t

of sources . Becaus e i t

i s estimate dtha t

4 0 percen t of th e industr y i s currentl y usin g packed-be dscrubbers , an dtha t awell

maintaine dan d-operate dpacked-be d scrubber tha t incorporate s periodi c washdow n of

th e packin g ca n achiev e outle t concentration s o

f 0.0 3 mg/dsc m (1.3x10- 5 gr/dscf) , thi s emissio n Umi t (0.0 3 mg/dsc m[1.3x10- * gr/dscf ) i s th e MAC T floor

fo r existin g sources . I n th e secon dMAC T floor analysis , th e baselin e condition s ar e adjuste dt o accoun t for th e 5 percen t

o f facilitie s usin g composit e mesh-pads

. I n thi s scenario , th e averag e emissio n Umitatio n associate dwit h 5 percen t of faciUtie s performin g a t

0.01 3 mg/dsc m (5.7x10- 6 gr/dscf

) an d7 percen t performin g a t

th e nex t highes t leve l o f contro l (0.0 3 mg/dsc m[1.3x1 0 -- gr / dscf] ) results i n a n emissio n Umitatio n (0.02 3 mg/dsc m[1.0x10- 3 gr/dscf] ) tha t doe s no t correspon dt o an y specifi c contro l technique

. A s note dearlie r

(i n sectio n n.C) , whe n th e averag e emissio n Umitatio n doe s no t correspon dt o a n emissio n Umitatio n achievabl e wit h aspecifi c typ e of contro l technique , EP

A may us e th e emissio n limitatio n achieve db y th e faciUt y a t th e 94th percentil e (th e media n of

th e bes t performin g 1 2 percent) , whic h i s equivalen t t o 0.0 3 mg/dsc m(1.3xl0 - 5 gr/dscf ) i n thi s case . Thi s approac h woul dresul t i n a n emissio n Umitatio n of

0.0 3 mg/dsc m (1.3xl0- s gr/dscf

) a s th e MACT floor

fo r existin g har dchromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. Eithe r

o f th e approache s t o determinin g th e MAC T floor describe d abov e results i n th e sam e leve l of control

. b

. Decorative Chromium Electroplating—Chromic Acid Bath — MACT Floor. Baselin e condition s tha t wer e originall y estabUshe dfor faciUtie s wit h decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s wer e base do n a n industr y surve y of

6 3 decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g operation s tha t wa s conducte di n 1987

. Baselin e condition s fo

r decorativ e chromiu m electroplater s usin g chromi c aci dbath s includ e atota l faciUt

y populatio n of 2,80 0 faciUtie s of

whic h 1 5 percen t

of faciUtie s aro uncontrolled , 4 0 percen t us e fume suppressants , 4 0 percen t us e fume suppressant s i n combinatio n wit h packed-be dscrubbers , an d5 percen t us e packed-be dscrubbers

. Becaus e th e inle t concentration s i n decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g ar e lowe r

tha n thos e i n har dchromiu melectroplating , th e overal l efficienc y o

f packed-be d scrubber s i s als o lowe r

(approximatel y 9 7 percen t

compare dt o 9 9 percen t

fo r har dchromiu melectroplatin g tanks)

. Alternatively , tes t

results sho w tha t

th e us e of chemica l fume suppressant s inhibi t greate r tha n 99. 5 percen t

ofth e chromiu m from bein g release d from a n electroplatin g bat h an dar e capabl e of achievin g a n outle t

concentratio n of 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf)

. Becaus e mor e tha n 1 2 percen t ofth e faciUtie s i n thi s sourc e category us e fume suppressant s an dn o mor e effectiv e contro l techniqu e i s available , th e MAC T floor

fo r bot h ne w an d existin g decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s usin g achromi c aci dbat h i s a n emissio n Umitatio n o f 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf)

. c . Decorative Chromium Electroplating

— Trivalent Chromium Bath—MACT

Floor. Appro:ximatel y 1 0 percen t of decorativ e electroplater s us e trivalen t chromiu mbaths

. A s discusse d i n sectio n VI.A. , EP

A ha s determine d tha t decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s usin g atrivalen t

chromiu mbat h ar e aseparat e subcategory

. Test s conducte do n tank s usin g trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g bath s indicat e tha t th e tota l chromiu mconcentratio n i n emission s fromthes e bath s i s 0.04 8 mg/dsc m(2.1x10- 3 gr/dscf)

. Hexavalen t chromiu mconcentration s fromthes e bath s hav e bee n measure da s 0.00 4 mg / dsc m(1.7x10- 6 gr/dscf)

. Mos t trivalen t chromiu m electroplatin g bath s d o no t hav e ventilatio n system s suc h tha t th e chromiu mconcentratio n i n emission s fromthes e bath s coul db e measured

. Therefore , anothe r

parameter , surfac e tension , wa s measure ddurin g th e emissio n tests ; th e test s indicate dtha t trivalen t chromiu mbath s tha t

mee t th e abov e emissio n level s shoul dhav e surfac e tension s n o greate r tha n 5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft)

. Base do n thes e tes t data , th e MAC T floor

fo r ne w an dexistin g trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g tank s i s operatio n ofth e bat h consisten t

wit h th e abov e concentration s (0.04 8 mg/dsc m (2.1x10- 3 gr/dscf)) , a s demonstrate d throug h surfac e tensio n measurement
. d

. Chromium Anodizing Tanks MACT Floor. Baselin e condition s tha t wer e originall y estabUshe dfo

r faciUtie s wit h chromiu manodizin g tank s wer e base d o n a n industr y surve y of

2 5 chromiu m• anodizin g operation s tha t wa s conducte di n 1987

. Baselin e condition s fo r chromiu manodizin g tank s includ e a tota l faciUt

y populatio n of

68 0 faciUties , o f whic h 4 0 percen t

ar e uncontrolled , 1 0 percen t

us e chevron-blad e mis t eUminators , 2 0 percen t

us e packed-be d scrubbers , an d3 0 percen t us e fume suppressants
. Onc e again , th e averag e emissio n limit s achieve db y th e best

performin g 1 2 percen t

o f th e faciUtie s i n thi s category ar e associate dwit h th e us e o f fume suppressants
. Also , amor e efficien tcontro l techniqu e i s no t available

. Therefore , th e MAC T floor fo r bot h ne w an dexistin g chromiu m anodizin g source s i s a n emissio n limi t of 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf)

. 3

. Regulatory Alternative s Considere d Th e existin g sourc e regulatory alternative s develope dt o selec t existin g sourc e MAC T fo

r eac h o f th e categorie s an dsubcategorie s ar e presente di n Tabl e 2

. A brie f discussio n ofth e alternative s i s presente dbelow

. Mor e stringen t contro l technique s beyon dwha t woul d b e require db y th e ne w sourc e MAC T floor ar e no t available ; therefore , n o additiona l regulatory alternative s beyon dth e MAC T floor

wer e considere dfo

r ne w sources .

### P.2 0

Federa l Registe r /

Vol
. 58
. No
. 24 0 / Thursday
. Decembe r 16 , 199 3 / Propose d Rule s 6578 5

TABL E 2.—SUMMAR Y O F REGULATOR Y ALTERNATIVE S FO R EXISTIN G SOURCE S

Typ e o f operationtoguistor

y attsrnsflv

e (RA ) Har d chromiu m platin g

R A 1 (MAC T floor) RAN ' RA V ' Siz e o f operation * Sma U (<6 0 millio n AWyr ) P8S< >
_ PB S PB S CMP—existin g PB S exemp t

.. . Larg s (_-8 0 mHlto n Ah/yr ) PBS

. CM P c—Existin g PB S exemp t CMP

. CMP

. CMP

. Decorative , chromiu m plating—chron-,* : aci d bat h R A I (MACT floor)
... . FS< * Decorativ

e chromiu m oiatlng—trivalen t chromiu m bat h R A I {MACT floor) TVC ' (n o action ) Chromiu m anodizin g R A I (MACT floor) F S

•Base d on

th e maximu m cumulativ e potentia l rectifie r capacit y o f tank s at a facWty

. « • PBS-Packe d Bed Scrubber
. cCMP-Compoait e Mes h Pad
. " FS«Cbemlca l Fum e Suppressan t

- TVC«Trtvaien t Chromiu m Platin g Process
.

a. Hard Chromium Electroplating Regulatory Alternatives. Fa rhar d chromiu melectroplating , th e EP A evaluate dfive regulator y alternative s a s show n i n Tabl e 2

. Th e alternative s increas e i s contro l stringenc y from Regulator y Alternativ e (RA ) I , th e existin g sourc e MAC T floor contro l level , t o R A V

. Th e alternative s ar e cture dt o determin e whethe r asiz e o r clas s distinctio n i s appropriat e i n selectio n o f

MACT

. Suc h adistinctio n i s authorize db y sectio n 112(d)(1) , whic h provide s tha t

th e MAC T standar dma y distinguis h amon g classes , types , an d size s o f source s withi n acategor y o r subcategory

. Regulator y Alternativ e I woul d requir e th e contro l leve l achieve db y packed-be dscrubber s fo r bot h smal l an d larg e har dchromiu melectroplaters

. Regulator y Alternativ e I I woul dincreas e th e stringenc y fo r

larg e har dchromiii m electroplater s b y requirin g th e contro l leve l achievabl e b y composit e mesh

pad s unles s th e sourc e i s alread y controlle dwit h apacked-be dscrubber

. Regulator y Alternativ e III woul dfurthe r increas e th e stringenc y for larg e har d chromiu melectroplater s b y requiring th e contro l leve l achievabl e b y composit e mesh-pad s for al l sources , eve n thos e alread y controlle dwit h packed-be dscrubbers

. Regulator y Alternativ e I V woul dincreas e th e stringenc y fo r

smal l har dchromiu m electroplater s b y requiring th e contro l leve l achievabl e b y composit e mesh

pads , excep t

for thos e alread y controlle d b y packed-be dscrubbers

. Regulator y Alternativ e V woul drequir e th e contro l leve l achievabl e b y composit e m pad s for al l smal l an dlarg e har d chromiu melectroplaters , wit h n o exceptio n b . Decorative Chromium Electroplabng—Chraxnic Acid Bath — Regulatory Alternative. Th e contro l technolog y tha t

represents th e MAC T floor, i.e. , th e us e o f

fum e suppressants , i s th e highes t

leve l o f contro l achievabl e b y th e subcategory

. Therefore , onl y on e regulator y alternativ e i s possible

. c . Decorative Chromium Electroplating

— Trivalent Chromium Bath—Regulatory Alternative. Ther e ar e n o regulatory alternative s othe r tha n th e no-actio n alternativ e fo r trivalen t chromiu mprocesses . Becaus e ofth e presenc e o f

awettin g agen t

a s a n integra l par t

o f th e bat h chemistry , an d th e lo w emissio n potential , n o control s ar e currentl y i n us e fo r thi s process . d . Chromium Anodizing Tanks Regulatory Alternative. Th e contro l technolog y tha t

represent s th e MAC T floor , i.e. , th e us e o f

fum e suppressants , i s th e highes t

leve l o f contro l achievabl e b y th e category
. Therefore , onl y on e regulatory alternativ e i s possible

. 4

. Nationwid e Impact s o f th e Regul a Alternative s Thi s sectio n present s th e nationwid e environmenta L energy , cost , an d economi c impact s o f th e R

. te d i n Tabl e 2

. Fo r

purpose s o f

asm- * impacts , eac h R

A i s co mpa n baselin e o r

no-acti o baselin e level s o f

contro l wer e obtai r fromresponses t o a n industr y surve y conducte db y EP A i n 1985

. Th e de dinformatio n o n contro l technique s a t

4 4 har dchro m electroplatin g facilities

. 6 3 d<- chromiu melectroplatin g facilities , an d 2 5 c h mor e recen t

follow-u p surve y of

vendor s supplyin g composit e mesh-pad s wa s als o conducte dafte r

th e initia l survt> asses s an y change s i n th e co n use di n th e industry

. Thi s surve y demonstrate dtha t

composit e mesh-pad s wer e bein g installe do n ne w an d existin g har dchromiu melectroplatin g tanks , regardless o f

facilit y size

. A s explaine di n sectio n V I baselin e condition s fo r thi • ar a constantl y ch

. replace ol dcontro l eq i new , mor e efficien t

contro l a s composit e mesh-pads

. Th < presente dhere , however , ar e bas(' < baselin e condition s a s establishe d throug h th ainitia l industr y survey . Thi s i s becaus e th e follow-u p vendc i di dno t provid e specifi c informatio n o_ i whethe r th e composit e mesh-pad s war e replacing previousl y uncontrolle dU u o r tank s tha t

ha dbee n i I h ales s efficien t

CO T i n sectio n VT.C.2

. result s ofth e \P.2 1



### 6578 6 Federal Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s

surve y indicate tha t

approximately 5 percent ofth e facilitie s withi n di e hard chromiu melectroplatin g sourc e categor y ar e usin g composit

e mesh

pads

. Assuming tha

t each composit

e mesh-pa dwa s installe da

t adifferen t facility , th e maximu

mnumbe r o f facilitie s wid i thes e device s woul db e approximately 8 0 out

o f a n estimate d 1,54 0 facilities

. Give

n th e relatively small numbe

r o f composit e mesh-pad s being used , th e nationwide impact s tha t woul dresul t

i f thes e facilitie s wer

e accounte dfo

r i n th e baselin e condition s woul dno t diffe r significantl

y fromthos e presente dhere

. a . Baseline Conditions. Fo r th e purpose s o f Uiis analysis , di e baselin e condition s presente di n th e followin g paragraph s wer

e used

. Fo r hardchromiu

melectroplating , i t wa s estimate ddiat , a

t baseline , 3 0 percen t ofth e tank s ar

e uncontrolled , 3 0 percen t ar e controlle dby chevron-blad e mis t eliminators , an d40 percent ar e controlle dby packed-be dscrubbers

. Fo r decorativ e chromiu

m electroplating , i t

wa s estimate ddiat , a

t baseline , 1 5 percen

t ar e uncontrolled , 4 0 percent ar e controlle dby chemica

l fum e suppressants , 4

0 percent ar e controlle dby chemica

l fum e suppressant s i n conjunction wit h packed-bedscrubbers , an d5 percent ar e controlle db y packed-bedscrabbers

. In calculatin g aggregat

e nationwide impact s fo r decorativ e chromiu

m electroplatin g tanks , th e followin g contro l scenari o wa s assumedfo r R A I : 5 8 percen t o f th e existing tank s wil l operat e wit h chemica l fum e suppressant s alone , an d42 percent o f th e existing tank s wil l operat e wit h chemica l fum e suppressant s i n conjunction wit

h packed-bedscrubbers

. The combinedus e o

f technique s i s commo n becaus e packed-bedscrubber s serv e adua

l purpose . I

n additio n t o controllin g ai r

pollution , th e scrubber s serv e a s atmospheri c evaporator s tha t concentrat e th e proces s rins e water s requirin g treatment
. Therefore , i t i s assumedtha

t oustin g tank s currently usin g chemica

l fum e suppressant s i n conjunction wit

h packed-bedscrubber s wil l continu e Uiis practic e an dtha t hal f o f Ui e tank s tha t currently us e packed

be dscrubber s alone wil l opt to operat e th e scrubbe

r i n conjunction wit

h fum e suppressants
. Fo r chromiu manodizing , it

was estimate dthat , a

t baseline , 4

0 percent ar e uncontrolled , 1 0 percen

t ar e controlle dby chevron-blad

e mis t eliminators , 2

0 percen t ar e controlle dby packed-bedscrubbers , an d3 0 percen t are controlle dby chemica

l fum e suppressants
. No ne t growt h i s projecte dfo

r Ui e chromiumelectroplatin g an danodizin g industry

. Contacts wit

h equipment supplier s indicate that

Ui e majorit y o f new equipmen

t installation s occu

r a t existing facilitie s a s aresul t o f replacement

o f obsolet e capacit y o r expansio n ofth e existin g capacity

. The equipmen t supplier s indicate dtha

t ver y fe w ne w facilitie s hav e been constructe d i n Ui e las t 5 years . Consequently , th e nationwid e impact s presente dbelo w ar e Ui e impact s beyondbaselin e ofth e RA' s o n existin g tank s only

. Impact s o n new facilitie s ar

e presente da

t Ui e en do f Uiis sectio n fo r typical , ne w model plant configuration s only

. b

. Environmental

Impacts. Estimate s o f nationwide emissio n reduction s and energ y an dsoli dwast

e impact s associate dwit

h each regulator

y alternativ e ar

e presente di n Table 3

. The RA' s correspondt o thos e tha t wer e presente di n Table 2

. To determin e impact s beyondbaselin e usin g th e number s o n Table 3 , subtrac t

the baselin e numbe

r fromthe tota

l numbe r fo r agive n alternative

. To determin

e incrementa

l impact s betwee

n regulator

y alternatives , subtrac

tth e valu e for th e les s stringent

ofth e tw o alternative s fromth e valu e fo

r th e mor e stringent

. TABL E 3.—ENVIRONMENTA L IMPACT S O F TH E REGULATOR Y ALTERNATIVE S

Typ e o f operatio n

Decorativ e chromiu m plat
ing—chromi c aci d plat
in g process
. Chromiu m anodizin g R A

Baselin e
.. . RA I

. . . RAI I RAM I RAI V RA V Baselin e
.. . RA I Baselin e
.. . RA 1 Nationwid e emissio n estimate , Mg/y r (tons/yr) « Small (<6 0 mil
lio n Atvyr ) 18. 5 (20.3 ) 0.5 4 (0.59 ) 0.5 4 (0.59 ) 0.5 4 (0.59 ) 0.2 8 (0.3 ) 0.1 1 (0.12 ) Larg e (26 0 mil
lio n Ah/yr ) 126. 6 (139.3 ) 3. 7 (4 ) 1.9 3 (2.12 ) 0.7 4 (0.81 ) 0.7 4 (0.81 ) 0.7 4 (0.81 ) 10.5(11.5 )

0. 3 (0.3 ) 3. 6 (3.9 ) 0.0 4 (0.05 ) Nationwid e energ y Impacts ,

MWh/y r• > Smal l (<6 0 millio n Ah / yr ) 20,30 0 26,60 0 26,60 0 26,60 0 > 34,79 7 40,28 4 Larg e (_6 0

millio n Ah / 112,30 0 136,00 0 183,37 0 215,22 0 215,22 0 215,22 0 106,00 0
105,00 0 48,00 0 45,00 0 Nationwid e soli d wast e im
pacts , m 3 /y r(fP/yr) « Smal l (<6 0 millio n Ah/yr ) 18(640 ) 4 4 (1,550 ) 44(1,550 ) 44(1,550 ) 7 8 (2,750 ) 10 3 (3,640 ) Larg e (_6 0

millio n Ah/yr ) 26(820 ) 64(2£60 ) 118(4,170 ) 15 6 (5,510 ) 156(5,510 ) 15 6 (5,510 ) 6 7 (2,400 )
6 3 (2,200 ) 8 (280 ) 0(0 )

• Fo rth e nationwid e emissio n estimat e calculations , refert o Chapte r6 , Sectio n 6. 2 o f th e BI D fo rPropose d Standards

. >>Fo rth e nationwid e energ y impac t calculations , refert o Chapte r6 , Sectio n 6. 3 o f th e BI D fo rPropose d Standards

. °Fo rth e nationwid e soli d wast e impac t calculations , refert o Chapte r6 , Sectio n 6. 5 o f th e BI D fo rPropose d Standards

. 

### Impact s o n wastewate

r treatment o r discharge s wer

e considere dnegligible becaus e ofth e industr

y practic e to recirculate contro l devic e effluen t back to Ui e electroplatin g tank s a s makeu p to compensat e fo r evaporativ e losses

. Soli d wast e i s generate da s aresul t

o f Ui e nee d to periodically replace packing an d mesh materia

l use di n th e contro l systems
. The nationwid e soli dwast e impac t

i s basedon Ui

e frequency o

f replacement, Ui

e volum e o f materia l pe r contro l device , acompaction facto r o f 5 0 percent prio r t o disposal , an dUi

e estimate dnumbe

r o f tank s nationwide

. i

. Hard Chromium Electroplating Tanks

— RA 1. Fo r hardchromium electroplatin g tanks , R

A I represent s a 97 percent reductio n i n Ui

e nationwide baselin e emissions

. The tota l nationwide emissio n reductio n

associate dwit

h Uii s alternativ e i s 14

0 Mg/y r (15 5 tons/yr)

. The tota l nationwid e energ

y impact beyondbaselin e o

f R A I i s approximately 30,00

0 MWh/yr

. Thi s increas e an dUi

e incrementa

l increase s i n energ y impact s between RA' s ar

e du e to increase s i n Ui

e pressure drop acros s contro l system s an dthei r

correspondin g

### P.2 2

Federa l Registe r /

Vol . 58 , No . 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r 16 , 199 3 / Propose d Rale s 6578 7 increas e i n th e fa

n horsepowe r requirements . Th e total nationwid e soli d wast e impac tbeyon d baselin e i s 8 4 m-Vy r (2,26 0 fta/yr). Th e increas e i n soli d wast e ove r baselin e i s du e t o increase s i n di e number o

f tanks usin g contro l system s tha

trequir e periodi c disposa l o f packing material . Reg-Uatory Alternative U. Th e tota l nationwid e emissio n reductio n associate d wit h R

A n i s 14 3 Mg/yr (15 7 tons/yr) . Th e total nationwid e energ y impactbeyon d baselin e o f R A I I i s approximately 77,00 0 MWh/yr. Th e tota l nationwid e soli d wast e impac t beyon d baselin e i s 11 8 ms/y r (4,17 0 I Regulatory Alternative BJ. Th e nationwid e emissio n reductio n beyon d baselin e associate d with R A L D i s 14 4 Mg/yr (15 9 tons/yr) . Th e tota l nationwid e energy impac tbeyon d baselin e o

f R A D I i s approximatel y 109,20 0 MWh/yr

. Th e tota l nationwid e soli d wast e impac tbeyon d baselin e i s 15 6 mVy r (5,50 0 ftVyr) . Regulatory Alternative IV. Th e nationwid e emiasio n reductio n beyon d baselin e associate d wil h R A I V i s 14 4 Mg/yr (15 9 tons/yr) . Th s tota l nationwid e energ

y impactbeyon d baselin e o

f R A I V i s approximatel y 117,40 0 MWh/y r Th e total nationwid e soli d wast e impactbeyon d baselin e i s 19 0 mVy r (6.70 0 ftVyr). Regulatory Alternative V. Th e nationwid e emissio n reductio n beyon d baselin e associate d wit h R A V i s 14 4 Mg/yr (15 9 tons/yr) . Th e total nationwid e energy impac tbeyon d baselin e o

f R A V i s approximately 122,90 0 MWh/yr. Th e tota l nationwid e soli d wast

e impac tbeyon d baselin e i s 21 5 mVy r (7,59 0 fWyr) . • 3 chromium electroplating tanks*-chromic acid bath. Regulator

y Alternativ e I correspond s to a 97-percentreductio n agains tnationwid e baselin e amissio n levels . Th e nationwid e emissio n reductio n associate d with ' alternative i s 1 0 Mg/yr (1 1 tons/yr) . Ther a i s n o energ

y impactassociate d with R A L I n fact , th e nationwid e energ y requiremen

tfo r R A I i s projected to b e lowe r tha

n tha ta tbaselin e becaus e o f th e discontinuatio n o f

add-o n contro l system s o n som e decorativ e chromium tanks . Ther

e i s n o increas e i n th e amoun to f soli d waste generated unde r R A I becaus e ther e i s a o soli d wast e associate d wit h th e us e o f chemical fume suppressants . Th e soli d waste generated unde r thi s alternativ e i s associate d wit h thos e tank s tha t continu e t o operat

e packed-bed scrubbers i n conjunctio n with fame suppressants . iii . Decorative chromium electroplating tanks

—

trivalent chromium bath. Regulator y Alternativ e I , whic h i s a no-actio n alternat e represent s n o additional emissio n reductio n from baseline . There ar e a . n o energy or soli d waste im p iv . Chromium anodizing tanks. Regulator y Alternativ e I correspond s t o a n emission s reductio n o f 9 9 percen tor 3. 5 Mg/y r ( 4 tons/yr) . Th e energy impacts associate d with R A I represen

t a decreas e o f

8 percentfrom baseline . Thi s decreas e i s du e to th e discontinuatio n o f

packed-be d scrubbnr

s an d chevron-blad e i nator s et thos e tank s tha

tcurrently us e thes e contro l systems . Regulator y Alternativ e I woul d als o reduc e th e amounto f s o waste generated b y 10 0 percent. S i wast e i s generate d a

tbaselin e condition s du e to th e us e o f packed-bed scrubbers . N o soli d waste i s generate d from th e us e o

f chemica l f

u suppressants . c. Cost Impacts. Aggre

j capital and ne tannua! ' each R A ar e presente d in Ta

h TABL E 4.—COS T IMPACT S O F TH E REGULATOR Y ALTERNATIVE S
Typ e o f oper

atio n

Har d chromiu m piatrng
.

miu m paring
. Chromiu m an odizing
. R

A

RA f RA H RAII i RAI V RA V RA I RA I Nationwid e capita l coats ,

miWon s • Smal l (-.6 0 mWonAh / yr * 19. 5 19. 5 19. 5 12. 6 11. 4 Larg e (2_>

0 millio n Ah/ yr) 22: 3 21. 3 25. 1 25. 1 25. 1 Nationwid e annualize d

costs , millions 1 Smal l (<6 0 nHtnM
yr ) 5. 2 S. 2 5. 2 7. 6 9 8 Lam e (28 0 mill & Ah/ yr ) e. T 12. 2 17. 1 17. 1 1 7 1 Nationwid e emis sio n reductio n Mg / yr " (ton/yr

) 140.86(155 ) 142.66(156.9 ) 143.8 2 (158.2 ) 144.08(158.5 ) 144.2 5 (158.7 ) 10.2(112 ) 3.5 6 (3.9 V Incrementa l cost-effectiveness , SrM g {$•'•

