THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 

By JosEPH A. CusHMAN. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Orbitoid Foraminifera, on account of their 

short stratigraphic range, have proved to be 

excellent horizon markers, and, because of 

their wide geographic distribution, they ·are 

valuable in correlation; The genus Orbitoides, 

as now restricted, is found exclusively in deposits of Cretaceous age; Orthophragmina appears to be confined to the Eocene; but Lepidocyclina ranges through the upper Eocene and 

Oligocene. 

In the present paper are described all the 

known American . species of Orthophragmina 

and Lepidocyclina. The species are listed below in groups according to the geologic formations in which they are found. The relative 

ages of the formations are shown in the accompanying correlation table, which is copied 

from a paper by T. W. Vaughan.1 As stated 

in the footnote to the table, I am not in accord 

with Douville regarding the age of the limestone on Haut Chagres and near David, Panama, but regard it as Eocene because it contains two species of Orthophragmina. However, two of the three species of Lepidocyclina 

found near David (L. panamensis and L. duplicata) occur also near Tonosi, Panama, associated with fossils characteristic of the middle 

Oligocene, the age of the lower part of the 

Culebra formation; and L. chaperi, described 

originally from Haut Chagres, occurs in the 

Culebra formation at a higher horizon. 

American species of Orthophragmina and Lepidocyclina. 

EOCENE. 

Ocala limestone: 

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman. 

georgiana Cushman. 

roariannensis Cushman. 

roariannensis var. papillata Cushman. 

vaughani Cushman. 

americana Cushman. 

1 The biologic character and geologic correlation of the sedimentary 

formations of Panama in their relation to the geologic history of Centra1 

America and the West Indies: U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull.l03, table facing p. 

595, 1919. 

Ocala limestone-Continued. 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. 

fragilis Cushman, n. sp. 

pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. 

cookei Cushman, n. sp. 

attenuata Cushman, n. sp. 

floridana. Cushman, n. sp. 

pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp. 

ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

ocalana var. subdecorata Cushman, n. var. 

hilli Cushman, n. sp.? 

Jackson formation: • 

Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp. 

St. Bartholomew limestone: 

Orthophragmina marginata Cushman. 

antillea Cushman. 

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman. 

Brito formation (Nicaragua): 

Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp. 

flintensis Cushman. 

georgiana Cushman. 

David, Panama: 

Orthophragmina minima Cushman. 

. antillea Cushman. 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman. 

panamensis Cushman. 

duplicata Cushman. 

Haut Chagres, Panama: 

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Cuba: 

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman. 

pustulata Cushman. 

crassa Cushman. 

sculpturata Cushman. 

subtaramellei Cushman. 

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman. 

subraulinii Cushman. 

California: 

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman, n. sp. 

OLIGOCENE. 

Marianna limestone: 

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton). 

Byram calcareous marl: 

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad). 

Chattahoochee formation: 

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp. 

Antigua formation: 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman. 

undosa Cushman. 

gigas Cushman. 

favosa Cushman. 

canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman. 

39 
40 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

Culebra formation: 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville; 

panamensis Cushman? • 

chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Tonosi, Panama (in beds of the age of the Culebra formation): 

cyclina. In vertical section the lateral chambers of Orthophragmina, where they are not 

separated by pillars, have a zigzag line between 

adjacent columns, and usually this line serves 

when once seen to distinguish the genus in 

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman. 

duplicata Cushman. 

Emperador limestone: 

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman. 

panamensis Cushman? 

Cuba: 

Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Douville. 

marginata (Michelotti). 

kempi (O'Connell). 

morgani Lemoine and R. Douville. 

crassata Cushman. 

canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman. 

sumatrensis (Brady). 

San Rafael formation, Mexico: 

Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 

The genus Orthophragmina includes those 

species of orbitoid Foraminifera in which the 

chambers of the equatorial band are rectangular. Many of the species are stellate, with 

produced angles, or, if circular, have a stellate, 

raised ornamentation. Others, however, have 

the circular form with variously ornamented 

surfaces. The genus so far as known in America 

and Europe seems to be limited to the formations of Eocene age, and in America at least 

it is largely confined to the upper Eocene. 

The structure of the test of Orthophragmina 

is essentially the same as that of Lepidocyclina, 

which is diagrammatically figured on page 56. 

An equatorial band of chambers, which are 

rectangular in horizontal section, occupies the 

middle portion. At eith~r side are the lateral 

chambers, usually polygonal in outline, and 

placed one above another in vertical columns. 

These columns are here and there separated by 

the pillars, masses of compact shelly material 

arising from the wall of the equatorial chambers 

and thence extending to the surface. The 

pillars are especially developed in the thicker 

central region and increase in diameter toward 

the surface, where they usually appear as 

rounded knobs or pustules extending a slight 

distance above the general surface of the test. 

Their function seems to be to give . strength to 

the thickened portion of ·the test. 

The lateral chambers and in many species 

the equatorial chambers also average much 

smaller than those of most species of Lepido-

• 

rock sections. 

Very little has been kno.wn of the American 

species except references to them in papers by 

H. Douville. In 1917 I described several 

species from the Ocala limestone of Georgia 

and Florida. 1 Those species are included in 

the present paper with additional records for 

, their distribution. Also the material from 

Cuba, St. Bartholomew, Panama, Nicaragua, 

and California has ·been added, so that the 17 

species and. varieties here described cover a 

wide region. There are many other species, 

but they are not represented by identifiable 

material. In southern Europe, especially in 

France 3:nd Italy, as many as 10 or 12 species 

are listed from single localities, showing that 

in all probability the number of American 

species will be greatly increased in future work. 

This paper should therefore be looked upon as 

only a pioneer attempt at making a basis on 

which a larger study of the American species 

can -be built.2 

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman. 

Plate Vri, figures 1, 2. 

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash~ 

ington Pub. 291, p. 52, pl. 9, fig. 3; pl. 10, figs. 2-4, 

1919. 

Test small, lenticular, comparatively thick; 

thickness in the center greatest, about threefifths the diameter; circular, gradually thinningtoward the periphery but without a definite border; periphery rounded; surface with 

numerous rather large· papillae in the center, 

gradually smaller toward the periphery. 

In vertical section the test, owing to the 

straightness of the slope from center to periphery, is almost diamond shaped; pillars of the 

center very heavy, thick, increasing rapidly in 

diameter toward the surface, the peripheral 

ends projecting above the adjacent lateral 

chambers; equatorial chambers of the same 

height, the band hardly increasing in diameter 

from center to periphery, very small; lateral 

1 U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, pp. 115-124; pis. 40-44, 1917. 

2 A species of Orthophragmina recognized after this paper was in typs is described in a manuscript now awaiting publication in Prof. Paper 128 . 
Tentative correlation table of the Tertiary marine sedimentary formations of Panama. 

[By Thomas Wayland Vaughan.] 

American 

I 

Mexico and Central European time sub- Panama. Jamaica. Other Antilles. Southeastern United States. time subdi- divisions. America. visions. I -- -

Manchioneal Pliocene of Yucatan 'Vaccamaw marl, Nashua marl, Sicilian. formation. Pliocene. Toro limestone. Kingston for- Pliocene of Guantanamo, Cuba. and Limon, Costa and Caloosahatchee marl (near- Astian. 

mation. Rica. ly contemporaneous). Plaisancian. 

Yorktown formation, Duplin marl, Pontian. andChoctawhatcheemarl (near- Sarmatian. ly contemporaneous) . 

...: 

<D St. Marys formation. P< 

P< 

p 

I I Choptank formation. Tortoni an. 

I cD I 

l:l Calvert fo'·l M"'b Hoad macl <D I matwn. · 0 

.s I 

::;! cD i 

;:a La Cruz marl I Upw horiwn I Upp" horiwn Helvetian. '0 (Cuba). in Martinique m .santo Do- Expo- ~ · mmgo. Gatun Pacific sures -- for- coast on 

Gatun formation. . ma- of Isthtion musof rhoal Riv" m>'l 

~ Zones G, H, (Costa Nica- Te- member. 

Marl at Bara- Lower horizon ragua. Alum Bluff Oak Grove sand Bowden marl. coa, Cuba. in Martinique. and lin San- Rica). huan- formation. member. Burdigalian. 0 to Domingo. tepee. H Chipola marl mem- ber. 

,_; Emperador limestone. Anguilla formation (Anguilla) and beds Aquitanian. 0 at P< Upper part of many localities in Cuba. Tampa formation. P< Culebra. Chattian. p 

--Culebra San Rafael forma- Chattahoochee for- J forma- Lower part of Coral reef Pepino Lowerhor- tion. mation. ;:a tion. Culebra and at Guan- Antigua formation izon in '0 limestone at tanamo, formation (Porto Santo Rupelian. 

cD ~ Tonosi. Cuba. (Antigua). Rico). Domingo. l:l 

<D 

0 

0 

.~ Limestone 0 with Or-

~ 

thophra,qmi- Deposits with Pee- r y ' a m """''"""' na on Haut Bohio Montpelier ten aff. P. poul- Vicksburg marl. Lattorfian :;:: Chagresa con- white lime- 0 and lime- glomer- stone. soni and large, dis- group. Marianna limestone. ( Sannoisian). H stone at Da- ate.b coid orbitoids. Red Bluff c!ay. 

vid ( contemI poraneous). 

- I Brito for- Frio 

Cambridge clay. 

~ formation. St. Bartholomew limestone (St. Bartholomew). mation of Fay- Jackson for- Ludian (PriaNicaragua Ocala limestone. bonian). P< Richmond Widely distributed in Cuba; also in Haiti. (typical ette mation. A Bartonian. 

p formation. sand- Brito). stone. 

--

0 I roopo't ,and. ;:a Eocene of Tonosi. Claiborne Claiborne Lisbonformation. Auversian. c '0 group. group. Tallahatta b u h r • Lutetian. 

~ ~ ~ stone. <D 

8 '0 

0 Cl R .0 r·'"''tigbe, fonnaYpresian.c ~ tion. ~ 

<D Wilcox for- Wilcox Bashi formation. 8 mation. group. Tuscahoma forma- ,_; al tion. "-' 

:;:: :5 Nanafalia formation. Sparnacian. c 0 ~ 

H cj 

<l) 

z 

{Naheola formation. Thanetian. c Midway for- Midway Sucarnochee clay. mation. group. Clayton limestone. Montian.c 

a Reported by H. Douville and referred to "Stampien inferieur"= Vicksburgian= Lattorfian; Cushman thinks these deposits should be referred to the upper Eocene and placed 

opposite the St. Bartholomew limestone in the table. b May belong strati~raphically somewhat higher. c Correlation proposed by E. W. Berry. 

131049°-20-4 40-1 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 41 

chambers in vertical columns, up to 20 or more 

in a column in the thickest central portion, the 

individual chambers at least four or five times 

as wide as high in section. 

Horizontal sections show the rectangular 

chambers of the equatorial region several times 

as long as wide, the lateral chambers forming 

an irregular network about the sections of the 

pillars, often several columns of vertical chambers between the pillars. 

Diameter, 1.5 to 3.5 millimeters. 

Type specimens from U. S. G. S. station 

3475, Boston mine, near Santiago, Cuba; 

collected by A. C. Spencer. 

This seems to be a common Cuban species, 

occurring in material from several stations as 

follows: 

3448. Limestone from hillside south of Ponupo manganesemine, ~aMaya, nearSantiago; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

6117. Boulder from the band of limestone on hill east 

of railroad and south of Cristo, near Santiago; C. W. Hayes, 

collector. 

6118. Limestone near railroad on trail to mines south of 

Cristo; C. W. Hayes, collector. 

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, near Santiago; C. W. Hayes, collector. 

6120. Loose material, Santiago Province, exact locality 

unknown. 

6122. Greensand limestone, Boston manganese mine, 

3 miles east of Cristo, Santiago Province; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. 

6123. Resting on ore bed, 4 to 6 feet thick, Ponupo 

manganese mine, Santiago Province; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. 

6124. Foraminiferal limestone, Ponupo manganese 

mine, Ponupo, Santiago Province; R. T. Hill, collector. 

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine, 

west of San Luis, Santiago Province; C. W. Hayes, collector. 

7666. Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo; N. H. 

Darton, collector, 1916. 

The embryonic chambers of this species so 

far as seen are unequal in size and very comparable to those seen in the subgenus Nephrolepidina of Lepidocyclina, the larger one kidney 

shaped and partly embracing the smaller. 

In its general characters this species suggests 0. douvillei Schlumberger, but it differs in 

several essential details. 

Specimens of what is apparently the megalospheric form of this species are abundant in 

material from the Pilar mine, Oriente Province, 

Cuba; E. F. Burchard, collector. Some of 

these are figured in Plate VII, figure 1. 

Orthophragmina minima Cushman. 

Plate VII, figure 3. 

Orthophragmina minima Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 97, pl. 41, fig. 1, 1918. 

Test circular, very small, slightly more than 

2 n1illimeters in diameter; thickness somewhat 

less than half the diameter; central portion 

very strongly umbonate, nearly rounded to a 

point about two-thirds of the distance from 

the center to the periphery; from this point to 

the periphery the surface is nearly flat; surface 

of the test comparatively smooth. 

The horizontal section through the equatorial chambers shows very fine hexagonal 

chambers and the embryonic chambers nearly 

equal in size. 

Plate VII, figure 3, shows well the contour 

of the test in vertical section, the strongly 

curved central umbonate portion making up 

two-thirds or more of the width, and the 

peripheral flange with its nearly parallel sides. 

The chambers are very small except the embryonic central chambers, which are nearly equal 

and have a straight division line between. The 

lateral chambers are in vertical columns, but 

the test is without pillars. In the central 

region there may be more than 20 chambers in 

a vertical column, and even on the peripheral 

flange there are usually three or four chambers 

in a column on each side of the equatorial 

chambers. 

Type specimen from U.S. G. S. station 6512, 

in the big white limestone from the river bed 

above the ice plant near David, Panama; 

D. F. MacDonald, collector. 

This is a very small species, yet it has an 

abundance of very fine chambers. There is 

an exceptional development of lateral chambers in the region of the periphery. 

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate VII, figures 4, 5. 

Test circular, much compressed; central 

portionsomewhatraised and slightlyumbonate; 

surface finely granular or papillate; the papillae 

of the central umbonate region largest and most 

conspicuous, but others scattered over tP.e 

remainder of the surface except at the extreme 

periphery, where they are lacking; slope of the 

test very gradual from umbo to periphery: 

Equatorial chambers typical of the genus, 

elongate, rectangular, those of the outer annuli 
42 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

1~ to 2 times as long as broad; annuli somewhat irregular in width, as is usual in the genus. 

rrhe vertical section shows the pillars, which 

are represented at the surface by the papillae, 

and the narrow band of equatorial chambers. 

Type specimens from northeast side of Domengine Creek, near corner of the SW. t- sec. 

29, T. 18 S., R. 15 E., Mount Diablo base and 

meridian, Calif., in Meganos group (Eocene); 

Dr. Bruce L. Clark, collector. 

This may be the species referred to 0. pratti 

by Douville. 1 His specimens were from the 

peninsula of California. 

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman. 

Plate VII, figure 6. 

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Wash-

. ington Pub. 291, p. 55, pl. 9, figs. 6, 7; pl. 10, fig. 

1, 1919. 

Test circular, lenticular, thickest in the 

middle, thence gradually thinning toward the 

periphery, which is without a carina or thinner 

portion; thickness about one-fifth the diameter; surface finely pustulose; papillae larger 

and more numerous near the central region, 

thence gradually decreasing in size and number toward the periphery. · 

The vertical section shows the general form· 

equatorial band very thin, increasing hardly at 

all toward the periphery; pillars numerous, 

somewhat thicker toward the surface. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers elongate, rectangular, length _about 

three times the breadth; annuli irregular in 

width; pillars irregularly rounded, remote, 

largest in center, decreasing gradually in size 

toward the periphery; intermediate space filled 

with the irregularly polygonal lateral chambers. 

Diambter 3.5 to 5 millimeters. 

Type specimen a s~ction from station 3567, 

lowermost 100 feet of Tertiary running in 

above serpentine, northwest of Recreo, Matanzas Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, collector. 

Specimens also apparently of this species were 

obtained at station 3448, in limestone on 

hillside south of Panupo manganese mine, 

La Maya, near Santiago, Cuba; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

This is a larger, flatter species than 0. 

cubensis and is easily distinguished in the 

sections. 

lCompt. Rend., vol. 161, p. 410, 1915. 

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman. 

Plate VIII, figures 1, 2. 

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 53, pl. 9, figs. 4, 5; pl. 10, figs. 

2, 4, 1919. 

Test circular, lenticular, very thick in comparison with the diameter; central portion 

broadly convex, thence straight or even 

slightly concave to the rather acute periphery; 

surface fairly smooth, with a few raised ends 

of pillars making it slightly papillate. 

The vertical section shows the general 

shape; in some specimens thickness at least 

~wo-thirds the diameter; central portion 

broadly rounded, with numerous large pillars, 

increasing in diameter toward the surface · 

lateral chambers very numerous, about thr ~ times as wide as high; usually at least two 

columns between each two adjacent pillars, 

even in the center; over 30 chambers in the 

center in some of the columns are indicated· 

equatorial chambers increasing very slowly ~ height toward the periphery but more rapidly 

than in most species, so that the equatorial 

band at the periphery may be double the 

width near the center; embryonic chamber 

comparatively large, elongate in this section. 

The horizontal section shows the usual 

elongate, rectangular equatorial chambers· the 

pillars subpolygonal, largest in the ce~ter, thence smaller toward the periphery; intermediate lateral chambers irregularly polygonal. 

Diameter, 3.5 to 5.5 millimeters. 

Type specimen from station 6122, greensand 

limestone, Boston manganese mine, Santiago 

Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, collector. The 

speGies also appears to be present at the 

following stations: 

3475. Boston mine near Santiago, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. 

6117. Boulder from band of limestone on hill east of 

railroad and south of Cristo, near Santiago, Cuba; C. w: 

Hayes, collector. 

6118. Fossil limestone near railroad, on trail to mines 

south of Cristo, Cuba; C. "\V. Hayes, collector. 

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, Cuba; C. 

W. Hayes, collector. 

6123. Ponupo manganese mine, resting on ore .bed 4 to 

6 feet t~ick, Santiago Province, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. 

6124. Foraminiferal limestone, Ponupo manganese 

mine, Cuba; R. T. Hill, collector. 

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine, 

west of San Luis, Cuba; C. W. Hayes, collector. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 43 

Orthophragmina sculpturata Cushman. 

Plate VIII, figures 3-7. 

Orthophragmina sculpturata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 291, p. 54, pl. 9, figs. 8, 9, 1919. 

Test circular somewhat sellaeform, in many ' . specimens very slightly so; central. portwn 

considerably thickened and occupymg onethird to one-quarter the diameter of the test; 

peripheral portion much flattened an~ comparatively thin; exterior of central thiC~ened 

portion, when well prese~ved, beautif~lly 

sculptured, with comparatively few raised 

papillae, between which the surface is depressed 

and reticulated as in 0. martooe Schlumberger; 

peripheral thin portion of the test usually 

smooth when the surface is well preserved. · 

Vertical sections show thickening up to 

1.5 millimeters in the central portion, while 

the periph~ry may be but 0.25 millimeter. in 

thickness. Equatorial chambers small, Increasing hardly at all in diameter from t~e 

center to the periphery; central embryonic 

chambers not well shown in the sections but 

at least six to eight times the diameter of 

adjacent equatorial chambers. Peripheral portion without pillars; central portion with very 

strong pillars, thick, with a diameter of onethird to one-half their length and increasing 

very slightly in diameter toward the su:face; 

lateral chambers in columns between the pillars, 

very thin compared to their breadth. Central 

portion of the outline decidedly undulate from 

the projecting ends of the pillars. 

Horizontal sections show very numerous 

equatorial chambers, elongate, several times 

as long as broad; lateral chambers in section 

appearing as polygonal lighter spaces surrounding in a single row the solid, opaque, circular 

elliptical, orirregularlypolygonal pillar sections; 

toward the periphery, where the pillars are 

wanting, forming an irregular network-the 

same arrangement as in 0. dispansa Sower by .1 

Diameter, 5 to 7 millimeters. 

Type specimen 3478, from Nuevitas, Cuba; 

A. C. Spencer, collector. Sections were also obtained in material from the Cadiz mine, Oriente 

Province, Cuba; E. F. Burchard, collector. 

