U 

OCS Study 

MMS 95-0024 

Abundance and Distribution 

of Sea Turtles off North Carolina 

U.S . Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 
OCS Study 

MMS 95-0024 

Abundance and Distribution 

of Sea Turtles off North Carolina 

Authors 

J. A. Keinath 

J. A. Musick 

and 

D . E. Barnard 

Prepared under MMS Contract 

14-35-0001-30590 

by 

The Virginia Institute of Marine Science 

College of William and Mary 

Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 

Published by 

U .S . Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service New Orleans 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region February 1996 
DISCLAIMER 

This report has been reviewed by the Minerals Management Service (MMS) and 

approved for publication . The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations 

expressed in this report are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the 

views or policies of the MMS. Mention of trade names or commercial products does 

not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This report has been 

technically reviewed according to contractual specifications ; however, it is exempt 

from further review by the MMS Technical Publications unit and the Regional Editor. 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Extra copies of the report may be obtained from the Public Information Unit (Mail 

Stop 5034) at the following address : 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

Attention: Public Information unit (MS 5034) 

1201 Eimwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, Louisiana 70123-2394 

Telephone Number: 1-800-200-GULF 

(504)736-2519 

CITATION 

Keinath, J . A, J.A. Musick, and D.E . Barnard . 1996. Abundance and distribution of 

sea turtle off North Carolina. OCS Study/MMS 95-0024. U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. 

156 PP. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chapter Chapter Title Page 

Number Number 

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , xi 

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 

2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 

Satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Aerial surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 

Satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

Aerial surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5t 

4 Distribution and Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 

5 Population Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

7 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 

8 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 

1 . Data from loggerhead 5780 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . . . 88 

2. Data from loggerhead 5781 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . . . 89 

3. Data from loggerhead 5783 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . . . 90 

4. Data from loggerhead 5784 tracked via satellite in t991-1992 . . 91 

5. Data from loggerhead 4932 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . . 94 

6. Data from loggerhead 4933 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . . 98 

7. Data from loggerhead 4934 tracked via satellite in t991-1992 . 104 

8. Data from loggerhead 4937 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . 110 

9. Data from loggerhead 4935 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . . 115 

10. Data from Kemp's ridley 1229 tracked via satellite in 1991 . . . . . 121 

11 . Data from Kemp's ridley 4938 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 126 

12. Data from Kemp's ridley 4939 tracked via satellite in 1991-1992 . 132 

13 . Data from Kemp's ridley 1230 tracked via satellite in 1993 . . . . . 137 

14. Data from Kemp's ridley 1231 tracked via satellite in 1993 . . . . . 139 

15 . Data from Kemp's ridley 1233 tracked via satellite in 1993 . . . . . 141 

16. Data from Kemp's ridley 1234 tracked via satellite in 1993 . . . . . 143 

17. Aerial surveys performed in 1985-1989 by line, linear kilometers 

flown, and number of turtles seen on each line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 

v 
LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure Title Page 

Number Number 

1 . Manteo Block and the proposed exploratory Mobil drill site . . . . . 3 

2. Aerial survey transacts flown during 1985-1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

3. Aerial survey zones flown for this study during 1991-1992 . . . . . . 10 

4. Transects surveyed for this study during 1991-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

5. Methods used to estimate turtle density by aerial surveys . . . . . . . 12 

6. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05780 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

7. Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05780 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

8. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05781 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

9. Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05781 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

10 . Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05783 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

11 . Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05783 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

12. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05784 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

13 . Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05784 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

14. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04932 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

15 . Latitude and temperature as a function of date of loggerhead 

sea turtle 04932 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

16 . Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04933 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

17. Latitude and temperature as a function of date of loggerhead 

sea turtle 04933 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

18. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04934 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

19. Latitude and temperature as a function of date of loggerhead 

sea turtle 04934 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

20 . Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04937 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 

21 . Latitude and temperature as a function of date of loggerhead 

sea turtle 04937 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

22. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04935 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

23. Latitude and temperature as a function of date of loggerhead 

sea turtle 04935 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

24. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01229 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

25. Latitude and temperature as a function of date of Kemp's ridley 

sea turtle 01229 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . 38 

vii 
26. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 04938 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

27. Latitude and temperature as a function of date of Kemp's ridley 

sea turtle 04938 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . 40 

28. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 04939 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 

29. Latitude and temperature as a function of date of Kemp's ridley 

sea turtle 04939 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

30. Positions of Kemp's ridtey sea turtle 01230 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

31 . Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01230 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

32. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01231 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

33. Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridiey sea turtle 01231 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 

34. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01233 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

35. Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01233 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 

36. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01234 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

37. Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01234 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 

38. Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys 

off Cape Hatteras in each of the two zones during 1985 . . . . . . . . 53 

39. Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys 

off Cape Hatteras in each of the two zones during 1986 . . . . . . . . 54 

40. Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys 

off Cape Hatteras in each of the two zones during 1987-1989 . . . . 55 

41 . Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys 

off Cape Hatteras in each of the three zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

42. Percentage of loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys off 

Cape Hatteras in each of the three zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

43. Number of turtles observed by distance from the flight line on aerial 

surveys performed in 1991-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

44. Number of Kemp's ridley, leatherback, and loggerhead sea turtles 

stranded in STSSN zone 35 by year, all months combined . . . . . . . 68 

45. Number of Kemp's ridley, leatherback, and loggerhead sea turtles 

stranded in STSSN zone 35 by month for years 1980-1991 . . . . . . 69 

viii 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table Title Page 

Number 

t . Data on sea turtles satellite tagged by VIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

2. Tracking information on satellite tracked sea turtles . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

3. Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the two zones 

surveyed during 1985 through 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 

4. Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the three zones 

surveyed during 1991 and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

5. Estimated density of leatherback turtles in the two zones 

surveyed during 1986 through 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

6. Estimated density of leatherback turtles in the three zones 

surveyed during 1991 and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

7. Ratios of stranded Kemp's ridley sea turtles to loggerheads by 

year in STSSN zone 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

8. Ratios of stranded Kemp's ridley sea turtles to loggerheads by 

month (1980-1991) in STSSN zone 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

ix 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We wish to thank students and aides who worked on the VIMS sea turtle 

project and contributed to this project, R . Blaylock, J. Brown, R. Byles, S. Bellmund, 

W. Jones, R. Klinger, S. McLeod, R. Pemberton, B. Sauls, L Sweeny, W. Teas, and M. 

Thompson. Special appreciation go to B. Bell, W. Coles, and S. Moein, all presently 

members of the VIMS Turtle Protect, who were instrumental in data analysis, editing, 

checking the original manuscript against original data, and correcting a significant 

number of errors. In addition we thank S. White, K. O'Hara, and L. Hagan, L. Haydu, 

J. Jones, D. Lee, J. Younger, the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, especially Tony 

Leger, and Sherry Epperly of the National Marine Fisheries Service. Gratitude goes 

to fishermen who supplied live turtles, especially the Jetts. Wendy Teas (NMFS) 

kindly supplied STSSN data. 

In addition to the Mineral Management Service, this project was partially 

funded by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Virginia Highway 

Department, the Department of the Navy, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the 

National Marine Fisheries Service, the Columbus Zoo, and the Virginia Marine 

Science Museum. 

xi 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The coastal area immediately adjacent to Cape Hatteras, NC is a major 

migratory pathway for loggerhead (Car tt caretta), leatherback ( Dermochelyg 

ri , and Kemp's ridley (Leoidochelvs kem~ii) sea turtles (CeTAP, 1982a, 

1982b; Keinath et al ., 1989; Sauls et al ., 1990; Lee and Palmer, 1981 ; Musick et al., 

1985b; Epperly and Veishlow, 1989; Shoop and Kenney, 1992). During spring, 

turtles migrate from the south past Cape Hatteras to summer in northern waters. 

Juvenile loggerheads and ridleys enter estuaries such as Chesapeake Bay, Long 

Island Sound, and Cape Cod Bay, while the leatherbacks travel as far north as 

Newfoundland and possibly farther (Bleakney, 1965; CeTAP 1982a, 1982b; Danton 

and Prescott, 1988; Goff and Lien, 1988; Lazell, 1980; Lutcavage, 1981 ; Morreale 

and Standora, 1989 ; Shoop and Kenney, 1992; Shoop et al ., 1981 ; STSSN, 1991). 

When water temperatures fall in the autumn, turtles return to south of Cape Hatteras, 

as far as the Atlantic coast of Florida, to overwinter (Keinath et al., 1989). During 

these migrations in the spring and fall months, turtles are concentrated as they pass 

through the Cape Hatteras region, probably because of the narrowness of the 

continental shelf in the area (Anon., 1992). During the summer months, some turtles 

may take up residency off the North Carolina coast, but the density is lower than 

during migration (CeTAP, 1982a, 1982b; Epperly and Veishlow, 1989 ; Lee and 

Palmer, 1981). Mobil Oil submitted a plan to drill a single exploratory well 45 miles 

east-northeast of Cape Hatteras, NC. Therefore, the Minerals Management Service 

(MMS) is funding a closer look at the distribution, abundance, and migration patterns 

of sea turtles in the area to help evaluate the potential for impact on endangered 

and threatened sea turtle species . 

OBJECTIVES 

The objectives of this study were to: 

1 . Analyze and/or summarize existing aerial survey, satellite telemetry, and 

stranding data; 

2. Conduct additional aerial surveys near Cape Hatteras; and 

3. Track Kemp's ridley turtles utilizing satellite telemetry . 

These data were used to define the migration and temporal and spacial 

distribution and abundance of sea turtles in the area to determine habitat usage and 

number of turtles which utilize the area. 

xiii 
METHODS 

The Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Sea Turtle Research Project 

has conducted aerial surveys covering the area between Cape Henry, VA, to Cape 

Hatteras (Diamond Shoals Light), NC, from 1985 to 1989 to estimate abundance of 

loggerhead turtles in the area (Keinath et al., 1987). For this study, we initiated 

surveys in 1991 from approximately Oregon Inlet to Hatteras Inlet . Three areas were 

surveyed; from 75.0 km to 18.5 km north of Cape Hatteras (northern zone), from 18.5 

km north to 18.5 km south of Cape Hatteras (middle zone), and from 18.5 to 75.0 km 

south of Cape Hatteras (southern zone) to follow the migratory movements of turtles 

north and south of the study area. All surveys were flown to 27.8 km offshore . 

Following our established protocol, surveys were flown at an altitude of 152 meters, 

and at a speed of 130 km/hr (Musick et al., 1987; Byles, 1988). Two observers, one 

on each side of the airplane, scanned the sea surface and recorded the occurrence 

of turtles and other sea creatures . 

Loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles are easily recognized from the air, 

thus we directly calculated the density of these two species from the survey data. 

But small size and cryptic coloration make ridleys difficult to detect from an airplane . 

For the purpose of this study, we assumed ridley and loggerhead turtles strand in 

proportion to the population size of each species in the area, and we applied the 

ratio of stranded ridleys to stranded loggerheads to our aerial survey density 

estimates of loggerheads to calculate the density of ridleys in the area. This method 

of estimating Kemp's ridley abundance has weaknesses, but it is the best and only 

method to estimate Kemp's ridley abundance. Because Kemp's ridleys inhabit 

shallow estuarine foraging grounds during mid-summer months (Musick, 1988; 

Morreale and Standora, 1989 ; Ogren, 1989), they are largely absent from stranding 

data during those months. Thus, stranding data for spring and fall (when ridleys and 

loggerheads are actively migrating along the coast) were used to estimate Kemp's 

ridley densities at those times. 

Since only turtles at the surface of the water are observed on aerial surveys, 

a correction factor can be used to account for submerged turtles (Bellmund et al ., 

1987; Byles, 1988; Keinath, 1986; Keinath et al ., 1987; Musick et al., 1985b ; Musick 

et al ., 1992; Standora et al ., 1984). If the amount of time a turtle spends at the 

surface is known, an adjustment factor can be calculated as the inverse of the 

proportion of time spent at the surface. The diving data required to calculate the 

adjustment factor for loggerhead and leatherback turtles was obtained by satellite 

telemetry . Satellite tags were attached with fiberglass to 9 loggerheads (two adults, 

7 juveniles) and seven ridleys (one mature, six juveniles). From this data, an 

adjustment factor was calculated to determine the number of turtles represented by 

each turtle observed at the surface, and by multiplying this factor by the relative 

density, an estimate of population density was obtained . 

In addition to diving data, satellite telemetry was used to track movements of 

the sea turtles . This method has been successfully utilized to gather location data of 

sea turtles since 1985 (Bytes, 1982; Bytes and Keinath, 1991 ; Keinath, et al ., 1989). 

All this data was utilized to describe movement, migratory patterns, and habitat use. 

xiv 
RESULTS 

Density estimates of surfaced loggerheads in the 1985-1989 study ranged 

from 0 (in December) to 0.372 turtles km's (in early May 1986). In the 1991-1992 

study density estimates of loggerheads at the surface north of Cape Hatteras ranged 

from 0 (in August 1991 and January, early April, June and September 1992) to 0.314 

turtles km2 (in early July 1992). Density ranged from 0 (in January and early April 

1992) to 0.314 turtles km's (in early July 1992) for the northern zone, from 0 (in June 

1992) to 0.187 turtles km2 (in early April 1992) in the middle zone, and from 0 (in 

August 1991, June and September 1992) to 0 . 179 turtles km-2 (early April 1992) in 

the southern zone. Diving data from three satellite telemetered loggerheads showed 

that the turtles migrating south along the North Carolina coast stayed at the surface 

10 .696 of the time, providing an adjustment factor of 9.4 to compensate for 

submerged turtles not observed, yielding population density estimates up to 2.952 

turtles km 2 (2.952 turtles km 2 in the northern zone, 1 .758 turtles km Z in the middle 

zone, and 1 .683 turtles km-2 in the southern zone). In general, highest densities were 

observed in the spring (May and June), and lowest in late summer and autumn, while 

during the summer months, densities fluctuated. Up to 4,500 loggerheads were 

estimated to travel through the area annually. 

The ratio of stranded ridleys to loggerheads ranged up to 0.2500, providing 

population estimates up to 0.738 ridleys km*2. However, during some years the 

flounder trawl fishery interacts with turtles migrating south in the autumn, and incurs 

high mortality on sea turtles . Because Kemp's ridley is a summer estuary inhabitant, 

we feel that the ratio for this period (0.1095) is most representative for calculating 

standing stock of ridleys from stranding ratios . This provides population estimates 

for ridleys up to 493.72 turtles in the northern zone, up to 171 .69 turtles in the 

middle zone, and up to 224.10 turtles in the southern zone. 

Few leatherback turtles were observed, and surface density estimates ranged 

up to 0.072 turtles km -2 when observed. No dive data is available for leatherbacks 

off North Carolina's coast. A leatherback turtle tracked in the Caribbean was at the 

surface 13.19'0 of the time, yielding an adjustment factor of 7.6, providing estimated 

population densities up to 0.532 turtles km's (Keinath and Musick, 1994). 

Data from aerial surveys and satellite telemetry show that turtles migrate 

from waters north of Cape Hatteras in the autumn, rounding Cape Hatteras during 

October and November. Once south of Hatteras, telemetered turtles either became 

pelagic in deep offshore waters (two loggerheads), travelled nearshore to Florida 

(two loggerheads and two ridleys), overwintered off North Carolina in the west side 

of the Gulf Stream (three loggerheads), or transmissions ceased shortly after 

rounding the Cape. One loggerhead which overwintered off Florida and three which 

overwintered off North Carolina returned to the Chesapeake Bay the following year, 

rounding Cape Hatteras during May. These movements were supported by aerial 

survey data. 

xv 
ACCESS NCAA3ER: 30 590 

.o 

. . . . 

~EhhiTl`~"

NI " 

1 

T- 

~~ ~r 

r 

Qf 

t0 _000^ 

~-L 

.~- 

SOUTH 

CLROIIN, 

n^~c~ 

Lv 

o ~.U 

eiS 

1 . Aerial survey area in the 

mid-Atlantic zone, and its 

relation to the east coast . 

KEY MAP II 

~~ CA"AOA 

-i' 

E 

[~-

0 

0 

ATLANTIC 

u~ rE0 L 

o 

O 

ST . iE5~ L 

1(\ ~ 

ATIANTtC aeuioN 

~ SOUTH 

ATLANTIC 

f 

-- - ~ . 

u n .~< ..~c~ 1 

(y~: o n a n .m a ~e .c~~n 

1 ~ I 1 

xvi 
1 . INTRODUCTION 

In 1982 the Minerals Managements Service (MMS) assumed responsibilities 

for leasing submerged Federal lands. One of the priority goals assigned to the MMS 

is the protection of the marine and coastal environments . This includes conducting 

studies fn areas or regions of lease sales to ascertain the "environmental impacts on 

the marine and coastal environments of the Outer Continental Shelf and coastal 

areas which may be affected by oil and gas development" (Weetman, 1991). Mobil 

Oil has leased an area 64 km off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Manteo Block 467; 

Figure 1) and has cited the Manteo unit as an area for drilling a single exploratory 

well (Weetman, 1991). This area is most likely to produce gas rather than oil, up to 

5 trillion cubic feet - a 34 year supply for the State of North Carolina at the present 

rate of consumption (Weetman, 1991). However, petroleum drilling activities may 

possibly affect sea turtles (Balazs, 1985; Carr, 1987; Chan and Liew, 1988; CostonClements and Hoss, 1983; Lee and Socci, 1989; Lutcavage, 1994; Plotkin and Amos, 

1988 ; Ross et al ., 1989; Stanley et al ., 1988; Vargo et al ., 1986), which may inhabit 

the area, and are considered threatened or endangered by the federal government 

(CFR , 1987). 

The coastal area immediately adjacent to Cape Hatteras, NC is a major 

migratory pathway for loggerhead ( r tt caretta), leatherback (Dermochelys 

coriacea), and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelvs kempii) sea turtles (CeTAP, 1982a, 

1982b; Epperiy and Veishlow, 1989; Keinath, 1993; Keinath and Musick, 1990, 

1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Keinath et al ., 1992 ; Lazell, 1980; Lee and Palmer, 1981 ; 

Musick et al ., 1987, 1994 ; Shoop and Kenney, 1992; Shoop et al ., 1981), this close 

association to shore is probably due to the narrowness of the Continental Shelf and 

position of the Gulf Stream, which limits the offshore occurrence of turtles (Epperly 

and Veishlow, 1989; Fritts et al ., 1983a, 1983b; Hoffman and Fritts, 1982 ; Musick et 

al ., 1987, 1994; Schroeder and Thompson, 1987; Thompson, 1984). During spring, 

turtles migrate from as far south as Florida past Cape Hatteras to summer in 

northern waters (Barnard et al ., 1989 ; Burke, 1990; Burke and Standora, 1993; Burke 

et al ., 1991 ; CeTAP, 1982a, 1982b; Keinath, 1993 ; Killingley and Lutcavage, 1983 ; 

Meylan and Sadove, 1986; Morreale and Standora, 1989; Morreale et al ., 1992 ; Sauls 

et al ., 1990; Shoop, 1987; Shoop and Kenney, 1992; Shoop et al ., 1981 ; Thompson, 

1988). Juvenile loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys enter estuaries such as Chesapeake 

Bay, Long Island Sound, and Cape Cod Bay, while the leatherbacks travel as far 

north as Newfoundland and possibly farther (Beltmund et al ., 1987; Bleakney, 1965; 

Danton and Prescott, 1988; Goff and Lien, 1988; Keinath et al ., 1987a, 1987b, 1989 ; 

Lazell, 1980; Lutcavage, 1981 ; Lutcavage and Musick, 1985; Meylan and Sadove, 

1986; Morreale and Standora, 1989; Morreale et al ., 1992; Musick, 1988 ; Musick et 

al ., 1985a, 1985b, 1987; Shoop, 1980, 1987; Shoop and Kenney, 1992; Shoop et al ., 

1981). When water temperatures fall in the autumn, turtles return to south of Cape 

Hatteras to overwinter (Bellmund et al ., 1987; CeTAP, 1982a, 1982b; Keinath, 1993 ; 

Keinath and Musick, 1990 ; Keinath, et al ., 1989; Lazell, 1980 ; Shoop, 1987; Shoop 

and Kenney, 1992; Shoop et al ., 1981). During migration in the spring and fall 

months, turtles passing through the Cape Hatteras region are concentrated along the 

shallow nearshore waters, probably because of the narrowness of the continental 

shelf in the area (Anon., 1992; Epperly et al ., 1989). 

During summer months, some turtles also may take up residency off the 

North Carolina coast, but the density of turtles at this time may be lower than during 
migration (Epperly and Veishlow, 1989; Epperly et al ., 1989; Keinath, 1993; Keinath 

et al., 1989; Musick et al., 1989). Satellite telemetry, stranding data, and aerial 

surveys were used to describe the temporal and spatial occurrence, movements, 

migratory patterns, habitat use, and population characteristics of sea turtles In the 

coastal area near Cape Hatteras. These were used to determine habitat utilization 

and sea turtle abundance in the Manteo Block area. 

Obj ectives 

The objectives of this study were to: 

1 . Analyze and/or summarize existing aerial survey, satellite telemetry, and 

stranding data; 

2. Conduct additional aerial surveys near Cape Hatteras; and 

3. Track Kemp's ridley turtles utilizing satellite telemetry. 

2 
36~ -

v 

North 

Carolina 

r\^~ 

Pat' Lm SaM 

35 

2F3 nm 

/ 76 7574 

I I I I 

Figure t . Manteo Block (enclosed area), and the proposed exploratory Mobil drill 

site (black area). 

3 
2. METHODS 

Satellite telemetry 

Satellite transmitters were affixed to the top of turtle's carapaces at the 

highest dome and secured with fiberglass. We used the Argos system to track seven 

Kemp's ridley and nine loggerhead sea turtles for up to 271 days. Prior to release, 

either inside Chesapeake Bay or on the adjacent Atlantic coast, turtles were held in 

an enclosed facility in tanks containing filtered water of the same temperature, 

salinity, and light condition as their natural environment . 

Satellite telemetry uses UHF transmitters which transmit signals to a satellite 

which in turn relays them to an earth station. The Argos satellite telemetry system 

utilizes NOAA Tiros satellites to calculate transmitter location by doppler shift of the 

transmitter's radio frequency (Kenward 1987), and also allows transmission of digital 

data collected by transmitter sensors. Data collected by on board sensors has 

included water temperature and precise diving/surfacing data (Bytes, 1989; Bytes 

and Dodd, 1989; Keinath, 1991 ; Keinath et al . 1989), and a depth sensing prototype 

(Bytes and Keinath, 1990) has been developed. A salt water switch was used to 

determine dive parameters, and the switch also served to turn the transmitter off 

while underwater (UHF radiowaves do not travel through seawater) in order to 

extend the battery life . Data is transmitted from satellites to ground stations, and 

processed and disseminated by Argos (Bytes and Keinath, 1990 ; Keinath, 1991). 

Data can be accessed via computer and modem, and back up diskettes or print-outs 

of monthly data are available from Argos. Location, parameters sent by the 

transmitter, day and time of reception, and probability of location accuracy are 

among data received. In contrast to radio and sonic telemetry, which can provide 

continuous data, the Argos system provides only a limited number of daily fixes, 

depending on latitude (Kenward, 1987). Since Tiros satellites are polar orbiting, 

more fixes are possible at higher latitudes (up to 15 per day) than at the equator (up 

to seven per day). The probability of receiving a location is further decreased 

because the transmitter is below the surface most of the time. Up to two fixes per 

day have been received from wild loggerhead turtles tracked off the east coast of 

the US (Keinath, 1993), although there are occasions when no positions are recorded 

for days. Temperatures recorded from the transmitters were plotted against date if 

significant north or south movements were made, or if the track was long term (> 3 

months). Data was analyzed to describe movement, migratory patterns, and habitat 

use of sea turtles around Cape Hatteras. 

Aerial surveys 

Aerial surveys provide a quantitative assessment of seasonal standing stocks 

of the sea turtles off Cape Hatteras based on randomly stratified flight lines over the 

area. This design yields estimates of seasonal abundance with related confidence 

intervals . The VIMS Sea Turtle Research Project has conducted 40 aerial surveys 

covering the area between Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras (Diamond Shoals Light) 

since 1985 to estimate density of loggerhead turtles in the area (Figure 2, Appendix 

17) . Twenty surveys were flown during 1986, 15 in the northern zone and five in the 

southern zone (Figure 2). From 1987 to 1989 ten surveys were flown, eight in the 

northern zone and two in the southern zone. We performed ten surveys from 

approximately Oregon Inlet to Hatteras Inlet during 1991 and 1992 specifically for 
this project . Three areas were surveyed during each flight (with one exception), one 

from 75.0 km to 18.5 km north of Cape Hatteras (northern zone), one from 18.5 north 

to 18.5 km south of Cape Hatteras (middle zone), and one from 18.5 to 75.0 km 

south of Cape Hatteras (southern zone) from shore to 27.8 km offshore to determine 

relative abundance of migratory turtles north and south of the area of interest 

(Figures 3, 4). Following our established protocol (Bellmund et al ., 1987; Blaylock, 

1992; Byles, 1988; Epperiy and Veishlow, 1989; Epperly et al., 1990; Keinath, 1993; 

Keinath et al ., 1987a, 1987b, 1991, 1992; Musick, 1986. 1988; Musick et al., 1985a, 

1985b, 1987, 1989, 1994)., surveys were flown in a De Haviiland U-6A Beaver at an 

altitude of 152 m, and at a speed of 130 km/hr. Two observers, one on each side of 

the plane, scanned the sea surface for turtles and other sea creatures. When an 

animal was sighted, the following data were taken: 

1) Sighting angle from the transect line 

2) Time of observation 

3) Species 

The sighting angle was measured with a ciinometer (Suunto PM-5) and is 

used to determine the distance each animal is from the transect line. Since turtles 

are rarely sighted under the airplane (0-50 m) and sighting efficiency drops off 

dramatically beyond 300 meters (see results), the effective visual swath surveyed is 

250 meters on each side of the plane. Thus density of turtles can be calculated as: 

D=N/A 

where D = density of turtles observed 

N = number of turtles observed 

A = area surveyed 

and: A = (O * W) * L 

where O = number of observers (2 in the present study) 

W = survey strip width (250 m in this study) 

L =length of survey line 

Thus, for this study 

D=N/(0.5km*L) 

This model assumes all turtles at the surface in the 250 m strip on each side 

of the plane are observed. Epperly and Veishlow (1989) and Epperly et al . (1993) 

deployed different sized turtle models and found size (30 - 90 cm length) was not a 

significant factor in the observer's ability to sight turtles, and that an average of 

97.2 of turtles at the surface within the strip were sighted. This supports the 

assumption that virtually all turtles at the surface are observed on a survey. 

6 
Byles (1988) compared this 'strip transect analysis' to a more complicated 

Hermite polynomial function ('line transact analysis' ; Burnham et al ., 1980) which 

accounts for turtles at the surface but not seen by observers, and found that both 

methods produced similar results (eg. means of 423 vs 372 turtles in his study area). 

