Physical, Chemical, and Isotopic Data from Groundwater 

in the Watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the Vicinity of 

Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 

1983 to 1997

By James W. LaBaugh, Philip T. Harte, Allen M. Shapiro, Paul A. Hsieh, Carole D. Johnson, Daniel J. 

Goode, Warren W. Wood, Donald C. Buso, Gene E. Likens, and Thomas C. Winter

Open-File Report 2013–1087

Prepared in cooperation with the Institute of Ecosystem Studies

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

SALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013

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Suggested citation:

LaBaugh, J.W., Harte, P.T., Shapiro, A.M., Hsieh, P.A., Johnson, C.D., Goode, D. J., Wood, W.W., Buso, D.C., Likens, 

G.E., and Winter, T.C., 2013, Physical, chemical, and isotopic data from groundwater in the watershed of Mirror Lake, 

and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 1983 to 1997: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2013–1087, 147 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131087. (Available only online.)

ISSN 2331-1258 (online)
iii

Acknowledgments

Partial funding for this study was from a National Science Foundation grant to 

G.E. Likens, Institute of Ecosystem Studies. The U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances 

Hydrology Program provided partial funding for the the study of groundwater in fractured 

bedrock beginning in 1989.

v

Contents

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................iii

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1

Well Locations and Nomenclature .............................................................................................................2

Well Construction ..........................................................................................................................................4

Data Collection...............................................................................................................................................5

Collection of Water for Physical, Chemical, and Isotopic Analyses ............................................5

Water Collection Procedures Used in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1988 .............................5

Water Collection Procedures Used in 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997 .........7

Methods of Physical, Chemical, and Isotopic Analysis ..............................................................10

Methods of Analysis Used in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1988 ..........................................10

Methods of Analysis Used in 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997 ......................10

Measurement of Physical and Chemical Characteristics Within Wells in 1987 and 1988......11

Results ...........................................................................................................................................................11

References Cited..........................................................................................................................................12

Tables.............................................................................................................................................................15

Figures

1. Location of a seep, water-table wells, piezometers, and well nests containing

multiple piezometers in close proximity as of 1997, for which data are presented in

this report.......................................................................................................................................2

2. Location of a spring, bedrock wells, and well fields containing multiple bedrock

wells in close proximity as of 1997, for which data are presented in this report...............3

Tables

1. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, bedrock wells, a seep, a spring, and a

domestic bedrock well in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which

water was collected for analysis, or physical and chemical measurements were

made within the wells from 1983 to 1997. ...............................................................................16

2. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, and bedrock wells in the Mirror Lake

watershed, New Hampshire, including those from which water was collected for

chemical analysis or measured within the well from 1983 to 1988. ...................................21

3. Wells and zones sampled during phase one of a groundwater study in the Mirror

Lake watershed, New Hampshire, May 9 to June 4, 1990 ...................................................23

4. Wells and zones sampled during phase two of a groundwater study in the Mirror

Lake watershed, New Hampshire, June 21 to September 23, 1990 ...................................24

5. Wells sampled during phase three of a groundwater study in the Mirror Lake

watershed, New Hampshire, November through December, 1990....................................25

6. Water evacuation data for wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from 

which water was collected for physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses in 1990........26
vi

7. Chemical constituents and their collection and preservation procedures for water

samples collected in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1990 ....................29

8.Wells and zones sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1991 .......30

9.Wells and zones pumped or sampled (or both) in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in 1992 and 1993 ...........................................................................................31

10.Wells and zones sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1995 .......34

11.Wells sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1996 ..........................36

12.Wells and zones, a seep, and a spring sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in 1997 ............................................................................................................37

13. Procedures and equipment used for sample collection from water-table wells and

piezometers in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1995, 1996, and 1997 ...38

14. Analytical methods and reporting procedures for samples collected in the Mirror

Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1990 .............................................................................39

15. In situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater within the

casing or borehole of selected wells measured in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, July 1987........................................................................................................40

16.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, within bedrock wells

FS1 (sampled July 10, 1987) and FSE1 (sampled July 7, 1987).............................................41

17. In situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater measured in

selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, July 19, 1988.................42

18.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well FS1

and adjacent piezometers FS1-25 and FS1-35, July 20, 1988...............................................43

19.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well FS2

and adjacent piezometer FS2-25, July 20, 1988 .....................................................................44

20.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well FSE2

and adjacent piezometers FSE-23, FSE-32, and FSE-43, July 20, 1988...............................45

21.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well FSE3,

July 20, 1988.................................................................................................................................46

22.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well FSE4,

July 20, 1988.................................................................................................................................47

23.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well TR1

and adjacent water-table well TR1-63 and piezometer TR1-132, July 19, 1988................48

24.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well K2

and adjacent piezometers K2-21, K2-31, and K2-41, July 19, 1988......................................49

25.Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of

groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in bedrock well CO1

and adjacent water-table well CO WT, July 19, 1988............................................................50

26. Summary of physical and chemical field parameters from groundwater samples

collected in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, in 1990 ......................................51

27. Physical and chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a

seep and a spring in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1993, 1995, 1996,

and 1997........................................................................................................................................54
vii

28. Radon survey of water collected from selected wells in the vicinity of Mirror Lake,

New Hampshire, 1992 and 1993................................................................................................57

29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a

spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific

conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and

alkalinity .......................................................................................................................................60

30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring

in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate,

nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus ..................73

31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a

spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as

SiO2), bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.........................................................83

32. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a

spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for barium, beryllium, boron,

cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and lead......................................................................96

33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a

spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum,

nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon..........................................................100

34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected

wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for 

radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method),

uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha

method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.........................................................109

35. Isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and

a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for stable isotope ratios ......117

36. Isotopic characteristics of water collected over time from a single well (CO1) in the

vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1996, for stable isotope ratios.........................123

37. Isotopic characteristics of water collected over time from a single well (CO1) in the

vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1996, for tritium..................................................124

38. Concentrations of gases and excess air and nitrogen in groundwater collected

from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire..............................125

39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the

Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: chlorofluorocarbons ......................................129

40. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from bedrock well FSE4 in the Mirror

Lake watershed, New Hampshire. ........................................................................................140

41. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake

watershed, New Hampshire: hardness ................................................................................141

42. Physical, chemical, radiochemical isotope, and stable isotope ratio characteristics

of water collected from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, August 1,1993............................143

43. Helium data for water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed,

New Hampshire ........................................................................................................................146
viii

Conversion Factors

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtain

inch 2.54 centimeter

foot 0.3048 meter (m)

SI to Inch/Pound

Multiply By To obtain

Length

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.)

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.)

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) 

Area

square meter (m2) 0.0002471 acre 

Volume

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

milliliter (mL) 0.0338 ounce, U.S. fluid (oz)

Flow rate

liter per minute (L/min.) 0.2642 gallon per minute (gal/min) 

Mass

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce, avoirdupois (oz)

milligram (mg) 3.527 x 10-5 ounce, advoirdupois (oz)

kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound avoirdupois (lb)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 

25°C).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) 

or micrograms per liter (μg/L), except for Alkalinity or Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) which 

also is given in microequivalents per liter (eq/L).
Physical, Chemical, and Isotopic Data from Groundwater 

in the Watershed of Mirror Lake, and in the Vicinity of 

Hubbard Brook, near West Thornton, New Hampshire, 

1983 to 1997 

By James W. LaBaugh,1 Philip T. Harte,1 Allen M. Shapiro,1 Paul A. Hsieh,1 Carole D. Johnson,1

Daniel J. Goode,1

 Warren W. Wood,1 Donald C. Buso2, Gene E. Likens,2 and Thomas C. Winter1

Abstract

Research on the hydrogeologic setting of Mirror Lake near West Thornton, New Hampshire (43o 56.5’ 

N, 71o

 41.5’ W), includes the study of the physical, chemical, and isotopic characteristics of groundwater 

in the vicinity of the lake and nearby Hubbard Brook. Presented here are those physical, chemical, and 

isotopic data for the period 1983 to 1997. Data were collected from observation wells installed in glacial 

drift and bedrock, as well as from one domestic well in the general area of the lake and Hubbard Brook. 

Also presented are data for Mirror Lake for August 1, 1993, to place groundwater data in context with 

chemical and isotopic characteristics of the lake. 

Introduction 

Physical, chemical, and isotopic data were collected from groundwater in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, 

and nearby Hubbard Brook near West Thornton, New Hampshire, as part of a study of the hydrogeologic 

characteristics of the groundwater flow systems in the vicinity of the lake. The study was conducted by 

the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES). Mirror Lake and its 

watershed are being studied, in part, to relate the interaction of the lake with groundwater to hydrologcal, 

biogeochemical, and ecological characteristics of the lake (Winter, 1984; Likens, 1985; Johnson and 

Dunstan, 1998; Winter and Likens, 2009). The groundwater flow system in the watershed of Mirror Lake 

includes flow in glacial drift and fractured bedrock (Winter, 1984; Tiedeman and others, 1997). Detailed 

investigation of groundwater flow in fractured bedrock was conducted at the study site to improve understanding of groundwater flow in fractured rock in general, as well as groundwater flow in relation to 

Mirror Lake in particular (Shapiro and others, 1995). Mirror Lake was chosen for detailed research that 

characterizes groundwater flow in fractured rock so that techniques and methods developed at this pristine 

site could then be used in the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program to investigate groundwater 

flow in fractured rocks at contaminated sites. The purpose of this report is to present physical, chemical, 

and isotopic data collected from groundwater in the observation wells installed in kame terraces, glacial 

till, and bedrock at the site. Data presented herein were obtained from 1983 to 1997. Readers, thereby, are 

provided access to the entire set of data that served as the basis for various interpretive studies about the 

1

 U.S. Geological Survey.

2

 Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies (known as the Institute of Ecosystem Studies during the period of study presented herein).
2 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

lake and its groundwater flow system (Harte and Winter, 1996; Morganwalp and Aronson, 1996; Harte, 

1997; Tiedeman and others, 1997; Goode, 1998; Goode and others, 1999; Morganwalp and Buxton, 1999; 

Rosenberry and others, 1999; Shapiro, 2001; Wood and others, 2004; Shapiro and others, 2007; Winter and 

others, 2008; Winter and Likens, 2009; Likens and Buso, 2010).

Well Locations and Nomenclature

The location of wells installed at the site for the purpose of studying the groundwater flow system of 

Mirror Lake and its watershed and the groundwater flow in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook—and for which 

data are presented in this report—are shown in figures 1 and 2. Table 1 provides a list of those wells. In 

some cases, the designation for individual wells changed during the period of study. Table 1 includes the 

previous designations for those wells to enable readers to correlate information presented in this report 

with information about these wells contained in earlier publications. 

The term “piezometer” generally is associated with wells in which well screens lie either in the range 

of fluctuations in the water table or are below the range of fluctuations in the water table. For the purpose 

of this report, however, wells in glacial material in which well screens lie within the range of fluctuations 

Figure 1. Location of a seep, water-table wells, piezometers, and well nests containing multiple piezometers in close proximity as of 

1997, for which data are presented in this report, modified from Tiedeman and others (1997), Goode and others (1999), and Morganwalp 

and Buxton (1999).
Well Locations and Nomenclature 3

in the water table are termed “water-table wells”. Wells in glacial material in which well screens are below 

the range of fluctuations in the water table are termed “piezometers”. The piezometers include wells that 

were identified as potentiometers in previous publications about groundwater studies in the vicinity of 

Mirror Lake, such as Winter (1984). 

Groups of bedrock wells were placed in selected locations (fig. 2), commonly in association with a 

water-table well or a water-table well and piezometers. These groupings, or well fields, included the Camp 

Osceola (CO) well field and the Hubbard Brook Forest Service Experimental (FSE) Forest well field. Other 

bedrock wells were associated with various areas of the watershed and in the vicinity of Hubbard Brook, 

including the Forest Service (FS) area, the Hamlet (H) area, the Interstate (IS) area, the Kendall-Kettaneh 

(K) area, the Richards (R) area, the Thomas (T) area, the Town Road (TR) area, and the Railroad (RR) 

area which lies just outside of the watershed of the lake in the vicinity of West Thornton between Hubbard 

Brook and the Pemigewasset River. The Pemigewasset River is east of the interstate highway shown in 

figures 1 and 2. The Shattuck (S) area was examined by Patricia Shattuck, University of New Hampshire, 

to determine the relation of the water-table gradient to the west tributary of the Mirror Lake watershed 

(Shattuck, 1991). The abbreviations of the well fields and areas noted in parentheses above are used in the 

well names at the study site. 

Figure 2. Location of a spring, bedrock wells, and well fields containing multiple bedrock wells in close proximity as of 1997, for which 

data are presented in this report, modified from Tiedeman and others (1997), Goode and others (1999), and Morganwalp and Buxton 

(1999).
4 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

In this report, water-table wells are identified by the letter W followed by a number, such as W2, or 

letter designations associated with various well fields as follows: CO WT, FS1-17, FS2-25, FS3-11, FS4 

WT, FSE WT, FSE6 WT, K1-8, K2-21, K3-22, R1-36, RR1 PZ, S-40, and TR1-63. Wells designated 

with a W prefix were those water-table wells not located in close association with a cluster of other wells. 

Water-table wells designated with a W prefix include a number in that designation that refers to the order 

in which wells were installed. Water-table wells located in close proximity to a bedrock well are identified 

by a prefix that is the designation for the bedrock well, followed by either the abbreviation “WT”, “PZ”, or 

a number that is the depth of the water-table well in feet below land surface. For example, water-table well 

FS1-17 is the water-table well located in the vicinity of bedrock well FS1 and has a total depth of 17 feet 

below land surface. 