This species in general appearance resembles 

0. marthae Schlumberger, especially in its characteristic surface ornamentation, but the vertical section seems to be verydi :fferent from that 

figured by Schlumberger. 

ISchium berger, Soc. geol. France Bull., sec. 4, vol. 3, pl.12, fig. 51, 1904, 

Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate VIII, figures 8-10. 

Test small, lenticular, circular, comparatively thick in the center, th~nce gradu~lly 

becoming thinner and at the· penpheral porti~n 

in the adult extending out into a broad, thin 

flange; central disk with numerous deep pi~s, 

circular or polygonal, usually four or five In 

the central region of larger size, the surrounding ones gradually smaller as they are more 

distantfrom the center; remainder of the surface 

reticulate, from the lateral chambers as they 

come to the exterior. 

Equatorial chambers of the usual rectangular form of this genus. 

Vertical sections (Pl. VIII, fig. 10) show the 

large number of lateral chai?bers in e~ch 

column and the flangelike peripheral portwn 

not shown in the exterior views of the worn 

specimens (figs. 8, 9). . . 

Type specimens (U. S. N. M. ~o. 32820) 

from U. S. G. S. station 6411, Bnto formation coast about 2 miles northwest of Brito 

Harbor, Nicaragua; C. W. Hayes, collector. 

Orthophtagmina marginata Cushman. 

Plate IX, figures 1, 2. 

Orthophragmina marginata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 291, p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 2, fig. 4, 

1919. 

Test circular, lenticular; central portion 

strongly raised and umbonate; regularly cur':ed 

down to the broad peripheral flange, which 

is again thickened near the peripheral m~rgin; 

surface comparatively smooth, very shghtly 

granular but not at all papillate. . . 

In vertical section the central portwn Is seen 

to be strongly biconvex, not much wider than 

either part of the surrounding margin-like thinner portion, again thickening toward the extreme peripheral margin, which is rounded. 

Equatorial chambers small, in the center very 

narrow but increasing slightly although gradually toward the periphery, where they are not 

more than 0.1 millimeter in height. The 

chambers are convex on the peripheral side, 

almost semicircular in some specimens. Lateral chambers very small and often difficult to 

distinguish even with an enlargement of 20 diameters (Pl. IX, fig. 2). In the central portion 

there are large numbers of layers of the lateral 

chambers, often 30 to 40 on either side of the 

equatorial band. This number decreases as the 
44 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

convexity becomes less, and over the flattened 

margin there are but six to eight layers of lateral chambers. At the border this number is 

somewhat increased, but it falls off again at the 

extreme outer margin. There are traces of 

pillars in the central umbonate region, but they 

are not prominent. 

Diameter of type specimen 12 to 14 millimeters. 

Type specimen and others from U.S. G. S. 

station 6924, from the St. Bartholomew limestone at point on northwest side of St. Jean 

Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands; collected by T. W. Vaughan. The St. Bartholomew limestone is of upper Eocene age, according to Vaughan. 

There are sections which resemble this closely 

in the material from U. S. G. S. station 6512, 

in the big white limestone from the river bed 

above the ice plant near David, Panama; collected by D. F. MacDonald. 

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman. 

Plate IX, figu.res 3-6. 

Orthophragmina jlintensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 115, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2, 1917. 

Test small, circular, much compressed; 

slightly thickened in the central portion, thence 

gradually sloping to the periphery; surface 

slightly pustulate but not papillate, almost 

smooth in some specimens; the raised pustules 

generally in concentric lines. 

The horizontal section shows very narrow 

rectangular chambers in the equatorial band 

and the embryonic chambers with one small 

and spherical, almost entirely surrounded, except at one side, by the much larger second 

chamber. 

Diameter, about 5 millimeters. 

The type locality is U.S. G. S. station 7117, 

in the lower portion of the Ocala limestone, in 

bluff on west bank of Flint River 1! miles 

above the Georgia Southwestern & Gulf Railway bridge near Oakfield, Lee County, Ga.; 

upper bed, No.2 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector. Other stations mentioned with the 

original description are mostly along Flint 

River in Georgia, in fine-grained light-colored 

limestone. It also occurs at station 3626, in a 

similar :fille-grained limestone at Philema, Lee 

County, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

A specimen which seems identical with this 

species was obtained at station 6408, in the 

Brito formation, on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 2 miles northwest of Brito Harbor; C. W. 

Hayes, collector. This specimen shows the size 

and exterior well, while others show the equatorial chambers. With this is a species of 

Operculina, which also occurs with it in Georgia, and a specimen of 0. georgiana, as noted 

under that species (p. 45). 

Orthophragmina floridana Cushman. 

Plate IX, figure 7. 

Orthophragmina jloridana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, fig. 3, 1917. 

Test circular, much flattened, of medium 

size; central region very slightly raised and 

umbonate, thence gradually sloping toward 

the periphery; whole test very thin; surface 

ornamented throughout with fine but distinctly raised, almost spinose papillae, arranged in concentric lines parallel to the peripheral margin. 

Equatorial chambers in horizontal section 

very narrowly rectangular. 

The vertical section shows 8 to 10 lateral 

chambers in a vertical column in the central 

portion, the walls convex on the side nearer 

the surface, the whole series convex at each 

papilla instead of parallel ·to the equatorial 

series, the papillae being formed by the local 

convexity of the lateral chambers rather than 

by pillars as in some other species. 

Diameter of adult specimens, 10 to 14 

millimeters. 

The type locality is U. S. G. S. station 6768, 

in soft white Ocala limestone on Chipola River 

at wagon bridge half a mile east of Marianna, 

Fla., No. 1 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

The species is abundant at this locality. Additional records are the following: 

7192. Same locality as the type station, No. 3 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector, a single horizontal section in 

hard limestone. 

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Campbellton road, in Jackson County, Fla.; C: W. Cooke, collector. Abundant in soft Ocala limestone. 

7125. West bank of Flint River in Baker County about 

3 miles below Dewberry Ferry (Baconton Landing) and 

about 13 miles above Newton, Ga.; a single specimen of 

small size; J. E. Brantly and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 45 

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman. 

Plate X, figure 1. 

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p . 117, pl. 41, figs. 2, 3; pl. 42, fig. 

3; pl. 43, figs. 2, 3, 1917. 

Test typically almost square, the angles 

slightly projecting and the sides slightly concave near the angles, convex in the center, 

small; diameter usually about 6 millimeters 

for adult specimens; diagonals of the square 

occupied by raised radial areas with a central 

umbonate mass a little more than a millimeter in diameter; intermediate triangular 

areas thin and flat; entire surface with very 

numerous, evenly distributed, prominent papillae, those of the central umbo and the middle 

line of the radial ridges slightly larger than 

those of the rest of the surface. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers elongate, rectangular, those of the 

radial portions more crowded than those of the 

intermediate flattened areas. 

In vertical section the lateral chambers 

are most numerous over the radial and umbonal regions. 

The type locality for this species is station 

3387, Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint 

River 7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur 

County, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. It 

was recorded also from several stations along 

Flint River in Georgia and from station 7348, 

on left bank of Suwannee River about a mile 

above Troy Springs, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

Additional records include stations in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, as follows: 

3758. Camp Perry, Fla.; S. W. McCallie, collector; a 

few specimens. 

3760. On Georgia Southern & Florida Railway half a 

mile south of Tivola, Ga.; S. W. McCallie, collector. 

6161. Flint River, Bainbridge, Ga.; L. W. Stephenson, 

collector. 

6747. Steamboat Point, on west side of Sepulga River 

at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R.13 E., 

Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector; specimens fairly common with other Ocala limestone species. 

6785. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad at Dutton's phosphate spur, one-half to three-fourths mile south of Herlong's 

Station, Columbia County, Fla.;T. W. Vaughan and C. W. 

Cooke, collectors; specimens rare but typical. 

7127. East bank of Flint River, one-fourth mile below 

Norman's Ferry, Mitchell County, Ga.; loose blocks 

excavated from channel; C. W. Cooke, and J. E. Brantly, 

collectors. 

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala. i 

half a mile from its intersection with the MariannaCampbellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

A single specimen of this species was found 

at station 6408, in the Brito formation on the 

Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 2 miles northwest 

of Brito Harbor; C. W. Hayes, collector. 

This occurs with two other Georgia species, as 

noted under O.flintensis. 

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman. 

Plate X, figures 2, 3. 

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman, Carnegie Inst. 

Washington Pub. 291, p. 53, pl. 10, fig. 2; pl. 15, 

figs. 1-3, 1919. 

Test stellate, usually with :five arms, oc--

casionally six; arms well distinguished from 

the central body and extending outward 

freely, thickest in the central region, thence 

gradually sloping to the angles between the 

arms and gradually merging into the median 

axis of the arms; the arms themselves thickest 

in the middle, thence sloping to the sides, 

which are thin and angled; ends of the arms 

round-pointed; surface with numerous granulations, more pronounced in the central portion .. 

Vertical sections show the general shape, 

the equatorial band of chambers increasing 

slightly if at all from the center to the periph-· 

ery, pillars well developed, especially in the 

central region, but not numerous, usually 

several columns of lateral chambers between 

them. 

Diameter, 1.5 to 2 millimeters. 

The type locality for this species is station 

6122, greensand limestone, Boston manganese 

mine, Santiago Province, Cuba. According 

to the sections obtained, the species evidently 

also occurs at the following stations: 

3475. Boston mine, near Santiago, Cuba; A. C. Spencer, 

collector. 

6119. Isabella and Boston manganese mine, Santiago 

Province, Cuba,; C. W. Hayes, collector. 

6123. Ponupomanganesemine, Santiago Province, Cuba, 

resting on ore bed 4 to 6 feet thick; A. C. Spencer, collector. 

6124. Foraminiferal limestone, Ponupo manganese 

mine; R. T. Hill, collector. 

6125. Railroad cut near San Nicolas manganese mine, 

west of San I,uis, Cuba,; C. W. Ha,yes, collector. 

7666. Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba; 

N. H. Darton, collector. 
46 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS , TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

This species is very close to 0. taramellei of Orthophragmina. Sections very similar to 

Munier-Chalmas but is decidedly smaller, all those figured are included in material from 

the specimens seen from Cuba being less than station 6512, in the big white limestone from 

2 millimeters in diameter betwee-n the tips of ·the river bed above the ice plant near David, 

the arms. Panama, collected by D. F. MacDonald. 

The specimens from station 6120 are weath- The species is close to 0. mariannensis 

ered out and are numerous and of greenish Cushman from the Ocala limestone at Maricolor. anna, Fla. 

0. taramellei was · described from Villa Lady The type specimen is the one mentioned by 

Bruce (Biarritz); Monte Spilecco (Vicentin); Vaughan 1 as Orbitoides sp., "large, stellate 

and Schonegg, near Kressenburg. form." 

Orthophragmina antillea Cushman. 

Plate X, :figures 4, 5. 

Orthophragmina antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2, figs. 2, 3; 

pl. 4, :figs. 2, 4, 1919. 

Test flattened, octagonal, surface with eight 

raised ribs radiating from the central, somewhat raised umbo to the periphery; triangular 

areas between, thin and flattened; umbonal 

area raised and rounded, with definite pillars 

appearing as differences in coloration in the 

type; radial ribs with numerous raised areas 

and pillars scattered along their whole length. 

Vertical sections show the greater diameter 

of the equatorial chambers at irregular intervals and the irregular, almost serrate character 

of the upper and lower surfaces due to the 

fine projections of the surface, especially along 

the ribs. 

- Horizontal sections through the equatorial 

chambers were obtained only in small fragmentary bits but enough to show the typical 

rectangular chambers of the genus. 

Diameter, about 12 millimeters. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 6895, 

spur on southeast side of bay northwest of St. 

Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands; 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. Sections apparently 

of this species came from station 6924, point 

·on northwest side of St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew Leeward Islands; T. W. Vaughan, ' . collector. Specimens are very numerous 1n 

these sections, but the surface does not weather 

out well in the material examined. 

There appear to be from five to eight layers 

of superimposed lateral chambers, as shown 

in the sections. A few of the smallest specimens show the embryonic chambers, but they 

are not well preserved. Plate X, figure 5, 

shows the general characters of the vertical 

section. Occasional oblique sections show the 

rectangular equatorial chambers characteristic 

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman. 

Plate XI, :figure 1. 

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, :fig. 5; pl. 42, 

fig, 2; pl. 44, 1917. 

Test flattened, conspicuously stellate, the 

angles extending out acutely with curved reentrants, of medium size; central region umbonute, from which extend 8 to 11 (typically 8) 

raised ribs, running to the peripheral angles; 

umbo and ribs finely papillate; depressed areas 

between flat and rather remotely and finely 

papillate except toward the periphery, where 

the papillae are slightly more conspicuous. 

The horizontal section shows much elongated rectangular equatorial chambers, the 

lateral chambers irregularly polygonal In 

section. 

Vertical section with the embryonic chambers 

very unequal; distinct pillars between the 

vertical columns of lateral chambers, increasing in diameter toward the surface. 

Diameter, 15 to 18 millimeters. 

Abundant at the type locality, station 6768, 

Ocala limestone on Chipola River at wagon 

bridge half a mile east of Marianna, Fla.; No. 

1 of section; C. W~ Cooke, collector. A single 

specimen was recorded from stat~on ~387 , 

Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Fhnt R1ver, 

7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County, 

Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. Additional 

stations are as follows: 

7097 _ East bank of Flint River above old factory at 

bend three-fourths mile northeast of Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad station at Bainbridge, G2.; C. W. Cooke and W. 

C. Mansfield, collectors. 

8259. About 6 mile~ southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Campbellton road, Jackson Co®ty, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

1 Vaughan, T. ,V., Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book No. 13, 

for 1914, p. 359. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 47 

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman var. papillata 

Cushman. 

Plate XI, figure 2. 

Orthophragmina mariannensis Cushman var. papillata 

Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, p . 

117, pl. 43, fig. 1; pl. 44, 1917. 

Variety L.iffering from the typical form of 

the species in the much more prominent, 

higher ribs, which are semicylindrical and 

very strongly papillate; number of ribs also 

slightly greater . than in the typical form; a 

few specimens have 8, but 9 to 12 or even 16 

ribs are more common. 

The type station for this variety is the same 

as that for the species, station 6768. It was 

also recorded from stations along the Flint 

River in Georgia. Additional records for this 

variety are as follows: 

7130. East b?.nk of Flint River, 6 ·miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and J. E. 

Brantly, collectors; a single very typical specimen. 

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Campbell ton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Orthophragmina vaughani Cushman. 

Plate XI, figure 3. 

Orthophragmiria vaughani Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 118, pl. 43, figs. 4, 5, 1917. 

Test flattened, small, 8 to 10 millimeters in 

diameter, quadrate or octagonal in outline, 

stellate; main ornamentation consisting of a 

central raised umbonate portion with four 

radiating raised areas to the main angles of 

the test, broad and rather low, about halfway 

to the periphery considerably increasing in 

height and width, finely papillate toward the 

center, much more coarsely so toward the 

periphery; intermediate spaces much depressed, with a smooth U-shaped area near 

the inner angle next to the raised portions; the 

peripheral part raised and strongly papillate, 

the peripheral portion of this raised area at the 

margin strongly convex or even bluntly angled. 

The ornamentation of this species is unique. 

It is evidently a rare species, being known only 

from the type locality, U. S. G. S. station 3387, 

Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River 

7 miles above Bainbridge, Decatur County, 

Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

Orthopbragmina americana Cushman. 

Plate XI, figure 4. 

Orthophragmina americana Cushman, U. S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 108, p. 116, pl. 40, fig. 4; pl. 41, fig. 1; 

pl. 42, fig. 1. 

Test large, flattened; peripheral margin with 

a series of projecting angles corresponding to 

the peripheral terminations of the radiately 

arranged raised ornamentation or thickenings; 

peripheral margin between the projecting 

angles very thin; central region with a thickened umbo 2 millimeters or more in diameter, 

from which radiate the raised riblike areas to 

the peripheral angles; these ribs high and narrow at their inception, lower and wider as they 

approach the periphery; ribs up to 20 in number; some starting from the umbo, others 

initiated later, arising independently in the 

intermediate areas, usually not symmetrically 

placed; surface comparatively smooth; surface indications of pillars usually inconspicuous 

or lacking. 

In vertical section the equatorial chambers 

are rectangular, the area of the raised radial 

portions consisting of more numerous lateral 

chambers in the columns, curving about the 

axis at the rib at either side, those of the intermediate depressed areas parallel with the equatorial layer and few in number. 

In horizontal section the equatorial chambers 

are rectangular, four or five times as long as 

wide, those of the axis of the radial portions 

narrower than those of the intermediate depressed areas. 

The type locality for the species is U.S. G. S. 

station 6768, Ocala limestone on Chipola River 

at wagon bridge a quarter of a mile east of 

Marianna, Fla.; No. 1 of section; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. Another station is 3387, Ocala linlestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles 

above Bainbridge,.Decatur County, Ga.; T. ·w. 

Vaughan, collector. Other specimens came 

from station 8259, Ocala limestone about 6 

miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 miles 

northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, 

Ala.; half a mile from its intersection with 

the Marianna-Campbellton road, Jackson 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

This is a fine species, one of the largest of the 

genus. 

"- ========================================================================------===---

PLATES VII-XI. 

49 
PLATE VII. 

Orthophragmina cubensis Cushman (p. 40). 

FIGURE 1. Rock section showing several specimens, X 20, mostly of the megalospheric form. Pilar mine, Oriente 

Province, Cuba. 

FIGURE 2. Vertical section probably of a microspheric specrmen, X 20. Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 3448). 

Orthophragmina minima Cushman (p. 41). 

FIGURE 3. Vertical section, X 20, showing general outline and numerous very fine chambers. 'White limestone in 

river bed above ice plant, David, Panama (U.S. G. S. station 6512). 

Orthophragmina clarki Cushman (p. 41). 

FIGURE 4. Exterior view of partly grown specimen, X 10. 

FIGURE 5. Exterior view of adult specimen, X 10. Both specimens from the Eocene of California (Meganos group of 

Clark). 

Orthophragmina pustulata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 42). 

FIGURE 6. Slightly oblique section showing equatorial chambers, pillars, and lateral chambers, X 20. Cuba (U.S. 

G. S. station 3567). 

50 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE VII 

2 

3 

5 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMTNA. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE VIII 

8 

1 

4 

7 

10 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 
PLATE VIII. 

Orthophragmina crassa Cushman (p. 42). 

FIGURE 1. Vertical section, X 20, showing general thick form, equatorial band, large number of lateral chambers, 

and the pillars. 

FIGURE 2. Verticalsectionoflargerspecimen, X 20. Both specimens from Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 6122). 

Orthophragmina sculpturata Cushman (p. 43). 

FIGURE 3. Exterior view showing the few pillars of the central portion and reticulate peripheral portion, X 5. 

Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

FIGURE 4. Slightly oblique section, X 20. Gloria mine, Oriente Province, Cuba. The black of the chamber 

cavities is due to infiltrated manganese in this and the specimen of figure 7. 

FIGURE 5. Vertical section showing heavy pillars, X 20. Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 3478). 

FIGURE 6. Oblique section showing the large pillars, each surrounded by a single series of small lateral chambers, 

X 20. Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

FIGURE 7. Vertical section, X 20, probably of megalospheric specimen, showing the structures shown in figure 6 

but at right angles, the elongate large pillars, and vertical rows of lateral chambers (in black). Same 

locality as figure 4. 

Orthophragmina hayesi Cushman, n. sp. (p. 43). 

FIGURES 8, 9. Exterior views of two specimens, X 20, showing the deep pits of thecentral region and the reticulate 

pattern over the remainder of the surface. These and the following from the Brito formation 

(Eocene) of Nicaragua. 

FIGURE 10. Vertical sections showing the peripheral flange as developed in adult specimens, X 20. 

51 
PLATE IX. 

Orthophragmina marginata' Cushman (p. 43). 

FIGURE 1. Exterior view of partly broken specimen, X 5. St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U.S. 

G. S. station 6924). . 

FIGURE 2. Vertical section, X 20, of half a specimen from the same locality. 

Orthophragmina flintensis Cushman (p. 44). 

FIGURE 3. Exterior view, X 10, of specimen from the Brito formation of Nicaragua (U. S. G. S. station 6408). 