Epperly et al . (1990, 1993) discussed limitations, assumptions, and differences in 

strip versus line transact analysis, and concluded that strip transact methods 

'assuredly' underestimate density of turtles at the surface, while line transact 

methods may either over or underestimate densities . Thus we, like Byles (1988) and 

Epperly et al . (1993), chose to use the truncated strip transact analysis to calculate 

turtle densities because it is more direct and intuitively understandable to a broader 

audience. Geometric means and confidence intervals (95%) of loggerhead turtle 

densities were calculated utilizing each flight line as a replicate using a log(x+ 1) 

transformation (Sokal and Rohlf, 1981) on PC-SAS. Mean densities of leatherback 

turtles were calculated in the same manner, but because of the very small number of 

leatherbacks sighted, confidence intervals were not calculated. 

Since only turtles at the surface of the water are observed on aerial surveys, 

a correction factor must be used to account for submerged turtles (Bellmund et al ., 

1987; Byles, 1988; Dodd and Byles, 1991 ; Keinath, 1986; Keinath et al ., 1987a, 

1987b; Musick et al., 1985b; Musick et al., 1992; Standora et al ., 1984). If the 

amount of time a turtle spends at the surface is known, an adjustment factor can be 

calculated as the inverse of the proportion of time spent at the surface (Keinath, 

1986; Musick et al., 1985a). By multiplying this factor (9.4 for loggerheads, 7.6 for 

leatherbacks) by the relative density values for the surfaced turtles, an estimate of 

population density may be obtained. The diving data required to calculate the 

adjustment factor for this study and previous studies was obtained by satellite 

telemetry of loggerheads migrating in the Cape Hatteras vicinity and from a 

leatherback tracked in the Caribbean (Keinath, 1993; Keinath and Musick, 1993; 

Musick et al ., 1992). Estimated standing stocks were calculated for each of the 

three zones surveyed in 1991 and 1992 by multiplying the estimated population 

densities by the areas of each zone (north = 1527.4 km2, middle = 891 .9 km2, south 

= 1216.0 km2). 

Loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles are easily recognized from the air 

thus we directly calculated the density of these two species from the survey data. 

Small size and cryptic coloration make Kemp's ridleys difficult to detect from an 

airplane. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) maintains a database of all 

sea turtles found stranded along the coast of the United States. We utilized data 

from the Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network centralized database (STSSN, 

1991) to document strandings in STSSN zone 35 (35° to 36° north latitude) . 

Assuming Kemp's ridley and loggerhead turtles strand in proportion to the 

population size of each species in the area, we applied the ratio of stranded Kemp's 

ridleys to stranded loggerheads to our aerial survey population estimates of 

loggerheads to calculate the density of Kemp's ridleys in the area (Keinath et al., 

1991, 1994): 

NI * (Sr / SI) = Nr 

7 
where NI = estimated density of loggerheads 

Sr = number of stranded Kemp's ridleys 

SI = number of stranded loggerheads 

Nr = the estimated density of Kemp's ridleys 

Though the proportional stranding method of estimating Kemp's ridley 

abundances has its weaknesses, it is the best and only available method of 

estimation. Because Kemp's ridleys occupy shallow estuarine foraging grounds 

during mid-summer months (Bytes, 1988; Keinath et al., 1987b), they are largely 

absent from the survey area during those months (supported by stranding data). 

Thus we used ratios of stranded Kemp's ridleys to loggerheads for the spring and 

fall, which are more representative of Kemp's ridley abundance, and better 

population estimates are achieved. 

8 
V ~ ~y RLL FLIGHT LI~S ? 

37' 

8 APR 1985 - 25 JUL 1989 

VA a 

NC G~ 

a 

ie 

12 i 

Wrchern 

Rlbeale Sand 

1 18 

Zone 

36 

20 

23 

Southern 

i 

Zone 

28 

L 

Cape Fianeras ION/ 

Pa%L= So-rid IBM. 

15 rm 

~28 

) I ~-i 

Figure 2. Aerial survey transects flown during 1985 - 1989. Various lines were 

surveyed on each flight (Appendix 17). The transects were divided into 

northern and southern zones (adapted from Keinath, 1993; Musick, 1986, 

1988; Musick et al ., 1987, 1989). 

9 
Rlbenarle Saxxi I 

36 

North 

Carolina 

., 

cape Fbiteras 

f1 Pamlico Sarid 

S 

35 

Z 100 m 

243 m 10 rm 

If)00 m 18 k 

~~E~ / x"15 . 

Figure 3 . Aerial survey zones flown for this study during 1991 - 1992. Attempts 

were made to survey all three zones on each flight . N = northern zone, 

M = middle zone, S = southern zone. 

10 
Rlbernar-le Sand ALL FLICK-ITS I 

36 8 f'1RY 1991 - 17 SEPT 1992 

North 

Carolina 

1., 

Cme Hacceras 

PamliCO Sand 

~v 

100 m 

35 

200 m 10 rYn 

1000 "' 18 rnk5 

/6' / 75 

Figure 4. Transects surveyed for this study during 1991 - 1992. 

11 
N 

. . 

Distance a turtle is From flight: 

path - 1'32m : . tan"Ef ) , wherE H 

ankle turtle is sighted at . 

Only turtles between SO and 300 

meters From flight path iie . 18° 

to 63°) used for data analysis . 

Su ; vey area for two observers 

2i:250 m) :> ; flight path distance, 

or 0 .5 km :" : Flight path distance . 

Observed turtle density - turtles 

seen , area surveyed . 

Estimated turtle density -

observed density x adjustment 

factor . 

Estimated population - / 

estimated density : " area o` 

water body . 

63° 

N 

300M 

250M 

AREA 

SURVEYED 

11~1~V 

AREA TO 

BE SURVEYED 

SCALE 13261 

Figure 5. Methods used to estimate turtle density by aerial surveys. 
3. RESULTS 

tellite telemet 

In addition to the nine loggerheads we tracked previously (Keinath, 1993), we 

tracked the movements of seven Kemp's ridley turtles specifically for this project 

(Tables 1 & 2). Instrumented turtles were released in the autumn either in the 

Chesapeake Bay or along the coast between Cape Henry, Virginia and Cape 

Hatteras, North Carolina. Duration of tracks were from 21 d to over 8 mo, when 

either the transmitter became detached from the turtle or ceased transmitting 

because of failure or the turtle's death. 

Loggerhead 05780 was released off Cape Henry on 24 October 1985 (Table 

1) . The turtle entered Pamiico Sound between 28 October and 3 November (Figures 

6 & 7; Appendix 1) . On 29 November the transmitter began transmitting continually, 

indicating that the transmitter was adrift and not attached to the turtle (Table 2). An 

aerial survey a few days later indicated heavy shrimp trawling activities in Pamlico 

Sound, and no regulations for the use of TEDs (turtle excluder devices) were in 

effect. Turtles are commonly captured in trawl nets (Musick et al ., 1992) and we 

surmised that the turtle was captured in a trawl and that a fisherman had detached 

the transmitter from the turtle and set it adrift. 

Loggerhead 05781 was released off Oregon Inlet on 21 November 1985 

(Table 1). The turtle gaveled south and rounded Cape Hatteras on 27 November, 

continuing south past Cape Lookout (Figures 8 & 9; Appendix 2). During the third 

week of December the turtle entered the Gulf Stream and travelled north in deep 

water, until 2 January when the turtle started moving southerly in the west wall of the 

Gulf Stream. Signals ceased on 15 January when the turtle was in deep water off 

North Carolina (Table 2; Figures 8 & 9; Appendix 2). 

Loggerhead 05783 was released in the York River on 5 October 1986 (Table 

1) . The turtle travelled south nearshore and rounded Cape Hatteras between 18 and 

31 October and continued south (Figures 10 & 11 ; Appendix 3). On 31 October the 

transmitter began transmitting continually (Table 2), indicating that the transmitter 

was adrift and not attached to the turtle. Heavy trawling activities were occurring in 

the area at the time the transmitter was detached, and still no regulations for the use 

of TEDs (turtle excluder devices) were in effect, and we again surmised that the 

turtle was captured in a trawl and the fisherman detached the transmitter from the 

turtle and set it adrift. 

Loggerhead 05784 was released off Oregon Inlet on 3 December 1987 (Table 

1). The turtle entered the Gulf Stream and travelled to the north of Bermuda in the 

Atlantic Ocean (Figures 12 & 13; Appendix 4). The first week of January 1988 the 

turtle began swimming southwest and again entered the Gulf Stream and travelled 

north during late April. In early May the turtle began swimming southeast in deep 

water, and transmissions ceased on 31 May 1988 (Table 2; Figures 12 & 13; 

Appendix 4). 

Loggerheads 04932 and 04933 were released at BBNWR on 9 November 

1989 (Table 1) . Both turtles traveled south nearshore and rounded Cape Hatteras 

the last week of November (Figures 14 - 17 ; Appendix 5 & 6). The turtles continued 

13 
south nearshore and were off Savannah Georgia by mid-December, and off Cape 

Canaveral by Mid-January 1990. Loggerhead 04932 continued south to the eastern 

Florida Keys, where it remained until the transmitter ceased transmitting on 28 May 

(Table 2; Figures 14 & 15; Appendix 5). Loggerhead 04933 remained off Cape 

Canaveral until the middle of March when it began travelling north. The turtle passed 

Cape Fear and Cape Hatteras in early May, and entered the Chesapeake Bay in the 

second week of May (Table 2; Figures 16 & 17; Appendix 6). 

Loggerheads 04934 and 04937 were released at VIMS on 22 October 1991 

(Table 1), and both exhibited tail and carapace lengths indicating that the turtles 

were either mature or nearly mature males. The turtles travelled south and rounded 

Cape Hatteras the last week of October (Figures 18 - 21 ; Appendix 7 & 8). The 

turtles overwintered over the continental shelf between Cape Fear and Cape 

Lookout. The turtles began migrating north in mid-April to early May 1992, rounded 

Cape Hatteras in late May, and entered the Chesapeake Bay in early June (Table 2; 

Figures 18 - 21 ; Appendix 7 & 8). 

Loggerhead 04935 was released at BBNWR on 28 October 1991 (Table 1) 

after nesting. The turtle travelled south and rounded Cape Hatteras the last week of 

October (Figures 22 & 23; Appendix 9). The turtle overwintered over the continental 

shelf just to the south of Cape Hatteras, and entered Pamlico Sound during March 

1992. The turtle began migrating north in early May and transmissions ceased on 24 

May when the turtle was off Kittyhawk North Carolina (Table 2; Figures 22 & 23; 

Appendix 9) . 

Seven Kemp's ridley turtles were tracked specifically for this project . The 

turtles had been in captivity for various amounts of time (Table 1). Six of the turtles 

were juveniles, and one (number 1234) was well above the minimum size of nesting 

females, indicating it was an adult (Table 1) . All turtles were over 40 cm straight line 

carapace length at release. We deemed this to be the minimum length that a sea 

turtle can carry a satellite transmitter and exhibit behavior uninhibited by the 

attached transmitter (Bytes and Keinath, 1990). 

Kemp's ridley 01229 was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge 

(BBNWR), Virginia Beach on 23 October 1991 (Table 1) . The turtle traveled south 

nearshore, and rounded Cape Hatteras the last week of October (Figures 24 & 25 ; 

Appendix 10) . The turtle continued south, farther offshore, but in water less than 

100 m deep, and arrived off Cape Lookout early in the first week of November, then 

started to gavel south later that week (Figures 24 & 25; Appendix 10) . The last 

position was obtained on 13 November, when the turtle was nearshore between 

Cape Lookout and Cape Fear (Table 2). 

Kemp's ridley 04938 was released at BBNWR on 28 October 1991 (Table 1). 

The turtle traveled south nearshore, and rounded Cape Hatteras the first week of 

November (Figures 26 & 27; Appendix 11) . The turtle continued south and rounded 

Cape Fear 10 - 12 November, arriving at the South Carolina - Georgia border during 

the end of December, and transmission ceased on 18 January 1992 when the turtle 

was off the Georgia - Florida border (Table 2; Figures 26 & 27 ; Appendix 11) . 

Kemp's ridley 04939 was released at BBNWR on 28 October 1991 (Table 1). 

The turtle traveled south farther offshore than the previous two Kemp's ridleys, and 

rounded Cape Hatteras the first week of November (Figures 28 & 29; Appendix 12). 

14 
The turtle continued south and rounded Cape Fear 17 - 19 November, arriving at the 

South Carolina - Georgia border during the second week of December, and 

continued to travel south to Cape Canaveral when transmission ceased on 4 January 

1992 (Table 2 ; Figures 28 & 29; Appendix 12) . 

Kemp's ridleys 01230, 01231, 01233, and 01234 were released at BBNWR on 

14 September 1993 (Table 1). Turtle 1230 travelled north and entered Chesapeake 

Bay three days after release, and remained in the Bay until signals ceased on 7 

October (Table 2; Figures 30 & 31 ; Appendix 13). Kemp's ridleys 1231, 1233, and 

1234 all travelled south and were off Oregon Inlet by the end of September, and 

continued south to Cape Hatteras when transmissions ceased (Table 2; Figures 32 

37; Appendices 14 - 17) . 

Duration of reception of data was vastly greater for the larger ST-3 model 

satellite transmitters (up to over 250 days), while the ST-6 transmitters lasted under 

100 days, with 30 - 50 days being the norm (Table 2). It appears there is a problem 

with the ST-6 transmitters, probably with the seawater switch. However, small 

turtles, such as the Kemp's ridleys we were tracking, could not support the weight of 

an ST-3 transmitter . 

15 
Table 1 

Data on sea turtles satellite tagged by VIMS. TRX NO = satellite transmitter 

identification code, SP = species, SLCL = straight line carapace length at 

capture, LAST DATA = date of last data reception . York = York River, CCB = 

Cape Cod Bay, Potomac = Potomac River, BBNWR = Back Bay National Wildlife 

Refuge, CB mouth = mouth of Chesapeake Bay, OI = Oregon Inlet, CH = off 

Cape Hatteras, VIMS = VIMS beach (York River) . 

TRX 

NO 

SP CAPTURE 

DATE 

CAPTURE 

LOCATION 

SLCL RELEASE 

DATE 

RELEASE 

LOCATION 

5780 Cc 19 Jun 85 Potomac 83.7 24 Oct 85 CB mouth 

5781 Cc 8 Aug 85 York 78.5 21 Nov 85 01 

5783 Cc 3 Jul 86 Potomac 80 .9 5 Oct 86 York 

5784 Cc 25 Aug 87 Potomac 92.5 3 Dec 87 CH 

4932 Cc 28 Sep 89 Potomac 59.9 9 Nov 89 BBNWR 

4933 Cc 6 Oct 89 Potomac 69.6 9 Nov 89 BBNWR 

4934 Cc 12 Sep 91 Potomac 86 .1 22 Oct 91 VIMS 

4937 Cc 16 Sep 91 York 90 .4 22 Oct 91 VIMS 

4935 Cc 30 Sep 91 York 60 .2 28 Oct 91 BBNWR 

1229 Lk 26 Nov 88 Dare NC 22.1 23 Oct 91 BBNWR 

4938 Lk 19 Jun 91 York 38.1 28 Oct 91 BBNWR 

4939 Lk 15 Nov 87 CCB 30.0 28 Oct 91 BBNWR 

1230 Lk 29 May 93 Potomac 48.2 14 Sep 93 BBNWR 

1231 Lk 24 May 93 York 51 .8 14 Sep 93 BBNWR 

1233 Lk 10 Jun 93 Potomac 43.9 14 Sep 93 BBNWR 

1234 Lk t Sep 93 Potomac 64.8 14 Sep 93 BBNWR 

16 
Table 2 

Tracking information on satellite tracked sea turtles . TRX NO = transmitter 

identification code. Cc = loggerhead sea turtle, Lk = Kemp's ridley sea turtle. 

TYPE = transmitter configuration ; F-3 = trailing float model ST-6; B-3 = epoxy 

backpack model ST-3; B-6 = epoxy backpack model ST-6. 

TRX SPECIES DURATION OF FINAL 

NO POSITIONS DISPOSITION TYPE 

5780 Cc 24 Oct 85 - detached F-3 

29 Nov 85 

5781 Cc 21 Nov 85 - signal F-3 

15 Jan 86 ceased 

5783 Cc 5 Oct 86 - detached F-3 

31 Oct 86 

5784 Cc 3 Dec 87 - signal F-3 

31 May 88 ceased 

4932 Cc 9 Nov 89- signal B-3 

28 May 90 ceased 

II4933 Cc 9 Nov 89 - signal B-3 

22 Jun 90 ceased 

4934 Cc 22 Oct 91- signal B-3 

15 Jun 92 ceased 

4937 Cc 22 Oct 91- signal B-3 

17 Jul 92 ceased 

4935 Cc 28 Oct 91- signal B-3 

24 May 92 ceased 

1229 Lk 23 Oct 91- signal B-6 

13 Nov 91 ceased 

4938 Lk 28 Oct 91- signal B-6 

18 Jan 92 ceased 

17 
Table 2 

Tracking information on satellite tracked sea turtles. TRX NO = transmitter 

identification code. Cc = loggerhead sea turtle, Lk = Kemp's ridley sea turtle. 

TYPE = transmitter configuration ; F-3 = trailing float model ST-6; B-3 = epoxy 

backpack model ST-3; B-6 = epoxy backpack model ST-6. (continued) . 

TRX SPECIES DURATION OF FINAL 

NO POSITIONS DISPOSITION TYPE 

4939 Lk 28 Oct 91 - signal B-6 

4 Jan 92 ceased 

1230 Lk 14 Sep 93 - signal B-6 

7 Oct 93 ceased 

1231 Lk 14 Sep 93 - signal B-6 

11 Nov 93 ceased 

1233 Lk 14 Sep 93 - signal B-6 

9 Oct 93 ceased 

1234 Lk 14 Sep 93- signal B-6 

19 Oct 93 ceased 

18 
0570 

VR ~ VS- tl LOGCM-IERO 

cam `ff" 24 OCT 1985 - 29 NOV 1985 

i 

36* 

NC ~  

34-

C~e F3 

30 rn 

55.6 km 

1 m 

'T7 7573 

i 

Figure 6. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05780 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released off Cape Henry, Virginia Beach, 

Virginia on 24 October 1985 and the transmitter detached from the turtle 

on 29 November 1985. Numbered points correspond to "POINT NO" in 

Appendix 1 (from Byles, 1988). 

19 
05780 

37 

36 

w 

0 

~ 35 

Q 

J 

34 

33 .¢ ti0 

DATE 

Figure 7. Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05780 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry (adapted from Syles, 1988). 

20 
05781 

` LOGGER!-ERD 

e ~ 21 NOV19eS '15 JRN 1986 

VA 

~R~+ `~ y 4 

.5 

36- 

N_ 

v 

S 

/ 34 -

s~.s ~.~ 

n 

%81 

~t ~ I l IZ " 

Figure 8. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05781 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released off Oregon Inlet, North Carolina on 12 

November 1985 and the last location was received on 15 January 1986. 

Numbered points correspond to "POINT NO" in Appendix 2 (from Byles, 

1988). 

21 
05781 

39 

38 

37 

w 

0 

F- 36 

Q 

35 

34 

33 

,L1 

DATE 

Figure 9. Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05781 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . Winter positions north of Cape Hatteras 

were in the Gulf Stream (See Figure 10) (adapted from Byles, 1988). 

22 
A- 1-1 05783 

VA 

LOGGEPo-EPD 

C-V! "M 5 OCT 1986 - 31 OCT 136 

--- 

36* -

~.f1 

NC 

h r'' 

34~ -

i cme F~ 

1 . 30 rM 

55.6 

1 m 

777573 

Figure 10. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05783 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released at the mouth of the York River, 

Virginia on 5 October 1986 and the transmitter detached from the turtle 

on 31 October 1986. Numbered points correspond to 'POINT NO" in 

Appendix 3 (from Keinath, 1993). 

23 
05783 

38 

w 36 

a 

Q 

-'35 

34 

37 Cape Henry 

Cape Hatteras 

Cape Fear- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

33 ;; 

6~0~ 0~Q6 0~~6 

O~° 

DATE 

Figure 11 Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05783 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry (from Keinath, 1993). 

24 
05784 

LOGGERHERD 

3 DEC 1987 - 31 f1RY 1988 

Cape Fk!r" 

s 

7~ YB _-

J 

h 

" y \ .n 

75. " ~ b 

n' ,y 

Cax Fer J "'n 

.A U 

sa 3 

` " "9 I O ~11~ 

y, / s ~+yi , 

JNIf } " E~ r_'. 

/ a. 

7 

`mss ~ . 

7~ 70 

100 rn 

185 km 

65* 

I I 

Figure 12. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 05784 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . The turtle was released off Oregon Inlet, North Carolina on 3 

December 1987 and the last location was received on 31 May 1988. 

Numbered points correspond to 'POINT NO' in Appendix 4 (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

25 
05784 

39 

37 

W 

~ 35 

Q 

J 

33 

31 

29 

Cape Hentopen 

Cape Henry 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

MONOWAN C e Hatteras 

- - - - - - - - - - - -

Cape Fear 

ape Romain 

- - - - - - _ - - - \ ~`- _ -Savannah GAti~ ~~ ~~ y\ SSA 

DATE 

Figure 13. Latitude as a function of date of loggerhead sea turtle 05784 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry (from Keinath, 1993). 

26 
VR ~ 

04932 

LOGGERI-EfD 

9 NOV 1989 -10 AN 1990 

NC 

35* -

., 

a. .a 

.`z~ 

~-~ .a 

- " r 

-a 

~1 r' 

.av 30 0 

r 

37 

FL ~av . 

. 

.,. 

a , 185 1~ km 

25 -

85" - . .`--~ 8~75~ 70~ 

I I I I 

Figure 14. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04932 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 9 November 1989 and the last location was 

received on 28 May 1990. Numbered points correspond to "POINT NO" 

in Appendix 5 (from Keinath, 1993). 

27 
04932 

38 

36 

Cape Hf 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

- \ - . - - . . . - . . cape Hacceras 

a -i 

34~ -,- _'~ 

0 32 

30 

28 

35 

30 

_\ J\ / Cape Fea r 2CJ 

\-f TI- 

- _ - - - "" - >>l Y Cape Rom in U 

Y - _ - - Savannah G W 

20 I= 

Q ll 

15 LIJ 

- - - - - _ Cape Canaveral 

10 

26 Miami FL 

- 

- 

249 \0m ~\90 ~\00 x\90 \~o ~\00 ~\~00 

DATE 

Figure 15. Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

loggerhead sea turtle 04932 as elucidated by satellite telemetry (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

28 
~~ 04933 

VA 

;~LOGGERFEAD 

9 NOV 1989 - 22 JlN 1990 

NC 

.v 35' -

a 

9r 

r 

30* -

,~T Y 

i~ .,. 

V 71 

b 

FL moo . ~ 

lrm~ 

185 km 

25 -

SS' 60* 75, 70' 

I I I 

Figure 16. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04933 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 9 November 1989 and the last location was 

received on 22 June 1990 . Numbered points correspond to "POINT NO" 

in Appendix 6 (from Keinath, 1993). 

29 
04933 

39 

37 

35 

w 

M 33 

-' 31 

29 

27 

25 

Cape Henlc 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

- - - - - - - - _ - Cape Henry ~~ - 

Cape Hatteras 

K- 

- 

~~ 

- - - 

Cape Fear 

Cape Romain 

- _ - - _ _ - - '~ - _ Savannah GA 

Cape Canaveral 

- - - - - - - - - - - _ - _ - - Miami Fj 

09 00 fA 0~ O ~O p~0 90 AO ~O ,j0 90 90 90 0\ .y\ ~\ \ ~\= \ y\ 5\ \ ,\ ,y\ .~\ \ .y\ 

DATE 

0 

25 

206 

w 

15 Q 

w 

10 ~ 

5 

Figure 17. Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

loggerhead sea turtle 04933 as elucidated by satellite telemetry (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