80.00 0 (73.000 ) 3.400.00 0 (3.100.000 ) 4,200,00 0 (3,800.000 ) 8,200,00 0 (8.400,000 ) 12,900,000(11.700,000 )

0(0 ) 0(0 )

•Fo r furtrhe

r descriptio n o

f th e nationwid e cos

t Impact s refe r to Chapte r 7 , Sectio n 7. 8 o f m e BI D fo r Propose d Standards
. "Nationwid e emissio n estimate * ar e provided i n Tabl e 3 : Emissio n reduction * are calculate d b y subtractin g th e emiesion e eeeociale d wit h e give n alternativ

e fro m th e baselin e emissio n estimate
. «Incrementa l cost-effectivenes s I s calculate d b y dividin g th e incrementa l cos t o f tw o alternatives b

y th e Incrementa l emissio n reduction
. I n thi s Taste , th e Incrementa l cost-effectivenes s of an alternativ

e i s calculate d b

y comperin g i t t o Ih e previou s alternative
. Estimates calculate d tro m th e costs an d emissio n reduction s presente d I n thi s tabl e ma y no t matc h th e actua l estimate s presente d I n thi s colum n du e t o rounding
. i . Hard Chromium Electroplating Tanks—RA I

Regulator

y Alternativ e I woul d resul ti n nationwid e increase s i n capita l and annualize d cost s beyon d baselin e o

f $4 2 millio n an d $1 1 millio n per year , respectively . Th e incrementa l cos to f R A I compare d t o baselin e i s approximately $80,000/M g (573,000/ ton) . flegumtory Alternative II Wit h R A II. nationwid e capita

l and annualize d cos t increase s beyon d baselin e ar e $4 1 millio n and $1 7 millio n pe r year , respectively . Th e capital cost s fo r larg e facilitie s ar

e actuall y lowe r tha

n the y wer e for R

A I eve n though a more stringentcontro l technolog y i s required . Thi s ia becaus e composit e mesh-pad s hav e a lowe r capita

l cost , buthighe r annua l cost , than packed-be d scrubbers . Th e incrementa

l costeffectivenes s o

f R A I I compared t

o R A I approximately $3. 4 rnilllon/M g (33. 1

million/t o Regulatory Alternative Rl. Fo r R A Iff , the nationwid e capital cos tincreas e beyon d baselin e tha

twoul d resultfrom R A II I i s $4 5 million , and th e annualize d costincreas e beyond 1 baselin e i s $2 2 million . The incrementa l cos teffectivenes s o

f R A H I compared to R A n i s $4. 2 million/M g ($3. 7 miHJon / ton) .P.2 3

6578 8 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s Regulatory Alternative IV. Regulator y Alternativ e I

V result s i n nationwid e capita l an dannualize dcos t increase s beyon dbaselin e of

$3 8 millio n an d$2 5 millio n pe r

year , respectively

. Onc e again , th e requirement s fo r composit e mesh-pads , thi s tim e a t

smal l har d chromiiu n electroplatin g facilities , resul t i n decrease s i n capita l cost s an d increase s i n annua l operatin g costs
. Th e incrementa l cos t

effectivenes s o

f R A I V compare dt o R

A i n i s approTximatel

y $9. 2 million/M g ($8. 4 million/ton)

. Regulatory Alternative V. Regulator y Alternativ e V result s i n nationwid e capita l an dannualize dcos t increase s beyon dbaselin e o

f $3 7 millio n an d$2 7 millio n pe r

year , respectively

. Th e capita l cos t

decreas e (an dannualize d cos t increase ) compare dt o R A I V i s du e t o th e additio n ofth e smal l har d chromiu melectroplatin g facilitie s tha t ar e require dt o replac e existin g packed

be dscrubber s wit h composit e mesh

pads

. Th e incrementa l cos t effectivenes s of R A V compare dt o R

A I V i s approximatel y $12. 9 million/M g ($11. 8 million/ton)

. Tii e tota l annua l reportin g an d recordkeepin g cost s woul db e approximatel y $8. 6 milUon

. Thes e cost s ar e th e sam e to r

al l th e regulator y alternatives

. ii . Decorative chromium electroplating tanks

—

chromic acid electroplating solution. Fordecorativ e chromiu mtank s usin g achromi c aci d electroplatin g process , ther e i s n o nationwid e capita l cos t

increas e beyon d baselin e associate dwit h R A I becaus e ther e ar e n o capita l cost s associate d wit h th e us e o

f chemica l fume suppressants
. Th e capita l an d annualize dcost s projecte dunde r R A I ar e drive n b y th e assumptio n tha t 4 2 percen t ofth e facilitie s wil l elec t t o us e packed-be dscrubber s i n conjunctio n wit h chemica l fume suppressants
. I n fact , asligh t

decreas e i n nationwid e baselin e cost s ar e eTxpecte dunde r R A I becaus e ofth e discontinuatio n o f som e add-o n pollutio n contro l equipmen t a t som e decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g faciUties

. However , th e tota l annua l reportin g an d recordkeepin g cost s woul db e approximatel y $1 4 milUon

. iii . Decorative chromium electroplating tanks

—

trivalent chromium electroplating solution. A s previousl y stated , R

A I fo r thos e decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g faciUtie s usin g atrivalen t chromiu m bat h i s ano-actio n alternative

. Thus , ther e ar e n o contro l cos t

impacts

. However , th e tota l annua l reportin g an d recordkeepin g cost s woul db e approximatel y $1. 6 milUon

. iv . Chromium anodizing tanks. Regulatory Alternativ e I fo r anodizin g tank s ha s n o capita l cost s becaus e fume suppressant s requir e n o equipmen t purchases

. Ther e i s n o annualize d contro l cos t

impac t beyon dbaselin e fo

r R A I

. I n fact , nationwid e annualize d cost s ar e expecte dt o decreas e unde r R A I du e t o th e discontinuatio n o f add-o n poUutio n contro l system s tha t ar e les s effectiv e an dar e mor e costl y tha n fume suppressants
. However , th e tota l annua l reportin g an drecordkeepin g cost s woul db e approximatel y $3. 8 million

. d . Economic Impacts. Th e followin g sectio n present s th e economi c impact s associate dwit h eac h RA

. Economi c impact s wer e assesse db y examinin g th e effect ofth e RA' s o n th e cos t

o f electroplatin g an do n th e final end

produc t prices

. I n addition , th e effect of eac h R A o n smal l businesse s wa s estimate di n asma

U businesse s impac t analysis

. Thi s analysi s use dEPA' s Offic e o f PoUcy , Planning , an d Evaluation' s 198 2 Regulatory Flexibilit y Ac t guideline s t o determin e i f ther e wer e significan t

impact s o n a substantia l numbe r

o f smal l businesses

. Accordin g t o thos e guidelines , th e followin g criteri aconstitut e asignifican t advers e economi c impact : (1 ) Annua l compUanc e cost s increas e th e tota l cos t of productio n fo

r sma U entitie s b y mor e tha n 5 percent ; (2) compUanc e cost s a s apercentag e of

sale s fo r smal l entitie s ar e a t leas t 1 0 percen t

highe r tha n compUanc e cost s a s apercentag e of sale s fo r larg e entities ; (3 ) capita l cost s of compUanc e represen t

asignifican t portio n o f capita l availabl e t o smal l entities , considerin g interna l cas h flo w 

# S >lu s externa l financing capabiUties ; an d 4) th e requirement s ofth e regulatio n ar e likel y t o resul t

i n closure s o

f smal l entities

. i . Hard chromium electroplating operations—Regulatory Alternative I. The economi c impact s associate dwit h R A I for har dchromiu melectroplatin g operation s ar e no t

significant

. En d produc t pric e increase s ar e wel l belo w 1 percent
. Th e estimate dnumbe r o f smal l busines s closure s fo r R A I range s from1 4 t o 2 0 o

f th e 1,17 0 smal l har d platin g operations

. Base do n a n analysi s ofth e commo n financial ratio s use db y bank s t o asses s loa n appUcation s fo r typica l smal l faciUties , ther e ar e n o capita l availabiUty problem s unde r R A I

. Al l operation s shoul db e abl e t o acquir e th e capita l necessar y t o instal l a packed-be dscrubbe r

syste mi f the y d o no t alread y hav e one . Regulatory Alternative II. Regulator y Alternativ e I I doe s no t

resul t i n significan t

economi c impacts

. Onc e agai n th e en dproduc t

pric e increase s ar e les s tha n 1 percent
. Fo r R A II , th e estimate dnumbe r of closure s range s from2 0 t o 23

. Capita l availabiUty problem s ar e als o avoide dunde r R A II fo r th e followin g reasons . First , sma U operation s ar e require dt o us e packed

be dscrubber s fo

r whic h th e capita l cost s shoul dno t

b e prohibitive

. Second , larg e faciUtie s tha t

currentl y us e packed-be dscrubber s ma y continu e t o us e thes e device s an dthu s wil l hav e littl e o r n o capita l requirement s t o mee t th e regulation

. Finally , becaus e th e capita l cos t

o f composit e mesh-pa d system s i s actuall y lowe r tha n tha t of packed-be dscrubbers , larg e faciUtie s require dt o us e composit e mesh-pad s wil l no t hav e problem s obtainin g th e necessar y capital

. Regulatory Alternative IU. Th e estimate dnumbe r

of closure s unde r

R A III range s from2 0 t o 28

. However , th e en dproduc t

pric e increase s resultin g fromthi s alternativ e ar e stil l insignifican t

(belo w 1 percent)

. Also , becaus e R

A D 3 require s acontro l leve l equivalen t

t o tha t of composit e mesh

pa dsystem s fo

r a U larg e faciUties , whil e th e require dcontro l leve l fo r smal l faciUtie s continue s t o b e equivalen t t o th e us e of packed-be dscrubbers , ther e ar e n o capita l availabiUty problem s becaus e large r

faciUtie s shoul db e abl e t o obtai n th e necessar y capital

. Regulatory Alternative IV. Th e en d produc t pric e increase s remai n belo w 1 percent , an dth e estimate dnumbe r of closure s range s from3 3 t o 3 9 unde r R A IV

. I n addition , capita l availabilit y problem s ar e avoide dbecaus e R A I V allow s smal l faciUtie s tha t currentl y us e packed-be dscrubber s t o continu e usin g thos e systems
. Othe r

smal l faciUtie s ma y hav e t o purchas e acomposit e mesh-pa dsystem , bu t

becaus e th e capita l cos t

of thi s typ e of

syste mi s lowe r tha n tha t of apacked-be d scrubber , sma

U faciUtie s shoul db e abl e t o obtai n th e require dcapital

. Regulatory Alternative V. Unde rRA V , en dproduc t

pric e increase s ar e - belo w l percent , an dth e numbe r of

- estimate dclosure s range s from3 7 t o 51

. However , becaus e R

A V require s al l har dchromiu melectroplatin g operation s t o us e composit e mesh-pad s regardles s o f

whethe r the y currentl y operat e apacked-be dscrubber , som e smal l faciUtie s currentl y usin g packed

be dscrubber s ma y hav e adifficul t tim e acquirin g th e necessar y capita l t o purchas e acomposit e mesh-pa dsystem
. Financia l institution s ma y no t b e willin g t o len dth e necessar y capita l t o retrofi t o r replac e a n existin g packed

be dscrubber

t o asmal l faciUt

y tha t i s stil l payin g fo

r thos e existin g systems
. ii . Decorative chromium electroplating and

chromium anodizing operations. Th e economi c impact sP.2 4

:s

_/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r 16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s associate dwit h th e regulator y alternative s fo

r bot h decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g an dchromiu m anodizin g operation s ar e no t significant

. Fo r decorativ e chromiu moperation s usin g th e chromi c aci dplatin g proces s an dfo r chromiu manodizin g operations , thi s pssult e from'thaextremel y lo w as___& l contro l cost
. Smal l increase s i n bot h th ® electroplatin g cost s (les s tha n 5 parcsnt ) an dth e anodizin g cost s (les s tha n 7 percent ) ar e estimate di n th e economi c analysis

. A s aresult , en d produc t pric e increase s ar e als o very smal l (les s tha n 1 percent)

. Th e R A fo r decorativ e chromiu moperation s usin g th e trivalen t

chromiu mplatin g proces s i s n o action ; thus , ther e i s n o economi c impact

. N o smal l busines s closure s ar e expecte dfo

r eithe r decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g o r chromiu m anodizin g operation s du e t o th e lo w cos t of control

. e . Environmental

and Cost Impacts for New Tanks. Thi s sectio n present s environmenta l an dcos t

impact s fo

r ne w tanks

. Thes e impact s ar e provide do n a n individua l mode l plan t

basi s an dar e calculate dagains t

abaselin e of

n o control

. N o aggregat e nationwid e impact s fo

r ne w facilitie s ar e presente d becaus e ther e ar e n o reliabl e estimate s fo r totaU y "new " faciUties

. Environmenta l an dcos t

impact s fo

r ne w har dan ddecorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s ar e presente di n Table s 5 an d6 , respectively

. Fo r har d chromiu melectroplatin g tanks , th e propose dstandar drequire s th e applicatio n of

composit e mesh-pa d systems , whic h correspond s t o a99.8

- percen t reductio n i n uncontrolle d emissions

. Energ y impact s fo r composit e mesh-pa dsystem s vary from 37,30 0 t o 895,20 0 kwh/yr

. Th e soli d wast e impac t

resultin g fromth e applicatio n of

composit e mesh-pa d system s i s low , rangin g from0.1 9 t o 1 mVy r (7 t o 3 5 ftVyr)

. Th e capita l cost s fo r composit e mesh-pa dsystem s rang e from$27,20 0 t o $143,600 ; th e annua l operatin g cost s rang e from$13,50 0 t o $76,700

. TABL E 5.—ENVIRONMENTA L AN D COS T IMPACT S O F CONTRO L TECHNIQUE S A T NE W HAR D CHROMIU M PLATIN G OPERATION S
Contro l technique/mode l plan t siz e Emissio n re duction , ha/V

r (lb/yr ) Energ y impac t Soli d wast e Impact , rrP/y r (ftVyr ) Capita l costs ,

(dollars ) No t annua l

cost , S/y r Composit e mesh-pa d systems : Small Mediu m 50(110 ) 42 0 (924 ) 1,600(3,520 ) 37,30 0

261,00 0 895,20 0 0.1 9 (6.7 )

0.5 2 (18 ) 1.0(35 ) 27,20 0

71,80 0 143,60 0 13,50 0

32,80 0 78,70 0 TABL E 6.—ENVIRONMENTA L AN D COS T IMPACTS O F CONTRO L TECHNIQUE S A T NE W DECORATIV E CHROMIU M PLATIN G OPERATION S
Contro l technique/mode l plan t siz e
Chemica l fum e suppressants : Smal l Mediu m Larg e Emissio n re duction , ttg/y r (lb/yr )
6. 0 (13 ) 23. 9 (52.6 ) 23 9 (526 ) Enarg y impact ,

hwh/y r
14,90 0 59,70 0 156,70 0 Soli d wast e

impact , rrta/y r (fP/yr ) 0(0 ) 0(0 ) 0(0 ) Capita l costs ,

(dollars )ooo Ne t annua l

cost , S/y r
1,00 0 3,30 0 17,20 0

Fo r decorativ e chromiu mtanks , usin g achromi c aci delectroplatin g process , th e us e o f chemica l fume suppressant s represent s a99.5-percen t reductio n i n uncontrolle demissio n levels

. N o energ y o r soUdwast e impact s ar e associate d wit h chemica l fume suppressants
. Also , n o capita l investmen t

i s associate dwit h chemica l fume suppressants , an dth e annua l contro l cost s ar e low , varyin g from$l,000/y r

fo r asmal l operatio n t o $17,200/y r

fo r alarg e operation

. Ne w decorativ e chromiu mtank s tha t us e atrivalen t

chromiu mproces s woul d hav e n o cos t

o r energ y impact s becaus e i f i s assume dthe y woul dcompl y wit h th e standar dsimpl y b y usin g tiie trivalen t chromiu mbath

. Th e onl y contro l techniqu e examine d fo r ne w chromiu manodizin g tank s wa s th e us e of

chemica l fume suppressants
. Th e us e o f

chemica l fume suppressant s represent s a99.5-percen f reductio n i n uncontrolle demissio n levels

. Th e annua l operatin g cost s associate dwit h fume suppressant s rang e from$1,60 0 for smal l tank s f o $4,30 0 fo

r larg e tanks

. N o energ y o r soU dwast e impact s ar e associate dwit h fume suppressan t usage . Also , n o capita l investmen t i s associate d wit h fume suppressan t

usage . 5

. Selectio n of

MAC T a . New Source MACT. I n a U cases , MACT fo r ne w source s i s base do n th e MAC T floo r

fo r ne w source s presente d i n sectio n VI.C.2. , Selectio n ofth e MACT floor , above

. Fo r

har dchromiu m electroplatin g sources , ne w sourc e MAC T i s atota l chromiu memissio n limi t o f 0.01 3 mg/dsc m(5.7x10- 6 gr / dscf) , whic h i s base do n th e us e of composit e mes h pads

. A n emissio n limi t o f 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3xl0~«gr / dscf) , whic h i s base do n th e us e of fume suppressants , represent s ne w sourc e MAC T fo r decorativ e chromiu m electroplater s usin g chromi c aci dbath s an dfo r chromiu manodizin g tanks

. Fo r thos e decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s tha t us e atrivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g process , ne w sourc e MAC T i s th e continue d operatio n o

f th e trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g process , wit h monitorin g of th e surfac e tensio n required

. I n eac h case , th e ne w sourc e MAC T floo r represent s th e "emissio n contro l tha t i s achievedi n practic e b y th e bes t controlle dsimila r

source. " Th e EP

A considere dwhethe r

ther e wer e an y classe s withi n th e categorie s wher e th e MAC T floor

di dno t represen t

th e leve l associate dwit h th e "bes t controlle d simila r source " bu t

di dno t findan y suc h classes

. b

. Existing Hard

Chromium Electroplating MACT. T o determin e MACT fo r har dchromiu m electroplating , EP

A evaluate dth e emissio n reductions , costs , economi c impacts , an dothe r

environmenta l an d energ y impact s o

f th e MACT floo r contro l leve l (achievabl e wit h packed

be dscrubbers ) an dlevel s of contro l mor e stringen t

tha n th e floo r

(achievabl e wit h composit e mes h pa dsystems)

. Thes e impact s wer e evaluate d6-79 0 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 58 , No.

. 24 0 /

Thursdhy , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Pkapose dRule s separatel y fo

r smal l an dlarge-plater s an dfo r plater s alread y welt-controlle d (with packe dbe dscrubbers) , Thes e size

ari dclas s distinction s wer e mad e fbi r analytica l purpose s a s authorize db y sectio n 112(d)(1 ) o f

th e Ac t whic h provide s tha t

th e Administrato r

ma y distinguis h among,classes , types,.an d size s o f source s withi n a . categor y o r subcategoryi h estabhshin g standards

. Sectio n VT

. €. 3 o f thi s preambl e describe s th e regulator y alternative s (RA's)

. Fo r

smal l platers , RA' s I , IT

, an d II I would " al l require th e floor leve l o f control

. Regulatory Alternativ e IVi s mor e stringent , ari dR

A V woul drequir e th e moststtingen t

control.

. Fo r

large

platers , R A I woul drequir e th e floo r leve l o f control , R

A I I i s mor e stringent , an dRA' s HI , IV;.an dV woul daU.requir e th e mos t stringen t control

. Th e following.discussio n of th e primar y factor s EP

A considere di n determinin g MACT provide s separaf e rationale s fo

r smal l an dlarg e platers

. Th e primar y factor s tha t

affected'th e decisio n ar e th e emissio n reductions : achievable , th e Gos

t o f control , an dth e economi c impacts-

. As-descrihe di n section

- VI.C. 4 of

thi s preamble , th e othe r environmenta l (soUdwast aan d water ) an denerg y impact s of variou s alternative s woul dno t

b e significant

. Therefore , the y wer e no t

primar y factor s in.th e MACT decisio n an dar e no t discusse di n thi s section.

. The.regulator y analysis.discusse d belo w indicate s wha t

appea r t o b e very hig h cost s o

f contro l compare dt o th e associate dchromiu memissio n reduction s fo

r al l th e regulatory alternatives

. However , whe n th e hig h toTxicit y of chromiu man dth e proximit y o f exposed'population s t o electroplatin g facilitie s ar e considered , the : cost s of contro l ar e foun dt o b e a s reasonabl e a s thos e fo r othe r pollutant s i n othe r sourc e categories

. On e poun dof chromiu mi s roughl y equivalen t i n cance r potency , f

o 150 0 pound s of benzene.. Specifically , th e facto r of 1,500 result s from aquantitativ e compariso n ofth e uni t

risk estimate s for. benzen e an dchromium

. Whil e quantitativ e comparison&o f

potencie s o f

carcinogens ; can y with.the mconsiderable

uncertainties , th e highl y toxi c natur e o f chromiu mmean s tha t

ver y smal l quantitie s o

f emission s ca n cause-ai r poUutio n wit h very , serious-advers e healthimpactsonth e surroundin g population

. Fo r

thi s reason , higher , cost s o f continuin g agive n quantit y of thes e emission s woul dh e mor e acceptabl e tha n fo r aTesatoxic-pollutant

. c . Small hard chromium electroplaters,. As shown.i n Table s 3

. an d 4 , fo r smal l platers , a . significan t emissio n reduction

. (18-Mg/yx (19, 7 tons/yr) } beyon dbaselin e woul db a achieve dbyRA's;I„n , axtdin i (packedr be dscrubbers) , a t

a n incremental , annualize dcos t

a f $5. 2 millio n pe r

year : Thi s results i n a n incrementa l cos t effectivenes s o f

$290,00 0 pe r

Mg ($260,00 0 pe r

ton)

. Thi s i s equivalen t

t o $130/l h o f

chromiu memissio n reduction , whic h i s comparabl e t o appi_orim_lely

. $200/to n o f benzen e emissio n reductio n ..i f

relativ e cance r potency , is;factore din

. Th e economi c impact.o£i_quii_ng:pa_ked-be d scrubber s a

msmal l plater s woul dno t b e significant

. Th e EPA' s economi c impac t analysi s foundtha t

mos t sma U plater s coul dobtai n fund s to instal l an doperat e th e scrubber s withou t

seriou s advers e impacts

. A typica l smal l plate r ha s sale s revenu e o f

$ 1 milUon , an dfo

r a n uncontroUe dfaciHt

y th e capita l an d annualize dcosts

- d f

packed^be dscrubber control , woul dbe:$36,70 0 an d$9,800 , respectively

. However , th e retrofi t cost s o f installin g packed-be dscrubber s fo r facilitie s wit h les s efficien t contro l system s woul db e higher : Th e nationwid e incrementa l capita l cos t increas e woul db e $2 0 million

. Regulatory Alternativ e I

V i s mor e stringen t thi n R A H I fo r small'plater s i n tha t i t woul drequire th e us e o

f composit e mesh-pad s fo

r al l faciliiies

exceptthose , alread y controlle dwit h packed-be dscrubbers

. Th e nationwid e incrementa l emissio n reduction o f R A I V compare dt o R

A i n woul db e 0.2 6 Mg/y r (Q.2 9 ton/yr ) a t

a n incrementa l annuahze dcos t

o f $2. 4 millio n pe r

year. . Thisresult s i n a n incrementa l cos t effectivenes s of$9. 2 million/M g ($8. 4 million/ton ) o

f chromiu memissio n reduction

. Thi s i aequivalen t to. $4,1780 / l b of chromium-emission.reduction, , which , i s comparabl e to
. approximatel y $6,000/to n o

f benzen e emissio n reduction , i f

relativ e cancer , potenc y i s factore din

. Thus , asma

U incrementa l emissio n reductio n would

- b e achieve d a t asignifican t

increas e i n anhuaUze d cost
. Th e economi c impac t o f R A I V would , no t

b asignifican t

because ' small , plater s coul dabtainscapitalfb r composite ' mes h pad s a s readil y a s the y coul dfor packed-be dscrubhers„an d replacemen t

o f existing ; packed-be d scrubbers

- woul dnotb arequire dunde r thi s altemativa.

. Fo r

atypica l uncontrolle dsma

U plater , th e capita l cos t for a » composit e mesh-pa dsyste m woul db e $27,200

-, whic h i s lowe r tha n tha t for apacked-be dscrubber ; however ; th e annualize dcos t

woul db e $13,50 0 whic h i s highe r

tha n tha t fo r th e packed-be dscrubber..Thenationwid e capita l cost s for

RA.I V compare dto
. RA III wouldba$ 7 millio n les s tha n fo r R A II I because-th acapita l costs , fo r composit e mesh-pa dsystemsarelowe r

tha n fo r packed-be dscrubbers.

