REFERENCES TO PERTINENT DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS ON 

THE USE OF WOOD IN AIRCRAFT 

(Available for Reference at Forest Products Laboratory) 

August 1941 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

FOREST SERVICE 

FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY 

Madison,Wisconsin 

ln Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin 

Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Plywood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Propellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Properties, mechanica1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Properties physical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Seasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Specifications: 

Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Cork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Fastenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Glues and gluing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Kiln drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Lumber and timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Packing and marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Phenolic material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Plywood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Wing beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Structure, wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Struts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Veneer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Wing beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Wing ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Working stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Page 

13 

14 

16 

16 

18 

19 

19 

21 

21 

21 

22 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23 

24 

25 

26 

26 

27 

27 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

29 

30 

30 
Adhesives 

Animal glues: Their manufacture, testing, and preparation. F.P.L. 

Mimeo. R492. Rev. 1937. 

Artificial resin glues for plywood. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1055. Rev. 1939. 

Blood albumin glues: Their manufacture, testing, and preparation. 

F.P.L. Mimeo. R281-2. Rev. 1938. 

Cascin glues: Their manufacture, preparation, and applicatiion. F.P.L. 

Mimeo. R280. Rev. 1939. 

Contributions of synthetic resins to improvement of plywood properties, 

by Don Brouse. Paper presented at Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 

Jan. 10, 1939. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1212. 1939. 

Copper salts improve casein glue F.P.L. Tech. Note 170. Rev. 1930. 

Development of wood adhesives and gluing technic, by T. R. Truax. 

A.S.M.E. Trans. 1931; F.P.L. Mimeo. R947. 1932. 

A dry-glue method of laying veneer, by T. R. Truax. Veneers, Oct. 1930; 

F.P.L. Mimeo. R914. 

Effect of wood structure on glu penetration, by Eloise Cerry and 

T. R. Truax. Furn. Mfr. & Artison, apr. 1922. 

Glues for use with wood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 207. Rev. 1941. 

Important factors in gluing with animal gllue. F.P.L. Mimeo. R869. 

Improvement of wood by gluing with synthetic resin, by P. Brenner and 

C. Kraemer. Fachauschuss für Holzfragen. Mitteilungen 12 (1935). 

Trans. by G. Krafft. 

The Nature of Adhesion, by W. D. DeBruyne. The Aircraft Engin.; Sup. 

to Flight, Dec. 28, 1939. 

Overheating reduces strength of animal glue. F.P.L. Tech. Note 104. 

Physical properties of synthetic resin materials, by Meyer Fishbein. 

K.A.C.A. Tech Note 694. 1939. 

Properties and uses of artificial resin gllues, by Edgar Morath. Holz 

als Foh-und Werkstoff, Nov. 1937, Trans. by A. L. Gunn. 

Strength of commercial liquid glues. F.P.L. Tech. Note F-2 

Synthetic products as adhesives, by Fritz Ohl. Celatine, Leim, Klebstoffe, V.5, pp. 35-43 (1937). 

R1273 -3-
Water-resistant animal glue, by F.L. Browne and C. B. Hrubesky. Indus. 

& Engin. Chem., Feb. 1927; F.P.L. Mimeo. R10. Rev. 1933. 

Water-resistant cold press blood albuim glue. F.P.L Tech. Note 202. 

Rev. 1936. 

Water resistant glues. F.P.L. Tech Note F-4. Rev. 1940. 

Bending 

References to published literature on the bending of wood, by T. R. C. 

Wilson. Jan. 3, 1930. 

Wood bending, by T. R. C. Wilson. A.S.M.E. Trans. Wood Industries 

WDI-51-27, sept.-Dec. 1929; F.P.L. Mimeo. R966; with appendix (1941) 

on Apparatus for bending boat ribs. 

Coatings 

Aluminum coatings for moisture proofing wood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 228. 

Rev. 1940. 

Coatings for minimizing changes in the moisture content of wood. F.P.L. 

Tech. Note 181. Rev. 1933. 

Coatings that prevent end checks. F.P.L. Tech. Note 186. Rev. 1936 

Effectiveness of moisture-excluding coatings on wood, by G. M. Hunb. 

U. s. Dept. Agr. circ. 128. 1930 

Effectiveness of paints as protective coatings for wood, by F. L. Browne. 

Indus. & Engin. Chem., July 1936; F.P.L. Mimeo. R974. 

Efficiency of aluminum Leaf covering on airplane propellars, by A. C. 

Klauss. Sci. Amer. Mo., Feb. 1920. 

End coatings for logs and lumber, by L. Y. Teesdale. Amer. Paint Jour., 

Feb. 17, 1930. 

Moisture-resistant finishes for airplane woods. by M. E. Dunlap. W.A.C.A. 

Rpt. 85. 1920 (Out of print.) 

Uneven coatings on wood cause warping. F.P.L. Tech. Note D-12. 

Decay 

Cause and prevention of blue stain in wood. F.P.L. Tech Note 225. 

Rev. 1938. 

R1273 -4-
Decays and discolorations in airplane woods, by J. S. Boyce. U. S. 

Dept. Agr. Bul. 1128. 1923. (Out of print.) 

Dipping helps to conserve strength of lumber, by T. R. C. Wilson and 

C. A. Richards. the timberman, May 1938, Amer. Lbrman., May 21, 1938 

South. Lbrman., June 15, 1938; Hardwood Record, May 1938. 

The effect of Polyporus scheienitzii and Trametes pini on shockresistance, compression parallel to grain strength, and specific 

gravity of Sitka spruce, by R. H. Colley, T. R. C. Wilson, and 

R. F. Luxford. July 3, 1925. (F.P.L. Proj. 243-J1.) 

Killing molds on lumber by steaming. F.P.L. Tech. Note 136. 

Stains of sapwood and sapwood products and their control, by T. C. 

Scheffer and R. K. Lindgren. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bul. 714. 1940 

The Yellow-stain fungus and its offset on the strength of white oak, 

by R. E. Colley, T.R.C. Wilson, and R. F. Luxford. Apr. 8, 1924. 

(F.P.L. Proj. 243-J2.) 

The yellow stain on hardwood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 166. 

Design 

Airplane structures. U. S. War Dept. Tech Manual. (T.M. 1-410.) 1940. 

Airplane structures, by A. S. Niles and J. S. Newell. 2d od. N.Y., 

Wiley, 1940. 

Biplane wind combinations: Wind tunnel tests made to determine advantages 

resulting from combining different upper and lower wing sections on biplanes. U. S. War Dept., Bur. Aircraft Prod., Airplane Engin. Dept. 1918 

Janes's all the world's aircraft. Comp. and cd. by C. G. Grey and 

Leonard Bridgmar. London, Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd. 1939. 

(Issued annually.) 

Strength of aircraft elements. Army-Navy-Civil Committee. 

Stresses in diving and looping calculations of forces on an airplane in 

making steep dives and loops. Comarison of forces on Clark Tractor 

and Curtis JN2. U. S. War Dept., Bur. Aircraft Prod., Airplane Engin. 

Dept. 1918. 

Structures: Sec. 2, Pg. 4 of handbook of instruction for airplane designers, 8th ed. U. S. Army Air Corps, Material Div. 1936. 

Theory of plates and shells, by Stephen Timesheako. N. Y., McGraw-Hill, 

1940. (engin. Societies Monographs.) 