Piezometers are identified as CO1-18, FS1-25, FS1-35, FS3-22, FS3-29, FS3C-19, FS3C-24, FS3C29, FSE-23, FSE-32, FSE-43, FSE6-32, FSE6-51, FSE6-59, K1-15, K1-20, K1-25, K1-30, K1-35, K1-39, 

K2-31, K2-41, K3-41, K3-61, R1-55, and TR1-132. The piezometers are all located in close proximity to 

a specific bedrock well. Piezometers are identified by a prefix that is the designation of the bedrock well in 

proximity with the piezometer, followed by a number that is the depth of the piezometer in feet below land 

surface. For example, piezometer CO1-18 is the piezometer located in the vicinity of bedrock well CO1 

and has a total depth of 18 feet below land surface. 

Bedrock wells are identified as CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO10, CO11, FS1, FS2, FS3, FS5, FS6, FS7, 

FS3C, FSE1, FSE2, FSE3, FSE4, FSE5, FSE6, H1, IS1, K1, K2, K3, R1, RR1, T1, TR1, and TR2. The 

domestic supply well, which is identified as Pleasant View well, lies to the east of Mirror Lake. 

Well Construction

 Descriptions of these wells (other than the domestic supply well), including details of well construction, are presented in Winter (1984), Shattuck (1991), Harte (1997), Goode (1998), Johnson and Dunstan 

(1998), and Winter and Likens (2009). Details of well construction are briefly described herein. The wells 

included water-table wells and piezometers drilled into glacial material overlying bedrock, as well as 

wells drilled into bedrock. Water-table wells were constructed by placing casing and well screen into holes 

drilled by hollow-stem auger, without using water or drilling mud during drilling, or rotary drilling without 

mud for one specific well (FSE6 WT). No Portland cement was used in the construction of water-table 

wells. In some water-table wells the sides of the augered holes collapsed around the well screen and casing 

during withdrawal of the auger, and any remaining space between the casing and drilled hole was filled 

with the drill cuttings – the material removed during drilling (CO WT, FS1-17, FS2-25, FS3-11, FSE6 WT, 

K2-21, K1-8, K2-21, K3-22, R1-36, S-40,TR1-63, W6, W7, W8, W9, W10, W11, W12, W13, W14, W15, 

W16, W18, W25, W26, and W27). In wells W16A, W33, W34, W35, W36, and FS4 WT, coarse sand was 

placed in the annulus around the well screen, followed by natural backfill (drill cuttings), followed by a 

layer of ground silica flour, followed by natural backfill to the surface. The purpose of the fine-grained 

ground silica was to minimize vertical flow within the annulus of the drilled hole. In other water-table 

wells, the space between the well screen and drilled hole was filled with number 10 to number 30 silica 

sand, with either drill cuttings used as fill above the screen (W2, W3A, W4-23) or ‘bentonite” (sodium 

montmorillonite clay – Driscoll, 1986) and drill cuttings (W3, W4-11). 

Piezometers were constructed by placing casing and well screen into holes drilled by the mud-rotary 

method. In piezometers CO1-18, FS1-25, FS1-35, FS3-22, FS3-29, FSE-23, FSE-32, FSE-43, K1-15, 

K1-20, K1-25, K1-30, K1-35, K1-39, K2-31, K2-41, K3-41, K3-61, and TR1-132, petal-cement baskets 

were fixed above the top of the well screen prior to emplacement. After placement, cement (Portland 

cement and water) was pumped into the annular space between the casing and walls of the hole above 

the petal-cement basket. In piezometers FS3C-19, FS3C-24, FS3C-29, FSE6-32, FSE6-51, FSE6-59, and 
Data Collection 5

R1-55, sand, or glass beads in the case of FS3C piezometers, were used to fill the annulus around the well 

screen. The height of the sand or glass beads above the well screen was checked before placing 1 to 2 

feet of Bentonite pellets above the sand or glass beads. The pellets were allowed to swell to separate the 

sand (or glass beads) from the grouted portion of the well prior to pumping cement into the annular space 

between the casing and walls of the hole above the sand or glass packed around the well screen. Thus, the 

well screen in all of the piezometers commonly was greater than 10 feet below the water table. 

Bedrock wells were open holes drilled into the bedrock that were cased through the overlying glacial 

drift with casing set into the upper 10 feet of the bedrock. Cement filled the annular space between the 

outside of the casing and the bedrock wall and drift wall. Below the casing, the bedrock wells were an 

open hole for the remainder of their depth. Characteristics of fractured bedrock within selected wells 

are provided by Paillet and Kapucu (1989), Johnson and Dunstan (1998), and in selected articles in 

Morganwalp and Aronson (1996) and Morganwalp and Buxton (1999). 

Data Collection

Collection of Water for Physical, Chemical, and Isotopic Analyses

Water Collection Procedures Used in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1988

In 1983 and 1984, selected water-table wells, piezometers, and a bedrock well were sampled (see 

table 2) to determine the spatial variability in chemical characteristics of groundwater in the Mirror Lake 

watershed. Water-table wells were sampled to provide information on horizontal variability; at the same 

time, piezometers were sampled to define vertical variability in the groundwater flow system. The bedrock 

well was sampled so that the chemical characteristics of groundwater in the bedrock could be compared to 

the chemical characteristics of groundwater in the glacial drift.

Samples were collected from water-table wells, piezometers, and a bedrock well by use of bailers, 

a pitcher pump, a peristaltic pump, and a Middleburg pump (bladder pump) during the period July 27 to 

August 5, 1983. In general, a peristaltic pump was used in wells that had water levels within 30 feet of the 

top of the well casing. For selected wells, independent of well depth, water was removed from the well 

using a bailer. In other selected wells in which the water level was too deep to use the peristaltic pump 

(deeper than 30 feet), water was removed from the well using a bailer until there was sufficient water to 

prime the pitcher pump. The pitcher pump was then installed, primed, and a specific volume of water 

was removed (approximately three times the volume of water in the well casing prior to priming) prior to 

collection of a sample for subsequent chemical analysis. In selected wells, a Middleburg bladder pump 

was used. The Middleburg pump, constructed of stainless steel and Teflon, was lowered into the well and 

then sufficient water was removed to assure groundwater being collected was representative of water in the 

geological material in the vicinity of the well screen.

In 1983 some samples were not filtered prior to analysis. To determine the effect filtering had on 

analysis, groundwater from selected wells was collected twice, once to provide an unfiltered sample and a 

second time to provide a filtered sample. All filtered samples were filtered through a 0.4- micrometer (mm) 

pore-size Nucleopore filter.

During the period June 26 to July 3, 1984, samples were collected from selected water-table wells 

and piezometers (see table 2) by use of either a peristaltic pump or bailer. Approximately three times the 

volume of water in the well casing was removed prior to sample collection. A peristaltic pump was used in 

wells that had water levels within 30 feet of the top of the well casing. A bailer was used in those wells in 

which levels were deeper than 30 feet below the top of the well casing. 

All samples collected in 1984 were filtered through a 0.45-mm pore-size, 142-millimeter (mm) 

diameter Gelman GA-6 membrane filter (Gelman number 60117, lot 4059054). Water was pumped directly 
6 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

from the well using a peristaltic pump (portable Masterflex sampling pump) using Nalgene 8000 nontoxic 

autoclavable laboratory/food grade tubing (1/4-inch interior diameter, 1/8-inch wall) with Masterflex 

silicone tubing in the pump head. Water pumped from the well was pumped through an acrylic backflush 

filter assembly containing the membrane filter, and the filtrate was collected for subsequent chemical 

analysis.

During the period October 22 to October 30, 1986, samples were collected from individual fractures 

in bedrock well FSE4 and from piezometers FSE-23 and FSE-32. A peristaltic pump was used to collect 

samples from the piezometers; unfiltered water was pumped directly from the well into sample bottles, 

while filtered water was obtained by filtration through an acrylic backflush filter assembly containing a 0.45-mm pore-size, 142-mm diameter Gelman membrane filter, type GA-6 (lot number 7). Water 

was collected from individual fractures by first inflating neoprene rubber bladders (known as packers) 

to expand to the rock wall of the borehole above and below the fracture to isolate the fracture. Once the 

fracture was isolated, a Bennett pump (piston pump) placed within the isolated zone was used to lift water 

to land surface. At land surface, unfiltered water was directed into sample bottles for subsequent analyses 

of unfiltered water. Also at land surface, unfiltered water was pumped through a filter assembly using 

a peristaltic pump, and the resulting filtrate was directed into sample bottles for subsequent analyses of 

filtered water. The peristaltic pump and filter assembly was the same as was used for the collection of 

water from the piezometers. Descriptions of the types of pumps used (peristaltic, bladder, piston) to collect 

groundwater samples for chemical analysis are found in Lane and others (2003).

During the period July 7 to July 10, 1987, samples were collected from water-table wells using a 

peristaltic pump and filter assembly in the same manner as was done for the piezometers sampled in 1986. 

On July 21, 1988, water was collected from well CO WT in the same way as for wells sampled in 1987. 

Processing of samples in the field in 1987 and 1988 was the same as in 1986. The same analyses were done 

on samples collected in 1987 and 1988 as were done for the samples collected in 1986.

Samples collected for analysis by the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory in Denver, Colorado, 

were packed in ice, placed in an insulated shipping container, and sent to the laboratory for chemical 

analysis. Prior to shipment to the laboratory for analysis, water was collected as follows. Unfiltered water 

was collected in a 500-milliliter (mL) high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle for subsequent analysis of 

pH, specific conductance, and total alkalinity. Unfiltered water collected in an amber 250-mL HDPE bottle 

was preserved with 1 mL of mercuric chloride (HgCl) for subsequent analysis of total phosphorus, total 

kjeldahl nitrogen, total ammonium, and total nitrate plus nitrite. Filtrate was collected in two additional 

500-mL HDPE bottles, one acid rinsed with nitric acid (HNO3

) and the other not acid rinsed, and one 

amber 250-mL bottle. These bottles were rinsed three times with filtrate prior to sample collection. One 

milliliter of HNO3 was added to the acid-rinsed bottle, the contents of which were analyzed for dissolved 

aluminum, calcium, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, and sodium. The 

contents of the other 500-mL bottle was analyzed for dissolved bromide, chloride, fluoride, iodide, silica 

(as SiO2

), and sulfate. One milliliter of HgCl preservative was added to the contents of the amber bottle 

receiving filtrate for subsequent analysis of dissolved ammonium, nitrate plus nitrite, and orthophosphorus.

An additional 250-mL glass bottle was filled with unfiltered water prior to shipment to the National 

Water Quality Laboratory for analysis. The contents of this bottle were used to determine the stable isotope composition for oxygen and hydrogen as the ratio between heavier and lighter isotopes of the sample 

relative to the ratio in a standard (abbreviated as δ18O for oxygen and δ2

H for hydrogen). An explanation of 

this nomenclature for stable isotopes is provided in Kendall and others (1995).

Samples collected for analysis by the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES) laboratory in Millbrook, 

New York, were processed in the field as follows. Unfiltered water was put into a 250-mL bottle and 

fixed with appropriate reagents for subsequent dissolved oxygen analyses at the site by Donald C. Buso 

(IES). Filtered water was collected in one 250-mL bottle for analysis of dissolved chemical constituents. 

These bottles were refrigerated after sample collection for subsequent shipment to the IES laboratory 
Data Collection 7

for chemical analysis according to methods described in Buso and others (2000). The concentration of 

dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and methane (CH4

) for each sample 

was determined at the Pleasant View Farm Laboratory (currently known as the Henrietta Kendall Towers 

Lab of the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation) near West Thornton, New Hampshire, by Scott Nolan and 

Donald C. Buso after collection in a biological oxygen demand (BOD) bottle, which was refrigerated for 

2 days before the contents were analysed.

Water Collection Procedures Used in 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997

In general, collection procedures for 1990 to 1997 followed existing guidelines (Wood, 1976; Lane and 

others, 2003). The National Water Quality Laboratory implements quality control on analytical methods.

Geochemical samples were collected in three phases during calendar year 1990. For the first phase, 

samples were collected from May 9 to June 4 at 10 bedrock wells and 16 glacial drift wells (table 3). In the 

second phase, 14 samples were collected from June 21 to September 23 from discrete fractures at 6 bedrock wells (table 4). In the third phase, groundwater was collected at 15 drift wells in November through 

December, 1990 (table 5).

Phase one samples are from large bedrock intervals and may represent a mixed sample from multiple fractures. Phase one samples were collected from either the entire bedrock borehole or from a large, 

isolated bedrock zone. More than one large, isolated bedrock zone was sampled at 4 of the 10 bedrock 

wells (table 3) by utilizing packers installed by USGS hydrologists Paul A. Hsieh and Allen M. Shapiro. 

Multiple zones isolated by packers in a single bedrock well are designated in descending depth, A through 

D, associated with the bedrock well name (table 3). For example, FS1-A is the upper zone of bedrock well 

FS1. Samples were analysed for field parameters (temperature, pH, Eh, specific conductance) and water 

collected for subsequent laboratory analysis of major cations and anions, selected trace metals, selected 

isotopes [tritium (3

H), uranium (234U, 235U, 238U), radium (226Ra, 228Ra)], and stable isotopes [δ2H /δ18O, 

carbon (δ13C), sulfur (δ34S)]).