30 
04934 

VR 

caMHffr I AOl_LT rFLE 

22 OCT 1991 - 15 JUN 1992 

4Y 

36 

lYl 

M 1 

r(% 

NC 

`' ._ .. . .. 

```~~ 

,-

. II _ T~ 

../ .~ .,. 

... c~ F~ 

-w ,E 

.3~ fn 

.s 

5.6 k, 

1 m 

777573" 

Figure 18. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04934 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . The turtle was released at Gloucester Point, Virginia on 22 

October 1991 and the last location was received on 15 June 1992. 

Numbered points correspond to 'POINT NO' in Appendix 7 (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

31 
04934 

38 35 

.37L 

- - - - - - 

t 

- - - - - 

-Cape Henry L 

- -l

.30 

361 ~Xjj Il ~ fl f 

1/ `~~(/ VQ Cape Hatteras w U 

Y `i - 

~ 

20 

- - - - -

35 

75 Uj 

LLJ 

.34 T ~ Cape Fear 

10 

± . 

Cape Fomain~ 

33~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

5 

1321 

\ 5\ p\ 5\ \ ~\ .~\ .~\ \ .~\ \ .~\ ,y\ \ s~\' 

DATE 

Figure 19. Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

loggerhead sea turtle 04934 as elucidated by satellite telemetry (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

32 
f)s~ 

04937 

LOGGER-iEFO 

VR um,"Y PO - LT NFLE 

22 OCT 1991 - 17 JL1L 1992 

i 

36 

K7 

'~`f 

NC ,' 

.- 

a .~ 

~- 34 

carF . 

~ . -,. ~~V0 m 

30 no 

.,2IXi m 55.6 km 

1000 m 

- 77' 75 73 

Figure 20. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04937 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released at Gloucester Point, Virginia on 22 

October 1991 and the last location was received on 17 July 1992. 

Numbered points correspond to "POINT NO" in Appendix 8 (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

33 
04937 

38 

37 

36 

w 0 Cape Hatt 

Z:) 35 

34 

33 ----- 

32 1 

DATE 

30 

5 

06 

w 

5 Q 

w 

O W 

Figure 21 . Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

loggerhead sea turtle 04937 as elucidated by satellite telemetry (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

34 
04935 

r- '~f / LOGGEF 4-ERD VA 

28 OCT 1991 - 24 MAY 1992 

Y 

~' X41 JU " -

l y~\ $ 

~~y 3 

"~ LV 

I NC 

9. ~p 

/ 6a 

34~ -

Cme F~ 

NIl 

SS .6 km 

1 m 

77~ 75. 73 " 

Figure 22. Positions of loggerhead sea turtle 04935 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 28 October 1991 and the last location was 

received on 24 May 1992. Numbered points correspond to "POINT NO" 

in Appendix 9 (from Keinath, 1993). 

35 
04935 

38 

37 - I,flIL7 - 

_ - _ - - Cape Henry 

5 

20 

U 

w 

0 

~ 36 

Q 

35 

3 4 ~ \9 ~\~ \0 6\9 v\0,yy~.~ 0.y 6\0,y`\9 6\0,y 

DATE 

15 W 

w 

10 ~ 

w 

5 

1\0^`qR \o'L y~O~L '\0'L ' O 

5\ ~ 

Figure 23. Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

loggerhead sea turtle 04935 as elucidated by satellite telemetry (from 

Keinath, 1993). 

36 
01229 

VR ~ 

RIOLEY 

CaM ,u ,, 23,OCT 1991 - 13 NOV 1991 

~5 "! 

4 

6 

YD 

J 

36 

a 

a 

NC 

F4tt~a ~ m 

ru -39 

33- 

r~ 

E 

34-

CmeFpr 

1 

~ ss.s km ~ 

1 m 

7775. 73 " 

Figure 24. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01229 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 23 October 1991 and the last location was 

received on 13 November 1991 . Numbered points correspond to "POINT 

NO" in Appendix 10. 

37 
01229 

38 

w 36 

0 

35 

37 

- -~L _ - - - - - _ _ - _ - Cape Hatteras 

34 

33; 

`O~~ 

DATE 

25 

20 

U 

15 w 

w 

10 ~ 

w 

5 

\0 O 

Figure 25. Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01229 as elucidated by satellite telemetry. 

38 
VA " ~ 

04938 

RIDLEY 

28 OCT 1991 - 18 JfN 1992 

H 

A NC ,,~~...r~. . . 

~-Z 3s' - " II 

s 

)~/$ y 

~ 7 .Q 

~ $y,4~ 

l"'f"7 'iL,b ~! 

~x, vi. .ae 

.,n 

is as 

30 

FL ins 

100 rn ~ 

185 km 

25 -

SS, C-0, 75* 70 

I I I I 

Figure 26. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 04938 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 28 October 1991 and the last location was 

received on 18 January 1992. Numbered points correspond to "POINT 

NO" in Appendix 11 . 

39 
04938 

3 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cape Henry I 

J 

36 

CC 

ape Hatteras 

TZ 

)e Fear 

Cape Romain 

Savannah GA ape Hatteras 

w 34 

0 

H 

Q 

-' 32 

30 

28\ 

- - _ - - - - - - - _ - Cape Canaveral I 

\9 

\9 y\ 

1\ 

DATE 

5 

20 

U 

15 w 

Cr 

FQ 

W 

10 ~ 

w F5 

\9,~ \9~ 

0 

Figure 27. Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

Kemp's ridley sea turtle 04938 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . 

40 
VA " ~ 

04939 

RIDLEY 

28 OCT 1991 - 4 JRN 1992 -a 

NC 

35 

~ 30' -

FL 2M, 

1~00 rm 

185 km 

25 -

65 R 75 70 

I I 

Figure 28. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 04939 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 28 October 1991 and the last location was 

received on 4 January 1992. Numbered points correspond to "POINT 

NO" in Appendix 12. 

41 
04939 

3 

w 33 

HQ 

' 31 

29 

35 

25 

Cape Hattera~ 

- - ~/ 1 _ - - Cape Fear i~ - 

ape Roman 

Savannah GA- ~- 

- - - - _ - - - _ _ _ - _ _ Cape Canaveral 

2?: 

O 

DATE 

20 

U 

15 ~ 

Q 

W 

10 

w 

5 

i O \9 :\~ti 

Figure 29. Latitude (squares) and temperature (triangles) as a function of date of 

Kemp's ridley sea turtle 04939 as elucidated by satellite telemetry . 

42 
R1230 

`'1 JUVENILE 

/RIDLEY 

14 SEP 1993 - 07 OCT 1993 

.~ V l 

m 

y~uJ f /~ '_~'- 'u ~/ 37.5 -

., - 

a 

d 

37.0 -

CaQe ~&rY 

15 rn 

~'~ " 27.8 km 

y V. 

VR 

_S . 

76.5

. 

Figure 30. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01230 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia oh 14 September 1993 and the last location was 

received on 7 October 1993. Numbered points correspond to "POINT 

NO" in Appendix 13. 

43 
R1 230 

39 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cape -Henlop - - .nj 

38 

w 0 

~ 37 

FQ 

J 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

Cape Henry- ~ 

36 

- _ - _ - - - - _ - _ - Cape Hattera !j 

35L 

~\ 5 \.~\ 

DATE 

Figure 31 Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01230 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry. 

44 
R1231 

4 C-0 RICLEY 

° .2 JUVENILE 

14 SEP 1933 - 13 NOV 1993 

Cape Fiefry 37-

VA 

>. 

1 

., 36 -

/% 

e 

~`'~SY~Cape Haii2f'a5 ~ 30 rn J 

55.6 km 

r 

H 

35 

o offl . 74* 

Figure 32. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01231 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 14 September 1993 and the last location was 

received on 13 November 1993. Numbered points correspond to "POINT 

NO" in Appendix 14. 

45 
R1 231 

39 

38 

37 

w 

0 

~ 36 

Q 

J 

35 

34 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

Cape Henlopen - 

Cape Hatteras- - - - - -

I33; 

0\ 6 `p\ 0 

\ \9^a 

DATE 

Figure 33. Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridtey sea turtle 01231 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry . 

46 
R1233 

RIDLEY 

2 JUVENILE 

14 SEP 1993 - 09 OCT 1993 

37-

vA r -- 

L N 

V 

pESrt AN 

36- ti , w 

$ ' " a 

a`// 

,_ ~CaQp f"bi2ef'a5 Y 30 f'YII 

I--- J S5.6 km 

R 1 35 -

i-,6 " 74 

Figure 34. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01233 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry . The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 14 September 1993 and the last location was 

received on 9 October 1993. Numbered points correspond to "POINT 

NO" in Appendix 15. 

47 
R1233 

39 

38 

W 37 

0 

Q 

-' 36 

35 

34. 

DATE 

Figure 35. Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridiey sea turtle 01233 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry. 

48 
R1234 

RIDLEY 

-E RDLLT 

14 SEP 1993E 19 OCT 1993 

Cape FL--Y 37 

VR 

+- ~a 

4-7 

I 

U 

i 

s 

ns.r s/a 

.S 

"~capE 1-btt2~as 30 rgn 

( 55.61.m 

~V ~ 

f~ .m~ud 

4 4 

H 

° n, -a 'y 

X- 35 

V" 74* 

Figure 36. Positions of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01234 as elucidated by satellite 

telemetry. The turtle was released at Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, 

Virginia Beach, Virginia on 14 September 1993 and the last location was 

received on 19 October 1993. Numbered points correspond to "POINT 

NO" in Appendix 16. 

49 
R1234 

39 

38 

w 37 

0 

Q 

J 36 

35 

34q 

DATE 

\9^~ \9'7 \97 

o\ 6 0\ 0 

Figure 37. Latitude as a function of date of Kemp's ridley sea turtle 01234 as 

elucidated by satellite telemetry. 

50 
Aerial survey 

Eleven surveys were flown during 1985 ; nine in the northern zone and two 

in the southern zone (Figures 2 & 38; Table 3; Appendix 17) . During April, more 

loggerheads were observed in the southern zone. The majority of turtles observed 

during the year was during early May in the northern zone. Abundances decreased 

throughout the remainder of the year. Abundance increased during the 6 August 

survey, decreased in the 5 September and stabilized for the remainder of the year 

(Table 3; Figure 38). 

Nineteen surveys were flown during 1986; 15 in the northern zone and 

four in the southern zone (Figures 2 & 39; Table 3 ; Appendix 17). On 7 May both 

zones were surveyed and turtles were more abundant in the northern zone. Turtles 

became very abundant in the northern zone during late May, and few were observed 

in mid-June. Abundances fluctuated throughout the rest of the year (Table 3; Figure 

39; Appendix 17) . 

From 1987 through 1989 ten surveys were flown; nine in the northern 

zone and one in the southern zone (Figures 2 & 40; Table 3; Appendix 17). Turtles 

were observed in the northern zone on 16 September 1987, however no turtles were 

seen in that zone on 3 December. During 1988 turtle abundance was high in early 

June. Flights on two consecutive days in July showed a variation in abundance 

between days, but abundance increased until late July. Abundance dropped 

dramatically in August and October. Two surveys were flown on 25 July 1989; one 

each in the northern and southern zone. Few but equal numbers of turtles were 

observed in each zone (Table 3; Figure 40 ; Appendix 17). 

In 1991 and 1992 we attempted to survey each of the three zones 

(Figures 3, 41, 42) on each day. A plot of distance of turtles observed as a function 

of distance from the flight line for these surveys (Figure 43) substantiate our 

previous data suggesting most turtles are observed in a 50 - 300 m swath on each 

side of the plane. On the first survey, the sea state deteriorated, which limits the 

ability of observers to see turtles (Thompson, 1984), and the southern zone was not 

surveyed. In May 1991 most turtles were observed in the northern zone, then turtles 

became less abundant but approximately equally distributed throughout the summer. 

During November 1991 most turtles were observed in the southern zone. No turtles 

were observed in the northern zone in January 1992, and one turtle was seen in each 

of the other zones. In April 1992 no turtles were observed in the northern zone, and 

equal numbers were seen in the middle and southern zone. In June turtles were only 

observed in the northern zone. In July and September most turtles were seen in the 

northern zone, followed by the middle and southern zones. 

Density estimates of surfaced loggerheads for the 1985 - 1989 surveys in 

the northern zone ranged from 0 (in December) to 0.372 turtles km 2 (in May 1986; 

Table 3). In the southern zone, surface density estimates of loggerheads ranged 

from 0.017 (in May 1986) to 0 . 187 turtles km "2 (in April 1985). Diving data from 

three satellite telemetered loggerheads showed that turtles migrating south along 

the North Carolina coast stayed at the surface 10.6% of the time, providing an 

adjustment factor of 9.4. Applying the adjustment factor yields population density 

estimates for loggerheads up to 3.500 turtles km 2 in the northern zone and 1 .757 

turtles km'2 in the southern zone (Table 3) . 

51 
Density estimates of surfaced loggerheads in the 1991-1992 study ranged 

from 0 (in August 1991, and June and September 1992) to 0.179 turtles km2 in the 

southern zone, from 0 ( in June 1992) to 0. 187 turtles km's (in April 1992) in the 

middle zone, and from 0 (in January and April 1992) to 0.314 turtles km Z (in July 

1992) in the northern zone (Table 4). Applying the adjustment factor of 9.4 yields 

population density estimates up to 2.952 turtles km2 1992 and total population 

estimates up to 4508.88 turtles km2 in the northern zone in July (Table 4). 

Leatherbacks were observed in May, July, August, October, and November 

(Tables 5 & 6). Few leatherbacks were observed on any of the surveys and surfaced 

turtle density ranged up to 0.070 turtles km-2 (Tables 5 & 6). No dive data is 

available for leatherbacks off North Carolina's coast, however a leatherback turtle 

tracked off St. Croix Island in the Caribbean was at the surface 13.1% of the time 

(Keinath and Musick, 1993), yielding an adjustment factor of 7.6 providing 

population density estimates for leatherbacks in the 1985 - 1989 study up to 0.231 

turtles km 2 (Table 5) and up to 0 .532 turtles km 2 in the 1991 - 1992 study when six 

leatherbacks were observed in the northern zone in July 1992 (Table 6). 

During some years the flounder trawl fishery interacts with turtles 

migrating south in the autumn, and incurs high mortality on sea turtles, which 

subsequently wash up dead along the coast (Figures 44 & 45). The ratio of stranded 

Kemp's ridleys to loggerheads range up to 0.2500 (Tables 7 & 8), with geometric 

means for the ratios of 0.0706 for all years combined, and 0.0953 for only the years 

which had Kemp's ridley strandings (Table 7). Geometric means for strandings by 

month was 0.0478 overall (Table 8). However, since Kemp's ridley is a summer 

estuary inhabitant, and probably only ventures into the area around Cape Hatteras 

during migration (November through March), and the flounder trawl fishery incurs 

high mortality on sea turtles during this time (Table 8) (Musick et al ., 1992), we feel 

the ratio for this time period (0.1095) is most representative for calculating standing 

stock of Kemp's ridleys from stranding ratios (this ratio is also relatively close to the 

ratio over the years when Kemp's ridleys stranded (Table 7); and the autumn 

migration period is supported by our satellite tracking) . This provides population 

estimates for Kemp's ridleys up to 493.72 turtles in the northern zone, up to 171 .69 

turtles in the middle zone, and 224.10 turtles in the southern zone. 

52 
Aerial Surveys 

985 

w 

0.4 

h h D R~ 9D 

P 

h 

\~ ~1.~ 

r2. ~~ mo 

Nc 

G 

0.3 

z 

w 0.2 0 

w 

~¢ 0.1 

U 00 

DATE 

Figure 38. Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys off 

Cape Hatteras in each of the two zones (Figure 2) during 1985. Either 

the northern or southern zone was surveyed on a given date. N = 

northern zone, S = southern zone (adapted from Musick, 1986 . 1988; 

Musick et al ., 1987, 1989). 

ZONES 

EZI North 

South 
Aerial 

0.4 

Surveys 

1986 

~o ro ~o ~o ~o ~o ~o ~o ro ?o ~o ~o ro ~o ?o ~o ~o ~o 

q`'~, 

Nc 

C 

Y 

0.3 

w 0.2 

0 

w 

0.1 

~ 00 

DATE 

Figure 39. Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys off 

Cape Hatteras in each of the two zones (Figure 2) during 1986. Both 

the northern and southern zones were surveyed on 30 April 1986 and 7 

May 1986, only one zone was surveyed on the other dates . N = 

northern zone, S = southern zone (adapted from Musick, 1986. 1988 ; 

Musick et al ., 1987, 1989) . 

ZONES 

North 

South 
Aerial Surveys 

1987-1989 

0.3 

CM c 

G 

Y 0.2 

z 0.2 

X 

to 

Ui 0 .1 

U 

0.1 

v' ll\\\`I 0.0 ~°,~~ ~°'~~ ~°'~~ -°'~~ ~°,cb2~ 

O~G ,J~` ,J~ ,J\ ,J\ eJp~ OG' 

DATE 

Figure 40. Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys off 

Cape Hatteras in each of the two zones (Figure 2) during 1987 - 1989. 

Both the northern and southern zones were surveyed on 25 July 1989, 

only one zone was surveyed on the other dates. N = northern zone, S = 

southern zone (adapted from Musick, 1986. 1988; Musick et al ., 1987, 

1989) . 

ZONES 

North 

South 
Aerial Surveys 

1991 -1992 

0.5 

N 0.4 

Y 

0.3 

z 

w 

0 

U 0.2 

Q 

U) 0.1 

Oir-ir~ ~r-ih vi ~ ~~ 1-1 i-- I r ~ii~ tir-

~°~~'\ 

,A `5 

QJ S~Q~pJ 

DATE 

Zones 

D N 

8M 

EJ S 

Figure 41 . Density of surfaced loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys off 

Cape Hatteras in each of the three zones (Figure 3). Only the northern 

and middle zones were surveyed on 8 May 1991 . All three zones were 

surveyed on other dates. N = northern zone; M = middle zone; S = 

southern zone. 

56 
Aerial Surveys 

1991 -1992 

120 

100 

80 

Z 

W 

U~- 60 

W. w 

40 

20 

O 

. . 

n 

B 

2 2 

- , - 

.- 

2 2 

~~~ ~~ ~~~2 ~(,i~ 

DATE 

ZONES 

El N 

8M 

~S 

Figure 42. Percentage of loggerhead turtles observed on aerial surveys off Cape 

Hatteras in each of the three zones (Figure 3). Number of turtles 

observed over bars. N = northern zone; M = middle zone ; S = southern 

zone; N/A = not surveyed. 

57 
Turtles Observed By Distance From Flight Line 

35 

30 

25 

w 20 

U 

w 15 

10 

5 

0 

48 

38 

~O ~O ~O 4s~ ~O ~O ~O (ZO <P 

ti 3 ~ 

ooMETERS 

Figure 43. Number of turtles observed by distance from the flight line on aerial 

surveys performed in 1991 - 1992. 
Table 3 

Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the two zones surveyed during 1985 

through 1989, in turtles km-2. SD = geometric mean (log(X+1) transformed) surface 

density (upper number), sample size = number of lines surveyed (in parenthesis), and 

geometric 95% confidence intervals (lower numbers); EPD = estimated population 

density, in same format as SD. N/A = not applicable (sample size of 1) . 

DATE Northern zone Southern zone 

SD EPD SD EPD 

18 Apr 1985 0.187 (10) 1 .757 (10) 

0.082-0 .302 0 .770-2.840 

26 Apr 1985 0.079 (10) 0.746 (10) 

0.040-0.120 0.377-1 .130 

1 May 1985 0.248 (2) 2.327 (2) 

0.131-0 .790 1 .227-7 .426 

2 May 1995 0.352 (2) 3 .310 (2) 

0.235-0.481 2.207-4 .518 

25 May 1985 N/A (1) N/A (1) 

6 Aug 1995 0.168 (2) 1 .581 (2) 

0.164-0.173 1 .539-1 .623 

5 Sep 1985 0.011 (2) 0 .105(2) 

0.011-0.034 0.104-0 .319 

10 Oct 1985 0.098 (2) 0 .920 (2) 

0.012-0.220 0.113-2 .068 

15 Oct 1985 0.087 (7) 0 .822 (7) 

0.005-0.177 0.044-1 .663 

11 Nov 1985 0.117 (10) 1 .096 (10) 

0.021-0 .221 0.199-2 .077 

20 Nov 1985 0.072 (3) 0.675 (3) 

0.037-0.108 0.344-1 .016 

7 May 1986 0.117 (7) 1 .096 (7) 0.017(9) 0.164(9) 

0.040-0 .199 0.378-1 .867 0.007-0 .042 0.066-0 .399 

16 May 1986 0.104 (2) 0 .978 (2) 

0.018-0 .241 0.165-2 .264 

19 May 1986 0.372 (9) 3.500 (9) 

0.259-0.495 2.439-4.656 

59 
Table 3 

Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the two zones surveyed during 1985 

through 1989, in turtles km-2. SD = geometric mean (log(X+ 1) transformed) surface 

density (upper number), sample size = number of lines surveyed (in parenthesis), and 

geometric 9596 confidence intervals (lower numbers); EPD = estimated population 

density, in same format as SD. N/A = not applicable (sample size of 1) . (continued) . 

DATE Northern zone Southern zone 

SD EPD SD EPD 

30 May 1986 0.273 (12) 2.570 (12) 

0.160-0.398 1 .504-3.742 

19 Jun 1986 0.0212 (8) 0.200 (8) 

0.003-0.040 0.028-0.375 

4 Jul 1986 0.217 (8) 2.035 (8) 

0.103-0.342 0.969-3.212 

10 Jul 1986 0.024 (8) 0.228 (8) 

0.001-0 .050 0.007-0.469 

26 Jul 1986 0.066 (4) 0.624 (4) 

0.053-0.080 0.498-0 .752 

4 Aug 1986 0.107 (8) 1 .009 (8) 

0 .061-0 .156 0.572-1 .465 

15 Aug 1986 0.155 (8) 1 .457 (8) 

0 .073-0 .244 0.682-2 .292 

21 Aug 1986 0.076 (8) 0.713 (8) 

0.043-0 .109 0.407-1 .028 

5 Sep 1986 0.107(8) 1 .009(8) 

I 

0.069-0 .148 0.645-1 .387 

23 Sep 1986 0.040 (12) 0.373 (12) 

0.020-0 .060 0.186-0 .563 

23 Oct 1986 0 .039 (10) 0.371 (10) 

0.010-0.070 0 .090-0.660 

24 Oct 1986 0.079 (9) 0.743(g) 

0.020-0.142 0 .185-1 .332 

20 Nov 1986 0.083 (9) 0.779 (9) 

0.020-0.160 0 .100-1 .507 

23 Nov 1986 0.062 (12) 0.580 (12) 

0.015-0 .111 0.140-1 .041 

60 
Table 3 

Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the two zones surveyed during 1985 

through 1989, in turtles km-2. SD = geometric mean (log(X+1) transformed) surface 

density (upper number), sample size = number of lines surveyed (in parenthesis), and 

geometric 9596 confidence intervals (lower numbers) ; EPD = estimated population 

density, in same format as SD. N/A = not applicable (sample size of 1). (continued). 

DATE Northern zone Southern zone 

SD EPD SD EPD 

6 Dec 1986 0.040 (9) 0.374 (9) 

0.004-0.086 0.040-0.806 

16 Sep 1987 0.103(9) 0.965(9) 

0.044-0.164 0.416-1 .544 

3 Dec 1987 0.000 (11) 0.000 (11) 

7 Jun 1988 0.129 10 1 .213 10 

0.055-0 .208 0.519-1 .955 

14 Jul 1988 0.064 (10) 0 .603 (10) 

0.020-0.110 0 .187-1 .037 

15 Jul 1988 0.201 (14) 1 .886 (14) 

0.118-0 .290 1 1 .105-2.725 

29 Jul 1988 0.232 (14) 2.184 (14) 

0.160-0 .309 1 .504-2 .908 

I, 11 Aug 1988 0.060 (10) 0.566 (10) 

0.027-0 .094 0.254-0 .888 

27 Oct 1988 0.084 (14) 0.792 (14) 

0.042-0 .129 0.391-1 .210 

25 Jul 1989 0.013 (10) 0 .123 (10) 0.016(9) 0.152(9) 

0.002-0 .024 0.017-0 .230 0.000-0 .033 0.002-0 .309 

61 
Table 4 

Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the three zones surveyed during 1991 and 

1992, in turtles km's. SD = calculated surface density; EPD = estimated population 

density . ESS = estimated standing stock in each zone in # turtles . Mean is 

geometric mean (log(x + 1)), CI = 95% confidence Intervals . Number of turtles 

observed indicated in parenthesis under means. Six lines were surveyed in each 

zone. 

DATE ZONE SD EPD ESS 

Mean CI Mean CI Mean CI 

8 May 91 North 0.129 0.054- 1 .213 0.508- 1852.74 775.92- 

(11) 0.209 1 .965 3001 .34 

Mid 0.035 0.004- 0.329 0.038- 293.44 33.89- 

(3) 0.068 0.639 569.92 

30 May 91 North 0.092 0.010- 0.865 0.094- 1321 .20 143.58- 

(8) 0.180 1 .692 2584.36 II 

Mid 0.035 0.004- 0.329 0.038- 293.44 33.89- 

(3) 0.068 0.639 569.92 

South 0.047 0.000- 0.442 0.000- 537.47 0- 

(4) 0 .095 0.893 1085.89 

6 Aug 91 North 0.035 0 .004- 0.329 0.038- 502 .51 58.04- 

(2) 0.068 0.639 976.01 

Mid 0.035 0.004- 0.329 0.038- 293.44 33.89- 

(2) 0.068 0.639 569.92 

South 0.000 0.000- 0 .000 0.000 000.00 000.00 

0.000 

13 Sept 91 North 0.023 0.000- 0 .216 0.000- 329.92 0- 

(2) 0.054 0.508 775.92 

Mid 0.035 0.004- 0.329 0.038- 293.44 33 .89- 

(3) 0.068 0.639 976.01 

South 0.023 0.000- 0.216 0.000- 262.66 0- 

(3) 0 .070 0.658 800.13 

62 
Table 4 

Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the three zones surveyed during 1991 and 

1992, in turtles km2. SD = calculated surface density; EPD = estimated population 

density. ESS = estimated standing stock in each zone in # turtles. Mean is 

geometric mean (log(x + 1)), CI = 9596 confidence intervals. Number of turtles 

observed indicated in parenthesis under means. Six lines were surveyed in each 

zone. (continued) . 

DATE ZONE SD EPD ESS 

Mean CI Mean CI Mean CI 

15 Nov 91 North 0.023 0.000- 0.216 0.000- 329.92 0- 

(2) 0 .054 0.508 775.92 

Mid 0.023 0 .000- 0.216 0.000- 192.65 0- 

(2) 0.054 0.508 453.09 

South 0.139 0.046- 1 .307 0.432- 1589.31 525.31- 

(12) 0.240 2.256 2743.30 

21 Jan 92 North 0.000 0.000- 0.000 0.000 000.00 000.00 

0.000 

Mid 0.012 0.000- 0.113 0.000- 100.78 0- 

(1) 0 .035 0.329 293.44 

South 0 .012 0.000- 0.113 0.000- 137.41 0- 

(1) 0.035 0.329 400.06 

7 Apr 92 North 0.000 0.000- 0 .000 0.000 000.00 000.00 

0.000 

Mid 0.187 0.096- 1 .758 0.902- 1567.96 804.49- 

(16) 0.286 2.688 2397.43 

South 0.179 0.132- 1 .683 1 .241- 2046.53 1509.06- 

(15) 0 .228 2 .143 2605.89 

11 Jun 92 North 0 .035 0.000- 0.329 0.000- 502 .51 0- 

(3) 0.083 0.780 1191 .37 

Mid 0.000 0.000- 0.000 0.000 000.00 000 .00 

0.000 

South 0.000 0.000- 0 .000 0.000 000.00 000.00 

0.000 

63 
Table 4 

Estimated density of loggerhead turtles in the three zones surveyed during 1991 and 

1992, in turtles km-2. SD = calculated surface density; EPD = estimated population 

density. ESS = estimated standing stock in each zone in # turtles . Mean is 

geometric mean (log(x + 1)), CI = 95% confidence intervals . Number of turtles 

observed indicated in parenthesis under means. Six lines were surveyed in each 

zone. (continued) . 

DATE ZONE SD EPD ESS 

Mean CI Mean CI Mean CI 

8 Jul 92 North 0.314 0.123- 2.952 1 .156- 4508.88 1765.67- 

(23) 0.538 5.057 7724.06 

Mid 0 .111 0.000- 1 .043 0.000- 930.25 0- 

(10) 0.245 2.303 2054.05 

South 0.047 0 .017- 0.442 0 .160- 537.47 194.56- 

(4) 0.079 0.743 903.49 

17 Sept 92 North 0.033 0.000- 0 .310 0.000- 473 .49 0- 

(3) 0.103 0.968 1478.52 

Mid 0.023 0.000- 0.216 0.000- 192.65 0- 

(2) 0.054 0.508 453.09 

South 0.000 0.000- 0.000 0.00 000.00 000.00 

0.000 

64 
Table 5 

Estimated density of leatherback turtles in the two zones surveyed during 1985 

through 1989, in turtles km-2. SD = calculated surface density; EPD = estimated 

population density. Numbers of turtles observed are indicated in parenthesis. 

ATE 

Northern zone 

SD EPD 

Southern zone 

SD EPD 

18 App 1985 0 0 

26 Apr 1985 0 0 

1 May 1985 0 0 

2 May 1985 0 0 

25 May 1985 0 0 

6 Aug 1985 0.041 (1) 0.309 

5 Sep 1985 0 0 

10 Oct 1985 0 0 

15 Oct 1985 0 0 

11 Nov 1985 0 0 

20 Nov 1985 0 0 

7 May 1986 0 0 

16 May 1986 0 0 

19 May 1986 0 0 

30 May 1986 0 .009 (1) 0.065 

19 Jun 1986 0 0 

4 Jul 1986 0-030(3) 0.231 

10 Jul 1986 0 0 

26 Jul 1986 0 0 

4 Aug 1986 0 .009 (1) 0.066 

15 Aug 1986 0 0 

21 Aug 1986 0 0 

F5Sep 1986 0 0 

65 
Table 5 

Estimated density of leatherback turtles in the two zones surveyed during 1985 

through 1989, in turtles km-2. SD = calculated surface density; EPD = estimated 

population density. Numbers of turtles observed are indicated in parenthesis . 

(continued). 