R1273 -5-
Wood in aircraft construction, by G. W. Trayer, Wash., D. C., Nati. 

Lbr. Mfrs. Assn. 1930. 

Wood in aircraft construction. Aircraft design data no. 12, by Forest 

Products Laboratory, issued by U. S. Navy Dept., U. S. Bureau Construct. 

& Repair, 1919. (Out of print.) 

Durability 

Effect of time of cutting timber on its durability. F.P.L. Tech. Note 

P-15. 

Factors that influence the decay of untreated wood in service and comparative decay resistance of different species, by G. M. Hunt. F.P.L. 

Mimeo. R68. Rev. 1941. 

Factors Affecting Strength 

Causes of brashness in wood, by Arthur Koehler. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. 

Bul. 342. 1933. 

Comparative strength of air-dried and kiln-dried wood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 

180. 

Compression wood cause of bowing and twisting, by M. Y. Pillow. Woodworking Indus., Nov. 1930; Wood Construction, Nov. 1, 1930; Jour. 

Forestry, Dec. 1930; Timberman, Nov. 1930; South. Lbrman., Mar. 1, 1931. 

Differences between heartwood and sapwood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 189. 

Rev. 1936. 

Effect of high temperatures on the mode of fracture and other properties 

of a hardwood, by M. Y. Pillow. Wood Working Indus., Oct. 1929; 

Hardwood Rec., June 1930; South. Lbrman., Oct. 15, 1929. 

Effect of high temperatures on the mode of fracture of a softwood, by 

Arthur Koehler and M. Y. Pillow. South. Lbrman., Dec. 19, 1925. 

The effect of Polyporus Schweinitzii and Trametes pini on shockresistance, compression parallel to grain strength, and specific 

gravity of Sitka spruce, by R. H. Colley, T. R. C. Wilson, and R. F. 

Luxford. July 3, 1925. (F.P.L. Proj. 243-J1.) 

Effect of rate of loading on the strength of wood, by H. S. Gromoble. 

Aug. 15, 1921. (F.P.L. proj. 121-1.) 

R1273 -6-
Effect of spiral grain on the strength of wood, by T. 

Jour. Forestry. Nov. 1921. 

The influence of the form of a wooden beam on its 

Pt. I: Deflection of beams with special reference 

by J. A. Newlin and G. W. Trayer. N.A.C.A. Rept. 

of print.) 

The influence of the form of a wooden beam on its 

R. C. Wilson. 

stiffness and strength; 

to shear deformations 

180. 1924. (Out 

stiffness and strength;

Pt. II: Form factors of beams subjected to transverse loading only, 

by J. A. Newlin and G. W. Thayer, N.A.C.A. Rept. 181. 1924. 

The influence of the form of a wooden beam on its stiffness and strength; 

Pt. III: Stresses in wood members subjected to combined column and 

beam action, 

1924. (Out 

Notes on the 

Sitka spruce 

Pitch pockets 

by J. R. 

The relation 

ash, by R. 

by J. A. Newlin and G. W. Thayer, N.A.C.A. Rept. 188. 

of print.) 

rate of loading and other 

for airplane design, by R. 

and their relation to the 

Watkins. Jour. Franklin Inst., 

between color and toughness 

H. Colley. Apr. 16, 1924. 

factors affecting the strength of 

F. Luxford. June 13, 1941. 

inspection of airplane parts, 

Aug. 1919. 

strength in commercial white 

(F.P.L. Proj. 243.) 

its shades of color, by R. F. 

221-1BJ1.) 

The strength of black walnut as related to 

Luxford. Apr. 11, 1923. (F.P.L. Proj. 

Structure, occurrence and properties of commpression wood, by M. Y. 

Pillow and R. F. Luxford. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 546. 1937. 

Structural timbers: Defects and their influence on strength, by J. A. 

Newlin and R. P. A. Johnson. A.S.T.M. proc., 1924. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1041. 

The yellow-stain fungus and its effect on the strength of white oak, by 

R. H Colley, T. R. C. Wilson, and R. F. Luxford, Apr. 8, 1924. (F.P.L. 

Proj. 243-J2.) 

Fastenings 

Bearing strength of bolts in wood, by H. S. Grenoble, Forest Products 

Laboratory, Pub. by U. S. Navy Dept., Bur. of Aeronaut., Tech. Note 

147. 1925. 

Bearing strength of wood under aircraft bolts and washers and other 

factors influencing fitting design, by G. W. Trayer. N.A.C.A. Tech. 

Note 296. Oct. 1928. 

The bearing strength of wood under bolts, by G. W. Trayer. U. S. Dept. 

Agr. Tech. Bul. 332. 1932. 

R1273 -6a- (p. 7 follows) 
Tests on the strength of screw fastenings for use in the design of metal 

tips for propeller blades. by H. S. Grenoble. June 25, 1923/ (F.P.L. 

Proj. 233-12.) 

Timber fastenings, pp. 119-148 U. S. Dept. Agr. Wood Handbook. Prepared 

by Forest Products Laboratory. 

Fireproofing 

Experiments in fireproofing wood: Fifth progress report, by C. A. Harrison and R. H. Baechler. Amer. Wood-Pres. Assn. Proc., 1935 F.P.L. 

Mimeo. R118. 

The fire proofing of wood, by T. R. Truax. Proc. Natl. Fire Protection 

Assn. F.P.L. Mimeo. R949. 1931. 

General 

Aeronautical periodicals and serials in the Library of Congress. 

Pt. 1, America; Pt. 2, British Empire. Wash., D. C., Library of 

Congress. 1938, 

Aircraft yearbook for 1940 Statistics, detailed description of industry. 

personnel, etc. N.Y., Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of Amer. 

Issued annually 

Journal of the aeronautical sciences. (Monthly) N. Y. 

Laboratory studies in relation to aircraft, by G. W. Trayer. The 

Military Engin., Nov.-Dec. 1929. 

Private and commercial aircraft manufactured under approved type certificates. Aero Digest, Mar. 1941. 

Summary of aircraft research problems suggested in Wilson's report, Wood 

in aircraft construction, Sept. 17 1940. (F.P.L. Proj. 302-4, Field 

Trip Report) 

Technical notes, U.S. Naby Dept. Bur. of Aeronautics. 

Gluing 

Chemical treatment of surfaces improves glue joints in certain woods. 

F.P.L. Tech. Note 232. 1930. 

Dry film gluing in plywood manufacture, by Ray Sorensen. Furniture 

Mfr., July 1933; July 1934. 

R1273 -7-
Gluing practice at aircraft manufacturing plants and repair stations, 

by T. R. Truax. N.A.C.A. Tech. Note 291. 1928. 

Gluing veneer at high moisture contents. F.P.L. Tech. Note F-11. 

Gluing wood in aircraft manufacture, by T. R. Truax. U. S. Dept. Agr. 

Tech. Bul. 205. 1930. 

Gluing wood in aircraft work, by T. R. Truax. A.S.M.E., Aeronaut. Div., 

Trans. 1928. 

The glluing of wood, by T. R. Truax. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1500. 1929 

Gluing wood treated with fire retardant chemicals, by Don Brouse. 

Aug. 17, 1933. (F.P.L. Proj. 179.) 

Gluing wood with various chemicals, by Don Brouse. Oct. 24, 1938. 