. Regulatory Alternative s V iismjora stringen t than

- RA.IV far

smal l platars.i n tha t i t woul drequire : th aus e o f composite-mes h pad s for al l facilities

. Thi s mean s tha t

thos e currentl y controlle dwit h packed-be dscrubber s woul dbe

. require dt o replac athem , wit h composit e mes h padso r

retrofit the mt o achiev e th e mor astringen t contro l level

. Th e nationwid e incrementa l emissio n reduction o

f 0.1 7 Mg/y r

(0.1 9 tan/yr) woul db e achieve da t

a n incrementa l annualize dcos t

o f $2: 2 millio n pe r

year. . This-i s a-significan t

costincreas B compare dt o th e assoaatedemissio n reduction

. Thi s results i n a n incrementa l cos t

effectivenes s o

f $12. 9 milli'on/M g ($11. 7 milUon/tbn ) o f chromiu memissio n reduction. Thi s i s equivalen t

to $5,900/l b o

f chromiu m emissio n reduction , whic h i s comparabl e toappro3dmately$8,000/to n o f benzen e emissio n reduction,.i f relativ e cance r

potenc y is-factore dia

> Th e incrementa l cos t

effectivenes s o f R A V compare dto.RA.mi & $10. 7 milHon/M g ($9. 7 million/ton ) o f chromi'u memissio n reduction

. Thi s i s equivalen t

to. $4i900/lb

. o f

chromiu m emissio n reduction , whic h i s comparabl e t o approximatel y $7,000/to n of benzen e emissio n reduction , i f relativ e cance r

potenc y i s factore din

. Th e incrementa l impact s o f R A V compare dt o R

A I V orR A U

I ar e considerabl y highe r

tha n thos e o f

R A II I compare dt o R

A I orH

. Smal l plater s woul dfindit'difficul t

o r impossibl e to obtai n thaneGessar y capita l t o replace o r retrofi t existin g packed-be dscrubber s wit h composit e mesh-pa dsystems
. Th e Administrato r

ha s selecte dR

A HI , th e MAC T floor

leve l o f control , a s th a basi s forthe propose dMAC T standar d fo r smal l har dchromiu melectroplaters

. Thi s selectio n i s base don - consideratio n o f th e significan t

emissio n reduction s achievable a t

reasonabl e cost s and 1 othe r environmental , energ y an deconomi c impacts..Th e mor e stringen t RA's-IVan d V were , rejecte dbecaus e th e incrementa l cost s of control.an deconorcucimpacts

woul dbe

. unreasonabl e whe n compare d t o the : small'incrementa l emission

reductio n tha t

woul db e achieved

. However , comment s ar e specifically , requestedo n thi s decisio n an dwhethe r adifferen t

contro l leve l shoul db e require di n th e final standard

. Commenter s o n thi s issu e shoul d provide'supportin g rational e fo r thei r positions

. &. Large, hard

chromium electroplaters.. As- show n i n Tables

. 3 an d 4 , fo r larg e hard.platers„t__t-nationwid e emissio n reductio n tha t

would , be ; achievedbyrequirin g packed^-be dP.2 6



### e r / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24

0 / Thursday , Decembe

r 16 , 199 3 /

ProposedRule s S579 1
scrubber s unde r

R A I , th e MAC T floor leve l of control , woul db e abou t

12 3 Mg/ y r (13 6 tons/yr ) a t

a n annuaUze dcos t

o f $6. 1 milUo n pe r

year . Thi s result s i n a n incrementa l cos t

effectivenes s of $49.600/M g ($45,100/ton ) of chromiu m emissio n reduction, equivalen t t o $22/l b o f chromiu memissio n reduction , whic h i s comparabl e t o approTximatel y $30/to n of benzen e emissio n reduction i f relativ e cance r

potenc y i s factore din

. Th e nationwid e capita l cost s woul d increas e b y $2 2 million

. Ther e woul d no t b e asignifican t

advers e economi c impac t o n larg e plater s unde r

thi s alternativ e an dfacilitie s coul daffor d th e installatio n an doperatio n o f packed

be dscrubbers

. Regulatory Alternativ e I

I i s mor e stringen t tha n R A I fo r har dplater s i n tha t i t woul drequir e th e us e o

f composit e mes h pad s fo

r al l facilitie s excep t thos e alread y controlle dwit h packed-be dscrubbers

. Th e incrementa l emissio n reductio n o

f R A II compare dt o R A I woul db e 1. 8 Mg/y r

(1. 9 tons/yr ) at an incrementa l annualize dcos t o f $6. 1 millio n pe r

year . Thi s result s i n a n incrementa l cos t

effectivenes s o

f $3. 4 million/M g ($3. 1 milUon/ton ) o f chromiu memissio n reduction , equivalen t

t o $l,600/l b o

f chromiu m emissio n reduction , whic h i s comparabl e t o approximatel y $2,000/ton ' o f benzen e emissio n reductio n if relativ e cance r

potenc y i s factore din

. Th e nationwid e incrementa l capita l cost s woul ddecreas e b y $ 1 millio n rathe r tha n increas e becaus e th e capita l cos t fo r acomposit e mesh-pa dsyste mi s lowe r tha n fo r apacked-be dscrubber

. Th e economi c impac t

o f R A II o n larg e har dplater s woul dno t

b e significant ; the y coul daffor

dth e cos t o f installatio n an doperatio n of

th e require dcontrols

. Regulatory Alternativ e II

I i s th e mos t stringen t alternativ e fo

r larg e har d plater s (RA' s I

V an dV woul drequir e th e sam e leve l o

f control ) i n tha t composit e mesh-pad s woul db e require d fo r al l facilities

. Th e incrementa l emissio n reductio n o

f R A II I compare d to R A I I woul db e 1. 2 Mg/y r

(1. 3 tons / yr ) a t an incrementa l annualize dcos t o f $4. 9 millio n pe r

year . Thi s result s i n a n incrementa l cos t

effectivenes s o

f $4. 2 million/M g ($3. 8 million/ton ) o f chromiu memissio n reduction, equivalen t

t o $l,850/l b of

chromiu m emissio n reduction, whic h i s comparabl e t o approximatel y $2,000/to n o f benzen e emissio n reductio n if relativ e cance r

potenc y i s factore din

. (Th e incrementa l cos t

effectivenes s o

f R A II I compare dt o R

A I i s $3. 7 million / Mg , $3. 4 milUon/ton , $l,700/l b o f chromium , o r

approximatel y $2,000/to n o f benzen e reduction. ) Th e nationwid e incrementa l capita l cost s woul d increas e b y $ 3 milUon

. Unlik e smal l har dplaters , larg e facilitie s woul dno t encounte r significan t

difficultie s i n obtainin g fund s f

o purchas e an doperat e composit e mesh-pa dsystem s t o replac e existin g packed-be dscrubbers

. Thus , th e cos t o f contro l fo

r R A H I fo r larg e plater s woul db e affordabl e an dwoul d no t result i n facilit y closures

. Considerin g al l thes e factors , th e Administrato r

ha s selecte dR

A II I a s di e basi s fo r th e propose dMACT standar d fo r larg e har dchromiu melectroplaters

. Thi s selectio n i s basedo n consideratio n ofth e significan t

incrementa l reduction s of chromiu memission s tha t ar e achievable , th e contro l costs , economic , an dothe r environmenta l an denerg y impacts , al l of

whic h ar e reasonable

. A s discusse dpreviously , th e contro l cos t i s considere dt o b e reasonable give n th e hig h toxicit y o

f chromiu memission s an dth e proximit y o

f expose d population s t o electroplatin g facilities

. Th e cumulativ e impact s o f R A I H o n al l har dchromiu melectroplater s provid e furthe r

suppor t fo r th e decision s tha t

wer e mad e separatel y fo r smal l an dlarg e platers

. Th e economi c impact s o n smal l businesse s ar e considere dreasonabl e sinc e th e numbe r o f facilitie s tha t

migh t clos e unde r

R A I U i s estimate dt o b e les s tha n 2 percen t (2 0 t o 2 8 ou t

o f 1,540 facilities)

. A n estimate d9 9 percen t

emissio n reductio n fromal l har dchromiu melectroplater s i s estimate dnationwid e b y requirin g us e o f composit e mesh-pa dsystem s o n al l existin g larg e har dchromiu m electroplater s an dpacked-be dscrubber s o n smal l plater s unde r

R A III

. I f R A I I wer e required , thi s numbe r woul db e reducedt o 9 8 percen t

reduction , an dif R A I wer e require dthi s estimat e woul d b e furthe r reduce dt o 9 7 percen t reduction

. A s discusse di n sectio n VI

. A

. o f thi s preamble , th e EP

A develope d nationwid e emissio n an dpopulatio n exposur e estimate s associate dwit h chromiu melectroplaters

. EP A recognize s tha t

ther e ar e avariety o

f factor s tha t

contribut e t o th e uncertaintie s associate dwit h th e cance r ris k assessments
. However , despit e thes e uncertainties , th e estimate s provid e aframe of

referenc e tiiat

i s usefu l fo r judgin g th e risk

reductio n associate dwit h th e propose dstandard

. It i s i n thi s contex t

tha t th e followin g discussio n i s presented

. Unde r baselin e condition s (curren t contro l levels) , har dchromiu m electroplater s coul dcaus e a s man y a s 10 0 increase dcance r

case s pe r yea r i n th e U.S

. I n addition , th e EP A estimate s tha t maximum , upper-boun dindividua l risk s coul drang e from 4 chance s i n 10,00 0 (4x1 0 _4 ) fo

r smal l plater s t o on e chanc e i n 10 0 (1x10-* ) fo r larg e platers

. Th e alternativ e selecte dfo r proposal , R A III , woul dreduc e thes e estimate s t o 1 cance r cas e pe r year an drisk s o

f 4 chance s i n 1,000,00 0 (4xl0-«)fo r smal l plater s an d3 chance s i n 100,00 0 (3xl0-3)fo r

larg e platers

. Thes e estimate s ar e provide dt o giv e perspectiv e t o th e potentia l impac t o f th e propose dstandards

. For th e complet e pictur e o

f risk, on e woul dals o wan t t o conside r

non-cance r

risks , whic h ar e discusse di n sectio n VI

. 6

. e . Existing Decorative Chromium Electroplating

— Chromic Acid Bath — MACT. Th e contro l technolog y tha t represent s th e MACT floor , i.e. , th e us e o f fume suppressants , i s th e highes t leve l o f contro l achievabl e b y th e subcategory an di s th e predominan t for mo f contro l bein g use di n th e industry

. Therefore , al l existin g decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g source s usin g chromi c aci dbath s woul d b e require dt o mee t

a n emissio n limi t

o f 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf) , whic h correspond s t o th e us e o f afum e suppressant , if

a n add-o n ai r

pollutio n devic e alon e i s used , o r

maintai n a surfac e tensio n o

f n o greate r

tha n 4 0 dynes/c m(2.7x10- 3 lbf/ft ) (i f wettin g agents ar e use dt o contro l chromiu m emissions)

. f

. Existing Decorative Chromium Electroplating

— Trivalent Chromium Bath

— MACT. Ther e ar e n o regulatory alternative s abov e th e MACT floor. Du e t o th e lo w emissio n potentia l an dth e absenc e o f an y existin g contro l fo

r thes e tanks , MACT fo

r ne w an dexistin g source s i s th e us e o

f th e trivalen t chromiu mprocess , wit h monitorin g o f surfac e tension. Al l source s woul db e require dt o maintai n asurfac e tensio n o f n o greate r tha n 5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10 - 3 lbf/ft ) or , if a n ai r pollutio n contro l devic e alon e i s used , mee t an emissio n limi t o f 0.04 8 mg/dsc m(2.1x10- 5 gr / dscf)

. g . Existing Chromium Anodizing Tanks MACT. Th e contro l technolog y tha t represent s th e MAC T floor, i.e. , th e us e o f fum e suppressants , i s th e highes t leve l o f contro l achievabl e b y th e subcategory an di s currentl y bein g use d extensivel y at

existin g facilitie s t o reduc e chromiu memissions

. Therefore , al l existin g chromiu manodizin g tank s woul db e require dt o mee t an emissio n limi t o f 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 6 gr / dscf ) (i f a n add-o n ai r

pollutio n devic e alon e i s used ) o r

maintai n asurfac e tensio n o f 4 0 dynes/c m(2.7x10- 3 lb r /ft) (i f wettin g agents ar e use dt o contro l chromiu memissions. )P.2 7



### 65792 Federal Registe r / Vol'

. 58 } No ; 24

0 / Thursday , Decembe

E W, _99 3 /

Proposed ! Euies ; Di Selection of

the:Fbrmatof

the'- Proposed 'Standards

. Concentration , i n terms - of'mas s o f chromium

- emitte dpe r

uni t volume-o f air , wa s determine dto'Bathe-most appropriate-format ? for

the-stand'ards : Ih ' selectin g th e format forthaproposed standards , th e followin g factor s wer e considered' : (10'-Th

e abilit y t o ensur e tha t th e technolog y used'to-compl y with-th e standar di s a t

leas t a s effectivaasth e technology , upo n whic h th e standards : ar e based* , (2):_iB.abiHt

y to,ensure,tiiafc th e technolog y selected-a s th e basis.o f th e standar dca n demonstrat e compliance.i n all-cases„i£uie.sy9tem s are-operated ' properly ; an d(3),the.cost , o f determining.compliance.

. Base do n the

. availabl e emissio n tes t " data , i t wa s determine dtha t

th e inle t hexavarentchromiu mconcentratio n level s increase da s th e curren t suppliad

t o th e ebettoplatingbat h increased , bu t th e outle t concentrations 1 (withi n a-given = contro l level ) did ; no t

var y significantly

. Sinc e th aoutle t

chromiu m concentration ^ within ' eac h classo f contro l device s isrelatival^'constant , a determinatibnonthi s basi s regardin g a control ' system' s performanc e can;b e readily made i A-fbrmatbasedan

. concentratio n would-als o ensur e tha t th e technology , selectedia s th abasi s o f th e standard s woul db e required-t o mee t th e emissions.Umif.since.n o data , overlaps , exis t

hetween__lasse s o f

contro l devices

. Ih.additihn , th e outle t chromiu mconcentratio n leve l is.easy t o measure.and'th e compUanc e tes t cos t is

. equal.t o o r

les s than-tha t

o f th aothe r formats considered

. Therefore , aforma t base do n outle t

concBntr_ti_r

r wa s chose n to b e th e mos t

appropriat e forma t o f the-standard

. On e concern 1 wit h usihg-concentratib n a s aformat

i' s tiiat dilutio n o f

the

exhaus t gases-can b e use dto-circumven t th e standards

. Dilutio n ofth e ga s stream r a t th e outle t

ofthe-control-syste mi s mor e of- aconcern.thai n an y dilution ; takin g plac e a t

th e inle t t o th e contro l system s sinc e th e contro l systems , operate,a s constan t

outlet

- devices.

. However, , thi s concern,ca n be

. addresse d b y arevie w o f

thatestdat aand'.permi t dat afrom-agive n facility

. The

. ai r flo w rat ameasure ddurin g testin g should ' approximat e th e desig n ai r flowrate fo

r th e contro l system-reporte do n th e permi t application

. If

th e tw o value s diffe r significantly , the n a n inspectio n o f th e controllsyste mca n b e mad e to
. determin e i f

dilutio n airi s being , introduce dt o the-system

. Anothe r concern-with-using ; concentratio n a s th e forma t for the ' standar dwas'tha t

man y decorative

chromiu man dchromiu manodizin g tank s do : no t hav aventilatio n systems : available..Th_s , i t

wouldbe

. impossible.

. t o determine.th e coneentratio n o f the.

- emission.stieami.This ; issu e ha s bean

. resolved!by aUowing;subfacilitie s to: demonstrate : comphance : by

. measumiig : surface-tension!

. ThaAgencybas ) determine dthat arelationship) exists , betwee n the.emission.concentraticn : tha t results from

- applying ' fum asuppressant s an dth e surfao atension ofth e electroplatin g solution-

. A chromi c aci d electroplatin g solutio n with : asurfac e tensio n les s tha n orequa l ta-40"dynes / cmis-i n complianc e with-th e emissio n limit

. A trivalen t

chromiu m electropratihg-solUtioniwith asurfac e tension 1 les s tha n or-equa l to'55 dynes/ / c m(SFiff^TO-—3"

. lbf/ft ) isi n compliance

with ' th aemission

- limi t Othe r format option s considere d were : (l)':Thaperaentreduction;:(2)itll e proces s emission

. rate(mass.o f chromiu memitte dpe r

uni t o f productio n (as-measure db y th e curren t inpu t t o th e electroplatingtank)';-an d(3 ) th e mas s emissio n rat a(th e mas s o f cBromiu memitted : pe r

uni t o f time). Percen t reduction i s determine dfrom th e inle t and'outlet:mass:emission

. rates
. As-stated : previously, , the ; outlet ' chromium : concentratio n i s relatively constan t for agiven

- clas s o f

contro l equipment

. Therefore , percen t reduction i's-no t agood ' indicato r

o f performanc e becaus e o f it s dependenc y o n the;inle t loadin g t o thecontro l device s Theius e o f percen t reduction ' a s th aformat

ofthe

. standard s wouldno t

ensureth e use:o f th atechnology selected ' as ; th abasi s for th e standard s becaus e o

f th e dat a overlap s tha t

exis t between , elasseso f contro l devices

. Thesedat o overlhps : exis t because-o f

variation s i n th ainle t loadingsamong:facilities

. I n addition , inle t testin g ofth e contro l device-i s no t alway s feasible ; especiall y at existin g facilities , an dthe-GompUance>cos t i s substantially-highe r

tha n tha t for th e othe r formatsbecausetestihg'ofthe contro l devic e inle t

an doutle t

i s required

. Therefore , the * dependenc y o n inle t loadings ; th e highe r

comphanc e cost , an dpotentia l inle t

testin g problems'makapercen t

reductio n unacceptabl e asth e forma t of'the^ standards

. Th e proces s emission-rat ai s based ! on . th e outle t massennssio n rate'an dth a curren t suppUe dt o th e electroplating ' tank

. A s note dabove , th e outletmas s emissio n rat e varie s depending ' o n th a chromiu mconcentratio n an dth e exhaus t ga s flow rata
. Sinc e th e outle t concentratio n level s dOmo t vary with , th acurren t

lbadm g to ; th e electroplatin g tank , fetihties>t_.at

operateia t hig h curren t loading s would'hav e amuc h lbwarproces s emissio n ratathan : facilities , thataparat e a_lowc_r___

_ lbadings

. evan'tkoughbolh i facilitie s hase;_ppi__Bdt__o____8ti3fc5___log y and ! ma y b e (^ntrolifid'.twthesBmaermssions : level

. Conversely ; facilities tha t have'a

lowprocessemissionrat e could'.hav e hig_OTemi3m'_nsthan.intandedbythe

standardabecaus ao f

ahig h inlet ; loading : (hig h c_rrentloading)jto;_ie

contro l device : Eve n though-tits-cos t of compUanc ais:equa l t o airles s than i tha t fo r othe r forma t options; , th aprocess emissio n rat awas : no t

selected , as . the : formafeof th astandards:

. Th e mass-emissio n rat e varies ; depending , upo n th achromium- , concentration ; an dthe'exhaus t gas ; flow , rate
. Th e mas s emissio n rataiseas y tomeasure, , an dth acompUance

- costs : are ; equa l to. o r

les s __u_that.f6 r

th e othe r forma t options

. However ; since : th e outlBt.chromium : concentratio n is ? fairly

independen t

o f thaproductio n rat e (inle t cnirenClaadiiig ) o f

th afacility, , the

mas s emissio n rat e variessaccordingto ; th e exhaus t

gas.flo w rat e whic h i s a function , o f

th e siz e ofth e facility- (numhero f

electroplating-tanks)

. Thi s dependan_yrasultsin.data:overlaps , betwee n thaclasse s o f

contro l devices

. T o eUminatB;t_BSB;overlaps;

. multiple

. emi_simrliimte;wcndd.b»req_ire dto
. accommodat e th asize-variatio n amon g th e facilities..Therefore,.amass-emission: rat e limitatio n wasno7tselected.as:the

format , o f th e standardi

. E. Selection offthe Emission IJmits This , sectio n presents , th aemission s data-use dto-determine. th aemissio n limit s for the-technologie s selecte das . th e basi s of

the-standard's

. Fo r

har d chromiu mtanks , packedrbedscrubber s an dcomposit e mesh-pa dsystems.wer e selected , a s th e basi s ofth e standards.

. Far-decorativ e chromiu mtanks-, , chemiGalfum e suppressant s o r th a trivalen t chromiu mproces s formsth a basi s of th e standards

. Chemiea

L fume

suppressant s als o for

mth abasi s fo

r th e standard : fbranodizin atanks

. Al l o f th aemissio n Umit apresente d below.-ar e i n term s of

mg;o f total chromiu mpe r

dscm : o f exhaus t air

. Dufi_ig;the:ea_l y par t

o f the

- emission ! test.program,bot_i,hexavalen t and

- total chromiu mwere-measured:a t each-site

. Th e resultso f

thes e tests:todicate that , considering , th e precisio n o f th a samplin g an danalyticalmethDdsused , th e hexavalen t

an dtDta l chromium , level s wer e essentiali y tiie. sam e (fo r al l tanks;usmg7achrQTnic.acid

. electooplatin g bath , solution)

. Ther e fare, itcan > be : presume dtha t

aliofth e chromium i wa s in

. the : hexavalen t form;, whic h woul dbe : expected ; give n the : fact tha t chromi c aci di s a-hexavalen t compoun do f

chromium

. Fo r

these

.P.2 8



### Fe«_B-_

_ magnate
. /

Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s (3579 3

reasons, tota l chromiu manalyse s wer e discontinue dfor

th aremainder

o f th e tests
. Th e hexavalen t

chromiu m concentrations * however , wer e assume d t o equa l th e total chromiu m concentrations , an dal l of th e emissio n Hmit s ar e expresse di n terms o f total chromium

. I n additio n to th e reasons cite dabove , th e analytica l metho dfor tota l chromiu mi s les s expansiv e tha n tha t for hexavalen t

chromium , an dmos t laboratorie s ca n performtotal chromiu m analyses , bu t

fewer laboratorie s perform hexavalen t

chromiu manalyses

. Th e numerica l emissio n limi t associate dwit h packed-be dscrubber s i s 0.0 3 miUigra

mo f tota l chromiu mpe r dry standar dcubi c mete r (1.3x10- 3 gr

/ dscf ) o f exhaus t air

. Th e numerica l emissio n limi t

associate dwit h composit e mes h pa dsystems , i s 0.01 3 mg/dsc m(5.7x10- 6 gr/dscf ) of exhaus t air

. A numerica l Umit

o f 0.00 3 mg/dsc m (1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf

) o f exhaus t ai r wa s selecte dfor

chemica l fume suppressant s usage . A total chromiu memissio n Umit of 0.04 8 mg/dsc m(2.1x10- 3 gr/dscf ) o f exhaus t ai r wa s estabUshe dfo

r th e trivalen t chromiu mprocess . Base do n availabl e emission s tes t dat a an dconsiderin g factor s relevan t t o th e leve l o f controlle demissions , th e Administrato r

ha s determine dtha t

th e propose demissio n limit s ar e achievabl e i n a U circumstance s tha t

ca n b e reasonably foreseen. A summar y o f th e factor s considere di n th e selectio n o f th e emissio n limit s i s presente di n th e discussio n of

emissio n test

dat abelow

. Complet e discussion s ar e presente di n chapte r • . ofth e BI

D an di n th e Ne w Technolog y Report

(se e A0_J3_SS_§)

.