Phase two samples are from discrete fractures in bedrock and represent the chemistry of discrete 

fractures (table 4). Discrete fracture samples are designated by the depth zone location (table 4). For 

example, the set of fractures locate at a depth of 104 feet to 116 feet below the measuring point at CO1 is 

designated as CO1-B(104-116FT) where B denotes fractures located in isolated (packed off) zone B. The 

cross-referencing of discrete fractures to packed-off zones allows for comparison of geochemical results 

between zones and discrete fractures. The purpose for collecting samples from discrete fractures was to 

(1) minimize borehole storage effects introduced from pumping large intervals of the bedrock borehole, 

as was done in phase one, (2) provide geochemical information at specific points in the flow system, and 

(3) compare and contrast sample results from discrete fractures with data collected from pumping boreholes intersected by multiple fractures. Geochemical samples from phase two were analyzed for the same 

constituents as samples from phase one, excluding sulfur-34 (δ34S). Phase two samples were also analysed 

for tritium/helium (3

H/He) ratio (Tolstikhin and Kamensky, 1969; Torgersen and others, 1977)—a method 

that allows more precise dating of waters—and radon (222R) at selected wells.

Phase three samples are all from glacial drift wells (drift wells), which are either water-table wells or 

piezometers (table 5). The same suite of analyses done in phase two were conducted for 8 of the 15 wells; 

the remaining 7 samples were analyzed only for field parameters. The drift wells sampled are all located at 

sites with bedrock wells (the combination of multiple wells in close proximity in the same general location 

also is described as a well “nest”). In general, the deepest drift wells were analyzed for complete chemical 

analyses and the shallowest for selected field parameters. 

The philosophy behind retrieving samples of groundwater was similar for all three sampling phases—

the common goal being to collect a water sample representative of the water in the surrounding geological 

material. The sample collection procedure varied depending on the type of material in which groundwater 
8 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

occurred, whether drift or bedrock. Regardless of the sample media, a representative sample satisfied the 

criteria of adequate purging of the well and stabilization of field parameters.

Bedrock boreholes, including multiple borehole zones, were pumped for only one borehole volume 

before collecting samples (table 6). Purging one borehole volume instead of three, a quantity recommended 

for sampling in unconsolidated media, ensures samples are derived from the adjacent fracture(s) close 

to the borehole. Overpumpage (purging more than one borehole volume) is a concern because storage 

properties of the bedrock are low, 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than the drift (Allen Shapiro and Paul 

Hsieh, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., February 14, 1990), and conceivably waters pumped 

from bedrock may be derived from a distant location. Because the intent of sampling is to determine 

geochemical properties at discrete locations to aid in the interpretation of the flow system, samples must 

reflect the local environment. Hydraulic information was collected during sampling to assess qualitatively 

the hydraulic properties of the bedrock. At bedrock wells with multiple packed-off zones, water levels were 

monitored in the adjacent zones to evaluate vertical leakage.

Glacial drift wells were pumped typically for more than three borehole volumes before collecting 

samples. However, some drift wells were pumped for less that three borehole volumes if the wells tapped 

low permeability sediments and recharge to the well was slow; examples include FS3-22, FS1-17, and 

K1-39. Hydraulic information was collected to determine the hydraulic properties of the drift. At sites with 

multiple wells in close proximity (well nest sites), water levels were monitored from wells at different 

depths to evaluate vertical leakage.

Bedrock wells were pumped with positive displacement pumps—a submersible, helical-drive Keck 

pump and a piston-driven bladder pump. When packers were used to isolate discrete fractures, as noted 

above, a Bennett pump (piston pump) was used. Drift wells were pumped with a Keck pump at highyielding wells and a peristaltic pump at low-yielding wells.

Field parameters were monitored according to methods outlined in Wood (1976). Field parameters 

include pH, Eh (oxidation-reduction potential), specific conductance, and temperature. Dissolved oxygen 

was monitored only at selected sites. Field parameters were collected intermittently during pumpage to 

help verify that the water being collected was from aquifer water rather than water present only in the 

borehole. Chemical stability is attained when two or more successive measurements differ by less than the 

following amounts: temperature, 0.3 o

C; specific conductance, 5 percent; pH, 0.3 units; Eh, 10 millivolts; 

and dissolved oxygen, 0.2 mg/L. Physical characteristics of the water such as turbidity, color, and odor 

were also monitored. A sulfur odor was detected at several wells, likely indicating the presence of 

hydrogen sulfide.

Chemical constituents sampled are listed in table 7 along with bottle collection type, preservation procedures, and quantity collected. Samples for radiochemical isotopes and trace metals were filtered with a 

0.45-micron pore size sieve using a Millipore filter plate. Samples for tritium/helium were collected under 

pressurized conditions in a copper tube. Discussion of the method for collecting water in copper tubes is 

presented in Ekwurzel and others (1994) and at the following Web site: http://water.usgs.gov/lab/3h3he/

sampling/. Other samples were collected without filtration. Radiochemical isotope and trace metal samples 

were preserved with ultrapure nitric acid to a pH below 2 to prevent precipitation of constituents. Samples 

for sulfur-34 (δ34S) were preserved with a tablet containing 13 milligrams (mg) of mercury(II) chloride 

(HgCl2

) plus 100 mg of sodium chloride (NaCl) to prevent biochemical reactions.

In 1991, sample collection occurred at selected water table wells, piezometers, and bedrock wells 

(table 8). Water also was collected at the Pleasant View domestic well. Pumping and sample collection 

from intervals within the bedrock wells were done in the same manner as in 1990.

There were four components to the program of geochemical sampling during 1992. These were (1) 

sampling bedrock wells, (2) sampling overburden piezometers, (3) sampling during aquifer and tracer 

tests in the FSE well field, and (4) sampling low-permeability zones in the bedrock. The wells and zones 

pumped during 1992 are listed in table 9.
Data Collection 9

During the period July 19 to 22, 1993, six hydraulically isolated intervals in two bedrock wells were 

pumped and water samples were collected for geochemical and isotopic analysis. The intervals were 

hydraulically isolated using inflatable packers, and a Bennett (piston) pump was used to withdraw water 

from the packed-off interval. The packers were inflated using pressurized nitrogen tanks. The piston pump 

was also driven using pressurized nitrogen tanks. 

In all tested intervals, field parameters (alkalinity titrations, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific 

conductance, and temperature) were measured as pumping was being conducted. Water samples were 

also collected for field analysis of radon concentration using portable radon analyzing equipment. At 

each sampling interval, water samples were collected for major cations and anions, as well as isotopes 

of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Water samples in copper tubes were collected for 3

H/He analysis at 

the Columbia University Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Water samples were collected in glass 

ampoules for analysis of chlorofluorocarbon concentrations, and evacuated side-arm glass sampling tubes 

were used to collect water samples for analysis of dissolved gases by Eurybiades Busenberg (USGS 

Chlorofluorocarbon Laboratory, Reston, Virginia). 

Water samples were collected from wells during the summers of 1995 (table 10), 1996 (table 11), and 

1997 (table 12). This sampling effort focused primarily on wells screened near the water table, but also 

included some wells screened in the glacial drift beneath the water table (piezometers) and selected bedrock wells. The general procedures for sampling consisted of pumping at least one borehole volume and 

then collecting water samples using standard procedures and equipment developed by the USGS (table 

13). Chlorofluorocarbon samples were collected using procedures and equipment developed at the USGS 

Chlorofluorocarbon Laboratory, Reston Virginia (Busenberg and Plummer, 1992). In 1996, water was 

collected from the bedrock wells through copper tubing using a Bennett pump. Copper tubing was used 

during sample collection in 1996 to identify if the type of tubing had an influence on the analysis of the 

concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons used from dating groundwater. Samples collected from bedrock 

wells in prior years used nylon tubing for sample collection. 

Field water-quality parameters included temperature, pH, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and 

alkalinity. Methods of measurement were similar to those used in 1990. Specific conductivity and pH were 

measured with separate Orion probes, both of which also measured temperature. In some cases the probes 

were lowered into the water-table well or piezometer prior to sampling to record in-situ values. Dissolved 

oxygen was measured in the field using the Winkler titration method (Hach kit) or a Yellow Springs 

Instrument (YSI) self-stirring BOD probe (model 5905). Alkalinity was measured using a 0.16 normal (N) 

sulfuric acid titration of 50-mL samples.

As part of the study of groundwater processes at the Mirror Lake site in central New Hampshire, water 

was collected for analysis from a domestic well (Pleasant View) in the general vicinity (southeast) of 

Mirror Lake and Hubbard Book in 1991. Two sample bottles were used to collect each water sample. One 

of the bottles was an acid-rinsed bottle; 1 mL of nitric acid (7.5 to 7.7 N) was added after the bottle was 

filled with water from the well. Water collected in the second bottle was left untreated. The water samples 

were not filtered, and physical and chemical characteristics of the water from the wells were not measured 

at the time of sample collection. Thus, the water from this well was not collected according to the usual 

protocols used in the examination of groundwater in the vicinity of Mirror Lake. The goal was to obtain 

some approximation of characteristics found in a domestic well in the vicinity of Mirror Lake. 

Groundwater flows to land surface in some parts of the Mirror Lake watershed (these flows are defined 

as seeps or springs). In 1997, groundwater was collected from two of these locations, Leeman’s spring 

and Seep S3. Groundwater from these locations was collected to obtain additional information about the 

characteristics of groundwater within the Mirror Lake watershed.
10 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Methods of Physical, Chemical, and Isotopic Analysis 

Methods of Analysis Used in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1988

All samples collected in 1983 and 1984 were analysed by the Institute of Ecosystem Studies 

Laboratory for the following chemical constituents: ammonium, calcium, chloride, magnesium, nitrate, 

orthophosphorus, potassium, silica (as SiO2

), sodium, and sulfate and according to methods described in 

Buso and others (2000). Additionally, in 1983, pH and specific conductance were determined using both 

filtered and unfiltered groundwater. The USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colorado, 

performed the following analyses on the sample collected in 1983 from the bedrock well K1: pH, specific 

conductance and total alkalinity using unfiltered water, and dissolved calcium, chloride, iron, magnesium, 

manganese, potassium, silica (as SiO2

), sodium, and sulfate using filtered water according to methods 

described in Fishman and Friedman (1989). Samples collected in 1986, 1987, and 1988 were analyzed 

by the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colorado, according to methods described in 

Fishman and Friedman (1989).

Methods of Analysis Used in 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997

The method of analysis used in 1990, the unit of measurement, and the detection level for each 

chemical constituent are listed in table 14. Major anions and cations are reported in milligrams per liter. 

Trace metals are reported in micrograms per liter. Radiochemical isotopes are reported in picocuries per 

liter—a picocurie is defined as 3.7 x 10-22 disintegrations per second; the approximate specific activity 

of 1 gram of radium in equilibrium with its disintegration. Both δ2

H and δ18O are reported relative to a 

standard (δ) with units of parts per thousand as permil (‰). The standard compostion for δ2

H and δ18O 

is that of average seawater (standard mean ocean water, or SMOW). The value of δ13C is reported relative to a standard, Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), and is expressed in units of parts per thousand as 

permil (‰). The δ13C standard is -25 ‰ VPDB; VPDB is the carbonate standard derived from the Rostrum 

of Belemnitella Americana of the Pee Dee Formation in South Carolina. Tritium (3

H) is reported in 

concentrations of tritium units (TU) where one TU is equal to one tritium atom in 10-18 atoms of hydrogen. 

The 3

H/He ratio is reported as the ratio of tritium units and tritogenic helium. δ34S is reported as permil (‰) 

relative to a sulfur-32 sample of the Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT). Field parameters, specifically alkalinity 

and pH, were duplicated on 10 percent of samples to ensure accuracy of results. 

Methods of analysis for isotopic analyses conducted from 1991 to 1997 were the same as in 1990. 

Chemical constituents were determined by analyses at the USGS Branch of Regional Research Water 

Research Laboratory in Reston, Virginia. In 1993, direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy 

(DCP-AES) was used for all cation determinations; ion chromatography (IC) was employed for chloride 

and sulfate; and an ion selective electrode and standard additions were used for fluoride. In some cases, 

laboratory alkalinity titrations were performed to either correct suspect field values or to obtain data for 

those samples in which no field alkalinity data were available. Analyses conducted by the IES laboratory 

followed procedures provided in Buso and others (2000): atomic-adsorption spectroscopy was used 

for calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium; ion chromatography was used for nitrate and sulfate; 

automated continuous colorimetry (Technicon and Alpkem instruments) was used for ammonium, chloride, 

and orthophosphate; and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used 

for silicate (silicon) as SiO2

.

Note – Alkalinity, or acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), is reported in different units according 

to reporting by the laboratories. Therefore the tables containing these data present the data either as 

milligrams per liter as CaCO3

, milligrams per liter as HCO3

-

, or millequivalents per liter. The Institute for 

Ecosystems Studies Laboratory reported ANC in milliequivalents per liter, determined by the difference 

between measured cations and anions. The USGS laboratories in Denver and Reston reported alkalinity 
Results 11

in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, determined from titration. Results of alkalinity titrations done at the 

site, as water was being collected, are reported as alkalinity in milligrams per liter as HCO3

-

. Alkalinity in 

milligrams per liter as CaCO3

 can be converted to milliequivalents per liter by multiplying the alkalinity 

value by 0.01998. Alkalinity in milligrams per liter as CaCO3

 can be converted to alkalinity in milligrams 

per liter as HCO3

- by dividing the alkalinity in milligrams per liter as CaCO3

 by 0.8202. Alkalinity in 

milligrams per liter as HCO3

-

 can be converted to milliequivalents per liter by multiplying the alkalinity 

value by 0.01639.

Measurement of Physical and Chemical Characteristics Within Wells in 1987 and 1988.

Most of the measurements for temperature, pH, and specific conductance at wells were made adjacent 

to each well as groundwater exited the well during pumping. Measurements made at the well are defined 

as field measurements (field parameters) to distinguish them from measurements made in the laboratory. 

