PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
ae 999998 99 989590 BO 50 40 0 0 kt SN
~—— J r

—— [ee ct
+ - Cumulative Distribution of the

200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient

in the Ground-based /00 -meter Layer

HONG KONG

N February ———May 4
in August ----- --November

133

-200

~300} -|

~400)

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

~500}

600!
oO 0.1.2 5 | 2 5 0 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Hong Kong (British Crown Colony, SE China)

22-18 N, 114-10 E. 33 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300Z (1100 LST)
5/56 - 2/57
00002 (0800 LsT)
5/57 - 11/60
Temperature (°F): January 64/56; July 87/78
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 51; July 77
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 85.1; June 15.5; December 1.2

An island located east of the mouth of the Pearl River about 90 miles
south of Canton, China. The summer monsoon brings hot, humid weather;
the winter monsoon is cold and dry. Located in the typhoon belt.

65

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
pr 999998 99 9895908070 50 40 30 20S Sk 5 St
T a

——o ——
Cumulative Distribution of the
Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
‘in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer ;

= wl KHARTOUM 5
5 Y 4st ge
S N 8
a) 1 8
; g
= 133
s 8
a =
8 J.

f iw
_* :
iS w
> -30 w
N a1 3
g $
é E
& g

0)

00!
MO 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 7 8 90 95 98 99  s9gga9 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

Khartoum, Sudan

15-36 N, 32-33 E. 385 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0500Z (0700 LST)

2/56 - 11/60
Temperature (°F): January 90/59; July 101/77
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 39; July 64

Precipitation (inches): Annual 6.4; August 2.80; December 0.00

Located at the junction of the White Nile and the Blue Nile Rivers.
Tropical continental semi-desert type climate; hot, dry season September
to June with intermittent light rains July to early September.

70


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED
wo g99998 99 989590 D7 0 50 40 30 0H SON

Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
jin the Ground-based |0O-meter Layer

=
= JOLIET x
8 February ——— May ¢
S ——-— August --- November g
my L 3
2 L 4i33
& =~. 8
& -100 = S$
8 1 &
q =o

x
S -200 x &
iS += g
=. w
= -309 4, =
S S
RS v7
K-40] ra
: §

~500

00!
O O12 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Joliet, Illinois

41-30 N, 88-10 W. 179 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2100 and 0900 LST)
7/50 - 6/52

Temperature (°F): January 33/16; July 86/62

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 20; July 62

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 35.2; June 4.31; February 1.68

Located in gently rolling terrain about 35 miles southwest of Lake Michigan.
Continental temperate climate with relatively cold winters and hot, humid
summers.

67


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

cr 999998 99-98 9590807060 «50 40 30 20S lk 5 2 1.05
—— t

———— os =
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
{ in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer
A L145
= i \ SACHSEN
BS \ February ———May 4.80
IS \ August + November |
So
> pee |
= = == 4133
= 100
&
3 oO
§ -20
»
&
Ss.
3-300) 4.4
g
&
i ~400)
&
500)
600!
MO 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 60 90 95 98 99 o99g9  g9g9

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Isachsen, Northwest Territories, Canada

78-47 N, 103-32 W.

Data: Radiosonde.

Temperature (°F):
Mean Dewpoint (°F):

Precipitation (inches) :

25 meters MSL

0000Z (1700 LsT)
8/52 - 5/57

January -27/-37; July 43/34
January (M); July 35

Annual 3.8; August 0.91; March 0.04

Located on a peninsula of Ellef Ringnes Island. Arctic climate.

66

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
pd gog998 99 98S 950 8 7 5040 30 00H tC
=1 T

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

tt — = om TMr
Cumulative Distribution of the H4
200} Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient |
in the Ground-based /OO -meter Layer
a KEY WEST <
February ———May ec
——-— August s
q H41 8
= 4133S
g
. 2
100} 8
o &
Ry
200) &
KI =
w
300 , ¥
v 4108
u
- é
w
~500
600!

Oo O12 5 1 2 5 1 20 30 49 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Key West, Florida

24-33 N, 81-45 W. 6 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2200 and 1000 LST)
5/54 - 5/57
0000 and 1200Z (1900 and 0700 LST)
8/57 - 2/59

Temperature (°F): January 74/65; July 87/79

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 61; July 74

Precipitation (inches): Annual 40.0; September 6.73; January 1.53

Located about 60 miles from the mainland on a small low island; the sur-
rounding water is shallow. Station is about 12 miles north of the Gulf
Stream, and has prevailing easterly trade winds. A sub-tropical
maritime climate.