ATE 

Northern zone 

SD EPD 

Southern zone 

SD EPD 

23 Sep 1986 0 0 

3 Oct 1986 0 0 

4 Oct 1986 0 0 

0 Nov 1986 0 0 

23 Nov 1986 0.012 (2) 0.089 

Dec 1986 0 0 

16 Sep 1987 0 0 

Dec 1987 0 0 

7 Jun 1988 0 0 

14 Jul 1988 0 0 

15 Jul 1988 0 .029 (5) 0.224 

29 Jul 1988 0 .004(l) 0.030 

11 Aug 1988 0 0 

7 Oct 1988 0.018 (4) 0.135 

5 Jul 1989 0 0 0 0 

66 
Table 6 

Estimated density of leatherback turtles in the three zones surveyed during 1991 and 

1992, in turtles km-2. SD = calculated surface density; EPD = estimated population 

density; NS = not surveyed. Number of turtles observed in parenthesis . 

Northern zone Middle zone th rn zone 

(DATE I SD EPDI SD EPDI SD EPD 

8 May 1991 0 0 0 0 NS NS 

30 May 1991 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6 Aug 1991 0.012(l) 0.091 0 .012 (1) 0.091 0 0 

13 Sep 1991 0 0 0 0 0 0 

15 Nov 1991 0 0 0 0 0 0 

21 Jan 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 

7 Apr 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 

11 Jun 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 Jul 1992 0.070 (6) 0.532 0 0 0 0 

17 Sep 1992 0 0 =0 0 0 0 

67 
North Carolina Stranded Sea Turtles By Year 

300 

250 

200 

w 

150 

z 

100 

0 

50 

o~'~ ~~J q~G 

YEAR 

ED Lk 

MDc 

[0 Cc 

Figure 44 . Number of Kemp's ridley (Lk), leatherback (Dc), and loggerhead (Cc) sea 

turtles stranded in STSSN lone 35 (35° to 36° north latitude) by year, all 

months combined . From STSSN, 1991 . 
North Carolina Stranded Sea Turtles By Month 

For Years 1980 - 1991 

300 

250 

200 

Q 

w 

150 

z 

100 

50 

O 0 \ It- -IL -,it \ 1 h 7 l -41 --It -- l h V l \ I I 

Q~ 5 O 

MONTH 

Q~G 

~ Lk 

~ Dc 

~ Cc 

Figure 45. Number of Kemp's ridley (Lk), leatherback (Dc), and loggerhead (Cc) sea 

turtles stranded in STSSN zone 35 (35° to 36° north latitude) by month 

for years 1980-1991 . From STSSN, 1991 . 

69 
Table 7 

Ratios of stranded Kemp's ridley (Lk) sea turtles to loggerheads (Cc) by year in 

STSSN zone 35 (35° to 36° north latitude) (STSSN, 1991). OVERALL = geometric 

(log(X + 1) transformed) mean for all months, NOV-MAR = geometric mean for 

november - march . 

YEAR Lk:Cc 

1980 0 

1981 0.1786 

1982 0.0331 

1983 0 

1984 0 

1985 0.0183 

1986 0.0750 

1987 0.2353 

1988 0.0545 

1989 0.0256 

1990 0.1325 

1991 0.1250 

OVERALL 0 .0706 

DISCOUNTING ZEROS 0 .0953 

70 
Table 8 

Ratios of stranded Kemp's ridley (Lk) sea turtles to loggerheads (Cc) by month 

(1980-199t) in STSSN zone 35 (35° to 36° north latitude) (STSSN 1991). OVERALL 

= geometric (log(X + 1) transformed) mean for all months, NOV-MAR = geometric 

mean for november - march. Confidence interval in parenthesis. 

MONTH Lk :Cc 

JAN 0.1154 

FEB 0.0294 

MAR 0.2500 

APR 0 

MAY 0 

JUN 0 

JUL 0 

AUG 0.0417 

SEP 0 I 

OCT 0 

NOV 0.0678 

DEC 0.0970 

OVERALL 0.0478 

f NOV-MAR ~ 0.1095 

71 
4. DISTRIBUTION AND MOVEMENTS 

Since 1985 a total of 16 turtles (nine loggerheads and seven Kemp's ridleys) 

were successfully satellite tracked, the longest for 270 days. Except for one Kemp's 

ridley which entered the Chesapeake Bay, turtles migrated south from waters north 

of Cape Hatteras in the autumn, rounding Cape Hatteras during October and 

November. Once south of Hatteras, telemetered turtles either became pelagic in 

deep offshore waters (two loggerheads), travelled nearshore to Florida (two 

loggerheads and two Kemp's ridleys), over-wintered off North Carolina in the west 

side of the Gulf Stream (three loggerheads and four Kemp's ridleys), or transmissions 

ceased shortly after rounding the Cape (one loggerhead), with the exception of one 

transmitter that ceased in Pamlico Sound (one loggerhead) . One loggerhead which 

overwintered off Florida and three which overwintered off North Carolina returned to 

the Chesapeake Bay the following year, rounding Cape Hatteras during May. 

Because of cold temperatures north of Cape Hatteras in the winter, sea turtles must 

travel to the south of Hatteras or to warmer waters. Keinath (1993) found Kemp's 

ridleys consistently inhabited waters between 15 and 20°C, while loggerheads 

inhabited water temperatures both higher and lower than that. Shoop (1987) 

observed loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys at Georges Banks from May through 

October, however turtles were not observed there from October through April . Some 

turtles may overwinter off North Carolina in the west wall of the Gulf Stream, but as 

in more southerly areas they appear to avoid fully entering the Gulf Stream (Fritts et 

al ., 1983a, 1983b; Hoffman and Fritts, 1982; Schroeder and Thompson, 1987; 

Thompson, 1984), and if they do they get carried north in the Stream, as did two of 

our satellite tracked turtles. It appears 15°C is the temperature that mediates 

migration (Keinath, 1993). Flipper tagging has indicated that loggerhead and 

Kemp's ridley turtles may migrate as far south as Georgia and Florida (Keinath, 

1993 ; Sauls et al ., 1990 ; Shoop and Ruckdeschel, 1989), and leatherbacks as may 

travel to and from the Caribbean sea (Keinath and Musick, 1990; Keinath and Fretey, 

unpublished data). Killingley and Lutcavage (1983) showed that loggerhead turtles 

from Chesapeake Bay had previously occupied warmer, non-estuarine waters, 

probably to the south of Virginia in the open ocean . It appears loggerheads are not 

uncommon south of Cape Hatteras from January through March, but only in offshore 

waters (Anon., 1985; Epperly et al ., 1990, 1993; Fahy, 1954; Fritts et al ., 1983b; Lee 

and Palmer, 1981 ; Lee and Socci, 1989; Schwartz, 1989; Thompson, 1984, 1988). 

This phenomenon has also been observed off Florida (Shroeder and Thompson, 

1987). Our aerial surveys also detected a southerly migration past Cape Hatteras 

during October and November and a northerly spring migration past Cape Hatteras 

in May, consistent with other studies (Epperly et al ., 1989). 

Our data suggest that Kemp's ridleys and loggerheads tend to follow inshore 

migration routes around Cape Hatteras. Kemp's ridleys and some loggerheads 

appear to continue to travel south to Florida for the winter, however some 

loggerheads occur 50 - 100 km off North Carolina under the influence of the Gulf 

Stream even in winter. Although a sample size of seven Kemp's ridleys was small 

and many Kemp's may behave otherwise (as was found in our results for loggerhead 

turtles), these observations are in agreement with Shoop and Kenney (1992) and 

other workers to the north of North Carolina (Bytes, 1982 ; Morreafe, Pegs. Com.) who 

observed some Kemp's ridleys moving offshore in the fall, possibly in response to 

cold inshore water. Although turtles may travel to the south to avoid cold 

temperatures in the winter (Henwood and Ogren, 1987; Keinath, 1993), migration 

73 
south of North Carolina is not required to find warm water and turtles can overwinter 

off North Carolina in the west side of the Gulf Stream (Anon., 1992 ; Lee and Palmer, 

1981 ; Schwartz, 1989; Thompson, 1988), where winter water temperatures are above 

17°C (Anon., 1992) . 

74 
5. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 

In general, population densities of loggerheads reached a maximum from 

Cape Hatteras south in April with a secondary peak in November. In accordance 

with other researchers (Epperly et al ., 1989, 1993 ; Fritts et al ., 1983a; Lee and 

Palmer, 1981 ; Lee and Socci, 1989, Thompson, 1984, 1988) who observed 

loggerheads in inshore waters near Cape Hatteras from April through November, our 

estimated population densities were highest in May with a secondary peak in 

November (Figures 38 - 41, Tables 3 & 4). We feel that high density estimates 

observed on 6 August 1985, 4 July 1986, 29 July 1988, and 8 July 1992 may have 

been due to changes in the turtles' surfacing behavior rather than to real increases in 

standing stocks. The coastal region from Cape Hatteras to Cape Henry is subject to 

periodic upwelling caused by prolonged southwesterly winds in July and August 

(Hicks and Miller, 1980 ; Ingham and Eberwine, 1984; Norcross and Austin, 1988; 

Wells and Gray, 1960). This phenomenon pulls in cold bottom water from offshore 

and establishes a strong thermocline. Loggerheads tend to occur in waters of 15 -

18°C or higher (Keinath, 1993; Lutcavage and Musick 1985), and spend more time 

on the surface when a strong thermocline is present (Keinath and Musick, Unpub. 

data), and this could explain the July peak of a number of turtles higher than 

expected (Fig. 41). Data for leatherback turtles shows similar peaks in turtle 

densities (Tables 5 & 6), although leatherbacks are more tolerant of colder 

temperatures . 

Most of our surface density calculations for loggerheads are comparable to 

those reported by Shoop et al . (1981) (0.0015 to 0.15 turtles km-2 ) and Shoop and 

Kenney (1992) (0 .00164 to 0.510 turtles km-2) for the coastal North Atlantic; with the 

densities reported by Epperly et al ., (1990) (up to 0 .28 turtles km2) in Core Sound, 

North Carolina; and those estimated by Byles (1988) (up to 0.377 turtles km Q ) in the 

lower Chesapeake Bay. We calculated standing stock densities of loggerheads up 

to 2.952 turtles km-2, comparable to those reported by Keinath et al . (1987b) for the 

lower Chesapeake Bay (up to 6.1 turtles km~z, with a mode of approximately 3 turtles 

km-2) and offshore northern North Carolina and southern Virginia (0.4 to 6.6). Byles 

(1988) calculated the total standing stock of lower Chesapeake Bay of 7905 (S.E . of 

the mean = 1496) turtles, much larger than our estimates for the three zones around 

Cape Hatteras . However, Shoop and Kenney (1992) estimated a total population of 

2,200 to 11,000 loggerheads in their study area (the coast of the U.S . from Cape 

Hatteras to Nova Scotia) which encompasses our estimates. Shoop and Kenney 

stated that their density estimates were greater than any previously reported for the 

Gulf of Mexico and eastern Florida. 

Shoop and Kenney (1992) estimated surface densities of leatherbacks in their 

study area of 0 .00209 - 0.0216 turtles km2, and a total population of 100 - 900. 

These density estimate are much lower than our findings, and reflects the small 

number of turtles observed most of the time, and a large number of turtles observed 

on single surveys. It is likely this is due to the generally accepted theory that 

leatherbacks travel north and south in groups, thus providing data such as we 

observed . 

Although Kemp's ridleys are hard to detect by aerial survey, relative temporal 

and geographic trends in Kemp's ridley population abundance closely reflects those 

of loggerheads in the spring and fall (but absolute abundance is much lower). Both 

75 
stranding patterns and tracking studies suggest that Kemp's ridleys migrate through 

the Hatteras migration corridor at the same time as loggerheads . In summer, 

however, there probably is a difference between the species because Kemp's rfdleys 

prefer to forage in shallow areas within estuaries such as Chesapeake Bay (Bytes, 

1988; Lutcavage and Musick, 1985) and Core Sound (Epperly et al., 1990), whereas 

loggerheads use deeper channel areas in estuaries (Bytes, 1988; Lutcavage and 

Musick, 1985) and occur along the coast (see above). Our maximum estimate of 

Kemp's ridley standing stock agrees well with the numbers calculated for the 

Chesapeake Bay standing stock (Keinath et al., 1991) of 300 - 500 turtles . 

76 
6. CONCLUSIONS 

We estimate up to 4500 loggerheads and approximately 500 Kemp's ridley 

sea turtles migrate from the south around Cape Hatteras during May to northern 

summer feeding areas. They return in fall to the south of Cape Hatteras, rounding the 

Cape during October and November. This movement is probably mediated by water 

temperature of about 15°C. Kemp's rldleys, as well as some loggerheads, appear to 

overwinter nearshore as far south as Florida, while other loggerheads either become 

pelagic in the North Atlantic or stay along the outer shelf over live bottom at the 

west edge of the Gulf Stream off North Carolina over the winter. Our findings 

suggest that loggerheads occur near the Manteo Block mostly in the spring and fall, 

but some loggerheads winter in the Gulf Stream south of the Manteo Block. Kemp's 

ridleys appear to utilize areas well inshore of the Manteo Block site. Aerial surveys 

appear to give population estimates comparable to other studies and is perhaps 

among the best methods for calculating standing stocks . Data for calculating 

standing stocks, and for tracking movements can be gathered successfully by 

satellite telemetry, however the ST-3 transmitters appear to transmit data over 

significantly longer time periods than the ST-6 transmitters . Unfortunately, the ST-3 

transmitters are too large to attach to small Kemp's ridley sea turtles. 

77 
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Anonymous. 1985. Loggerheads mate off Cape Hatteras. Mar. Turt. News[. 34:8. 

Anonymous. 1992. Interactions between sea turtles and the summer flounder trawl 

fishery, November, 1991 - February, 1992. U.S. Dept. Commer. NOAH Tech. 

Mem. NMFS-SEFSC-307, 58 pp. 

Balazs, G.H. 1985. Impact of ocean debris on marine turtles: entanglement and 

ingestion, pp. 387-429. In : R.S. Shomura and Y.O. Yoshida (eds.), Proc. 

Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris. Honolulu. NOAA Tech. 

Mem . NMFS-SWFC-54. 

Barnard, D.E., J.A. Keinath, and J.A. Musick. 1989. Distribution of ridley, green, and 

leatherback turtles in Chesapeake Bay and adjacent waters, pp. 201-203. In : 

Eckert, Eckert, and Richardson (compilers), Proceedings of the Ninth Annual 

Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology. NOAA Tech. Memo. 

NMFS-SEFC-232 . 

Bellmund, S.A ., J.A . Musick, R.C. Klinger, R.A. Byles, J.A . Keinath, and D.E . Barnard . 

1987. Ecology of sea turtles in Virginia . VIMS Special Scientific Report no. 

119. Virginia Inst . Mar. Sci ., Gloucester Point, VA, 48 pp. 

Blaylock, R.A . 1992. Distribution, abundance, and behavior of the cownose ray, 

RhinoQtera bonasus (Mitchill 1815), in lower Chesapeake Bay. Ph.D. Diss . 

Virginia Inst . Mar. Sci ., College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 

129 pp. 

Bleakney, J.S . 1965. Reports of marine turtles from New England and eastern 

Canada . Can. Field Nat. 79(2):120-128. 

Burnham, K .P ., D.R. Anderson, and J.L . Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line 

transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs No. 72, 

Suppl . to J . Wildl. Manage. 44(2). 202 pp. 

Burke, V.J . 1990. Seasonal ecology of Kemp's ridley ( Lepidochelys kem~i) and 

loggerhead ( Caretta rett ) sea turtles in Long Island, New York. Master's 

Thesis . St. Univ. College of New York, Buffalo, NY. 

Burke, V.J . and E.A. Standora. 1993. Diet of juvenile Kemp's ridley and loggerhead 

sea turtles from Long Island, New York. Copeia 1993(4):1176-1180. 

Burke, V.J ., E.A. Standora, and S.J . Morreale. 1991 . Factors affecting strandings of 

juvenile cold-stunned Kemp's ridley and loggerhead sea turtles in Long Island 

New York. Copeia 1991 :1136-1138. 

Byles, R.A. 1982. Radio-tracking of a Kemp's ridley off the Virginia coast. 

Unpublished Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., Endang. Spp . Office. 21 

PP. 

79 
Bytes, R.A. 1988. The behavior and ecology of sea turtles in Virginia . Ph.D. Diss. 

Virginia Inst . Mar. Sci., College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 

112 pp. 

Bytes, R.A. 1989. Satellite telemetry of Kemp's Ridley sea turtles, Lenidochelvs 

kempi, in the Gulf of Mexico, pp. 25-26. In: Eckert, Eckert, and Richardson 

(compilers), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle 

Conservation and Biology. NOAH Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC-232 . 

Bytes, R .A., and C.K. Dodd. 1989. Satellite biotelemetry of a loggerhead sea turtle, 

r tt , from the east coast of Florida, pp. 215-217. In : Eckert, Eckert, and 

Richardson (compilers), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Workshop on Sea 

Turtle Conservation and Biology. NOAH Tech . Mem. NMFS-SEFC-232 . 

Bytes, R.A. and J.A. Keinath. 1990. Satellite monitoring sea turtles, pp. 73-75. In : 

Richardson, Richardson, and Donnelly (compilers), Proceedings of the Tenth 

Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology. NOAA Tech. 

Memo. NMFS-SEFC-278. 

Carr, A. 1987. Impact of nondegradable marine debris on the ecology and survival 

outlook of sea turtles. Mar. Poll. Bull . 18:352-356. 

CeTAP. 1982a. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid- and 

North-Atlantic areas of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf. Ann . Rep. 1980, 

U .S . Dept. Interior . Contract AA551-CT8-48 . Bur. Land Manag., Wash. D.C. 

CeTAP . 1982b. A characterization of marine mammals and turtles in the mid- and 

North-Atlantic areas of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf. Final Rep. U.S. 

Dept. Interior . Contract AA551-CT8-48 . Bur. Land Manag., Wash. D.C. 

CFR. 1987. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants . 50 C.F .R. 17.11 and 

17.12 . U .S . Dept. Interior. 32 pp. 

Chan, E.H. and H.C. Liew. 1988. A review on the effects of oil-based activities and 

oil pollution on sea turtles, pp. 159-167 . In: Proc. 1 tth Ann. Sem . of the 

Malaysian Soc. Mar. Sci . 

Coston-Clements, L. and D.E. Hoss. 1983. Synopsis of data on the impact of habitat 

alteration on sea turtles around the southeastern United States. NOAA Tech. 

Mem . NMFS-SEFC-117. 57 pp . 

Danton, C. and R. Prescott. 1988. Kemp's ridley in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts -

1987 field research, pp. 17-18. In: Schroeder (Compiler), Proc. Eighth Ann . 

Workshop on Sea Turtle Conserv. and Biol. Fort Fisher, NC. Feb. 1988. 

Dodd, C.K., Jr. and R. Bytes. 1991 . The status of loggerhead, r tt caretta ; 

Kemp's ridley, Legidochelyg kemi ; and green, h I ni mvas, sea turtles in 

U.S. waters: A reconsideration . Mar. Fish . Rev. 53(3) :30-31 . 

80 
Epperly, S. and A. Veishlow. 1989. Sea turtle species composition and distribution 

in the inshore waters of North Carolina. A pilot project. July - Dec. 1988. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of 

Protected Resources. 31 pp. 

Epperly, S.P., J. Braun, and A.J . Chester. 1993. Aerial surveys for sea turtles in 

North Carolina inshore waters. Draft MS submitted to Fish.l Bull. 23 pp. + 1 

Table, 3 Figs. 

Epperiy, S.P., J . Braun, and A. Veishlow. 1993. Sea turtles in North Carolina waters. 

Draft MS submitted to Conserv. Biol. 40 pp. 

Epperly, S.P., N.B Thompson, J.A. Keinath, J.A. Musick, and D .T . Crouse. 1989. Sea 

turtles in North Carolina, pp. 49-61 . In : K. Crawford (ed.), The natural 

resources associated with Mobil's proposed drill site. Proc. Marine Expo '89. 

N .C. Dept. Admin., OCS Office, Raleigh, NC. 

Epperly, S.P, A. Veishlow, J . Braun, and A.J . Chester. 1990. Sea turtle species 

composition and distribution in the inshore waters of North Carolina January 

- December 1989. Report submitted to USFWS and NMFS. 46 pp. 

Fahy, W.E . 1954. Loggerhead turtles, r tt caretta, from North Carolina . Copeia 

1954(2):157-158. 

Fritts, T.H., A.B. Irvine, R.D. Jennings, L.A. Collum, W. Hoffman, and M.A. McGehee. 

1983a. Turtles, birds, and mammals in the northern Gulf of Mexico and 

nearby Atlantic waters. An overview based on aerial surveys of OCS areas, 

with emphasis on oil and gas effects . Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of 

Biological Sciences, Contract No. 14-16-0009-81-949 . 

Fritts, T.H., W. Hoffman, and M.A. McGehee. 1983b. The distribution and abundance 

of Marine turtles in the Gulf of Mexico and nearby Atlantic waters. J. Herp. 

17(4) :327-344. 

Goff, G.P. and J. Lien. 1988. Atlantic leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, in 

cold water off Newfoundland and Labrador. Can. Field Nat. 102(1):1-5. 

Henwood, T.A. and L.H . Ogren. 1987. Distribution and migrations of immature 

Kemp's ridley turtles ( Lepidochelys kepi ) and green turtles ( h I ni 

mvds) off Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Northeast Gulf Sci . 

9(2):153-159. 

Hicks, D.C. and J.R . Miller. 1980. Meteorological forcing and bottom water 

movement off the northern New Jersey coast . Estuar., Coast ., and Mar. Sci . 

11 :563-571 . 

Hoffman, W. and T.H. Fritts . 1982 . Sea turtle distribution along the boundary of the 

Gulf Stream current off eastern Florida . Herpetologica 38(3):405-409. 

Ingham, M.C. and J. Eberwine. 1984 . Evidence of nearshore summer upwetling off 

Atlantic City, New Jersey . NOAH Tech. Mem. NMFS-F/NEC-31 . 10 pp. 

81 
Keinath, J.A. 1986. A telemetric study of the surface and submersion activities of 

Dermochelyg coriacea and r tt . M.S, . Thesis . University of Rhode Island, 

86 pp. 

Keinath, J.A. 1991 . State of the art sea turtle tracking, pp. 215-220. In : Geo-Marine 

(compiler), Proc 11th Ann. Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting . U.S. 

Dept. Interior, Min. Manag. Serv., New Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 91-

0040. 

Keinath, J .A. 1993. Movements and behavior of wild and head-started sea turtles. 

Ph.D. Dissertation, College of William and Mary, 206 pp. 

Keinath, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1990. Dermochely,s coriacea (leatherback sea turtle). 

Migration. Herp. Rev. 21(4) :92 . 

Keinath, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1991a. Leatherback sea turtle, pp.453-455. In : K. 

Terwilliger (coordinator), Virginia's Endangered Species . McDonald 

Woodward Pub. Co. Blacksburg, VA. 

Keinath, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1991 b. Loggerhead sea turtle, pp. 445-448. In : K. 

Terwilliger (coordinator), Virginia's Endangered Species . McDonald 

Woodward Pub. Co. Blacksburg, VA. 

Keinath, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1991c. Kemp's ridley sea turtle, pp.451-453. In : K. 

Terwilliger (coordinator), Virginia's Endangered Species . McDonald 

Woodward Pub. Co. Blacksburg, VA. 

Keinath, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1993. Internesting movements and behavior of a 

leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. Copeia 4:1010-1017. 

Keinath, J.A., D.E. Barnard, and J .A. Musick. 1991 . Status of Kemp's ridley in 

Virginia and adjacent waters. Final Rept. to U .S. Fish Wild[. Ser., Office of 

Endangered Spp., Albuquerque, NM . 20pp. 

Keinath, J.A., R.A. Byles, and J .A. Musick. 1989. Satellite telemetry of loggerhead 

turtles in the western north Atlantic, pp. 75-76. In : Eckert, Eckert, and 

Richardson (compilers), Proc. 9th Ann. Workshop on Sea Turtle Conserv. and 

Biol. NOAA Tech . Mem. NMFS-SEFC-232 . 

Keinath, J.A., J.A. Musick, and R .A. Bytes. 1987a. Aspects of the biology of 

Virginia's sea turtles : 1979-1986. Virginia Jour. Sci . (a) 38:81 . 

Keinath, J.A ., J.A. Musick, and R.A. Bytes. 1987b. Aspects of the biology of 

Virginia's sea turtles : 1979-1986. Virginia J. Sci . 38(4) :329-336. 

Keinath, J.A., J.A. Musick, and D.E. Barnard . 1992. Sea turtles off the North Carolina 

coast, pp. 111-117. In : Proc. Fourth Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Region 

Information Transfer Meeting, Sept., 1991 . OCS Study MMS 92-0001 . 

82 
Keinath, J.A., D.E. Barnard, J.A. Musick, and B.A. Bell. 1994. Kemp's ridley sea 

turtles from Virginia waters, pp. 70-73. In : Bjorndal, Bolton, Johnson, and 

Eliazar (compilers), Proc. 14th Ann. Symposium on Sea Turtle Biol. and 

Conserv. NOAH Tech . Mem. NMFS-SEFC-351 . 

Kenward, R.E. 1987. Wildlife radio tagging. Academic Press, London. 222 pp. 

Killingley, J.S. and M. Lutcavage. 1983. Loggerhead turtle movements 

reconstructed from O and C profiles from commensal barnacle shells . 

Estuar ., Coast. and Shelf Sci . 16:345-349. 

Lazeli, J.D., Jr. 1980. New England waters: critical habitat for marine turtles . 

Copeia 1980(2):290-295. 

Lee, D. and W. Palmer. 1981 . Records of leatherback turtles, Dermochelvs co~iacea 

(Linnaeus), and other marine turtles in North Carolina waters. Brimleyana no. 

5:96-106. 

Lee, D.S. and M.C. Socci. 1989. Potential effects of oil spills on seabirds and 

selected other oceanic vertebrates off the North Carolina coast. Occ. Pap. 

North Carolina Biol . Surv. 30 pp. 

Lutcavage, M. 1981 . The status of marine turtles in Chesapeake Bay and Virginia 

coastal waters. Master's thesis. Virginia Inst. Mar. Sci., College of William 

and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 126 pp. 

Lutcavage, M. 1994. Oil spills, sea turtles, and OPA90, 97. In : Schroeder and 

Witherington (compilers), Proc. 13th Ann. Symp. on Sea Turtle Biol. and 

Conserv. NOAA Tech. Mem . NMFS-SEFSC-341 . 

Lutcavage, M. and J.A. Musick. 1985. Aspects of the biology of sea turtles in 

Virginia . Copeia 1985 :449-456. 

Meylan, A. and S. Sadove. 1986. Cold-stunning in Long Island Sound, New York. 

Mar. Tur. Newsl. 37:7-8. 

Morreale, S.J . and E.A. Standora. 1989. Occurrence, movement and behavior of the 

Kemp's ridley and other sea turtles in New York waters . Okeanos Ocean 

Res. Found. Ann. Rep., Apr 1988 - Apr 1989. 35 pp. 