In addition to measurements made at a well while groundwater was removed from the well, a groundwater 

probe was used to measure temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater within selected 

wells in 1987 and 1988. The probe was a Hydrolab 4031-SU sensor unit connected by a cable 100 meters 

(m) in length to a 4041-DU digital display unit. The sensor unit probes had the following ranges and 

accuracies: temperature -5 to 45 o

C + 0.02 oC; pH 0 to 14 units + 0.1 unit; and specific conductance 1 to 

2,000 microsiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) at 25 o

C + 20 at 25 oC, 2,000 to 20,000 mS/cm at 25 oC + 200 

mS/cm at 25 o

C , and 20,000 to 200,000 mS/cm at 25 oC + 2,000 mS/cm at 25 oC. The probe is designed 

for use in wells at least 2 inches in diameter. Thus, some wells of smaller diameter in the Mirror Lake 

watershed were not included in the in situ measurement of temperature, pH, and specific conductance.

Prior to use in the field, the pH sensor of the Hydrolab 4031-SU was calibrated using commercially 

prepared Hydrion pH buffers 4.0 to 7.0. The specific conductance sensor was calibrated with standards 

of 1,265 mS/cm at 25 o

C and 265 mS/cm at 25 oC. The specific conductance standards were solutions of 

potassium chloride whose specific conductance had been determined in the laboratory using a Yellow 

Springs specific conductance meter.

After calibration, the probe was used to make measurements in water-table wells, piezometers, and 

bedrock wells. In the case of water-table and piezometer wells, the probe was lowered until water was 

encountered and the depth to water was recorded; then the probe was lowered to the bottom of the well. 

When the probe was at the bottom of the well, all sensors were below the top of the well screen. Values of 

temperature, pH, and specific conductance were read from the digital display unit, and once values were 

stable those data were recorded. After all values were recorded the probe was removed from the well and 

stored in a 1-L graduated cylinder containing distilled water. In the case of bedrock wells, the first measurements were made when the probe first entered water in the well and was completely submersed. Following 

the initial measurement just below the surface of the water in the wells, measurements were made at 5-m 

intervals to either the bottom of the well or to a depth of 100 m in those wells where the depth exceeded 

100 m below the top of the well casing. It should be noted that all bedrock wells are cased through the 

glacial drift and are an open hole for the remainder of their depth.

Results

Physical and chemical characteristics of water measured within the casing/borehole (in situ) of selected 

glacial drift and bedrock wells are presented in tables 15 to 25. Physical and chemical characteristics 

of water measured in the field at the time of sample collection are presented in tables 26 and 27. Data 

obtained during the radon surveys of 1992 and 1993 are presented in table 28. Results of laboratory 

analyses of water collected from water-table wells, piezometers, bedrock wells, a seep, and a spring are 
12 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

presented in tables 29 to 33 ( chemical characteristics), table 34 (radiochemical isotopic characterisitics), 

tables 35 and 36 (stable isotope ratios of selected elements), table 37 (isotopic characteristics) and tables 38 

and 39 (dissolved gases). Results for dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved inorganic 

carbon for bedrock well FSE4 are presented in table 40. Water hardness data are contained in table 41. 

Data for Mirror Lake are presented in table 42. Helium data are contained in table 43.

Note – Some of the piezometers are located in zones of low hydraulic conductivity (FS1-25, FS1-35, 

FSE-23, FSE-32, FSE-43, FSE6-51, K1-20, K1-39, R1-55). In these piezometers, some chemical 

characteristics of water in the vicinity of the well screen initially were related to the presence of the cement 

above the well screen. In cases where the water in the piezometers was collected more than once, the tables 

indicate where characteristics of that water changed over time and were no longer related to the presence of 

the cement above the well screen.

References Cited

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p. 179–206.

Shapiro, A.M., Hsieh, P.A., and Winter, T.C., 1995, The Mirror Lake fractured-rock research site—A multidisciplinary research effort in characterizing ground-water flow and chemical transport in fractured rock: 

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 138–95, 2 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs13895. 

Shapiro, A.M., 2001, Effective matrix diffusion in kilometer-scale transport in fractured crystalline rock: 

Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 507–522.
14 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Shapiro, A M., Hsieh, P.A., Burton, W.C., and Walsh, G.J., 2007, Integrated multi-scale characterization 

of ground-water flow and chemical transport in fractured crystalline rock at the Mirror Lake Site, New 

Hampshire, in Hyndman, D.W., Day-Lewis, F.D., and Singha, K., eds., Subsurface hydrology—Data 

integration for properties and processes: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series, 

v. 171, p. 201–225.

Shattuck, P.C., 1991, Shallow water-table response to precipitation and evapotranspiration in an ephemeral 

stream valley, Woodstock, New Hampshire: Durham, University of New Hampshire, 

M.S. thesis, 113 p.

Tiedeman, C.R., Goode, D.J., and Hsieh, P.A., 1997, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow through 

glacial deposits and crystalline bedrock in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1572, 50 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1572.

Tolstikhin, I.N., and Kamensky, I.L., 1969, Determination of groundwater age by the T-3

He method: 

Geochemistry International, v. 6, p. 810–811.

Torgersen, T., Top, Z., Clarke, W.B., Jenkins, W.J., and Broecker, W.S., 1977, A new method for physical 

limnology—tritium-helium-3 ages—Results for Lakes Erie, Huron, and Ontario: Limnology and 

Oceanography, v. 22, p. 181–193.

Winter, T.C., 1984, Geohydrologic setting of Mirror Lake, West Thornton, New Hampshire: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84–4266, 61 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/

publication/wri844266. 

Winter, T.C., Buso, D.C., Shattuck, P.C., Harte, P.T., Vroblesky, D.A., and Goode, D.J., 2008, The effect of 

terrace geology on ground-water movement and on the interaction of ground water and surface water on 

a mountainside near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, USA.: Hydrological Processes, v. 22, no. 1, p. 21–32.

Winter, T.C., and Likens, G.E., eds., 2009, Mirror Lake—Interactions among air, land, and water: 

Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 336 p.

Wood, W.W., 1976, Guidelines for the collection and field analysis of ground-water samples for selected 

unstable constituents: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques for Water-Resources Investigations, book 1, 

chap. D2, 24 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri1-d2/. 

Wood, W.W., Kraemer, T.F., and Shapiro, Allen, 2004, Radon (222Rn) in ground water of fractured rocks—

A diffusion/ion exchange model: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 4, p. 552–567.
Tables 15

Tables
16 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 1. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, bedrock wells, a seep, a spring, and a domestic bedrock well in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for analysis, or physical and chemical measurements were made within the wells from 1983 to 1997.—Continued [Well locations are shown in figures 1 and 2. Abbreviations for type of well: WT, water table; P, piezometer; BR, bedrock; D, domestic bedrock. Abbreviations for data collection: X, water collected for analy- sis; Y, physical and chemical measurements made within a well] Name of well, seep, or spring Other designation1 Type of well Year of data collection 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 W2 B-2 WT

X

X

Y

Y

X

X

X

W3 B-3 WT

X

X

Y

X

X

X

W3A B3-A WT

X

X

Y

X

X

W4-11 B4-11 

W4-11(B) WT

X

X

Y

W4-23 B4-23

W4-23(A) WT

X

X

Y

W6 WT

X X,Y

Y

X

W7 WT

X

X X,Y

Y

W8 WT

X

W9 WT

X

X X,Y

Y

W10 WT

X

X X,Y

Y

W11 WT

X

X X,Y

Y

X

W12 WT

Y

W14 WT

X

X

W15 WT

X

X

X

W16 WT

X

X

X

X

W16A WT

X

X

W18 T1-8 WT

X

X

Y

X

X

W25 WT

X

X

W26 WT

X

X

X

X

W27 WT

X

X

W33 WT

X

X

W34 WT

X

X
Tables 17

Table 1. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, bedrock wells, a seep, a spring, and a domestic bedrock well in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for analysis, or physical and chemical measurements were made within the wells from 1983 to 1997.—Continued[Well locations are shown in figures 1 and 2. Abbreviations for type of well: WT, water table; P, piezometer; BR, bedrock; D, domestic bedrock. Abbreviations for data collection: X, water collected for analysis; Y, physical and chemical measurements made within a well]

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring 

Other 

designation1

Type of 

well

Year of data collection

1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997

W35 WT X X

W36 WT X X

CO WT CO87 WT WT X,Y XCO1-18 P X

CO1 CO87 BR BR Y X X X

CO2 CO89 BR BR X

CO3 BR X

CO4 BR X

CO10 BR X

CO11 BR X

FS1-17 FS WT, W17 WT X X Y Y X X X X

FS1-25 FS 25 P X X Y Y X X

FS1-35 FS 35 P X X Y Y X X X

FS1 FS BR 

FS 79 BR BR Y Y X X

FS2-25 FS 87 P 25 WT Y

FS2 FS 87 BR BR Y X X

FS3-11 FSE-14 WT X

FS3-22 FS3-25 P X

FS3-29 FS3-35 P X

FS3 FS 89 BR BR X X X

FS3C-19 P X X

FS3C-24 P X X X X
18 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 1. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, bedrock wells, a seep, a spring, and a domestic bedrock well in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for analysis, or physical and chemical measurements were made within the wells from 1983 to 1997.—Continued [Well locations are shown in figures 1 and 2. Abbreviations for type of well: WT, water table; P, piezometer; BR, bedrock; D, domestic bedrock. Abbreviations for data collection: X, water collected for analy- sis; Y, physical and chemical measurements made within a well] Name of well, seep, or spring Other designation1 Type of well Year of data collection 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 FS3C-29

P

X

X

X

FS4 WT WT

X

FS5 BR

X

FS6 BR

X

FS7 BR

X

FSE WT WT

X

FSE-23

P

X

X

Y

Y

X

X

FSE-32

P

X

X

Y

Y

X

FSE-43

P

X

Y

Y

X

X

FSE1 FS83E BR BR

Y

FSE2 FS83E2 BR BR

Y

X

FSE3 FS83E3 BR BR

Y

FSE4 FS83E4-BR BR

X

Y

Y

X

X

FSE5 FSE5 BR BR

X

FSE6 WT WT

X

X

FSE6-32

P

X

FSE6-51

P

X

X

FSE6-59

P

X

FSE6 BR

X

H1 BR

X

IS1 BR

X

K1-8 KHL8 WT

X

X

X

K1-15 KHL 15

P

X

X
Tables 19

Table 1. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, bedrock wells, a seep, a spring, and a domestic bedrock well in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for analysis, or physical and chemical measurements were made within the wells from 1983 to 1997.—Continued[Well locations are shown in figures 1 and 2. Abbreviations for type of well: WT, water table; P, piezometer; BR, bedrock; D, domestic bedrock. Abbreviations for data collection: X, water collected for analysis; Y, physical and chemical measurements made within a well]

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring 

Other 

designation1

Type of 

well

Year of data collection

1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997

K1-20 KHL 20 P X X

K1-25 KHL 25 P X X

K1-30 KHL 30 P X X

K1-35 KHL 35 P X X X

K1-39 KHL 39 P X X X

K1 KHLBR

Kh-1-BR BR X X

K2-21 K-21 WT X X Y X

K2-31 K-31 P X X Y

K2-41 K-41 P X X Y X

K2 K BR BR Y X

K3-22 KHB 22 WT X X X

K3-41 KHB 42 P X X

K3-61 KHB 61 P X X X

K3 Kh-B BR BR X

R1-36 WT X X X

R1-55 P X X X

R1 BR X X

RR1 PZ WT X

RR1 BR X

S-40 Well 40 WT X X X

T1 BR X

TR1-63 TR1-WT WT X Y X X X X
20 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 1. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, bedrock wells, a seep, a spring, and a domestic bedrock well in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for analysis, or physical and chemical measurements were made within the wells from 1983 to 1997.—Continued [Well locations are shown in figures 1 and 2. Abbreviations for type of well: WT, water table; P, piezometer; BR, bedrock; D, domestic bedrock. Abbreviations for data collection: X, water collected for analy- sis; Y, physical and chemical measurements made within a well] Name of well, seep, or spring Other designation1 Type of well Year of data collection 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 TR1-132 TR 132

P

X

Y

TR1 TR BR BR

Y

X

X

TR2 BR

X

X

Seep S3 Seep

X

Leeman’s 

Spring S1 Spring

X

Pleasant 

View well

D

X

1 The designation of some wells changed during the period of study; other designations are provided to enable reference to previous publications.
Tables 21

Table 2. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, and bedrock wells in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire, including those from which water was collected for chemical analysis 

or measured within the well from 1983 to 1988.—Continued

[—, no sample collected; ——, no measurement made]

Name of well Year sampled for 

chemical analysis

Method of sample 

collection1

Year of in situ 

measurement

W2 1983, 1984 B PP 1987, 1988

W3 1983, 1984 PP PP 1987

W3A 1983, 1984 B PP 1988

W4-11 1983, 1984 PP PP 1988

W4-23 1983, 1984 B PP 1988

W6 1984, 1987 B PP 1987, 1988

W7 1983, 1984, 1987 PP PP 1987, 1988

W8 1984 PP ——

W9 1983, 1984, 1987 PP PP 1987, 1988

W10 1983, 1984 , 1987 PP PP 1987, 1998

W11 1983, 1984, 1987 BP PP PP 1987, 1988

W12 Well was dry — 1988

W13 Well was dry — ——

W14 1983, 1984 BP PP ——

W15 1983, 1984 PP PP ——

W16 1983, 1984 B PP ——

W18 1983, 1984 B PP 1988

CO WT 1988 PP 1988

CO1 Not sampled — 1988

FS1-25 1983, 1984 PP PP 1987, 1988

FS1-35 1983, 1984 M PP 1987, 1988

FS1 Not sampled — 1987, 1988

FS1-17 1983, 1984 B PP 1987, 1988

FS2-25 Not sampled — 1988

FS2 Not sampled — 1988

FSE WT 1984 PP ——

FSE-23 1984, 1986 PP PP 1987, 1988

FSE-32 1984, 1986 PP PP 1987, 1988

FSE-43 1984 PP 1987, 1988

FSE1 Not sampled — 1987

FSE2 Not sampled — 1988

FSE3 Not sampled — 1988

FSE4 1986 H 1987, 1988
22 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 2. Summary of water-table wells, piezometers, and bedrock wells in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire, including those from which water was collected for chemical analysis 

or measured within the well from 1983 to 1988.—Continued

[—, no sample collected; ——, no measurement made]

Name of well Year sampled for 

chemical analysis

Method of sample 

collection1

Year of in situ 

measurement

K1-8 1983, 1984 M PP ——

K1-15 1983, 1984 M PP ——

K1-20 1983, 1984 M PP ——

K1-25 1983, 1984 M PP ——

K1-30 1983, 1984 M PP ——

K1-35 1983, 1984 M PP ——

K1-39 1983, 1984 M PP ——

K1 1983 M ——

K2-21 1983, 1984 PP 1988

K2-31 1983, 1984 B 1988

K2-41 1983, 1984 BP 1988

K2 Not sampled — 1988

K3-22 1983, 1984 BP PP ——

K3-41 1983, 1984 BP PP ——

K3-61 1983, 1984 BP PP ——

TR1-63 1984 B 1988

TR1-132 1984 B 1988

TR1 Not sampled — 1988

1 Method of sample collection: B – Bailer; BP – Bailed, pitcher pump; H – Paul Hsieh geophysical pump; 

M – Middleburg bladder pump; PP – Peristaltic Pump.
Tables 23

Table 3. Wells and zones sampled during phase one of a groundwater study in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, May 9 to 

June 4, 1990.