FIGURE 4. Sectional horizontal view of type specimen, X 20, showingproloculum and second chamber, which nearly 

encircles it, and the annular rings of narrowly rectangular chambers. Ocala limestone of Georgia 

(D. S. G. S. 7115). 

FIGURES 5, 6. Vertical sections, X 20, showing the numerous enlargements along the line of equatorial chambers 

n.nd the pillars ending in the papillae of the surface. Nicaragua (U. S. G. S. station 6408). 

Orthophragmina floridana Cushman (p. 44). 

FIGURE 7. Surface view of type specin:ien, X 8. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. S. G. S. station 6768). 

52 
U, S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE IX 

4 

5 

2 6 

7 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 

131049°-20--5 
U . S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE X 

5 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 
PLATE X. 

Orthophragmina georgiana Cushman (p. 45). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of type specimen, X 8. Ocala limestone of Georgia (U.S. G. S. station 7348). 

Orthophragmina subtaramellei Cushman (p. 45). 

FIGURES 2, 3. Surface views X 20, Boston manganese mine, Santiago Province, Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 6120). 

Orthophragmina antillea Cushman (p. 46). 

FIGURE 4. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U. S. <\1-. S. 

station 6895). 

FIGURE 5. Portion of vertical section, X 20. Same locality as figure 4. 

53 
PLATE XI. 

Orthophragmina · mariannensis Cushman (p. 46). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of specimen, X 4. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. S. G. S. station 6768) .. 

Orthophregmina mariannensis var. papillata Cushman (p. 47). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of specimen, X 6. Ocala limestone of Georgia (U. S. G. S. station 7126). 

Orthophragmina vaughani Cushman (p. 47). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view of type specimen, X 8. Ocala limestone of Georgia (U.S. G. S. station 3387). 

Orthophragmina americana Cushman (p. 4 7). 

FIGURE 4. Surface. view of type specimen, X 4. Ocala limestone of Florida (U. S. G. S. station 6768). 

54 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XI 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA. 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 55 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 

Although numerous species and varieties of 

orbitoid Foraminifera from many parts. of the 

world have been described, almost nothing has 

been published on the American species. In 

1833 Morton 1 described Nummulites mantelli, which was later taken by Gumbel in 1868 

as the type of a subgenus of Orbitoides that he 

named Lepidocyclina. This is now recognized 

as a genus, and L. mantelli (Morton) is the 

type species. In 1865 Conrad 2 published a 

brief description of Orbitolites supera, which 

may now be known as Lepidocyclina supera 

(Conrad). These are the only species of orbitoid Foraminifera from the Coastal Plain 

r~gion of the United States of which descript~ons had been published prior to the publication of my paper on orbitoid Foraminifera of 

the genus Orthophragmina from Georgia and 

Florida, 3 in 1917. Two species of Lepidocyclina from Panama (L. canellei and L. chaeri) were described by Lemoine and R. 

Douville 4 in 1904, and H. Douville 5 has recently described two species from Trinidad 

(L. pustulosa and L. tobleri). 

Several works refer to American species 

under names which were erroneously applied 

to them, but most of these species do not even 

belong to the genus Lepidocyclina. 

From the collections of the United States 

Geological Survey, especially those obtained 

by T. Wayland Vaughan and C. Wythe Cooke, 

there has been placed in my hands a mass of 

material representing the Eocene and Oligocene deposits of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal 

Plain of the United States. In addition I 

have examined collections from Panama obtained by Mr. Vaughan and the geologist of the 

Panama Canal Commission, Donald F. MacDonald; from Antigua and St. Bartholomew, 

by Mr. Vaughan; from Cuba, by Messrs. 

Vaughan, Darton, Hayes, Spencer, and Meinzer; and from Mexico, by E. T. Dumble, 

geologist for the Southern Pacific Railroad. 

These collections, with miscellaneous lots from 

many other localities, contain a great many 

specimens of Lepidocyclina and are representative of many regions. 

1 Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 291, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1833. 

2 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., No.2, p. 74, 1865. 

a Cushman, J. A., U . S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 108, pp. 115-124, pis. 

4Q-44, 1917. . 

4 Soc. geol. France, Pa!eontologie, Mem. 32, 1904. 

~ Co.mpt. Rend., 1917, pp. 843, 844, figs. 1-6. 

A study of the collections shows that this 

general region contains a few widely distributed species which have already been found 

elsewhere, but by far the largest number of the 

species are undescribed, although some of 

them show relationships with species from 

other areas. 

As a rule the species seem to have a very 

short vertical range and may therefore be 

used as index fossils for those formations in 

which they occur. The stratigraphy of the 

Coastal Plain region is now well coordinated, 

and it is possible to place the species very 

definitely, but in many other regions the detailed stratigraphy is no-t fully known, and 

comparisons are more difficult. 

It is evident that in ·America Lepidocyclina 

is found both in the upper Eocene and in the 

lower and middle Oligocene as now understood. The detailed structure and the bioogic relations of the various species are interesting but are reserved for discussion in a future 

paper. 

In general the habitat in which Lepidocyclina 

was first developed was in fairly quiet waters 

of a tropical temperature and probably at 

depths less than 25 fathoms. The associated 

genera, Operculina, H eterostegina, Oarpenteria, 

and Gypsina, are, so far as their living representatives show, characteristic of such conditions. 

As an aid in understanding the structure of 

Lepidocyclina for one not used to the terminology the accompanying diagrammatic figure of 

a vertical section has been introduced. The 

structure involves two distinct masses of calcareous material-that belonging to or originating from the median layer (stippled in the 

figure) and that belonging to the lateral layers 

(solid black in the figure). In the central region are the embryonic chambers, one or more, 

in the · megalospheric form of any species 

usually large and rounded. Surrounding these, 

usually in a single plane, are numerous equatorial chambers, shown in the diagram as two 

series on opposite sides of the embryonic chambers increasing in height from the center toward 

the periphery. Above and below this band of 

equatorial chambers, and usually covering them 

except near the periphery, are the numerous 

lateral chambers, usually seen in vertical section piled one above another in vertical col-
56 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

umns. In many species pillars are developed, 

usually solid masses of calcareous material originating at the wall of the horizontal series and 

extending to or toward the surface of the test. 

These pillars in some species rise above the surface and form the pustules or papillae of the 

surface ornamentation. 

A horizontal section such as shown in Plate 

XXIX, figure 3, is made at right angles to 

that shown in the diagram and passes through 

the plane of the equatorial chambers. Such 

a section shows that the equatorial chambers 

in this genus have typically a hexagonal form, 

although this may often be modified to an 

ogival form or in certain species even to the 

Undoubtedly other species will be found 

when more geologic work is done in the different 

areas, and probably more careful detailed 

collecting will show that special varietal 

forms of the various species occur at different 

horizons. Most of the species represented 

in the collections now available are here described, so that the information thus far 

obtained may be used as a basis for further 

work and in helping to solve problems of 

stratigraphic correlation. It is hoped that 

this paper may be followed by a paper giving 

some of the interesting facts of structure and 

biologic relations that are shown by the species 

of this genus. 

FIGURE 3.-Diagrammatic vertical section of Lepidocyclina. Material of the wall of the embryonic chambers (the two large ones in the center), 

of the equatorial chambers (the two central bands passing to right and left), and the pillars in light stipple. Walls of the lateral chambers 

in solid black. Areas of the chamb.er spaces white. · 

rhomboid. Thus a horizontal section will 

discriminate this genus from the other orbitoid 

genus, Orthophragmina, with which it occurs, 

as in Orthophragmina the equatorial chambers 

are elongate and rectangular. 

Of the Coastal Plain species the following 

seem to be characteristic of certain formations: 

Chattahoochee formation (middle Oligocene) : 

L. chattahoocheensis. 

Byram calcareous marl (lower Oligocene): 

L. supera. 

Marianna limestone (lower OligoGene): 

L. mantelli. 

Ocala limestone (upper Eocene): 

Especially in Florida: 

L. ocalana. 

L. ocalana var. subdecorata. 

L. floridana. 

L. pseudocarinata. 

L. pseudomarginata. 

L. attenuata. 

L. fragilis. 

L. cookei. 

Especially in Georgia : 

L. georgiana. 

Jackson formation (upper Eocene) : 

Especially in Louisiana: 

L. mortoni. 

By means of the subjoined key it may be 

possible to identify American material that is 

sufficiently well preserved. 

Key to the American species of Lepidocyclina. 

Test of two distinct portions, a central thickened portion 

and a very thin peripheral portion: 

Central portion deeply pitted: 

Pits few and large, test strongly sellaeform, 

diameter 15 to 18 millimeters ...... . L. favosa. 

Pits numerous and small, test slightly sellaeform, 

diameter 15 to 25 millimeters. 

. ........................ . L. chattahoocheensis. 

Central portion smooth ......... . L. pseudocarinata. 

Central portion papillate: 

Papillae fine, central area small. .L. attenuata. 

Papillae coarse, central area large ... . L. cookei. 

Test comparatively thin with small central umbo: 

Test of medium size, flat, diameter 20 to 35 millimet€rs: 

Surface smooth .................... . L. man!elli 

Surface papillate ......... . _~ ....... __ . . L. hilli: 

Test large, diameter 50 to 100 millimeters: 

Umbo small, surface slightly papillate, lateral 

chambers few, only 6 in a vertical column 

pillars small and scattered ...... . L. undulata. 

Umbo prominent: 

Surface papillate, pillars numerous, lateral 

chambers 20 or more in a ver,tical column 

. .......................... .. L. georgiana. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 57 

Test comparatively thin with small central umbo-Con. 

Test large, diameter 50 to 100 millimeters-Contd. 

Umbo prominent-Continued. 

Surface reticulate or smooth, pillars few 

lateral chambers 7 to 10 in a vertical 

column ...... __ ._ .............•. L. gigas. 

Test small, diameter 8 to 20 millimeters: 

Pillars absent, lateral chambers few, 4 to 6. 

_ ..... ____ .. ______ .. __ ____ .... . L.jragilis. 

Pillars present, lateral chambers numerous: 

Embryonic chambers subequal, equatorial 

chambers hexagonaL ......... . L. chaperi. 

Embryonic chambers very unequal, equatorial chambers rhomboid ... . L. vaughani. 

Test thickened at center, not distinctly umbonate but 

gradually thinning toward the periphery: 

Test very strongly sellaeform: 

Pillars numerous, test small, diameter usually 

4 to 8 millimeters._ ............. . L. jloridana. 

Pillars few, test small, diameter usually 8 to 12 

millimeters ....................... . L. perundosa. 

Pillars absent, test larger, diameter usually 25 

millimeters or more ................. . L. undosa. 

Test not greatly thickened, slightly sellaeform: 

Centrally papillate, pillars largely in the central 

region: 

Diameter 25 to 35 millimeters 

... _ ............. __ ..... _ . L. schlumbergeri. 

Diameter 12 to 15 millimeters 

...... _. ___ . _. ___ .... . L. pseudomarginata. 

Surface finely papillate throughout: 

Lateral chambers 10 to 12 ....... . L. supera. 

Lateral chambers 7 to 8 •.••••••. . L. mortoni. 

Surface smooth or reticulate, lateral chambers 

15 to 20 ............................. £. ocalana. 

Test not sellaeform, lenticular: 

Diameter 20 to 30 millimeters, center pustulate, 

pillars numerous, increasing gradually in diameter to the surface .. _ ............ . L. subraulinii. 

Diameter 10 to 15 millimeters, center pustulate: 

Pillars numerous, increasing to full diameter 

in first third of length, then uniform to 

the surface, not thickened at periphery . ______ . __ _ . _. ___ . _________ .L. marginata. 

P eriphery much thickened ... . L. duplicata. 

Diameter less than 10 millimeters: 

Diameter 8 to 9 millimeters, chamber walls 

very thick ....... _ ... : ......... . L. crassata. 

Chamber walls thin, pillars absent: 

Surface smooth or reticulate, lateral 

chambers 10 to 12 .... ____ . . L. canellei. 

Surface centrally pustulate, lateral chambers 6 to 10 . .. _ .......... . L. sumatrensis. 

Chamber walls thin, pillars present: 

Center pustulate, reticulate between, 

diameter 2 to 5 millimeters, embryonic 

chambers reniform, lateral chambers 

10 ........................ . L. morgani. 

Center pustulate, smooth between, diameter 5 to 7 millimeters, embryonic 

chambers reniform .... . L. macdonaldi. 

Center pustulate, embryonic chambers 

several, unequaL ..... . L. panamensis. 

Center papillate, lateral chambers 6 to 7 

........... ___ .............. . L. antillea. 

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) GUmbel. 

Plates XII-XIV. 

Nummulites mantelli Morton, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 

291, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1833; Synopsis of organic remains 

of the Cretaceous group, p. 45, pl. 5, fig. 9, 1834. 

Orbitoides (Lepidocyclina) mantelli (Morton) Gumbel, 

K.-bayer Akad. Wiss. Abh., vol. 10, p. 718, 1868 

(1870). 

Orbitoides mantelli D'Orbigny, in Lyell, Geol. Soc. London 

Quart. Jour., vol. 4, p. 11, 1847 (1848); Prodome de 

paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 406, No. 1296, 1850. 

Carpenter, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 6, 

p. 32, pl. 6, figs. 20, 21, 31, 1850. 

Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, Introduction to the 

study of the Foraminifera, pp. 298, 300, pl. 20, figs. 

5, 6, 8, 11, 1862. 

Biitschli, in Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen des 

Thier-Reichs, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 22, 1880; in Steinmann, Elemente de Palaontologie, vol. 1, p. 36, 

fig. K, 1888. 

De Gregorio, Annales geol. paleont. , vol. 8, p. 261, 

pl. 46, figs. 16, 17, 1890. 

Lepiddcyclina mantelli Lemoine and R. Douville, Soc. 

geol. France Mem., Paleontologie, No. 32, p. 10, 

pl. 1, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. 18; pl. 3, figs. 7, 12, 1904. 

Orbitoides mantelli mut. umbrellopsis De Gregorio, Annales 

geol. paleont., vol. 8, p. 262, pl. 46, figs. 21-26, 1890. 

Test thin, flattened, circular, often slightly 

undulate; adults from 25 to 35 millimeters in 

diameter, in exceptional specimens 41 millimeters; central region slightly protuberant on 

both sides of the test, the umbo thus formed 

being limited to the central portion and only 

2 to 3 millimeters in diameter; surface smooth 

in well-preserved specimens, or slightly pustulate, owing to the irregular elevation of the 

outer walls of adjacent lateral chambers; in 

eroded specimens irregularly scrobiculate; 

young specimens with the central umbonal 

protuberance more marked than in adults. 

The horizontal section (Pl. XIII) shows 

the irregular hexagonal equatorial chambers, 

the annuli very irregular in width; lateral 

chambers also generally hexagonal or at least 

polygonal, without pillars; embryonic chambers 

of the megalospheric form, two subequal, the 

dividing wall straight. 

Vertical sections (Pl. XII, figs. 4, 5) show 

the band of equatorial chambers increasing 

somewhat in height toward the periphery, 

where they make up almost the entire thickness of the test; the lateral chambers broad 

and low, several times as broad as high, overlapping instead of in regular vertical columns, 

and thus showing the absence of pillars; embryonic chambers of the megalospheric form1 
58 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

showing their subequal form and straight 

dividing wall. 

Morton's Nummulites mantelli was taken 

by Gumbel as the type species of his genus 

Lepidocyclina, and it is therefore especially 

important to fix this species very definitely. 

Fortunately, as already noted, although no 

type specimen is available, the published data, 

though meager, are nevertheless sufficient. 

Morton's description/ "Flattened, thin, becoming sharp at th~ edge, and having a central 

pustuloid elevation, diameter from half an 

inch to an inch and a half," combined with 

the figure, is enough to determine this species, 

which is ."innumerable in the whitish loosegrained limestone near Claiborne, Ala.'' 

The diameter given by Morton, half an inch 

to an inch and a half, and by Lemoine and 

R. Douville, 25 to 35 millimeters, gives the 

maximum size almost exactly. In fact, where 

there is an abundance of the material it is 

most striking to see the very slight range of 

diameter of well-developed specimens away 

from 35 millimeters. As may be supposed, 

from what is known of the life historv of 

recent Foraminifera, the great mass of ~dult 

fossil Foraminifera represent not animals that 

have died from usual causes but individuals 

that have divided their cell contents in the 

reproductive process and left the test empty. 

This process, taking place at a certain stage 

in the life history of the individual, leaves an 

abundance of empty tests of adults and comparatively few tests of young individuals in 

the same bottom sample, and therefore accounts 

for the great abundance of individual tests 

of the maximum adult size. 

In 1890 De Gregorio 2 gave four" mutations" 

of "Orbitoides mantellL" , His figures 16 and 

17 are copied from the originals of Morton, 

and of the other illustrations, figures 21 to 26, 

which show the "mutation" (text) or "var." 

(explanation . of plate), called by De Gregorio 

"umbrellopsis," represent the typical L. man-

. telli. Figures 21 to 23 are not well characterized but are sufficiently so, and figures .24 to 

26 are very typical of the early stages of L. 

mantelli. The description, "Papyracea, dilatata, exilis, in medio utroque latere vix subtuberculata," certainly adds nothing to dis1 Am Jour. Sci., vol. 23, p. 291, 1833. 

s Annales geol. paleont., vol. 8, pp. 261, 262, pl. 46, figs. 16-32, 1890. 

tinguish this from typical L. mantelli. Moreover, De Gregorio leaves no form for the 

typical, dividing all his material into the four 

"mutations .. " Therefore it seems reasonably 

certain that var. umbrella psis De Gregorio is 

but a synonym. Of the other three "mutations,_" the figures of which are evidently 

much enlarged from small specimens, little 

need be said here except that they evidently 

are neither L. mantelli nor forms of that species. 

As is shown by the records, L. mantelli is 

characteristic of certain definite horizons near 

the base of the Oligocene in Alabama, parts 

of Mississippi, and northwestern Florida. From 

all the material examined it seems to occur 

usually alone, without other species of its 

group, a peculiarity that distinguishes it from 

certain species of similar size in the upper 

Eocene. 

It has been suggested that the absence of 

pillars in this and other species is evidence of 

a primitive character, but this I do not think 

necessarily true. L. mantelli occurs geologically later than other species that show very 

strongly developed pillars, and, as noted in 

the description of L. georgiana, a condition 

lacking pillars may follow an early development in which pillars were characteristic. 

From this evidence, and the fact that the 

umbo in the adult shows a tendency to flatten, 

it would seem that L. mantelli may be really 

a senescent species rather than a primitive one. 

In every lot of material in which the species 

occurs in considerable numbers a very few specimens are found which exceed the normal maximum diameter of 3.5 millimeters. These range 

from 38 to 41 millimeters, and their rarity, 

together with their larger size, seems to indicate 

that they are the microspheric form of the 

species. The embryonic chambers are not 

shown clearly, although present in the larger 

specimens (Pl. XIII; Pl. XIV, fig. 1). Lemoine 

and R. Douville record the occurrence of both 

microspheric and megalospheric forms but 

give no data as to their relative size . 

In the American literature the name "Orbitoides mantelli" has covered many things, and 

it is evident from the material in various collections that the name has been used very loosely. 

The list of stations given here will serve to 

check those references in the literature in which 

they are mentioned. References to other sta~ 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 59 

tions from which I have not seen material 

should be checked frmn collected material if 

it is extant. 

H. Douville 1 figures sections of L. mantelli 

that appear to show very small pillars near 

the equatorial chambers, which become obsolete very early in their development. Such a 

structure would tend to show the senescent 

rather than primitive character of this species. 

Instead of L. mantelli initiating the appearance of Lepidocyclina in America in the upper 

Eocene, as stated by Douville, the species comes 

relatively high in the series and is a characteristic or index fossil of the Marianna limestone, 

which in the areas where it is most definitely 

developed is the middle formation of the Vicksburg group of the lower Oligocene, as shown by 

Cooke 2 in his correlation table. 

L. mantelli, like most of the other species of 

the genus, was not very long lived, and is confined in great numbers to a narrow horizon. 

A few of the following records may need 

revision, as the materi2ol is poor, but most of 

them are well characterized. 

In his original description Morton gives the 

following sentence: "Innumerable in the whitish loose-grained limestone near Claiborne, 

Ala." Although Morton's type specimen does 

not seem to be extant, it is very easy to determine from his very short description and the 

rather crude figure coupled with the above 

sentence just what L. rru.zntelli is. Various other 

species have been referred to it from time to 

time, and these references need correction. 