. Emissio n test s wer e conducte da f 1 3 har dchromiu melectroplatin g faciUtie s an d3 decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g facilities

. Ofth e 1 3 har d chromiu melectroplatin g faciUties wher e test s wer e conducted , 3 use d chevron-blad e eUminators , 3 use dmesh

pa dmis t eUminators , thre e use d packed-be dscrubbers , 3 use dcomposit e mesh-pad s i n series , an d1 use da packed-be dscrubber

i n conjunctio n wit h acomposit e mesh-pa dA t tw o of th e decorativ e chromiu mfaciUties tested , uncontrolle demissio n level s wer e quantified , an dth e performanc e of chemica l fume suppressant s wa s evaluated

. At

th e thir ddecorativ e chromiu mfaciUty , th e chromiu m emission s from atrivalen t chromiu m electroplatin g proces s wer e evaluated

. Additionaldat awer e collecte dfrom har dan ddecorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g faciUtie s bu t wer e exclude dfromth e dat abas e becaus e of proces s upse t

conditions , contro l equipmen t

malfunctions , o r

procedura l discrepancie s wit h EP

A tes t method s Th e rational e fo r excludin g tiiese dat ai s presente di n Appendi x D ofth e BED

. N o chromiu manodizin g faciUtie s wer e tested

. However , amas s balanc e wa s performe dt o quantif y uncontrolle d emissio n level s from ascrubber use dt o contro l chromiu memission s from a chromi c aci danodizin g tank

. (For furthe r informatio n o n thi s estimatin g procedur e an dth e calculation s involved , refer

t o Chapte r

3 an d Appendi x C ofth e BID. ) Th e emission s dat aobtaine do n packed-be dscrubbar s operatin g wit h periodi c o r

continuou s washdow n an d typica l chromi c aci dconcentration s i n th e scrubbe r

wate r ( 0 t o 29. 9 g/L [0 t o 4 oz/gal] ) indicate dchromiu m emission s rangin g from0.02 0 t o 0.02 8 mg/dsc m(8.7x10- 6 t o 1.2x10- s gr/dscf ) wit h a n averag e concentratio n o f 0.02 4 mg/dsc m(l.lxlO- s gr/dscf)

. Usin g th e methodolog y presente di n ssctio n I K o f thi s preamble , packed-be dscrubber s wer e determine dt o b e th e MAC T floor fo r har dchromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. Fo r packed-be dscrubbars , atota l chromiu memissio n Umit o f 0.0 3 mg / dsc m(1.3x10- 3 gr/dscf

) wa s selecte d becaus e thi s wa s th e highes t valu e obtaine ddurin g an y o

f th e tes t run s (0.02 8 mg/dsc mrounde dt o 0.0 3 mg / dscm)

. Base do n test s th e Agenc y ha s conducte do n mesh-pa dmis t eliminator s use da

f som e har d chromiu melectroplatin g tanks , thi s emissio n Umit

coul dprobabl y als o b e achieve db y thos e devices

. Th e emission s dat aobtaine do n composit e mesh-pads , eithe r use di n serie s o r i n conjunctio n wit h apacked

be dscrubber , indicate dtotal chromiu m emission s rangin g from0.00 4 t o 0.01 3 mg/dsc m(1.7x10- 6 t o 5.7x10-«gr / dscf) , wit h a n averag e concentratio n of 0.00 9 mg/dsc m(3.9x10- 6 gr/dscf)

. A tota l chromiu memissio n limi t o f 0.01 3 mg/dsc m(5.7x10- 6 gr/dscf ) wa s selecte dfor

composit e mesh-pad s becaus e thi s valu e wa s th e highes t obtaine ddurin g an y o f

th e tes t runs . Two type s o f

chemica l fume suppressant s war e teste da t decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g facilitie s usin g achromi c aci dbath— afoamblanke t an dacombinatio n foa

mblanke t

an d wettin g agent
. Th e onl y dat aconsidere d i n estabhshin g th e emissio n Umi t wer e thos e for th e combinatio n foa

mblanke t an dwettin g agent
. Th e emission s dat a base do n th e us e o f

afoamblanke t

alon e wer e exclude dbecaus e thi s contro l techniqu e wa s considere dto b ales s effectiv e tha n th s combinatio n foa m blanke t an dwettin g agent , a s state di n sectio n VLB.5

. Th e tes t

dat afor chemica l fum

e suppressant s indicate d chromiu memission s rangin g from0.00 1 t o 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(-8.4x10- ? t o 1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf) , wit h a n averag e concentratio n of 0.00 2 mg/dsc m(8.7x10- 7 gr/dscf)

. Th e tota l chromiu mamissio n Umit selecte dfo

r chemica l fume suppressant s i s 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf) , whic h wa s th e highes t

valu e obtaine d durin g th e tes t

runs . Sourc e testin g o

f adecorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g operatio n tha t use s atrivalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g proces s wa s als o conducte db y EPA

. Tota l chromiu memission s fromthi s operatio n range dfrom0.01 3 t o 0.04 8 mg/dsc m(5.7x10- 6 t o 2.lxl0-sgr / dscf) , wit h an averag e tota l chromiu m concentratio n o

f 0.02 7 mg/dsc m (1.2x10- 3 gr/dscf)

. Th e emissio n limi t tha t wa s selecte dfo

r thes e tank s i s 0.04 8 mg/dsc m(2.1xl0 - s gr/dscf)

. whic h wa s th e highes t

valu e obtaine ddurin g an y o f th e tes t runs . Som e facilitie s tha t

us e chemica l fume suppressant s i n thei r electroplatin g o r

anodizin g bath s d o no t hav e ventilatio n systems ; thus , omissio n testin g o f thes e system s i s no t

possible

. Th e Agenc y ha s determine dtha t anothe r parameter , surfac e tension , can b e measure dt o determin e compUanc e wit h th e emissio n limits

. Thi s alternat e paramete r can b e use dwhe n wetting

agent-typ e fum

e suppressant s o r combinatio n foam-blanket/wetting

agent-typ e fume suppressant s ar e use d an daventilatio n syste mi s no t present
. I f awettin g agen t

o r acombinatio n foa

m blanket/wettin g agen t

i s use dt o contro l emissions , the n th e surfac e tensio n o f th e electroplatin g o r

anodizin g bat h mus t b e monitore db y usin g a stalagmomete r

t o ensur e tha t

th e surfac e tensio n i s a t

o r belo w 4 0 dynes/c m (2.7x10- 3 lb f

/ft)

. I f atrivalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g proces s i s use dt o contro l emissions , the n th e surfac e tensio n o f th e electroplatin g bat h mus t

b e monitore d b y usin g astalagmomete r o r tensiomete r t o ensur e tha t

th e surfac e tensio n i s at o r belo w 5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10- 3 lb f /ft)

. I n bot h cases , th e surfac e tensio n shoul d b e measure dat

leas t onc e every 4 hours

. F. Selection of

Definition of

Source Th e choic e o

f a n affecte dsourc e influence s possibl e reconstructio n an d modificatio n impact s o

f th e standards

. I

t als o determine s th s poin t a f whic h th e additio n o r

replacemen t

o f individua l emissio n source s (i.e. , electroplatin g o r anodizin g tanks ) result s i n a"new " source . Sectio n 112(a)(3 ) ofth e Ac t define s "stationar y source " a s havin g th e sam e meanin g a s tha t give n i n sectio n 111(a) o f

th e Act , wher e "stationar y source " i s define da s "an y building , structure , facility , o r installatio n whic h emit s o r ma y emi t an y ai r pollutant. " Mos t

industria l

### 6579 4 Federal Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s plant s consis t

o f numerou s piece s o r group s o f equipmen t

tha t emi t HA P an d tha t may b e viewe da s "sources. " Th e EPA , therefore , use s th e ter m"affecte d source " t o designat e th e equipmen t withi n aparticula r

kin dof plan t tha t i s chose n a s th e "source " covere db y a give n standard

. 1

. Reconstructio n Consideration s I n designatin g th e affecte dsource , EP A determine s whic h piec e o r grou p o f equipmen t

i s th e appropriat e uni t

(th e affecte dsource ) fo

r emissio n standard s i n th e particula r

conte5r t involved

. Th e determinatio n i s mad e i n ligh t o f th e term s an dpurpos e o

f sectio n 112

. On e major consideratio n i s tha t

anarro w designatio n o

f sourc e usuall y bring s replacemen t

equipmen t

unde r ne w sourc e MACT sooner . If , fo r example , a n entir e plan t i s designate da s th e affecte dsource , th e ne w sourc e MACT woul dcove r n o par t of th e plan t unles s th e replacemen t cause s th e entir e plan t

t o b e "reconstructed. " Reconstruction , a s define di n th e propose d§ 63.5 , mean s th e replacemen t

o f th e component s o

f a n affecte dsourc e t o suc h a n exten t that : (1 ) Th e fixedcapita l cos t o f th e ne w component s exceed s 5 0 percen t of th e fixedcapita l cos t

tha t woul db e require dt o construc t

acomparabl e ne w source , an d(2) i t

i s technologicall y an d economicall y feasibl e fo

r th e reconstructe dsourc e t o mee t th e promulgate demissio n standard s establishe db y th e Administrato r pursuan t t o sectio n 11 2 ofth e Act s Upo n reconstruction , an affecte dmajor sourc e i s subjec t

t o relevan t

standard s fo r ne w sources , includin g complianc e dates , irrespectiv e o

f an y chang e i n emission s o

f HAP fromtha t

source . Major source s ar e als o subjec t

t o th e preconstructio n an drevie w requirement s provide di n § 63.5 , provide dth e sourc e commence d reconstructio n afte

r proposa l bu t

doe s no t star t operatio n before promulgatio n o f th e final standards

. O n th e othe r

hand , i f eac h piec e of equipmen t

(i.e. , eac h electroplatin g o r anodizin g tank ) i s designate da s a n affecte dsource , the n an y singl e tan k ca n b e subjec t t o th e reconstructio n provisio n (i

f th e tan k i s locate dat

a major source)

. A narro w designatio n o f th e affecte dsourc e woul densur e tha t th e standard s woul dcove r reconstructe demission s source s (i.e. , individua l tanks ) wit h ne w sourc e MAC T wit h eac h replacemen t o r reconstructio n o

f atank

. A broade r designatio n o

f th e affecte dsourc e may b e appropriat e i f

i t would : (1 ) Resul t

i n "Ibid

. equa l o r greate r emissio n reduction tha n woul danarro w designatio n o r (2) avoi d inordinat e cost s o r

othe r advers e impacts

. 2

. Modificatio n Consideration s Accordin g t o sectio n 112(a)(5) , "modification " mean s an y pnysica l chang e in , o r

chang e i n th e metho dof operatio n of

, amajo r sourc e whic h increase s th e actua l emission s of an y hazardou s ai r

pollutan t emitte db y suc h sourc e b y mor e tha n ad e minimi s amoun t o r whic h results i n th e emissio n of an y hazardou s ai r

pollutan t no t previousl y emitte db y mor e tha n ad e minimi s amount
. Modifie dsource s are subjec t t o sectio n 112(g ) provisions , whic h preven t

an y perso n from modifyin g amajor

sourc e o f HA P unles s th e MACT emissio n limitatio n fo r e:xisting source s wil l b e met
. I f modification s o

f major source s occu r prio r t o th e establishmen t

o f final rule s unde r sectio n 112(d) , th e State s ar e require dt o estabUs h MACT fo r th e modifie dsource s o n acase-by-cas e basis

. Therefore , unti l promulgation , th e sourc e designatio n wil l b e determine d o n acase-by-cas e basi s b y th e permittin g authority

. Th e EP A ha s reserve dspac e withi n th e propose dGenera l Provision s fo r provision s relate dt o sectio n 112(g ) tha t wil l b e adde di n aseparat e rulemaking

. Unti l EP A guidanc e o n thi s issu e i s available , i t

i s difficul t

t o projec t

th e potentia l impac t

a n affecte dsourc e designatio n coul dhav e o n th e industr y tha t i s th e subjec t

o f today' s rulemaking

. However , sinc e onl y major source s ar e affecte dunde r

sectio n 112(g) , th e impac t i s probabl y limite dbecaus e th e majorit y o f electroplatin g facilitie s wil l b e considere dare asources . 3

. Affecte dSourc e Definition s Ther e ar e thre e alternativ e designation s tha t

coul db e applie dt o th e sourc e category
. Th e narrowes t designatio n woul db e eac h individua l electroplatin g o r

anodizin g tank

. Th e broades t designatio n woul db e th e grou p o f electroplatin g o r

anodizin g tank s at eac h facilit

y tha t ar e covere db y th e standards

. A thir dpossibilit y i s th e designatio n of

group s o f electroplatin g tank s b y categor

y o r subcategory ; i n othe r words , affecte dsource s woul dbe : (1 ) Al l har dchromiu melectroplatin g tanks , (2) al l decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s usin g chromi c aci d baths , (3 ) al l decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s usin g trivalen t chromiu mbaths , an d(4) al l chromi c aci danodizin g tanks

. Wit h th e exceptio n of

har dchromiu m electroplatin g tanks , th e ne w an d existin g sourc e MACT i s th e sam e fo r th e remainin g sources . I n addition , th e preconstructio n revie w requirement s fo r decorativ e plater s an danodizer s shoul d b e relativel y eas y t o mee t becaus e of

th e relativ e simplicit y an davailabilit y o f th e mean s of

control , i.e. , th e us e of fume suppressant s or , a s applicable , th e us e o f atrivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g bath

. However , becaus e ne w sourc e MACT i s mor e stringen t tha n existin g sourc e MAC T fo r smal l har dchromiu melectroplater s an d becaus e th e emissio n limit s assum e th e us e o f add-o n contro l devices , th e impac t o f a n affecte dsourc e designatio n i s mor e significan t

t o har dchromiu m electroplaters

. Therefore , EP A base dth e designatio n decisio n o n th e potentia l impact s t o thi s sourc e category
. Th e EP A i s proposin g t o defin e th e affecte dsourc e i n term s of individua l tanks

. Th e narro w designatio n maximize s th e potentia l emissio n reduction fro

mth e sourc e categories

. Definin g th e affecte dsourc e a s a n individua l taij k

ensure s tha t

ne w sourc e MACT i s applie dt o ne w har d chromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. However , if

ane w tan k

i s adde dat

a n existin g source , emission s fromth e ne w tan k coul db e ducte dt o a n existin g contro l devic e o n sit e a s lon g a s th e emission s fromth e ne w tan k d o no t excee dth e requiredemissio n levels

. I f th e tan k i s adde da t

amajo r source , th e preconstructio n review provision s woul db e triggered

. Th e preconstructio n revie w requirement s ar e extensiv e i n tha t th e sourc e woul db e require dt o performa n emissio n tes t

t o establis h th e emissio n rat e eTxpected

. However , becaus e thes e provision s onl y appl y t o major source s an dthi s industr y i s comprise dlargel y o

f are asources , th e potentia l impac t

o f thi s scenari o i s small

. A s indicate db y th e discussio n above , EP A believe s tha t

anarro w definitio n o

f sourc e base do n individua l tank s represent s th e mos t

reasonable approac h give n typica l plan t

desig n an dtha t

th e additiona l cost s o

f thi s approac h ar e generall y minimal

. EPA request s comment s o n th e effect

o f adoptin g a narro w definitio n o

f sourc e an do n it s proposa l t o defin e th e affecte dsourc e a s eac h individua l tank

. G. Selection of

Monitoring Requirements Th e amende dAc t

adde dparagrap h (3 ) t o sectio n 114(c)

. Thi s paragrap h require s enhance dmonitorin g o f stationar y source s (or

possibl y othe r sources ) t o indicat e th e complianc e statu s of th e source , an dwhethe r complianc e i s continuou s o r intermittent

. Today' s rulemakin g als o identifie s monitorin g parameter s tha t indicat e prope r

operatio n an dP.3 0

m I Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s (5572) 5 maintenanc e (O&M

) o f th e contro l device

. Th e followin g paragraph s describ e th e enhance dcomplianc e monitorin g an dth e O&

M monitoring , an dth e base s fo

r thei r selection

. 1

. Enhance dCompUanc e Monitorin g I n accordanc e wit h § 63. 7 of th e Genera l Provision s for

thi s part , eac h sourc e subjec t

t o thes e standard s woul d b e requiredt o conduc t

a n initia l performanc e test 7 Th e Ac t require s tha t afte r th e initia l performanc e test , th e complianc e statu s ofth e sourc e mus t b e demonstrated

. Fo r

thi s sourc e category , EP A ha s decide dtha t

certai n operatin g parameter s shoul db e monitore dt o indicat e ongoin g compUanc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. Fo r packed-be dscrubber s an d composit e mesh-pad s use di n conjunctio n wit h packed-be dscrubbers , th e ga s velocity a t

th e inle t of th e devic e an dth e chromiu mconcentratio n o f th e scrubber wate r hav e bee n selecte da s thos e operatin g parameter s tha t ar e mos t indicativ e of

contro l devic e performance

. (Th e importanc e o f thes e parameter s wa s discusse di n sectio n V.B. ) Therefore , durin g th e initia l performanc e test , th e owne r o r operato r woul db e requiredt o se t

th e rang e o

f value s fo r ga s velocity at

th ainle t t o th e contro l devic e tha t

correspond s t o compUanc e wit h th e emissio n Umit se t b y th e propose dstandards

. Thes e standard s woul drequir e dail y measuremen t

o f ga s velocity t o ensur e complianc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. Operatio n o

f th e contro l devic e outsid e o f th e ga s velocity rang e estabUshe d durin g th e performanc e tes t woul d constitut e noncompUanc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. Additionally , faciUtie s usin g packed-be dscrubber s woul db e require dt o measur e th e scrubber wate r concentratio n onc e daily

. I f th e scrubber wate r concentratio n exceed s 4 5 g/ L ( 6 oz/gal) , th e owne r

o r operato r woul dno t b e i n compUanc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. A s a n alternativ e t o compUanc e wit h thi s scrubbe r

wate r concentration , th e owne r o r operato r ma y estabUs h a maximu mscrubbe r

wate r concentratio n jtha t correspond s t o compUanc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

durin g th e initia l performanc e test
. Becaus e ga s velocity an dscrubbe r

wate r concentratio n ar e no t highl y variabl e whe n th e add-o n contro l devic e i s properl y operate dan d maintained , th e EP

A beheve s tha t

a dail y measuremen t

o f ga s velocit y an d scrubbe r wate r concentratio n i s sufficien t t o indicat e continue d compUanc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. Violatio n o

f eithe r o f thes e operatin g

'Ibid . parameter s woul dconstitut e noncompUanc e wit h th aemissio n limit

. Fo r mesh-pa dmis t

eliminator s (that mee t th e tota l chromiu memissio n Umit o f 0.0 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 5 gr/dscf)) , an dfo r composit e mesh-pads , th s dail y measuremen t

of ga s velocit y alon e woul dindicat e complianc e o r noncompUanc e wit h th aemissio n limit

. Th e operatin g paramete r

valu e fo r ga s velocit y tha t

correspond s t o compUanc e wit h th e emissio n limi t

woul db s establishe ddurin g th e initia l performanc e test
. 2

. Alternat e CompUanc e Monitorin g fo r Source s Usin g Fum e Suppressant s Fo r tank s tha t

compl y wit h th e standard s throug h th e us e o f chemica l fum e suppressants , th s measuremen t o f surfac e tensio n every 4 hour s woul d indicat e comphanc e o r

noncompUanc e wit h th e standards

. Decorativ e chromiu mtank s usin g achromi c aci d electroplatin g proces s woul db e require dt o maintai n asurfac e tensio n n o greate r tha n 4 0 dynes/c m(2.7x10- 3 lbf/ft) ; thos e usin g atrivalen t chromiu m electroplatin g proces s woul db e require dt o maintai n asurfac e tensio n n o greate r tha n 5 5 dynas/c m(3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft)

. Operatio n ofth e electroplatin g bath s a t surfac e tension s greate r

tha n th e value s identifie di n thes e standard s woul dindicat e noncomplianc e wit h th e emissio n Umit

. Owner s o r operator s wh o choos e t o compl y wit h thes e surfac e tensio n hmit s woul dno t b e require dt o conduc t

a n initia l performanc e test. Thos e decorativ e chromiu mtank s tha t

us e achemica l fum e suppressan t

i n conjunctio n wit h a contro l devic e ma

y conduc t a n initia l performanc e tes t

t o establis h a n alternativ e surfac e tension valu atha t correspond s t o complianc e wit h th s emissio n limit

. Th e Agenc y ha s determine dtha t measuremen t

o f th e surfac e tensio n o

f th e bat h (usin g astalagmomete r o r tensiometer ) a t

leas t onc e every 4 hour s durin g operatio n o

f th s tan k woul db e sufficien t t o ensur e continuou s complianc e wit h th e emissio n limit

. Th e tim e interva l specifie dfor measurin g th e surfac e tensio n i s basedo n th e tim e interva l a t

whic h addition s o

f wettin g agen t wer e require ddurin g th e emissio n tes t progra mconducte dt o develo p thes e standards

. Th e tim e interval s fo r additio n requirement s woul dvary wit h eac h operatio n (e.g. , siz e of tank , curren t density , configuratio n of

parts , etc.)

. Th e owne r

o r operato r o f atan k tha t use s afoa mblanke t alon e f o compl y wit h th e standard s woul db arequire dt o conduc t a n initia l performanc e test t o confir mtha t

th e emissio n Umi

t o f 0.00 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- agr/dscf ) i s bein g met
. Fo r

ongoin g compliance , th s owne r o r operato r woul db e require dt o measur e an drecordth e foa mblanke t thicknes s a t

leas t onc e every hou r durin g operatio n o

f th e tank

. Qparatior

. ofth e electroplatin g tan k a t afoam blanke t thicknes s les s tha n th e leve l establishe ddurin g th e performanc e tes t o r 2.5 4 c m( 1 in. ) (whicheve r i s greater) , woul dconstitut e noncomplianc e with th e standards

. Th e owne r

o r operato r o f atank tha t use s atrivalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g bat h woul db e requiredb y th e standar d t o monito r

th e surfac e tension usin g a stalagmomete r

every 4 hours

. Operatio n o f th e electroplatin g tank

a t surfac e tension s abov e 5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft ) woul dconstitut e noncomplianc e wit h th e standards

. 3

. Operatio n an dMaintenanc e Monitorin g Sectio n 63.6(e ) o

f th e propose d Genera l Provision s identifio s operatio n an dmaintenanc e requirements , whic h includ e th e preparatio n o f astartup , shutdown , an dmalfunctio n plan. aIn addition , specifi c operatio n an d maintenanc e monitorin g woul db e require db y th e propose dstandards

. A n owne r o r operato r wh o operate s a contro l devic e t o ensur e complianc e wit h th e standard s woul db s requiredt o prepar e a n operatio n an dmaintenanc e pla n tha t mus t include , a t

aminimum , astandardize dchecklis t

t o documen t th e operatio n an dmaintenanc e o f th e equipment , asystemati c procedur e fo r identifyin g an dreportin g malfunctions , an dprocedure s t o ensur e tha t equipmen t

o r proces s malfunction s du e t o poo r maintenanc e o r

othe r preventabl e condition s d o no t occur . Owner s o r

operator s o

f decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s wh o choos e t o demonstrat e complianc e b y adherin g t o th e surfac e tensio n hmit s require db y thes e standard s (no t thos e establishe ddurin g a n initia l performanc e test ) woul dno t b e subjec t t o th e operatio n an dmaintenanc e monitorin g requirements

. Specifi c requirement s fo

r th e operatio n an d maintenanc e pla n are i n §63.11 5 ofth e propose dstandards

. H. Selection of

Test Methods Tes t Method s 30 8 an d306A , "Determinatio n o

f Chromiu mEmission s fromDecorativ e an dHar dChromiu m Electroplatin g an dAnodizin g Operations, " ar e th e propose dmethod s fo r determinin g complianc e wit h th e emissio n standards

. Tes t

Metho d306B , "Surfac e Tensio n Measuremen t an d Recordkeepin g for

Tank s use da t
•Ibid .P.3 1

6579 6 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s Chromiu mElectroplatin g an d Anodizin g FaciUties, " i s th e propose d metho dfo

r monitorin g surfac e tensio n a t decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g an dchromi c aci danodizin g facilities

. Al l thre e method s ar e propose dfo r additio n t o Appendi x A o f 4 0 CF Rpar t 63

. Method s 30 6 an d306 A wer e develope dfo

r measuremen t

o f chromiu memission s fromchromiu m electroplatin g faciUties

. Metho d30 6 i s base do n Metho d5 (4 0 CF Rpar t 60

. Appendi x A) an dutilize s isokineti c sampUng

. Th e majo r

modification s t o Metho d5 t o yiel dMetho d30 6 includ e eliminatio n o

f th e filter, us e o

f a n alkalin e impinge r

reagent fo r sampl e collection , an dsampl e analysi s b y th e tester' s choic e of

graphit e furnac e atomi c absorptio n spectrometr y o r inductively-couple dargo n plasm a emissio n spectrometry
. Bot h analytica l technique s produc e result s fo r th e tota l chromiu mconcentratio n o f th e emissio n sample

. Metho d306 A i s asimplified , constan t sampUn g rat e metho dfo

r measuremen t o f chromiu memissio n from electroplatin g faciUties , whic h offer s owner s an doperator s ales s eTxpensiv e mean s t o demonstrat e complianc e tha n Metho d306

. Collectio n o f a representativ e sampl e withou t isokineti c samplin g i s achieve db y varyin g th e sampUn g time a t eac h travers e poin t

an dlimitin g th e particl e siz e ofth e sample demission s t o 1 0 micrometers

. Sampl e analysi s fo r Metho d306 A i s identica l t o tha t fo r Metho d306

. Whe n correctl y appUed , th e precisio n an dbia s of

Metho d306 A hav e bee n demonstrate dt o b e comparabl e t o thos e o

f Metho d306

. Metho d306 B provide s procedure s fo r measurin g th e surfac e tensio n of platin g o r anodizin g tan k

bath s whe n awettin g agen t i s use dfo

r emissio n control

. Th e metho doffer s th e optio n fo r us e of tw o generall y accepte dsurfac e tensio n measuremen t

devices , astalagmomete r o r atensiometer

. J

. Selection of

Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements Th e owne r

o r operato r o f an y sourc e subjec t t o thes e standard s woul db e require dt o fulfil l al l reporting requirements outline di n 4 0 CF R63.10. 9 A n owne r o r operato r o f asourc e wh o use s a n add-o n ai r

pollutio n contro l devic e t o mee t

thes e standard s woul d als o b e requiredt o maintai n record s of dail y an dmonthl y inspections , dail y ga s velocity readings, dail y scrubbe r wate r concentrations , dail y washdowns , dail y pressur e dro p readings, an dan y
"Ibid . emissio n test s a t th e facility

. Thes e records shoul db e maintaine dfo r a minimu mo

f 5 years . Eac h inspectio n recor dwoul didentif

y th e devic e inspecte dan dinclud e th e following : th e dat e an dapproximat e time of inspection , abrie f

descriptio n o

f th e workin g conditio n o

f th e devic e durin g th e inspection , th e ga s velocity , th e scrubber wate r concentration , th e pressur e drop , an dan y action s take n t o correc t deficiencie s foun ddurin g th e inspection

. Eac h recordo f washdow n woul didentif

y th e devic e an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, an d duratio n ofth e washdown

. A n owne r o r operato r of asourc e wh o use s afume suppressan t

t o compl y wit h thes e standard s woul db e require dt o maintai n th e followin g records a t th e faciUt y fo r a t leas t 5 years : (1 ) Th e amount s o

f fum e suppressant s purchase d(invoices) ; (2) th e frequency o f maintenanc e additions ; (3 ) th e amoun t of materia l adde ddurin g eac h maintenanc e addition ; (4 ) th e surfac e tensio n o f th e bat h o r

th e foa mblanke t thickness ; an d(5 ) an y emissio n test s t o assur e compUanc e wit h th e standard

. Eac h recor do

f asurfac e tensio n measuremen t

woul didentif

y th e tan k an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, measure dsurfac e tension , an dwhethe r an y addition s wer e mad e t o th e bath

. Eac h recordo

f afoa mblanke t thicknes s measuremen t

woul db e require dt o identif y th e tan k

an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, measure dthickness , an dwhethe r

an y addition s wer e mad e t o th e bath

. I

f a n additio n wa s made , th e amoun t o f materia l adde dwoul dals o b e recorded

. A n owne r o r operato r o f asourc e wh o use s atrivalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g proces s woul db e requiredt o maintai n th e followin g record s a t

th e faciUt

y fo r a t leas t 5 years : (1 ) Th e amoun t

of bat h additiv e containin g wettin g agen t purchase d(invoices) ; (2) th e surfac e tensio n ofth e bath ; an d(3 ) an y emissio n test s t o assur e compUanc e wit h th e standard

. Eac h recor dof

asurfac e tensio n measuremen t

woul didentif

y th e tan k an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, measure dsurfac e tension , an d whethe r an y addition s wer e mad e t o th e bath

. Al l record s o f

inspections , washdowns , pressur e dro p readings, emissio n tests , foa

mblanke t an dsurfac e tensio n measurements , frequenc y of fume suppressan t

maintenanc e additions , th e amoun t

o f fume suppressan t

adde ddurin g eac h maintenanc e addition , an dpurchase s of fume suppressant s woul db e maintaine d a t th e faciUt

y fo r aminimu mo

f 5 years . Th e operatio n an dmaintenanc e pla n (associate dwit h add-o n pollutio n contro l devices ) woul db e maintaine dat th e faciUt y fo r th e lif e ofth e device