[C, sample zone without interval delineated]

Name of well

Sample zone 

(feet below measuring point at 

top of casing) or feet below land 

surface

Constituents sampled1 Remarks

W3 Water table Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

W26 Water table Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I5

CO WT Water table Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2 

CO1 B (101-209) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

CO2 A (25-104) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I5 No Eh

FS1-17 Water table Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2 No Eh

FS1-35 33-35 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

FS1 A (55-105) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I5

FS1 C (217-450) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I5

FS2 A (32-105) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I5

FS3-22 20-22 Fp,Gc, I1, I2 

FS3 A (38-84) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

FS3 C (197-645) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

FSE-23 21-23 Fp,Gc, I1, I2 No alkalinity, Eh

FSE-43 41-43 Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I5 No alkalinity, Eh

FSE2 A (55-105) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

FSE2 B (107-215) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

K1-8 Water table Fp,Gc, I1, I2 

K1-39 37-39 Fp,Gc, I1, I2 

K1 borehole Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

K2-21 Water table Fp,Gc, I1, I2 

K2-41 39-41 Fp,Gc, I1, I2 ,I3

K2 (55-160) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

K3-22 Water table Fp,Gc, I1, I2 

K3-61 59-61 Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

K3 (75-175) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

S-40 Water table Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

TR1-63 Water table Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3

TR1 A (177-199) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

TR1 B (200-299) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I5

1 Codes: 

Fp – Field parameters—Alkalinity, Eh, pH, specific conductance
24 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 3. Wells and zones sampled during phase one of a groundwater study in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, May 9 to 

June 4, 1990.—Continued

[C, sample zone without interval delineated]

Gc – General chemistry—Barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, chloride, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, 

molybedenum, nickel, nitrogen (nitrate, ammonia), phosphorus, potassium, silver, sodium, sulfate, uranium, vanadium, zinc

Rc – Radiochemistry—Uranium-234, uranium-235, uranium-238, radium-226, radium-228

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

I2 – Isotopes—Tritium

I3 – Isotopes—Carbon-13

I4 – Isotopes—Tritium/helium (not sampled during phase 1)

I5 – Isotopes—Sulfur-34

I6 – Isotopes—Radon-222 (not sampled during phase 1)

Table 4. Wells and zones sampled during phase two of a groundwater study in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire, June 21 to September 23, 1990.

Name of well

Sample zone 

(feet below measuring point at 

top of casing)

Constituents sampled1

CO1 B (104-116) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

CO1 C (409-421) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

CO2 B (163-171) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

FS2 B (133-169) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4, I6

FS2 C (236-251) Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4

FS3 A (60-75) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4

FS3 C (365-380) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4, I6

FS3 C (530-545) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4, I6

R1 A (57-80) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4

R1 B (102-125) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4

R1 B (148-171) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4

TR1 A (171-190) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4

TR1 B (271-300) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4

TR1 C (299-327) Fp,Gc, I1, I2, I3, I4

1

 Codes:

Fp – Field parameters—Alkalinity, Eh, pH, specific conductance

Gc – General chemistry—Barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, chloride, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iron, lead, 

lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybedenum, nickel, nitrogen (nitrate, ammonia), phosphorus, potassium, silver, sodium, sulfate, uranium, vanadium, zinc

Rc – Radiochemistry—Uranium-234, uranium-235, uranium-238, radium-226, radium-228

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

I2 – Isotopes—Tritium

I3 – Isotopes—Carbon-13

I4 – Isotopes—Tritium/helium

I5 – Isotopes—Sulfur-34 (not sampled during phase 2)

I6 – Isotopes—Radon-222
Tables 25

Table 5. Wells sampled during phase three of a groundwater study 

in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, November through 

December, 1990.

Name of well Constituents sampled1

CO1-18 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4, I6

FS1-35 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4, I6

FS3-11 Fp

FS3-22 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4, I6

FS3-29 Fp

FSE6 WT Fp

FSE6-51 Fp

K1-8 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4

K1-35 Fp

K2-21 Fp

K2-41 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4

K3-61 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3

R1-36 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4

R1-55 Fp

TR1-63 Fp,Gc,Rc, I1, I2, I3, I4

1 Codes:

Fp – Field parameters—Alkalinity, Eh, pH, specific conductance

Gc – General chemistry—Barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, chloride, 

cobalt, copper, fluoride, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, 

molybedenum, nickel, nitrogen (nitrate, ammonia), phosphorus, potassium, silver, sodium, sulfate, uranium, vanadium, zinc

Rc – Radiochemistry—Uranium-234, uranium-235, uranium-238, 

radium-226, radium-228

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

I2 – Isotopes—Tritium

I3 – Isotopes—Carbon-13

I4 – Isotopes—Tritium/helium

I5 – Isotopes—Sulfur-34 (not sampled during phase 3)

I6 – Isotopes—Radon-222
26 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 6.

Water evacuation data for wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses 

in 1990.—Continued [Date pumped is by month/day/year. M.P., measuring point; A,B,C, sample zones]

Name of well

Sample zone

(feet below M.P. 

at top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date pumped Borehole volume, in gallons Volume pumped, in gallons Number of volumes evacuated Pumping time, in minutes Pumping rate, in gallons per minute Consecutive (c) or intermittent (i)

W3 Water table 5/30/1990 1.5 24 16 150 0.16 c

W26 Water table 5/23/1990 0.95 6 6.3 126 variable i

S-40 Water table 5./22/1990 0.5 12.6 25 157 variable i

CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 1.1 23 21 84 variable i

CO1-18 16-18 5/9/1990 2.5 1.5 0.6 6 0.25 c

CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 2.3 6.8 3 62 0.11 c

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 204 339 1.7 390 variable i

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 nr1 nr 1 nr nr nr

CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 133 146 1.1 189 variable i

CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 2.6 3.0 1.1 25 variable i

FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 5.6 29.3 5.2 234 variable i

FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 5.2 10.4 2 94 0.11 c

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 112 88 0.79 106 variable i

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 383 306 0.80 382 0.80 c

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 103 147 1.4 273 variable c

FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

FS3-11 Water table 12/5/1990 0.44 2.1 4.8 19 0.11 c

FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 2.3 5 2.2 50 variable i

FS3-22 20-22 12/5/1990 2.2 2.2 1.5 nr variable i

FS3-29 27-29 12/5/1990 3.4 7.7 2.3 100 0.11 i
Tables 27

Table 6. Water evacuation data for wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses in 1990.—Continued [Date pumped is by month/day/year. M.P., measuring point; A,B,C, sample zones]

Name of well

Sample zone

(feet below M.P. 

at top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date pumped Borehole volume, in gallons Volume pumped, in gallons Number of volumes evacuated Pumping time, in minutes Pumping rate, in gallons per minute Consecutive (c) or intermittent (i)

FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 90 145 1.6 175 0.82 c

FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 687 550 0.8 734 variable i

FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 0.326 3 9.2 17 variable i

FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 3.99 4.2 1.1 variable i

FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 111 213 1.9 172 variable i

FSE2 B (107-215) 6/1/1990 173 256 1.5 265 variable i

FSE6 WT Water table 11/28/1990 0.25 12.5 50 114 0.11 i

FSE6-51 49-51 11/30/1990 5.5 4 0.7 36 0.11 c

K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 0.72 12.7 18 68 0.19 c

K1-8 Water table 11/2/1990 0.2 11.7 58 87 0.13 c

K1-35 33-35 11/2/1990 4.6 22 4.9 200 variable i

K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 5.3 8 1.5 50 variable i

K1 borehole 5/17/1990 217 244 1.1 394 0.62 c

K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 1.5 36 24 211 variable i

K2-21 Water table 11/30/1990 0.77 17.6 22.8 122 0.14 c

K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 7 19.4 2.8 180 variable c

K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 4.4 48.4 11 160 0.8 c

K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 218 390 1.8 453 0.86 c

K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 10 19.1 1.9 36 0.53 c

K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 33.8 140 4.1 140 1.0 c
28 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 6.

Water evacuation data for wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, from which water was collected for physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses 

in 1990.—Continued [Date pumped is by month/day/year. M.P., measuring point; A,B,C, sample zones]

Name of well

Sample zone

(feet below M.P. 

at top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date pumped Borehole volume, in gallons Volume pumped, in gallons Number of volumes evacuated Pumping time, in minutes Pumping rate, in gallons per minute Consecutive (c) or intermittent (i)

K3-61 59-61 11/30/1990 8.7 192 22 240 0.80 i

K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 266 359 1.4 360 variable i

R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 3.7 8.8 2.4 nr variable i

R1-55 53-55 11/29/1990 6.7 28 4.1 nr variable i

R1 A (57-80) 9/16/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

R1 B (102-125) 9/15/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

R1 B (148-171) 9/16/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 4.1 54 13 208 variable i

TR1-63 Water table 11/29/1990 3.75 87 23.2 143 0.6 c

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 179 200 1.1 200 variable i

TR1 A (171-190) 9/22/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 170 187 1.1 645 variable i

TR1 B (271-300) 9/23/1990 nr nr 1 nr nr nr

1 nr indicates not recorded.
Tables 29

Table 7. Chemical constituents and their collection and preservation procedures for water samples collected in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire, in 1990.

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; —-, no analytical method code associated with the constituent; mL, milliliter; L, liter]

Chemical constituents sampled Collection procedure; 

Bottle type 

USGS National Water 

Quality Laboratory 

analytical method code

Preservation 

procedure

Quantity 

collected

Bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrogen, 

phosphorus, specific conductance, 

sulfate

Filtered, untreated; 

Polyethylene

SH1101 None 250 mL

Barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, 

chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, 

lithium, magnesium, manganese, 

molybdenum, nickel, silver, sodium, 

vanadium, zinc

Filtered; Polyethylene SH1043 Nitric acid 100 mL

Potassium Filtered; Polyethylene LC0883 None 50 mL

Boron Filtered/Raw; 

Polyethylene

LC1183 None/Nitric acid 25 mL/25 mL

Uranium Raw; Polyethylene LC 1388 None 125 mL

Deuterium, 

oxygen-18

Raw; Glass - clear SH1142 None 125 mL

Sulfur-34 Filtered; Glass - brown LC0298 Mercury 2 L

Carbon-13 Raw; Glass - clear LC0440 Strontium chloride 2 L

Uranium – -234, -235, -238 Filtered; Polyethylene SH1130 Nitric acid 2 L

Radium-226 Filtered; Polyethylene LC0794 Nitric acid 1 L

Radium-228 Filtered; Polyethylene LC1364 Nitric acid 2 L

Radon-222 Raw; Glass - septum —- None 50 mL

Tritium Raw; Polyethylene LC1565 None 1 L

Tritium/helium Raw; copper tube —- None 7 L
30 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 8. Wells and zones sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1991.

[Date of collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well

Sampled zones (feet 

below top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date of collection

Pumping rate 

in liters per 

minute

Constituents 

sampled1 Remarks

CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 1.6 Gc, I1, I4, Fr

CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 5.0 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, C

CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 5.1 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, C

FS1-17 Water table 9/23/1991 nr2 I1, I3, Fr, D

FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 nr pH, I2, I4, Fr, D

FS1-35 33-35 9/24/1991 nr Fr, D

FS1 121-136 8/5/1991 5.5 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, D

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 0.8 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, D,C

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 1.2 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, D, C

FSE4 (436-443) 6/12/1991 nr Gc, I1

H1 (178-193) 8/7/1991 1.5 Fr 2 freon samples collected 

– Bennett pump 

malfunctioned and 

could not be started to 

complete sampling.