(F.P./L. Proj. 179.) 

Glue Joints 

Age and strength of glue joints, by Don Brouse. Wood Working Indus., 

June 1931; Hardwood Rec., Aug. 1931. 

Behavior of casein and blood glue joints, by Don Brouse. Furniture 

Mfr., Sept. 1934; Wood Products, Oct. 1934; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1050. 1934. 

Drying and conditioning glue joints. F.P.L. Mimeo. R475. Rev. 1935. 

The durability of glue joints, By Don Brouse. Oct. 18, 1930. (F.P.L. 

Proj. 157.) 

Effect of treating plywood with tetrachlorophenol, chlororthophenylphenol, 

and dinitrecalorobenzene on durability of glue joints, by Don Brouse. 

Apr. 18, 1940. (F.P.L. Proj. 157.) 

Effect of treating plywood with beta naphthol on durability of glue 

joints, by Don Brouse. May 26, 1939. (F.P.L. Proj. 157.) 

Effect of preservatives on the durability of glued joints, by C. E. 

Hrubesky. Oct. 22, 1927. (F.P.L. Proj. 157-3J37.) 

Effect of surfacing on the strength of the glued joint, by Don Brouse. 

June 25, 1925. (F.P.L. Proj. 157-3J32.) 

Efficiency of scarf joints glued with lauxity No. 4 glue, by R. F. 

Luxford. May 28, 1941. (F.P.L. proj. L-302-4 ND.) 

A Factory method for testing hardness of glue joints. F.P.L. Tech. Note 

223. 

R1273 -8-
Serviceability of glue joints. by Don Brouse. Mech. Engin., Apr. 1938; 

F.P.L. Mimeo. R1172. 1938. 

The significance of mechanical wood joint tests for the selection of 

woodworking glues, by T. R. Truax, F. L. Browne, and Don Brouse. 

Indus. & Engin. Chem., Jan. 1939; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1111. 

Starved glue joints. F.P.L. Tech. Note 193. 

Tooth-planing or sanding not necessary to effect strong glued wood 

joints. F.P.L. Tech Note 227. 1929. 

Strong and weak glue joints. F.P.L. Tech. Note 211. 

Identification 

Distinguishing characteristics of mahogany and woods commonly called 

mahogany. F.P.L. Tech Note 162. Rev. 1936 

Guidebook for the identification of woods used for ties and timbers, 

by Arthur Koehler. U. S. Dept. Agr. Unnumbered Pub. 1917. 

How to distinguish black ash from commercial white ash lumber. F.P.L. 

Tech. Note D-11. 

Identification of oak woods. F.P.L. Tech. Note 125. 

The identification of true mahogany, certain so-called mahoganies, and 

some common substututes, by Arthur Koehler. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 

1050. 1922. (Out of print.) 

Improved Wood 

Improved wood, by Ralph Casselman. Hardwood Rec., Jan. 1939. 

Manufacture and uses of improved wood, by C. H. Hayward. Wood, May, 1939. 

New structural materials: Applications of improved woods to highlystressed members, by A. H. Tiltman and A. E. Ellison. Aircraft 

Prod. Dec. 1938. 

(Protection and improvement of wood) Holzschutz und Holzveredlung), by 

Hans Hardert. Otto Elsner, Berlin, 1938. 

The use and testing of highly condensed wood, by Kurt Riechers. Holz 

als Roh-und Werkstoff, Mar. 1939. Trans. by Don Brouse. 

R1273 -9-
Inspection 

List of instruments for inspectors of airplane wood with notes regarding 

their use. 

Manual for the inspection of aircraft wood and glue for the U. S. Navy, 

by Forest Products Laboratory. U. S. Navy Dept., Bur. Aeronautics 

Rev. 1940. 

New toughness machine is aid in wood selection, by L. J. Markwardt. Wood 

working Indus., Jan. 1926; F.P.L. Mimeo. R976. 

See also Specifications. 

Kiln Drying 

Care and use of the hygrometer in kiln drying. F.P.L. Tech. Note 148. 

Casehardened lumber and warped products. F.P.L. Tech Note D-13. 

Detection and relief of casehardening. F.P.L. Tech Note 213. Rev. 1940. 

The drying rate of sugar maple as affected by relative humidity and air 

velocity, by O. W. Torgeson. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1264, Dec. 1940. 

The effect of kiln drying on the strength of airplane woods, by T. R. C. 

Wilson. N.A.C.A. Rept. 68. 1920. 

Function and calculation of ventilation in drying compartments, by O. W. 

Torgeson. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1265, Apr. 1941. 

How to accomplish rapid kiln drying. F.P.L. Tech. Note D-14. 

The kiln drying of woods for airplanes, by H. D. Tiemann. N.A.C.A. 

Rept. 65. 

Kiln drying handbook; by Rolf Thelen. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1136. 1929. 

Lessons in kiln drying, by M. D. Tiemann. Nashville, Tenn., South. Lbrman., 

1938. 110 p. 

Relation of moisture content and dry rate of wood to humidity of 

atmosphere, by Arthur Koehler. Amer. Lbrman., July 12, 1919; F.P.L. 

Mimeo. R509, rev. 1941. 

Simplified diagrams will aid in dry kiln operations, by R. C. Rietz 

Barrel & Box & Packages, May 1932. 

Simplifying the calculation of the quantity of air required in kiln drying lumber, by O. W. Torgeson. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1266, Apr. 1941. 

R1273 -10-
-- 

Use More stickers and save lumber; warping and end-checking may be greatly 

reduced by proper attention in piling on kiln trucks, by L. V. Teesdale. 

Lumber World Rev., Nov. 10, 1924. 

also see Specifications Kiln Drying. 

Kilns 

Air circulation in dry kilns. F.P.L. Tech. Note 199. 

List of dry kiln manufacturers and dry kiln engineers in the United 

States. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1031. 1940. 

Materials used in dry-kiln construction. F.P.L. Tech. Note 124. 

Reversible-circulation internal-fan kiln. F.P.L. Tech. Note 208. Rev. 1940. 

Smoke-making device for testing the circulation in kilns. F.P.L. Tech. Note 127. 

Laminated Construction 

On some elastic properties of laminated wood for constructional purposes, 

by E. B. Wolf and J G. van Ewijk. Congres 'Internatl. pour l'Essai 

des Materiauz, Amserdam. 19227, pp. 551-566. 

The glued laminated wooden arch, by T. R. C. Wilson. U. S. Dept. Agr. 

Tech. Bul. 691. 1939. 

Internal stresses in laminated construction, by A. L. Holm, A. C. Knauss, 

and Louis Seutter. N.A.C.A. Rept. 145. 1922. (Out of print.) 

Investigation of solid wood, plywood, and laminated wood in view of their 

uses in aircraft, by Wilhelm Kuch. Holz als Roh-und Workstaff, JulyAug. 1939. Trans. by A. L. Gunn. 

Stresses in laminated wood construction. F.P.L. Tech. Note 140. 

Materials 

Materials of aircraft construction, by H. J. Gough. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 

Jour., Nov. 1938. 

New structural materials: Applications of improved woods to highlystressed members, by A. H. Tiltman and A. E. Ellison. Aircraft Prod. 

Dec. 1938. 