Typical L. mantelli ha8 been obtained at the 

following stations from. which I have seen 

material: 

298. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombigbee River, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

301. Marianna limestone (?), Gainestown, Clarke 

County, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

306. Marianna limestone(?), Feagin, Covington County, 

Conecuh River, Ala.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

2397. Marianna limestone, near residence of Bush 

Slaughter, 7 miles southwest of Claiborne, 2 miles east of 

Howards Landing, Monroe County, Ala.; Frank Bums, 

collector. 

2956. Marianna limestone (?) "Orbitoides papyraceus," 

2 miles southwest of Whatley Station, Clarke County, Ala.; 

Frank Bums, collector, 1897. 

3296. Marianna limestone, north side of Salt Mountain, 

5 miles south of Jackson, Clarke County, Ala. (below 

coral-reef horizon); T. W. Vaughan, collector, 1898. 

1 Compt. Rend., 1918, p. 263. 

2 Cooke, C. W., Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 8, p. 187, 1918. 

5609. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombigbee River, Ala.; T. W. Vaughan, collector, 1908. 

5619. Oligocene (Vicksburg group), 2miles west of Nero, 

Monroe County, 5 miles north of Mero's (Blackshire Headquarters), south bank of I~ovetts Creek, Ala.; G. C. 

Matson, collector, 1910. 

6702. Marianna limestone, hillside a quarter of a mile 

east of Alabama, Tennessee & N orthem Railroad, 2! miles 

north of Millry, Washington County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

6710. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Tombigbee River, Ala.; bed 7 of section, soft white "chimney 

rock"; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6711. Marianna limestone, St. Stephens Bluff, Ala.; bed 

4ofsection; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6716. Marianna limestone, ravine east of road about 

three-quarters of a mile north of Monroeville, Monroe 

County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6717. Marianna limestone, 1 mile north of Monroeville, 

Monroe County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6721. Marianna limestone, gully south of station at 

Drewry, Monroe County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6728. Marianna limestone, road from Perdue Hill to 

Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; exposed in gully west of 

road, bed 1 of section (bottom 250 feet above Alabama 

River); C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6729. Marianna limestone, road from Perdue Hill to 

Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala.; bed 3 of section; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6732. Marianna limestone,..,Murder Creek at bridge east 

of Castleberry, Conecuh County, Ala.; bed 1 of section; 

C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6733. Marianna limestone, bed 2 of same section as 6732. 

6748. Marianna limestone, west bank of Conecuh River 

at bend about a quarter of a mile below mouth of Sepulga 

River, Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6750. Marianna limestone, Rock House Bluff, right 

bank of Conecuh River, near line between sees. 28 and 29, 

T. 3 N., R. 14 E., Covington County, Ala.; talus from 

upper bed; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7164. Glendon limestone member of Marianna limestone, 

Jackson-Rockville road, 200 yards north of Salt Creek, 

Clarke County, Ala.; bed 3 of section; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

7208. Marianna limestone, Whitsett's quarry, about 3 

miles south of Cullomburg, Ala.; beds 2-4 of section; C. 

W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7238. Marianna limestone, Murder Creek at bridge east 

of Castleberry, Ala.; bottom of bed 1 of section; C. W. Cooke 

and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

The specimens from the folhwing stations 

seem to be L. mantelli: 

119. Tertiary, Bogue Homo rocks and prairies, Jasper 

County, Miss.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

259. Vicksburg group, about middle beds of the bluff 

in hard madstone, Vicksburg, Miss.; Bums, collector. 

334. Vicksburg group, south side of Eucutta Creek, 

Wayne County, Miss., on a high hill 5 miles west of Shubuta, Clarke County, Miss. 

337. Vicksburg group, Heidelberg, Jasper County, Miss., 

sec. 25; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

2636. Oligocene, Wayne County, Miss.; Bums, collector. 
60 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

4331. Two miles above Byram, on Pearl River, Miss.; 

ledge about middle of the formation; A. F. Crider, 

collector. 

6548. Marianna limestone, rock quarry 4 miles east of 

Brandon, Rankin County, Miss., south of Rankin on 

Alabama & Vicksburg Railway; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

6644. Marianna limestone, Goodwater Creek, 3 miles 

southeast of Vossburg, Miss.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6645. Marianna limestone, roadside on hill in sec. 2, 

1! miles south-southeast of Heidelberg, Jasper County, 

Miss.; beds 1-5 of section; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6767. Marianna limestone, west side of Marianna, Fla. 

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XV, figure 1; Plate XVI, figure 2. 

Test circular, flat, thin; central portion 

elevated slightly more on one side than on the 

other; gradually sloping from the thickened 

center to the peripheral portion, which is flat; 

umbonal region in the very center strongly 

papillate, with a few large papillae about 

which may be as many as eight of the lateral 

chambers, forming a concentric series of 

reticulations; papillae smaller as the distance 

from the center of the test increases. 

A vertical section near the edge shows the 

equatorial chambers a,bout three times as 

high as broad; lateral chambers numerous, 

very low and broad, in vertical columns. 

Type specimen (U. S. N. M. No. 135220) 

from the Guallava sandstone of Costa Rica, 

collected by R. T. Hill. Specimens from 

U. S. G. S. station 6722 (Ocala limestone, old 

quarrythree-fourthsmilewest and three-fourths 

mile north from Monroeville, Ala.), collected 

by C. W. Cooke, seem to be close to this species. 

In its general form L. hilli strongly resembles 

L. mantelli (Morton), but the slope from the 

central umbo is carried out over a wider area 

and the large papillae of the center with the 

smaller ones over a large part of the surface 

will at once distinguish it from that species. 

The umbonal region with the depressed concentric series of reticulations about the large 

papillae suggests L. morgani, which is in other 

respects very different. 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman. 

Plate XV, figures 2-5. 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 65, pl. 3, figs. 1a, 2, 8, 9; pl. 15, 

fig. 5, 1919. 

Test large, slightly papillate, lenticular; the 

umbonate region scarcely if at all raised; whole 

test undulate or saddle-shaped, often bent 

nearly double. 

Vertical sections (Pl. XV, fig. 4) of this 

species show pillars very constant but of smal] 

diameter scattered throughout the central 

half of the test and a few toward the peripheral 

portion; equatorial chambers fairly high and 

with a series of 6 to 8 rather large perforations 

in the peripheral wall; lateral chambers thickwalled and rather large, comparatively few, 

usually not more than six in a vertical column. 

Equatorial chambers (Pl. XV, figs. 2, 3) 

hexagonal in horizontal section. 

Diameter in the largest specimens apparently 

exceeding 100 millimeters when complete. 

The type locality for this species is U. S. 

G. S. station 6863, High Point, Antigua, 

Leeward Islands; collected by T. W. Vaughan. 

Specimens were abundant at this station. 

Other material from Antigua apparently referable to this species was obtained at stations 

6858, Wetherell Point; 6874, Blizzards Mill; 

(?) 6880, west side of Otto's estate, west 

side of Golden Grove road; 6881, bluff on 

north side ·of Willoughby Bay; and 6942, 

boulders on south side of Monks Hill, Falmouth. 

This seems to be the largest known species 

of Lepidocyclina, being larger than L. elephantina. The material here figured from station 

6881 (Pl. XV, fig. 5) is for the most part composed of smaller specimens which may possibly 

belong to another species but which have the 

saddle-shaped form of the larger specimens. 

The specimens make up a large proportion of 

the mass of the rock. 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XVI, figure 1; Plate XVII, figures 1-3; Plate 

XVIII, figures 1, 2. 

Test large, flattened, or slightly undulate 

or sellaeform; largest specimeas measuring 

70 millimeters in diameter, more general run 

of specimens 25 to 50 millimeters; central 

region in young and medium-sized specimens 

prominently umbonate, in the largest ones 

· much less so; surface in the earlier stages scrobiculate toward the margins, becoming rather 

strongly papillate toward the center and especially on the umbonal region; umbo small, 

usually less than 5 millimeters in diameter. 

The horizontal section . (Pl. XVIII, fig. 1) 

shows the chambers of the equatorial band 
. AMERic_AN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 61 

either hexagonal or with the peripheral angle 

changed to an even convex curve; walls of medium thickness; annuli irregular. 

In vertical section (Pl. XVI, fig. 1) the equatorial chambers increase in height toward the 

periphery, where they are at least four times 

as high as their diameter; lateral chambers 

compressed, broad and low in the central 

region with as many as 20 chambers in each 

column but soon din1inishing in number 

toward the periphery of the test, the outer 

third of the region with but one to three 

chambers superimposed, the thin test being 

made up largely of the high equatorial chambers; pillars mostly in the umbonal region, 

thence gradually decreasing in num.ber toward 

the periphery of the test; in section, narrow 

wedge-shaped, the distal end broadest and 

somewhat convex, gradually tapering toward 

the proximal end, usually showing longitudinal laminations in section, in some specimens 

with the greatest width in the central region 

and thinning again toward the periphery. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 

7097, Ocala limestone, on the east bank of 

Flint River above the old factory at bend 

three-quarters of a mile northeast of the Atlantic Coast Line Railway station at Bainbridge, 

Ga.; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. It has also been collected in the 

Ocala limestone at the following stations: 

3387. Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

7099. East bank of Flint River about half a mile above 

Red Bluff, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

8259. About 6 miles southeast of Campbellton and 12 

miles northwest of Marianna, on road to Cottonwood, Ala., 

half a mile from its intersection with the Marianna-Campbellton road, Jackson County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

At all four of these stations L. georgiana 

is accompanied by Orthophragmina georgiana 

Cushman. At station 8259 a single specimen 

was noted, not well characterized but referred 

here provisionally. 

Specimens of L. georgiana occur at the 

following stations: 

3382. Hales Landing on Flint River, 7 miles below 

Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3383. Blue Springs, Ga.; exterior molds of specimens 

apparently L. georgiana; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3390. Below Plant System wharf, Bainbridge, Ga., 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3397. Back of old factory about 1~ miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (same locality as station 7097); T. Vaughan, 

collector. 

4974. West side of St. Andrews Bay Road, southwest of 

Chipley, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint River 7 miles 

southwest of Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, C. W. Cooke, 

and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals, 

Mitchell County, Ga., 8! or 9 miles below Newton, 

from lumps blasted from the channel; C. W. Cooke, col-

~~ - 7130. East bank of Flint River 6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, collectors. 

7149. East bank of Flint River below wagon bridge at 

Bainbridge, Ga.; W. C. Mansfield, collector. 

8331. Old gristmill on Aycock Creek, 100 yards above 

crossing of Twilight Road, 3 miles southwest of Boykin 

station, Miller County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

In the region about Marianna, Fla., L. 

georgiana occurs at the following stations: 

7194. Ocala limestone, soft cream-colored limestone, 

bed 4 of section, at mouth of cavern 200 yards southwest 

of wagon bridge over Chipola River east of Harianna, Fla.; 

C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. In this part 

of the section it occurs with other typical Ocala species 

of Lepidocyclina. 

7195. Bed 5 of same section, white limestone, apparently 

has this species. 

7199. Same locality, contact of beds 4 and 5; W. C. 

Mansfield, collector. 

Specirnens from station 7242, bottom of 

bed 5 of section on west bank of Chipola River 

at wagon bridge half a mile east of Marianna, 

Fla., collected by W. C. Mansfield, are apparently L. georgiana but are not sufficiently 

well characterized to make the determination 

absolute. An interesting assemblage, among 

which are specimens that may be referred to 

L. georgiana, was found at station 7672, on 

Chipola River at Louisville & Nashville Railroad, three quarters of a mile east of Marianna, Fla., by C. W. Cooke. 

This is the large species referred to in the 

literature on Georgia, especially as Orbitoides 

papyracea, mainly on earlier identifications of 

R. M. Bagg, jr. The 0. papyracea of later 

authors following Gumbel and Boubee is really 

an Orthophragmina, for which the name 0. 

pratii Michelin must be used according to 

Schlumberger. Our material is Lepidocyclina, 

and the name 0. papyracea as used in the literature in ref~rences to the following places should 

be L. georgiana Cushman: Albany, Ga., west 

end of wagon bridge 1 ; limestone at Red Bluff, 

1 Vaughan, T. W., in Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Georgia 

Geol. Survey Bull. 26, p. 317, 1911. 
62 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

7 miles .,above Bainbridge, Ga. 1 ; bluff on east 3293. Left bank of Flint River at Bainbridge, Decatur 

side of Flint River back of old factory about County; A. II. Brooks, collector. 

2 mil~s abo:Ve Bain~ridge, Ga.2, Hales Landing, 3380. Base of bluff at Little Horseshoe Bend, just below 

on Flmt River 7 miles below Bainbridge, Ga.2 the mouth of Blue or Russell Spring, Flint River, Decatur I County; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

have seen and checked material from all 3768. Twelve miles north of Bainbridge and 3 miles west 

these localities. of Flint River; S. W. McCallie, collector. 

The species is a very large one in at least 6110. Steamboat landing, Bainbridge. 

some of its individuals, but the range in size is 6159. Red Bluff, Flint River; L. W. Stephenson, . collector. 

very considerable, and it may be very likely th h l 6160. Flint River, north of Blue Spring, 4 miles below 

at t e argest specimens are the microspheric Bainbridge, Decatur County; L. W. Stephenson, collector. 

form of the species and the smaller ones the ,6161. Flint River at Bainbridge; L. W. Stephenson, 

megalosphe:ric. The material is not sufficiently · collector. 

we~l preserved ~o permit a study of the embry- 7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint River 7 miles 

onic chambers In detail. southwest of Bainbridge; T. W. Vaughan, ·c. w: Cooke, T · and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

here is evidently a progressive develop- 7098. Red Bluff, Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbrido-e· 

ment in form of the test and character of the C. W. Cooke, collector. o ' 

ornamentation of the surface. In the smaller, 7106. Flint River at mouth of Spring Creek, Sumter 

younger specimens the umbonal portion is County, 2 miles above Seaboard Air Line Railway bridge; 

strongly r~ised and the whole test is promi- C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, collectors. 

nently papillate, although the umbonal portion 7127. East ~ank of Flint River in Mitchell County, a quarter of a mile below Normans Ferry, in loose blocks exshows the papillae most prominently. In older cavated from channel; C. W. Cooke and J. E. Brantly, 

specimens the papillae are largely limited to collectors. 

the cen~ral region and the umbonal region of 7129. East bank of Flint River 1 mile below Windell's 

the test. Is not nearly so much raised in compari- Landing, about 6 miles above Red Bluff; C. W. Cooke, 

son as In the young. This character is similar 

to that seen in the young of L. 7iWntelli and 

already noted. 

At the following Georgia stations T. W. 

Vaughan collected molds of the - exterior 

probably of L. georgiana: 3618, west end of 

wago~ bridge, Albany; 3624, 1 mile east of 

Amencus; 3625, 2 miles east of Americus. A 

single specimen showing equatorial chambers 

of a Lepidocyclina, which may be L. georgiana, 

was obta~ed at Saffold, Early County, Ga. 

!h~ r~ck IS v~ry .hard and filled with pits, 

IndiCatmg possibly In part a small nummulite. 

This material is similar to that obtained at 

station 7094, on the west bank of Flint River 

at the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bridge at 

Bainbridge, which also has the same character. 

A specimen from station 4959 Rich Hill 

Crawford County, Ga., collected' by L. w: 

Stephenson, may be the young of this species. 

L. georgiana is characteristic of the Ocala 

limestone occurring at many stations with 

several species of Orthophragmina. 

The foll~wing additi?nal stations in Georgia 

~ave furnished material which, though not 

Inwardly well preserved, probably should be 

referred to L. georgiana: 

1 Vaughan, T. W., in Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, L. W., Georgia 

Geol. Survey Bull. 26, pp. 320, 329, 1911. 2 Idem, p. 332. 

collector. 

The species is also present in Alabama at 

station 6747, in the Ocala limestone at Steamboat Point, on the west side of Sepulga River 

at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3 

N., R. 13 E., Escambia County; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

In its gross appearance L. georgiana is suO'-

gestive of L. gigas Cushman, from Antigua, b~t the papillate character is much more clearly 

shown in L. georgiana and is correlated in the 

vertical section with the numerous pillars. 

The largest specimens of L. georgiana seem 

to show definite senescent characters in the loss 

of the papillate character of the surface, which 

becomes much smoother in the adult, and in 

the ~e1atively less prominent umbo in the larger 

specrmens. The senescent feature is especially 

shown in the pillars, which in the younger specimens are conical, the outer end being the widest, 

whereas in the l,argest specimens they become 

smaller in the outer portion and as a -result in 

section are somewhat fusiform. 

Some of the external molds of the specimens 

especially those obtained 3 miles southwest of 

Boykin station, Miller County, Ga., by C. W. 

Cooke, show even more clearly than the specimens themselves the relative abundance and 

distribution of the external papillae formed by 

the distal ends of the pillars. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 63 

This is by far the largest species of the Coastal 

Plain and is surpassed in size only by L. elephantina 1funier-Chalmas, of Europe, and L. 

undulata Cushman, of Antigua. 

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman. 

Plate_ XIX, figures 1-4. 

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 64, pl. 1, figs. 3-5; pl. 5, fig. 4, 1919. 

Test large, flattened, somewhat lenticular, 

circular in outline; central portion slightly umbonate; thence gradually thinning toward the 

periphery, which is bluntly angular; surface 

generally flat and smooth:, occasionally slightly 

undulating. 

The vertical section shows the equatorial 

chambers increasing somewhat in heig4t from 

the central area toward the periphery, the peripheral end of each charnber slightly convex 

toward the exterior; lateral chambers broad 

and low, in vertical colurrms, usually from 7 to 

10 in each column in the eentral portion of the 

test outside the umbo, thence gradually decreasing in number toward the periphery. 

Pillars are developed at irregular intervals but 

are few in number and of very small diameter. 

Horizontal sections (Pl. XIX, fig. 4) show 

the hexagonal equatorial chambers, the annular rows of which are very uneven in size, and 

the subequal embryonic chambers. 

Diameter of largest speeimens 80 millimeters 

or more. 

The type locality for this species is U.S. G. S. 

station 6862, Antigua, Leeward Islands, lower 

bed at Hodges Bluff; 1~. W. Vaughan, collector. Specimens fron1 this locality are 

numerous and very fine. Material that is 

poorer but apparently specifically the same 

occurs at stations 6854, Rifle Butts, and 

6857, on the southwest side of Wetherell 

Mill, both in Antigua. 

This species is v'ery near to L. elephantina 

Munier-Chalmas, but the two early chambers 

do not seem to be at all alike, those of L. elephantina being very dissimilar in size and 

shape, whereas those of L. gigas so far as made 

out seem to be much more nearly equal, as is 

usual in American speci[es of Lepidocyclina. 

Plate XIX, figure 4, shows the two early chambers of this species. 

This is a very fine and large species and 

seems to be abundant at the type station. 

Lepidocyclina gigas Cushman var. mexicana Cushman, 

n. var. 

Plate XIX, figure 5; Plate XX, figures 1, 2; Plate XXI, 

figures 1-3. 

Test differing from the typical L. gigas in the 

somewhat smaller size and the comparatively 

greater thickness at the umbo; the surface is 

apparently more reticulate, but this may be 

due to the different conditions of preservation 

in the two areas. 

Diameter of the test as much as 50 millimeters 

or more; thickness in the umbonal region, 7 

millimeters. 

The vertical section (Pl. XIX, fig. 5) is 

very similar to that of L. gigas, but has a 

rather less number of lateral chambers, and the 

whole test except the umbonal region is somewhat thinner. 

Type specimen and others from Mexico collected by E. T. Dumble. The type, from the 

Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico, is 

referred to by Dumble 1 under the name '' Orbitoides papyracea.'' Large specimens that seem 

very similar occur in the material collected by 

Dumble from the Sari Rafael formation at 

Cerro Cortado, Topila Hills, 15 miles southwest of Tampico. Some of the Topila Hills 

material contains other species, but they are 

not sufficiently well preserved for positive determination at present. 

Lepidocyclina fragilis Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXII, figures 1, 2. 