Morreale, S.J ., A.B. Meylan, S.S. Sadove, and E .A. Standora. 1992. Annual 

occurrence and winter mortality of marine turtles in New York waters. J. 

Herpetol. 26:301-308. 

Musick, J.A. 1986. Final report on the distribution and abundance of sea turtle in 

the proposed EMPRESS II operating sites. Submitted to Dept. Navy, Theater 

of Nuc. Warfare, Nav. Sea Sys. Com., Wash., DC. 11 pp. 

Musick, J.A. 1988. The sea turtles of Virginia, second revised edition . Virginia Sea 

Grant Program, Virginia Inst. Mar. Sci ., Gloucester Point, VA. 20 pp. 

83 
Musick, J.A., D. Barnard, and J.A. Keinath. 1992. Prediction of trawl fishery impacts 

on sea turtles : A model, pp. 78-82. In : M. Salmon and J. Wyneken 

(compilers), Proc. Eleventh Ann. Workshop on Sea Turtle Biology and 

Conservation. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFSC-302. 

Musick, J.A., R .A. Bytes, R.C. Kiinger, and S.A. Bellmund. 1985a. Mortality and 

behavior of sea turtle in the Chesapeake Bay. Summary Report for 1979 -

1983. Submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service. VIMS, College of 

William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA. 52 pp. + 2 app. 

Musick, J.A., R.A. Bytes, R.C. Kiinger, and S.A. Belimund. 1985b. Final report on 

monitoring of sea turtle migration routes into the Chesapeake Bay. Report to 

the Virginia Dept. Highways and Transportation . VIMS, College of William 

and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA. 16 pp. 

Musick, J.A., J.A. Keinath, and D.E. Barnard. 1987. Final Report, Part is Distribution 

and abundance of sea turtles in the proposed EMPRESS II operating sites . 

Final Rept., Dept. of the Navy, Theater of Nuclear Warfare Program, Naval 

Sea Systems Command, Wash., DC. 19 pp. 

Musick, J.A., J.A. Keinath, and D .E. Barnard . 1989. Aerial surveys of the Currituck 

EMPRESS area. Final Rept., Dept. of the Navy, Theater of Nuclear Warfare 

Program, Naval Sea Systems Command, Wash., DC. 5 pp. 

Musick, J.A., D.E. Barnard, and J.A. Keinath. 1994. Aerial estimates of seasonal 

distribution and abundance of sea turtles near the Cape Hatteras fauna) 

barrier, pp. 12t-123. In : Schroeder and Witherington (compilers), Proc. 13th 

Ann. Symp . on Sea Turtle Biology and Conserv. NOAA Tech . Mem. NMFSSEFSC-341 . 

Norcross, B.L . and H.M. Austin . 1988. Middle Atlantic Bight meridional wind 

component effect on bottom water temperatures and spawning distribution 

of Atlantic croaker. Cont. Shelf Res. 8(1):69-88. 

Plotkin, P . and A.F . Amos. 1988. Entanglement and ingestion of marine debris by 

sea turtles stranded along the south Texas coast, pp. 79-82. In : B.A. 

Schroeder (Comp.), Proc. 8th Ann. Workshop on Sea Turtle Conserv. and 

Biol . Fort Fisher, NC. NOAA Tech Mem. NMFS-SEFC-214 . 

Ross, J .P ., S . Beavers, K. Mantel, and M . Airth-Kindree . 1989. The status of Kemp's 

ridley . Wash., DC. Center for Marine Conservation . 

Sauls, B.J ., J.A. Keinath, and J.A. Musick. 1990. Movement of loggerhead sea 

turtles in Virginia and adjacent waters. 10th Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle 

Conservation and Biology, Hilton Head, SC. 

Schroeder, B.A. and N.B. Thompson. 1987. Distribution of the loggerhead turtle, 

r tt caretta , and the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, in the 

Cape Canaveral, Florida Area: Results of aerial surveys, pp. 45-53. In : W.N. 

Witzell (ed.), Ecology of east Florida sea turtles . U .S. Dept. Commer. NOAA 

Tech. Rept. NMFS 53. 

84 
Schwartz, F.J . 1989. Biology and ecology of sea turtles frequenting North Carolina, 

pp. 307-331 . In: R .Y. George and A.W. Hulbert (eds.), North Carolina coastal 

oceanography Symp. NOAA-NURP Rept. 89-2. 

Shoop, C.R. 1980. Innuit turtle song: leatherback turtles near Baffin Island? Mar. 

Turtle Newsl . 15:5-6. 

Shoop, C.R. 1987. Sea turtles, pp. 357-358. In : R.H. Backus and D.W. Bourne 

(eds.), Georges Bank M.I .T . Press, Cambridge, MA. 

Shoop, C.R . and R .D Kenney. 1992. Seasonal distributions and abundances of 

loggerhead and leatherback sea turtle in waters of the northeastern United 

States. Herp . Monographs. 6:43-67. 

Shoop, C.R . and C.A. Ruckdeschel . 1989. Long distance movement of a juvenile 

loggerhead sea turtle. Mar. Turtle Newsl . 47:15 . 

Shoop, C.R ., T.L . Doty, and N .E . Bray. 1981 . Sea turtles in the region between Cape 

Hatteras and Nova Scotia, in 1979. In: CeTAP, A Characterization of Marine 

Mammals and Turtles in the Mid and North Atlantic Areas of the U.S. outer 

continental Shelf, 1979. Univ. R .I . IX-1 - IX-85. 

Sokal, R.R. and F.J . Rohlf. 1981 . Biometry. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco . 

859 pp. 

Stanley, K.M., E.K. Stabenau, and A.M. Landry. 1988. Debris ingestion by sea turtles 

along the Texas coast, pp. 119-121 . In: B .A. Schroeder (comp.), Proc. 8th 

Ann. Workshop on Sea Turite Conserv. and Biol. Fort Fisher, North Carolina. 

NOAA Tech Mem . NMFS-SEFC-214 . 

Standora, E.A., J.R . Spotila, J.A. Keinath, and C.R . Shoop. 1984. Body temperatures, 

diving cycles, and movement of a subadult leatherback turtle, Dermochelvs 

coriacea . Herpetologica 40 : 169-176. 

STSSN (Sea Turtle Stranding and Salvage Network centralized database) . 1991 . 

National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami Lab., summary compiled 16 April 

1991 . 

Thompson, N.B. 1984. Progress report on estimation density and abundance of 

marine turtles : Results of first year pelagic surveys in the southeast U .S. 

Unpublished NMFS report. 60 pp. 

Thompson, N. 1988. The status of loggerhead, Caretta; Kemp's ridley, Lenidochelys 

kempi ; and green, h t nia mydas; sea turtles in U.S . waters. Mar. Fish. Rev. 

50(3):16-23 . 

Vargo, S., P. Lutz, D. Odell, E. Van Vleet, and G . Bossart. 1986. Final report of the 

effects of oil on marine turtles . Vol. 1 - Executive summary. Wash., DC. U.S. 

Dept . Interior, Min. Manag. Serv., MMS Contract 14-12-001-30063 . 

85 
Weetman, B.G. 1991 . The Manteo story, pp. 3-10. In: Proc.Fourth Atlantic Outer 

Continental Shelf Region Information Transfer Meeting, Sept., 1991 . OCS 

Study MMS 92-0001 . 

Wells, J.W. and I .E. Gray. 1960. Summer upwelling off the northeast coast of North 

Carolina. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 5:108-109. 

86 
8. APPENDICES 

87 
Appendix 1 . Data from loggerhead 5780 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. POINT 

NO. corresponds to number points in Figure 11 . LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT - [ LONG 

1 10/28/85 18:57 :45 36.4 75.4 

2 11/03/85 23:50:49 35.7 75.6 

3 1 11/09/85 13:30:57 35.6 75.6 

4 1 11/09/85 18:32:34 35.6 75.6 

5 11/15/85 20:49 :51 35.5 75.7 

6 11/15/85 22:22:00 35.5 75.7 

7 11/17/85 13:36 :11 35.5 75.7 

8 11/17/85 20:28:29 35.4 75.7 

9 11/19/85 20:04 :44 35.4 75.8 

10 11/23/85 19:23:53 35.3 75.8 

11 11/25/85 18:59 :11 35.3 75.9 

12 11/29/85 20:00 :56 35.2 75.9 

88 
Appendix 2. Data from loggerhead 5781 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. POINT 

NO. corresponds to number points in Figure 13. LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 11/27/85 18:36:24 35.2 75.5 

2 12/06/85 22:17:02 34.7 76.3 

3 12/14/85 22:22:57 34.0 76.7 

4 12/16/85 20:22 :21 33.9' 76.5 

5 12/30/85 19:30:58 36.1 73.9 

6 12/30/85 22 :38 :35 36.1 73.9 

7 12/31/85 22 :13 :55 36.7 73.5 

01/02/86 17:18 :31 37.8 73 .2 

9 01/08/86 19:36 :54 37.4 74.0 

10 1 01/15/86 20 :01 :48 36.1 74.5 

89 
Appendix 3 . Data from loggerhead 5783 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. POINT 

N0. corresponds to number points in Figure 15. LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 10/09/86 19:19 :24 37.1 76.2 

2 10/16/86 01 :26 :53 36.4 75.7 

3 10/18/86 19:25 :56 35.5 75.4 

4 10/18/86 21 :04:01 35 .5 75.4 

5 10/31/86 18:43 :59 34.9 75.6 

90 
Appendix 4. Data from loggerhead 5784 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. 

corresponds to number points in Figure 17. LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude . 

POINT 

NO. ] 

DATE TIME 

I (GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 12/03/87 19:22:26 35.6 74.9 

2 12/22/87 19:16:10 36.5 66.9 

3 12/27/87 18:23:08 37.5 64.6 

4 12/27/87 20:03 :00 37.4 64.5 

5 01/10/88 19:12 :40 36.6 64.3 

6 01/18/88 17:47:15 35.7 64.0 

7 01/23/88 18:32 :13 34.9 64.7 

8 01/31/88 13 :04 :08 34.8 65 .9 

9 02/01/88 18 :34 :00 34.8 66.1 

10 02/04/88 13 :14 :00 35.1 66.9 

11 02/04/88 18 :03:00 35.1 66 .9 

12 02/09/88 13:09:00 35.3 67.8 

13 02/09/88 18:49:00 35.3 67.9 

14 02/09/88 20:29:00 35.3 67.9 

I 15 02/10/88 14:24:00 35.4 682 

I16 02/10/88 18:40:00 35.3 68.3 

17 02/10/88 26:18:00 35.3 68.3 

18 02/15/88 14:16:00 34.7 69.2 

19 02/19/88 14:29:00 34.3 69.5 

20 02/22/88 18:07:00 33.2 69.9 

21 03/02/88 13:31 :00 31 .4 72.3 

22 03/08/88 12:58 :00 31 .3 73.2 

23 03/08/88 14:38 :00 31 .3 73.2 

24 03/08/88 18:46 :00 31 .3 73.3 

25 03/08/88 20:25 :00 31 .3 73.3 

26 03/09/88 14:16 :00 31 .4 73.7 

91 
zs 

55 

88/co/v0 :OZ m9ti tl'ZE 9'9L 

t'5 88/C0/V0 :61 :L0 SO t'Z£ 9'9L 

E5 88/c0/v0 l :£ :tE OS tl'Z£ L'9L 

39 88/ZO/V0 :8V61 lZ £"Z£ L'9L 

l5 88/ZO/ti0 l :£ :95 05 Z'Z£ 9'9L 

05 l0/V0 88/ :61 :8Z l E £ l 6' 6'9L 

617 0/V0 l 88/ l :9Vt~ 6Z 0'ZE L'SL 

8V 88/l£/£0 :61 lV : OO 9'ZE 9'Sl 

Lt, £/EO l 88/ l :b :9£ 00 L'Z£ 9'SL 

917 88/OE/EO :6l :O9 OO 67£ V'9L 

9t, 88/0£/£0 :51 :00 00 6'ZE £'9L 

II VV 88/OE/£0 l :E :£Z 00 6'Z£ E'9L 

88/6Z/£0 :02 10 : 00 8'Z£ l'SL 

Zt, 88/63/CO L :8 1Z : 00 L'Z£ l'SL 

Lt, 88/6Z/£0 l :C :Zti OO L'ZE 0'9L 

0t, 88/9Z/£0 :17c=0Z 00 0'ZE L'9L 

6£ 88/9Z/c0 1581 : 00 0'ZE L'SL 

8E 

88/5Z/CO 00:Z061 l£ L' 8'9L 

L£ 88/9Z/£0 l :£ l£ : 00 lC L' 8'SL 

9E 88/tZ/EO :6l l 00~~ £ l 5' 8'9L 

5E 88/tiZ/£0 :£l :6t, 00 SIC L'SL 

17E :/CO 88/CZ :6l :SZ OO E'LE 8'9L 

£E 88/£Z/£0 L :t, t :E OO l£ C' L'SL 

ZT 88/ZZ/£0 :6l :EE OO Z'l£ 9'9L 

lE 88/6l/£0 :tiI :OO OO 0'l£ 61,L 0£ £0 l 88/8/ l :ti lZ : 00 8'0£ 817L 

63 88/bl/£0 :6l lZ : OO 9'l£ 541L 

8Z 

88/3l/£0 :6l OOTti 9'l£ ti't,L 

LZ 88/n/£0 :£vEl 00 9'l£ Vi~L 

IV-1 ~ JNOI 

J) ~1W 

31ba 3W11 

'ON 

1NiOd 
C6 

Z8 88/l£/50 lrtil : l O 8'Z£ L'lL 

l8 88/0£/50 :81 :Z5 8Z '£E l OIL 

08 88/0£/90 l l£4~ : L£ l'£E OIL 

6L 88/6Z/50 :E1 :51 60 5'£E V'lL 

SL 88/8Z/50 l :6 L :£ SE 0'K 171L 

LL 88/8Z/90 L :£ :5£ 91 0'tiE 91L 

9L 88/LZ/50 :6l :ZZ 65 ZIT l1 9' 

5L 88/a/50 t ~ti~LS~E £'17E LL L' 

tiL 88/5Z/SO l :v 1v : Eti L'V£ U- L* 

EL 88/OZ/50 :61 10 : 00 ti'ti£ l'ZL 

ZL 88/9l/SO :6l :Sti ti£ 8'£E 0"£L 

I lL 88/9L/90 l M9£~~ 6'E£ z'£L 

6'ZL 

8'ZL 

6't£ 

0'SE 

:6l :Sl SZ

t :£ :05 5Z

88/60/50 

88/60/50 

OL!, 

II 69 

89 88/80/50 5V6Z-61 0"5£ 9'ZL 

L9 88/80/50 l :t, L l : 00 'Sc l 5'ZL 

99 88/ZO/50 :OZ :tE 6Z £'9E ti'lL 

59 88110/50 :E1 :61 8C Z'9c 9'ZL 

V9 88/8Z/i70 l :6 :9£ Z5 E'ti£ 5'SL 

C9 88/LZ/V0 :61 :Lt, 6£ 8'E£ 0'9L 

Z9 88/LZ/t,0 L :17 :6t, 00 L'£E t'9L 

l9 88/9Z/170l :El :17c tiZ E'££ E'9L 

09 88/Ll/ti0 :6t 5VS9 Z'E£ 9'9L 

65 88/ll/t0 :61 :81 9ti 5'L£ L'9L 

85 88I11/t0 :t1 :00 t0 TLC 9'9L 

L5 88/LO/v0 l :E :Lti l Z 5'Z£ 9'SL 

95 88/t0/t0 :OZ :SE Ztl 8'ZE E'9L 

1Vl JNOI 

~1WJ) 

31da 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
Appendix 5. Data from loggerhead 4932 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992.POINT 

N0. corresponds to number points in Figure 19. LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude. 

POINT 

N0. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 11/10/89 05:21 :42 36.7 75.7 

2 11/11/89 06:57:45 36.4 75.4 

3 11/12/89 06:46:34 36.2 75.3 

4 11/12/89 14:21 :53 36.2 75.3 

5 11/13/89 18:01 :33 36.3 75.6 

6 11/16/89 07:36:35 36.1 75.5 

7 11/17/89 14:05 :53 36.0 75.6 

8 11/17/89 17:13 :08 36.0 75.6 

9 11/17/89 18:54 :31 36.0 75.6 

10 11/18/89 07:21 :08 35.8 75.5 

I 11 11/20/89 16:41 :51 35.2 75.5 

12 11/21/89 14:20:26 35.2 75.5 

13 11/22/89 18:01 :23 35.1 75.7 

14 11/25/89 07:42:11 34.6 76.3 

15 11/26/89 07:37:15 34.6 76.6 

16 11/26/89 17:17:51 34.5 76.5 

17 11/27/89 18:50:53 34.5 76.7 

18 11/28/89 16:58:19 34.5 77.0 

19 11/29/89 05:24:30 34.4 77.3 

20 12/01 /89 19:48:04 34.1 77.5 

21 12/04/89 06:11 :56 33.8 77.7 

22 12/04/89 07:46 :49 33.8 77.7 

23 12/08/89 05:28 :32 33.3 78.0 

24 12/08/89 07:10 :16 33.3 78.0 

94 
56 

£5 06A,0/l0 :Z0 :80 1 V £'6Z L'08 

z5 l0 06/ZO/ :90 :90 VZ 9'6Z 8'08 

l5 68/lE/Zl :61 :5Z L5 8'6Z 8'08 

05 l l£/Z 68/ l :L 15=tit, 8'6Z L'08 

6t, l l£/Z 68/ l :b :ZZ OZ 8'6Z 9'08 

8t l E/Z l 68/ :90 6VSZ 8'6Z 8'08 

Lt, l 68/0£/Z :81 6VZ0 8'6Z 8'08 

9V l 68/OE/Z VM90 Z 6'6Z 8'08 

5t, 68/0C/Zl :6VZ0 Oti 6'6Z 8'08 

VV l 68/9Z/Z L :tE~t, 60 6'6Z L'08 

£t, l 68/tZ/Z L :6 :Z0 Z9 Z'0£ 8'08 

Ztl l 68/tiZ/Z :90 :00 tl£ b"0£ 8'08 

Lt, l 68/EZ/Z L :L :C£ 61 L'0£ 8'08 

017 l 68/ZZ/Z l :L :£b l 9 £ l l' L'08 

6E l 68/ZZ/Z l :ti :OZ IZ l£ Z' 5'08 

SE l 68/ZZ/Z :80 :00 8Z £ l E' 5'08 

L£ L 68/ZZ/Z :90 1Z : Lt, C CI 508 

9c 68/lZ/Zl :61 M0V E'l£ b'08 

9E l 68/OZ/Z :81 :9 OE lE 9' ti'08 

17E t 68/6l/Z l :8 L :O ZE 0'Z£ L'08 

c£ l /Z l 68/L l :8 :££ 5t~ VZE S'6L 

Z£ l /Z l 68/t~ l V50~ti 6 9'Z£ 9'8L 

~ c l l /Z l 68/E t :L :6£ 8ti 9'ZE 0'6L 

OE l Z l C / 68 l LO=ZZ=ti Z£ L 6L * 0 

6Z l Z L C / 68 :L0 :85 OZ L'ZE 0'6L 

8Z 68/ll/Zl :61 :5'P 60 8'ZE 6'SL 

LZ t l/Z 68/O :61 Ot~-95 0'££ 8'8L 

9Z l 68/80/Z G :8 :ZE 9ti l'EC E'8L 

5Z t 68/80/Z l :V£~ti L£ Z'E£ l'8L 

IV-1 JNOI 

OWJ) 

31t1(3 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
96 

Z l/z0 06/L L £~t, t : 8Z £'SZ Z'08 

l 06/Lt/ZO :80 10 : ZE V'SZ Z'08 

08 06/LL/ZO :ZO ll : lZ b'SZ Z'08 

6L O6/9l/z0 :80 6V90 ; V52 £'08 

8L l/ZO 06/t, :61 :8t, 05 9'9Z Z'08 

LL :0 /2 L 06/£ L :ti :ZZ L9 9'SZ Z'08 

9L 06/£t/ZO :90 :95 Lt~ 9'9Z Z'OS 

9L AM L 06/0 :81 :6ti ZT 6'SZ 0'08 

VL 06/80/ZO l :L~~t, t 0 '9Z l 0'08 

£L 06/90/ZO :LE=61 IE tl'9Z 6'6L 

ZL 06/50/ZO :81 t0 : Cti 0'LZ 0'08 

LL 06/50/ZO :90 5V6ti l'LZ l'08 

OL' 06/t0/ZO :61 :L9 EZ ti'LZ l'08 

I 69 

06/£0/Z0 L :i7 :Lt, LO S'LZ l'08 

89 06/ZO/ZO :8l :LE 50 9'LZ l'08 

L9 06/lE/l0 :L0 1t, : L£ 9'LZ 0'08 

99 l0 06/LZ/ :90 :5t, l Z l'8Z 5'08 

99 l0 06/9Z/ t 22T5 :6 Z'8Z 5'08 

06/£Z/l0 :81 :917 10 Z'8Z 5'08 

£9 l0 lZ/ O6/ l :ti :6C t,b Z'8Z x'08 

:9 2 l0 06/OZ/ :90 L 508 £'8Z x'08 

l9 06/6l/l0 :61 8V6Z E'8Z £'08 

09 06/8l/l0 :tiI :LO 9Z l'8Z L'08 

65 06/LL/l0 :6l MES E'8Z 5'08 

85 

06/LL/l0 :t~l :9E E5 £'8Z E'08 

L5 06/Cl/l0 :LO :i7E SI 5'8Z l'08 

95 06/0l/t0 :Ll :9b 6z 8'8Z 9'08 

55 06/90/l0 :8l 05=ZZ ; Z'62 8'08 

b9 06/50/l0 :Bt lE : ZE : 6i ' 6 Ol8 

iv-1 JNOI 

WYE)) 

31da L _ 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
L6 

Oll 06/8Z/50 :90 :Zti LO 0"5Z 5'08 

60l Z/50 L 06/ l :V :ZZ L£ 0'SZ 5'08 

80l 061,W90 :81 L0TZ 0'SZ ti'08 

L LO l/50 O6/Z :L0 :L5 L5 0'SZ ti'08 

90l 06/Ol/50 :6l MSE 0'SZ x'08 

501 06/Ol/50 :90 :LE EI 0'9Z x'08 

l t10 06/LO/50 VLO t, V L 0'SZ x'08 

£Ol 06/90/50 :LO :tZ lV 0'SZ 5'08 

ZOI, 06/tZ/t,0 V90 :0 917 0'9Z x'08 

IM 06/Lt/V0 :81 1V : 81 0'SZ 5'08 

l OO 

06/5l/t0 l :L :8Z t5 6'VZ 5'08 

66 06/£l/t0 M90 : 8Z 0'9Z 5'08 

8 06/ll/V0 :90 :55 £0 0'SZ 9'08 

L6 06/£0/ti0 l :6 :t£ 95 0'9Z x'08 

96 0/V0 t 06/ l E=7V8 l 0'SZ x'08 

56 06/lE/EO :OZ :50 LV 0'SZ x'08 

V6 06/lE/£0 :LO :SO 59 6'tZ 5'08 

C6 06/9Z/CO :8V61 ZZ 0'SZ ti'08 

Z6 06/VZ/£0 :61 :6E 8i~ 0'SZ ti'08 

l6 .7Z/co 06/ :L0 10 : S£ 6'tiZ 5'08 

06 06/OZ/CO :8l :Lti 89 6'tZ 5'08 

68 06/SL/CO :L0 :6ti Sl 6'tiZ 5'08 

88 06/9l/£0 :90 :5Z 9b 0'SZ x'08 

L8 06/90/CO :81 :Z0 8C 0'9Z E'08 

98 06/£0/£0 :SZ=BI Zti l'SZ £'08 

58 06/ZO/EO :8l :Oti IZ 0'SZ £'OS 

V8 06/lZ/ZO 659£-8l Z'SZ £'08 

os,oz,zo L :8 :9 £5 ~~5zi z~o8i 

iv-1 ~JNOI 

J) ~1W 

31da 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
Appendix 6. Data from loggerhead 4933 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. POINT 

NO. corresponds to number points in Figure 21 . LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude . 

POINT 

N0. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 11/09/89 20:19:59 36.8 75.7 

2 11/10/89 11 :45:56 36.6 75.6 

3 

. 