Strength and characteristics of wood used in aircraft construction, by 

G. W. Trayer Symposium on aircraft materials, A.S.T.M. proc., 1930. 

Pt. 2, Tech. Papers. 

R1273 -11-
-- 

Supplies and production of aircraft woods, by W. H. Sparhawk. N.A.C.A. 

Rept. 67. 1919. 

Thiokol A new material for varied aircraft use. Aero Digest, July 1936. 

Methods 

Electrical moisture meters for wood, by M. E. Dunlap. F.P.L. Mimeo. 

R1146. Rev. 1939. 

A mechanical method for determing the quality of aircraft woods. (U.S. 

Civil Aeronaut. Authority Aircraft Airworthiness Sect. Rept. 18.) 1940. 

Method of determining moisture content of wood. F.P.L. Tech Note B-11. 

Method of determining the specific gravity of wood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 

B-14. 

Standard methods of conducting static tests of timbers in structural sizes. 

(D198-27) A.S.T.M. Proc., 1927. 

Standard methods of testing small cleqr specimens of timber. (D143-27) 

A.S.T.M. Proc. 1927. 

Moisture 

Controlling moisture changes in lumber in closed stroage sheds by J. S. 

Mathewson. Timberman, Feb. 1937; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1140. 

Correct moisture content of lumber. F.P.L. Tech. Note D-5. 

Effect of storage on the moisture content of lumber, by J. S. Mathewson. 

Hardwood Rec., July 1935; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1071. 

Electrical moisture meters for wood, by M. E. Dunlap. F.P.L. Mimeo. 

R1146. Rev. 1939. 

Humidity table for wet and dry bulb hygrometer. F.P.L. Tech. Note 1156 

An instrument for measuting wood equilibrium moisture content. F.P.L. 

Tech. Note 239. 1932. 

Moisture content change in lumber during rail shipment, by G.E. French. 

Timberman, Dec. 1927; F.P.L. Mimeo. R826. 

Moisture content of softwood lumber shipped from western mills in the 

summer, by E. C. Peck. Amer. Lbrman., Oct. 20, 1928; Timberman, Jan. 1929. 

Moisture content for aircraft wood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 230. 1930. 

R1273 -12-
Moisture equilibrium of wood under actual conditions of service, by 

A. L. Heim. (Proj. L-134-IJ4 - 2d Prog. Rept., Dec. 23, 1927.) 

Moisture content of wood at different humidities. F.P.L. Tech. Note F-13. 

Moisture content of wood in dwellings, by E. C. Peck. U. S. Dept. Agr. 

Circ. 239. 1932. 

A wide-range vacuum-tube resistance bridge, by I. I. Davies. Instruments 

Oct. 1937. 

Wood Moisture balance, by R. C. Rietz. Furniture Mfr., Apr. 1936. 

Nomenclature 

A hundred definitions pertaining to wood and other forest products. 

F.P.L. Tech. Note 240. 1932. 

Nomenclature for aeronautics. N.A.C.A. Rept. 474. 1933. 

What is meant by "hardwoods" and "softwoods." F.P.L. Tech Note 187. 

Plastics 

Aircraft possibilities of cellulose acetate plastics, by Alexander 

Klemm, Aero Digest, Nov. 1938, 

Compounding plastics and wood by a new process, by R. Decat. Illus. Aero 

Digest, Feb. 1941. 

Composite wood and plastic propeller blades, by F. E. Weick. Illus. 

S.A.E. Jour., June 1939. 

Design for a plastic wing, by Sidney Ireland. The Aeroplane, Mar. 18 

1936. (See also B-1.) 

A discussion about plastics. The aeroplane, Oct. 30, 1935. 

Improving the creep stress of plastics, by Aero Research Ltd. Feb. 19, 

1936, pp. 231-232. (See also F-1 and L-4.) 

The Increasing application of plastics, by H. Pennington. Aero Digest. 

July 1936. 

Laminated plastics for aircraft parts, by S. W. Place. Illus. Aero 

Digest, Jan. 1941. 

Materials in aircraft construction, by H.J. Gough. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 

Jour., Nov. 1938. 

R1273 -13-
-- 

-- 

Molded airplanes for defense. Illus. Mod. Plastics, July 1940. 

More about plastics. The Aeroplane, Feb. 10, 1937. 

Plastics as structural materials for aircraft. by G. M. Kline. N.A.C.A. 

Tech. Note 628, 1937: Modern Plastics, Aug.-Sept. 1938. 

Plastic materials; reinforced sythetic resins; some possible applications 

of plastics to the primary structure, by A. H. Tiltman and A. E. Ellison. 

Aircraft Prod., Jan. 1939. 

Plastic airplane. Illus. Modern Plastics, Mar. 1939. 

Plastics at Hatfield, by E. P. King. The Aeroplane, Feb. 17, 1937. 

Plastic materials for aircraft construction, by Marcus Langley. The 

Aeroplane, Oct. 9, 1935. 

Plastic airplane. Illus. Mech. Engin., July 1939. 

Plexiglas in aircraft, by G. P. Young. Aero. Digest, Feb. 1937. 

Structural considerations favoring plastics in aircraft structures, by 

C. E. Marschner. Illus. Modern Plastics. Sept. 1939. 

Synthetic resins in modern airplane construction, by H. N. Haut. Illus. 

Chem. Indus., Jan. 1941. 

Synthetic materials for aircraft constructions, by N. A. DeBruyne, The 

Aeroplane, Feb. 3, 1937. 

Test new method of making plastic aircraft wings. Wood Prod., Sept. 1940. 

Thickel A new material finds varied aircraft use. Aero Digest, 

July 1936. 

Towards the molded airplane. Anon. The Aeroplane, Oct. 9, 1935. 

Plywood 

Comparative strength of western hemlock and Douglas-fir plywood, by 

R. F. Lucford. May 16, 1941. 

The antishrink treatment of wood with synthetic resin forming materials 

and its application in making superior plywood, by A. J. Stamm and R. M. 

Seborg. South. Lbrman., Dec. 15, 1938; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1213. 

(Construction and gluing of plywod for aer4oplanes) Aufbau und verleimung 

von flugzeugsperrholz. by O. Kramer. Luftforschung, July 3, 1934. 

Tests made at the Aeronautical Experiment Station of Germany at BerlinAdlershof Notes by H. W. March. 

R1273 -14-
Contributions of synthetic resins to improvement of plywood properties, 

by Don Brouse. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1212. 1939. 

Data on the design of plywood for aircraft, by Armin Elmendorf. N.A.C.A. 

Rept. 84. 1920. (Out of print.) 

Exposure tests on birch plywood, by Don Brouse. Mech. Engin., Nov. 1938; 

F.P.L. Mimeo. R1185. 

Factors affecting the test values of casein water-resistant plywood, by 

Don Brouse. Thesis submitted for this degree of chemical engineering, 

Purdue University, 1927. 

Rot pressing technique for plywood, by T. D. Perry and M. F. Bretl. 

A.S.M.E. Trans. (WDI-60-3) Jan. 1938. 

Manufacture of casein water-resistant plywood, by Don Brouse. June 17, 

1926. (F.P.L. Proj. 225-13.) 

Mechanical test made on plywood, by L. J. Markwardt and Armin Elmendorf. 

Hardwood Rec., July 10, 1919. 

The mechanical properties of plywood, by Forest Products Laboratory. U. S. 