Test of medium size, 10 to 12 millimeters in 

diameter, very thin, flattened or very slightly 

sellaeform; central portion very slightly thickened but usually forming no definite umbo 

distinguishable from the remainder of the 

test; surface very smooth except where eroded 

and at the periphery, where the walls of the 

equatorial chambers form a slight reticulation 

of the surface; whole test thin and fragile; 

thickness usually about 1 millimeter or less. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers to be hexagonal and with fairly thick 

walls. Embryonic chambers not seen. 

The vertical section shows the equatorial 

band of chambers unusually low throughout, 

increasing very little from center to periphery; 

the chambers toward the center thin-walled 

1 Dumble, E. T., California Acad. Sci. Proc., 4th ser., vol. 8, p. 

147, 1918. 
64 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

and broader than high.; those toward the periphery are thick-walled, slightly higher than 

wide, and the vertical walls slightly convex 

and thickened; lateral chambers very low and 

broad, in central region with not more than six 

chambers in a vertical column, generally lessening in number toward the periphery, where 

there may be but one or even none.· No 

pillars apparent. 

Type specimens from U. S. G. · S station 

7194, Ocala limestone, at mouth of cavern 

about 200 yards southwest of wagon bridge 

over Chipola River, east of Marianna, Fla.; 

bed 4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. Specimens also occur at the 

following stations: 

3760. Tivola tongue of . Ocala limestone on Georgia 

Southern & Florida Railroad half a mile south of Tivola, 

Ga.; S. W. McCallie, collector. 

6747. Ocala limestone at Steamboat Point on west side 

of Sepulga River at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 

3 N., R. 13 E., Escambia County, Ala.; C. ·W. Cooke, 

collector. 

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida Railway, Suwannee County, Fla., northeast of 

Mayo; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

This is a very thin species and consequently 

fragile. The outer equatorial chambers, which 

are unpro~ected by the lateral chambers, have 

thickened walls that give greater strength to 

this ·thin peripheral portion. 

The species seems to be characteristic of 

Ocala limestone. 

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Plate XXII, figures 3, 4. 

Lepidocyclina chape:ri Lemoine and R. Douville, Soc. geol. 

France, Paleontologie, Mem. 32, p. 14, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1904. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 103, p. 92, pl. 35, 

figs. 1-3; pl. 36, 1918. 

Test of medium size, diameter from 8 to 20 

millimeters, circular in outline, somewhat 

saddle-shaped; central portion slightly thickened, thence gradually and evenly thinning 

toward the periphery; surface where well preserved slightly papillate, usually roughened by 

erosion, toward the periphery often somewhat 

reticulately depressed above the equatorial 

chambers. 

Vertical section usually curved; lateral chambers numerous, breadth much greater than 

height, columns separated by distinct pillars, 

comparatively few except in the central region, 

where there are a few larger than the others; 

embryonic chambers of the double type, the 

two chambers nearly equal in size and separated by a straight common wall. 

The horizontal section shows similar conditions of the embryonic chambers and distinctly 

hexagonal equatorial chambers. 

Lemoine and R. Douville described this species from Panama (Haut-Chagres, San Juan). 

The specimens figured came from U. S. G. S. 

station 6025, from marl at the south end of 

Bohio Ridge switch, on the relocated line of 

the Panama Railroad, collected by T. W. 

Vaughan and D. F. MacDonald, and from station 6019-j, on the west side of the Gaillard Cut 

near Las Cascadas. These specimens seem to 

represent the microspheric form of this species. 

A specimen from station 6526, Chiriqui, 

Canal Zone, shows a section which from its 

general proportions seems to suggest strongly 

L. chaperi. 

H. Douville 1 records this species from Salt 

Mountain, Ala., but the material from the higher levels at this locality seems to be referable to 

L. supera (Conrad). 

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman. 

Plate XXII, figure 5. 

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 93, pl. 37, figs. 1-5; pl. 36, 1918. 

Test of medium size, 10 millimeters or more 

in diameter, flat; surface somewhat umbonate 

in the central portion, gradually sloping to 

the peripheral portion, the outer half of which 

is nearly flat. Wall smooth except for fine 

papillae. The peripheral portion· of the test 

when well preserved is typically much thickened, the edge thick and squarely truncated. 

The horizontal section shows the peculiarity of the chambers, many. of which, especially 

those of the outer peripheral portion, are 

rhomboid; those of the inner portion are more 

typical and hexagonal. These are shown 

especially well on the sections of the larger 

specimens, those of the smaller specimens 

showing only the regular hexagonal character 

of the earlier chambers. 

No very good vertical sections were obtained 

in the thin sections, but several accidental 

sections show the characters well. The embry1 Compt. Rend., 1918, pp. 264, 265. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 65 

onic chambers are rather large, of the usual 

American type, of two nearly equal chambers, 

lateral chambers in vertical columns with a 

very few rather well developed pillars. 

Type specimen from station 6021, from the 

Emperador limestone in cuttings of the Panama 

Railroad near Caimito Junction, Panama, 

U. S. N. M. catalogue No. 324739, collected 

by T. W. Vaughan and D. F. MacDonald. 

Specimens were abundant in this light-gray 

to cream-colored sandy limestone. Specimens 

were also abundant in the collection from 

station 6673, at the same locality, obtained 

later - by MacDonald. Specirnens that are 

apparently the same species are abundant 

in a fossiliferous limy sandstone collected by 

MacDonald at station 6255, half a n1ile south 

of Miraflores station on the wagon road to 

Panama. 

One of the most characteristic features of 

this species is the much thickened peripheral 

border, the increase toward the extreme edge 

being very rapid, leaving the periphery itself. 

sharply truncate. This gives the appearance· 

in hand specimens of a sharply defined outline 

and in sections of the limestone is still more 

striking when vertical sections are seen. 

Specimens from Georgia (U.S. G. S. station 

7095, east bank of Flint River at old factory 

2 miles above Bainbridge, occurring in chert 

and embedded in clays referred to the Chattahoochee formation; W. C. Mansfield, collector) 

have very much the characters of L. vaughani, 

especially in the chambers of the horizontal 

section. None of the specimens show the 

periphery well, so that its characteristic form is 

not available for comparison. 

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXIII, figures 1-4; Plate XXIV, figures 1, 2. 

Test of medium size, flattened or somewhat 

undulate; largest specimens measuring 25 

millimeters in diameter, most specimens less, 

16 to 22 millimeters; central region much thickened, prominently umbonate, making up about 

one-third of the test, nearly 5 millimeters 

through in the center of the thickened region 

in large specimens; the thin flattened peripheral border usually smooth or very finely papillate; the umbonate central region pitted with 

numerous small depressions. 

131049°--20----6 

The horizontal section shows the chambers 

of the equatorial band either hexagonal or 

with the peripheral angle .an even convex 

curve; walls rather thin; annuli somewhat 

irregular in thickness. 

In vertical section (Pl. XXIII, fig. 4) the 

equatorial chambers increase in height toward 

the periphery, where they are at least three 

times as high as their diameter; lateral chambers 

compressed, broad and low, somewhat convex 

in the central region, where there are as many 

as 40 chambers in the central columns, diminishing in number toward the periphery, where 

in the flattened flangelike portion there are 

from 3 to 5 chambers superimposed, not 

together equaling the height of the equatorial 

chambers at the periphery. Pillars in the 

umbonal region strongly developed, wedgeshaped in section, the distal ends broadest 

and projecting beyond the lateral columns of 

chambers, giving the characteristic pitting of 

the surface. 

Type specimen a vertical section from U. S. 

G. S. collection 3392, from the Chattahoochee 

formation at Glenns Well, 5 miles southeast of 

Bainbridge, Ga., collected by T. W. Vaughan. 

Specimens apparently identical with this species 

were obtained in material from the following 

localities: 

3388. Upper fossiliferous horizon, Red Bluff on Flint 

River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

3397. Old factory about l ! miles above Bainbridge, Ga.; 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3647. Five miles south of Jackson, Ala.; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

7074. Coralliferous flint, Hales Landing, west bank of 

Flint River, 7 miles southwest of Bainbridge, Ga.; T. W. 

Vaughan, C. W. Cooke, and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

? 7075. East bank of Flint River just above Lamberts 

Island, about 10! miles below Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. 

Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7133. Silicified fragments, lower end of Fort Scott bluff, 

west bank of Flint River, about 12 miles above River 

Junction, Decatur County, Ga.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

In some of its characters this species resembles L.favosa Cushman, from Antigua, but it is 

less undulate and its umbonal region is not so 

prominent nor so distinctly reticulate as in 

L. favosa. L. favosa does not attain so large 

a size as L. chattahoocheensis. The number of 

lateral chambers in the central columns in the 

species here described is unusually large. 
66 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

Lepidocyclina favosa Cushman. 

Plate XV, figure 5 (B). 

Lepidocyclina javosa Cpshman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 66, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2b; pl. 15, fig. 4, 1919. 

Test of medium size, compressed, strongly 

undulate or saddle'""shaped; the central portion 

umbonate, much curved, thick; the remainder 

of the test thin and flangelike; central umbonate 

mass with an ornamentation of polygonal areas 

caused by rounded raised ribs; remainder of 

the test fairly smooth, but in most specimens 

irregularly eroded. ' 

The vertical section shows numerous distinct 

pillars in the umbonate region, broad at the 

exterior and narrowing to a point near the equatorial chambers; flattehed peripheral portion 

with few indistinct pillars. 

Diameter, 15 to 18 millimeters for typical 

speCimens. 

The type locality for this species is U. S. 

G. S. station 6881, Antigua, Leeward Islands, 

bluffs on north side of Willoughby Bay. 

This is a very strikingly ornamented species 

and hardly likely to be mistaken for any other, 

especially with its very f?trong saddle shape in 

addition. It was not seen in any other material from the Antigua formation but is very 

abundant at this station, as the photograph 

(Pl. XV, fig. 5) will show. 

Lepidocyclina pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figures ·s, 4. 

Test of medium size, 18 millimeters in diameter in the largest specimen, generally without 

sellaeform curves; central portion thickened 

but only slightly convex; the thickened portion 

occupying about two-thirds of the surface of 

the test; peripheral portion flattened and thin, 

the change from the thickened center abruptly 

marked; surface smooth except for scrobiculations due to the erosion of the surface. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

band of chambers hexagonal. 

The vertical section shows th~ equatorial 

band of chambers increasing gradually in size 

toward the periphery, where the height is 

three to four times the width; walls thick, very 

slightly convex; lateral chambers numerous in 

the central portion, rapidly diminishing in 

numbers at the point where the abrupt . change 

occurs from the central thickening to the thin 

periphery; outer surface curved; inner surface 

flattened, not greatly compressed; lateral 

chambers over the peripheral carina usually 

wanting; the entire border almost completely 

formed by the equatoriall?and. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. collection 

6810, Ocala limestone, Cummer Lumber Co.'s 

phosphate plant No. 10, 1 mile northwest of 

Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. It was 

also found at the following stations in Florida: 

5031. Ocala, Marion County; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6790. 300 feet south of the Alachua Manufacturing Co.'s 

plant a.t south edge of Alachua, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. 

Cooke, collectors. 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 

1! miles south of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles 

northwest of Newberry, Alachua County; C. 'w. "Cooke, 

collector. 

7194. Ocala limestone, mouth of cavern about 200 yards 

southwest of wagon bridge over Chipola River east of 

Marianna; bed 4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7341. Left bank of Suwannee River at Branford, Suwannee County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7367. Willow Sink, 1! _to 2 miles west of Chiefland, 

Levy County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

In Georgia specimens from two localities 

appear to be identical with this: 

6160. Flint River north of Blue Spring, 4 miles below 

Bainbridge; L. W. Stephenson, collector. 

7097. East bank of Flint River above old factory at 

bend three-quarters of a mile northeast of Atlantic Coast 

Line Railroad station at Bainbridge; C. W. Cooke and 

W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

This species may be distinguished from 

most of th~ other species of the Ocala limestone by its carinate appearance and from the. 

only other species of the same formation that 

has this same character, L. cookei, by its 

smooth or irregularly · scrobiculate surface 

when eroded, as contrasted with the very 

papillate surface of L. cookei. It will probably 

be found to have a wider geographic range 

than is here indicated, but it is not a common 

species in comparison with L. ocalarw, or L. 

floridarw,, with w · ch it is associated. 

Lepidocyclina cookei Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figures 5, 6. 

Test rather small, 10 millim~ters in diameter 

in the largest specimen, thick, very convex in 

the central portion, at the periphery extending 

out into a thin border, the transitio-n rather 

sharply marked; surface very strongly papil-
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 67 

late over the whole central portion; the thin 

periphery smooth except for erosion and the 

reticulate markings formed by the walls of the 

equatorial chambers. 

Sections were not made, as the species 

seems to be very rare, but accidental breaks 

show that the equatorial chambers are hexagonal and of uniform size, the height increasing as usual toward the periphery but 

not excessively so; lateral chamber~. wanting 

over the thin periphery; numerous pillars are 

·indicated by the closely set papillae of the. 

surface of the thickened central portion. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 

6812, Ocala limestone, Cummer Lurnber Co.'s 

phosphate plant No. 6, 11 miles south of 

Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. rrhe 

only other specimen known is froro. station 

4965, half a mile southwest of Fo"rt White, 

Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

From the available material the species 

seems to be rare in the Ocala limestone, but 

probably it has a wider range than is indicat ed 

by these records. 

Lepidocyclina attenuata Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXIV, figures 7, 8. 

Test of medium size, in all specim.ens examined close to 12 millimeters in diameter, 

plane or slightly sellaeform; central portion 

strongly umbonate, the thickened portion 

occupying about one-fourth the diameter; 

remainder of the test thin; central portion 

finely papillate; peripheral portion s1nooth or 

scrobiculate where eroded. Chambers of the 

equatorial zone hexagonal. 

The vertical section shows the equatorial 

chambers low in the central portion and increasing rapidly in height toward the periphery until at the edge they are three to four 

times as high as broad, outer wall convex ; 

lateral chambers very numerous in the thickened umbonal region, where there are 20 to 

25 chambers in a vertical column, rapidly decreasing in numbers as the edge of the umbo is 

reached, thence gradually reduced toward the 

periphery, chambers low and broad:, several 

times as wide as high; walls comparatively 

thin; pillars numerous, slender, increasing 

gradually in diameter toward the surface. 

Thickness of umbonal region 3 millimeters 

in a test 12 to 13 millimeters in diameter. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 6814, 

quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles 

northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, 

Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Other Florida specimens were obtained at 

the following stations: 

4974. Six miles southwe~t of Chipley, on west side of 

St. Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector. 

5031. Ocala, Marion County; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6824. East bank of Suwannee River at Seaboard Air 

Line Railway bridge opposite Ellaville, Fla., bed 1 of 

section; C. W. Cooke, collector. · 

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of 

wagon bridge over Chipola River east of Marianna; bed 4 

of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors; 

7199. Contact of beds 4 and 5 of same section· W. C. 

Mansfield, collector. 

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

U.S.N. M. No. 112507, Richards quarry, Ocala. 

It is apparently present in Georgia at station 

3380, base of bluff at Little Horseshoe Bend, 

just below mouth of Blue or Russell Spring, 

Flint River, 4 miles below Bainbridg.e, Decatur 

County; T. W. Vaughan, c~llector. 

It may be distinguished from the other 

species of the Ocala limestone by the prominent umbonate portion, occupying but a 

quarter of the diameter of the test, and the 

large proportion of flattened periphery. 

Lepidocyclina floridana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXV, figures 1, 2. 

Test small, thin, very sellaeform; usual size 

of specimens from 4 to 8 millimeters in diameter; sellaeform condition very regular, the 

bending of the test being somewhat greater in 

measurement than half the diameter of the 

test. In a specimen measuring 7 millimeters 

in diameter the entire deviation from the plane 

through the center is as much as 4 millimeters; 

surface appearing smooth to the unaided eye 

but with slight magnification shown to be 

finely papillate from the projection of the ends 

of the vertical pillars, especially in the central 

part of the test but more or less so over the 

whole test. 

The horizontal section shows the chambers 

of the equatorial band with the characteristic 

hexagonal shape, those near the periphery with 

the outer border convexly curved, annuli 

irregular. 

The vertical section shows the chambers of 

the equatorial band in the central part square 

in section, the height about equaling the width 
68 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY. 1919. 

but gradually increasing toward the peripheral 

portion of the test, where the chambers become 

about three times as high as their width, and 

the w~lls, instead of being straight, are convexly curved toward the periphery of the test; 

lateral chambers much compressed, broad and 

low, eight or nine in a vertical column in the 

central region, diminishing very evenly in 

number toward the periphery, where there is 

but a single chamber on each side of the test. 

Pillars numerous, rather evenly distributed, 

very slightly increasing in diameter toward 

the surface, only slightly laminated, coming 

slightly above the surface at the distal ends, 

causing the .papillate surface. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 6805, 

Ocala limestone, at plant of Oakhur~t Lime Co. 

(plant No. 2, Florida Lime Co.), south of 

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 2 miles southeast of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Material containing this speCies has been collected at the following stations in Florida: 

329. Deep wells at Padlock, Suwannee County; L. C. 

Johnson, collector. 

362. Fort White, Suwannee County; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

3629. Alachua; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White; G. C. Matson, 

collector. 

4974. Six miles southwest of Chipley, on west side of St. 

Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6717. Fort White. · 

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road, 

1 mile west of North Alachua station, Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad, Alachua County; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

6790. Three hundred feet south of Alachua Manufacturing Co.'s plant at south 'edge of Alachua; H. Gunter 

and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6804. Quarry No.1, Florida Lime Co., on southwest edge 

of Ocala; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6807. Plant No.3, Florida Lime Co., 6! miles north of 

Ocala, at Zuber, Marion County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin 

station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of 

Ocala; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6810. Cummer phosphate plant No.10, 1 mile northwest 

of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, li 

miles south of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., I! miles 

northeast of Newberry; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6858. Near Alachua. 

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals, 

Mitchell County, 8! or 9 miles below Newton, from 

lumps blasted from the channel; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of 

wagon bridge over Chi pola River, east of Marianna; bed 

4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, collectors, 

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7348. Left bank of Suwannee River about 1 mile above 

Troy Springs; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7354. Manatee Spring, Levy County, C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

7367. Willow Sink, ll to 2 miles west of Chiefland, 

Levy County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

U.S.N. M. No.112507. Richards quarry, Ocala; Joseph 

Willcox, collector. 

In Alabama the species has been found at 

station 6747, Steamboat Point, on west side 

of Sepulga River, at sharp bend near middle 

of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 13 E., Escambia County; 

C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman. 

Plate XXVI, figure 1. 

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 63, pl. 11, :fig. 8, 1919. 

Test ·very much curved in two directions, 

so that the two planes of each set are nearly 

parallel to one another and nearly at right 

angles to those of the other set, strongly 

"saddle-shaped"; surface smooth when well 

preserved but usually somewhat cancellate, 

owing to erosion. 

A vertical section is difficult to obtain on account of the very much doubly curved shape of 

the test but shows no pillars, the lateral chambers about three times as long as high, central 

chamber large, equatorial chambers increasing 

gradually in size toward the periphery, height 

and breadth of equatorial chambers about 

equal. 

Owing to the shape of the test the horizon tal 

section is only fragmentary, but it shows 

chambers rqughly triangular with the outer 

surface convexly curved. 

Diameter, 8 to 12 millimeters. 

Type specimen, section (U. S. N. M. No. 

328194) from station 3478, Nuevitas, Cuba; 

A. C. Spencer, collector. 

· This is a very sellaeform species about onehalf the size of L. undosa Cushman, from Antigua. 

Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman. 

Plate XXV, :figure 3. 

Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

Pub. 291, p. 65, pl. 2, :fig. 1a, 1919. 

Test of medium size, much compressed, 

strongly undulate or saddle-shaped, not at all 

umbonate, thin throughout; surface slightly 

granulate, otherwise smooth, where worn 

usually netted by the walls of the chambers. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 69 

Vertical sections show apparently an entire 

absence of pillars throughout; equatorial chambers nearly square in section, wall8 straight; 

lateral chambers very numerous, low and broad, 

very thin-walled, 12 to 15 in a vertical column 

in the thicker portions of the test. 

Horizon tal sections show typical hexagonal 

equatorial chambers. 

Diameter as much as 25 millimeters or more. 

Type material (U. S. N. M. No. 328198) 

from Antigua, Leeward Islands, U. S. G. S. 

station 6869, Long Island, T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. The species is very abundant in 

this material, making up a large proportion 

of the rock mass. Specimens are associated 

with Heterostegina. 