H1 (178-193) 8/13/1991 4.4 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, D,C

H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 1.2 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, D

R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 nr I1, I2, I3, I4, Fr,D

R1-55 53-55 9/26/1991 nr Gc, I2, I4, Fr,D

T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 4.5 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, D

T1 (155-172) 8/15/1991 4.7 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, C

T1 (220-237) 8/15/1991 4.2 Gc, I1, I4, Fr, C

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 nr Gc, NO3

, I1, I2, I3, 

I4, Fr

Pleasant View well unknown 5/22/1991 nr Gc, I1

1 Codes:

Gc – General chemistry—Alkalinity, bromide, calcium, chloride, fluoride, iron, magnesium, pH, potassium, silica as SiO2, sodium, specfic conductance, 

strontium, and sulfate

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

I2 – Isotopes—Tritium

I3 – Isotopes—Carbon-13

I4 – Isotopes—Tritium/helium

Fr – Freon (Chlorofluorocarbons 11, 112, and 113)

D – Dissolved gas

C – Sample collected for 14C analysis in the event that it was needed for age dating based on tritium presence or absence

2 nr indicates not recorded.
Tables 31

Table 9. Wells and zones pumped or sampled (or both) in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1992 and 1993.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year; R, radon-222; δ13C, isotope ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in comparison to the isotope ratio in a standard – Vienna 

Pee Dee Belemnite; Mn, manganese; NO3, nitrate; C-14, carbon-14; 3H, tritium]

Name of well

Sampled zones (feet 

below top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date of 

collection

Pumping rate in 

liters per minute

Constituents 

sampled1 Remarks

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 1.8 222R,Gc, I1

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 3.3 222R,Gc, I1

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 3.6 222R,Gc, I1 Bottle for δ13C broken in 

transit. Duplicate liter 

sample in glass will be 

supplied.

FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 nr2 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FS2 236-251.3 7/8/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FS2 384-399.3 7/8/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FS3 60.0-72.4 7/19/1993 variable 222R,Fp, Gc, Mn, 3

H, 

I1, Fr

FS3 294.0-306.2 7/20/1993 variable 222R,Fp, Gc, Mn, 3

H, 

I1, Fr

FS3 365.0-377.2 7/20/1993 variable 222R,Fp, Gc, Mn, 3

H, 

I1, Fr

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 variable 222R,Gc, I1

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 0.045 222R,Gc, I1

FSE-23 21-23 5/19/1992 nr None Intermittent pumping to 

purge well – pH 12 

indicates contamination 

from cement. No 

chemical or isotope 

samples.

FSE-32 30-32 5/19/1992 nr None Intermittent pumping to 

purge well – pH 12 

indicates contamination 

from cement. No 

chemical or isotope 

samples.

FSE-32 30-32 5/21/1992 nr 222R, 3

H, Fr Intermittent pumping to 

purge well. Continued 

sampling of FSE-32 

conducted on May 19, 

1992, for age dating 

water.
32 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 9. Wells and zones pumped or sampled (or both) in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1992 and 1993.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year; R, radon-222; δ13C, isotope ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in comparison to the isotope ratio in a standard – Vienna 

Pee Dee Belemnite; Mn, manganese; NO3, nitrate; C-14, carbon-14; 3H, tritium]

Name of well

Sampled zones (feet 

below top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date of 

collection

Pumping rate in 

liters per minute

Constituents 

sampled1 Remarks

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 nr 3

H, Fr Intermittent pumping to 

purge well – pH 12 

indicates contamination 

from cement. No 

chemical or isotope 

samples.

FSE4 (438.2-445) 5/18/1992 0.24 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

FSE6 WT 10.5-15.5 5/20/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1 Intermittent pumping to 

purge well. Very silty 

water. Partial sampling 

conducted.

FSE6-32 30-32 5/21/1992 nr 222R

FSE6-41 39-41 5/20/1992 nr None Intermittent pumping to 

purge well. Very silty 

water. No samples taken.

FSE6-51 49-51 5/20/1992 nr 222R Intermittent pumping 

to purge well. Water 

smelled of sewage, 

probably from leach 

field west of FSE-6. At 

end of pumping, gray, 

silty water. Only radon 

sample taken.

FSE6-59 57-59 5/20/1992 nr 222R Intermittent pumping to 

purge well. Water had 

purple tint. Only radon 

sample taken.

IS1 (56-58.8) 6/3/1992 3.8 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

IS1 (364-370.8) 6/4/1992 4.9 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

IS1 (400-406.8) 6/4/1992 4.6 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 variable 222R,Gc, I1, Fr Pumping rate varied. 

Sediment in water 

causing pump to 

clog. Partial sampling 

conducted.

R1 65-80.1 7/14/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

R1 110-125.1 7/14/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

R1 147-162.1 7/15/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

R1 480-495.1 7/15/1992 nr 222R,Gc, I1, Fr

TR1 170-190 6/30/1992 0.69 222R,Gc, NO3

, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

Water is slightly silty.
Tables 33

Table 9. Wells and zones pumped or sampled (or both) in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1992 and 1993.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year; R, radon-222; δ13C, isotope ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in comparison to the isotope ratio in a standard – Vienna 

Pee Dee Belemnite; Mn, manganese; NO3, nitrate; C-14, carbon-14; 3H, tritium]

Name of well

Sampled zones (feet 

below top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date of 

collection

Pumping rate in 

liters per minute

Constituents 

sampled1 Remarks

TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 3.3 222R,Gc, NO3

, 3H, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

Significant leakage from 

above top packer and 

some leakage from 

below bottom packer.

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 nr 222R,Gc, NO3

, 3H, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 nr 222R,Gc, NO3

, 3H, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

TR1 482-489.8 7/6/1992 nr 222R,Gc, NO3

, 3H, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 6.1 222R,Gc, NO3

, 3H, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 4.4 222R,Gc, NO3

, 3H, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 4.5 222R,Gc, NO3

, 3H, I1, 

δ13C, Fr, G1

TR2 (151-170.1) 6/24/1992 6.1 222R Leakage from above top 

packer. Sample for C-14 

taken.

TR2 (150.1-170.3) 7/21/1993 nr 222R, Fp, Gc, Mn, I1, 

3

H, Fr

TR2 (270.0-289.3) 7/21/1993 2.5 222R, Fp, Gc, Mn, I1, 

3

H, Fr

TR2 (426.0-445.3) 7/22/1993 nr 222R, Fp, Gc, Mn, I1, 

3

H, Fr

1 Codes:

Fr – Freon (Chlorofluorocarbons 11, 112, and 113)

Fp – Field parameters – Temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity

G1 – Dissolved gases – nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, methane

Gc – General chemistry—Alkalinity, bromide, calcium, chloride, fluoride, iron, magnesium, pH, potassium, silica as SiO2

, sodium, specfic conductance, 

strontium, and sulfate

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

2 nr indicates not recorded.
34 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 10. Wells and zones sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1995.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year; NA, not applicable; —-, not available; Sp. Cond., specific conductance; °C, degrees Celsius; L/min; liters per minute; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter]

Name of well

Sampled zone

(feet below top 

of casing), or feet 

below land surface

Date of 

collection

Pumping rate 

in liters per 

minute

Constituents 

sampled1 Remarks

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 0.06 Fr,Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Downhole temperature 6.7 °C. 

Pumped for 6 hours.

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 0.1 Fr,Fp,Gc,I1, I2 Pumped 4 hours. Pumping rate varied 

between 0.07 and 0.22 L/min. 

Downhole temperature 6.8 °C.

W3A Water table 6/23/1995 0.2 Fr, Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Pumping rate varied, mostly around 

0.2 to 0.28 L/min. Pumped 

3.75 hours. Downhole temperature 

9.7 °C.

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 NA Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Intermittent pumping over 3 days. 

Downhole temperature 8.2 °C.

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 0.13 Fr, Fp,Gc,I1, I3 Downhole temperature 6.0 °C. 

Pumped 5 hours. pH ranged from 

6.6 to 7.0.

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 0.1 Fr, Fp,Gc,I1, I2 Flow rate ranged between 0.1 and 

0.17 L/min. Pumped 4.25 hours. 

Downhole temperature 6.5 °C.

W26 Water table 8/16/1995 —- Gc Field parameters unavailable. Sample 

taken for comparison with analysis 

to be conducted by D.A. Vroblesky 

(USGS, Columbia, S.C.).

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 0.05 Fr, Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Pumped 7 hours.

CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 2.6 Fp,Gc,I1, I2 Sampling fault zone in CO well field.

CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 1.4 Fp,Gc,I1, I2

CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 3.0 Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3

CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 2.6 Fp,Gc,I1, I2

CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 1.1 Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Slight drop in pH and Sp. Cond. 

during sampling. At start 

of sampling pH=8.03, Sp. 

Cond. = 420 μS/cm.

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 0.05 Fr, Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Intermittent pumping over 5 hours.

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 0.05 Fr,Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Pumping over 2 days, each day at 

approximately constant rate.

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 0.1 Fr,Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Pumped 4 hours.

FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 2.8 Fp, Gc, I1,I2, I3

FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 1.8 Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3

FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 0.32 Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Alkalinity titration not conducted 

in the field. Drop in pH at end of 

sampling (pH=7.7), during last hour 

of pumping.
Tables 35

Table 10. Wells and zones sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1995.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year; NA, not applicable; —-, not available; Sp. Cond., specific conductance; °C, degrees Celsius; L/min; liters per minute; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter]

Name of well

Sampled zone

(feet below top 

of casing), or feet 

below land surface

Date of 

collection

Pumping rate 

in liters per 

minute

Constituents 

sampled1 Remarks

FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 5.0 Fp,Gc,I1, I2 First 15 minutes of pumping, pH 8.4, 

Sp. Cond. 150 μS/cm. Later, appear 

to draw water from overburden. 

Field parameters and samples reflect 

water drawn at later time.

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 0.3 Fr,Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Pumped 3.5 hours. Downhole 

temperature 5.0 °C.

R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 0.05 Fr,Fp,I1,I2, I3 pH rises throughout sampling. 

High pH indicative of cement 

contamination. Samples will not be 

submitted for analysis because they 

will not be indicative of formation waters. Pumped 11 hours. 

Downhole temperature 5.6 °C.

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 0.74 Fr,Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 pH and Sp. Cond. rise during last 

15 minutes of pumping (pH=7.00, 

Sp. Cond. = 615 μS/cm). Water 

degassing in discharge line.

RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 2.7 Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Significant degassing of water; looks 

like seltzer! Unable to perform 

alkalinity titration with 0.16N 

sulfuric acid.

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 0.1 Fr,Fp,Gc,I1,I2, I3 Pumped 8.5 hours. Pumping rate 

variable between 0.04 and 

0.2 L/min. Downhole temperature 

6.8 °C.

1 Codes:

Fr – Freon (Chlorofluorocarbons 11, 112, and 113)

Fp – Field parameters—Temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity

Gc – General Chemistry—Alkalinity, aluminum, bromide, calcium, chloride, fluoride, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrate, pH, potassium, silica as SiO2

, 

sodium, specfic conductance, strontium, and sulfate

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

I2 – Isotopes—Tritium

I3 – Isotopes—Carbon-13
36 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 11. Wells sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, in 1996.

[Date of collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well Date of collection Pumping rate in 

liters per minute Constituents sampled1 Remarks

W2 8/26/1996 0.2 Fpa, G1 Pumped sporadically for 6 hours.

W16 8/28/1996 nr2 Fpa, Gc, Ba, B, Cu, F, Li, 

Zn, I1, I2, I3, Fr, G1

W16A 8/27/1996 nr Fpa, Gc, Ba, B, Cu, F, Li, 

Zn, I1, I2, I3, Fr,

W26 8/26/1996 0.2 Fpa, G1 Pumped for 45 minutes.

W33 8/22/1996 0.4 Fpa, Gc, I1,I2, I3, Fr, Ba, 

B, Cu, F, Li, Zn, G1

Pumped for 6 hours.

W34 8/22/1996 0.05 Fpt, Gc, I1,I2, Ba, B, Cu, 

F, Li, Zn, G1

Pumped sporadically for 2 days.

W35 8/27/1996 nr Fpp, Gc,I1, I2, I3, Ba, B, 

Cu, F, Li, Zn, G1

W36 8/26/ 8/27/1996 nr Fpa, Gc, I3,Ba, B, Cu, F, 

Li, Zn, Fr, G1

FS1-17 7/19/1996 0.1 Fpt, Gc, I1,I2, I3, Fr, Ba, 

B, Cu, F, Li, Zn

Pumped for 8 hours.

FS1-25 7/20/1996 0.1 Fpt, Gc, I1,I2, I3, Fr, Ba, 

B, Cu, F, Li, Zn

Pumped for 4 hours, 30 minutes.

FS1-35 7/20/1996 0.7 Fpt, Gc, I1,I2, I3, Fr, Ba, 

B, Cu, F, Li, Zn

Pumped for 2 hours 30 minutes.

FS3C-19 7/18/1996 0.34 Fpt, Gc, I1,I2, I3, Fr, Ba, 

B, Cu, F, Li, Zn

Pumped for 3 hours.

FS3C-24 7/18/1996 0.13 Fpt, Gc, I1,I2, I3, Fr, Ba, 

B, Cu, F, Li, Zn

Pumped for 5 hours.

FS3C-29 7/17/1996 0.1 to 0.2 Fp, Gc, I1,I2, I3, Fr, Ba, 

B, Cu, F, Li, Zn

Pumped for 4 hours.

CO1 6/20/ 6/23/1996 nr Gc 

FS7 6/22/1996 nr Gc 

S-40 8/23/1996 nr I2

1 Codes:

Ba – barium B – boron Cu – copper F – fluoride Li – lithium Zn – zinc

Fpa – Field parameters—temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen

Fpt – Field parameters—pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen

Fpp – Field parameters—temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen

Fr – Freon (Chlorofluorocarbons 11, 112, and 113)

G1 – Dissolved gases—nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, methane

Gc – General chemistry—alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, silica as SiO2, bromide, iron, manganese, aluminum, 

strontium, nitrate. 