. Th e Administrato r

beheve s tha t

th e abov e reportin g an drecordkeeping requirement s ar e adequat e t o ensur e tha t owner s o r operator s ar e complyin g wit h th e provision s o

f th e propose d standards

. /

. Operating Permit

Program Unde r th e operatin g permi t regulation s codifie da t

4 0 CF Rpar t 70 , an y sourc e tha t

i s amajo r

sourc e unde r th e Ac t o r an y nonmajo r

sourc e subjec t t o astandar dunde r

section s 11 1 o r

11 2 ofth e Ac t mus t obtai n a n operatin g permit

. (Se e § 70.3(a)(1). ) Th e par t 7 0 regulation s als o provid e tha t aStat e may , a t it s discretion , defe r

al l nonmajo r source s fromth e obligatio n t o obtai n a par t 7 0 permi t

unti l suc h tim e a s th e EP A finishes arulemakin g regardin g th e applicabilit y o

f th e par t 7 0 progra mt o nonmajo r sources . Part

7 0 furthe r provide s that , fo

r nonmajo r

source s subjec t t o afutur e standar dpromulgate d unde r sectio n 11 1 o r

112 , "* • * * th e Administrato r

wil l determin e whethe r t o exemp t an y o r al l suc h apphcabl e source s fromth e requirement s t o obtai n apar t 7 0 permi t

at th e tim e tha t

th e ne w standar di s promulgated. " (Se e § 70.3(b ) (l)and{2). ) Th e propose drul e fo

r chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g tank s woul dno t

exemp t are asource s from 

# E ermittin g requirements

. Th e EP A eUeve s tha t

permittin g thes e nonmajo r source s wil l enhanc e th e implementatio n an denforcemen t o f th e rul e b y clarifyin g ho w th e rul e applie s t o aparticula r

source , an dho w relevan t part s ofth e t o b e promulgate dgenera l provision s appl y t o chromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g tanks

. Th e propose dgenera l provision s ar e generi c requirements tha t

source s subjec t

t o sectio n 11 2 standard s mus t meet. 1 0 However , unde r

th e existin g provision s of

par t 70 , State s ma y choos e t o defer th e obligatio n of

al l nonmajo r source s t o obtai n apermi t unti l th e EP

A "complete s arulemakin g t o determin e ho w th e progra mshoul db e structure d fo r nonmajo r

source s an dth e appropriatenes s o

f an y permanen t exemptions * * *. " I n promulgatin g th e permit s rule , th e EP

A committe dt o complet e tha t

rulemakin g withi n 5 year s afte r th e approva l ofth e firs t

Stat e par t 7 0 progra mtha t

defer s permittin g of nonmajo r sources . Th e EPA believes , fo

r th e sam e reason s state di n th e preambl e t o th e operatin g permit s rule , tha t th e benefit s t o b e gaine dfromth e permittin g o f nonmajo r source s subjec t

t o thi s
i o Ibid .P.3 2

Bgiste F/ Vol..58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s ©57- 7
propose drul e ar e no t

Ukely t o accru e durin g th e early , stage s of th e permi t progra mwhe n permittin g authoritie s wil l b e occupie dwit h th e tas k of issuin g permit s t o major

sources . Onc e thi s tas k i s complete , however , permittin g authoritie s shoul db e abl e f o proces s permit s fo

r nonmajo r

source s subjec t

t o thi s rul e o n arelatively expedite dbasis

. Thi s expedite dreview shoul db e th e case , i n part , becaus e o

f th e presumptiv e suitabilit y of

thes e source s fo

r genera l permits

. K. Solicitation of

Comments Th e Administrato r

specificall y request s comment s o n th e topic s discusse di n thi s section

. Commenter s shoul dprovid e availabl e dat aan d rational e t o suppor t

thei r comment s o n eac h topic

. 1

. Surfac e Tensio n Limi t

fo r Decorativ e Chromiu mElectroplatin g Tank s Usin g a Trivalen t Chromiu mElectroplatin g Proces s Th e EP A specificall y requests comment s o n th e propose dsurfac e tensio n limi t

o f 5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10- * lbf/ft ) fo r thos e decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tank s usin g atrivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g process . Thi s limi t wa s selecte db y EP

A base do n th e tes t dat aavailabl e (se e sectio n IV.C.2.c) , whic h indicat e tha t

th e valu e of

surfac e tensio n achievabl e i n atrivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g bat h i s a majdmu mo

f 5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10- 3 lb f / ft). Th e surfac e tensio n achievabl e i n a give n trivalen t

chromiu mbat h wil l b e dependen t

o n th e specifi c chemistr y of tha t bath

. Therefore , alowe r

surfac e tensio n may b e achievable

. Alternatively , asourc e ma y hav e difficulty lowerin g th e surfac e tensio n o f it s trivalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g bat h t o 5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft)

. Althoug h th e availabl e dat aindicat e tha t avalu e of

5 5 dynes/c m(3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft ) i s th e mos t

reasonabl e f

o selec t as . th e maximu msurfac e tensio n o f a trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g bath , th e Administrato r

welcome s dat atha t indicat e tha t

a n alternat e surfac e tensio n Umit i s mor e appropriate

. 2

. Us e o f Trivalen t Chromiu m Electroplatin g Proces s A s discusse di n section s V.A. 2 an d V.B.5 , th e trivalen t

chromiu m electroplatin g proces s i s considere da n effectiv e pollutio n preventio n technique

. Th e us e o

f atrivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s result s i n les s tota l chromiu mi n proces s wastewater s an dles s sludg e generatio n tha n woul dresult from achromi c aci d electroplatin g process . Also , hexavalen t chromiu memission s ar e reducedb y greate r tha n 9 9 percen t

whe n th e trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s i s use dinstea do

f a n uncontrolle dchromi c aci dbath

. Durin g developmen t

o f th e propose d standards , EP

A considere drequirin g th e trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s a s acontro l techniqu e fo r ne w decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s becaus e of

it s pollutio n preventio n aspect s an dit s lo w hexavalen t

chromiu memissions

. However , results o

f asourc e tes t indicate dtha t

tota l chromiu memission s wer e greate r

tha n thos e from awell

controlle dchromi c aci dbat h eve n thoug h hexavalen t

chromiu memission s wer e muc h lower

. Thes e Umite dsourc e tes t dat ad o no t

suppor t requirin g th e trivalen t chromiu melectroplatin g proces s fo

r al l ne w decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. Therefore , ne w decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g source s woul db e allowe d b y th e propose drul e t o us e eithe r th e chromi c aci dproces s wit h fume suppressant s an dbat h surfac e tensio n monitorin g o r

th e trivalen t

proces s wit h bat h surfac e tensio n measuring

. However , th e EP

A encourage s ne w decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g source s t o us e th e trivalen t proces s becaus e o f it s overal l multi-medi a benefits

. Th e Administrato r requests comment s o n whethe r

th e trivalen t proces s shoul db e require dfo r ne w source s i n th e final rul e an dwelcome s an y dat arelate df

o emission s o

f tota l an dhexavalen t

chromiu mfromth e us e of atrivalen t

chromiu melectroplatin g process . 3

. Propose dStandard s fo r Smal l Har d Chromiu mElectroplater s Comment s ar e specificall y requeste d o n th e leve l o

f th e propose dstandard s fo r smal l har dchromiu melectroplater s [0.0 3 mg/dsc m(1.3x10- 3 gr/dscf)]

. Comment s shoul dindicat e whethe r th e propose dleve l i s appropriat e give n th o consideratio n of

factors discusse di n sectio n VI.C. 5 of

thi s preambl e an dwhy

. 4

. Requirement s fo

r Recirculatin g Scrubbe r Wate r I n considerin g th e cross-medi a impact s ofth e propose dstandards , EP A identifie dapotentia l nee dfo r furthe r regulation: th e wastewate r frompacked

be dscrubber s an dcomposit e mes h pad s use df o compl y wit h th e emissio n limits

. T o minimiz e th e wate r pollutio n impac t fromthes e contro l devices , i f ma y b e appropriat e t o require tha t th e wastewate r

b e routedbac k

f o th e chromiu mbat h i n on e of

tw o way s befor e it s eventua l discharge : (1 ) Th e rul e coul drequir e tha t

packed-be d scrubbe r wafe r b e recirculate dwithi n th e contro l devic e unti l th e chromiu m concentratio n reache s acertai n leve l (pursuan t t o th e concentratio n limit s i n th e propose drule ) an dthe n th e wate r coul db e reuse di n th e bat h o r discharged ; o r

(2) th e rul e coul drequir e tha t scrubbe r wate r b e recirculate dan d route dbac k

t o th e bat h a s makeu p wate r (i n th e cas e of

composit e mes h pads , ther e i s onl y washdow n water ; thi s woul dhav e t o b e sen t

bac k t o th e bath)

. Unde r th e latte r option , discharg e o

f th e wastewate r

woul dno t

b e allowed

. Th e Agenc y ha s identifie dsevera l issue s associate dwit h thes e requirements. First , ther e i s som e uncertaint y a s t o whethe r EP A ha s authorit y unde r

sectio n 112(d ) o

f th e Ac t t o se t azer o discharg e requiremen t fo r wastewate r

fromcontro l devices

. Thi s uncertaint y exist s becaus e azer o wastewate r

discharg e requiremen t woul dno t

resul t i n a n ai r emissio n reductio n (chromiu mi n wastewate r wil l no t becom e airborne ) eve n thoug h i t wil l ensur e minima l wate r pollutio n impacts

. Second , som e source s hav e indicate dtha t

the y canno t

rout e scrubber o r washdow n wate r

bac k t o th e platin g tank s becaus e ther e i s to o muc h meta l contamination

. Thi s i s especiall y th e cas e wit h olde r

contro l devices ; th e material s of

constructio n coul dlea dt o increase dconcentration s o f iro n an d lea di n th e water
. Third , source s wil l alread y hav e an incentiv e t o recycl e an d reus e wastewate r

a s muc h a s possibl e t o avoi dcostl y treatmen t

o f wastewate r prio r t o discharge

. Du e f o thes e issues , th e propose drul e doe s no t addres s wastewate r

discharges

. However , EP

A specificall y request s comment s o n limitin g o r

prohibitin g wastewate r

discharge s i n th e standar d an dan y dat ao n wh y thi s i s o r i s no t reasonable

. VD

. Administrativ e Requirement s A. Public Hearing A publi c hearin g wil l b e held , i f requested , f

o discus s th e propose d standard s i n accordanc e wit h sectio n 307(d)(5 ) ofth e Act

. Person s wishin g t o mak e ora l presentatio n o n th e propose d standard s fo

r chromiu memission s from har dan ddecorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g an dchromiu manodizin g tank s shoul dcontac t

EP A a t th e addres s give n i n th e ADDRESSE

S sectio n o

f thi s 

# f ireamble

. Ora l presentation s will b e imite dt o 1 5 minute s each

. An y membe r o f th e publi c may fil e awritte n statemen t before , during , o r

withi n 3 0 day s afte r th e hearing

. Writte n statement s shoul db e addresse dt o th e Ai r Docke t Sectio n addres s give n i n th e ADDRESSE

S sectio n of

thi s preamble , an d shoul drefer

t o Docke t

No

. A-88-02

.6579 8 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s A verbati mtranscrip t

of th e hearin g an dwritte n statement s wil l b e availabl e fo r publi c inspectio n an dcopyin g durin g norma l workin g hour s a t EPA' s Ai r Docke t Sectio n i n Washington , D C (se e ADDRESSE

S sectio n o f

thi s preamble)

. B. Docket Th e docke t

i s a n organize dan d complet e file of

al l th e informatio n submitte dt o o r

otherwis e considere db y EP A i n th e developmen t

of thi s propose drulemaking

. Th e principa l purpose s of

th e docke t

are : (1 ) T o allo w intereste dpartie s t o readil y identif y an d locat e document s s o tha t

the y ca n intelligentl y an deffectivel y participat e i n th e rulemakin g process , an d(2 ) t o serv e a s th e recor di n cas e o f judicia l revie w [excep t

fo r interagenc y review material s (sectio n 307(d)(7)(A))]

. C Executive Order

12866 Unde r Executiv e Orde r

1286 6 (5 8 F

R 5173 6 (Oc+obe

r 4,1993)) , th e Agenc y mus t deteimin e whethe r

th e regulator y actio n i s "significant " an dtherefor e subjec t t o Offic e of

Managemen t

an d Budge t (OMB ) revie w an dth e requirement s o

f th e Executiv e Order

. Th e Orde r

define s "significan t regulatory action " a s on e tha t i s likel y t o resul t i n arul e tha t

may : (1 ) Hav e a n annua l effec t

o n th e econom y of

$10 0 milUo n o r

mor e o r adversel y affec t

i n amateria l way th e economy , asecto r

ofth e economy , productivity , competition , jobs , th e environment , pubU c healt h o r safety , o r State , local , o r

triba l government s o r communities , (2 ) Create aseriou s inconsistenc y o r otherwis e interfer e wit h a n actio n take n o r planne db y anothe r

agency , (3 ) Materiall y alte r

th e budgetar y impac t of entitlements , grants , use r fees , o r loa n program s o r

th e right s an d obligation s o

f recipient s thereof ; o r (4) Rais e nove l lega l o r

polic y issue s arisin g ou t

o f lega l mandates , th e President' s priorities , o r

th e principle s se t fort h i n th e Executiv e Order

. Pursuan t t o th e term s o f

Executiv e Orde r 12866 , OMB ha s notifie dEPA tha t thi s actio n i s a"significan t regulatory: action " withi n th e meanin g ofth e Executiv e Order

. Fo r thi s reason, thi s actio n wa s submitte dt o OMB for review. Change s mad e i n respons e t o OM B suggestion s o r

recommendations wil l b e documente di n th e publi c record

. D. Paperwork

Reduction Act

' Th e informatio n collectio n requirements i n thi s propose drul e hav e bee n submitte dfo r

approva l t o OMB unde r th e Paperwor k

Reductio n Act , 4 4 U.S.C

. 350 1 et seq, A n Informatio n Collectio n Reques t

documen t

ha s bee n prepare db y EP

A (IC RNo

. 1611 ) an da cop y ma y b e obtaine dfromSand y Fanner , Informatio n Polic y Branch , U

. S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Stree t

SW. , (2136) , Washington , D C 2046 0 o r

b y callin g (202 ) 260-2740

. Th e pubU c repo:rtin g burde n for thi s collectio n o f

informatio n i s estimate dt o averag e 10 3 hour s pe r

sourc e for reporting annuall y ove r

th e firs t 3 year s an d25 3 hour s pe r

sourc e fo r recordkeepin g annually

. Thi s include s time fo r reviewin g instructions , searchin g existin g dat asources , gatherin g an dmaintainin g th e dat a needed , an dcompletin g an dreviewin g th e collectio n o f

information

. Sen dcomment s regardin g th e burde n estimat e o r

an y othe r

aspec t o f thi s collectio n of

information , includin g suggestion s for

reducin g thi s burden , t o Chief , Informatio n PoUc y Branch , 2136 , U

. S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 401 M Stree t

SW. , Washington , D C 20460 ; an dt o th e Offic e of Informatio n an dRegulatory Affairs , Offic e o f Managemen t

an dBudget , Washington , DC 20503 , marke d"Attention : Des k Officer for EPA. " Th e final rul e wil l respondt o an y OM

B o r pubU c comment s o n th e informatio n collectio n requirements containe di n thi s proposal

. E. Regulatory Flexibility Act Th e Regulatory FlexibiUty Ac t ( 5 U.S.C

. 60 1 et

seq.) require s EP

A t o conside r potentia l impact s of

propose d regulation s o n smal l busines s "entities. " I f apreliminar y analysi s indicate s tha t apropose dregulatio n woul dhav e a significan t

economi c impac t

o n 2 0 percen t o r mor e o f smal l entities , the n aregulatory flexibility analysi s mus t b e prepared

. Th e EPA' s 198 2 Regulatory Flexibilit y Ac t guideline s indicat e tha t

a n economi c impac t

shoul db e considere d significan t

i f i t meet s on e ofth e followin g criteria : (1 ) Annua l compUanc e cost s increas e th e tota l cos t

o f productio n fo

r smal l entitie s b y mor e tha n 5 percent ; (2 ) CompUanc e cost s a s apercentag e of sale s fo r smal l entitie s ar e a t

leas t 1 0 percen t mor e tha n compUanc e cost s a s apercentag e of

sale s for larg e entities ; (3 ) Capita l cost s of

compUanc e represen t asignifican t

portio n o f

capita l availabl e t o smal l entities , considerin g interna l cas h flo w plu s externa l financial capabilities ; an d (4 ) Th e requirement s of

th e regulatio n ar e hkel y t o resul t

i n closure s o

f smal l entities

. Usin g th e Sma

U Busines s Administration' s definitio n o f asmal l busines s for

SI C Cod e 347 1 of

les s tha n 50 0 employees , i t ha s bee n determine d tha t non e of th e abov e criteriaar e triggered

. I n th e har delectroplatin g sourc e category th e numbe r of smal l businesse s i s estimate dt o b e 1,170

. Non e ofth e regulatory alternative s considere dwil l significantl y impac t 2 0 percen t o f thi s population

. Fo r

eTxampIe , th e estimate dnumbe r

o f smal l entit y closure s range s fromles s tha n 2 percen t for R A I t o les s tha n 5 percen t

for R A IV

. A s fo r decorativ e electroplatin g an d anodizin g tanks , th e lo w annualize d complianc e cost s associate dwit h th e RA' s woul dno t

caus e an y of

th e criteri a fo r asignificant

impac t t o b e triggered. Pursuan t t o th e provision s o

f 5 U.S.C

. 605(b) , I hereb y certif

y tha t thi s propose drule , i f

promulgated , wil l no t hav e asignifican t

economi c impac t

o n asubstantia l numbe r

o f smal l busines s entities

. F. Miscellaneous In accordanc e wit h sectio n 11 7 ofth e Act , publicatio n of

thi s proposa l wa s precede db y consultatio n wit h appropriat e advisor y committees , independen t

experts , an dFedera l department s an dagencies

. Th e Administrato r

wi U welcom e comment s o n al l aspect s o f

th e propose d regulation , includin g economi c an d technologica l issues , an do n th e propose dtest

methods

. Thi s regulation wi U b e reviewed 8 year s fromth e dat e of

promulgation

. Thi s review wi U includ e a n assessmen t of suc h factor s a s evaluatio n ofth e residua l healt h risks, an y overla p wit h othe r programs , th e existenc e of alternativ e methods , enforceabihty , improvement s i n emissio n contro l technolog y an dhealt h data , an d reportin g an drecordkeepin g requirements

. Lis t o f Subject s i n 4 0 CFRPar t

6 3 Environmenta l protection , Ai r pollutio n control , Hazardou s substances , Reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirements , Dated : Novembe

r 30,199 3 Carol M

. Browner , Administrator. I t i s propose dtha t

par t 63 , chapte r

I , title 4 0 of th e Cod e o f

Federa l Regulation s b e amende da s follows : PAR T 63—[AMENDED ] 1

. Th e authorit y citatio n fo r par t 6 3 continue s t o reada s follows: Authority : 4 2 U.S.C

- 740 1 e t seq. 2

. B y addin g ane w subpar t N , consistin g o f

§§63.340-63.347 , f

o rea d a s follows :P.3 4

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s 6579 9 Subpar t N—Nationa l Emissio n Standard s fo r Chromiu m Emission s Fro m Har d an d Decorativ e Chromiu m Electroplatin g an d Chromiu m Anodizin g Tank s Sec

. - . 63.34 0 Applicabilit

y anddesignation o

f

. sources . 63.34 1 Definitions

. 63.34 2 Standards

. 63.34 3 Compliance andperformance testing

. 63.34 4 Tes t method s andprocedures

. 63.345 Monitorin

g requirements

. 63.34 6 Recordkeepin

g requirements

. 63.34 7 Reportin

g requirements

. Subpart N—Nationa l Emissio n Standard s fo r Chromiu m Emission s Fro m Har d an d Decorativ e Chromiu m Electroplatin g an d Chromiu m Anodizin g Tank s § 63.34 0 Applicabilit y an d designatio n o f sources . Th e affecte dsourc e t o whic h th e provision s of

thi s subpar t

appl y i s eac h electroplatin g o r

anodizin g tan k

a t faciUtie s performin g har dchromiu m electroplating , decorativ e chromiu m electroplating , o r

chromiu manodizing

. §63.34 1 Definitions
. Term s use di n thi s subpar t ar e define di n th e Clea n Ai r

Act , i n subpar t A of par t 63 , o r i n thi s sectio n a s follows: i Affected source mean s th e chromiu m electroplatin g o r

anodizin g tank

. Air pollution control

device mean s equipmen t

use dt o collec t

an dcontai n chromiu memission s fromchromiu m electroplatin g an danodizin g tanks

. Anodizing mean s th e surfac e treatmen t of metals , particularl y aluminum , wher e th e par t t o b e anodize dserve s a s th e anod e an da n oxid e filmi s produce do n th e surfac e of th e bas e metal

. Base metal

mean s th e meta l o r

meta l allo y th e workpiec e i s compose dof

. Chemical fume suppressant

mean s an y chemica l agen t

tha t reduce s o r suppresse s fume s a t

th e surfac e of

a n electroplatin g o r

anodizin g bath

. Chromic acid

mean s th e commo n nam e fo r chromiu manhydrid e (CrOs)

. Chromium anodizing mean s th e proces s b y whic h a n oxid e laye r i s produce do n th e surfac e o f abas e meta l usin g achromi c aci dsolution

. Chromium electroplating mean s th e proces s b y whic h alaye r

of chromiu m meta l i s electrodeposite do n abas e meta l o r plastic

. Composite mesh-pad

system mean s a n ai r pollutio n contro l devic e typicall y consistin g of

severa l stages
. Th e purpos e i Th e EP A propose dregulation s fo r subpar t A o f 4 0 CF Rpar t 6 3 publishe di n th e Federa l Registe r o n Augus t 11,1993 a t 58 F R42760

. o

f th e first stag e i s t o remov e larg e particles

. Smalle r

particle s ar e remove d i n th e secon dstage , whic h consist s of th e composit e mesh-pad

. A final stag e ma y remov e an y reentraine dparticle s no t collecte db y th e composit e mesh

pad

. Decorative chromium electroplating mean s th e proces s b y whic h athi n laye r of chromiu mi s electrodeposite do n a bas e meta l o r

plasti c t o provid e abrigh t surfac e wit h wea r

an dtarnis h resistance. Electroplating mean s th e electrodepositio n of

a n adheren t metalU c coatin g upo n a n electrod e (workpiece ) t o secur e asurfac e wit h propertie s differen t

fromthos e o

f th e bas e metal

. Electroplating or

anodizing bath mean s th e electrolyti c solutio n use da s th e conductin g mediu mi n whic h th e flo w o f curren t i s accompanie db y movemen t

of meta l ion s fo

r th e purpose s of

electroplatin g meta l ou t

o f th e solutio n ont o abas e meta l o r plasti c o r fo r oxidizin g th e bas e metal

. Electroplating or

anodizing tank mean s th e receptacl e o r

containe r i n whic h electroplatin g o r

anodizin g occurs . Facility mean s al l contiguou s o r adjoinin g propert y tha t

i s unde r commo n ownershi p o r

control , includin g propertie s tha t ar e separate d onl y b y aroa do r

othe r pubU c right-of

way , i n whic h har dchromiu m electroplatin g o r

chromiu manodizin g i s performed

. Foam blanket

mean s th e typ e of chemica l fum

e suppressan t

tha t generate s alaye r

o f foa macros s th e surfac e of asolutio n whe n curren t

i s applie dt o tha t

solution

. Gas velocity mean s th e velocity o f th e inle t ga s strea mt o th e ai r

pollutio n contro l device

. Hard chromium electroplating mean s aproces s b y whic h athic k laye r o f chromiu mi s electrodeposite do n abas e meta l t o provid e asurfac e wit h wear resistance , alo w coefficien t of friction, hardness , an dcorrosio n resistance

. Hexavalent

chromium mean s th e for m o f chromiu mi n avalenc e stat e o f -1-6

. Large hard

chromium electroplating facility means afacility tha t perform s har dchromiu melectroplatin g an dha s a maximu mcumulativ e potentia l rectifie r capacit y greate r

tha n o r equa l t o 6 0 milUo n ampere-hour s pe r year (Ah/yr)

. Maximum cumulative potential rectifier capacity mean s th e summatio n of th e tota l installe drectifie r capacit y a t afacility , expresse di n amperes , multipUe db y a n operatin g schedul e of 8,40 0 hour s pe r

year an d0.7 , whic h assume s tha t

electrode s ar e energize d7 0 percen t ofth e tota l operatin g time

. Operating parameter value means a minimu mo r

maximu mvalu e establishe dfo

r acontro l devic e o r proces s paramete r

which , i f achieve db y itsel f o r i n combinatio n wit h on e o r mor e othe r

operatin g paramete r

values , determine s tha t

a n owne r

o r operato r ha s complie dwit h a n applicabl e emissio n limitatio n o r

standard

. Packed-bed

scrubber mean s a n ai r poUutio n contro l devic e consistin g o f a singl e o r doubl e packed-be dtha t contain s packin g medi ao n whic h th e chromi c aci ddroplet s impinge

. Th e packed-be dsectio n o

f th e scrubber

i s followe db y amis t

eliminato r

t o remov e an y wate r entraine dfromth e packed

be dsection

. Small hard chromium electroplating facility mean s afacilit

y tha t perform s har dchromiu melectroplatin g an dha s a maximu mcumulativ e potentia l rectifier capacit y les s tha n 6 0 millio n Ah/yr