This may be distinguished from other species 

of Lepidocyclina by its saddle-shaped test, 

the flat, nonumbonate center, the finely 

netted surface in worn specimens, and the 

absence of pillars in the vertical section, with 

the thin-walled chambers. 

Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Lepidocyclina schlumbergeri Lemoine and It. Douville, 

Soc. geol. France, Paleontologie, vol. 12, Mem. 32, 

p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 10; pl. 2, fig. 6, 1904. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p . 

57, 1919 

Test large, compressed, lenticular, thickest 

in the central region, from which it gradually 

thins out toward the periphery, somewhat 

flexuous and slightly saddle-shaped; surface 

fairly smooth or somewhat finely granular, the 

granules representing the ends of the small 

pillars; surface often uneven, owing to the 

raised peripheral wal!s of the lateral chambers. 

The vertical section shows the general shape, 

thin, gently curving from the center to the 

periphery, slightly curved; the pillars numerous 

and comp~ratively small, a very few larger 

pillars in the central region; vertical columns 

of lateral chambers with numerous low, flattened chambers making up each colurnn. 

The horizontal section show~ hexagonal 

chambers, but more numerous equatorial ones 

with the outer wall convexly curved, walls 

rather thick. 

Diameter, 25 to 35 millimeters. 

Lemoine and R. Douville regard this as a 

mutation of L. dilatata. They record this species especially from Spain at four localities. 

In Cuba it has been found at stations 751 2, 

Ocujal; 7518, south side of Los Melones Mountain near west end; 7522, Mogote Peak; 7543, 

limestone outcrop, east side of Yateras River; 

7664, north slope of La Piedra, northeast of 

Jamaica, northeast of Guantanamo, collected 

by N. H. Darton. 

Lepidocyclina pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXVI, figures 2-4. 

Test of medium size, 12 to 15 millimeters in 

diameter, slightly sellaeform; central portion 

thickened and occupying nearly half the diameter of the entire test, entire thickness about 

one-fourth the whole diameter of the test; 

peripheral portion thin; central thickened portion strongly papillate from the projecting 

ends of the pillars, which gradually decrease 

in number as the thinner peripheral portion is 

approached; line of demarcation not abrupt; 

papillae of the central portion very numerous 

and rather evenly distributed. 

Equatorial chambers hexagonal, showing at 

the surface only on the extreme periphery; 

the remainder of the thin portion toward the 

center covered with one or more layers of 

lateral chambers. 

Type specimen from U. S. G. S. station 

3683, Archer, Fla.; W. H. Dall, collector. 

A very small specimen (U.S.N. M. No. 136425) 

may be the young of this species. It is from 

Johnson's sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. 

Johnson, collector. Other specimens were 

obtained at the following stations: 

7194. Ocala limestone, Marianna, Fla.; bed 4 of section, 

at mouth of cavern; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, 

collectors. 

7338. Suwannee Itiver at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

This species resembles L. marginata, but the 

central region is much more finely papillate, 

the number of papillae being double that in 

L. marginata. It seems to be a rare species 

m the Ocala limestone. 

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douville. 

Plate XXVI, figures 5-7. 

Orbitolites supera Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 

Proc., No. 2, p. 74, 1865. 

Orbitoides supera Conrad, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. ~3, 

p. 31, 1867. 

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douville, Compt. Rend., 

1918, pp. 263, 264, figs. 6-8, 11. 

Test flattened or slightly sellaeform, typically 

circular in outline but occasionally irregular, 
70 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 19'19. 

with lobes at one side or elongated oval; thickest in the central region but not distinctly umbonate, gradually decreasing in thickness to ~he 

periphery; surface apparent~y smoot~ but With 

slight enlargement becommg . papillate,. the 

papillae, which are the ends of the pillars 

rounded and projecting above the general surface slightly, or where the test is eroded becoming more prominent. Diameter as much 

as 18 millimeters in adult specimens; thickness 

about 2 millimeters. 

The horizontal section shows the chambers 

of the equatorial band to be irregularly hexag~ 

onal, the chambers with thick walls, the annuh 

irregular, occasionally much crowded, the 

chambers then compressed and elongate oval; 

embryonic chambers not seen. 

The vertical section shows the equatorial 

band to be unusually thin, increasing somewhat in thickness toward the periphery, where 

the height of the chambers is 2 to 2~ times the 

radial width; lateral chambers numerous, 10 to 

12 in a column in the thickest portion of the 

test, thence decreasing gradually in number 

toward the periphery; chambers very much 

compressed, 6 to 8 times as wide as high, elliptical, the walls thick, usually much thicker 

than the chamber itself; pillars very numerous, 

increasing rapidly in diameter toward the surface, most numerous in the thicker central portion but in lesser numbers scattered over the 

surface well toward the periphery. 

Conrad describes this species from the upper 

bed at Vicksburg (hence probably the specific 

name supera) in the following words: 

Smaller than the preceding [L. mantelh] and comparatively thicker without the raised central point. Diameter 

thirteen-twentieths of an inch. This species is readily 

distinguished by the convex center and is limited to the 

Oligocene strata. . 

L. supera seems to be a characteristic species 

of the upper part of the lower Oligocene, now 

known as the Byram calcareous marl. It has 

been found at the following stations in Mississippi: 

259. Vicksburg. 

2664. Vicksburg; C. W. Johnson, collector. _ 

3722. Vicksburg, bluff just above the second sawmill on 

the river, horizon No. 2 from the top; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

3729. Top of bluff opposite second sawmill, Vicksburg; 

T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

5623. West bank of Pearl River, Byram, Hinds County; 

_G. C. Matson, collector. 

6449. Upper fossiliferous zone, Confederate A ve~me, 

600 to 700 feet nor~h of the bridge over Glass Bayou, VICksburg; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6454. Pearl River just above bridge at Byram; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. · 

6458. Rock quarry 4 miles east of Brandon, south of 

Rankin, on Alabama & Vicksburg Railway, Rankin 

County; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

6648. Chickasawhay River at wagon bridge a quarter of 

a mile west of Woodward and 2 miles northwest of Waynesboro County; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

The following localities in Alabama seem to 

have this species: 

3646. Salt Mountain, Clarke County, near the top of the 

series; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3648. Salt Mountain, near top of the hill; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

H. Douville 1 has recorded L. supera from 

Vicksburg and Byram, l\1iss., from a locality 

southeast of Claiborne on Conecuh River, Ala., 

and from Bainbridge, Ga. ·I have had much 

material from Bainbridge but have had no 

material that seemed to fit this species. The 

embryonic chambers of a specimen from Bainbridge, figured by Douville, are very thick 

walled and seem much more like some of the 

Ocala species. Douville gives L. supera as occurring in the "upper Jackson-Zeuglodon bed." 

The species there that is supe:rficially like L. 

supera in some respects is that here described 

as L. mortoni. 

So far as the material I have had shows, L. 

supera is confined to the Byram marl and formations of equivalent age. 

Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n •. sp. 

Plate XXVII, figures 1-4; flate XXVIII, figures 1, 2. 

Test flattened, usually somewhat sellaeform, 

thin; central portion thi~kes_t but not umbonate; surface very finely papillate throughout, 

the papillae most numerous in the ce.n~ral portion. Diameter as much as 20 millimeters; 

thiekness slightly more than ~ millimeter. 

The horizontal section shows the chambers 

of the equatorial band hexagonal in general, 

but the peripheral portion more commonly a 

convex curve instead of a sharp angle; embryonic chambers subequal in the megalospheric 

form, thick-walled. 

The vertical section shows the chambers of 

the equatorial band very low, in the center 

slightly wider than the height b~t towar~ the 

periphery slightly larger and shghtly higher 

lCompt. Rend., 1918, pp. 264, 265. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. - 71 

than the width, walls thick and at right angles, 

not showing the convexity of the outer wall so 

common in most species; lateral chambers 

sev~n or eight in a column in the thickened central portion, broad and low, the outer wall usually convex, making the chamber cavity 

roughly lunate, the walls of the inner chambers 

nearest the equatorial chambers often much 

thickened and the chamber cavity reduced t o 

mere slits, the walls often double the thickness 

of the entire equatorial band at that point, the 

walls of the outer layers much thinner ana the 

chamber cavities somewhat wider but not proportionately so; pillars very numerous, more or 

less irregular, often anastomosing, especially 

toward the surface. 

Type specimen from the Jackson formation 

at U. S. G. S. station 2638, bluff at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La.; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector) 1894. The species is represented 

by abundant specimens from the marl at 

this place. The same species was collected 

at station 4270, at the same locality, by T. W. 

Vaughan, in 1900. Very similar specimens 

occur at the following stations: 

7161. Ocala limestone, roadside 500 feet east of Jones 

Field Branch, sec. 35, T. 8 N. , R. 3 E., 5 miles southeast of 

Whatley, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7377. Jackson formation, bluff on south side of Suck 

Creek, Clarke County, Miss., about three-quarters of a mile 

from mouth (in the NE. i sec. 3, T. 10 N., R. 7 E., in 

"Zeuglodon bed " ; E. N. Lowe and C. W. Cooke, coll~c ors. 

Both microspheric and inegalospheric forms 

of the test occur. The pillars are peculiar in 

their anastomosing condition and are shown in 

the horizontal section (Pl. XXVII, fig. 3). 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. 

Plate XXVIII, figures 3, 4; Plate XXIX, figures 1-3. 

Test of medium siz-e, flattened, usually 

slightly sellaeform; usual diameter of specimens from 16 to 18 millimeters, with the range 

of adult specimens from 15 to 21 millimeters; 

the two sides of the tests differing; one side 

typically prominently umbonate in the central 

portion, thence gra.dually sloping to the periphery; the opposite side thickened in the center 

but not umbonate, evenly curved from. one side 

to the other; the umbonate side showing more 

clearly the sellaeform shape than the more 

evenly curved side; surface typically smooth or 

somewhat scrobiculate from unequal erosion 

of the outer layer of lateral chambers. 

The horizontal section shows the chambers 

of the equatorial band usually with the outer 

portion of each chamber convexly curved, on 

the whole hexagonal, walls comparatively 

thick, thinner near the periphery; annuli irregular; embryonic chambers subequal, thickwalled. 

In vertical section the chambers of the equatorial zone increase but very slightly in height 

toward the exterior; lateral chambers much 

compressed, broad and very low, from 15 to 20 

in a vertical column in the umbonal region but 

rapidly diminishing in number toward the periphery. Pillars very numerous, more so in the 

central region but well distributed throughout 

the test except at the peripheral portion, in 

section wedge-shaped, distal end broadest, 

thence tapering gradually to the center, usually showing longitudinal laminations in section, outer end flat or very slightly convex, not 

coming above the adjacent lateral chambers 

and therefore not causing a papillate surface, 

as is so usual with a species in which the pillars 

are numerous; in some specimens the pillars 

seem to become obsolete before the surface is 

reached. 

Type specimen from U.S. G. S. station 6804, 

Ocala limestone, quarry No. 1, Florida Lime 

Co., Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. Tests 

of this species ha~ been found also at the 

following stations: 

322. Quarry of chimney rock near railroad half a mile 

west of Gainesville, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

329. U.S. N. M. catalogue No. 136397, Fort White, Fla.; 

L. C. Johnson, collector. 

355. Bennett's bone bed, Nixon, Levy County, Fla.; 

L. C. Johnson, collector. 

362. Fort White railroad station, Suwannee County, 

Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

365. U. S. N. M. catalogue No. 136425, Johnson's lime 

sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

378b. Near the "sink" 2 miles south of Gainesville, 

Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

380. Vicinity of Gainesville and Arredonda, Alachua 

County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, collector. 

2284. Martin station, Marion County, Fla.; W. H. Dall, 

collector, 1891. 

2325. Fort White, Columbia County, Fla. 

3629. Alachua, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

3682. Six miles southwest of Gainesville, Fla.; 

Weatherby, collector. 

3683. Archer, Fla.; W. H. Dall, collector. 

3685. Martin's station, Fla.; W. H. D9-ll, collector. 

3688. Richard's quarry, Ocala, Fls.; Joseph Willcox, 

collector. 

3781. Bank of Allapaha River, Statenville, Echolls 

' County, Ga.; S. W. McCallie, collector. 
72 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 19,19. 

4965. Half a mile southwest of Fort White, Columbia 

County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

5030, 5031. Ocala, Marion County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, 

collector, 1908. 

6717. Fort White, Fla. 

6747. Steamboat Point, on west :'!ide of Sepulga River 

at sharp bend near middle of sec. 20, T. 3 N ., R. 13 E., 

Escambia County, Ala.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6785. Dutton's phosphate spur, on Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad, one-half to one-fourth mile south of Herlong 

station, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan and C. W; Cooke, collectors. 

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road, 

1 mile west of Alachua station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, Alachua County, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan, collector. 

6790. Three hundred feet south of Alachua Manufacturing Co.'s plant, south edge of Alachua, Alachua County, 

Fla.; H. Gunter artd C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6803. Hilltop on land- of Evans Hale, 2 miles west of 

Arredonda and 1 mile north of Kanapaha station, Alachua 

County, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6805. Plant of Oakhurst Lime Co., (plant No.2, Florida 

Lime Co.), south of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 2 miles 

southeast of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6807. Plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 6! miles north 

of Ocala, at Zuber post office, Marion County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin 

station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of 

Ocala, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6810. Cummer phosphate plant No. 10, 1 mile northwest 

of Newberry, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 

1! miles south of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6814. Quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1~ miles northwest of Newberry, Alachua Coanty, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, 

collector. 

6858. Near Alachua, Fla. 

7082. Hales Landing, west bank of Flint River 7 miles 

southwestofBainbridge, Ga.;T. W. Vaughan, C. W. Cooke, 

and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7097. East bank of Flint River above old factory at bend 

three-fourths of a mile northeast of Atlantic Coast Line 

Railroad station at Bainbridge, Ga.; C. W. Cooke and W. 

C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7126. East bank of Flint River at Dry Bread Shoals, 

Mitchell County, Ga.; 8! or 9 miles below Newton, from 

lumps blasted from the channel; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7194. Mouth of cavern about 200 yards southwest of 

wagon bridge over Chipola River, east of Marianna, Fla.; 

bed 4 of section; C. W. Cooke and W. C. Mansfield, 

collectors. 

7195. Same locality as 7194, bed 5 of section; C. W. Cooke 

and W. C. Mansfield, collectors. 

7242. West bank of Chipola River at wagon bridge east 

of Marianna, Fla.; bottom of bed 5 of section; W. C. Mansfield, collector. 

7337. Left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida Railway, northeast of Mayo, Suwannee County, 

Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

- 7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7341. Left bank of Su·wannee River, at Branford, 

Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7345. East bank of Suwannee River 2! miles above 

Branford, Suwannee County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7349. Left bank of Suwannee River about half a mile 

below Fort McComb, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7360. Rock quarry east of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad 

about 3! miles south of Floral City and about 1! miles north 

of Pineola, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7365. Pineola, Citrus County, 5 miles south of Floral 

City, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7367. Willow Sink, 11 to 2 miles west of Chiefland, 

Levy County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

7672. Ocala limestone, Chipola River at Louisville & 

Nashville Railroad, three-fourths mile east of Marianna, 

Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

U.S.N. M. No. 112507. Richards quarry, Ocala, Fla.; 

Joseph Willcox, collector. 

U. S. N. M. No. 137924. Archer, Fla.; W. H. Dall, 

collector. 

Specimens from U. S. G. S. station 7689 

(Tivola tongue of Ocala limestone, Tivola, Ga.; 

C. W. Cooke, . collector) are evidently this 

species with the variety subdecorata, described 

below. 

Both the species and its variety seem to be 

highly characteristic of the Ocala limestone in 

west-central Florida and are very abundant. 

The development and subsequent reduction of 

pillars seem to indicate senescent characters 

even in the upper Eocene. The species seems 

to be to a great extent replaced in Georgia and 

elsewhere by the very much larger L. georgiaw, unless it occurs there at different horizons. 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman var. subdecorata Cushman, n. var. 

Plate XXVIII, figure 5. 

Variety differing from the typical species in 

its usually thinner, more distinctly umbonate 

test, and surface with prominent papillae, even 

near the periphery. 

In most material in which typical .L. ocalana 

occurs this variety also is present. In size and 

general characters the two are similar, but the 

variety is distinctly papillate throughout, a 

character which may be accompanied by the 

thinner and more umbonate test. As a rule 

this is not as common as the typical form, but 

in one or two lots of material it seems to be 

fairly common while the typical form is rare or 

absent. 

It was noted in material from the following 

stations: 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 73 

365. Johnsons Sink, Levy County, Fla.; L. C. Johnson, 

collector. 

3629. Ocala limestone, Alachua County, Fla.; T. W. 

Vaughan, collector. 

4965. Half a. mile southwest of Fort White, Columbia 

County, Fla.; G. C. Matson, collector. 

4974. Six miles southwest of Chipley, Fla., on west 

side of St. Andrews Bay road; G. C. Matson, collector. 

6789. North side of Alachua-High Springs public road, 

1 mile west of North Alachua station on Atlantic Coast 

Line Railroad, Alachua County, Fla.; T. W. Vaughan, 

collector. 

6804. Quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., on southwest 

edge of Ocala, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

6807. Plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 6~ miles north of 

. Ocala, at Zuber post office, Marion County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6808. Quarry one-eighth of a mile southeast of Martin 

station, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, 9 miles north of 

Ocala, Fla.; H. Gunter and C. W. Cooke, collectors. 

6810. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 10, 1 

mile northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

6812. Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 1!-

miles south of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla.; C. W. 

Cooke, collector. 

7338. Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee 

County, Fla.; C. W. Cooke, collector. 

Specimens from station 7689 (Tivola, Ga.; 

C. W. Cooke, collector) seem to be this variety. 

Lepidocyclina subraulinii Cushman. 

Plate XXX, figures 1-6. 

Lepidocyclina subraulinii Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 62, pl. 11, figs. G, 7; pl. 12, 

figs. 5, 6, 1919. 

Test circular,much thickened in the central 

portion, which occupies about one--third the 

diameter of tha test; peripheral portion much 

flattened, thin; thick central portion irregularly 

papillate, peripheral portion smooth, showing 

almost no tendency to become saddle-shaped. 

The vertical section shows the general thickness, central lenticular body, and thin periphery, central portion with very numerous 

pillars increasing in diameter toward the surface; lateral chambers crowded between the 

pillars, very numerous in the vertical columns 

and much wider than high; equatorial chambers increasing in diameter toward the periphery, the outer margin convex and with a 

series of fine pores. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers, which are polygonal, the outer margin strongly convex; pillars subpolygonal with 

the lateral chambers making irregular polygonal meshes between, toward the periphery, 

making up the entire test as the pillars decrease in number. 

Diameter as much as 24 millimeters; thickness in center 4.5 millimeters. 

The type locality of this speci€s is U.S. G. S. 

station 3478, Nuevitas, Cuba, collected by 

A. C. Spencer. Other specimens .that apparently belong to this species occur at station 

7666, Sierra Guaso, northeast of Guantanamo, 

Cuba, collected by N. H. Darton. 

In diameter and general shape this species 

suggests L. raulinii Lemoine and R. Douville, 

but it has very definite pillars and a papillose 

surface at the center. 

Certain specim·ens collected by E. T. Dumble 

from the Meson formation at San Jose de las 

Rusias, Mexico, seem very close to this species. 

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. 

Douville. 

Plate XXXI, figures 1-2. 

Nttmmulites marginata Michelotti, Soc. ital. sci. Mem., 

vol. 22, p. 297, pl. 3, fig. 4, 1841. 

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. 

Douville, Soc. geol. France, Paleontologie, vol. 12, 

Mem. 32, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 2, figs. 7, 9, 11, 20; 

pl. 3, figs. 3, 8, 9, 13, 1904. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 60, 

pl. 12, figs. 1, 2, 1919. 

Test of small or medium size, lenticular, 

thickest in the central region, thence tapering 

gradually to the periphery, which in the adult 

forms a thin flange about the thicker central 

portion; central portion with numerous prominent pustules, rather evenly placed and of 

good size, representing the outer end of the 

pillars, flange smooth except for roughness 

caused by weathering. 