Navy Dept., Bur. Aeronaut. Tech. Note 35; U. S. Navy Dept. Bur. Construc. 

& Repair Aircraft Tech. Note 91. 1918. 

Methods of increasing durability of plywood, by Don Brouse. Wood Working 

Indus., Feb. 1932; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1125. 

Memorandum on the use of plywood for wing covering. by L. J. Markwardt 

Apr. 3, 1918. 

Molded airplanes for defense. Modern Plastics, July 1940. 

Notes on the manufacture of plywood, F.P.L. Mimeo R543. Rev. 1936. 

Properties of ordinary wood compared with plywood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 131. 

Resume of recent developments in wood, plywood, and conversion products 

of interest in aircraft construction by L. J. Markwardt. June 17, 1938. 

Some causes of warping in plywood and veneered products, by Don Brouse. 

Oct. 1940 F.P.L. Mimeo. R1252. 

Strength of screw fastening in plywood. F.P.L. Tech Note 149. 

Strength tests of screw fastenings of plywood, by H. S. Bronoble. Aerial 

Age Weekly, Jan. 31, 1921. 

Super-pressed plywood, by R. K. Bernard, T. D. Perry, and E. G. Stern. 

Mech. Engin., Mar. 1940. 

R1273 -15-
-- 

The technique of plywood, by C. B. Norris. Hardwood Rec., Mar. 1937 

July 1939. 

Tests on thin plywood as a substitute for linen in aeroplane construction, 

by Armin Elmendorf. Aerial Age, sept. 1, 1919. 

Twisted plywood panels, by T. R. Truax and Don Brouse. Wood Working 

Indus., June 1931. 

The uses and properties of water-resistant plywood, by Armin Elmendorf. 

A.S.T.M. proc., 1920. 

Propellers 

Aircraft propellers. U. S. War Dept. Tech. Manual (TM 1-412). 1940. 

The airplane propeller; Prepared by the Propeller Sect. Engin. Div., 

War Dept., McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio. 1920. 

Airplane propeller wastage reduced, by Rolf Thelen. Aviation & Aeronaut. 

Engin., May 1, 1919. 

The air propeller, its strength and correct shape, by H. Dietsius, from 

Tech. Ber. Feb. 1923. N.A.C.A. Tech. Note 127. 

Boxes for shipping propellers. U. S. Navy Dept., Bur. of Aeronaut. Tech. 

Note 105, 1923; Reprint T.N. 226, Aug. 30, 1922. 

Brazilian woods suitable for airplane manufacture, by E. F. Horn. 1919. 

The influences of atmospheric and manufacturing conditions on airplane 

propellers: Prelim. Rept., by A. L. Holm and A. C. Knauss. July 8, 

1920. (F.P.L. Proj. 233-1.) 

Instructions for finishing airplane propellers by the aluminum leafspirit varnish process, by M. E. Dunlap. Jan. 4, 1919. (F.P.L. 

Proj. 134-5.) 

Light weight material for propellers, by J. A. Newlin. Sept. 28, 1918. 

List of manufacturers of propellers for aircraft. Aug. 7, 1940. Dept. 

Commerce, Civil Aeronautics. 

Wood in propeller construction, by J. A. Newlin. F.P.L. Mimeo. R44. 1918. 

Properties, Mechanical 

Aircraft woods: Their properties, selection, and characteristics, by 

L. J. Markwardt. N.A.C.A. Rept. 354. 1930. Also F.P.L. Mimeo. R1079. 

R1273 -16-
Average strength and related properties of five foreign woods tested at the 

Forest Products Laboratory, by G. E. Heck. Furniture Index, Mar. 1937; 

F.P.L. Mimeo. R1139. 

Bearing strength of wood at angle to the grain, by J. A. Newlin. Engin. 

News-Record, May 11, 1939; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1203. 

The bearing strength of wood under blots, by G. W. Trayer. U. S. Dept. 

Agr. Tech. Bull. 332. 1932. 

Bearing strength of wood under steel aircraft bolts and washers and 

other factors influencing fitting design, by G. W. Trayer. N.A.C.A. 

Tech. Note 296. 1928. 

Comparative strength properties of woods grown in the United States, by 

L. J. Markwardt. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 158. 1930. 

The distribution and mechanical properties of Alaska woods, by L. J. 

Markwardt. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 226. 1931. 

Elastic instability of members having sections common in aircraft construction, by G. W. Trayer and H. W. March. N.A.C.A. Rept. 382. 1931. 

The mechanical properties of Panama mahogany. by C. V. Maudlin. Oct. 11, 1917. 

Mechanical properties of Batan mahogany, by C. V. Maudlin. Nov. 5, 1917. 

Mechanical properties of coratu (te4st of coratu for suitability in airplane propeller construction), by G. E. Heck, Jan. 15, 1918. 

Nail-holding power of American woods. F.P.L. Tech. Note 236. 1931. 

New method of calculating longitudinal shear in checked woden beams. 

J. A. Newlin, G. E. Heck, and E. W. March. A.S.M.B. Trans., Oct. 1934. 

The relation of the shrinkage and strength properties of wood to its 

specific gravity, by J. A. Newlin and T. R. C. Wilson. U. S. Dept. 

Agr. Bul. 676, 1919. 

Shear in checked beams, by J. A. Newlin. Amer, Ry. Engin. Assn. Bul. 364. 

1934. 

Splintering properties of airplane woods, by G. E. Heck. Automotive 

Indus., June 5, 1919; Soi. /Amer. Sup., Aug. 2, 1919. 

Standard terms for describing wood, by L. J. Markwardt and G. E. Heck. 

Jour. Forestry, Jan 1938; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1169. 

Strength values for various American and European species of wood: Results 

of tests on small clear specimens, by Forest Products Laboratory. 

Table, 1925. 

R1273 -17-
Strength and characteristics of wood used in aircraft construction, by 

G. W. Trayer. Symposium on aircraft materials. A.S.T.M. Proc., 1930. 

Pt. 2 - Tech Papers. 

Strength-moisture relations for wood, by T. R. C. Wilson. U. S. Dept. 

Agr. tech Bul. 282. 11932. 

Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States, by 

L. J. Markwardt and T. R. C. Wilson. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 479, 1955. 

The torsion of members having sections common in aircraft construction, 

by G. W. Trayer and H. W. March. N.A.C.A. Rept. 334. 1930. 

Toughness tests of airplane woods. Douglas-fir, coast type, by R. F.. 

Luxford. June 10, 1926. (F.P.L. Proj. 233-13.) 

Toughness tests of airplane woods, Sitka spruce, and white ash, by R. F. 

Luxford, July 24, 1924. (F.P.L. Proj. 233-13.) 

Toughness tests of propeller woods: White oak, by R. P. A. Johnson and 

W. B. Anthony. Aug. 1, 1923. (F.P.L. Proj. 233-13.) 

Toughness tests of airplane woods, yellow birch and black walnut for 

propeller construction, by H. F. Luxford and R. P. A. Johnson. Jan. 24, 

1924. (F.P.L. Proj. 233-13.) 

Properties, Physical 

Longitudinal shrinkage of wood. F.P.L. Tech. Note 234. 1930. 

Longitudinal shrinkage of wood, by Arthur Koehler. A.S.K.E. Trans.; Wood 

Indus., Apr. 1931; F.P.L. Mimeo. R1093. 