. Stalagmometer

mean s th e devic e use d t o measur e th e surfac e tensio n o f a solution

. A tensiomete r

ma y als o b e used

. Surface active agent

mean s an y solubl e o r colloida l substanc e that , eve n whe n presen t

i n very lo w concentrations , affect s markedl y th e surfac e tensio n o

f solutions

. Surface tension mean s th e property , du e t o molecular

forces , tha t

exist s i n th e surfac e filmof

al l liquid s an dtend s t o preven t

liqui dfromspreading

. Trivalent chromium mean s th e for m of chromiu mi n avalenc e stat e of+3

. Trivalent chromium process mean s th e proces s use dfo

r electrodepositio n of athi n laye r

of chromiu mont o abas e meta l usin g atrivalen t

chromiu m solutio n instea do

f achromi c aci d solution

. Wetting agent

mean s an y substanc e tha t reduce s th e surfac e tensio n of a liquid

. Workload mean s th e amoun t

o f materia l o r

part s processe di n th e electroplatin g o r

anodizin g tank

at a give n time

. Workpiece mean s th e materia l bein g plated , anodized , o r

otherwis e finished

. §63.34 2 Standards
. (a ) Standards for

hard chromium electroplating tanks. O n an dafte r th e dat e o n whic h th e initia l performanc e tes t i s complete do r

i s require dt o b e complete dunde r

§ 63.7 , whicheve r

dat e i s earlier , n o owne r

o r operato r o f an existin g o r

ne w affecte dsourc e shal l caus e t o b e discharge dint o th e atmospher e fromtha t

affecte dsourc e an y gase s tha t

contai n chromiu m emission s i n exces s of

: (1 ) 0.01 3 milligram s o

f tota l chromiu mpe r

dr y standar dcubi c mete r (mg/dscm ) of

ventilatio n ai r

(5.7xl0

_ «6580 0 Federa l Registe r / Vo L 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule

grain s pe r dry standar dcubi c foo t

[gr / dscf]) ; o r (2) 0.0 3 mg/dsc m(1,3x10- * gr/dsef l i f th e electroplatin g tan k

i s a n existin g sourc e an di s locate da t

asmal l har d chromiu melectroplatin g faciUty

. (b ) Standards for

decorative chromium electroplating tanks using a chromic acid

bath. O n an dafte

r th e compUanc e dat e identifie di n § 63.343 , n o owne r o r operato r o f a n existin g o r ne w affecte dsourc e shal l aUow : (1 ) Th e concentratio n of

chromiu mi n th e exhaus t

ga s strea mdischarge dt o th e atmospher e t o excee d0.00 3 mg/dsc m (1.3x10- 6 gr/dscf

) i f a n ai r poUutio n contro l devic e i s th e sol e mean s of reducing emissions ; o r (2 ) Th asurfac e tensio n o f th e electroplatin g bat h t o excee d4 0 dyne s pe r centimete r

(dynes/cm ) (2.7x10- ' ] ound-forc e pe r

foot (lbf/ft) ) a t

an y time curin g operatio n of

th e tan k if fum e suppressant s ar e use di n th e platin g bath

. (c ) Standard

for decorative chromium electroplating tanks using a trivalent chromium bath. O n an dafter th e compUanc e dat e identifie di n § 63.343 , n o owne r o r operato r of a n existin g o r ne w affecte dsourc e shal l allow : (1 ) Th e concentratio n o f

chromiu mi n th e exhaus t

ga s strea mdischarge dt o th e atmospher e t o excee d0.04 8 mg/dsc m (2.71x1 0 -- gr/dscf

) i f a n ai r poUutio n contro l devic e i s th e sol e mean s of reducin g emissions ; o r (2) Th e surfac e tensio n of th e electroplatin g bat h t o excee d5 5 dynes / c m(3.8x10- 3 lbf/ft

) a t an y tim e durin g operatio n o

f th e tan k i f fume Suppressant s ar e use di n th e platin g bath

. (d) Standards for

chromium anodizing tanks. O n an dafte r th e compUanc e dat e identifie di n §63.343 , n o owne r o r operato r o f a n existin g o r ne w affecte dsourc e shal l aUow : (1 ) Th e concentratio n of

chromiu mi n th e exhaus t

ga s stream-discharge dt o th e atmospher e t o excee d0.00 3 mg/dsc m (1.3xl0 - 6 gr/dscf

) i f a n ai r pollutio n contro l devic e i s th e sol e mean s o f reducing emissions ; o r (2 ) Th e surfac e tensio n ofth e chromiu manodizin g bat h t o excee d4 0 dynes/c m(2.7x10- * lbf/ft ) a t an y time durin g operatio n o f

th e tan k i f fume suppressant s ar e use di n th e platin g bath

. (e) Operation and

maintenance plan. Th e owne r

o r operato r of a n affecte d sourc e tha t

use s a n ai r

poUutio n contro l devic e t o contro l emission s of chromiu mtro mth e electroplatin g o r anodizin g tan k

shal l prepar e astartup , shutdown , malfunctio n pla n i n accordanc e wit h § 63. 6 o f subpar t A

. Th e pla n shal l b e implemente dwithi n 9 0 day s afte r th e effectiv e dat e o f

thi s subpar t an dshal l als o includ e th e followin g provisions : • (1 ) Th e pla n shal l specif y th e operatio n an dmaintenanc e criteri afor th e ai r pollutio n contro l devic e an d shal l includ e astandardize dchecklis t t o documen t th e operatio n an d maintenanc e of

th aequipment ; (2 ) Th e pla n shal l includ e a systemati c procedur e for

identifyin g malfunction s an dfo r

reportin g the m immediatel y t o supervisor y personnel ; an d (3 ) Th e pla n shal l specif

y procedure s t o b e followedt o ensur e tha t equipmen t o r proces s malfunction s du e t o poo r maintenanc e o r

othe r preventabl e condition s d o no t

occur . (f ) Th e provision s o f

paragrap h (e) o

f thi s sectio n d o no t

appl y t o a n owne r

o r operato r wh o complie s wit h thes e standard s b y meetin g th e surfac e tensio n limit s i n paragraphs'(b)(2) , (c}(2) , an d(d)(2 ) o f

thi s section

. § 63.34 3 Complianc e an dperformanc e testing

. (a ) Compliance dates. (1 ) Har d chromiu melectroplatin g tanks

. A n owne r o r operato r of a n existin g sourc e shal l compl y wit h th e standard

- withi n 1 yea r after th e effectiv e dat e o f

th e standards

. A n owne r

o r operato r of a ne w sourc e shal l compl y wit h th e standard s immediatel y upo n startup
. (2 ) Decorativ e chromiu m electroplatin g tanks

. A n owne r o r operato r o f a n existin g sourc e shal l compl y wit h th e standard s withi n 3 month s afte r

th e effectiv e dat e ofth e standards

. A n owne r

o r operato r o f a ne w sourc e shal l compl y wit h th e standard s immediatel y upo n startup
. (3 ) Chromiu manodizin g tanks

. A n owne r o r operato r o f a n existin g sourc e shal l compl y wit h th e standard s withi n 3 month s afte

r th e effectiv e dat e o

f th e standards

. A n owne r

o r operato r of a ne w sourc e shal l compl y wit h th e standard s immediatel y upo n startup
. (b ) Th e followin g procedure s shal l b e use dt o determin e compUanc e wit h th e emissio n limit s unde r

§ 63.34 2 (a) , (b)(1)

. (c)(1)

. an d(d)(1) : (1 ) Th e owne r

o r operato r shal l conduc t a n initia l performanc e tes t a s requiredunde r

§ 63. 7 usin g th e procedure s an dtes t

method s Uste di n § § 63. 7 an d63.344

. Durin g tins performanc e test , th e owne r o r operato r shal l determin e th aoutle t chromiu m concentratio n a s wel l a s th e following : (i ) Fo r source s complyin g wit h § 63.342(a ) throug h th e us e o f a composit e mesh-pa dsyste mo r a packed-be dscrubbe r

system , th e owne r o r operato r shal l establis h a s asite

specifi c operatin g paramete r th e acceptabl e ga s velocit y valu e o r rang e o f ga s velocit y value s usin g th e procedure s i n §63.344

. (ii ) Fo r source s complyin g wit h § 63.342(a ) throug h th e us e of apacked

be dscrubbe r

system * th aowne r

o r operato r shal l estabUs h a s asite-specifi c operatin g paramete r

th e concentratio n of chromiu mi n th e scrubbe r wate r usin g ahydromete r

an dfollowing manufacturer' s instructions

. (iii ) A s a n alternativ e t o th e requirement

i n paragrap h (b)(1)(h ) o f thi s section , th e owne r

o r operato r ma y accep t 4 5 gram s pe r

lite r (g/L) ( 6 ounce s pe r gallo n (oz/gal) ) a s th e valu e of the

. site-specific operatin g paramete r for th e concentratio n o f

chromiu mi n th e scrubber water
. (2) O n an dafte

r th e dat e o n whic h th e initia l performanc e tes t

i s complete do r i s require dt o b e complete dunde r §63.7 , th e owne r

o r operato r of a n affecte dsourc e shall : (i ) Fo r source s complyin g wit h §63.34 2 (a) , (b)(1)

. (cKD

. o r (d)(1 ) throug h th e us e o f

acomposit e mesh

pa do r packed-be dscrubbe r

system , monito r th e ga s velocit y i n accordanc e wit h th e requirement s i n §63.345

. Operatio n ofth e affecte dsourc e a t aga s velocit y outsid e of

th e rang e o f

ga s velocit y estabUshe ddurin g th e initia l performanc e tes t

shal l constitut e noncompUanc e wit h th e standards

. (ii ) Fo r source s complyin g wit h § 63.34 2 (a) , (b)(1) , (c)(1)

. o r (d)(1 ) throug h th e us e of

apacked-be d scrubbe r system , monito r

th e chromiu m concentratio n i n th e scrubbe r wate r i n accordanc e wit h th e requirements i n § 63.345

. Operatio n ofth e affecte d sourc e a t ascrubbe r

wate r chromiu m concentratio n i n exces s o f eithe r 4 5 g / L ( 6 oz./gal ) o r

th e valu e estabUshe d durin g th e initia l performanc e test sha U constitut e noncompUanc e wit h th e standards

. (c ) Th e followin g procedure s shal l b e use dt o determin e compUanc e wit h th e surfac e tensio n limit s unde r § 63.34 2 (b)(2)

. (c)(2)

. an d(d)(2) ; (1 ) Th e owne r

o r operato r shal l measur e th e surfac e tensio n of th e electroplatin g o r

anodizin g bat h usin g th e tes t method s identifie di n § 63.344

. (2) O n an dafter

th e compUanc e dat e identifie di n § 63.343(a) , th e owne r o r operato r of a n affecte dsourc e shal l monito r th e surfac e tensio n i n * accordanc e wit h th e requirement s i n Metho d306B i n appendi x A t o thi s part
. Operatio n o

f th e affecte dsourc e a t

a surfac e tension i n exces s o f thos e require db y § 63.34 2 (b)(2) , (c)(2) , an d (d)(2 ) shal l constitut e noncompUanc e wit h th e standards

. (3 ) A s a n alternativ e t o meetin g th e surfac e tensio n limit s identifie di n

### P.3 6

Federa l Registe r

/ Vol

. 58

. No

. 24 0 / Thursday , Decembe r 16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s 6580 1 § 63.34 2 (b)(2)

. (c)(2)

. an d(d)(2)

. th e owne r o r operato r o f a n affecte dsourc e may : (l ) Conduc t

aperformanc e tes t

usin g th e procedure s an dtes t method s liste d i n § 63. 7 an d§63.344

. Durin g thi s performanc e test , th e owne r o r operato r shal l determin e th e outle t chromiu m concentratio n an dshal l estabhs h a s a site-specifi c operatin g paramete r th e surfac e tensio n o f

th e electroplatin g o r anodizin g bat h tha t

correspond s t o complianc e wit h th e emissio n limit s unde r § 63.34 2 (b)(1)

. (c)(1)

. o r (d)(1) ; an d (ii ) O n an dafte r

th e dat e o n whic h th e initia l performanc e tes t i s complete do r i s require dt o b e complete dunde r § 63.7 , th e owne r

o r operato r o f a n affecte dsourc e shal l monito r th e surfac e tensio n i n accordanc e wit h th e requirement s i n Metho d306 B i n appendi x A o f

thi s part
. Operatio n o f th e affecte dsourc e a t

asurfac e tensio n i n exces s ofth e valu e establishe ddurin g th e initia l performanc e tes t shal l constitut e noncomplianc e wit h th e standards

. (d ) A n owne r

o r operato r wh o use s a n ai r pollutio n contro l devic e no t liste di n § 63.34 3 shal l submi t

adescriptio n o f th e device , tes t

dat averifyin g th e performanc e o f

th e devic e fo r

reducin g chromiu memission s t o th e atmosphere , acop y ofth e operatio n an d maintenanc e pla n reference di n § 63.342(e) , an dappropriat e operatin g parameter s tha t

wil l b e monitore dt o establis h complianc e wit h th a standards , subjec t

t o th e Administrator' s approval

. § 63.34 4 Tea t

mathod s an dprocedura l (a ) Eac h owne r

o r operato r subjec t t o th e provision s o f

thi s subpar t concernin g th e us e o f

ai r pollutio n contro l device s t o contro l chromiu m emission s shal l us e th e tes t method s identifie di n thi s sectio n t o demonstrat e complianc e wit h th e standard s i n §63.342

. (b ) Metho d30 6 o r

Metho d306A

. "Determinatio n o f

Chromiu mEmission s fro mDecorativ e an dHar dChromiu m Electroplatin g an dAnodirin g Operations " shal l b e use dt o determin e th e concentratio n o f

tota l chromiu mi n emission s fromhar do r decorativ e chromiu melectroplatin g tank s o r chromiu manodizin g tanks

. Th e samplin g tim e an dsampl e volum e fo r eac h ru n o f

Metho d30 6 shal l b e a t leas t 6 0 minute s an d0.8 5 dsc m(3 0 dscf)

. respectively. Th e samplin g tim e an d sampl e volum e fo r

eac h ru n o f

Metho d 306 A shal l b e 12 0 minute s an d1.7 0 dsc m(6 0 dscf)

. respectively

. (c ) Metho d306B

. '•Surfac e Tensio n Measuremen t

an dRecordkeepin g fo r Tank s use da t Decorativ e Chromiu m Electroplatin g an dAnodizin g Facilities, " shal l b e use dt o measur e th e surfac e tensio n o f

electroplatin g an d anodizin g baths

. §63.34 5 Monitorin g requirement*

. (a ) Durin g th e initia l performanc e tes t require db y § 63. 7 an d§ 63.343

. th e owne r o r operato r o f atan k tha t use s a n ai r pollutio n contro l devic e shal l establis h th e rang e of

th e pressur e dro p acros s th e ai r

pollutio n contro l devic e a s asite-specifi c operatin g paramete r accordin g t o th e procedure s i n paragraph s (a)(1 ) throug h (a)(3 ) o f thi s section

. (1 ) Locat e avelocit y travers e por t i n asectio n o f

straigh t duc t tha t connect s th e hoodin g o n th e platin g tan k wit h th e contro l device

. Th e por t shal l b e locate d a s clos e t o th e platin g tan k a s possible , an dshal l b e place daminimu mo f 2 duc t diameter s downstrea man d0. 5 diamete r upstrea mo f

an y flo w disturbanc e suc h a s abend , expansion , o r contractio n (se e Metho d1

. 4 0 CF R par t 60 , appendi x A)

. I f

2. 5 diameter s o f straigh t duc t wor k doe s no t

exist , locat e th e por t 0. 8 o f th e duc t diamete r downstrea man d0. 2 ofth e duc t diamete r upstrea mfro man y flo w disturbance

. I f

th e contro l devic e serve s multipl e tanks , locat e apor t o n th e straigh t duc t wor k ofeac h tank

. (2 ) A 12-poin t

velocit y travers e o f

th e duc t leadin g fro meac h tan k shal l b e conducte dalon g asingl e axi s accordin g t o Metho d2 (4 0 CF Rpar t 60

. appendi x A ) usin g a n S-typ e pito t tube ; measuremen t

o f th e barometri c pressur e an dduc t temperatur e a t

eac h travers e poin t i s no t required , bu t

i s suggested

. Mar k th e S-typ e pito t

tub e a s specifie d i n Metho d1(4 0 CF Rpar t 60

. appendi x A ) wit h 1 2 points

. Measur e th e Ap value s for

th e velocit y point s an d record

. Stac k

temperatur e shoul db e 70 ° Fplu s o r minu s 5 ° Fa t

th e tim e tha t

th e measurement s ar e made

. Determin e th e squar e roo t

value s ofth e individua l velocit y point s an daverage . Th e po i wit h th e squar e roo t

valu e tha t

come s closes t t o th e averag e squar e roo t valu e i s th e poin t

o f averag e velocity

. Th e rang e o f A p value s measure dfo r thi s poin t durin g th e performanc e tes t wil l b e use da s th e referenc e fo r futur e monitoring

. (3 ) I f on e contro l devic e serve s severa l platin g tanks , areferenc e rang e fo r th e Ap mus t b e establishe ddurin g th e performanc e tes t

for th e duc t wor k from eac h tank

. I f

flo w throug h th e duct s o f on e o r mor e tank s i s shu t

of f durin g certai n proces s operations , aseparat e reference rang e for

th e Ap mus t

b e estabUshe dfor

thos e duct s tha t

ar e lef t operating

. Referenc e A p value s mus t

b e establishe ddurin g di e performanc e tes t for al l combination s o f

tan k operatio n an dduc t flows tha t

ca n occur . (b ) Th e owne r

o r operato r o f atan k wit h aconventiona l packed-be d scrubbe r shal l adher e to , a t

aminimum , th e followin g maintenanc e practice s i n accordanc e wit h th e operatio n an d maintenanc e pla n require db y § 63.342(e) : (1 ) A t leas t onc e eac h mo s ill y inspec t th e devic e t o ensur e ther e i s prope r drainage , n o chromic : buildu p o n th e packe dbed

. ant i evidenc e o f

chemica l attac k

o n th e structura l integrit y ofth e device ; (2 ) At leas t onc e eac h day

. I inspec t th e bac k

portio n o f

th e chav n blad e mis t

eliminato r

t • t

i s dr y an dther e i s n o breakthroug h of < aci dmist ; (3 ) Whe n makeu p addition s occur , ensur e tha t

al l mak < an dsupplie dt o th e uni t a t th e to p o i packe dbed ; (4 ) A t leas t onc e eac h d

i th e ga s velocit y prio r

t o th e I device

. Th e ga s velocit y shal l b e determine da t

th e poin t

of averag e velocit y identifie ddurin g 1 1 performanc e tes t

i n accordanc e wit h paragrap h (a ) o f

thi s section

. Periodicall y determin e tha t 1 opening s o f

th e pito t

tub e ar e clear ; clea n chromi c aci dfromth e pitot , whe n necessary . (5 ) A t leas t onc e eac h day

. d

i th e concentratio n o f

c i scrubbe r wate r b y usin g ahy< : an d (6 ) A t leas t onc e eac h day , deter ; th e pressur e dro p acros s th e packe d bed(s)

. I f th e pressur e dro p exceed s I valu e establishe di n accordanc e r paragrap h (a ) o f

thi s se c b e documente dan doperatio n B maintenanc e procedure s ar e t o b e reviewed

. An y correctiv e actio n tha ' take n mus t

als o b e documente d (c ) Th e owne r

o r operato r o f atan k wit h acomposit e mesh-pa dsyste mshal l adher e to , a t

aminimum , th e followin g maintenanc e p rai l ice s i n accor d wit h th e operatio n an dtna i pla n require db y § 63.342(d) : (1 ) A t leas t onc e eac h month , visuall y inspec t th e devic e t o ensur e ther e i s prope r drainage , n o chromi c buildu p o n th e packe dbed

. an dn o evidenc e o f

chemica l attac k

o n \ structura l integrit y ofth e dt > (2 ) A t leas t onc e eac h day , visuall y inspec t th e bac k

portio n ofth e mes h pa dcloses t

t o th e fa n t o ensur e ther e i s n o breakthroug h o f

chromi c aci dmist ; (3 ) Whe n makeu p addition s o n ensur e tha t

al l makeu p wate r

i s fres h an dsupplie dt o th e uni t a t th e to p o f

th e packe dbed ;6580 2 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , Decembe r

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s (4 ) A t leas t onc e eac h day , shu t

th e fa n an dth e platin g tan k

of f an dwas h dow n th e composit e mes h pad s fo r a t leas t 1 0 minutes ; (5 ) A t leas t onc e eac h day , determin e th e ga s velocit y prio r

t o th e contro l device s i n accordanc e wit h th e requirement s o

f paragrap h (b)(4 ) of

thi s section

. (6 ) I f apacked-be dscrubbe r

i s use di n conjunctio n wit h th e composit e mesh

pa dsystem , a t

leas t onc e eac h day , determin e th e concentratio n o f chromi c aci di n th e scrubbe r

wate r b y usin g a hydrometer ; an d (7 ) A t leas t onc e eac h day , determin e th e pressur e dro p acros s th e device

. I f th e pressur e dro p exceed s th e valu e establishe di n accordanc e wit h paragrap h (a

) of thi s section , th e exceedanc e shal l b e documente dan d' th e operatio n an dmaintenanc e procedure s shal l b e reviewed

. An y correctiv e actio n tha t

i s take n mus t

als o b e documented

. (d) Eac h owne r

o r operato r o f atan k tha t use s awettin g agen t

o r a combinatio n wettin g agen t an dfoa m blanke t shal l monito r

th e bat h t o maintai n th e surfac e tensio n value s establishe di n § 63.342(b)(2) , (c) , an d (d)(2)

. Th e surfac e tensio n shal l b e measure devery 4 hour s durin g operatio n o

f th e tan k wit h a stalagmomete r

o r atensiomete r

a s specifie di n Metho d306B , appendi x A o f thi s part
. (e ) Eac h owne r

o r operato r o f atan k tha t use s afoa

mblanke t

t o compl y wit h th e requirement s o

f § 63.342(a) , (b)(1) , o r (d)(1 ) shal l maintai n afoa mthicknes s greate r tha n o r equa l t o th e leve l establishe ddurin g th e performanc e tes t o r 2.5 4 c m( 1 inch ) (whicheve r i s greater ) at al l times. Th e foa

mthicknes s shal l b e measure donc e eac h hour

. §63.34 6 Recordkeepin g requirements
. (a ) Th e owne r

o r operato r o f eac h electroplatin g tan k

tha t use s a n add-o n ai r pollutio n contro l devic e t o mee t th e emissio n limi t

shal l maintai n record s of dail y an dmonthl y inspections , dail y ga s velocity readings , dail y scrubber wate r chromiu mconcentration s (if applicable) , dail y washdowns , dail y pressur e dro p readings , an dan y emissio n test s a t

th e facility fo

r a minimu mo

f 5 years . (1 ) Eac h inspectio n recor dshal l identif y th e devic e inspecte dan d includ e th e following : Th e dat e an d approximat e time of

inspection , abrie f descriptio n ofth e workin g conditio n o f th e devic e durin g th e inspection , th e ga s velocity , th e scrubber

wate r chromiu m concentratio n (if

applicable) , th e pressur e drop , an dan y action s take n t o correc t deficiencie s foun ddurin g th e inspection

. (2) Eac h recor dof

washdow n shal l identif y th e devic e an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, an dduratio n ofth e washdown

. (b ) Th e owne r

o r operato r o f eac h electroplatin g tan k

tha t use s achromi c aci dsolutio n an dtha t

use s afume suppressan t

t o compl y wit h th e standar dshal l maintai n th e followin g record s a t th e faciUt

y fo r a t leas t 5 years : (1 ) Th e amoun t

o f fume suppressant s purchase d(invoices)

. (2 ) Measurement s of

th e surfac e ' tensio n ofth e bath

. (3 ) Th e frequenc y of

maintenanc e additions

. (4) Th e amoun t

o f materia l adde d durin g eac h maintenanc e addition

. (5 ) I f foa mblanket s ar e used , measurement s of

foa mblanke t thickness

. (6 ) An y emissio n test s t o assur e complianc e wit h th e standard

. (c ) Eac h recor do

f afoa mblanke t thicknes s measuremen t

shal l identif

y th e electroplatin g tan k

an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, measure d thickness , an dwhethe r

an y addition s wer e mad e t o th e bath

. I

f a n additio n wa s made , th e amoun t

of materia l adde d woul dals o b e recorded

. (d) Eac h recor do

f asurfac e tensio n measuremen t

shal l identif

y th e electroplatin g tan k

an dinclud e th e date , approximat e time, measure dsurfac e tension , an dwhethe r

an y addition s wer e mad e t o th e bath

. (e) Th e owne r

o r operato r o f eac h electroplatin g tan k

tha t use s atrivalen t chromiu msolutio n shal l maintai n th e followin g record s a t

th e facility fo

r a t leas t 5 years : (1 ) Measurement s ofth e surfac e tensio n ofth e bath ; (2) Th e amoun t

o f bat h additiv e containin g wettin g agent s purchase d (invoices) ; an d (3 ) An y emissio n test s t o assur e complianc e wit h th e standard

. (f ) Th e owne r

o r operato r o f eac h electroplatin g tan k

tha t use s achromi c aci dsolutio n an dtha t

operate s an ai r pollutio n contro l devic e i s no t require d t o maintai n th e record s require db y paragrap h (a

) of thi s sectio n i f

th e owne r o r operato r i s complyin g wit h § 63.342(b)(2) , (c)(2) , o r

(d)(2)

. I f th e owne r o r operato r i s complyin g wit h § 63.342(b)(2) , (c)(2) , o r

(d)(2)

. th e recordkeepin g requirement s of paragraph s (b) , (c) , an d(d) o f thi s sectio n apply

. §63.34 7 Reportin g requirements
. (a ) Th e owne r

o r operato r of eac h affecte dsourc e subjec t

t o thes e standard s shal l fulfil l al l reportin g requirement s outline di n th e Genera l Provision s t o 4 0 CF

Rpar t 63 , subpar t

A , § § 63. 7 throug h 63.10

. Thes e report s shal l b e mad e t o th e Administrato r o r delegate dStat e authority