The vertical section shows the general shape 

already noted, the numerous pillars giving an 

undulate outline to the central thickened region, pillars rather crowded at the center but 

separating toward the periphery, increasing 

very rapidly in diameter in the first quarter or 

third of their length, thence keeping about the 

same diameter to the surface; lateral chambers 

in single columns between the pillars; equatorial band of chambers rather narrow and 

thin, increasing in height toward the periphery. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers to be in general hexagonal, occasionally with the peripheral portion convexly 

curved; the lateral chambers also hexagonal, 
74 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

especially in the central region, where they are 

compressed by the pillars. 

Diameter as much as 12 or 15 millimeters, 

but usually less. 

Lemoine and R. Douville record this species 

from Italy and Spain. It was noted from the 

following localities in Cuba: 

7512. Ocujal. 

7513 (?). Orbitoidal limestone, outcrop where Palmer 

trail joins Ocujal trail. 

7518. South side of Los Melones Mountain near west end. 

7519. Orbitoidallimestone from drift near top of landslide next north of Los Melones. 

7521. Limestone at top of Mogote Peak. 

7522(?). Mogote Peak. 

7543. Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras River. 

7664. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica, 

northeast of Guantanamo, N.H. Darton, collector. 

Lemoine and R. Douville had only the microspheric form of the species, but the Cuban 

material contains megalospheric specimens. 

The embryonic chambers are rather thickwalled and unequal in size. 

Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Plate XXXIII, figures 12-14. 

Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douville, Soc. 

geol. France, Paleontologie, vol. 12, Mem. 32, p. 17, 

pl. 1, figs.12, 15, 17; pl. 2, figs. 4, 12; pl. 3, fig. 2,1904. 

Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 59, 

pl. 11, figs. 1-3, text fig. 7, 1919. 

Lepidocyclina cf. L. marginata H. Douville, Soc. geol. 

France Bull., 3d ser., vol. 18, p. 1001, 1900. 

Test small, discoidal, much thickened in 

the central portion, from which it tapers rather 

rapidly to the subacute periphery; central 

protuberant portion with a series of large 

pustules ranging from 5 to 12 or more in number, 

of which one is usually central; reticulate between, the margins stellate; periphery of the 

test thin and slightly reticulated by the walls 

ofthe equatorial chambers. 

Vertical sections show the general form and 

curvature of the surface of the test, the few 

pillars in the central region rapidly increasing 

in diameter toward the surface; lateral chambers 

.with the outer wall convex, averaging about 

three times as wide as the height in the central 

region, with as many as 10 chambers in the 

vertical columns; equatorial chambers not 

increasing rapidly in height, those at the periphery not more than double the height near 

the center. 

Horizontal sections show the embryonic 

chambers, which are unequal, the larger one 

partially surrounding the smaller, as in the 

subgenus Nephrolepidina of H. Douville, and 

the equatorial chambers more or less diamond 

shaped also as in that subgenus. In otherspecimens the outer wall of the chamber is convex. 

Diameter, 2 to 5 millimeters. 

Specimens seemingly identical with this 

species were found by 0. E. Meinzer at the 

following stations in Cuba: 

7513. Limestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins 

Ocujal trail. 

7516. West end of Los Melones Mountain. 

7543. Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras PJiver. 

7554. SouthofEl Jigue, 5 miles above mouth of Yateras 

River on west side. 

Specimens probably of this species but 

sections not as perfect as might be.desired were 

obtained from stations 7519, limestone from 

drift near top of landslide next north of Los 

Melones, and 7522, Megote Peak. 

Lemoine and R. Douville record this species 

from four localities in Aquitaine-Abesse, 

Mimbaste, St.-Etienne~d'Orthe, and Le Mandillott; from four localities in Spain-Baena, 

Pont du Guadalquivir, Sella, and Pefia;guila; 

and from Madagascar. The stage is indicated 

as Aquitanian but not definitely given. 

It is a very distinctive species and the Cuban 

specimens seem to differ in no essential characters from those figured by Lemoine and R. 

Douville. 

Exteriors of specimens from station 7664, 

north slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica, 

northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba, are shown in 

Plate XXXIII, figures 12 and 13. 

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman. 

Plate XXXI, figures 3-6. 

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 61, pl. 11, figs. 4, 5, 1919. 

Test of medium size, lenticular, comparatively thick in the center, thence tapering 

toward the sides; central portion convex, 

changing to a concave curve toward the periphery; surface irregularly pustulate, especially 

where somewhat weathered. 

The vertical section shows the general shape, 

convex at the center, broadly rounded, thence 

contracting rapidly toward the periphery, where 

the curve is concave, to the rather poorly developed peripheral border; height or thickness of 

the test about one-third the diameter; embryonic chamber large and very thick walled, often 
AMERICAN SP ~CIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LEPIDOCYCLINA. 75 

showing one or two accessory chambers also 

thick walled and rather conspicuously perforate; young specirnens show that for a time 

the embryonic chamber is the greater part of 

the test; equatorial band of chambere; rather 

large, even at the beginning, the outer wall 

convex and coarsely perforate :; lateral chambers 

comparatively thick walled, several tilmes as 

broad as high, somewhat lenticular in section, 

highest in the middle, thence tapering toward 

the sides; a comparatively small nurnber of 

pillars in the central part originating in the wall 

of the embryonic chamber a,nd extending to 

the surface. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers regularly hexagonal, fairly thick 

walled, those of various annuli of very different sizes. 

Diameter as much as 9 millirneters, maximum 

height 3 millimeters or more. 

The type locality for this species is U.S. G. S. 

station 7513, orbitoidal lin1estone, outcrop 

where Palmer trail joins Ocujal trail, Cuba. 

Specimens are also numerous in material from 

stations 7512, Ocujal; 7519, orbitoidal limestone from drift near top of landslide next 

north of Los Melones; 7521, limestone at top 

of Mogote Peak. 

This is a very heavy, thiek-walled species 

throughout, and in section rn.ay be easily distinguished from any of the other Cuban or 

West Indian species. 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville. 

Plate XXXII, figures 1-5. 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and Douville, Soc. geol. 

France, Paleontologie, Mem. B2, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 1; 

pl. 3, fig. 5, 1904. 

Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. BuU. 103, p. 91, pl. 34, 

figs. 1-6, 1918. 

Test comparatively small, diameter of largest 

specimens slightly less than 4 millimeters, 

thickness a little more than one-fourth the 

diameter; circular in outline, central portion 

somewhat raised and evenly rounded, near the 

periphery flattened or even slightly concave; 

surface in well-preserved specimens finely 

granular or even finely papillate hut not 

strongly so, often appearing smooth to the 

unaided eye. In worn specimens the surface 

appears as a series of regular hexagonal, honeycomb-like reticulations due to the edges of the 

lateral chambers. 

In vertical section the lateral chambers are 

seen to be arranged in vertical columns, one 

directly above another, from the equatorial 

chambers to the surface, about 12 chambers 

in each vertical column in the central region, 

the lateral walls hardly thicker than the upper 

or lower surfaces. Chamber of adjacent columns arranged alternately; no distinct columns 

present. Equatorial chambers gradually increasing in size toward the periphery, single 

throughout, extending peripherally beyond the 

lateral chambers and in surface view in wellpreserved specimens appearing as a hexagonal 

reticulation. Embryonic chambers nearly 

equal in size, nearly semicircular in section, 

their common wall straight. 

The horizontal section shows the equatorial 

chambers regularly hexagonal; those toward the 

periphery the largest. Embryonic chambers 

similar to those shown in the vertical view. 

Lemoine and R. Douville described and figured this species from Pefi.ablanca, Panama, 

and also noted it from Martinique and Angola. 

The material from Panama recorded by Dall 

and by Bagg 1 as Orbitoides forbesi Carpenter 

(catalogue No. 135216, U.S.N. M.) is Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville. Figures 

1, 3, 4, and 5 in Plate XXXII are from material collected by Hill at Bohio, Panama, where 

it is very abundant. This is the same station 

as 6027 of Vaughan and MacDonald (orbitoidal 

marl, a quarter of a mile northwest of Bohio 

railroad station). In this material L. canellei is 

very abundant and makes up a considerable 

proportion of the marl. 

Specimens in the collection of the U.S.N. M. 

(catalogue No. 107158) from the Oligocene of 

of Trinidad (Leda bed, N aparina), collected by 

Guppy, are also very evidently Lepidocyclina canellei. 

Specimens of L. canellei were very abundant 

at station 6891, foraminiferal limestone at 

Balamonas, Canal Zone, where they were collected by D. F. MacDonald. 

A limestone at station 6892, 450 feet south 

of switch at Mamei, Canal Zone, contains numerous specimens also collected by MacDonald, 

of a Lepidocyclina which in general shape in 

section resembles L. canellei, but the material 

is very cherty and the finer structure is not 

well preserved. 

1 Hill, R. T., The geologic history of the Isthmus of Panama: Harvard 

Coli. Mus. Camp. Zool. Bull., vol. 28, pp. 2i2, 2i5, 1898. 
76 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

A few small weathered specimens from station 6019a, Gaillard Cut, opposite Las Cascadas, and from station 6023, along the relocated 

line of the Panama Railroad at Rio Frijol, 

seems to belong to this species also. They 

occur in the Culebra formation. 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville var. 

yurnagunensis Cushman. 

Plate XXXII, figures 6, 7; Plate XXXIII, figures 1-9. 

Lepidocyclina surnatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and 

Chapman. 

Plate XXXIII, figures 10, 11. 

Orbitoides sumatrensis H. B. Brady, Geol. Mag., 2d ser., 

vol. 2, p. 536, pl. 14, fig. 3, 1875; Jaarb. Mijn. Ned. 

Oost.-Indii.'., voL 7, pt. 2, p. 165, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1878. 

Newton and Holland, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 

7th ser., vol. 3, p. 259, pl. 10, figs. 7-12, 1899. 

Lepidocyclina sumatrensis Jones and Chapman, in Andrews, 

A monograph of Christmas Island, London, p. 244, 

pl. 20, fig. 6, 1900. 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville var. Newton and Holland, Tokyo Coli. Sci. Jour., vol. 27, 

· c h C · I W h' art. 6, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 7, 1903. 

Yurnagunensts us man, arneme nst. as 1ngton · o~ Lemoine and R. Douville, Soc. geol. Fra nee, Pal eon Pub. 291, p. 57, pl. 12, figs. 7, 8, text figs. 6a:, 6b, 1 . 1 M' 

1919. to og1e, vo . 12, ~ em. 32, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 2, 

fig. 15; pl. 3, fig. 6, 1904. 

Test differing from the typical form of the Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 291, p. 

species mainly in the form of the lateral 60• pl. 12• figs. 3• 4• 19

19. 

chambers, which are somewhat broader and Test small, discoidal, thickened in the central 

with the upper wan · decidedly arched; portion, from which it tapers gradually to the 

embryonic chambers either two, subequal or subacute periphery; central protuberant porvery unequal, or several, the equatorial tion more or less pustulate throughout, but 

chambers hexagonal or obscurely diamond these protuberant spots of small size and 

shaped. · · covering the larger part of the area more or 

Type material from U. S. G. S. station less evenly; surface otherwise smooth; 

7548, flexure 2 miles south of Yurnaguna, periphery thin. 

Cuba; collected by 0. E. Meinzer. Vertical sections show the general form and 

At this station the material is composed curvature of the test, pillars entirely lacking, 

largely of this species, as is shown by the lateral chambers with the outer surface consection in Plate XXXII, figure 7. None of vex, three or four times as wide as high; 6 

these sections happens to be exactly vertical. to 10 chambers in a vertical column. 

The variety shows the embryonic characters Horizontal sections show the embryonic 

of all three of H. Douville's subgenera-equal chambers, which are unequal, the larger curved 

chambers, as in the type from Panama, about the smaller semicircular one; equatorial 

Isolepidina (Pl. XXXIII, -fig. 4); unequal, chambers irregularly hexagonal or lozenge 

one srnall, the other partly encircling and shaped. 

kidney shaped, as in Nephrolepidina (Pl. Diameter, 2 to 5 millimeters. 

XXXIII, figs. 5-8); and with two irregular L. sumatrensis has been found In Cuba at 

large embryonic chambers and two or more the following stations: 

small ones, as in Pliolepidina (Pl. XXXIII, 7513. Limestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins Ocujal 

fig. 9). The last-mentioned condition is also · trail; 0. E. Meinzer, collector. 

shown in Plate XXXII, figure 6_ 7516. West end of Los Melones Mountain; 0. E. Meinzer, 

collector. 

In gross appearance, color, and general 7519. Limestone from drift near top of landslide next 

characters this material very strikingly north of Los Melones; 0. E. Meinzer, collector 

resembles that from Bohio, Panama, the type 7543. Limestone outcrop on east side of Yateras River; 

locality for L. canellei. 0. E. Meinzer, collecter. 

Specimens of this variety seem to be present 7554. South of El Jigue, 5 miles above mouth of Yateras 

River, on west side; 0. E. Meinzer, collector. 

in the Antiguan material from Hodges Bluff · 7664. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Jamaica, 

(U. S. G. S. station 6862) and Rifle Butts northeast of Guantanamo; N. H. Darton, collector. 

(U. S. G. S. station 6854). This species was described by Brady from 

Other Cuban localities are stations 7516, Sumatra. It is recorded elsewhere in the east 

west end of Los Melones Mountain, and 7543, from Formosa and the East Indies, and Lelimestone on the east side of Yateras River; moine and R. Douville record it from Italy, 

0. E. Meinzer, collecter. Spain, and France. 
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMINA AND LFPIDOCYCLINA. 77 

In Cuba it occurs usually in company with 

L. morgani, and in this connection it is interesting to note that both species are listed by 

Lemoine and R. Douville from all four of the 

stations in Spain and from three of the four 

stations in France. 

This species may easily be distinguished 

from L. morgani by its lack of pillars. The pustulate appearance of L. sumatrensis is due to 

the convex surface of the lateral chambers, 

those of adjacent columns being of unequal 

height at the surface. A figure, evidently of 

this species, by Miss O'Connell 1 shows a vertical section at the left. The specimen came 

from a limestone quarry at Arroyo Seboruco, 

12 miles from Felton, Cuba. 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman.. 

Plate XXXIV, figures 1-3. 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman,·U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 94, pl. 40, figs. 1-6, 1918. 

Test circular, rather small, about 5 to 7 

millimeters in diameter, thickest in the central 

region, thence gradually sloping to the periphery, which for a short distance in from the 

edge is nearly flat; wall rather-smooth except 

the central portion of the umbonal region, 

which has a few pustule-like raised spots at the 

surface ends of the vertical pillars. 

The vertical section shows the test widest in 

the middle, gently sloping nearly to the periphery, edges nearly parallel for a short distance 

to the peripheral edge or even slightly increasing in thickness. Lateral chambers in the central portion in definite vertical columns, occasionallyslightlyoverlapping. Equatorial chambers not increasing very rapidly in height in 

megalospheric specimens, those at the periphery hardly more than double the height of 

those near the center of the test. Ernbryonic 

chambers in the megalospheric forrn large, 

usually of two nearly equal chambers, but in 

oblique cutting these may appear somewhat 

unequal. (See Pl. XXXIV, fig. 2.) 

Horizontal sections show chambers somewhat 

similar to those of L. vaughani but with the 

inner half of two walls at nearly right angles, 

the outer wall broadly rounded. The oblique 

section (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 3) shows the pillars. 

The type locality for this species is U. S. 

G. S. station 6523, orbitoidal limestone 

1 Kemp, J. F., Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., vol. 51, fig. 6, 1916. 

2 miles north of David, Panama, collected by 

D. F. MacDonald, Specimens were abundant 

at this station, occurring with L. panamensis 

and L. multiplicata. 

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman. 

Plate XXXIV, figures 4-6. 

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 94, pl. 39, figs. 1-6; pl. 42, 1918. 

Test circular, small; central portion very 

strongly umbonate, thick, rapidly decreasing 

in thickness peripherally; peripheral portion 

thin and flattened; the raised central portion 

only one-third to one-fifth the entire diameter, 

which ranges from 3 to 6 millimeters, with 

occasional specimens, perhaps representing the 

microspheric form, 10 or 12 millimeters in 

diameter; surface smooth except for the urnbona! portion, which has a few large pustulelike projections marking the ends of the internal 

pillars. 

The vertical section shows very peculiar embryonic chambers, not the usual type for American species, but with a broad and much 

flattened central chamber two to four times as 

broad as high and a compressed, partly encircling chamber, in section usually cut on the 

opposite sides of the central chamber. Th~se 

central chambers in section are nearly as wide 

as the whole umbonal portion of the test. In 

some specimens there seems to be an irregular 

mass of three or four more or less nearly spherical chambers. Lateral chambers usually about 

twice as wide as high, the outer wall often 

somewhat arched toward the exterior of the 

test, arranged in vertical columns. Pillars not 

distinct except in the central portion, where 

there are a few strong ones increasing rather 

rapidly in diameter toward the periphery, usually about 9 or 10 chambers in a .vertical column in the center of the umbilical region. The 

peripheral region has but a thin coating of 

lateral chambers, the last-formed layer present 

only on the outer half of the periphery and 

often none at all present on the last quarter of 

the test toward the periphery, the surface being 

made up by the upper and lower walls of the 

equ~torial chambers. Equatorial ch~mbers 

numerous, comparatively broad, the peripheral 

wall convex outward toward the periphery, the 

chambers at least as wide as high. 

In horizontal section the equatorial chambers 

appear usually somewhat irregularly hexagonal 
78 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1919. 

near the center, more or less rhomboid toward Lezard, St. Bartholomew; T. W. Vaughan, 

the periphery, with the outer peripheral wall collector. Material apparently weathered out 

curved. from the matrix is abundant here and also at 

So far as described material is concerned station 6897 b, point between Colombier Point 

this is an unusual form for American species and bay next to St. Jean Bay, St. Bartholoof Lepidocyclina, especially in its embryonic mew; T. W. Vaughan, collector. Hand spedchambers. mens showing sections of this heavy-pillared 

Type specimen, vertical sections (U.S.N. M. species were abundant in a hard, cherty matecatalogue No. 324741). The species is fairly rial at stations 6902, in the southeast section 

abundant at stations 6586 e and 6587, near of the southwest side of the island near .Negre 

the mouth of Tonosi River, Panama; D. F. Point, St. Bartholomew, at an elevation of 360 

MacDonald, collector. It was also collected feet, and 6903, N. 67° E. from summit of Negre 

by MacDonald at station 6512, in the river Point across low saddleback of point, at an 

bed at David, Panama. altitude of 220 feet. 

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman. 

Plate XXXV, figures 4, 5. 

This species is related in 'many ways to 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman, from the 

white limestone at David, Panama. The general vertical section is much more heavily pil- Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman, Carnegie Inst. Washington 

P b 291 63 1 3 fi 3 1919 lared in L. antillea, althou2:h the figure, not u . 'p. 'p. ' g. ' . ....., 

Test compressed, circular, rather· evenly 

biconvex, lenticular; central portion highest, 

thence gradually thinning toward the periphery; central area strongly papillate: remainder of the surface less strongly so. 

The vertical section shows equatorial chambers increasing in height toward the periphery, 

those of the central region measuring less than 

0.1 millimeter, those of the periphery as much 

as 0.5 millimeter in height; outer wall of the 

equatorial chambers very squarely truncated. 

Lateral ~hambers not numerous, in the central thickened region only 6 or 7 chambers in 

a column, and this number is gradually reduced 

toward the periphery. Central region and 

whole test in lesser degree marked by . very 

heavy and numerous pillars, greatest width 

near the outer end, thence gradually tapering 

toward the center; outer ends rounded, forming the papillae of the surface. In the central 

region the surface area occupied by the pillars 

is greater than that taken up by the lateral 

chambers. 

In horizontal section, or at least in the somewhat broadly oblique section, the equatorial 

chambers are of the curved Lepidocyclina form 

instead of the more typical hexagonal shape. 

Diameter of test averages about 5 millimeters. 

The type locality for this species is U. S. 

G. S. station 6897, conglomerate and sand· 

stone below upper limestone bed, Anse Ecaille 

side of point between Anse Ecaille and Anse 

being exactly central, shows this much less 

strongly than many of the weathered sections 

in hand specimens. The material from the 

white limestone at David, Panama (U. S. G. S. 

station 6512), referred to as L. panamensis, 

may belong to L. antillea, and also the sections 

resembling L. macdonaldi. 

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman. 

Plate XXXV, figures 1-3. 

