PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99:99 gogsag = 99 9895 4 0 0G
300 eS
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !0O-meter Layer 5
= L'vov
3 ~ February ———May Bed
S me ——-— August +» » November
> 9 oe aes |
2 . . 4133
RE — =
a) PS
8 \ °
& -200
» nt
=. v
& t +1
g \
& \
@ v
\
~500}
i
-600! 4
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 1 2 3 40 50 6 7 8 9 95 98 99 99,8929 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

L'vov, Ukraine, U.S.S.R.

49-49 N, 23-57 E. 329 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000Z (0200 LST)
8/58 - 5/63
Temperature (°F): January 31/22; July 77/59
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 23.6; June 2.4; January 0.9

Located in the western Ukraine near the source of the Bug River.
A moderate continental temperate climate.

75

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED
Ps 999998 99:98 = 95D 50 40 30 20H IC
= 5 crt

——— ee

Cumulative Distribution of the

200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer 5
= 100 MIAMI .
3 February ———May 4et ig
BS Q xg mo August November iS
; Sas 1 8
2 = diz &
S -109 = 3
7 : 8
We

8 Sp, o &
=. aS z
SB 2 x =
iS NE &
= 309 K 4,
g ‘ 8
& &
400) w
& &

t

5 4

\

600 \

Oo O12 51 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 6 7 8 95 98 99 928999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Miami, Florida

25-49 N, 80-17 W. 4 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 15002 (2200 and 1000 LsT)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 76/58; July 89/75

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 57; July 73

Precipitation (inches): Annual 59.8; September 9.47; December 1.67

Located on level ground about 10 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, with
sparsely wooded countryside to the west. A sub-tropical maritime climate,
with warm, showery summers and mild, dry winters. Prevailing east to
southeast winds.

80


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
fae 999998 99 -98_— 959080700 50 40 30-2 5 2 1 5 2 105
"

_ Cumulative Distribution of the +4
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient |_|
in the Ground-based Layer
= 100) N, MADRID <
\ , ae
3 L Winter = ——— Spring 4st og
= 1 Summer ++ > -Fall TT &
> 9 = 44; 8
= dis ©
'S = al g
= 100 R
& iS
Ss &
z Ste 0
S -200 \ x
; §
& , Gi
S N.
> -300] : y
& 1 =
= yok
& G
~50(

600!
O =O 1.2 5 | 2 5 1 20 30-40 50 60 70 8 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Madrid, Spain
40-24 N, 03-41 W. 657 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 12002 (0000 and 1200 LST)
1/68 - 10/71 (3/71 - 6/71 missing)

Note: Calculated refractivity aradient between surface and next

higher level. Winter season December through February;
Spring season March through May; etc. See text.

Analyzed by: Davis and Wagner, Environmental Technical Applications
Center, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.

77


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED

O

<<

ae 99999899 989590 8 5040 30 00s ak Zk I
T=

:.

Cumulative Distribution of the
Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer

MADRID
February ———May
nen August -------November

200}

100

-100)

~200)

~300)

~400)

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

~500}

~600!

O 0.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 99,8999
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Madrid, Spain

40-24 N, 03-41 W. 657 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 00002 (0000 LST)
8/57 - 11/59
Temperature (°F): January 47/33; July 87/62
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 35; July 48
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 16.5; November 2.2; August 0.3

Located on a rolling plateau near the center of the Iberian peninsula.

A dry, temperate climate.

76

99.99

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Pa 99999899 98 959080760 50 40 30 0D 2k
—— " rT

—T+t — a
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer
35
= io MAZATLAN
3 | February ———May 4
ES August +--+ +> ‘November
S 9 I
= 133
S 100)
uy
3 =~
> oO
§ -209 : .
x XY: N\
iS : I
= -309 \f.
i— \ 7 =
§ \
z
& \
-400]
& \
~50(
i )

00)
O O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

Mazatlan, Mexico

23-11 N, 106-26 W. 78 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300Z (2000 LST)
8/52 - 6/57
0000Z (1700 LST)
7/57 - 8/61
Temperature (°F): January 71/61; July 86/77
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 59; July 73
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 30.1; August 8.27; April 0.08

Located on the Pacific coast of Mexico. A maritime tropical climate
with wet and dry seasons.

79

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

gosg 99999899 98959060 50 40 30-20 Sk OS
300 rs
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer
Fy
3 KOROR ISLAND
3 \ February ———May 44T
S Ft yt tT nd | o> PP? qpo-ao August November
> 4 Se J
= Tee 33
iS
a)
) ©
S -200] -
x ms
Ss NJ N
=) =
= 30 Si
x
f -400
“5
~600
O 01.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 0 70 80 0 95 98 99 908999 9999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Koror Island, Pacific (Palau Group of the Carolines)

07-20 N, 134-29 E.

Data: Radiosonde.