11/11/89 08:34:27 36.7 75.4 

4 11/11/89 22:44:17 36.6 75.8 

5 11/13/89 01 :43:56 36.6 75.3 

6 11/14/89 15:14:59 36.7 75.7 

7 11/15/89 13:17:51 37.0 75.0 

8 11/16/89 19:06:29 36.6 75.8 

9 11/19/89 01 :04:21 36.2 75.7 

10 11/20/89 00:39:37 35.9 75.5 

11 11/25/89 07:48:46 35 .0 75.9 

12 11/25/89 14:29:30 35.0 75.8 

13 11/27/89 17:09:11 34.6 76.5 

14 11/27/89 18:50:16 34.5 76.5 

15 11/28/89 00:57:44 34.5 76.7 

16 12/02/89 13:34:13 34.3 77.0 

17 12/03/89 19:31 :42 33.8 77.1 

18 12/04/89 07:54 :37 34.0 77.7 

19 12/07/89 13:21 :21 33.6 77.9 

20 12/07/89 18 :40 :57 33.6 78.0 

21 

I 

12/08/89 00 :36 :06 33.6 78.0 

22 12/08/89 11 :15 :35 33.5 78.3 

I23 12/08/89 18:32 :48 33.5 78.4 

~ 24 12/10/89 18:08 :22 33.3 78.9 

98 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

25 12/12/89 13 :09:15 32.9 78.6 

26 12/14/89 06 :08:27 32.7 79.5 

27 12/14/89 14:01 :24 32.7 79.4 

28 12/17/89 07 :16 :41 32.3 80.0 

29 12/17/89 14:31 :02 32.3 79.9 

30 12/17/89 16:57:56 32.3 80.0 

31 12/17/89 18 :40 :18 32.2 80.0 

32 12/18/89 14:07:12 32 .1 80.2 

33 12/19/89 06:55:35 32.1 80.5 

34 12/19/89 08:30:49 32 .1 80.5 

35 12/19/89 13:52:17 32.1 80.3 

36 12/20/89 13 :27:19 31 .8 80.7 

37 12/20/89 19:43:39 31 .8 80.8 

38 12/21/89 14:45:54 31 .6 80.8 

39 12/23/89 19:18:54 31 .0 81 .1 

40 12/23/89 20:56.15 31 .1 81 .0 

41 12/24/89 13:36:29 30 .8 81 .2 

42 12/24/89 20:45:35 30.8 81 .1 

43 12/26/89 08:59:43 30.6 81 .1 

44 12/27/89 01 :41 :54 30.5 81 .3 

45 12/27/89 12:26:57 30.6 81 .2 

46 12/28/89 12:04:20 30 .5 81 .1 

47 12/28/89 23:23:34 30.5 81 .2 

48 12/29/89 19:46:56 30.4 81 .1 

49 12/31/89 12:38:47 30.3 81 .1 

50 01/04/90 14:30:00 29.4 81 .0 

51 01/06/90 20:01 :23 29 .3 81 .0 

52 01/08/90 19:45:16 29.2 81 .0 

1~53 01/14/90 17:01 :07 1 28.9 1 80.7 

99 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

54 01/14/90 23 :33 :30 28.8 80.6 

55 01/18/90 14:13:36 28.6 80.5 

56 01/20/90 01 :01 :35 28.6 80.6 

57 01/26/90 00 :22 :23 28.9 80.2 

58 01/30/90 14:37:12 28.6 80.5 

59 02/01/90 12:12:05 28.5 80.2 

60 02/01/90 20:34:14 28.5 80.0 

61 02/02/90 16:58:26 28.7 80.6 

62 02/02/90 20:20:20 28.7 80.5 

63 02/03/90 22:44:38 28.7 80.5 

64 02/05/90 19:48:09 28.6 80.4 

65 02/06/90 11 :58:23 28.4 80.3 

66 02/08/90 09:37:24 28.4 80.1 

67 02/10/90 20:35 :10 28.6 80.4 

68 02/11/90 13:28:48 28.6 80.5 

69 02/14/90 18:05:23 28.7 80.6 

70 02/15/90 19:41 :02 28.6 80.5 

71 . 02/19/90 13:52:43 28.8 80.1 

72 02/21/90 00:41 :48 28.8 80.2 

73 02/21/90 20:21 :14 28.7 80.3 

74 02/24/90 17:59:54 29.1 80.7 

75 02/27/90 01 :47 :42 28.8 80.4 

76 02/28/90 17:17:54 28.9 80.4 

77 02/28/90 20:41 :59 28.8 80.5 

78 03/07/90 19 :29 :58 28.6 80.4 

79 03/15/90 13 :03 :40 28.6 80.6 

80 03/20/90 14:31 :52 29.4 80.9 

81 03/29/90 20 :32 :18 30.7 81 .3 

82 03/30/90 08 :58 :57 30.7 81 .2 

100 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

83 03/30/90 14:03 :48 30.8 81 .2 

84 03/31/90 13 :40 :50 30.7 81 .1 

85 04/01/90 20:05:48 31 .2 80.7 

86 04/03/90 08:16:42 31 .6 81 .0 

87 04/03/90 12:30:15 31 .6 80.9 

88 04/03/90 19:41 :40 31 .7 81 .0 

89 04/04/90 08:02:13 31 .7 81 .0 

190 

I 

04/05/90 07:54:04 31 .8 80.8 

91 

I 

04/05/90 19:11 :23 31 .9 80.8 

92 04/07/90 00:24:48 31 .7 81 .0 

93 04/07/90 19:00:40 31 .5 81 .1 

94 04/09/90 23:11 :12 32.5 80.2 

I 95 04/12/90 01 :49:25 32.6 79.3 

96 04/12/90 06:36:58 32.7 79.5 

97 . 04/14/90 08:00 :46 33 .0 78.3 

98 04/17/90 09:07:33 33.1 78.7 

99 04/18/90 07:12 :57 33.4 78.7 

100 04/19/90 18:28 :42 33.5 78.7 

101 04/28/90 08:42 :07 33.6 78.5 

102 04/28/90 20:13 :14 33.7 78.3 

103 05/02/90 17:51 :41 33.8 78.0 

104 05/03/90 17:34 :52 34.4 77.4 

105 05/05/90 13:41 :58 34.5 77.0 

106 05/07/90 22:39 :19 34.8 76.1 

107 05/08/90 08:43 :00 34.9 76.0 

108 05/08/90 18:21 :17 35.0 76.0 

109 05/08/90 23:48:57 35.0 75.9 

110 05/09/90 01 :31 :33 35.0 75.9 

111 05/10/90 19:35:41 35.4 75.1 

101 
zoo 

l 6C 06/ZZ/90 :SO OZTS 'SE L V'9L 

l 8£ 06/9l/90 :00 65~tiZ '8C l Z'9L 

l L£ 06/5l/90 :81 :90 85 l'8£ Z'9L 

9El 06/tl/90 :OZ Zti~tiO '8C l Z'9L 

L 9C l/90 06/t, l0 : :60 SZ l'8£ £'9L 

l tlE 06/CL/90 :80 :Lt, l Z 0'8£ Z'9L 

M l/90 06/£ :LO :LO BS 0'8E E'9L 

l ZE /90 L 06/Z l VV 695 6-LC l'9L 

l E l l/90 06/Z :,LO L :L 8E 6-LC £'9L 

l 0£ l/90 06/Z l0 : :85 Z5 6'L£ 0'9L 

L 6Z l/90 06/Z :00 :81 ZC 6-LC 0'9L 

l 8Z l/90 l 06/ :VL :8E 1V 8'L£ Z'9L 

LZl 06/ti0/90 :£l 61=55 6'L£ £'9L 

Z'9L 

II 

t 9z 06/£0/90 L :Z lti : L0 6-LC 

l 5Z 06/£0/90 1580 : £S 9-LC Z'9L I 

t VZ l£/50 06/ l :L IE : 05 6'LE E'9L 

£Zl 06/6Z/50 :6l :Z£ 61 0'8E l'9L 

l ZZ 06/6Z/50 l :ti :tE 85 0'8E Z'9L 

lZt 06/6Z/SO :90 :9z ti5 6'L£ 0'9L 

t OZ 06/CZ/50 l VL :L 8£ 9'L£ '9L l 

Ell 06/£Z/50 :S0 :z5 Zl 9'L£ l'9L 

l L 8 06/ZZ/50 :61 :L0 LO L'LE Z'9L 

l l L 06/OZ/90 .1 :Z :Ot, OZ TLC '9L l 

9ll 06/6l/50 :6l :Lti 54 V'L£ '9L l 

5ll 0681/50 :£l :Sti LS £'L£ '9L l 

till 06/8t/90 :90 :8t, 90 Z'L£ Z'9L 

£ll 06/LL/50 :OZ :ti0 L5 Z'L£ £'9L 

l'9L 

6 

Zll 06/LL/50 :LO :OO 50 6'9E 

- 

lb'l JNOI 

Um) 

31d0 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
COL 

l Ob 06/ZZ/90 VOZ 8Z:17 61E '9L l 

IV-1 JNOI 

~1h1J) 

31da 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
Appendix 7. Data from loggerhead 4934 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992.POINT 

NO. corresponds to number points in Figure 23. LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude . 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 10/24/91 09:26:20 36.9 75.3 

2 10/24/91 20:49:59 36.8 75.5 

3 10/25/91 09:10 :43 36.5 75.7 

4 10/25/91 14:21 :27 36.4 75.4 

5 10/25/91 20 :36 :59 36.4 75.4 

6 10/26/91 09 :01 :05 36.2 75.5 

7 10/26/91 12:16:06 36.2 75.6 

8 10/26/91 18 :45 :09 36.0 75.5 

9 10/26/91 23:34:05 36.0 75.3 

10 10/27/91 07:09:42 35.9 75.4 

11 10/27/91 11 :55:47 35.8 75.3 

12 10/27/91 13:36:40 35.8 75.3 

13 10/29/91 00:36:43 35.1 75.2 

14 10/29/91 06:41 :40 35.1 75.5 

15 10/29/91 19:46:40 35.0 75.7 

16 10/30/91 00:12:58 34.9 75.9 I 

17 10/30/91 12:35:19 34.6 76.1 

18 10/30/91 14:11 :36 34.6 76.1 

19 10/30/91 17:52:09 34.5 76.1 

20 10/31/91 12:09:32 34.2 76.2 

21 11/01/91 07:53:37 34.1 76.7 

22 11/01/91 11 :50 :27 34.0 76.7 

23 11/01/91 17:34:49 33.9 76.7 

24 11/02/91 17:21 :19 33.9 76.7 

104 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

25 11/03/91 02:08:39 34.1 77.0 

26 11/05/91 13:54:19 34.1 76.7 

27 11/06/91 11 :46:30 33.7 76.8 

28 11/06/91 19:56:58 33.8 76.8 

29 11/09/91 12:20 :43 33.8 76.9 

30 11/10/91 01 :27 :16 33.7 77.0 

31 11/10/91 12 :08 :23 33.8 77.1 

32 11/11/91 15:04:50 33.7 76.9 

33 11/12/91 18:51 :22 33.9 76.8 

34 11/14/91 18:20:52 33 .6 77.1 

35 11/15/91 08:25 :08 33 .8 77.4 

36 11/20/91 11 :51 :49 33.6 76.7 

37 11/21/91 18:38 :40 33.6 76.9 

38 11/25/91 17:50 :26 33.5 77.3 

39 11/28/91 12 :33 :33 33.5 76.5 

40 11/29/91 13 :51 :01 33.8 76.9 

41 11/30/91 11 :49:12 33.7 77.2 

42 12/04/91 17:49:32 33.6 76.9 

43 12/06/91 19:04:01 33.8 77.0 

~, 44 12/06/91 22:36:29 33 .8 77.1 

45 12/08/91 18:47:38 33.8 76.9 

46 12/09/91 10:29:45 33.8 76.8 

47 12/11/91 18:10 :16 33.7 77.0 

48 12/12/91 12:31 :10 33.6 77.2 

49 12/13/91 17:46 :13 33.8 77.1 

50 12/13/91 21 :08 :06 33.7 76.9 

51 12/14/91 19:09 :00 33.7 77.2 

52 12/14/91 20 :49 :33 33.8 77.2 

53 12/15/91 00:49:51 33.8 77.1 

105 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

54 12/16/91 12:54:10 33.8 77.0 

55 12/19/91 08:30:33 33.8 77.2 

56 12/22/91 07:53:00 33.8 76.8 

57 12/27/91 12:22 :53 33 .8 77.0 

58 12/28/91 21 :31 :14 33.8 76.7 

59 12/30/91 00 :31 :15 34.2 77.0 

60 12/30/91 22 :33:12 33.8 77.1 

61 12/31/91 17 :32 :03 33.8 77.1 

62 01/01/92 07:39:21 33.8 77.0 

63 01/03/92 11 :34:55 33.8 77.0 

64 01/03/92 14:50:34 33.8 77.0 

65 01/03/92 18:37:07 33.8 77.0 

66 01/04/92 00:34:24 33.7 76.9 

67 01/05/92 19:51 :22 33.8 76.9 

68 01/07/92 13:30 :05 33.7 76.9 

69 01/07/92 17:54 :32 33.7 76.8 

70 01/10/92 20:42:17 33.7 76.6 

71 01/14/92 14:26:19 33.7 76.9 

72 01/14/92 18:09:40 33.8 77.0 

73 01/20/92 07:12:55 33.8 76.5 

74 01/22/92 19:52:16 33.7 77.0 

75 

I 

01/23/92 19:47:58 33.8 76.6 

I 76 01/24/92 12:32 :17 33.7 76.8 

77 01/27/92 13:11 :38 33.8 76.8 

78 02/02/92 12:44:16 33 .8 76.9 

79 02/02/92 14:21 :41 33.7 76.9 

80 02/04/92 20:49 :41 33.5 76.8 

81 02/07/92 08:47 :03 33.5 77.1 

82 02/07/92 12 :40 :03 33.5 77.2 

106 
LOL 

111 Z6/tZ/£0 :00 :£tl 8Z LIT £'9L 

Oll Z6/CZ/CO :60 :65 65 l'tiE l'9L 

60l Z6/CZ/CO :90 :££ 6ti l'V£ Z'9L 

80l Z6/ZZ/£0 :VZ4O 85 9'ti£ Z'9L 

LOl Z6/lZ/EO :Zl :Z£ 90 8't~E 6'SL 

90l tZ/C0 Z6/ l :O :6l Oti 8'ti£ 8'SL 

50l Z6/lZ/£0 :90 :85 OZ 6'tiE 8'SL 

VOL Z6/OZ/£0 £VMZZ 0'SE 9'SL 

COL Z6/Lt/C0 M6VZl E'9£ £'9L 

l ZO l/EO Z6/Z :00 :90 80 E'SE L'VL 

lOl Z6Ill/£0 :Z0 :t0 9Z Z'9£ 0'9L 

OOII'I Z6/60/£0 :£Z :60 81 S'V£ L'SL 

I 66 Z6/80/£0 :60 :6Z ZE l'SE L'SL 

86 Z6/LO/£0 L E~~~0~~ 6'tiE 0'9L 

L6 Z6/90/CO 9180=11 5"tE Z'9L 

96 Z6/90/CO :9t,=ZZ C£ £'17£ V'9L 

56 Z6/t~0/CO :OI Zt=IZ 0't£ 9'9L 

b6 Z6/£0/£0 l0 : L0TE 6'££ L'9L 

£6 Z6/ZO/EO l :60~~ Vti LTE L'9L 

Z6 Z6/ZO/£0 :LO :LZ £t, 6'£E 0'LL 

l6 l0/£0 Z6/ V60 :Z 50 0'V£5 'LL l 

06 Z6/LZ/z0 :61 :£E 00 TEE £'LL 

68 Z6ItiZ/ZO :8l :tiZ 8S 9'EE Z'LL 

88 Z6/£Z/z0 l :Z :ti0 ti0 9"££ Z'LL 

L8 Z6/OZ/ZO :6l 8VlZ 9'££ Z'LL 

98 Z6/6l/ZO :LI :Lt, LO 9'£E Z'LL 

58 l/ZO Z6/L l VV ZZT L'E£ S'9L 

178 l/ZO Z6/Z I=ZZ VZ O 9'££ Z'LL 

£8 z6/LO/ZO :OZ :OI Zti 5'E£ l'LL 

1H'1 JNOI 

J) 

31da 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
POINT 

N0. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

112 03/24/92 13:06:39 33.9 76.3 

113 03/24/92 21 :08 :44 33.8 76.6 

114 03/25/92 00:31 :08 33.8 76.5 

115 03/26/92 12 :30 :57 33.6 76.6 

116 03/26/92 20 :40 :05 33.7 76.8 

117 03/28/92 08:59:30 33.7 76.9 

118 03/29/92 00:36:44 34.0 76.6 

119 103/31/92 00:04:16 33.2 77.3 

120 03/31/92 12 :17 :40 33.5 77.0 

121 04/01/92 09 :47 :04 33.6 77.1 

122 04/02/92 01 :00:37 33 .5 77.2 

123 04/03/92 19 :12 :40 34.2 76.6 

124 04/05/92 13:54:40 33.7 77.0 

125 04/06/92 13:36:31 33.7 76.9 

126 04/06/92 23 :10 :13 33 .8 77.0 

127 04/07/92 18:23:50 33 .6 77.1 

128 04/08/92 18 :8 :44 33.6 77.0 

129 04/09/92 01 :49:11 33 .6 76.8 

130 04/10/92 19 :25 :48 34.0 76.8 

131 04/12/92 20 :43 :10 34.5 76.2 

132 04/17/92 08 :18 :56 35.5 75.3 

133 04/18/92 17:52 :15 35.8 75.2 

134 04/20/92 20:49:22 35.6 75.3 

135 04/21/92 22 :53 :09 35.5 75.2 

136 04/23/92 23 :51 :34 35.4 75.3 

137 04/29/92 23 :25 :20 35.3 75.3 

138 05/02/92 18:27:36 35.3 75.5 

139 05/19/92 01 :01 :16 35.7 75.2 

140 05/26/92 10:34:30 36.0 75.5 

108 
POINT 

N0. 

DATE 

I 

TIME 

] (GMT) 

LAT LONG 

141 05/30/92 00:31 :21 36.1 75.2 

142 05/31/92 19:18 :23 36.7 75.8 

143 06/01/92 01 :26 :39 36.8 75.8 

144 06/10/92 20:40:40 37.3 76.2 

145 06/10/92 23:33:21 37.4 76.2 

146 06/11/92 01 :13 :21 37.4 76.2 

147 06/ 11 /92 07:22 :42 37.4 76.2 

148 06/11/92 10:44:23 37.4 76.2 

149 06/11/92 11 :51 :23 37.4 76.2 

150 06/11/92 13 :32 :04 37.4 76.2 

151 06/11/92 20 :28 :46 37.3 76.3 

152 06/11/92 23:11 :26 37.3 76.3 

153 06/12/92 00:53:47 37.3 76.3 

154 06/12/92 10:30 :49 37.4 76.2 

155 06/12/92 18:36 :31 37.3 76 .3 

156 06/12/92 20:17 :51 37.3 76.3 

157 1 06/12/92 22 :50 :32 37.3 76.3 

158 06/13/92 00 :30 :52 37.3 76.3 

159 06/13/92 08 :38 :34 37.3 76.2 

160 06/13/92 12:49:35 37.3 76.2 

161 06/13/92 18:24:17 37.3 76.3 

162 06/14/92 08:27:40 37.3 76.3 

163 06/14/92 18:13 :03 37.3 76.3 

164 1 06/15/92 19:41 :09 37.3 76.3 

109 
Appendix 8. Data from loggerhead 4937 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. POINT 

NO. corresponds to number points in Figure 25. LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude . 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 10/23/91 23:01 :15 37.2 76.4 

2 10/24/91 00:38:44 37.2 76.4 

3 10/24/91 07:42:24 37.1 76.2 

4 10/24/91 12:58:53 37.0 76.2 

5 10/24/91 14:38:41 36.9 76.2 

6 10/24/91 17:24:44 36.9 76.1 

7 10/24/91 19:07:06 36.9 76.1 

8 10/25/91 07:29:44 36.7 75.8 

9 10/25/91 09:09:34 36.7 75.8 

10 

I 

10/26/91 20:25 :43 36.1 75.4 

11 10/27/91 20 :11 :34 35.7 75.4 

12 10/28/91 00 :56 :02 35.6 75.3 

13 10/29/91 14:37 :14 34.8 75.7 I 

14 10/30/91 12 :34 :34 34.6 76.3 

15 10/31/91 21 :03 :47 34.5 76.9 

16 11/04/91 01 :50:23 34.0 77.1 

17 11/04/91 14:09:19 34.0 77.2 

18 11/05/91 12:11 :37 33.9 77.3 

19 11/05/91 18:26:10 33.8 77.1 

20 11/06/91 11 :49:42 33.8 77.2 

21 11/09/91 09:39:20 33.7 77.0 

22 11/12/91 14:38:57 33.7 77.2 

23 11/13/91 08:48:19 33.8 77.5 

24 1 11/13/91 14:23:18 33.7 77.3 

110 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

25 11/14/91 07:03:48 34.0 77.6 

26 11/15/91 19:49:58 33.6 77.2 

27 11/17/91 14:38 :45 33.7 77.3 

28 11/18/91 14:17 :52 33.6 77.3 

29 11/19/91 13:56:15 33.6 77.3 

30 11/20/91 11 :52:26 33.6 77.3 

31 11/23/91 14:17:22 33.7 77.2 

32 11/26/91 07:57:55 33.6 77.0 

33 11/26/91 21 :03 :56 33.7 77.2 

34 11/27/91 17:33 :28 33.7 77.3 

35 11/29/91 09 :08 :14 33.7 77.2 

36 11/29/91 20:27:06 33.7 77.z 

37 11/30/91 01 :08:16 33.7 77.2 

38 12/02/91 19:49:49 33.7 77.4 

39 12/04/91 01 :25:34 33.6 77.2 

40 12/04/91 08:12 :30 33.5 77.0 

41 12/06/91 00:45 :27 33.6 77.6 

42 12/10/91 13:17:52 33.7 77.2 

43 12/23/91 19:02 :56 33.7 77.1 

44 12/25/91 14:39:17 33.7 77.5 

45 12/31/91 01 :54:15 33.6 77.1 

46 01/01/92 13:57:14 33.6 77.2 

47 01/05/92 01 :54:34 33.7 77.2 

48 01/09/92 07:46:21 33.7 77.2 

II 49 01/09/92 20:47:17 33.7 77.3 

50 01/10/92 01 :43 :59 33.7 77.1 

51 01/12/92 15:04 :32 33.8 77.2 

52 01/25/92 23 :28 :56 33.7 77.2 

53 01/26/92 13:27:42 33.7 77.3 

111 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

54 01/30/92 13:43:23 33.8 77.4 

55 02/03/92 12:26:04 33.7 77.3 

56 02/05/92 13:25:01 33.6 77.3 

57 02/06/92 14:40 :19 33.5 77.2 

58 02/07/92 7:08:23 33.6 77.5 

59 02/07/92 12:39 :05 33.6 77.3 

60 02/07/92 18 :26 :49 33.6 77.3 

61 02/07/92 20:08:00 33.5 77.3 

62 02/09/92 13:37:35 33.5 77.2 

63 02/14/92 20:29:31 33.7 77.4 

64 02/16/92 22:29 :27 33.7 77.4 

65 02/20/92 22:44 :27 33.7 77.3 

66 02/25/92 22 :39 :22 33.6 77.4 

67 02/27/92 08 :15:14 33.7 77.1 

68 02/27/92 17:53:11 33.6 77.3 

69 03/01/92 12:50:31 33.7 77.1 

70 03/01/92 20:34:37 33.7 77.3 

71 03/06/92 09:54:22 33.6 77.2 

72 03/07/92 00:08 :38 33.6 77.5 

73 03/08/92 17:36 :35 33.7 77.3 

74 03/08/92 23:27 :09 33.6 77.3 

75 03/20/92 22:30:02 33.8 77.2 

76 03/22/92 01 :28:03 33.7 77.3 

77 03/23/92 01 :09:41 33.7 77.2 

II78 03/25/92 02:05 :09 33.7 77.2 

79 03/25/92 19:16:39 33.7 77.2 

80 04/01/92 09:49 :08 33.6 77.3 

81 04/02/92 21 :05 :41 33.5 76.9 

2 04/04/92 18:56 :01 33.8 77.2 

112 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

83 04/04/92 20:36 :15 33.9 77.2 

84 04/05/92 07:24:48 33.9 77.3 

85 04/06/92 01 :15 :46 34.0 77.0 

86 04/08/92 08 :26 :04 34.4 76.9 

87 04/08/92 14 :29 :58 34.4 76.8 

88 04/09/92 21 :15:37 34.4 76.5 

89 04/10/92 23:25:11 34.5 76.4 

90 04/11/92 01 :05:46 34.5 76.4 

1 04/11/92 09:35:17 34.5 76.4 

92 04/15/92 18:27:59 34.4 76.9 II 

93 04/16/92 13:21 :02 33.9 76.6 

94 04/17/92 09:59:45 34.2 76.4 

95 04/18/92 22:16:39 34.5 76.6 

96 04/19/92 13:55 :49 34.3 76.7 

97 04/19/92 19:18 :08 34.4 76.7 

~, 98 04/20/92 11 :55 :10 34.2 76.7 

99 04/21/92 00:51 :22 34.3 76.7 

100 04/22/92 12:55 :12 34.4 77.0 

101 04/23/92 14:12:33 34.4 77.1 

102 04/23/92 20:11 :15 34.3 77.2 

103 04/23/92 23:50:42 34.3 77.3 

104 04/24/92 10:16:38 34.3 77.3 

105 04/24/92 12:13:39 34.3 77.4 

106 04/25/92 01 :09:33 34.2 77.4 

107 04/25/92 13:26:43 34.2 77.5 

108 04/25/92 18:07:34 34.2 77.5 

109 04/25/92 21 :26:30 34.3 77.4 

110 04/27/92 21 :04:12 34.2 77.7 

111 04/28/92 12:25:32 33.8 77.6 

113 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

112 04/28/92 20:50 :11 33 .9 77.7 

113 04/29/92 01 :24:53 33.9 77.6 

114 04/29/92 09:16 :52 33.8 77.6 

115 05/03/92 01 :42 :36 34.3 77.1 

116 05/03/92 13:58:35 34.3 77.3 

117 05/09/92 11 :51 :48 34.4 76.2 

118 05/15/92 22:44:35 35.4 75.4 

119 05/18/92 12:03:48 35.7 75.5 

120 05/19/92 01 :02:46 35.8 75.4 

121 05/19/92 13:23:50 35.9 75.6 

122 05/31/92 20:59:08 37.2 76.2 

123 06/07/92 09:53:01 37.2 76.1 

II 124 06/13/92 10:18:10 37.2 76.5 

125 06/15/92 19:41 :18 37.2 76.2 

126 06/22/92 14:37:34 37.1 76.3 

127 06/25/92 11 :54 :25 37.1 76.2 

128 07/07/92 08:54:38 37.1 76.1 

129 07/13/92 12:11 :28 36.9 76.3 

130 1 07/17/92 14:07:06 36.9 76.1 

114 
Appendix 9. Data from loggerhead 4935 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992.POINT 

NO. corresponds to number points in Figure 27. LAT = north latitude, LONG = west 

longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 10/29/91 00:33 :20 36.6 75.8 