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 

103, p. 96, pl. 41, figs. 2-4, 1918. 

Test of medium Size, 10 to 14 millimeters 

in diameter, very much thickened in the umhonal region, usually the thickness about onehalf the diameter; central portion without the 

flattened periphery, subspherical, thinning rapidly toward the periphery, then thickening 

again at the margin, which is doubly plicate 

in some of the best-preserved specimens. . Surface of the umbonal portion studded with 

numerous fine papillae marking the surface 

terminations of the pillars; peripheral portion 

nearly smooth. 

The vertical section shows the embryonic 

chambers as very small, apparently microspheric in the specimens sectioned, appearing 

spiral, as is usual · in the microspheric form. 

Lateral chambers numerous, flattened or lenticular, the numerous pillars as wide as or 

wider than the intermediate columns of chambers, especially in the central portion; rapidly 

increasmg in size toward the surface. Equa-
AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHOPHRAGMIN A AND LEPIDOCYCLIN A. 79 

torial chambers very small near the center~ 

gradually increasing in size toward the periphery, where they become multiple instead of 

single, as is usually the case, and make three 

or four vertical series, each with numerous fine 

apertural pores on the outer convex wall. 

The horizontal section shows the increase 

in size of the equatorial chambers, which toward tho center seem hexagonal and toward 

the periphery almost rhomboid, with the outer 

half convex. 

Of somewhat similar character in respect to 

the duplication of equatorial chambers are 

L. multipartita (Martin), fr0m Java, and L. 

insulce natalis var. ineq_nalis (Jones and Parker), 

from Christmas Island. 

Type specimen, U. S. N. M. catalogue 

No. 324742. Specimens were very abundant, 

weathered out of an orbitoid limestone, 2 

miles north of David, Panama; D. F. MacDonald, collector. They occur also with other 

species of Lepidocyclina at station 6586e, near 

the mouth of Tonosi River; D. F. MacDonald, 

collector. 

Lepidocyclina kempi (O'Connell) Cushman. 

Orbitoides kempi O'Connell, Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., 

vol. 51, p. 13, figs. 5, 6, 1916. 

Under the name Orbitoides kempi Miss 

O'Connell figured sections from a limestone 

quarry at Arroyo Seboruco, 12 miles from 

Felton, Cuba. Although the description is 

not very clear, the figured section (fig. 5) 

shows the species to belong to the genus 

Lepidocyclina. Measurements given are, total 

diameter, 7 + millimeters; central thickness, 

2.5 millimeters. The general characters that 

can be made out from the description and 

figures would seem to indicate that it may very 

probably be L. marginata (Michelotti). This 

suggestion is strengthened by the fact that in 

figure 6 appears a vertical section, very evidently of L. sumatrensis Brady, a species, so 

far as seen in the Cuban material I have 

examined, occurring with L. marginata in four 

out of eight stations. I have refrained from 

placing this definitely as a synonym of L. 

marginata until specimens are available for 

comparison. 

PLATES XII-XXXV. 

81 
PLATE XII. 

Lepidocyclina m.antelli (Morton) GUmbel (p. 57}. 

FIGURE 1. Smface view, X 2, megalospheric form. St. Stephens Bluff on Tombigbee River, Ala. (U. S. G. S. 

station 298). 

FIGURE 2. Smface view, X 2, microspheric form. West bank of Conecuh River at bend about a quarter of a mile below 

mouth of Sepulga River, Escambia County, Ala. (U. S. G. S. station 6748). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view, X 2, microspheric form. 7 miles west of Claiborne, 2 miles east of Howards Landing, Monroe 

County, Ala. (U. S. G. S. station 2397). 

FIGURE 4. Transverse section, X 10, showing the very slight increase in the height of the equatorial chambers. Limestone 6 miles southeast of Shubuta, on Carson Creek, Miss. (U. S. G. S. station 2636). 

FIGURE 5. Transverse section, X 15. North side of Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Clarke County, Ala. 

(U. S. G. S. station 3296). 

82 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XII 

1 

2 

B 

5 4 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XIII 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XIII. 

Lepidocyclina mantelli (Morton) GUmbel (p. 57). 

Accidental section of microspheric specimen, >< 9, showing the equatorial chambers and the irregular width of the 

annuli. White limestone 2 miles southwest of Whatley Station, Clarke County, Ala. (U. S. G. S. station 2956). 

83 
PLATE XIV. 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAl, PAPER 125 PLATE XIV 

1 

2 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XV 

3 

2 

1 

5 

AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
PLATE XV. 

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman n. sp. (p. 60). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of type specimen, X 5, from the Guallava sandstone of Cost:;~, Rica (U. S. N. M. No. 135220). 

Lepidocyclina undulata Cushman (p. 60). 

FIGURE 2. Portion of section showing the equatorial chambers, X 20, from lower bed at Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6862). 

FIGURE 3. Similar section, X 20, from Rifle Butts, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6854). 

FIGURE 4. Vertical section, X 20 (U.S. G. S. station 6862). 

FIGURE 5. Rock specimen, natural size, largely made up of Lepidocyclina undulata (A) and L. favosa (B). Bluffs 

on north side of Willoughby Bay, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6881). 

85 
PLATE XVI. 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60). 

FIGURE 1. Vertical section, X 15, showing the pillars of the central portion. Ocala limestone, east bank of Flint River 

6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. station 7130). 

Lepidocyclina hilli Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of type specimen, X 15, showing the reticulate character of the exterior with the few pillars 

of the central portion. Guallava sandstone of Costa. Rica. 

86 
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XVI 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 125 PLATE XVII 

3 

. AMERICAN SPECIES OF LEPIDOCYCLINA. 
Lepidocydina georgiana ushman, n. sp. (p. 60). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of megalospheric specimen, X 2. :igher umbo than in larger microspheric specimen (fig. 2). 

Ocala limestone, east bank of Flint River 6 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. d-. S. 7130). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of microspheric specimen, X 2. 0 ala limestone. 

FIGURE 3. Surface details of umbonal portion, X 10. Ends )f pillars appear as pustule-like projections. Ocala limestone, JRed Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles abov Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. station 3387). 

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PLATE XVIII. 

Lepidocyclina georgiana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 60). 

FIGURE 1. Peripheral portion of specimen showing the surface ornamentation and near the edge the section of the 

equatorial chambers, X 10. Flint River, Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. station 6161). 

FIGURE 2. Very large specimen, exterior, X 2, showing the umbo and in places the equatorial chambers. Ocala limestone at Red Bluff, on Flint River 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. station 3387). 

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PLATE XIX. 

Lepidocydina gigas Cushman (p. 63). 

FIGURES 1, 2. syface views of microspheric specimens, with the umbonal portion not greatly raised, natural size. 

Lo'fer bed, Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6862). 

FIGURE 3. Surfaf e view of megalospheric specimen with prominent umbo, natural size. Sam3 locality as figures 1, 2. 

FIGURE 4. Secti1n showing: the subequal embryonic chambers and the hexagonal equatorial C'hambers, X 20. Rifle 

Bur s, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6854). . 

Lepiclocyclina gigas va1r. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63). 

FIGUP.E 5. Tran erse section, X 5. Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

131049 -20-8 89 
PLATE XX. 

Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of portion of same specimen, X 15, showing pitted, reticulate pattern produced by the erosion 

of the surface. 

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PLATE XXI. 

Lepidocyclina gigas var. mexicana Cushman, n. var. (p. 63). 

FIGURE 1. S rface view, X 2. Meson formation, Meson, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 

FIGURE 2. S rface view, X 2. San Rafael formation, Topila Hills, near Tampico, Mexico. 

FIGURE 3. V rtical sections, X 10. San Rafael formation, Cerro Cortaclo, Topila Hills, Mexico. 

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PLATE XXII. 

Lepidocyclina fragilis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 63). 

FIGURE l. Surface view, X 5. Ocala limestone at mouth of cavern, 200 yards southwest of wagon bridge over Chipola 

River east of Marianna, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 7195). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of portion of specimen, X 10. Ocala limestone, left bank of Suwannee River above bridge of 

Florida Railway, Suwannee County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 7337). 

Lepidocyclina chaperi Lemoine and R. Douville (p. 64). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view, X 5. Upper part of Culebra formation, Panama Railroad, southern switch, Bohio Ridge, 

Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6025). 

FIGURE 4. Portion of horizontal section, showing early chambers of the microspheric form, X 20. West side of Gaillard 

Cut near Las Cascadas, Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6019j). 

Lepidocyclina vaughani Cushman (p. 64). 

FIGURE 5. Specimen showing equatorial chambers and umbo, X 10. Emperador limestone in cuttings of the Panama 

Railroad near Caimito Junction, Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6021). 

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PLATE XXIII. 

Lepidocyclina «::hattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 65). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view, X 5. Five miles south of Jack-;on, Ala. (U. S. G. S. station 3647). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of central portion of same specimen, ~hawing the pitted umbonal1:egion, X 10. 

FIGURE 3. Edge view of weathered specimen, X 5. Old factory about 1! miles above Bainbridge, Ga. (U. S. G. S. 

station 3397). 

FIGURE 4. Yertical section of weathered specimen, X 10. Chattahoochee formation at Cato Glenn's well, 4! miles 

southeast of Bainbridge, Ga. 

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PLATE XXIV. 

Lepidocyclina chattahoocheensis Cushman, n. sp. (p. 65). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view, X 5. Chattahoochee formation, Red Bluff on Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Ga. 

upper fossiliferous horizon (U. S. G. S. station 3388). · 

FIGURE 2. Central portion of same specimen, X 10. 

Lepidocyclina pseudocarinata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 66). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view, X 5. Ocala limestone, left bank of Suwannee River at Branford, Suwannee County, Fla. 

(U. S. G. S. station 7341). 

FIGURE 4. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone, Cummer Lumber Co.'s phosphate plant No. 6, 1! 

miles south of Newberry, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 6812). 

Lepido<;yclina cookei Cushman, n. sp. (p. 66). 

FIGURE 5. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone (U. S. G. S. station 6812). 

FIGURE 6. Central portion of same specimen, X 10. 

Lepidocyclina attenuata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 67). 

FIGURE 7. Surface view, X 2. Ocala limestone, Richards quarry, Ocala, Fla. 

FIGURE 8. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Ocala limestone, quarry of Franklin Phosphate Co., 1! miles north. 

west of Newberry, Alachua County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 6814). 

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PLATE XXV. 

Lepidocydina floridana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 67). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of type specimen, X 10, showing reticulate surface without pillars and strong saddle shape. 

Ocala limestone, quarry one-eighth mile southeast of Martins Station, 9 miles north of Ocala, Fla. (U. S. 

G. S. station 6808). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of similar specimen, X 10, from same locality. 

Lepidocyclina undosa Cushman (p. 68). 

FIGURE 3. Rock specimen largely composed of Lepidocyclina undosa, from Long Island, Antigua, Leeward Islands 

(U. S. G. S. station 6869). 

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PLATE XXVI. 

Lepidocyclina perundosa Cushman (p. 68). 

FIGURE 1. Section through the embryonic chamber and portions of two sides of the saddle-shau,ed test, X 10. Nuevitas, 

Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

Lepidocyclina pseudomarginata Cushman, n. sp. (p. 69). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of young specimen with the peripheral portion not greatly developed, X 5. Ocala limestone, 

Suwannee River at Dowling Springs, Suwannee County, Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 7338). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view ot type specimen, >< 5. Ocala limestone, Archer, Fla. (U.S. G. S. station 3683). 

FIGURE 4. Central portion of same specimen, X 10. 

Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douville (p. 69). 

FIGURE 5. Surface view, X 2. Byram marl, bluff just above th~ second sawmill' o:r:i the river, horizon No.2 from the 

top, Vicksburg, Miss. (U. S. G. S. station 3722). ~ 

FIGURES 6, 7. Aberrant specimens, X 2. Byram calcareous marl, west bank of-Peafl:River, Byram, Hinds County, 

Miss. (U. S. G. S. station 5623). ' . 

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PLATE XXVII. 

Lepidocyclifa mortoni Cushman, n. sp. (p. 70). 

FIGURE 1. Vertical section, X 20, showing thJ numerous large, wedge-shaped pillars. 

FIGURE 2. Vertical section, X 15, showing th~ very heavy walls and the comparatively small chamber spaces. 

FIGURE 3. Oblique section, X 20, showing th® relative arrangement of pillars and chambers. 

FIGURE 4. Horizontal section; X 20, showing fhe equatorial chambers. 

All specimens from bluff at Montgomery, Grant Parish, La. (U. S. G. S. station 4270). 

131049°-20--9 97 
PLATE XXVIII. 

Lepidocyclina mortoni Cushman, n. sp. (p. 70). 

FIGURE 1. Enlarged surface view, X 10, showing the surface distribution of the ends of the pillars. Bluff at Mont. 

gomery, Grant Parish, La. (U.S. G. S. station 4270). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of same specimen, X 2. 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 71). 

FIGURE 3. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. Ocala limestone, quarry No. 1, Florida Lime Co., Ocala, Fla. (U. S. 

G. S. station 6804). 

FIGURE 4. Portion of the surface of another specimen, X 10. Johnson's lime sink, Levy County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. 

station 365). -

Lepidocyclina ocalana var. subdecorata Cushman, n. var. (p. 72). 

FIGURE 5. Surface view of type specimen, X 2. Johnson's lime sink, Levy County~ Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 365). 

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PLATE XXIX. 

Lepidocyclina ocalana Cushman, n. sp. (p. 71). 

FIGURE 1. Vertical section, X 20. Ocala limestone, plant No. 3, Florida Lime Co., 6! miles north of Ocala, at Zuber 

post office, Marion County, Fla. (U. S. G. S. station 6807). 

FIGURE 2. Opposite half of same section. 

FIGURE 3. Horizontal section, X 20, of microspheric form of the species from same locality. 

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PLATE XXX. 

Lepidocyclina subraulinii Cushman (p. 73). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of type specimen, X 5. Nuevitas, Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 3478). 

FIGURE 2. Slightly oblique section, showing a few of the equatorial chambers and the pillars and lateral chambers, X20 

Limestone at Sierra Guaso, Cuba (U. S. G. S .. station 7666). 

FIGURE 3. Portion of vertical section, X 20, showing equatorial and lateral chambers and the numerous pillars. Same 

locality as figure 2. 

FIGURE 4. Portion of verticalsection, X 15. Meson formation, San Jose de las Rusias, Mexico. 

FIGURE 5. Larger portion of same specimen, X 10. 

FIGURE 6. A few of the outer chambers in vertical section X 20, showing the perforations in the peripheral wall of the 

equatorial chambers. Same locality as figure 4. 

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PLATE XXXI. 

Lepidocyclina marginata (Michelotti) Lemoine and R. Douville (p. 73). 

FIGURE 1. Surface view of specimen, X 5. Limestone o:r'! south side of Los Melones Mountain, near west end, near 

Guantanamo, Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 7518). 

FIGURE 2. Surface view of smaller specimen, X 5, from same locality. 

Lepidocyclina crassata Cushman (p. 74). 

FIGURE 3. Oblique section, X 20. Orbitoidallimestone outcrop where Palmer trail joins Ocujal trail, near Guantanamo, 

Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 7513). 

FIGURES 4, 5. Embryonic chambers, showing the thick wall and thin:1er ones of the subdivisions, X 60. Sections of 

limestone from drift near top of landslide next north of Los Melones, Cuba (U. S. G. S. station 7519). 

FIGURE 6. Vertical section of young specimen, X 40, from same locality. 

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PLATE XXXII. 

Lepidocyclina canellei Lemoine and R. Douville {p. 75). 

FIGURE 1. Vlew of exterior, X 10. Bohio, Panama (U.S.N. M. catalogue No. 135216). 

FIGURE 2. Horizontal section, X 20, showing hexagonal equatorial chambers and irregularities in the annuli due to 

repairs by the animal of breakage in the test. West side of Gaillard Cut near Las Cascadas, Panama 

(U. S. G. S. station 6019a). 

FIGURES 3, 4. Vertical sections, i.n figure 3, through the embryonic chambers, shown in figure 4, at one side. Bohio, 

Panama. 

FIGURE 5. Slightly oblique section, X 20, showing narrow zone of equatorial chambers and two broader zones of lateral 

chambers, the latter without plllars. Bohio, Panama. 

Lepidocyclina canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman (p. 76). 

FIGURE 6. Slightly oblique section, X 20, showing the embryonic chambers (Pliolepidina of Douville). Flexure 2 

miles south of Yurnaguna, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7548). 

FIGURE 7. Section of limestone, X 20, showing abundance of specimens of this variety. Same locality as figure 6. 

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PLATE JCX:XIII. 

Lepidocyclina canellei var. yurnagunensis Cushman, n. var. (p. 76). 

FIGURE 1. Lateral chambers, X 85. Type locality, flexure 2 miles south of Yurnaguna, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 75-48). 

FIGURE 2. Lateral chambers, X 85, closely resembling those of this variety (fig. 1). Hodges Bluff, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U. S. G. S. station 6862). 

FIGURE 3. Embryonic chambers w·ith the early equatorial chambers, X 85. Type locality (U.S. G. S. station 7548). 

FIGURE 4. Embryonic chambers, X 85 (L~olepidina form of Douville). Type locality. 

FIGURE 5. Embryonic chambers, X 85 (Nephrolepidina form of Douville). Type locality. 

FIGURE 6. Similar chambers, X 85. Limestone from east side of Yateras River, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7543). 

FIGURE 7. Simih~x chambers,>-: 8.S. Rifle Butts, Antigua, Leeward Islands (U.S. G. S. station 6854). 

FIGURE 8. Similarchambers, X 85. Hodges Bluff, Antigua (U. S. G. S. station 6862). 

FIGURE 9. Embryonic chambers, X 85 (Pliolepidina form of Douville). Limestone on east side of Yateras River, 

Cuba (U . S. G. S. station 7543). 

Lepidocyclina sumatrensis (H. B. Brady) Jones and Chapman (p. 76). 

FIGURES 10, 11. Vertical sections, X 20. Limestone at west end of Los Melones Mountain, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 

7516). 

Lepidocyclina morgani Lemoine and R. Douville (p. 7 4). 

FIGURE 12. Surface view, X 8. North slope of La Piedra, northeast of Guantanamo, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7664). 

FIGURE 13. Vertical section, X 20. Same locality as figure 12. 

FIGURE 14. Portion of vertical sedion, X 20. Limestone on east side of Yateras River, Cuba (U.S. G. S. station 7543),. 

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PLATE XXXIV. 

Lepidocyclina macdonaldi Cushman (p. 77). 

FIGURE 1. Exterior view, X 10, shov;ing pillars appearing at the surface as raised areas. Limestone 2 miles north of 

David, Panama (U.S. G. S. station 6523). 

FIGURE 2. Vertical section, X 20, showing embryonic chambers. Same locality as figure 1. 

FIGURE 3. Oblique sectio•J, X 20, showing equatorial and lateral chambers with pillars. Same locality. 

Lepidocyclina panamensis Cushman (p. 77). 

FIGURE 4. Embryonic chambers of megalospheric form showing spiral indications, X 85. Limestone 2 miles north 

of David, Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6523). 

FIGURE 5. Vertical section of megalospheric embryonic ch.ambers, X 85. Near mouth of Tonosi River, Panama (U.S. 

G. S. station 6586e). 

FIGURE 6. Section showing four specimens, all with the embryonic chamqers sectioned, X 20. Same locality as 

figure 5. 

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PLATE :XXXV. 

Lepidocyclina duplicata Cushman (p. 78). 

FrauRE l. Exterior view of type, X 5, showing raised center and depressed area inside the raised periphery. Limestone 2 miles north of David, Panama (U. S. G. S. station 6523). 

FIGURE 2. Portion of vertical section, X 20, showing great increase in width of equatorial zone, mu1tiplication of the 

chambers toward the periphery, heavy pillars, and wide lateral chambers. Same loc!:J,lity as figure 1. 

FIGURE 3. Portion of oblique section, X 20, showing pillam and lateral chambers with a few equatorial chambers 

having perforate peripheral walls. Same locality. 

Lepidocyclina antillea Cushman (p. 78). 

FIGURE 4. Vertical section, X 20, north 67° east from summit of N egre Point across low saddle back of point, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands (U.S. G. S. station 6903). 

FIGURE 5. Distribution of pillars and lateral chambers in horizontal section, X 60. Same locality as figure 4. 

131049°--20----10 105