Temperature (°F):

Mean Dewpoint (°F):

Precipitation (inches):

29 meters MSL

1200Z (2100 LsT)
8/58 - 5/63

January 86/75; July 87/75

January 75; July 76

Annual 147.5; August 15.76; February 7.13

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

Located in the eastern part of the Philippine Sea on a hilly island ina
lagoon; there is a 610-ft hill within 3 miles of the weather station.
Northeast trade winds prevail December through March; the convergence

zone moves across the island in about June and remains in the vicinity

through about October, with a high frequency of calms and light winds in

November.

A tropical maritime climate.

71


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Be gog998 99: 98_— 9590 7 040 30 0S tS
T Et

a

Cumulative Distribution of the

200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based |00-meter Layer

MAJURO ISLAND

February ——— May
—-—-— August +++ ++ November

So == 44133

=a
-100 - PhS

200}

309 4

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

“oor 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 9 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Majuro, Marshall Islands, Pacific

07-05 N, 171-23 E. 3 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0000Z (1100 LST): 8/57; 1200Z (2300 LST):
11/57-2/58; 0000, 0600, 1200, 1800Z: 5/58-8/58;
1200Z: 8/58-2/62; 0000, 0600, 1200, 18002:5/62

Temperature (°F): January 84/76; July 85/76

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 143.6; November 15.92; January 6.98

Located on the southeastern end of Majuro Atoll (area 160 sq. miles) on

Dalap Island. Easterly trade winds prevail throughout the year; typhoons

are rare. Cloudiness averages 9/10 coverage in daytime; mostly cumulus
type. A tropical maritime/trade wind climate.

78


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
soso gggga8 = 99 9895 HB 50 40 30 20S
300; =

05

200}

Cumulative Distribution of the

SAIGON ] Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
7 in the Ground-based /OO-meter Layer

>
{cone xuven |} LONG XUYEN: 19 Jan-/6 Feb'700600-_ 48
= 1OOOLST
< 100 Ninian y TAN AN: 19 Jan-18 Feb'70 OBOOLST O67
ra Po SAIGON: Feb Average 0700-I000LST
= LK y (based on 5 years of RAOB data)
3 0 —| = I
= — BS 4133
iS NTN PL.
= -1m =
& N
3 he 0
§ d
»
is
SS a
~ 41
g
& 400
“5 \
| \
oO 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40.50 6 70 80 0 95 98 99  agga9 9999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Long Xuyen, Viet Nam
10-23 N, 105-26 E.

3 meters MSL

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

Data: High-resolution Radiosonde. 0600 - 1000 LST, 19 Jan.-18 Feb. 1970

Temperature (°F):

Mean Dewpoint (°F):

January 86/70; July 88/75
January 66; July 72

Precipitation (inches): Annual 63.4; September 11.30; February 0.10

Located 100 miles west of Saigon in Mekong Delta region; humid,

tropical monsoon climate.

Tan An, Viet Nam

10-32 N, 106-23 E.

Data: Radiosonde.

0800 LsT, 19 Jan.

10 meters MSL
- 18 Feb. 1970

In delta region about 25 miles southwest of Saigon.

74


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

9999 999998 99-9895 90S OD 50 40 30 20ST SSO
300 SS
Cumulative Distribution of the +4
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100- meter Layer if;

= oo LONG BEACH «
3 February ———May iS
iS — August +++ +++ -November R
= HH! 8
So S
: =a is &
= ra)
5 8
gm 3
S qo >
& z
S -200] &
fe w
= -300 41, 8
S 5
& 400 ¢

° q
&

~500

aT 05.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

Long Beach, California

33-49 N, 118-09 W. 12 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1900 and 0700 LST)
5/51 - 2/56

Temperature (°F): January 65/41; July 82/61

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 43; July 60

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 9.8; February 2.31; July (Trace)

The Pacific Ocean is 4 miles south and 12 miles west of the station; there
are low coastal hills between the station and the sea. Summers are dry
with only 0.40 inches of rain May to October inclusive, and there are fre-

quent low clouds at night and early morning. There is considerable fog
in winter.

73


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
pr 999998 99 989590 B70 «O50 40 30 2 fo 52 52 05
7 — =

1 —a ——
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based Layer
~ 35
= 1 LA CORUNA
x Winter = ——— Spring 447
S —— Summer ++ +--+ Fall
> 9 I \
= 44133
© -i00 i
8
3 4
§ 2
»
iS
> -
= 300) +!
x
&
& -
& Vf
~500) \
\
“6 \

00!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 9 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

La Coruna, Spain

43-22 N. 08-25 W. 58 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 1200Z (2300 and 1100 LST)
1/68 - 12/70

Note: Calculated refractivity gradient between surface and
next higher level. See text.

Analyzed by: David and Wagner, Environmental Technical Applications
Center, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.

Temperature (°F): January 55/44; July 71/58
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 43; July 58
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 37.9; December 5.20; July 1.30

Located on the Atlantic coast in northwest Spain. Relatively cool
maritime climate.

72

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k