2 10/29/91 10:05 :55 36.4 75.6 

3 10/29/91 19:47:26 36.4 75.6 

II4 10/30/91 06:31 :53 36.2 75.7 

5 10/31/91 09 :41 :19 35.8 75.4 

6 10/31/91 12 :10 :57 35.7 75.3 

7 10/31/91 17:43:54 35.7 75.4 

8 11/01/91 09:30:46 35.3 75.2 

9 11/02/91 22:45:47 35.2 75.0 

10 11/05/91 06:57:07 35.0 75.1 

11 11/05/91 23:28:11 35 .0 75.7 

12 11/06/91 11 :44:08 35.0 75.5 

13 11/06/91 19:53:08 35.0 75.8 

14 11/07/91 00:45:50 35.1 75.8 

15 11/07/91 06:36:15 34.9 75.5 

16 11/08/91 19:31 :19 35.0 76.0 

17 11/09/91 12:22:00 34.9 75.5 

18 11/10/91 01 :27:33 34.9 75.7 

19 11/10/91 12:05:11 34.9 76.2 

20 11/12/91 18:45:18 35.0 75.8 

21 11/12/91 22:40:08 35.1 75.7 

22 11/13/91 20:16:31 35.0 75.5 

23 11/14/91 18:24:01 34.9 75.1 

4 1 11/15/91 13:40 :47 35.2 75.0 

115 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

25 11/15/91 19:53 :26 35.3 75.1 

26 11/16/91 11 :41 :09 35.4 75.4 

27 11/16/91 14:58:33 35.4 75.2 

28 11/16/91 19:38:09 35.5 75.3 

29 11/19/91 13:50:45 35.3 75.3 

30 11/19/91 20:41 :04 35.1 75.4 

31 11/23/91 12:32:11 35.3 75.3 

32 11/24/91 08:21 :54 35.3 75 .4 

33 11/24/91 12:13:31 35.3 75.5 

34 11/28/91 07:29:17 35.5 74.8 

35 11/28/91 20:38:53 35.3 75.3 

36 11/30/91 13:23:34 35.1 75.1 

37 12/01/91 18:21 :51 35.3 75.3 

38 12/01/91 20:03:09 35.3 75.3 

39 12/04/91 19:29:51 35.1 75.3 

40 12/06/91 17:23:48 35.2 75.6 

41 12/07/91 18:52:04 35.2 75.1 

42 12/09%91 10:27:17 34.9 75.4 

43 12/10/91 06:55:33 35.0 75.4 

44 12/14/91 09 :34:11 35.0 74.8 

45 1 12/16/91 07:26:40 35.0 75.6 

46 12/16/91 11 :11 :36 35 .0 75.6 

47 12/17/91 20:14:11 35.1 75.6 

I' 48 12/19/91 10:10 :32 34.8 75.8 

49 12/19/91 19:54 :57 35 .0 75.5 

50 12/20/91 14:47:38 34.9 75.5 

51 12/21/91 14:29 :35 35.0 75.3 

52 12/22/91 09:37:01 34.9 75.5 

53 12/23/91 107:43 :02 134.9 175.5 

116 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

54 12/24/91 09:12 :43 35.1 75.2 

55 12/25/91 08:58 :01 35.1 75.6 

56 12/30/91 09 :47 :03 35.1 75.2 

57 12/30/91 14:36:31 35.1 75.4 

58 12/30/91 17:44:48 35.1 75.4 

59 12/30/91 22:36:19 35.1 75.4 

60 01/02/92 18:52:49 35.0 75.5 

61 10/04/92 18:26:23 35.1 75.5 

62 01/04/92 20:07:21 35 .2 75.5 

63 01 /06/92 10:00 :37 35.1 75.8 

64 01/12/92 13:24:40 35.0 75.7 

65 01/12/92 18:38 :14 34.9 75.9 

66 1 01/15/92 14:04 :22 35.0 75.5 

67 01/21/92 10 :24 :35 34.9 76.1 

68 

I 

01/23/92 10 :02 :08 35.0 75.6 

I'69 01/23/92 18:06:04 35.1 75.7 

70 01/31/92 18 :10:58 35.2 75.4 

71 02/03/92 09:38:40 35.0 75.3 

72 02/03/92 17:37:15 35.0 75.5 

73 02/03/92 19:15:33 35.0 75.5 

74 02/04/92 07:41 :06 34.9 75.4 

75 02/04/92 09:22:14 34.9 75.4 

6 02/04/92 12:01 :07 34.9 75.4 

77 02/04/92 13:42:16 34.9 75.5 

78 02/05/92 01 :01 :00 35.0 75.5 

79 02/05/92 18:51 :46 35.0 75.4 

80 02/11/92 00:31 :05 34.8 76.0 

81 02/13/92 01 :35 :19 34.7 75.8 

~2 ' 02/16/92 12:52 :06 34.9 76.1 

117 
8ll 

I t l l l/t0 Z6/Z 1V:00 : l£ 6'tiE 6'SL 

l Otl Z6/ll/ti0 lO : L :0 98 L'i?£ 5'9L 

60l Z6/60/V0 l VV :O L 9 6'ti£ L'SL 

80l Z6/l0/t0 :t0 :6l ZZ 0"5£ L'SL 

LOl Z6/LC/CO :81 10 : 8Z 6'V£ 8'SL 

90l Z6/OE/£0 L :Z :8C 60 6'tiE 8'SL 

50l Z6/8Z/CO :OZ :6l £b 6'tiE 8'SL 

VOL Z6/9Z/CO :6l LO : 8V 0'S£ 6'SL 

COL Z6/9Z/£0 :LO :8£ 1t, 0'9E 6'SL 

l ZO Z6/9Z/CO G V6 :Z Sti 'S£ l 8'SL 

lOt Z6/tiZ/£0 :80 :Z0 L9 L'VE 8'SL 

1 00 Z6/CZ/CO V80 :b Cz 6-VC 9'SL 

6 Z6/lZ/£0 :L0 :Z0 61 £'S£ V'9L 

86 Z6/OZ/£0 :LO :El tiO Z'SE Z'9L 

L6 Z6/6l/£0 :ZZ :t5 £0 £'l5 L'9L 

96 Z6/8l/£0 lVEZ : 9t, Z'9£ 6'9L 

56 z6/8l/£0 :LO :££ 5E 0'S£ 6'SL 

V6 Z6/8l/£0 10 :5V LS 'S£ l 6'SL 

E6 Z6/LL/Co :60 :8Z Z£ Z'9£ 6'SL 

Z Z6/LL/CO :L0 :5ti Zl 'S£ l 0'9L 

16 Z6/9t/£0 8199-CZ '9E l 6'SL 

06 L/£0 Z6/Z l :O :9Z 8ti 8'V£ 8'SL 

68 26/60/£0 :OZ :9ti 8Z 0'S£ 6'SL 

88 26/80/£0 1=61 :Z 10 l'9£ Z'9L 

L8 Z6/80/£0 l :Z :LO SO 0'S£ '9L l 

98 Z6/6Z/ZO l l : :ZE 89 0'S£ '9L l 

58 Z6/8Z/ZO :80 :S0 lZ 'SE t 0'9L 

V8 Z6/9Z/ZO :81 OZT0 6'tiE '9L l 

£8 Z6/tZIZO l :85=ti ZZ 6't£ Z'9L 

lVl JNOI 

(1WJ) 

31da 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

112 04/16/92 19:56:27 35.0 75.5 

113 04/18/92 12:35 :19 35.1 75.5 

114 04/20/92 13 :35 :50 35.1 75.4 

115 04/21/92 09:15 :57 35.2 75.3 

116 04/29/92 12:07:48 35.4 75.4 

117 04/29/92 20:37:17 35.2 75.4 

118 04/30/92 09:00:39 35.2 75.5 

119 04/30/92 18:47:38 35.1 75.3 

120 04/30/92 20:27:03 35.1 75.3 

121 04/30/92 23:03:12 35.1 75.3 

122 05/01/92 00:42 :38 35.1 75.3 

123 05/01/92 11 :22 :23 35.2 75.3 

124 05/03/92 08:26 :57 35.2 75.1 

125 05/05/92 00 :56 :17 35.4 75.4 

126 05/07/92 12 :33 :58 35.4 75.4 

127 05/08/92 01 :35 :39 35.5 75.3 

128 05/08/92 09 :13 :31 35.4 75.0 

1129 05/10/92 08:47:26 35.6 75.2 

130 

I 

05/13/92 01 :30:33 35.6 75.1 

I131 05/15/92 00:45:37 35.7 75.5 

132 05/15/92 20:47:06 35.9 75.4 

133 05/16/92 00:28:21 35.9 75.4 

134 05/16/92 09:14:22 36.0 75.5 

135 05/16/92 20:37:30 36.0 75.6 

136 05/18/92 20:12:41 36.0 75.6 

137 05/19/92 01 :01 :40 36.0 75.6 

138 05/19/92 13:18:05 36.0 75.6 

139 05/23/92 01 :19 :04 35.9 75.4 

119 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1

140 05/24/92 00:56:29 35.8 75.5 

120 
Appendix 10. Data from Kemp's ridley 1229 tracked via satellite in 1991 . POINT 

NO. corresponds to numbered points in Figure 5. LAT = north latitude, LONG = 

west longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 10/24/91 09:21 :42 36.6 75.9 

2 10/24/91 22:38 :38 36.6 75.8 

3 10/25/91 00 :22 :14 36.6 75.8 

4 10/25/91 09 :13 :35 36.6 75.8 

5 10/25/91 17:14:47 36.6 75.8 

6 10/26/91 12:18:51 36.6 75.8 

7 10/26/91 13:58:15 36.6 75.8 

8 10/26/91 20:23 :27 36.5 75.8 

9 10/26/91 23:41 :27 36.5 75.8 

10 10/27/91 11 :56 :17 36.5 75.8 

11 10/27/91 13 :38:13 36.5 75.8 

12 10/27/91 15:14:23 36.4 75.8 

13 10/27/91 18:27:57 36.4 75.8 

14 10/27/91 20:11 :57 36.4 75.8 

15 10/27/91 23:11 :21 36.4 75.8 

16 10/28/91 08:37:36 36.3 75.7 

17 10/28/91 13:17:29 36.2 75.7 

18 10/28/91 14:53 :33 36.2 75.7 

19 

I 

10/28/91 20:00 :16 36.1 75.7 

' 20 10/28/91 22:55:28 36.0 75.6 

21 10/29/91 08:24:30 35.8 75.5 

22 10/29/91 14:34:37 35.7 75.4 

23 10/29/91 18:08:09 35.6 75.4 

24 10/29/91 19:48 :41 35.5 75.4 

121 
zzL 

eS l6/ZO/ll :OZ ZZ=Zti 911£ £'9L 

Z5 l6/ZO/ll £V:6581 9'ti£ E'9L 

l5 16IZ0/ll :LI IZ : ZS S'VE £'9L 

05 l l 6/z0/ t l £=05~ti l S31£ E'9L 

6t~ l G l6/ZO/ l T l :£ 65 5"VE C'9L 

8t' l6/l0/ll :OZ S1T9 5'V£ £'9L 

Lt, G l l0/ l6/ l :L :ti£ 9Z 9'V£ Z'9L 

9t, l l LO/ l6/ l :£ :Z£ £Z 5W Z'9L 

9b l l l0/ l6/ l l L=£9 : l 5'b£ Z'9L 

l l l0/ l6/ :60 :ZE l Z 9't£ l'9L 

et, l6/l0/Lt M0TL0 94£ '9L t 

Zt~ l l l0/ l6/ l0 : L :Z ZZ 9't£ 0'9L 

l l6/l£/Ol :61 :cZ SZ LIT 8'9L 

Ob l lE/O l6/ l :L :St, LO 941£ 8"5L 

6£ l6/lE/Ol :EI :tiS 90 LIE L'SL 

8£ l E/0 l l6/ l :Z L SEE L'tE L'SL 

LC l6/l£/Ol :60 :Zv £E LIE L'SL 

9£ l6/l£/Ol 15:69L0 8'b£ 9'9L 

5£ l £/0 l l6/ :90 l :6 L O 84E 9'SL 

i7E l6/lE/Ol LET£40 6't'£ 9'SL 

E£ l6/0C/Ol :£5-£Z 8t 6't£ S'SL 

z£ l 6/0£/0 t VZZ T t 0 0'S£ ti'SL 

LC l6/0£/Ol :LI :SS IZ l'SE ti'SL 

I OE l l6/0£/O l Vt~ :£ L5 'S£ l V'SL 

6Z l l6/0C/O l :Z :Z£ 65 Z'S£ ti'SL 

8Z l6/OE/Ol 69:E560 Z'SE t+'9L 

LZ l6/0£/Ol :90 894£ £'9E ~'SL 

9Z l6/0£/Ol :S5=10 EZ VS£ VSL 

5Z l6/0£/Ol ZZ=5100 VS£ b'SL 

IV-1 JNOI 

J) ~1W 

31dQ 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
EZl 

Z8 l6/LO/ll :£l :L0 8Z 541E 8'9L 

l8 t6/LO/ll lI : :LZ Sti SIT 8'9L 

08 l l l6/LO/ l 100 : L0 5'VE 8'9L 

6L G6/LO/ll :90 V6£ Z 511£ 8'9L 

8L G6/LO/ll :00 :9t, 9t~ S'17£ L'9L 

LL l l 16/90/ :£Z :90 Zt, 9'V£ L'9L 

9L l l6/90/L :61 MZ5 5'tiE L'9L 

5L l l l6/90/ :8l l :ti LS 9't£ L'9L 

~ tiL l l 16/90/ :51 :90 95 S'bc 9'9L 

I £L l l 16/90/ l :£ :8Z 9Z 5't7£ L'9L 

zL l l 16/90/ l l :8t,- Z5 5'tiE L'9L 

LL l6/90/Ll :ZVOI SZ S'ti£ 9'9L 

OL l6/90/ll MUM 5'tC 9'9L 

69 l6/90/ll :90 :Z5 65 5'tiE 9'9L 

89 l l 16/90/ l0 : 0£=LO 9't~£ 9'9L 

L9 L6/50/ll 817=1Z=EZ 917£ 9'9L 

99 l6/SO/ll :OZ :LO 80 9-VC 5'9L 

59 l6/50/ll :81 :5Z l£ 9'ti£ S'9L 

V9 l L6/90A l lV6tiT 9'tE 9'9L 

£9 l6/50/ll :OI 09TZ 911C b'9L 

Z9 l l 16/50/ :80 L417 ti 9't~E t,'9L 

l9 l6/50/ll :LO :ZO LS 9'ti£ t,'9L 

09 l6/50/ll l0 : 0£ : 95 L'tE ti'9L 

65 l6/ti0/ll OV6VOZ L'17£ ti'9L 

85 

l6/COAL :OZ :OE BE LIT E'9L 

L5 l6/C0/ll :81 OZ=Z9 LIT £'9L 

95 l6/EO/Ll :til :6Z 50 L'ti£ £'9L 

55 l6/£0/ll :05=Z1 LS L'bE C'9L 

l6/ZO/ll :ZZ :ZS ZS 911E E'9L 

.19 

1\fl JNOI 

J) (1W 

31dO 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
vzG 

111 l6/Ol/ll :£Z bZ=ZZ Z't£ ti'LL 

t OG t WOLA :OZ 9S=6ti ZIPE ti'LL 

60l l/ll WO :61 :80 OE Z'bC ti'LL 

80l l6/Ol/ll :£L :5t~ t~0 Z'ti£ ti'LL 

LOl l6/Ol/ll :Z1 1Z-50 Z'tE I'LL 

90l l6/Ol/ll :60 :9Z SE Z'b£ ti'LL 

50l L WOLA :LO :St, 8Z Z'V£ E'LL 

l VO l l6/Ol/t l0 : :tiZ 9E E'bT Z'LL 

COL l6/60/ll :£Z L5Tt, £'tE Z'LL 

zOl l6/60/ll IZ : :ZO EZ VIE 'LL l 

tOl l6/60/ll :6l tVtZ ti'tE l'LL 

% OOl l l6/60/t :tiI :ZO 05 ti'tE l'LL 

'' 6 L l 16/60/ l :Z :9Z 5l tl't£ l'LL 

86 l6/60/ll :60 :8E £Z ti't7£ 0'LL 

L6 l6/60/ll :L0 :99 8£ S17C OIL 

96 G l6/60/l l0 : :Lti Et, 5I£ 0'LL 

56 l6/60/tl :00 :50 OZ S'tE 0'LL 

b6 l l 16/80/ :ZZ :9Z 90 5'bE OIL 

E6 l l 16/80/ Z l : l l : Zt, S17£ 6'9L 

Z6 l l 16/80/ :6l :0£ titi 5I£ 6'9L 

l6 t6/80/ll :Ll :6ti El 9't£ 6'9L 

06 l6/80/ll :til :9Z 90 517£ 6'9L 

68 l6/80/ll :ZI :Lt+ £O S'tiE 6'9L 

88 l l 16/80/ :Z0 :90 ££ 9'VE 6'9L 

L8 l6/80/ll :00 :9Z 51 911£ 8'9L 

98 l6/LO/ll :ZZ :9t, 6£ SIT 8'9L 

58 l6/LO/ll :6l MZti 5't£ 8'9L I~ 

V8 l6/LO/ll :81 5VE0 5't£5 8'9L 

ti 931C 8'9L 

. 

8 /LO/LL l t ~ti Sti~ : £S

lVl JNOI ~1WJ) 

31ba 3W11 

'ON 

1NIOd 
szG 

££l l6/£L/ll t£~E£~8l l'~E 5'LL 

Z£l l6I£l/ll 55~lZ~til Z'~£ 5'LL 

G£l L l6/El/l 15~Z~~ZI Z'i~£ 5'LL 

l 0£ l l / t 6/£ l :80 5l V S Z*tC 5'LL 

6Zl l6/£l/ll :80~L0 OZ Z'tiE 5'LL 

~ l 8Z l l l/ l6/£ :Z0=Z0 L 8 Z'17£ 5'LL 

t LZ l l l/ l6/£ :00 :OZ 9t, Z'tiE S'LL 

L 9Z l l l/ l6/Z It,=ZZ : 85 Z*tC 5'LL 

9Zl t6/Zl/ll :9Z=0Z Z0 Z17£ 5U 

tlZl l6/Zl/ll :81 SE~~t, Z'V£ 5'LL 

£Zl l6IZl/ll :til :Zb ll Z*tC b'LL 

ZZl l6/Zlllt :V0Tt 1Z Z*tC ti'LL 

L23 LL L/ 16/Z l :00 :£ti Sl Z'V£ VU 

OZl l6/ll/ll m£Z : 917 Z'b£ ti'LL 

L 6L l LA WA :OZ :LE OC Z'VE ti'LL 

L 8l l l l/ l l6/ :81 :95 Z£ Z*tC VU 

Lll l6/ll/ll :51 :E0 lZ Z'tl£ ti'LL 

9ll l6/ll/ll l IZT : Sti Z*-PC I'LL 

5ll l/ll WA ll : 6ETti Z't£ b'LL 

t l a l l / l l l6/ ~60 l 95=ti Z'ti£ VU 

l l £ l l l/ l l6/ :LO :5£ 8l Z'tiE ti'LL 

Zll l6/tl/ll 85~£O~10 Z'i~E ti'LL 

31t/(l 3W11 1K-1 JNOI 

'ON 

1NIOd 
Appendix 11 . Data from Kemp's ridley 4938 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. 

POINT NO. corresponds to numbered points in Figure 7. LAT = north latitude, LONG 

= west longitude. 

POINT 

NO 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 10/28/91 19:56 :56 36.7 75.8 

2 10/28/91 22 :54 :25 36.6 75.8 

3 10/29/91 12 :56 :53 36.7 75.6 

4 10/30/91 09:50:55 36.7 75 .7 

5 10/31/91 09:39:54 36.4 75.6 

6 11/01/91 07:53:13 35.9 75.4 

7 11/01/91 11 :52:56 35.8 75.4 

8 11/01/91 13:32:14 35.8 75.4 

9 11/02/91 00:46:13 35.8 75.3 

10 11/02/91 09:14:39 35.8 75.4 

11 11/02/91 13 :12 :11 35.7 75.3 

12 11/03/91 11 :13 :09 35.6 75.3 

I 13 11/04/91 08 :49 :49 35.5 75.3 

I 14 11/04/91 14:09:21 35.5 75.3 

15 11/04/91 18:37:29 35.4 5.3 

16 11/05/91 07:07:03 35.4 75.3 

17 11/05/91 12:12:10 35.4 75.3 

18 11/05/91 18:30:49 35.3 75.3 

19 11/05/91 20:10:07 35.4 75.2 

20 11/06/91 06:53:25 35.3 5.1 

21 11/06/91 11 :49:01 35.3 75.2 

22 . 11/06/91 13:29:14 35.3 5.2 

23 11/06/91 18:17:32 35.3 75.3 

24 11/07/91 08:22 :00 35.4 5.4 

126 
LZl 

£5 l l Z/ l l6/ L :8 1t, : Zt, 8'EE 6'LL 

Z5 l l Z/ l l6/ VLO :L 6Z 8'EE 6'LL 

l5 t L l6/OZ/ :OZ :8Z 09 0'VE 8'LL 

OS l6/6l/LL :OtiTZ lV 0'VE 8'LL 

6t, l6/6l/ll :81 :85 6E 0'tiE 8'LL 

8t, l 16161/l :El :8S ZS 041E OIL 

Li7 l l / 16161 l :z L Zti=t+ VVC 8'LL 

9t, l6/6l/ll :LO :9£ 80 L'J?£ L'LL 

5t, 16I8lIll :61 :51 E5 Z'V£ ELL 

l6/8l/LL :Z1 :0tl 51 Z'17£5 9'LL 

et, 16I8LIll :60 :ZC 95 Z'ti£ 5'L 

Zti l l t/ 6/L l t :V :L£ tib till£ ti'LL 

lti l6/til/ll :OZ :b0 9Z V'V£ Z'LL 

Ob L l l/ WA, :8l :OZ 6E VVC l'LL 

6£ l l l/ l6/ti l :Z :OZ 8£ E'tiE 'LL l 

8£', l6/£l/Lt t :8 :8Z 1 V E'V£ 0'LL 

I, L£ l t l/ 

WE :00 :61 6t, VVC L'9L 

II 9£ l l l/ l6/Z :OZ :EZ 85 VVC 9'9L 

5£ l6/ZL/lt :81 :5ti ll V'tiC 9'9L 

VC l6/tl/ll :51 :00 L1 9'17£ V9L 

cc l6/Ol/ll :OZ :ZS £C L'VE £'9L 

ZE l6/Ol/ll :£l STOti L17E Z'9L 

t£ l6/60/ll :6l tZ : £C 6't££ L'SL 

0c L l 16/60/ :Vl :ZO Sl 0'S£ L'SL 

6Z l l 16/60/ :00 :50 l E 0'SC S'SL 

8Z l6/80/ll :6l VZ£ V 0'S£ S'SL 

LZ l l 16/80/ t :Z V9V 8 Z'SE b'SL 

9Z l l l6/LO/ :81 0£~~0 ti'S£ t~'S 

5Z l l l6/LO/ t l : :5Z 017 t+'SE b'SL 

1Kl JNOI 

~11NJ) 

31da 3W11 

ON 

1NIOd 
POINT 

NO 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

54 11/22/91 07:10:34 33.7 78.1 

55 11/22/91 14:30:38 33.7 78.1 

56 11/23/91 18:13 :33 33.7 77.9 

57 11/24/91 12 :11 :06 33.6 8.2 

58 11/24/91 18:05:56 33.5 78.3 

59 11/24/91 21 :27 :59 33.5 78.3 

60 11/25/91 06:31 :23 33.6 78.3 

61 11/25/91 13 :32:31 33.6 78.4 

62 11/25/91 21 :16:45 33.5 78.4 

I 63 11/25/91 23:09 :39 33.5 78.4 

~ 64 

I 

11/26/91 14:47 :12 33.5 78.5 

65 11/26/91 22:49:25 33.4 78.5 

ICI 66 11/27/91 07:50 :10 33.4 78.6 

67 11/27/91 09:27 :34 33.4 78.6 

I 68 11/27/91 12:50 :04 33.4 78.6 

69 11/27/91 14:30 :13 33.4 78.6 

70 11/27/91 17:32 :14 33 .4 78.7 

71 11/27/91 19:10 :44 33.4 78.7 

72 11/28/91 07:40:49 33.3 78.7 

73 11/28/91 12:25 :56 33.4 78.8 

74 11/28/91 14:08:31 33.3 78.8j 

75 11/29/91 01 :22:04 33.3 78.8 

76 11/30/91 08:52:38 33.3 79.0 

77 12/01/91 13.03:16 33.1 79.0 

78 12/02/91 12:40:37 33.0 79.2 

79 12/02/91 18:13:24 33.0 79.1 

80 12/03/91 12:28:56 32.9 79.1 

81 12/03/91 17:58 :02 33.0 79.0 

2 12/03/91 23:38 :19 32.9 9.0 

128 
POINT 

NO 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

83 12/04/91 08:13 :24 32.7 79.0- 

84 12/04/91 19:32 :56 32.9 79.1 

85 12/05/91 13:24 :41 32.9 79.1 

86 12/05/91 15:02 :10 32.9 79.1 

87 12/05/91 17:37 :52 32.8 9.1 

88 12/05/91 19:16 :54 32.8 79.1 

89 12/05/91 20:59 :21 32.8 79.1 

90 12/06/91 13:01 :06 32.7 79.3 

91 12/06/91 19:04 :01 32.7 79.3 

92 12/07/91 14:17 :48 32.7 79.3 

93 12/07/91 18:58 :33 32.7 79.4 

94 12/08/91 12:21 :05 32.7 79.4 

95 12/09/91 08:44 :52 32.7 79.4 

96 12/09/91 18:30:57 32.7 79.5 

97 12/10/91 13:22 :26 32.7 79.2 

98 12/11/91 18:04 :55 32.6 79.6 

99 12/12/91 14:19 :42 32.5 79.7 

100 12/12/91 23:53 :13 32.5 79.7 

101 12/13/91 09:45 :43 32.5 79.7 

102 12/13/91 19:28:18 32.5 9.7 

103 12/14/91 15 :15 :00 32.6 79.7 

104 12/15/91 18:59 :20 32.5 79.8 

105 12/16/91 12:46 :25 32.6 79.8 

106 12/18/91 07:00 :44 32.5 79.8 

107 12/20/91 06:40 :36 32.4 79.8 

108 12/20/91 21 :22 :52 32.3 0.0 

109 12/20/91 22:46 :20 32.3 80.0 

110 12/24/91 11 :46 :42 32.2 80.0 

111 12/25/91 00:37:02 F32.2 80.0 

129 
POINT 

1 N 0 

DATE TIME 

I (GMT) 

LAT LONG 

112 12/25/91 13:05:20 32.2 80.1 

113 12/25/91 14:42:53 32.2 80.1 

114 12/25/91 18:43 :51 32.2 0.1 

115 12/25/91 20:24:44 32 .1 0.1 

116 12/26/91 12:46 :10 32.0 80.3 

117 12/26/91 14:21 :42 32.0 80.3 

118 12/26/91 18 :30 :18 32.0 80.4 

119 12/26/91 20 :17 :03 31 .9 80.4 

120 12/27/91 12:19:32 31 .8 80.5 

121 12/27/91 18:21 :00 31 .8 80.5 

122 12/28/91 13:41 :31 31 .6 80.6 

123 12/28/91 18:09:06 31 .5 80.7 

124 12/28/91 21 :31 :53 31 .5 80 .7 

125 12/29/91 01 :02 :59 31 .5 80.7 

126 12/30/91 12:58 :22 31 .5 80.6 

127 12/31/91 02:00 :07 31 .5 80.6 

128 12/31/91 14:16 :56 31 .4 80.6 

129 12/31/91 19:10:19 31 .4 80.7 

130 12/31/91 20:54:55 31 .3 80.7 

131 01/01/92 07:38:28 31 .2 80.8 

132 01/01/92 13:57:17 31 .1 80.8 

133 01/02/92 09:03:32 31 .0 80.8 

134 01/02/92 13:37:44 30.9 80.8 

135 01/02/92 18:50 :35 30.8 80.8 

136 01/02/92 20:34:37 30.8 80.8 

137 01/05/92 18:15 :52 30.6 80.8 

19:55 :27 30.6 80.8 

m01/06/92 18:04:05 30.5 80.8 

19:40 :44 30.5 0.7 

130 
l£l 

t 9ti l0 / Z6/8l :L£=0Z 6Z £"0£ 8'0 

l 5i? l0 l/ Z6/5 l :904, L 8 5'0£ L'OS 

titil Z6/Vl/l0 :8l :Ol LS 5'0£ L'08 

£til Z6/Zt/l0 89TOTZ TOE L'08 

l Z~ Z6/Zt/l0 :OZ til~SI 5'0£ L'08 

l~l Z6/80/l0 lO=IZ : OO TOE L'0 

IV-1 JNOI 

J) (1W 

3140 3W11 

ON 

1NiOd 
Appendix 12. Data from Kemp's ridley 4939 tracked via satellite in 1991 - 1992. 