Minimizing shrinking and swelling of wood by replacing the water with nonvolatile materials, by A. J. Stamm and L. A. Hansen. Indus. & Engin. 

Chem., Dec. 1935; F.P.L. Mimeo R1062. 

Shrinkage of wood (series of 3 articles), by H. D. Tiemann, Barrel & Box, 

July, Aug., and Oct. 1929. 

Shrinkage of so-called "compression wood," F.P.L. Tech. Note B-12. 

Shrinkage table for softwood lumber. F.P.L. Tech. Note 241. 1933. 

Shrinking and swelling of wood, by Arthur Koehler, F.P.L. Mimeo. R736. 1931. 

Specific gravity and related properties of softwood lumber, by E. C. Peck. 

U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 343. 1933. 

Technologie des holzes, by Franz Kollman. Berlin, Julius Springer, 1936. 

Weights of various woods grown in the United States. F.P.L. Tech. Note 218. 

1931. 

R1273 -18-
Seasoning 

Air seasoning of western softwood lumber, by S. V. Fullaway, H. M. Johnson, and, C. L. Hill. U. S., Dept. Agr. Bul. 1425. 1928. 

Air seasoning of wood, by U. S. Mathewson. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 

174. 1930. 

Seasoning of ash, by W. K. Loughborough. Abstracted in Bur.' of Aeronaut. 

Tech. Note 118. 1923. 

Summary of observations on seasoning practice made during an inspection 

of naval aircraft establishments and oontractors' plants, by Rolf Thelen. 

Rev. Nov. 21, 1927. (F.P.L. Proj. 142-35-J22.) 

Species 

Balsa wood (table giving general strength characteristics). Aviation, 

Nov. 15, 1917. 

Balsa wood for cores in plywood ,(memorandum for Mr. Hicks). Oct. 23, 1918. 

Bataan mahogany (see mechanical properties). 

Comparison of western yellow pine and Sitka spruce and possible substitutes for use in airplanes, by J. A. Newlin. Aug. 20, 1918. 

Comparison of western yellow pine with Sitka spruce and Douglas fir for 

use in airplanes, by J. A. Newlin. Aug. 8, 1918. 

Coratu (see mechanical properties). 

Defects in spruce, laminating, splicing, and the use of substitutes in 

spars. U. S. Civil Aeronaut. Authority, Aircraft Airworthiness Sect. 

Rept. 15. 1940. Comments by T. R. C. Wilson, Forest Products Lab. 

Douglas-fir of Oregon and Washington and the World war 1917-18, by U. S. 

War Industries Board. 1919. 

Information, on spruce substitutes secured from British sources, by Halsey 

Dunwoody, U. S. Air Service Tech. Sect. 

correspondence.) 

(Compiled by F.P.L. from 

Mechanical properties of balsa wood, by J. O. Draffin and C. E. Muhlenbruch. V.37, Pt. II, Tech. Papers, p.582, 1937; A.S.T.M. Proc. 1937. 

Memorandum relative to the substitution of rock elm for ash in airplane 

frames, by J. A. Newlin. June 7, 1917. 

Memorandum relative to the suitability of Douglas fir as a substitute for 

spruce in airplane construction, by J. A. Newlin. June 14, 1917. 

R1273 -19-
-- 

-- 

Memorandum relative to the suitability of western yellow pine as a substitute for spruce in airplane construction, by L. J. Markwardt. 

Mar. 12, 1918. 

Memorandum regarding the relative suitability of species for specific uses, 

by J. A. Newlin. Oct. 23, 1917. 

The need for spruce for airplane construction by T. R. C. Wilson, Nov. 

17, 1939. 

Notes bearing on the use of ash in airplane construction, by J. A. Newlin. 

F.P.L. Mimeo. R45. 1918. 

Notes bearing on the use of spruce in airplane construction, by J. A. 

Newlin. F.P.L. Mimeo. R48. 1917. 

Panama Mahogany (see mechanical properties). 

Production of Douglas fir in Oregon and Washington from the standpoint of 

use in airplane construction, by Julius F. Kümmel. July 29, 1918. 

Production of Port Orford cedar from the standpoint of use in airplane 

construction, by J. F. Kümmel. 1918. 

Sitka spruce: Its uses, growth, and management, by N.L. Cary, U, S. Dept. 

Agr. Bul. 1060. 1922 (Out of print.) 

Some references on balsa and other light-weight woods. F.P.L. Mimeo. R1152. 

1937. 

Substitutes for spruce in airplame frames, by J.A. Newlin. May 29, 1917. 

survey of production of sawmills engaged in the manufacture of Sitka 

spruce lumber, by West Coast Lbrman's. Assn. (See J.T. Gray's Chief, 

U. S. Civil Aeronaut. Authority Aircraft Airworthiness Sect. letter 

Nov. 20, 1940 to I. A. McCoy, Sitka Spruce Trade Promotion.) 

Use of balsa wood for fairing: Tried as a substitute for spruce where 

strength is not essential, by U. S. War Dept., Bur. Aircraft Prod., 

Airplane Engin. Div. 1918 (Special Treatment for balsa described.) 

Utilization of ash, by W. L. Sterrett, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 523. 1917. 

R1273 -20-
Specificaitons 

Coatings 

Coating, protective, for refinishing wooden propellers. U. S. Navy Dept. 

Bur. Aeronaut. Process Spec. 15A. July 5, 1927. 

General specifications for paint and related materials. U. S. Army Spec.

3-1B. Dec. 27, 1933. 

General specification for protective coatings and finishes for aircraft 

and aircraft parts. U. S. Army Spec. 3-100H, Aug. 11, 1938; Amend. 

3, May 24, 1940. 

Paint, bituminous coal-tar pitch base (blend type). U. S. Army, Air 

Corps Spec. 14076. Feb. 19, 1934. 

Painting special aircraft, tenative process specification. U. S. Navy 

Dept., Naval Aircraft Factory Spec. FF-6. Aug. 2, 1934. 

Varnish, spar, water-resisting. Fed. Standard Stock Catalog, Fed. Spec. 

T7-V-121a. May 7, 1935, (Used by Navy.) 

Waterproofing wooden hulls and floats. U. S. Navy Dept. Bur. Aeronaut. 

Process Spec. 23. June 10, 1926. 

Cork 

Cork, composition, 

Spec. HH-C-567, 

Cork, compressed 

HH-C-561a, Mar. 

Cork, granulated,

HH-C-571a. June 

gasket, and sheet. Fed. Standard Stock Catalog. Fed. 

Dec. 17, 1936; Amend. 1, Aug. 20, 1939. 

(corkboard). Fed. Standard Stock Catalog, Fed. Spec. 

1, 1939; Amend. 1, Dec. 20, 1939. 

insulating. Fed. Standard Stock Catalog, Fed. Spec.

6, 1933. 

Cork, ground (for insulating purposes). U. S. Navy Dept Spec. 3207a. 

Nov. 1, 1940. 

Cork, ground (for prevention of sweating of painted surfaces). U. S. 

Navy Dept. Spec. 5207 (INT), Nov 1, 1940. 

Cork, sheet. U. S. Army Spec. 23-30. July 20, 1926. (Supersedes 

40, 022-B. June 3, 1926.) 