. (b ) Th e owne r

o r operato r ofeac h existin g har dchromiu melectroplatin g tan k shal l includ e th e maximu m cumulativ e potentia l rectifie r capacit y of th e faciUt

y i n whic h th e tan k

i s locate di n th e initia l notificatio n repor t require db y § 63.9(h)

. (c ) Th e owne r

o r operato r of eac h affecte dsourc e subjec t

t o thes e standard s shal l includ e th e monitore d operatin g paramete r

valu e readin g require db y § 63.34 3 i n th e quarterl y exces s emission s an dcontinuou s monitorin g syste mperformanc e repor t an dsummar y repor t

require db y § 63.10(e)

. I n th e cas e of

exceedances , th e repor t mus t als o contai n a descriptio n an dtiming o

f th e step s take n t o addres s th e caus e ofth e exceedance

. 3

. B y addin g method s 306 , 306A , an d 306 B i n numerica l orde r

t o rea da s follows

. Appendi x A t o Par t

63—Tes t Method s Metho d306—Determinatio

n o f Chromiu m Emission s Fro

mDecorative andHar

d Chromiu mElectroplating andAnodizing Operation s 1. Applicability and

Principle 1. 1 Applicability

. Thi s metho dapplie s t o the determination o

f chromiu m(Cr ) in emission s fro

mdecorative an

dhar dchrom e electroplating facilitie s an

danodizing operations

. 1. 2 Principle

. Emission s ar

e collected fromthe sourc e b

y usin g aMetho

d5 sampling trai n (4

0 CF Rpar t 60 , Appendi

x A) , wit h the filter

omittedan daglas s nozzl

e and prob e liner

. Th

e chromiu memission s ar

e collectedin a

n alkaline solution : 0. 1 N sodiu mhydroxid

e (NaOH ) o r 0. 1 N sodiu

m bicarbonat e (NaHCOa)

. Th

e collectedsample s remai n in the alkaline solution unti l analysis

. Th e chromiu msampl e i s analyzedusing inductivel y coupledplasm

aemission spectrometr

y (ICP ) a t 267.7 2 nm . Alternatively , i

f improve ddetection limit s ar e required , aportio n o

f the alkaline impinge r solution i s digestedwit

h nitri c acid an danalyzedb

y graphit e furnace atomic absorption spectroscop

y (GFAAS ) a t 357. 9 nm . 2. Range, Sensitivity, Precision, and Interferences 2. 1 Range

. A linea

r respons e curve fo

r IC P ca n be obtainedin th e rang e 1 0 n g Cr / lite r t o a t leas t 50 0 |_ g Cr/liter

. A linea

r respons e curve fo

r GFAA S ca n b e obtained in the range 5 n

g Cr/lite r to 15 0 n g Cr/liter

. Th e uppe r limit o f bot h technique s ca

n be extendedb y appropriat

e dilution

. 2. 2 Sensitivity

. Minimu

mdetection limit s o f 7 n g Cr/lite r fo r IC P an d1 n g Cr/lite r fo r GFAA S hav e bee n observed

.P.3 8



### Ksgiste r / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s 2. 3 Precision

. T o b e determined

. 2. 4 GFAA S Inter&renoBS

. Lo w concentration s o

f calciu mand/o r

phosphat e ma y caus e interferences ; a t concentration s abov e 20 0 ng/L , calcium' o effect i s constan t an deliminate s th e effect

o f phosphate

. Calciu mnitrat e io therefor e adde dt o ensur e aknow n conatan t

effec t Othe r matri x modifier s recommendedb y __ > instrumen t manufacture r

ma y als o b e suitable

. Nitroge n shoul dno t

b s use da s th s purg e ga s du e t o cyanid e ban dinterference

. Backgroun d correctio n ma y b e require dbecaus e of possibl e significan t

level s of nonspecifi c absorptio n an dscatterin g a t fh e 357. 9 n m analytica l wavelength

. Zeema n o r Smitii

Hieftj

- backgroun dcorrectio n i s recommende dt o correc t

for interference s du e t o hig h level s of

dissolve dsolid s i n th e alkalin e impinge r

solutions

. 2. 5 Ity Interferences

. 2.5. 1 Spectra l Interferences

. Spectra l interference s are cause dby : (1 ) Overla p of a spectra l lin e fromanothe r element ; (2

j unresolve doverla p o f

molecular

ban d spectra ; (3 ) backgroun dcontributio n from continuou s c r

recombinatio n phenomena ; an d(4 ) stra y ligh t

fromth e lin e emissio n o f high-concentratio n elements

. Spectra l overlap may b e compensate dfor b y compute r correctin g li e ra w dat aafter monitorin g an d measurin g th e interferin g element

. At-th e 267.7 2 n mC r

analytica l wavelength , iron , manganes e an duraniu mar e potentia l interferin g elements

. Backgroun dan dstray ligh t interference s ca n usuall y b e compensate dfo

r b y abackgroun dcorrectio n adjacen t t o th e analytica l line

. Unresolve d overlap require s th e selectio n o f a n alternativ e chromiu mwavelength

. Consul t th e instrumen t

manufacturer' s operatio n manua l fo r interferenc e correctio n procedures

. 2.5. 2 Physica l Interferences

. Hig h level s o f dissolve dsolid s i n th e sample s may caus e significan t

inaccuracie s du e t o sal t

buildu p a t th e nebulize r

an dtorc h tips

. Thi s proble m ca n b e controlle db y dilutin g th e sampl e o r providin g fo

r extende drins e time s betwee n sampl e analyses

. Standard s ar e prepare di n th e sam e matri x a s th e sample s (i.e. , 0. 1 N NaOH)

. 2.5. 3 Chemica l Interferences

. Thes e includ e molecula r

compoun dformation, ionizatio n effect s an dsolut e vaporizatio n effects , an dar e usuall y not significan t

i n ICP , especiall y i

f th e standard s an dsample s ar e matri x matched

. 3. Apparatus 3. 1 Samplin g Train

. Sam e a s Metho d5 , Sectio n 2.1 , bu t

omi t filter , an dus e quart z o r glas s fo r prob e an dline r

i n plac e of

stainles s steel

. Us e 0. 1 N NaO H o r

0. 1 N NaHC0 3 i n th e impinger s i n plac e o f

water
. 3. 2 Sampl e Recovery

. Sam e a s Metho d5 , Sectio n 2.2 , bu t

us e 0. 1 NNaO H o r

0. 1 N NaHCO j i n plac e o

f acetone
. Rins e prob e nozzle , prob e liner , impinger s an d connectin g glasswar e int o asingl e sampl e container

. 3. 3 Analysis

. Fo r

analysis , th e followin g equipmen t

i s needed

. 3.3. 1 Genera l 3.3.1. 1 Phillip s Beakers

. 3.3.1. 2 HotPlate

. 3.3.1. 3 Volumetri c Flasks

. Clas s A10 0 m l an dothe r appropriat e volumes

. 3.3.1 A Assorte dPipettes

. 3.3. 2 Analysi s b y GFAAS

. 3.3.2. 1 Chromiu mHollo w Cathod e Lam p o r Electrodeles s Discharg e Lamp

. 3.3.2. 2 Graphit e Furncc e Atomi c Absorptio n Spectrophotometer

. 3.3. 3 Analysi s b y ICP

. > 3.3.3. 1 IC P Spectrometer

. Computer

controlle demissio n spectromete r wit h backgroun dcorrectio n an dradi o frequency generator
. 3.3.3. 2 Argo n Ga s Supply

. Weldin g grad e o r better

. 4. Reagents Unles s otherwis e indicated , al l reagent s shal l confor

mt o th e specification s establishe db y th e Ccmmitte e o n Analytica l Reagent s ofth e American Chemica l Society (AC S reagen t

grade)

. Wher e suc h specification s ar e not

available , us e th e bes t availabl e grade

. 4. 1 Sampling

. 4.1. 1 Water

. Deionized , distilled , tha t conform s t o AST

M Typ e D wate r

for analysis

. 4.1. 2 Sodiu mHydroxid e (NaOH ) Absorbin g Reagent , 0. 1 N o r Sodiu m Bicarbonat e (NaHCOs ) Absorbin g Reagent , 0. 1 N

. Dissolv e 4. 0 g mo f

sodiu mhydroxid e i n 1 L o f water , o r dissolv e 8. 5 g mof

sodiu m bicarbonat e i n 1 L o

f water
. 4. 2 Sampl e Recovery

. 4.2. 1 0. 1 N NaO H o r

0. 1 N NaHCOj

. Se e Sectio n 4.1.2

. Us e th e sam e reagen t fo r recovery tha t

was use di n di e impingers

. 4. 3 Sampl e Preparatio n an dAnalysis

. 4.3. 1 Concentrate dNitri c Aci d(HNOj)

. Trac e metal s o r

bette r grad e HNO 3 mus t

b e use dfor reagen t preparation ; AC S reagen t grad e HNO 3 i s acceptabl e for cleanin g glassware

. 4.3. 2 Matri x Modifier

. Se e instrumen t manufacturer' s manua l for suggeste dmatri x modifier

. 4.3. 3 Tota l Chromiu mStandar dStoc k Solutio n (1OC

0 mg/L)

. Procur e acertifie d aqueou s standar do r

dissolv e 2.82 9 g of potassiu mdichromat e (KjCrjO?) i n wate r an d dilut e t o 1 L

. 4.3. 4 Tota l Chromiu mStandard s for GFAAS

. Chromiu msolution s for GFAA S calibratio n shal l b e prepare dt o contai n 1.0% (v/v ) HNO3

. Th e aer o standar dshal l b e 1.0 % (v/v ) HNO3

. 4.3. 5 Calibratio n Standards

. Prepar e b y dilutin g th e chromiu mstoc k solutio n (6.2.5 ) i n 0. 1 N NaO H a t

th e following suggeste d levels : 2 m l o

f th e stoc k solutio n i n 100 0 ml , 25 0 ml , an d5 0 m l t o provid e 2 , 8 an d4 0 ng Cr*B/ml , respectively

. 4.3. 6 Calciu mNitrat e CafNOj h Solutio n (1 0 n g Ca/ml)

. Prepar e th e solutio n b y weighin g 3 6 m g of

CatNOa h int o 0 1-lite

r volumetri c flask

. Dilut e wid i wate r t o 1 liter

. 5

. Procedure 5. 1 Sampling

. Sam e a s Metho d5 , Sectio n 4.1 , excep t

omi t th e filter an dfilter holde r fromdi e samplin g train

. Us e glas s nozzl e an d prob e liner

. Clea n al l glasswar e i n ho t soap y wate r designe dfor

laboratory cleanin g o f glassware

. Follo w th e cleanin g wit h a deionize dwate r

rinse

. Plac e 10 0 m l o

f 0. 1 N NaO H o r 0. 1 NaHCO

j i n eac h of

th e first tw o impingers

. 5. 2 Sampl e Recovery

. Follo w th o basi c procedure s of

Metho d5 , Ssctio n 4.2

. wit h th e exception s note dbelow ; afilter i s no t recovere dfromthi s train

. 5.2. 1 Containe r

N a1

. Measur e th e volum e of th aliqui di n
__

> first, second , an d thir dimpinger s an dquantitativel y transfe r int o alabelle dsampl e container

. Us e 20 0 m l of 0. 1 N NaO H o

x 0. 1 N NaHCO

j t o rins e th o nozzle , prob aliner , thre aimpiagara , an d connectin g glassware ; ad dthi s was h t o di e sam e container

. 5.2. 2 Containe r

No

. 2 (Reagent

Blank)

. Plac e 40 0 m l o

f 0. 1 N NaO H o r

0. 1 N NaHCO

j i n alabele dsampl e container

. 5.2. 3 Sampl e Preservation

. Refrigerat e sample s upo n receip t

(Container s Nos

. 1 an d 2)

. 5. 3 Sampl e Preparatio n an dAnalysis

. For GFAA S measurement , an aci ddigastio n of th e alkalin e impinge r

solutio n i s required

. Tw o type s o

f blank s ar e require dfo

r th o analysis

. Th e calibratio n blan k i s use di n establishin g th e analytica l curve , an dth e reagen t blan k i s use dt o correc t

for possibl e contaminatio n resultin g fromth asampl e processing

. Th e 0. 1 N NaO H solutio n o r th o O. S N NaKCQ 3 from4.1. 2 i s use da s th o calibratio n blan k

Th e reag3n t

blan k mus t contai n al l th e reagent s an db e i n th o sam a volum e a s use di n th e processin g of th o samples

. Th e reagen t

blan k mus t b acarrie d throug h th e complet e procedur e on dcontai n th e sam e aci dconcentratio n i n th e final solutio n a s th e sampl asolution s analyzed

. 5.3. 1 Aci dDigastio n fo

r GFAAS

. In a beaker , ad d1 0 m l of

concentrate dnitri c ad d t o th e sampl e aliquo t

o f 30 0 m l take n fo

r analysis

. Cover

th e beake r

wit h 0 watc h glass

. Plac e th e beaker'o n ahot

plat e an dreflu x th e sampl e dow n t o near

dryness

. Ad danothe r 5 m l o f concentrate dHNO

j t o complet e th e digestion

. Carefull y reflu x th e sampl e volum e dow n t o near

dryness

. Was h dow n th abeake r wall s an dwatc h glas s wit h distille dwater
. Adjus t th e final volum e t o 5 0 m l o r a predetermine dvolum e base do n th e expecte d Cr concentration

. Th e final concentratio n o f HNO j i n th e solutio n shoul db e 1 % (v/v)

. Transfer th e digeste dsampl e t o a5 0 m l volumetri c flask. Ad d0. 5 m l o f concentrate d HNOj , 1 m l ofth e 1 0 ng/m l o f Ca(N0 3 h

Dilut e t o 5 0 m l wit h water
. 5.3. 2 Sample.Analysi s b y GFAAS

. Th e 357.9-n mwavelength lin e shal l b e used

. Follo w th e manufacturer' s operatin g instruction s for

al l othe r spectrophotomete r parameters
. 5.3.2. 1 Furnac e parameter s suggeste db y th e manufacture r

shoul db e employe da s guidelines

. Sinc e temperature-sensin g mechanism s an dtemperatur e controller s can vary betwee n instrument s and/o r wit h time , th e validit y o f

th e furnac e parameter s mus t b e periodicall y confirme db y systematicall y alterin g th e furnac e parameter s whil e analyzin g astandard

. I n thi s manner , losse s o f analyt e du e t o higher-than-necessar y temperatur e setting s o r

losse s i n sensitivit y du e t o les s tha n optimu msetting s can b e minimized

. Similar

verificatio n of

furnac e parameter s ma y b arequire dfo r comple x sampl e matrices

. 5.3.2. 2 Injec t

ameasure daliquo t

o f digeste dsampl e int o th e furnac e on d atomize

. I f th e concentratio n foundexceed s

### 6580 4 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s th e calibratio n range , di e sampl e shoul db e dilute dwit h th e sam e aci dmatri x an d reanalyzed

. Consul t

fh e operator' s manua l fo

r -suggeste dinjectio n volumes

. Th e us e o f multipl e injection s ca n improv e accurac y an dhel p detec t

furnac e pipettin g errors . 5.3.2. 3 Subtrac t

asampl e blan k

readin g fromasampl e readin g t o obtai n ane t reading

. (Note tha t

th e sampl e blan k

i s th e "reagen t blank." ) Emplo y aminimu mo f on e matrix-matche dsampl e blan k pe r sampl e batch t o determin e i

f contaminatio n o r

an y memory effect s ar e occurring

. 5.3.2. 4 Calculat e th e chromiu m concentration s (1 ) b y th e metho do f standar d addition s (se e operator' s manual ) o r (2 ) from di e calibratio n curve , o r

(3 ) directl y fromth e instrument' s concentratio n readout

. Al l dilutio n o r

concentratio n factor s mus t b e take n int o account
. 5.3.2. 5 Dilut e sample s wit h reagen t blan k solutio n i f the y ar e mor e concentrate dtha n di e highes t

standard

. Note tha t

th e equatio n i n sectio n 8. 1 contain s adilutio n factor t o accoun t fo r an y dilution

. 5.3. 3 Sampl e Analysi s b y ICP

. Th e ICP measuremen t

i s performe ddirecti y o n th e alkalin e impinge r

reagent ; aci ddigestio n i s not necessar y provide dth e sample s an d standard s ar e matri x matched

. However , IC P ma y onl y b e use dwhe n th e solutio n analyze dha s aCr

concentratio n greate r

tha n 5 0 ng/ 1 (0.0 5 ng/ml)

. 5.3.3. 1 Se t

u p th e instrumen t

wit h prope r operatin g parameter s includin g wavelength , backgroun dcorrectio n setting s (i f necessary) , interferin g elemen t

correctio n setting s (i

f necessary)

. Th e instrumen t mus t b e allowe d t o becom e thermall y stabl e befor e beginnin g performanc e of

measurement s (usuall y requirin g a

t leas t 3 0 mi n o f operatio n prio r t o calibration). Durin g thi s wannu p period , th e optica l calibratio n an dtorc h positio n optimizatio n may b e performe d(consul t th e operator' s manual)

. 5.3.3.2 , Befor

e beginnin g th e sampl e run , analyz e th e highes t

calibratio n standar da s i

f i t wer e asample

. Concentratio n value s obtaine dshoul dno t

deviat e fro mth e actua l value s b y mor e tha n 5 % (o r th e establishe d contro l limits , whicheve r i s lower)

. I

f the y do , follo w th e recommendation s ofth e instrumen t

manufacture r

t o correc t

fo r thi s condition

. 5.3.3. 3 Flus h th e syste m wit h th e calibratio n blan k

solutio n fo

r a t leas t 1 mi n before th e analysi s o

f eac h sample

. Analyz e th e calibratio n standar dblan k after eac h 1 0 samples

. Us e th e averag e intensit y of multipl e exposure s fo

r bot h standardizatio n an dsampl e analysi s tp reduce rando merror . 5.3.3. 4 Dilut e an dreanalyze sample s tha t ar e more concentrate dtha n tiie linear calibratio n limi t

o r us e a n alternate , les s sensitiv e Cr

wavelength fo

r whic h qualit y contro l dat aar e alread y established

. 5.3.3. 5 I f dilution s wer e performed , th e appropriat e factor s mus t

b e applie dt o sampl e values

. Al l result s shoul db e reporte d i n ng/m l wit h u p t o thre e significan t figures. 6. Calibration 6. 1 Samplin g Trai n Calibration

. Periora l al l o f th e calibration s describe di n Metho d5 , Sectio n 5

. 6. 2 GFAA S Calibration

. Either : (1 ) Ru n a serie s of chromiu mstandard s an da calibratio n blan k an dconstruc t

acalibratio n curv e b y plottin g th e concentration s o f tiie standard s agains t

th e absorbencies ; o r

(2) usin g th e metho do

f standar dadditions , plo t adde dconcentratio n versu s absorbance

. Fo r instrument s tha t

rea ddirecti y i n concentration , se t

th e curv e correcto r

t o rea d ou t th e prope r

concentration , i

f applicable

. Thi s i s customaril y performe dautomaticall y wit h mos t instrumen t

compute r

base ddat a systems
. Calibratio n standard s fo r tota l chromiu mshoul dstart

wit h 1 % v/ v HNO

j wit h n o chromiu mfo

r th e zer o standar dan d appropriat e increase s i n tota l chromiu m concentratio n i n othe r

calibratio n standards

. Prepar e a t leas t thre e (3 ) standard s (no t includin g th e zero)

. Th e standard s shoul db e dilute dwit h 0. 1 N NaO H an dcarrie dthroug h th e sampl e preparatio n procedur e t o ensur e tha t matri x matchin g i s accomplishe dan dt o avoi dth e nee dfo

r th e metho dof

standar d additions

. Calibratio n standard s shoul db e prepare dfresh daily

. 6. 3 ICP Calibration

. Calibrat e th e instrumen t

accordin g t o th e instrumen t manufacturer' s recommende dprocedures , usin g acalibratio n blan k

an dthre e (3 ) standard s fo

r th e initia l calibration

. B e sur e tha t sample s an dstandar dcalibratio n matrice s are matri x matched

. Flus h th e syste mwit h th e calibratio n blan k betwee n eac h standard

. (Us e th e averag e intensit y o f multipl e exposure s fo

r bot h standardizatio n an dsampl e analysi s t o reduc e rando merror. ) 7

. Quality Control 7.1. 1 GFAA S Qualit y Control

. Ru n a chec k standar dafte

r approximatel y every 1 0 sampl e injections

. Thes e standard s are run , i n part , t o monito r

th e lif e an dperformanc e ofth e graphit e tube

. Lac

k of reproducibilit y o r asignifican t

chang e i n th e signa l fo

r th e chec k standar dindicate s tha t

th e graphit e tub e shoul db e replaced

. 7.1. 2 Duplicat e Samples

. Ru n on e duplicat e sampl e fo

r ever y 2 0 samples , (o

r on e pe r sourc e test , whicheve r

i s mor e frequent) providin g ther e i s enoug h sampl e for duplicat e analysis

. Duplicat e sample s ar e brough t throug h th e whol e sampl e preparatio n separately

. 7.1. 3 Matri x Spiking

. Spike dsample s shal l b e prepare dan danalyze ddail y t o ensur e tha t

correc t procedure s ar e bein g followe dan dtha t

al l equipmen t

i s operatin g properly

. Spike dsampl e recovery analyse s shoul dindicat e arecovery fo r th e C r spik e o f betwee n 7 5 an d125%

. Spike s are adde d prio r t o an y sampl e preparation

. Cr level s i n th e spike dsampl e shoul dprovid e final solutio n concentration s tha t fall withi n th e linear portio n o f th e calibratio n curve . 7.1. 4 Metho do

f Standar dAdditions

. Wheneve r

sampl e matri x problem s ar e suspecte dan dstandard/sampl e matri x matchin g i s no t

possibl e o r

wheneve r

ane w sampl e matri x i s bein g analyzed , th e metho d o f standar daddition s shal l b e use dfo r th e analysi s o f al l extracts
. Metho d1 2 specifie s aperformanc e tes t

t o determin e if

th e metho d of standar daddition s i s necessary . 7.1. 5 Quality Contro l Chec k Sample

. Th e concentratio n o

f al l calibratio n standard s shoul db e verifie dagains t aqualit y contro l chec k sampl e obtaine dfroma n outsid e source . Thi s i s don e b y analyzin g th e chec k sampl e immediatel y followin g calibration

. Th e resul t

shoul db e withi n 10 % o

f th e expecte dvalu e before sampl e analysi s begins

. 7. 2 IC P Quality Control

. 7.2. 1 Interferenc e Check

. Prepar e a n interferenc e chec k

solutio n t o contai n know n concentration s o

f interferin g element s tha t wil l provid e a n adequat e tes t of th e correctio n factor s i n th e even t of potentia l spectra l interferences

. Tw o potentia l interferences , iro n an dmanganese , ma y b e prepare da s 100 0 ng/m l an d20 0 ng/m l solutions , respectively

. Th e solution s shoul d b e prepare di n dilut e HNO j (1-5%)

. Particular car e mus t

b e take n t o ensur e tha t th e solution s and/o r

salt s use dt o prepar e th e solution s ar e o

f ICP grad e purit y (i.e. , tha t n o measurabl e Cr

contaminatio n exist s i n th e salts/solutions)

. Commerciall y prepare d interferin g elemen t

chec k standard s ar e available. Verif

y th e interelemen t

correctio n factor s every 3 month s b y analyzin g th e interferenc e chec k

solution

. Th e correctio n factor s ar e calculate daccordin g t o th e instrumen t

manufacturer' s directions

. I f interelemen t

correctio n factor s ar e use d properly , n o fals e C r

shoul db e detected

. 7.2. 2 Qualit y Contro l Chec k Sample

. Prepar e i n th e sam e alkalin e matri x a s th e calibratio n standards ; i t

shoul db e a

t leas t 10 0 time s th e instrumenta l detectio n limit

. Thi s sampl e shoul db e prepare dfrom a differen t source/supplie r

(tha n th e calibratio n standards ) an di s use dt o verif y th e accurac y o

f th e calibratio n curve . Prio r t o sampl e analysis , analyz e on e chec k standar d prepare dfrom aCr

stoc k solutio n sourc e othe r tha n tha t use dfor preparatio n o

f th e calibratio n curv e standard s (se e 7.2.10)

. Th e chec k standar dconcentratio n shoul db e a t leas t 10 0 time s th e minimu mdetectio n limit

. 7.2. 3 Laborator

y Blank

. Analyz e a minimu mo

f on e laboratory blan k

pe r sampl e batc h t o determin e i

f contaminatio n o r

an y memory effect s ar e occurring

. 7.2. 4 Duplicates

. Analyz e on e duplicat e sampl e fo r every 2 0 samples

. A duplicat e sampl e i s asampl e brough t throug h th e whol e sampl e preparatio n an danalytica l process . 8. Emission Calculations Carr y ou t

th e calculations , retainin g on e extr adecima l figure beyon dtha t o f th e acquire ddata

. Roun dof f figures afte r fina l calculations

. 8. 1 Tota l Cr

i n Sample

. Calculat e M , th e tota l n g C r

i n eac h sample , a s follows: M = V_,<>C 4 >F« D Eq

. 306- 1 where : Vm i = Volum e of

impinge r reagen t plu s rinses , ml

. C = Concentratio n o

f Cr i n sample , n g Cr/m l (direc t instrumen t

readout)

. F- Dilutio n factor

.