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

I2 – Isotopes—Tritium

I3 – Isotopes—Carbon-13

2 nr indicates not recorded.
Tables 37

Table 12. Wells and zones, a seep, and a spring sampled in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in 1997.

[Date of collection is by month/day/year; *, not pumped, flowing spring]

Name of well

Sampled zone, or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of 

collection

Pumping rate in 

liters per minute Constituents sampled1

W2 Water table 6/7/1997 0.07 Fpa,Gc,I1,I2, I3, G1

W3 Water table 7/14/1997 0.26 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2,I3, G1

W3A Water table 7/14/1997 0.09 Fpa,Gc,I1,I2, I3.G1

W6 Water table 7/26/1997 0.07 Fpa,Gc,I1,I2, I3, G1

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 0.2 Fpa,Gc, I1, I2, I3, G1

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 0.03 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 0.08 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 0.09 FpO,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

W18 Water table 6/26/1997 0.07 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

W25 Water table 7/13/1997 0.09 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

W26 Water table 6/8/1997 0.08 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

W27 Water table 6/19/1997 0.11 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, G1

W33 Water table 7/7/1997 0.15 Fpa, I1, I2, I3, G1

W34 Water table 6/10/1997 0.06 Fpa,Gc, I1, I2, I3, G1

W35 Water table 7/11/1997 0.03 Fpa,I1, I2, G1

W36 Water table 6/17/1997 0.1 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 0.11 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 0.04 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3

FS4 WT Water table 7/8/1997 0.06 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 0.05 Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 0.15 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

Seep S3 Water table 8/7/1997 0.07 Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3

Leeman’s Spring Water surface 8/6/1997 * Fpa,Gc,I1, I2, I3, G1

1 Codes:

Fpa – Field parameters—temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen

FpO – Field parameters—temperature, pH, specific conductance

Gc – General chemistry—alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, silica as SiO2, 

bromide, fluoride, iron, manganese, aluminum, strontium, nitrate, barium, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, 

lead, lithium, nickel, strontium, vanadium, zinc

I1 – Isotopes—Deuterium and oxygen-18

I2 – Isotopes—Tritium

I3 – Isotopes—Carbon-13

G1 – Dissovled gases—nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, methane
38 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 13. Procedures and equipment used for sample collection from water-table wells and piezometers in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire, in 1995, 1996, and 1997.

[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; —, not applicable; L, liter; mL, milliliter; oz, ounce]

Step Procedures and Parameters Equipment Remarks

1 Measure water level and total well 

length

Electric tape Compute volume of water in well

2 Install submersible piston pump or 

intake tubing for peristaltic pump

Stainless steel piston pump or peristaltic pumpEither copper or nylon tubing

3 Purge well of at least 1 well volume — Monitor pH, specific conductance temperature, 

and dissolved oxygen; collect discharge for 

volume measurements; intermittent water 

level measurements

4 Tritium 1-L polyethylene bottle Overflow at least 1 volume

5 Carbon isotopes 1-L brown or clear glass bottle with 

polyseal cap

Overflow at least 1 volume; small air bubble 

at top

6 Alkalinity 50 mL in graduated cylinder Analyze in field by titration

7 Total organic carbon 4-oz brown glass bottle with Teflon 

cap

Store on ice and express mail to USGS Reston 

water research laboratory 

8 Deuterium and oxygen-18 2-oz glass bottle with polyseal cap No air bubble

9 Dissolved gases 200-mL clear glass bottles with 

rubber septum

Duplicate samples; no air bubble; store on 

ice and express mail to USGS Reston 

Chlorofluorcarbon laboratory

10 Sulfur hexafluoride 1-L clear glass bottle with polyseal 

cap

No air bubble, store on ice and express mail to 

USGS Reston Chlorofluorcarbon laboratory

11 Chlorofluorocarbons 75-mL clear glass ampules Collect and seal in ultra-pure apparatus 

provided by USGS Reston 

Chlorofluorcarbon laboratory; 3-6 samples

12 Shutdown — Record final field parameters
Tables 39

Table 14. Analytical methods and reporting procedures for samples collected in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, 

in 1990.

[pH, - log (H+); mmhos/cm, micromhos per centimeter; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; ‰, parts per thousand of deuterium or 

oxygen-18; piC/L, picocuries per liter; Tu, tritium units; —, no data available; ICP, inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy]

Constituent Analytical method Unit of measurement Detection level

pH Electrometry pH —

Specific conductance Electrometry μmhos/cm 1

Alkalinity Titrimetry, electrometric mg/L as Ca CO3 —

Barium, bromide, calcium, 

magnesium, sodium, silica as SiO2

Dissolved, atomic emission, ICP, direct mg/L 0.1

Boron, beryllium, cadmium, 

chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, 

lithium, lead, molybdenum, 

manganese, nickel, silver, 

dtrontium, vanadium, zinc

Dissolved, atomic emission, ICP, direct μg/L 0.1

Fluoride Ion chromatography mg/L 0.01

Nitrogen, ammonia, phosphorus Colorimetry mg/L 0.002

Nitrogen, nitrate Ion chromotography mg/L 0.01

Potassium Dissolved, atomic absorption, direct mg/L 0.01

Uranium Dissolved, extract, laser-induced phosphorimetryμg/L 0.01

Deuterium Dissolved, protium, mass spectrometry ‰ —

Oxygen-18 Dissolved, mass spectrometry ‰ —

Sulfur-34 Sulfate precipitate, mass spectrometry ‰ —

Uranium–234 Dissolved, alpha spectrometry-speciation pCi/L 0.1

Uranium-235 Dissolved, alpha spectrometry-speciation pCi/L 0.1

Uranium-238 Dissolved, alpha spectrometry-speciation pCi/L 0.1

Radium-226 Dissolved, by de-emanation pCi/L 0.2

Radium-228 Dissolved, by separation, beta counting pCi/L 1.0

Radon-222 Dissolved, liquid scintillation pCi/L 100

Tritium Dissolved, liquid scintillation Tu 1

Tritium/helium — ratio —
40 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 15. In situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater within the casing or borehole of selected wells 

measured in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, July 1987.

[Date of measurement is by month/day/year; Forest Service Station, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, United State Department of Agriculture Forest 

Service Northern Research Station; oC, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 oC, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius]

Name of well Date of measurement Temperature, in °C pH

Specific 

conductance, in 

μS/cm @ 25 °C 

Remarks

W7 7/8/1987 22.0 7.1 45 Wells in area of 

outflow from 

Mirror Lake into 

groundwater.

W9 7/8/1987 18.5 6.2 17

W10 7/8/1987 10.2 7.8 29

W2 7/10/87 9.0 7.1 45

Wells in west 

drainage basin 

north of Forest 

Service Station.

W3 7/10/87 11.1 5.4 ^1

FS1-17 7/10/87 7.3 10.0 39

FS1-25 7/10/87 7.1 12.5 1,748

FS1-35 7/10/87 7.9 12.5 5,280

FS1 7/10/87 8.5 7.1 112

W6 7/7/1987 8.2 7.7 72

Wells in west drainage basin east of 

Forest Service 

Station in vicinity 

of acid deposition 

experiments.

W11 7/7/1987 8.0 5.4 12

FSE-23 7/7/1987 8.2 12.8 1,684

FSE-32 7/7/1987 9.5 13.0 6,230

FSE-43 7/7/1987 10.0 13.2 7,820

FSE4 7/7/1987 8.6 6.8 659

1 ^, indicates value out of range – specific conductance sensor of probe likely not fully immersed.
Tables 41

Table 16. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, within bedrock wells FS1 (sampled July 10, 1987) and FSE1 (sampled July 7, 1987).

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

FS1 10 7.4 8.4 67

20 7.6 8.1 61

30 7.7 8.0 57

40 7.8 7.8 53

50 8.1 7.5 98

60 8.3 7.4 95

70 8.4 7.2 93

76.5 8.5 7.1 112

FSE1 9.5 8.7 7.0 722

15 8.5 7.0 726

20 8.6 6.9 700

25 8.6 6.8 659

29 9.2 6.7 617

30 9.1 6.6 611

31 9.4 6.6 606

33 10.2 6.5 593

34 9.3 6.5 568

35 10.2 6.4 556

36 10.2 6.4 556

37 10.0 6.4 552

40 10.7 6.3 524

45 10.5 5.9 1,050

50 10.2 5.9 1,112

55 10.6 5.9 1,116

60 10.7 5.9 1,112

65 10.9 5.9 1,112

70 10.8 5.9 1,109

75 10.8 5.9 1,113

80 11.0 5.9 1,109

85 11.2 5.9 1,106

90 11.2 5.9 1,100

95 11.3 5.8 1,101

100 11.3 5.8 1,097

101 11.0 5.8 1,105
42 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 17. In situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater measured in selected 

wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, July 19, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius]

Name of well Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 25 °C 

W2 9.7 6.8 74

W3A 10.6 6.7 23

W4-11 10.8 6.8 ^1

W4-23 7.5 6.9 97

W6 8.2 8.0 73

W7 22.7 6.7 32

W9 19.5 6.1 30

W10 8.8 6.8 84

W11 8.4 7.3 38

W12 14.5 6.8 ^

FS1-17 14.6 6.1 ^

W18 9.1 7.7 49

CO WT 7.9 6.3 55

1 ^, indicates value out of range – specific conductance sensor of probe likely not fully immersed.
Tables 43

Table 18. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well FS1 and adjacent piezometers FS1-25 and FS1-35, July 20, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; —, not applicable]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

FS1-25 — 7.6 11.8 3,340

FS1-35 — 7.2 11.9 3,400

FS1 6.5 8.1 7.5 92

10 7.9 7.6 89

15 7.9 7.6 85

20 8.0 7.5 80

25 7.9 7.4 78

30 8.0 7.2 157

35 8.0 7.2 155

40 8.1 7.1 173

45 8.2 7.0 171

50 8.3 7.0 169

55 8.3 6.9 168

60 8.4 6.9 166

65 8.5 6.9 164

70 8.6 6.8 162

75 8.7 6.8 160

80 8.8 6.7 159

85 8.9 6.7 157

90 9.0 6.7 156

95 9.2 6.7 156

100 9.3 6.6 153
44 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 19. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well FS2 and adjacent piezometer FS2-25, July 20, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; —, not applicable]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

FS2-25 — 9.0 6.8 341

FS2 11 9.4 8.2 88

15 8.9 8.5 82

20 8.7 8.5 79

25 8.7 8.2 88

30 8.6 8.0 86

35 8.6 7.8 83

40 8.6 7.6 82

45 8.6 7.5 125

50 8.7 7.3 148

55 8.7 7.1 149

60 8.8 7.0 164

65 8.8 7.0 162

70 8.9 7.0 160

75 9.0 6.9 175

80 9.1 6.8 174

85 9.2 6.8 171

90 9.3 6.8 170

95 9.4 6.7 168

100 9.5 6.7 197
Tables 45

Table 20. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well FSE2 and adjacent piezometers FSE-23, FSE-32, and FSE-43, July 20, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; —, not applicable]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

FSE-23 — 7.6 11.6 1,083

FSE-32 — 8.1 11.9 5,730

FSE-43 — 9.0 12.4 6,880

FSE2 8.5 9.0 6.4 451

10 8.8 6.6 453

15 8.7 6.6 444

20 8.9 6.6 415

25 8.8 6.6 405

30 9.1 6.6 397

35 9.1 6.5 392

40 9.1 6.4 389

45 9.1 6.3 387

50 9.2 6.3 571

55 9.3 6.3 646

60 9.3 6.3 645

65 9.3 6.2 643

70 9.4 6.2 641

75 9.5 6.3 638

80 9.6 6.2 636

85 9.7 6.2 634

90 9.8 6.2 632

95 9.9 6.2 630

100 10.0 6.2 628
46 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 21. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well FSE3, July 20, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

FSE3 8 10.1 6.6 233

10 8.8 6.6 238

15 8.9 6.6 294

20 9.0 6.4 282

25 8.8 6.3 278

30 8.8 6.3 276

35 8.7 6.2 273

40 9.1 6.2 268

45 9.1 6.2 265

50 9.1 6.0 730

55 9.1 5.9 840

60 9.2 5.9 839

65 9.3 5.9 836

70 9.3 5.9 834

75 9.4 5.9 833

80 9.5 5.7 1,207

85 9.6 5.7 1,204

90 9.7 5.7 1,203

95 9.8 5.7 1,200

100 9.9 5.7 1,221
Tables 47

Table 22. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well FSE4, July 20, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

FSE4 8.5 9.3 6.4 632

10 8.8 6.5 628

15 8.9 6.6 615

20 9.4 6.7 601

25 9.3 6.6 556

30 9.4 6.6 526

35 9.3 6.5 497

40 9.3 6.4 472

45 9.3 6.3 942

50 9.3 5.8 1,001

55 9.4 5.8 999

60 9.4 5.8 996

65 9.6 5.8 993

70 9.7 5.7 991

75 9.7 5.7 988

80 9.8 5.7 986

85 9.9 5.7 984

90 10.0 5.7 982

95 10.0 5.7 979

100 10.1 5.7 977
48 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 23. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well TR1 and adjacent water-table well TR1-63 and piezometer TR1-132, July 19, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; —, not applicable]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

TR1- 63 — 8.3 8.6 46

TR1-132 — 9.2 8.4 ^1

TR1 15 (in air?) 11.7 7.0 ^

20 8.8 8.4 86

25 9.0 9.0 80

30 8.9 9.3 78

35 9.0 9.4 75

40 8.5 9.5 75

45 8.6 9.5 72

50 8.6 9.4 77

55 8.7 8.8 125

60 8.7 8.6 124

65 8.8 8.5 121

70 8.8 8.4 120

1 ^, indicates value out of range – specific conductance sensor of probe likely not fully immersed.
Tables 49

Table 24. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well K2 and adjacent piezometers K2-21, K2-31, and K2-41, July 19, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; —, not applicable]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

K2-21 — 8.1 7.0 212

K2-31 — 8.5 7.0 215

K2-41 — 8.9 7.5 158

K2 4 (in air?) 14.0 6.6 ^1

5 9.2 7.8 212

10 8.1 7.8 204

15 10.2 7.8 198

20 10.5 7.9 194

25 10.5 7.9 193

30 10.4 7.9 192

35 10.1 7.9 191

40 10.1 8.0 191

45 10.0 8.0 188

50 10.0 8.0 208

1 ^. indicates value out of range – specific conductance sensor of probe likely not fully immersed.
50 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 25. Vertical variation of in situ temperature, pH, and specific conductance of groundwater in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, in bedrock well CO1 and adjacent water-table well CO WT, July 19, 1988.