69


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 99 9895908070 «6050.
300; T

4030 2 0 5 2 SO
aw i

a a PS co
= Cumulative Distribution of the Ho
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient |_|
in the Ground-based /00-meter Layer
= 7 GUANTANAMO
3 February ——— May 4s
$ SP ToT PTT Pry one August ++» »» - November |
S tS
9 HY
= = =Ss= | 4133
S100 imu.
8
3 4
= Cg iad
S -200 4
» 7
&
S.
= 300 41
x
£400
&
50
600
O O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Guantanamo, Cuba

19-54 N, 75-09 W. 23 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde.
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F):

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 65;

0300 and 1500Z (2200 and 1000 LsT)

January 84/68; July 92/76

July 73

Precipitation (inches): Annual 23.4; October 6.68; February 0.70

Located on a bay on southeast coast of Cuba.

climate.

61

A maritime sub-tropical

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 999895908070 0 50 40 30 0D Ck
300; —— a es a Ca BF
= Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5
rd KARAGANDA
February —— 48
0 |
31.33
100)
4a

200}

~30

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

600!
O 0.1.2 5 | 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Karaganda, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.

49-48 N, 73-08 E. 555 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0200Z (0700 LsT)
2/56 - 2/57
0000Z (0500 LST)
5/57
0000 and 12002 (0500 and 1700 LST)
8/57 - 11/59
0000Z (0500 LsT)
2/60 - 8/60

Located in an extensive steppe region northwest of Lake Balkhash. A
continental climate with hot, dry summers and cold, windy winters.

68

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 989590870 50 40 30-200 | Sk OS
-— i

300 en ae CI
= Cumulative Distribution of the
200} = Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
Q in the Ground-based /0O-meter Layer 5

= cd HILO «
3 RAL February ———May 41
S ee ee eee August --+*- > November | {| &
me 4 = |X
= 4133S
= -t09 3
: :
s ia
§ -20 FS
8 §
>. w
S 300) + 8
& My
£409 &
e wy

~500)

600!
Oo 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Hilo, Hawaii

19-44 N, 155-04 Ww. 1l meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1700 and 0500 LST)
8/52 - 8/54 and 2/55 - 5/57
(Also 0300, 0900, 1500, and 21002 for 11/54 only)

Temperature (°F): January 79/63; July 82/67
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 62; July 68
Precipitation (inches): Annual 136.6; December 15.18; June 6.79

Station is located near the eastern shore of a large, mountainous island
(area 4038 sq. miles; peaks above 13600 ft); it is within the northeast
trade wind belt. Day-to-day and seasonal weather changes generally small
at locations near sea level, but temperatures, precipitation, and cloudi-
ness in vicinity vary greatly with elevation and degree of exposure to
the trade winds.

64


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Pal 99998 99 989590 O80 40 00S
rt

a
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 00 -meter Layer 5
mer

= HANNOVER
N 100} =
g All-season Distribution
=
S 9 |
& a 413
E [cw
& ' TS
z Cy
GS 2
»
iS
S.
~ +1
x
a)
e

-500}

00!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 3 40 50 6 7 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Hannover, Germany (Federal Republic)

52-27 N, 09-41 E. 55 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 12002 (0100 and 1300 LST)
1961 and 1962
Analyzed by: Dr. L. Fehlhaber, Fernmeldetechnisches Zentralamt,
Darmstadt
Temperature (°F): January 38/28; July 72/53
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 31; July 55

Precipitation (inches): Annual 23.9; July 3.00; February 1.40
Located in the valley of the Leine River where spurs of the Harz and

Mittelgebirge Mountains merge into the north German plain. A largely
maritime climate; cool summers and relatively mild but humid winters.

63

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

Al

A g9g998 99 98S 95 0B 50 40 30 20S OS
—— —a

SS so
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) ru ie Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
iY in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5

Ao we GUR'YEV
3 Ne February ——— May Be
S a | -— August + November
Ss 9 aa ies 1
= : ——— 4133
K Ny
& ~ 100}
3 ©
S -20
x
iS
Se
= -300 + +.
3 \
#0 :
&

500

~600!

Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Gur'yev, Kazakh, U.S.S.R.

47-07 N, 51-55 E.

Data: Radiosonde.

Temperature (°F):

Precipitation (inches) :

21 meters below MSL

0200Z (0500 LST)

2/57
0000Z (0300 LST)
5/57 - 11/60

January 17/6; July 86/66
Annual 6.2; June 0.8; Feb., March 0.3

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

Located at the northern end of the Caspian Sea at the mouth of the Ural

River; the surrounding country is largely marsh and desert.

continental temperate climate with occasional severe droughts.

62

An arid