POINT NO. corresponds to numbered points in Figure 9. LAT = north latitude, LONG 

= west longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 10/30/91 09 :54 :06 36.1 75.3 

2 10/30/91 14 :13 :49 36.0 75.2 

3 10/30/91 17:55 :54 35.9 75.2 

4 10/30/91 23 :52 :49 35.8 75.1 

5 10/31/91 09:44 :27 35.5 74.9 

6 10/31/91 12 :12 :49 35.5 75.0 

7 10/31/91 13 :51 :39 35.5 74.9 

8 10/31/91 17:44 :10 35.4 74.9 

9 10/31/91 19 :24:41 35.4 74.8 

10 11/01/91 01 :10:46 35.3 74.8 

11 11/01/91 11 :52:40 35.2 74.8 

12 11/01/91 13:33:56 35.2 74.9 

13 11/01/91 17:32:48 35.2 75.0 

14 11/01/91 23:10:40 35.2 74.9 

15 11/02/91 13:10:33 35.2 75.1 

16 1 11/02/91 18:59:50 35.4 75.0 

17 11/03/91 20:32:41 35.4 75.1 

18 11/03/91 22:28:42 35.4 75.1 

19 11/04/91 12:30:04 35.3 75.2 

20 11/04/91 14:12:39 35.3 75.2 

21 11/04/91 20:23:33 35.4 75.2 

22 11/05/91 20:05:54 34.9 75.4 

23 11/06/91 06:45:46 35.1 75.6 

24 11/06/91 11 :51 :45 35.0 75.7 

132 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

25 11/06/91 18:13:15 35.0 75.8 

26 11/06/91 19:55 :15 35.0 75.8 

27 .11/08/91 12:44:59 35.0 76.0 

28 11/09/91 06:15 :15 34.7 76.1 

29 11/09/91 12:25 :52 34.8 76.2 

30 11/09/91 14:06 :17 34.7 76.2 

31 11/09/91 17:40:04 34.6 76.3 

32 11/09/91 19:20:47 34.6 76.4 

33 11/09/91 21 :01 :18 34.5 76.4 

~, 34 11/10/91 13:44:16 34.4 76.7 

35 11/11/91 18:55:05 34.4 77.1 

36 11/12/91 18:45:21 34.2 77.0 

37 11/13/91 18:35:49 34.3 77.3 I 

38 11/13/91 20:16:43 34.3 77.4 

39 11/13/91 22:21 :57 34.3 77.3 

40 11/14/91 13:59:37 34.2 77.4 

41 11/14/91 18:24:14 34.2 77.5 

42 11/15/91 12:00 :31 34.2 77.5 

43 11/15/91 13:39:47 34.2 77.5 

44 11/15/91 18:07:42 34.2 77.5 

45 11/15/91 19:52 :22 34.2 77.6 

46 11/16/91 01 :03 :09 34.1 77.6 

47 11/16/91 06:32 :19 34.1 77.6 

48 11/16/91 09:53 :22 34.1 77.7 

49 11/16/91 13:23 :11 34.1 77.6 

50 11/17/91 12:58 :27 34.0 77.8 

51 11/17/91 14:37 :07 33.9 77.8 

52 11/18/91 07:57 :47 33.7 77.8 

53 

. 

11/18/91 19:19 :09 33.6 77.8 

133 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

54 11/19/91 12:18:16 33.5 78.1 

55 11/19/91 19:02:06 33 .6 78.1 

56 11/19/91 20:41 :54 33.6 78.1 

57 11/20/91 13:35:19 33.6 78.1 

58 11/20/91 18:51 :47 33.6 78.2 

59 11/20/91 20:31 :08 33.6 78.3 

60 11/21/91 08:54:10 33.6 78.3 

61 11/21/91 20:20:41 33.6 78.4 

62 11/22/91 12:53 :34 33.7 78.6 

63 

I 

11/24/91 18:05 :09 33.6 78.8 

64 

I 

11/25/91 17:56 :59 33.5 78.9 

65 11/26/91 00 :49 :18 33.5 78.9 

66 11/26/91 07:59 :46 33.4 78.9 

67 11/26/91 22:47:13 33.3 79.0 

68 11/27/91 12:53:33 33.2 79.0 

69 11/27/91 19:07:27 33.1 79.0 

70 11/27/91 22:27:34 33.1 79.0 

71 11/28/91 14:08:28 33 .0 79.1 

72 11/28/91 20:40:29 32.9 79.1 

73 11/29/91 13:48:00 32.8 79.2 

74 11/30/91 01 :09:01 32.8 79.3 

75 11/30/91 11 :46:47 32.8 79.4 

76 11/30/91 20:16:37 32.8 79.4 

77 12/01/91 11 :22:46 32.8 79.6 

78 12/01/91 18:25 :20 32.7 79.5 

79 12/03/91 12:23 :01 32.7 79.8 

80 12/03/91 17:57:52 32.5 79.7 

81 12/04/91 12:02 :22 32.7 79.5 

82 12/04/91 13:42 :44 32.6 79.5 

134 
t 

POINT 

NO . I 

DATE 

I 

TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

83 12/04/91 19:30:56 32.6 79.6 

84 12/05/91 11 :44:27 32.5 79.6 

85 12/05/91 19:16:03 32.4 79.6 

86 12/05/91 23:01 :17 32.4 79.6 

87 12/06/91 14:40 :59 32.3 79.8 

88 12/06/91 19:09 :26 32.3 79.8 

89 12/06/91 22 :38 :40 32.2 79.9 

90 12/07/91 14:16:35 32.2 79.8 

1 12/07/91 18 :53 :54 32.2 79.8 

92 12/07/91 20:34:22 32.2 79.7 

93 12/08/91 07:17:02 32.2 80.0 

94 12/08/91 18:43:03 32.2 79.7 

95 12/08/91 20:22:50 32.2 79.8 

96- 12/09/91 01 :13:52 32.2 79.6 

97 12/09/91 11 :56:30 32.2 79.8 

98 12/09/91 20:10:36 32.1 79.8 

99 12/10/91 11 :33 :57 32.1 79.9 

100 12/10/91 14:57:27 32.2 80.0 

101 12/10/91 22:55 :57 32.1 80.0 

102 12/11/91 13:00:17 32.1 80.0 

103 12/12/91 23:54 :52 31 .9 80.1 

104 12/15/91 11 :33 :47 32.1 80.6 

105 12/18/91 08:43 :54 31 .7 80.6 

I 106 12/19/91 06 :51 :31 31 .7 80 .6 

107 12/19/91 08 :33 :25 31 .7 80.7 

108 12/20/91 14:48:20 31 .3 80.8 

109 12/21/91 19:33:35 30.8 81 .1 

110 12/22/91 12:26:24 30.9 81 .0 

111 ' 12/22/91 20:59:02 30.8 81 .0 

135 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

112 12/23/91 13:51 :33 30.8 80.9 

113 12/23/91 20:52 :58 30.7 80.9 

114 12/24/91 07:36 :45 30.7 81 .0 

115 12/25/91 18:45 :39 30.6 81 .1 

116 12/26/91 12:45 :27 30.4 81 .2 

117 12/26/91 20:11 :43 30.3 812 

118 12/27/91 06:55 :52 30.2 81 .2 

119 12/29/91 00 :59 :23 29.7 812 

120 12/29/91 14:57 :25 29.6 81 .1 

121 01/02/92 23:08:55 28.8 80.6 

122 1 01/04/92 07:08:07 28.5 80 .5 

136 
Appendix 13. Data from Kemp's ridley 1230 tracked via satellite in 1993. POINT 

NO. corresponds to numbered points in Figure 9. LAT = north latitude, LONG = 

west longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 9/15/93 12:34:49 36.8 75.8 

2 9/15/93 22:15:24 36.8 76.0 

3 9/16/93 8:4:46 36.8 76.0 

4 9/16/93 9:45:44 36.8 76.0 

5 9/17/93 11 :49:59 37.2 76.3 

6 9/23/93 14:41 :47 37.4 76.1 

7 9/24/93 2 :1 :50 37.5 76.2 

8 9/25/93 22:42:57 37.5 76.1 

9 9/26/93 11 :5 :51 37.5 76.1 

10 9/26/93 13 :39:56 37.6 76.1 

II11 

I 

9/27/93 9:14 :16 37.6 76.1 

I12 9/27/93 22 :16 :55 37.5 76.0 

13 9/27/93 22 :53:58 37.5 76.0 

14 9/28/93 11 :11 :31 37.6 76.0 

15 9/28/93 22:34:40 37.6 76.1 

16 9/29/93 12:35 :52 37.6 76.0 

17 9/30/93 8:33 :34 37.6 76.1 

18 10/1/93 10:6:54 37.5 76.0 

19 10/1/93 13:29:19 37.6 76.0 

20 10/1/93 21 :28:26 37.6 76.1 

21 10/2/93 8:12:42 37.6 76.0 

22 10/2/93 11 :30:30 37.6 76.0 

23 10/2/93 21 :17:46 37.6 76.1 

24 10/3/93 0:29:34 37.6 76.1 

137 
8£l 

l '9L 5'L£ L£:5E:81 £6/L/Ol ZE 

l'9L TLC 6Z:Sb :O C6/L/Ot t£ 

l'9L 5'LE LZ: V£Z E6/9/Ol 0£ 

l'9L 5'L£ Zti: l l :ZZ £6/9/O l 6Z 

E'9L S'L£ Sti :8t+ :Ot C6/9/0 l oz 

Z'9L TLC titi :Oti :OZ £6/5/O l LZ 

Z'9L 5'Lc 5Z~0~~£l E6/SIOI 9Z I 

l'9LI S'LET 15: 9tl: Z t E6/£/O l 99 

JNOI 1\fl 

0m) 

3W11 31110 

'ON 

1NIOd 
Appendix 14. Data from Kemp's ridley 1231 tracked via satellite (n 1993. POINT 

N0. corresponds to numbered points in Figure 9. LAT = north latitude, LONG = 

west longitude. 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 9/15/93 1 :57:19 36.7 75.9 

2 9/15/93 12:38:1 36.6 75 .7 

3 9/17/93 11 :48:42 36.4 75.7 

4 9/17/93 13:31 :26 36.4 75.7 

5 9/18/93 13:9:56 36.1 75.7 

6 9/19/93 11 :8:22 36.1 75.7 

7 9/23/93 8:18:31 36.0 75.7 

8 9/23/93 22:40 :18 35.9 75.7 

9 9/24/93 11 :26 :10 35.9 75.7 I 

10 9/24/93 19:33 :38 35 .8 75.7 

11 9/25/93 0:1 :9 35 .8 75.7 

12 9/25/93 21 :0 :47 35.8 75.7 

i 13 

I 

9/27/93 13:15:26 35.8 75.7 

I 14 9/29/93 12:37:57 35.9 75.7 

15 10/1/93 1 :14:11 35.8 75.7 

16 10/1/93 21 :27:10 35.7 75.7 

17 10/9/93 10:4:31 35.6 75.7 

18 10/17/93 19:52:1 35.6 75.7 

19 10/18/93 9:59:12 35.6 75.7 

20 10/18/93 21 :20:59 35.5 75.7 

21 10/20/93 11 :12:59 35.4 75.7 

22 10/21/93 22:41 :50 35.3 75.7 

23 10/22/93 14:21 :2 35.3 75.7 

24 10/23/93 20:22 :55 35.3 75.7 

139 
t 

POINT 

NO . I 

DATE TI E 

I (GMT) 

LAT LONG 

25 10/23/93 23:32:39 35.3 75.7 

26 10/25/93 19:50:55 35.3 75.7 

27 10/26/93 22:31 :57 35.3 75.7 

28 10/27/93 11 :27:42 35.2 75.7 

29 10/27/93 12:29:20 35.1 75.7 

30 10/28/93 12:9:55 35.1 75.7 

31 10/28/93 13:44:11 35 .1 75.7 

32 10/29/93 1 :8:2 34.9 75.7 

33 11/l/93 21 :50 :47 35.1 75.2 

34 11/2/93 10:17:51 35.2 75.3 

35 11/3/93 15 :0 :12 35.2 75.3 

36 11/3/93 19:44:5 35.3 75.3 

37 11/4/93 22:35:7 35.2 75.6 

38 11/7/93 23:15:19 35.3 75.4 

39 11/10/93 1 :48:41 35:1 75:4 

40 11/11/93 

3 

19:51 :48 35 .1 75.2 

140 
Appendix 15. Data from Kemp's ridley 1233 tracked via satellite in 1993. POINT 

NO. corresponds to numbered points in Figure 9. LAT = north latitude, LONG = 

west longitude. 

I PNO. 

I DATE I (TIME I LAT I LONG 

1 9/14/93 19:53 :9 36.7 75.8 

2 9/14/93 21 :35 :12 36.7 75.8 

3 9/14/93 22 :31 :38 36.7 75 .8 

4 9/15/93 12:28:58 36.7 75 .8 

5 9/15/93 21 :25:27 36.7 75 .8 

6 9/16/93 12:8:19 36.7 75 .8 

7 9/16/93 13:50:42 36.7 75.8 

8 9/17/93 13:32:9 36.7 75.8 

9 9/17/93 19:14:42 36.7 75.8 

10 9/18/93 0:54:19 36.7 75.8 

11 9/18/93 11 :24:31 36.7 75.8 

12 9/19/93 10:52:26 36.7 75.8 

13 9/19/93 11 :5:36 36.7 75.8 

14 9/19/93 22:25:47 36.7 75.8 

15 9/20/93 12:30:35 36.7 75.8 

16 9/20/93 22:0:7 36.7 75.8 

17 9/20/93 23:45:57 36.7 75.8 

18 9/22/93 11 :46:4 36.7 75.8 

19 9/22/93 15:0:54 36.7 75.8 

20 9/25/93 0:0:49 36.7 75.8 

21 9/26/93 1 :20:59 36.7 75.8 

22 9/27/93 1 :1 :29 36.7 75.8 

23 9/27/93 10:52:48 36.7 75.8 

24 9/27/93 11 :35:20 36.7 75.8 

25 9/27/93 13:19:50 36.7 75.8 

141 
POINT I DATE I tT~~InM~E I LAT I LONG 

26 9/30/93 19:59:30 36.7 75.8 

27 9/30/93 21 :40:44 36.7 75.8 

28 10/5/93 13:47:0 36.7 75.8 

29 10/6/93 13:20:58 36.7 75.8 

30 10/9/93 8:28:35 36.7 75.8 

142 
Appendix 16. Data from Kemp's ridley 1234 tracked via satellite in 1993. POINT 

NO. corresponds to numbered points in Figure 9. LAT = north latitude, LONG = 

west longitude . 

POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

1 9/14/93 20 :0 :27 36.7 75.8 

2 9/14/93 22:37:51 36.7 75.8 

3 9/15/93 8:15:51 36.7 75.8 

4 9/15/93 9:55:24 36.7 75.8 

5 9/15/93 21 :22:20 36.7 75.8 

6 9/16/93 1 :35:21 36.7 75.8 

7 9/16/93 11 :23 :23 36.7 75.8 

8 9/16/93 13:54:28 36.7 75.8 

9 9/16/93 19:27:5 36.7 75.8 

Il I' 10 9/16/93 21 :53 :15 36.7 75.8 ls 

11 9/17/93 7:56:42 36.7 75.8 

12 9/17/93 11 :55 :13 36.7 75.8 

13 9/17/93 13 :31 :23 36.7 75.8 

14 9/19/93 9:11 :40 36.7 75.8 

15 9/20/93 22 :4 :50 36.7 75.8 

16 9/21/93 20 :13 :56 36.7 75.8 

17 9/22/93 11 :42 :8 36.7 75.8 

18 9/22/93 13 :25 :14 36.7 75.8 

19 9/22/93 15:2 :18 36.7 75.8 

20 9/23/93 0 :44 :14 36.7 75.8 

21 9/23/93 8:22:11 36.7 75.8 

22 9/24/93 14:20:6 36.7 75.8 

23 9/25/93 1 :40:51 36.7 75.8 

24 9/25/93 7:52:0 36.7 75.8 

25 9/26/93 1 :18:8 36.7 75.8 

143 
POINT 

NO. 

DATE TIME 

(GMT) 

LAT LONG 

26 9/26/93 23:15 :45 36.7 75.8 

27 9/27/93 22:59 :18 36.7 75.8 

28 9/29/93 21 :52 :23 36.7 75.8 

29 10/1/93 11 :44 :43 36.7 75.8 

30 10/3/93 0 :33 :1 36.7 75.8 

31 10/6/93 11 :45:23 36.7 75.8 

32 10/6/93 14:59:24 36.7 75.8 

33 10/6/93 18:45:21 36.7 75.8 

34 10/7/93 10:34:29 36.7 75.8 

35 10/11/93 13:14:46 36.7 75.8 

36 10/11/93 14:51 :1 36 .7 75.8 

37 10/12/93 9:26:54 36.7 75.8 

, 38 10/12/93 14:33 :43 36.7 75.8 

39 10/12/93 20:52:14 36.7 75.8 

40 10/13/93 14:7:34 36.7 75.8 

41 10/15/93 18 :39 :22 36.7 75.8 

42 10/15/93 21 :58 :58 36.7 75.8 

43 10/16/93 14:48 :33 36.7 75.8 

44 10/17/93 12:41 :35 36.7 75.8 

45 10/19/93 1 :25:21 _7 36.7 75.8 

144 
Appendix 17. Aerial surveys performed in 1985 - 1989 by line, linear kilometers 

flown, and number of turtles seen on each line. 

Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

18 Apr 85 32 8.4 0 0 

31 25.0 1 0 

30 18 .5 9 0 

29 18.5 5 0 

28 18.5 1 0 

27 18.5 8 0 

26 18.5 7 0 

25 18.5 1 0 

24 18.5 3 0 

23 18.5 2 0 

26 Apr 85 23 18.5 3 0 

21 18.5 3 0 

19 18.5 1 0 

16 18.5 1 0 

15 18.5 2 0 

13 18.5 3 0 

11 18.5 1 0 

9 18.5 0 0 

7 18.5 1 0 I 

5 18.5 0 0 

01 May 85 7 24.1 1 0 

8 44.5 22 0 

02 May 85 7 24.1 10 0 

8 44.5 13 0 

25 May 85 8 44.5 1 0 

145 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

II 06 Aug 85 7 24.1 4 1 

8 35.2 6 0 

05 Sep 85 7 24.1 0 0 

8 44.5 1 0 

10 Oct 85 7 24.1 1 0 

8, 44.5 7 0 

15 Oct 85 23 18.5 1 0 

21 18.5 0 0 

19 18.5 0 0 

16 18.5 0 0 

15 18.5 2 0 

13 18.5 3 0 

11 18.5 6 0 

11 Nov 85 24 18.5 0 0 

23 18.5 2 0 

21 18.5 1 0 

19 18.5 0 0 

16 18.5 0 0 

15 18.5 3 0 

13 18.5 4 0 

11 18.5 11 0 

7 24.1 2 0 

8 35.2 2 0 

20 Nov 85 29 18.5 2 0 

27 18.5 1 0 

25 18.5 1 0 

07 May 86 32 8.3 0 0 

31 25.0 0 0 

30 18.5 0 0 

146 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

29 18.5 0 0 

28 18.5 0 0 

27 18.5 0 0 

26 18.5 0 0 

25 18.5 2 0 

24 18.5 1 0 

23 18.5 6 0 

22 18.5 4 0 

19 27.8 1 0 

17 18.5 2 0 

15 27.8 1 0 

I 14 18.5 1 0 

11 27.8 2 0 

16 May 86 7 24.1 1 0 

8 35.2 6 0 

19 May 86 23 18.5 5 0 

22 18.5 8 0 

19 27.8 5 0 

17 18.5 5 0 

15 27.8 7 0 

14 18.5 13 0 

11 27.8 13 0 

9 12.9 8 0 

7 24.1 6 0 

30 May 86 23 18.5 3 0 

22 18.5 1 1 

19 27.8 4 0 

17 18.5 0 0 

15 27.8 12 0 

147 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

14 18.5 4 0 

11 27.8 12 0 

9 12.9 5 0 

7 24.1 18 0 

6 18.5 2 0 

3 27.8 10 0 

8 35.2 15 0 

19 Jun 86 15 27.8 1 0 

14 18.5 0 0 

11 27.8 1 0 

9 12.9 0 0 

7 24.1 0 0 

6 18.5 0 0 

3 27.8 2 0 

I 

8 35.2 1 0 

II 04 Jul 86 15 27.8 5 0 

14 18.5 5 0 

11 27.8 3 0 

9 12.9 1 0 

7 24.1 9 3 

6 18.5 11 0 

3 27.8 2 0 

8 35.2 5 0 

10 Jul 86 15 27.8 0 0 

14 18.5 0 0 

11 27.8 2 0 

9 12.9 0 0 

7 24.1 1 0 

i 6 18.5 0 0 

148 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

3 27.8 0 0 

8 35.2 3 0 

26 Jul 86 7 24.1 2 0 

6 18.5 1 0 

3 27.8 2 0 

8 35.2 2 0 

04 Aug 86 15 27.8 5 1 

14 18.5 3 0 

11 27.8 5 0 

9 12.9 0 0 

7 24.1 2 0 

6 18.5 1 0 

3 27.8 2 0 

8 35.2 5 0 

15 Aug 86 15 27.8 0 0 

14 18.5 6 0 

11 27.8 0 0 

9 12.9 4 0 

7 24.1 4 0 

6 18.5 3 0 

3 27.8 5 0 

8 35.2 5 0 

21 Aug 86 15 27.8 1 0 

14 18.5 2 0 

11 27.8 1 0 

9 12.9 2 0 

7 24.1 3 0 

6 18.5 1 0 

3 27.8 2 0 

149 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

8 35.2 1 0 

05 Sep 86 19 27.8 2 0 

17 18.5 2 0 

15 27.8 2 0 

14 18.5 4 0 

11 27.8 1 0 

9 12.9 2 0 

7 24.1 3 0 

II 

8 35.2 3 0 

23 Se p 86 23 18.5 0 0 

22 18.5 2 0 

19 27.8 0 0 

17 18.5 1 0 

15 27.8 0 0 

14 18.5 1 0 

11 27.8 0 0 

9 12.9 1 0 

7 24.1 1 0 

6 18.5 1 0 

3 27.8 1 0 

8 35.2 2 0 

23 Oct 86 23 18.5 0 0 

22 18.5 1 0 

19 27.8 1 0 

17 18.5 3 0 

15 27.8 0 0 

14 18.5 1 0 

11 27.8 0 0 

9 12.9 0 0 

150 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

7 24.1 1 0 

8 35.2 2 0 

24 Oct 86 32 8.3 0 0 

31 25.0 1 0 

30 18.5 0 0 

29 18.5 3 0 

28 18.5 1 0 

27 18.5 0 0 

26 18.5 5 0 

25 18.5 1 0 

24 18.5 3 0 

20 Nov 86 32 8.3 1 0 

31 25.0 2 0 

30 18.5 2 0 

29 18.5 7 0 

28 18.5 0 0 

27 18.5 2 0 

26 18.5 0 0 

25 18.5 0 0 

24 18.5 0 0 

23 Nov 86 23 18.5 0 0 

22 18.5 1 0 

19 27.8 6 2 

17 18.5 1 0 

15 27.8 1 0 

14 18.5 5 0 

11 27.8 0 0 

9 12.9 1 0 

7 24.1 1 0 

151 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

6 18.5 0 0 

3 27.8 0 0 

8 35.2 1 0 

06 Dec 86 32 8.3 0 0 

31 25 .0 4 0 

30 18.5 3 0 

29 18.5 0 0 

28 18 .5 0 0 

27 18.5 0 0 

26 18.5 1 0 

25 18.5 0 0 

24 18.5 0 0 

16 Sep 87 23 27.8 3 0 

20 18.5 1 0 

19 27.8 2 0 

18 20.4 5 0 

15 27.8 7 0 

12 20.4 2 0 

11 27.8 0 0 

10 18.5 0 0 

I 

7 24.1 3 0 

II 03 Dec 87 23 27.8 0 0 

20 18.5 0 0 

19 27.8 0 0 

18 20.4 0 0 

15 27.8 0 0 

12 20.4 0 0 

11 27.8 0 0 

10 18.5 0 0 

152 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leathe~backs 

7 24.1 0 0 

4 18.5 0 0 

3 27.8 0 0 

07 Jun 88 23 27.8 6 0 

20 18.5 0 0 

19 27.8 4 0 

18 20.4 5 0 

15 27.8 10 0 

12 20.4 0 0 

11 27.8 6 0 

10 16.7 0 0 

7 24.1 2 0 

8 35.2 3 0 

14 Jul 88 23 27.8 0 0 

20 18.5 4 0 

19 27.8 3 0 

18 20.4 0 0 

15 27.8 3 0 

12 20.4 0 0 

11 27.8 0 0 

10 16.7 2 0 

7 24.1 2 0 

8 35.2 1 0 

15 Jul 88 23 27.8 2 0 

20 18.5 14 0 

19 27.8 8 1 

18 20.4 2 0 

15 27.8 6 0 

12 20.4 2 2 

153 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

11 27.8 3 0 

10 16.7 3 0 

7 24.1 4 0 

4 18.5 1 1 

3 27.8 9 0 

2 18.5 4 0 

1 27.8 2 0 

8 35.2 11 1 

29 Jul 88 23 27.8 5 0 

20 18.5 10 0 

19 27.8 6 0 

18 20.4 2 p 

15 27.8 7 0 

12 20.4 5 0 

11 27.8 2 0 

10 13.0 5 0 

7 24.1 3 0 

4 18.5 2 0 

3 27.8 10 0 

2 18.5 4 0 

1 27.8 3 0 

8 35.2 16 1 

11 Aug 88 23 27.8 4 0 

20 18.5 0 0 

19 27.8 0 0 

18 20 .4 1 0 

15 27.8 1 0 

12 20.4 0 0 

11 27.8 2 0 

154 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

10 13.0 1 0 

7 24.1 3 0 

8 53.7 6 0 

27 Oct 88 23 27.8 4 1 

20 18.5 2 0 

19 27.8 6 0 

18 20 .4 4 1 

15 27.8 4 0 

12 20.4 4 0 

11 27.8 3 1 

10 18.5 1 1 

7 24.1 0 0 

4 18.5 0 0 

3 27.8 0 0 

2 18.5 1 0 

1 27.8 0 0 

8 53.7 0 0 

25 Jul 89 32 8.3 0 0 j 

31 25.0 1 0 

30 18.5 0 0 

29 18.5 0 0 

28 18.5 1 0 

27 18.5 0 0 

26 18.5 0 0 

25 18.5 0 0 

24 18.5 1 0 

23 18.5 0 0 

20 18.5 0 0 

19 27.8 1 0 

155 
Date Line Linear Km Loggerheads Leatherbacks 

18 20.4 0 0 

15 27.8 0 0 

1 2 20 .4 0 0 

11 27.8 1 0 

10 13.0 0 0 

7 24.1 1 0 

8 53.7 71 0 

156 
QPpSN,EHT OF T,y~ The Department of the Interior Mission 

Z 

p As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for 

most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use 

- of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the 

environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places ; 

4ACH 7 ~e and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation . The Department assesses our 

energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of 

all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department 

also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live 

in island territories under U.S . administration . 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

.~"`~a;,r ~r'+s~ As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) primary 

~s ^ ` responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer Continental Shelf 

G' (OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian lands, and distribute 

those revenues. 

Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally sound 

exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral resources. The 

MMS Royalty Management Program meets its responsibilities by ensuring the efficient, timely and 

accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and production due to Indian 

tribes and allottees, States and the U.S . Treasury . 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of : (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially affected 

parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the quality of life for 

all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic development and environmental 

protection .