Defects 

Process specification for inspection, allowable defects in manufacturing 

wood aircraft parts. U. S. Navy Dept., Naval Aircraft Factory Spec. 

SW-26. Oct. 26, 1931. (Supersedes A.P.S.14. Apr. 13, 1924.) 

R1273 -21-
Specifications (continued) 

Fastenings 

Fastenings in wood float and hull construciton. U.S. Navy Dept., Naval Aircraft Factory. Proposed Aeronaut. Process Spec. SP-10B. July 18, 1930. 

General 

General specifications for inspection of materials. U. S. Navy Dept Rev. 

Sept. 1, 1934. 

Appendix 4; Lumber and timber. June 2, 1930. 

Material and process specifications: Bul. 23. (Index issued monthly by 

U. S. Army, Air Corps.) 

Selling to the Navy, for the information of those desiring business relationship with the Navy. U. S. Navy Dept. 1940. 

Glues and Gluing 

Casein cement, British standard specification for aircraft material. Brit. 

Standards Inst. Spec. 3V2. Oct. 1931. 

Glue, animal (for woodworking), Fed. Standard Stock Catalog. Fed. Spec. 

C-G-451. May 26, 1931. 

Glue, aviation, marine, waterproof. U. S. Navy Dept,. Bur. Aeronaut., 

Army-Navy Aeronaut. Spec. AN-TT-G-486. Feb. 19, 1940. (Supersedes 

U. S. Army Spec. 30153. Oct. 14, 1931.) 

Glue, casein, preparation, and application. U. S. Navy Dept., Bur. 

Aeronaut. Process Spec. SR-37. Jan. 15, 1934. 

Glue, casein, water-resistant. U. S. Army Spec. 3-153A. Sept. 30, 1931. 

Glue, casein, water-resistant. U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 52G8B. July 1, 1932. 

Glue, cold setting resin. U. S. Navy Dept., Bur. Aeronaut. Spec. G-29. Apr. 4, 1941. 

Glue, liquid. U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 52G1b. May 1, 1929. 

Glue, marine (aeronautic), waterproof. U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 52-G-10. 

Aug. 1, 1932. (Superseded 49G2. Apr. 1, 1926.) 

Handling hide glue and testing glued joints of aircraft. U. S. Army 

Spec. 98-21001D. Mar. 5, 1931. 

Synthetic resin glues, material specification. Brit. Air Ministry

Materials Spec. D.T.D. 335. Nov. 1937. 

R1273 -22-
Specifications (continued) 

Housing 

Standard specifications for temporaty housing. U. S. War Dept. Office 

of Quartermaster Gen. Construct. Div. Spec. 1700E, with addenda. Rev. 

Sept. 12, 1940. (Supersedes 1692E.) 

Kiln Drying 

General specifications for inspection of material, appendix 4, part 6, 

p. 21-27. U. S. Navy Dept. June 2, 1930. 

Kiln-drying, general process of, for airplane stock. U. S. Navy Dept., 

Bur. Aeronaut. Process Spec. A-SW-13. Oct. 1, 1938. 

Kiln drying process for aircraft lumber. U. S. Army Spec. 82-13. 

Sept. 5, 1929. (Supersedes 20500-B. Dec. 5, 1921.) 

Lumber and Timber 

Ash, white (aircraft use). U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 39A-2. Dec. 2, 1929. 

Ash, white, for aircraft use. U. S. Army Spec. 82-3c. July 2, 1935. 

Balsa (ochroma). U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 39B5. May 2, 1927. 

Douglas-fir for aircraft construction. U. S. Army, Bur. Aircraft Production Spec. 15025-B. (Old spec. not now in force.) 

Douglas fir for aircraft spars. Stearman Aircraft (Witchita, Kans.) 

Spec. 871. Nov. 15, 1940. 

General specifications for inspection of material, appendix 4: lumber 

and timber. U. S. Navy Dept. June 2, 1930. 

Laminated compressed wood, material specification. Brit. Air Ministry

Spec. D.T.D. 370. Dec. 1939. 

Lumber, balsa (ochroma). U. S. Army Spec. 15056-A. Oct. 13, 1939. 

Lumber, birch. U. S. Army Air Corps Spec. 15058-A. sept. 8, 1939. 

Lumber, Mahogany. U. S. Army Air Corps spec. 15068-A. Aug. 22, 1938. 

Lumber, maple, U. S. Army Spec. 82-1-B. Oct. 31, 1938. 

Lumber, oak. U. S. Army Air Corps spec. 15069. May 10, 1934. 

R1273 -23-
Specifications (continued) 

Lumber and Timber (continued) 

Lumber, propeller (aircraft use). U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 39L3. Nov. 1, 

1929. Cancelled May 7, 1940. 

Lumber, propeller. U. S. Army Spec. 82-5A. May 14, 1925. 

Lumber and Fed. Stock Spec. 

7, by Army.) 

Lumber and timber, softwood. Fed. Stock Catalog, Fed. Spec. 

3, 

Lumber, yellow pine (crating). U. S. Navy Dept., Naval Aircraft Factory 

Material Spec. W-28. (Obsolete.) 

Mahogany, Central american. U. S. Navy Dept., Naval Aircraft Factory 

Material Spec. W-9D. May 27, 1930. 

Memorandum regarding proposed Civil Aeronautics Authority specification 

for "mill grade aircraft spruce" and "minimum acceptable standards for 

laminated and spliced spruce spars," (See letter to J. T. Gray, Chief, 

Aircraft Airworthiness Sect. C.A.A., Aug. 19, 1940.) 

Oak, white, bending. U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 39-0-6b. Oct. 1, 1938. 

Sitka spruce as rough timber. Brit. Air Ministry Material Spec. D.T.D. 

28B. Apr. 1940. 

Sitka spruce or approved substitutes (as used in aircraft parts). 

Brit. Air Ministry Material Spec. D.T.D. 36B. Dec. 1939. 

Spruce, aircraft use. U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 39s3d. Nov. 2. 1936. 

Spruce for aircraft construciton. U. S. Army Spec. 82-2B, Nov. 12. 

1936; Amend. 1, June 30, 1936. 

Wood, black walnut, for small arms. U. S. Army Spec. 82-11. May 12, 1927. 

Packing and Marking 

Box, aircraft battery, for shipment. U. S. Army Sec. 23-33A. June 1m 1936. 

Box, aircraft engine, for domestic and overseas shipment. 

U. S. Army Spec. 23-31. Dec. 8, 1926. 

Box and crate for domestic shipment, Air Corps supplies and equipment. 

U. S. Army Spec. 23-54-B. Jan. 11, 1926. 

R1273 -24-
Specifications (continued) 

Packing and Marking (continued) 

Box, shipping, for oxygen supply tanks. U. S. Army Spec. 23-36. Dec. 20, 

1927. (Supersedes 40542-C. Oct. 1, 1927.) 

Boxes, nailed and lock corner. Fed. Standard Stock Fed. 

6, 

Material for crates. Spec. 

Packing aircraft propellers for export and domestic shipment. U. S. Army 

Spec. 23-38A. Apr. 12, 1939. 

Packing and boxing aircraft, general specifications for oversea shipment. 

U. S. Army Spec 23-78A. Sept. 30, 1931. (Supersedes 23-78 and 

98-40553-B.) 