- Volume of

aliquot after dilution (ml) Volum e o f aliquo t before dilutio n (ml ) D = Digestio n factor

. = Volume of

sample aliquot

after digestion (ml) Volum e o f sampl e aliquo t

submitte dt o digestio n (ml ) 8. 2 Averag e Dr

y Ga s Mete r

Temperatur e an dAverag e Orific e Pressur e Drop

. Sam e a s Metho d5 , Sectio n 6.2

.P.4 0



### Federal Registe r/

Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s 6580 5
8. 3 Dr y Ga s Volume , Volum e o

f Water Vapor , Moistur e Content

. Sam e a s Metho d5 , Section s 6.3 , 6.4 , an d6.5 , respectively. 8. 4 C r Emissio n Concentration. Calculat e C , (mg/dscm) , th e Cr

concentratio n i n th e stac k gas , dr y basis , correcte dt o standar d conditions , a s follows : C = (10-3mg/ng)[M/V m , Jld) ] Eq

. 306- 2

. 8. 5 Isokineti c Variation , Acceptabl e Results , Sam e a s Metho d5 , Section s 6.1 1 an d 6.12 , respectively. 9. Bibliography 9. 1 Tes t Method s for

Evaluatin g Soli d Waste

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. SW-846 , 2n dEdition

. Jul y 1982

. 9. 2 Cox , X.B. , R.W

. Linton , an dF.E

. Butler

. Determinatio n of

Chromiu m Speciatio n i n Environmenta l Particles— A Multitechniqu e Stud y of

Ferrochrom e Smelte r Dust

. Accepte dfo

r publicatio n i n Environmenta l Scienc e an dTechnology

. 9. 3 Same a s Bibliograph y o f Metho d5 , Citation s 2 t o 5 an d7

. 9. 4 Californi aAi r

Resource s Board , "Determinatio n o

f Tota l Chromiu man d Hexavalen t

Chromiu mEmission s from Stationary Sources. " Metho d425 , Septembe r 12,1990

. 9. 5 Tes t Method s fo

r Evaluatin g Soli d Waste

. U

. S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. SW-846 , 3r dEdition

. November 1986

. Method 30 6 A—Determination o f Chromiu m Emission s Fro

m Decorativ e an d Har

d Chromiu m Electroplatin g an d Anodizin g Operation s 1. Applicability and

Principle 1. 1 Applicability

. Thi s metho di s use dt o determin e th e concentratio n o f chromiu m emission s fromchromiu melectroplatin g an d anodizin g operation s tha t us e achromi c aci d bath

. Th e metho di s les s expensiv e an dles s comple x t o conduc t

tha n Metho d306

. Correcti y applied , th e precisio n an dbia s o f th e sampl e results wil l b e comparabl e t o thos e obtaine dwit h th e isokineti c Metho d 306

. Thi s metho di s applicabl e unde r ambien t moisture , air , an dtemperatur e conditions

. 1. 2 Principle

. Th e chromiu memission s ar e remove dfromth e duc t a t aconstan t samplin g rat e determine db y acritica l orific e an dcollecte di n a prob e an dimpingers

. Th e samplin g tim e a

t th e samplin g travers e point s i s varie daccordin g t o th e stac k ga s velocity t o obtai n aproportiona l sample

. Th e concentratio n i s determine db y th e sam e analytica l procedure s use di n Metho d306 : inductively-couple dplasm aemissio n spectrometry (ICP

) o r graphit e furnac e atomi c absorptio n spectrometry (GFAAS)

. 2. Range, Sensitivity, Precision, and Interferences Sam e a s Metho d306 , Sectio n 2

. 3. Apparatus Note : Mentio n of

trad e name s o r

specifi c product s doe s not

constitut e endorsemen t

b y th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. 3. 1 Samplin g Train

. A schemati c o f th e samplin g trai n i s show n i n Figur e 306A-1

. Th e component s of

th e trai n ar e availabl e commercially , bu t

som e fabricatio n an d assembl y ar e required. I

f Metho d30 6 equipmen t

i s available , th e samplin g trai n may b e assemble da s specifie di n Metho d30 6 an dth e samplin g rat e of

th e mete r bo x se t a t th e delt aH@ specifie dfo r th e calibrate d orifice ; thi s trai n i s the n operate da s specifie d i n thi s method

. 3.1. 1 Prob e Nozzle/Tubin g an dSheath

. Us e approximatel y 'A in

. inne r diamete r (ID) glas s o r rigi dplasti c tubin g abou t 8 inche s lon g wit h ashor t

9 0 degre e ben da

t on e en d t o for mth e nozzle

. Grin dasligh t tape r o n th e nozzl e en dbefor

e makin g th e bend

. Attac h th e nozzl e t o flexibl e tubin g o f sufficien t length t o collec t

asampl e fro

mth e stack

. Us e astraigh t piec e o f larger diamete r rigi dtubin g (suc h a s meta l condui t

o r plasti c wate r

pipe ) t o form asheath tha t

begin s abou t

1 in

. from th e 90 ° ben do n th e nozzl e an dencase s th e flexibl e tubing

. 3.1. 2 S-Typ e Pitot

. Same a s Metho d2 , Sectio n 3

. 3.1. 3 Sampl e Line

. Us e thic k wal l flexibl e plasti c tubin g (polyethylene , polypropylene , polyvinylchloride ) abou t

V o in

. t o VB in

. I

D t o connec t

th e trai n components
. A combinatio n o

f rigidplasti c tubin g an dthi n wal l flexibl e tubin g ma

y b e use da s lon g a s neithe r tubin g collapse s whe n leak-checkin g th e train

. Metal tubin g canno t b e used

. BIUJN Q COD E 6560-50- P

# s a



### Probe/Nozzl e Sheat hAssembl y

(1/4 " I.D . Tubing )

25 0 ml o f Ga s Flo w O.I N

NaO H o r O.I N NaHC

O & 

### e o o 0 9


### 5 ? ! 

# 2
.

< 

# ?
t o

C b 

## a C D

C D >-l l- » 0 5

ID (ai yf 

### • § o c o C D 

### a . 

# I

C O c n 

# Figur e 30&-A 1 samplin g trai n schemati c

XI Tp -P.4 2



### Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24

0 / Thursday , Decembe

r 16 , 199 3 /

ProposedRule s 6580 7
3.1. 4 Impingers

. On e quar t capacit y "Mason " glas s cannin g jar s wit h vacuu msea l lid s ar e used

. Thre e impinger s are required : th e firs t i s fo r collectin g reagent , th e secon d i s empt y an duse dt o collec t an y reagen t carrie dove r

fromth e firs t

impinger , an dth e thir dcontain s th e dryin g agent
. Install leak

tight inle t an doutle t

tube s fo r assembl y wit h train

. Th e tube s may b e mad e o f approximatel y Va in

. I

D glas s o r rigi dplasti c tubing

. Fo r

th e inle t tub e o f th e firs t impinger , hea t

th e glas s o r

plasti c tubin g an d dra w unti l th e tubin g separates
. Cu t th e ti p of f unti l th e ti p orific e i s Vizin

. i n diameter

. Whe n fabricatin g th e first impinger , plac e th e ti p orific e 3 /I B in

. abov e th e botto mof th e jar whe n assembled

. Fo r

th e secon dimpinger , th e inle t tub e nee dno t

b e draw n an dsized , but th e ti p shoul db e approximatel y 2 in

. abov e th e botto mof

th e jar

. Th e inle t

tub e of th e thir dimpinge r

shoul dexten dt o abou t

V i in

. abov e th e botto mofth e jar

. Locat e th e outle t tub e en do

f al l impinger s abou t

V i inc h beneat h th e botto mof

th e lid

. 3.1. 5 Manometer

. It

i s inclined , t o rea d wate r colum n t o Vio

o in

. for th e first inc h an d Vi o inc h thereafter

. Rang e 0- 6 in

. 3.1. 6 Critica l Orifice

. Th e critica l orific e i s asmal l restrictio n i n th e sampl e lin e tha t i s locate dupstrea mof

th e vacuu mpum p an d set s th e sampl e rat e a

t abou t 0.7 5 cubi c foot pe r minute

. A n orific e mete r ca n b e mad e of V s in

. bras s tubin g approximatel y 1 in

. lon g seale dinsid e large r

diameter , approximatel y Ve in. , bras s tubin g t o serv e a s acritica l orific e givin g aconstan t

sampl e flow

. Material s othe r

tha n bras s ca n b e use dt o construc t th e critica l orific e a s lon g a s th e flo w throug h th e samplin g trai n i s approximatel y 0.7 5 cubi c foot pe r minute

. 3.1. 7 Connectin g Hardware

. Standar d pip e an dfittings, V* in

. o r V B in. , ar e use d t o instal l vacuu mpum p an ddr y ga s mete r i n train

. 3.1. 8 Pum p Oiler

. A glas s oi l reservoi r wit h awic k

mounte da

t pum p inle t lubricate s pum p vanes . 3.1. 9 Vacuu mPump

. "Gast " slidin g van e mechanica l pum p wit h fiber vane s suitabl e t o delive r aminimu mo

f 2 6 in

. Hg vacuu man d 2. 0 cf mar e used

. 3.1.1 0 Oi l Trap

. Empty glas s oi l reservoi r withou t wic k i s mounte da t

pum p outle t

t o preven t oi l fromreachin g th e dr y ga s meter
. 3.1.1 1 Dr

y Ga s Meter

. Residentia l 17 5 cubi c fee t pe r hou r (CFH ) capacit y dry ga s mete r wit h thermomete r

installe dmonitor s mete r temperature
. 3. 2 Sampl e Recovery

. 3.2. 1 Was h Bottles

. Thes e are glas s o r iner t plastic , 50 0 o r

100 0 ml , wit h spray tube

. 3.2. 3 Sampl e Containers

. Th e first maso n jar impinge r of th e samplin g trai n serve s a s th e sampl e container

. A ne w li dan dplasti c wra p ar e substitute dfo

r th e impinge r

inlet/ outle t assembly

. 3. 3 Analysis

. Sam e a s Metho d306 , Sectio n 3.3

. 4. Reagents 4. 1 Sampling

. Sam e a s Sectio n 4.1 , Metho d306

. 4. 2 Sampl e Recovery

. Sam e a s Sectio n 4.2 , Metho d306

. 5

. Procedure 5. 1 Sampling

. 5.1.1

. Pretes t Preparation

. 5.1.1. 1 Port

Location

. Locate port s a s specifie di n Sectio n 2 o

f Metho d1

. Us e a tota l of 2 4 samplin g point s fo

r roun dduct s an d2 4 o r 2 5 point s for

rectangular

ducts

. Mar k th e pito t an dsamplin g prob e wit h thi n strip s o f tap e t o permi t

velocity an dsampl e traversing

. Fo r

duct s les s tha n 1 2 inche s i n diameter , us e atota l o

f 1 6 points

. 5.1.1. 2 Velocity Traverse

. Perfor ma velocit y travers e befor

e obtainin g samples

. Figur e 306A- 2 ma y b e use dt o recor d velocity travers e data

. I

f testin g occur s over severa l days , perfor

mth e travers e a t

th e beginnin g o

f eac h day

. A

t th e en do f th e tes t effor t eac h day , perfor

mafinal traverse
. Perfor mtraverse s a s specifie di n Sectio n 3 o f Metho d2 , bu t

recor dth e A

p (velocity head ) value s only

. Chec k

th e stac k temperatur e before an dafter

recording th e A

p value s an d us e th e averag e o

f th e tw o temperature s fo

r th e stac k temperature
. Ente r

th e A p value s fo

r eac h point

. Chec k

fo r cycloni c flo w durin g th e first travers e t o verif

y tha t i t doe s no t exist ; if cycloni c flow doe s exist , make sur e tha t th e absolut e averag e angl e of misalignmen t

doe s no t excee d2 0 degrees

. I

f th e averag e angl e o

f misalignmen t

exceed s 2 0 degree s a t a n outle t location , instal l straightenin g vane s t o eliminat e th e cycloni c flow

. I f i t i s necessary t o tes t

an inle t locatio n wher e cycloni c flo w exists , i t may not b e possibl e t o instal l straightenin g vanes . I n thi s case , avariatio n of

th e alignmen t

metho d mus t b e used

. Thi s mus t

b e approve db y th e Administrator

. BILLIN G COD E 6560-SO- PP.4 3



### 6580 8 Federal Registe r/ Vol . 58 , No . 24 0 /

Thursday , December16 , 199 3 / Proposed Rule s
PLAN T DAT E ~ TIM E LOCATION OPERATOR(S )
CIRCL E ONE * BEFOR E RU

N 1 BEFOR E RO

N 2 BEFOR E RO N 3 

### SCHEMATI C 0? PQINT g

AFTE R RON

3

Travers e Poin t Numbe r

i 

### Cycloni c

Flo w Angl e {Degrees )

, A P ••Ap

, 

### v4 p x- 5 ird n AV E AV E Numerica l Minute s DecTima l

Par t o f Minut e x 6 0 - Second s

• 

### Whol e

Minute s + Second s - Sampl e Tim e

AVERAG E 

### AVE -



### Figur e 306A-2
. Velocit yTravers e an d Poin t Sampl e Tim e Calculatio n Shee t

BILLIN G COD E 65<?-60- CP.4 4



### Federal Registe r/

Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s 6580 9
5.1.1. 3 PointSamplin g Times . Sinc e th e samplin g rat

e o f th e train i s hel d constan tb y th e critica l orifice , i ti s necessar

y t o calculate specifi c samplin g time s for eac h poin ti n orde rt o obtain a proportiona

l sample . I

f al l samplin g can b e complete d i n a singl e day , iti s necessar y to calculate th e poin tsamplin g time s onl y once . I

f samplin g occur s ove r severa l days , calculate th e poin tsampl e times foreach da

y usin g velocity traverse dat a obtaine d earlie ri n th e day . Determine th e averag

e ofth e A p value s obtaine d durin g th e velocity traverse (Figur e 306A-2) . Calculat e th e samplin g time s for each poin t usin g Equatio

n 306A-1 . Conver

tth s decima

l part s o f minute s to seconds . I

f th e stac k diamete ri s les s tha

n 1 2 inches , us e 7. 5 minute s i n plac e o f

5 minute s i n th e equatio n and 1 6 samplin g points .


### Minute s a t poin t = Poin tA p

" y Averag e A p x 5 minute s Eq.306A- l

Where : n=Tota l samplin g points . 5.1.1. 4 Preparatio

n o f Samplin g Train . Assembl e th e sampling'trai n a s show n i n Figur e 306A-1 . Secure th e nozzle-line r assembly t o th e sheat

h to preventslippin g whe n sampling . Befor

e charging , rins e th e firstmason ja

rimpinge rwit h eithe rO.I N sodium hydroxid e orO.lN i sodiu m bicarbonate ; discard th e solution . Pu t25 0 ml o f 0. 1 N sodiu m hydroxid e or0.1 N sodiu m bicarbonat

e samplin g solutio n int o th e first maso n jar . Similarly , rins e th e secon d maso n ja r impinge ran d leav e empty . Pu tsilic a ge l into the thir

d maso n ja

rimpinge runti l th e impingeri s hal f full . Place th e impingers int o a n ic e bat h and check to ensure tha tth e lid s ar e tight. 5.1.1. 5 Train Lea

k Chec k Procedure . Wai

t unti l th e ic e has coole d th e impingers befor e sampling . Next , seal th e nozzl e wit h a finger covere d by a piec e o f

clearplasti c wra

p an d tur n o n th e pump . Observe an y leak rat e o n th e dr y ga s meter . Th e leak rat

e shoul d no t excee d 0.0 2 cfm . 5.1. 2 Samplin g Trai

n Operation . 5.1.2. 1 Recor

d al l pertinen tproces s an d samplin g dat

a o n th e dat

a shee t(se e Figur

e 306A-3) . Ensur

e tha tth e proces s operatio n i s suitabl e fo

rsampl e collection . 5.1.2. 2 Place th e probe/nozzl e int o th e duc ta tth e firs tsamplin g poin tand tur

n o n th e pump . A minimum vacuum o f 1 5 in . H g o r0.4 7 atmosphere betwee n th e critical orifice an d pump i s required t o maintai n critical flow . Sampl e fo

rth e tim e interva

l previousl y determined fo rtha tpoint . Mov

e t o th e secon d poin tan d sampl e for fhe tim e interva l determine d fo

rtha tpoint ; sampl e all points o n th e traverse i n thi s manner . Kee p ic e aroun d th e impingers durin g th e run . Complet e th e traverse and tur

n of f th e pump . Mov e to th e nex tsamplin g por tand repeat

. Recor d th e final dr

y gas mete rreading . BILLING COD E J560-60- P

### 6581 0 Federal Registe r/ Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s P.4 5



### Plan t Sampling Sit e Tota l Microgram s catch(mCr ) Av g dryga s mete r tem p FClta ) Mete r correctio n factor(Ym ) Mete r volum e - actua l c u ft(Vm)

_ Barometri c pressur e in
. Hg(Pbar ) Star t cloc k tim

e Sto p cloc k time

_ Date
_ Operator

_ Run Numbe r Stac k radius(r ) Avg delt a p( p avg ) Stac k tem

p F(Ts ) Lea k rat e befor e run _ Lea k rat e afte r run_ _ Stop mete r volum e Star t mete r volum e REMARKS :

POIN T NO
. SAMPL E

(MIN/SEC ) GA S METE R

TEM P (F ) ' 

### POIN T NO
. SAMPL E

(MIN/SEC )

• 

### GA S METE R TEMP(F )

Ca

rn C r (Tm+460 ) 499.8(Ym)(Vm)(Pbar ) Kg/Hr

- (Cs)0.0001597 r



# 1 p av g (Ts+460 ) Pbar(2873 ) Mg/Cubi c Meter(Cs ) (Optional)Kg/H r

Figur e 306A-3
. Chromiu mConstan t Sampling Rat e Fiel d Dat a

BILLIN G COD E 656O-60- CP.4 6

TSI T 

### / Vol

. 58 , No

. 24 0 /

Thursday , December

16 , 199 3 /

Propose dRule s
5.1.2. 3 Pos t

Tes t Lea k Check

. Remov e th e prob e assembl y an dflexibl e tubin g fro mth e first impinger

. D o no t

cove r th e nozzle

. Seal th e inle t tub s o f th e first impinge r wit h a finger covere db y clear

plasti c wra p an dtur n o n th e pump . Observ e an y lea k rat e o n th e dr y ga s meter
. I

f th e lea k rat e exceed s 0.0 2 cfm , rejec t

th e run . I

f th e lea k rat e i s acceptable , tak e th e prob e assembl y an d impinge r assembl y t o th e sampl e recovery area . 5. 2 Sampl e Recovery

. 5.2. 1 Afte

r th e trai n ha s bee n move dt o th e sampl e recovery area , disconnec t th e tubin g tha t

join s th e firs t

impinge r wit h th e second

. 5.2. 2 Th e first

impinge r jar i s als o use da s th e sampl e containe r

jar

. Unscre w th e li d fro mth e firs t

impinge r jar

. Lif t th e inlet/ outle t tub aassembl y almos t

ou t of th e jar , an dusin g th e was h bottle , rinse th e outsid e o f fh e impinge r

ti p tha t was immerse di n th e impinge r ja r wit h extr asamplin g reagent ; rins e th e insid e o

f th e ti p a s well

. 5.2. 3 Recover

th e secon dimpinge r

b y removin g th e li dan dpourin g an y content s from-the secon dimpinge r int o th e firs t impinger

. Rins e th e secon dimpinge r includin g th e insid e an doutsid e of th e impinge r ste ma s wel l a s an y connectin g plasti c tubin g wit h extr asamplin g reagen t an dplac e th e rinse int o th e first impinger

. 5.2. 4 Hol dth e nozzl e an dconnectin g plasti c tubin g i n avertica l positio n s o tha t th e tubin g form s a"U"

. Usin g th e was h bottle , partiall y fill the

. tubin g wit h samplin g reagent
. (Kee

p aminimu mo

f 10 0 m l o f th e samplin g reagen t

fo r ablan k analysis)

. Rais e an dlowe r th e en do f th e plasti c tubin g severa l time s t o caus e th e reagen t t o contac t th e major portio n o f th e interna l part s o

f th e assembl y thoroughly

. D o not rais e th e solutio n leve l to o hig h o r part o f th e sampl e wil l b e lost

. Plac e th e nozzl e en dofth e assembl y ove r

th e mout h o

f th e first impinge r jar (sampl e container ) an delevat e th e plasti c tubin g s o that-th e solutio n flow s rapidl y out o f th e nozzle

. Perfor

mthi s procedur e thre e times

. Next , repea t

th s recovery procedur e bu t allo w th e solutio n t o flo w rapidl y out th e ope n en do

f th e plasti c tubin g int o th e first impinge r jar

. 5.2. 5 Plac e apiec e o f clear plasti c wrap ove r th e mout h o

f th e firs t impinge r jar

. Us e astandar dli dan dban dassembl y t o sea l th e jar

. Label th e ja

r wit h th e sampl e numbe r an d mar k th e liqui dleve l t o gaug e an y losse s durin g handling.

. 5. 3 Analysis

. Sampl e preparatio n an d analysi s procedure s ar e identica l t o Metho d 306 , Sectio n 5.3

. 6. Calibration 6. 1 Dr y Ga s Meter

. Calibrate db y manufacture r

o r a s specifie di n Metho d5

. 6. 2 GFA A Spectrometer

. Same a s Metho d 306 , Sectio n 6.2

. 6. 3 IC P Spectrometer

. Sam e a s Metho d 306 , Sectio n 6.3

. 7

. Quality Control Sam e a s Metho d306 , Sectio n 7

. 8. Calculations 8. 1 Pollutan t

Concentration. Calculat e th e concentratio n (C J o

f chromiu mi n milligram s pe r dr y standar dcubi c mete r (mg/dscm ) a s follows : 

### Mc-xCT.,+460 ) ^ 499. 8 (Y.XV.XP^ )

where : Mcr=Microgram s o

f C r i n sampl e from Metho d306 , Eq

. 308-1 ; Tm=Dr y ga s mete r

temperatur e i n °F

. Y m =Dr y ga s mete r

correctio n foctor. Vm=Dr y ga s mete r

volum e i n ft'

. Pb_=Barometri c pressur e i n inche s Hg

. 8. 2 Approximat e Mas s Emissio n Rat e (Optional)

. Calculat e a

n approximat e mas s emissio n rat e fo

r chromiu mi n kilogram s pe r hou r usin g th e followin g equation : 

### Kg/h r = 0.0001597 r Ap ave 

### (T s 

### -!-460 )

— • X S 

### ^Pb-(28.73 ) Eq

. 306A- 3

Where : r-Radiu s of

stac k i n inches

. Ap ave - Averag e of

A p values

. T,=Stac k temperatur e i n "F

. Pb_=Barometri c pressur e i n inche s Hg

. (^Concentratio n of

hexavalen t

chromiu mi n mg/dscm

. • Note : Th e emissio n rat e i s base do n a n averag e moistur e conten t o f 2 percen t 9. Bibliography 1

. F.R

. Clay , Memo , Impinge r Collectio n Efficiency—Maso n Jar s vs . Greenburg-Smith Impingers , Dec

. 1989

. 2

. Robi n Segall , Draf

t Screenin g Metho dfor Emission s fromChromiu mPlatin g Operations , Entrop y Environmentalists , Jan

. 1988

. 3

. F.R

. Clay , Paper , A Simplifie dMetho d fo r Samplin g for

Hexavalen t

Chromium , Ma

y 1990

. 4

. F.R

. Clay , Paper , Propose dSamplin g Metho d308 A for

th e Determinatio n of Hexavalen t

Chromiu mEmission s fro m Electroplatin g an dAnodizin g Facilities , Ma y 1992

. Metho d30813—Surfac s Tensio n Measuremen t

fo r Tank s Uss

_eft

HTtecorativ

o Chromiu mElecSroplatin g an dAnodizin g Facilitie s 1. Applicability and

Principle 1. 1 Applicability

. Thi s metho di s applicabl e t o al l decorativ e chromiu mplatin g an danodizin g operation s wher e awettin g agen t i s use di n th e tan k

f o reduc e emission s fro mth e surfac e o

f th e platin g solution

. 1. 2 Principle

. Durin g a n electroplatin g o r anodizin g operation , ga s bubble s generate d durin g th e proces s rise t o th e surfac e of th a liqui dan dburst

. Upo n bursting , tiny droplet s o f chromi c aci dbecom e entraine di n ambien t air

. Th e additio n of

awettin g agen t

t o th e tan k bath reduce s th e surfac e tensio n o f th e liqui dan ddiminishe s th e formatio n o f thes e droplets

. Thi s metho ddetermine s th e surfac e tensio n o f th e bat h usin g astalagmomete r o r atensiomete r

t o confirmtha t

ther e i s sufficient wettin g agen t

present
. 2. Apparatus 2. 1 Stalagmomete r

o r Tensiometer

. A commerciall y availabl e stalagmometer , platinu mrin g detachmen t tensiomete r

o r equivalen t

surfac e tensio n measurin g devic e i s required

. 3. Procedure 3. 1 Th e surfac e tensio n of th s tan k bat h ma y b e measure db y usin g atensiomete r o r astalagmometer

. I

f atensiomete r

i s used , th s procedure s specifie di n AST M Metho dD 1331-89 , Standar dTes t

Method s fo

r Surfac e an dInterfacial Tensio n o f Solutio n o

f Surfac e Activ e Agents , shal l b e followed

. If a stalagmomete r

i s used , th e instruction s provided.wit h th e measurin g devic e mus t b s followed

. 3. 2 Measurement s of

th e bat h surfac e tensio n mus t

b e mad e ever

y 4 hour s o

f tan k operation

. I

f th e surfac e tensio n o

f th e bat h exceed s 4 0 dyne s pe r

centimete r

fo r thre e consecutiv e four-hou r

periods , th e interva l betwee n measurement s mus t b e reduce di n one-hou r increment s unti l tw o consecutiv e measurement s indicat e th e surfac e tensio n t o b e a t o r belo w 4 0 dyne s pe r

centimeter

. I

f th e activit y leve l i n th e platin g o r anodizin g tan k i s reduced , th e tim e interva l betwee n measurement s ca n b e increase dt o a maximu mof

four hour s a s lon g a s tw o consecutiv e measurement s indicat e th o surfac e tensio n i s bein g maintaine da t o r belo w 4 0 dyne s pe r

centimeter

. IF RDoc

. 93-3011 5 File d12-15-93 ; 8:4 5 am ] BSLUNff l COD E S530-6O- P