Packing cases. U. S. Navy Dept. Aeronaut. Process Spec. SC-15b. Apr. 23, 

1930. 

Plywood packing box. U. s. Army Spec. 82-14A. June 17, 1940. 

Standard specifications for marking shipments. U. S. Army Spec. 100-2D, 

Feb. 4, 1933; Amend. 1, July 6, 1936. 

Phenolic Materials 

Phenolic material, laminated. U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 17P5 (INT. May 

1940. 

Phenolic material, molded. U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 17P4. Nov. 2, 1936. 

Synthetic resin (phenolic) moulding materials and moldings (poor shock 

resistance). Brit. Ministry of Aircraft Prod. Material spec. D.T.D.451. 

Nov. 1940. 

Synthetic resin (phenolic) moulding materials and mouldings (Low shock 

resistance). Brit. Ministry of Aircraft Prod. Material Spec. D.T.D.452. 

Nov. 1940. 

Synthetic resin (phenolic) moulding materials and mouldings (medium shock 

resistance). Brit. Ministry of Aircraft Prod Material Spec. D.T.D.453. 

Nov. 1940. 

Synthetic resin (phenolic) moulding materials and mouldings (high shock 

resistance). Brit. Ministry of Aircraft Prod. Material Spec. D.T.D.454. 

Nov. 11940. 

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1 
Specifications (continued) 

Plywood 

Aircraft plywood. Stearman Aircraft (Witchita, Kans.) Spec. 875. Aug. 8, 

1941. 

Australian standard specification for aircraft materials: plywood. Standards Assn. of Aust. Emergency Standard (E) D.804-1940. Dec. 1940. 

Douglas-fir plywood (domestic grades). 4th ed. Natl. Bur. Standards 

Commercial Standard cs45-50. Aug. 20, 1940. 

Douglas-fir plywood (export grades). Natl. Bur. Standards Commercial 

Standard CS45E-36. Nov. 1, 1936. 

Plywood, aircraft. U. S. Army-Navy Aeronaut. Spec. AN-NW-P-511, Nov. 30, 

1938; Amend. 1, Oct. 1940. (Supersedes Navy specification 39P13b, 

Nov. 1, 1934, 49Pl, Nov. 30, 1938, and 82-60, Sept. 10, 1934. 

Plywood, fir, tentative specification. U. S. Navy Dept., Naval Aircraft 

Factory Material Spec. P-34. 1934. 

Plywood for lightly stressed parts of aircraft, material, specification. 

Brit. Ministry of Aircraft Prod. Material Spec. D.T.D 427, July 1940; 

Amend. 1, Oct. 1940. 

Plywood for structurally important parts of aircraft. Brit. Standards 

Inst. Spec. 5V3. Dec. 1939. 

Plywood for unstressed and lightly stressed parts of aircraft. Brit. 

Standards Inst. Spec. V.34. Dec. 1932. 

Plywood, planking, aircraft (2-ply diagonal). U. S. War Dept., Air 

Corps Spec. 15057-A, Jan 15, 1940; Amend. 1, Feb. 29, 1940. 

Propellers 

(see also Coatings; Lumber: Packing) 

Airplane propellers. U. S. Navy Dept. Aeronaut. Spec. 118. July 1, 

1922. (Supersedes DA 102.) 

Lumber, propeller. U. S. Army Spec 82-5A. May 14, 1925. 

Lumber, propeller (aircraft use). U. S. Navy Dept. Spec. 39L3. Nov. 1, 

1929. (Cancelled May 7, 1940.) 

Propeller, micarta, general specification. U. S. Army Spec. 98-29514C. 

Nov. 15, 1927. 

R1273 -26-
The influence of blocks and fillets on the strength of wooden members by 

G. W./ Trayer and T. R. C. Wilson. Apr. 20, 1923. (F.P.L. Proj. 228-3J7.) 

The Lateral buckling and twisting of deep beams, by G. W. Trayer. July 

7, 1927. (F.P.L. Proj. 228-3J13.) 

A method of calculating the ultimate strength of continous beams, by 

J. A. Newlin and G. W. Trayer. N.A.C.A. Rept. 347. 1930. 

Merits of different splices for airplane wing beams, by H. D. Frary. 

Soc. Auto. engin. Jour., Aug. 1921. 

Results obtained from impact bending tests upon bakelized canvas wing 

spars, by C. V. Maudlin. Oct. 11, 1917. 

Some splice tests in JN-4 wing beams, by E. R. Maurer, H. D. Frary, and 

C. B. Norris. Oct. 30, 1918. (F.P.L. Proj. 228-3.) 

The strength of one-piece solid, built-up and laminated wood airplane 

wing beams, by John H. Nelson. N.A.C.A. Rept. 35. 1918. 

Stress analysis of beams with shear deformation at the flanges, by 

Paul Kuhn. N.A.C.A. Rept. 608. 1937. 

Tests of airplane wing beam splices, by E. R. Maurer, H. D. Frary, and 

C. V. Norris. May 22, 1919 (F.P.L. Proj. 228-3.) 

Tests of experimental built-up DH4 wing beams, by E. R. Maurer, H. D. 

Frary, and C. B. Norris. May 22, 1919. (F.P.L. Proj. 228-3.) 

Use of plywood in airplane wing beams, by G. E. Heck. July 21, 1925. 

(F.P.L. Proj. 228-3J5.) 

Wing Ribs 

The design of airplane wing ribs, by J. A. Newlin and G. W. Trayer. 

N.A.C.A. Rept. 345. 1930. 

R1273 -29-
Wood 

The future of wood in aircraft construction, by G. W. Trayer, South. 

Lbrman., Dec. 15, 1930. 

Improved wood, by Ralph Callelman. Hardwood Rec., Jan. 1939. 

Manufacture and uses of improved wood, by C. H. Hayward. Wood, May 1939. 

(Protection and improvement of wood): Holzschutz und holzveredlung, by 

Hans Hadert. Berlin, Otto Elsner. 1938. 

Studies of timber, plywood, and laminated wood with respect to its use 

in aircraft, by Wilhelm Kuch. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, July, Aug. 

1939. Trans. by A. L. Gunn. 

Supplies and production of aircraft woods, by Q. N. Sparhawk. N.A.C.A. 

Rept. 67. 1919. (Out of print.) 

Technologie des holzes, by Franz Kollman. Berlin, Julius Springer. 1936. 

The use and testing of improved wood, by Kurt Riechers. Holz als Roh und 

Werkstoff. Mar. 1939. Trans. by Don Brouse. 

Wood in aircraft construction, by C. W. Trayer. Wash., D. C., Natl. Lbr. 

Mfrs. Assn. 1930. 

Wood in airplane construciton, by T. R. C. Wilson. sept. 17, 1940. 

(F.P.L. Proj. 302-4.) 

Wood handbook: Basic information on wood as a material of construction 

with data for its use in design and specifications, by Forest Products 

Laboratory. Unnumbered U. S. Dept. Agr. publication. 1935. Rev. 1940. 

Wood versus metal in airplane construciton, by H. Seehase, N.A.C.A. 

Tech. Memo. 212. 1923. 

Wood or metal? Fokker Aircraft. Amsterdam. 1938. 

Working Stresses 

Factors influencing working stresses for timber used in airplane construction, by J. A. Newlin, June 12, 1917. 

R1273 -30-