[°C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; —, not applicable]

Name of well Depth below top of 

casing, in meters Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C

CO WT — 7.9 6.3 55

CO1 3 9.6 7.1 67

5 7.9 7.6 69

10 7.2 7.7 66

15 7.5 8.2 63

20 7.7 8.3 60

25 7.9 8.3 58

30 8.2 8.0 201

35 8.7 7.8 198

40 9.0 7.7 193

45 9.3 7.6 192

50 9.5 7.6 188

55 9.3 7.6 187

60 9.5 7.5 185

65 9.8 7.5 182

70 9.9 7.5 180

75 10.0 7.5 178

80 10.1 7.5 177

85 10.0 7.5 175

90 10.1 7.5 175

95 10.0 7.5 174

100 10.1 7.5 171
Tables 51

Table 26. Summary of physical and chemical field parameters from groundwater samples collected in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, in 1990.—Continued[Date of measurement is by month/day/year; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of well

Sampled zone

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

measurement

Water level 

elevation, in 

feet

Depth below 

measuring 

point, in feet 

Temperature, 

in °C pH 

Specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C

Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3

System Eh,

in millivolts1

Observed Eh,

in millivolts

W3 Water table 5/30/1990 847.0 1.32 8.5 6.9 47 15 +428 +173

W26 Water table 5/23/1990 830.2 16.16 9.0 7.0 79 26 +175 -80

CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 709.9 4.97 *2 5.6 30 22 +390 +137

CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 708.1 6.80 6.3 5.4 38 8@3 +488 +231

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 711.2 4.02 10.0 7.7 310 87 +86 -167

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 * * 9.5 7.7 315 88 +161 -93

CO1 B (409-421) 6/22/1990 * * 9.5 7.7 253 103 +161 -93

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 710.1 4.14 8.5 7.5 215 93 * *

CO2 B (163-170) 6/29/1990 * * 11.5 8.0 273 107 +284.5 +29.5

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 852.8 8.10 * 7.6 48 28 * *

FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 853.9 5.70 8.5 7.7 75 33 +430 +175

FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 854.0 6.06 6.0 7.4 43 34@ +400.7 +145.7

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 837.5 20.20 9.5 7.2 85 32 +154 -100

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 839.6 19.60 10.0 7.3 187 99 +192 -61

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 811.6 27.37 9.5 8.3 87 40 -32 -286

FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 814.2 24.85 14.0 6.7 200 105 * *

FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 801.1 37.95 17.0 6.7 400 264 +195 -61

FS3-11 Water table 12/6/1990 893.6 10.0 5.4 5.2 19 4@ +403 +148

FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 891.3 12.35 10.0 6.9 75 24 * *

FS3-22 20-22 12/5/1990 891.2 12.42 4.8 7.0 55 15@ +227 -29

FS3-29 27-29 12/5/1990 * 13.95 * 13.3**4 8,500** * +121 -135

FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 886.0 16.16 8.5 7.1 115 55 -25 -280

FS3 A ( 60-75) 8/10/1990 * * 8.5 7.3 112 51 +197.5 -57.5
52 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 26. Summary of physical and chemical field parameters from groundwater samples collected in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, in 1990.—Continued [Date of measurement is by month/day/year; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well Sampled zone (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of measurement Water level elevation, in feet Depth below measuring point, in feet Temperature, in °C pH Specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3 System Eh, in millivolts1 Observed Eh, in millivolts FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 874.4 27.85 11.0 7.9 185 106 +96 -160 FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 * * 10.0 7.8 178 97 +138 -115 FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 * * 10.5 7.4 122 60 +178 -76 FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 768.9 21.0 12.5 11.4** 500** * * * FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 772.2 18.53 12.0 11.8** 590** * * * FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 767.8 23.02 11.0 6.6 320 174 +219 -37 FSE2 B (107-215) 6/1/1990 768.0 30.36 12.0 6.3 360 223 +208 -43 FSE6 WT Water table 11/29/1990 * 14.48 7.8 7.8 86 * +457 +202 FSE6-51 49-51 12/3/1990 * 17.21 6.1 10.7** 158 * +286 +30 FSE6-59 57-59 11/28/1990 * 17.57 * * * * * * K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 692.6 15.33 8.0 6.3 205 33 +453 +197 K2-21 Water table 11/30/1990 690.6 17.26 9.5 6.1 230 29 +389.5 +135.5 K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 692.4 14.52 9.5 6.7 141 50 +302 +48 K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 690.8 16.58 9.5 6.8 149 40 +242 -11.3 K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 693.0 12.67 9.5 8.5 220 125 -1 -255 K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 680.0 6.02 13.0 6.0 46 5 +396 +147 K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 675.6 9.79 13.0 7.2 95 47 +112 -137 K3-61 59-61 11/30/1990 675.1 10.20 * 7.4 78 38 +140 -115.7 K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 684.4 2.29 13.0 8.4 320 188 -3 -253 K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 698.9 7.68 12.0 5.5 32 5 +438 +187 K1-8 Water table 11/2/1990 697.8 8.83 7.5 5.7 35 5 +467 +212 K1-35 33-35 11/21/1990 694.8 11.85 11.5 9.1** 110 * +250 -2.7 K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 696.3 10.37 9.0 11.6** 525 184 +296 +33
Tables 53

Table 26. Summary of physical and chemical field parameters from groundwater samples collected in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, in 1990.—Continued[Date of measurement is by month/day/year; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of well

Sampled zone

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

measurement

Water level 

elevation, in 

feet

Depth below 

measuring 

point, in feet 

Temperature, 

in °C pH 

Specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C

Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3

System Eh,

in millivolts1

Observed Eh,

in millivolts

K1 borehole 5/17/1990 698.4 5.64#5 11.0 8.5 155 67 * *

R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 * 16.50 8.2 5.7 25 3 +492 +235

R1-55 53-55 11/30/1990 * 16.69 9.5 10.9** 300 * +184 -70

R1 A (57-80) 9/16/1990 * * 8.3 7.9 153 75 +127 -129

R1 B (102-125) 9/15/1990 * * 9.4 7.9 168 87 +219.7 -34.3

R1 B (148-171) 9/16/1990 * * 8.0 8.3 173 90 +171 -84.5

S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 834.6 3.00 8.0 6.0 35 8 +296 +40

TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 776.9 41.12 11.5 6.6 150 15 +164 -91

TR1-63 Water table 11/29/1990 775.9 42.05 7.7 6.3 47 79 +462 +207

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 756.1 61.80 9.5 8.7 147 80 -48 -302

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 753.5 64.43 10.5 8.4 168 86 * *

TR1 A (171-190) 9/22/1990 * * 11.3 8.5 125 59 +59 -196

TR1 B (271-300) 9/23/1990 * * 10.2 8.2 166 76 +92 -162

TR1 C (299-327) 9/23/1990 * * 15.3 8.2 182 84 +94 -155

1 The system Eh is the true Eh of the environment relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. The system value is calculated from the observed Eh relative to the reference electrode and comparisons to 

Zobell solution (Wood, 1976).

2 *denotes no information.3 @ denotes alkalinities done in the laboratory, not in the field and relative to hydrogen-ion potential.4 ** denotes pH and specific conductance affected by anthropogenic sources.5 # denotes a new measuring point (2.65 feet below old measuring point).
54 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 27. Physical and chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep and a spring in the vicinity of 

Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997.—Continued

[Water was measured at the end of the copper tubing discharging water from the well at the time of sample collection; date of measurement is by month/day/

year; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; HCO3-, bicarbonate; >, greater than]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

measurement

Temperature,1

in °C pH

Specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C

Dissolved 

oxygen, in 

milligrams per 

liter

Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as HCO3

–

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 17 6.4 74 0.0 25.9

W2 Water table 8/26/1996 21 6.3 68 0.2-2.0 *2

W2 Water table 6/7/1997 9-12 7.0 75 0.5-1.0 *

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 16 6.3 47 3.0 14.2

W3 Water table 7/14/1997 11-20 6.0 52 2.5 *

W3A Water table 6/23/1995 19 5.4 23 6.8 6.83

W3A Water table 7/14/1997 12-22 5.0 20-29 5.6 *

W6 Water table 7/26/1997 10-16 6.0-6.4 140 0.3-0.8 *

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 10-13 5.5 38 6.9 *

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 17-20 6.2 50-70 1.9 *

W16 Water table 8/28/1996 13 7.0 120-180 0.1 *

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 10-20 6.0-6.8 140-170 0.5 *

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 15 7.0 80 3.0 *

W16A Water table 7/8/1997 12 6.0 62-86 * *

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 13 6.3 50-72 * *

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 20 6.4 35 5.3 22.7

W18 Water table 6/26/1997 13-15 6.0 28 2.0 *

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 11 6.8 85 0.5 33.7

W25 Water table 7/13/1997 14-17 6.7 93 0.1 *

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 15 6.9 83 0.0 29.3

W26 Water table 8/26/1996 nr 6.4 80 0.05 *

W26 Water table 6/8/1997 10-12 6.7 85 0.5-0.7 *

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 20 6.3 54 5.1 22.0

W27 Water table 6/19/1997 10 5.8 50 4 *

W33 Water table 8/22/1996 24 6.8 74 0.04 *

W33 Water table 7/7/1997 10 64 78 0 *

W34 Water table 8/22/1996 nr 7.0 55 2.7 *

W34 Water table 6/10/1997 9-14 6.3 37 6-7 *

W35 Water table 8/27/1996 15 * 60 0.2 *

W35 Water table 7/11/1997 9.3 5.0–5.8 35 4.6 *
Tables 55

Table 27. Physical and chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep and a spring in the vicinity of 

Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997.—Continued

[Water was measured at the end of the copper tubing discharging water from the well at the time of sample collection; date of measurement is by month/day/

year; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; HCO3-, bicarbonate; >, greater than]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

measurement

Temperature,1

in °C pH

Specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C

Dissolved 

oxygen, in 

milligrams per 

liter

Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as HCO3

–

W36 Water table 8/26/1996 15 6.0 39 3.0 *

W36 Water table 8/27/1996 15 * 40 3.0 *

W36 Water table 6/17/1997 8.0 5.4 23 7.8 *

CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 14.3 7.30 965 0.005 136.7

CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 10 8.01 400 0.5 119.1

CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 10.5 7.32 681 0.04 120.8

CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 10.7 7.58 597 0.25 127.9

CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 11.8 7.91 337 0.05 278.2

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 15 6.6 77 0.01 40.8

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 nr 6.8 74 0.1–0.7 *

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 nr 11.0 370 3.0 *

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 nr 5.3 24 4.0 *

FS3 60.0-72.4 7/19/1993 9.8 7.5 122 0.5 63.2

FS3 294.0-306.2 7/20/1993 10.5 7.95 172 1.75 112.3

FS3 365.0-377.2 7/20/1993 10.2 7.87 184 0.75 122.0

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 24 5.6 25 9.5 4.39

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 nr 5.4 24 8.0 *

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 18 5.8 30 8.8 9.29

FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 nr 5.8 28 6.8 *

FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 8 - 9 5.5 26 7.0 *

FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 nr 6.5 29 6.2 6

FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 7 - 12 5.0 22 5.8 *

FS4 WT Water table 7/8/1997 10.6 4.0 - 5.0 54 - 76 4.7 *

FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 13.3 8.30 152 >0.1 *

FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 10.5 8.16 135 0.12 85.7

FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 9 8.06 138 0.18 86.9

FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 9.8 6.48 320 0.0 166.0

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 8 6.4 23 10.6 2.93

R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 18 10.2 190 0.0 *

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 13.5 6.6 575 0.8 53.7
56 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 27. Physical and chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep and a spring in the vicinity of 

Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1997.—Continued

[Water was measured at the end of the copper tubing discharging water from the well at the time of sample collection; date of measurement is by month/day/

year; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; HCO3-, bicarbonate; >, greater than]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

measurement

Temperature,1

in °C pH

Specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C

Dissolved 

oxygen, in 

milligrams per 

liter

Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as HCO3

–

RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 12.3 6.36 2,660 0.0 *

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 19 7.8 47 9.0 19.0

TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 9.0-16.0 6.1 46 9.2 *

TR2 (151.0-170.3) 7/21/1993 11.2 8.15 243 0.5 142.8

TR2 (270.0-289.3) 7/21/1993 10.9 7.88 323 0.45 38.5

TR2 (426.0-445.3) 7/22/1993 10.6 7.97 401 1.2 252.6

Seep S3 Water surface 8/7/1997 14 5.0 23-40 0.8–1.6 *

Leeman’s 

Spring Water surface 8/6/1997 7.7 4.8 10.5 6.0 *

1 Over long pumping periods and at low flow rates, the temperature of water at the end of the copper tubing varies with air temperature; nr indicates temperature not recorded.

2 * No information.
Tables 57

Table 28. Radon survey of water collected from selected wells in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1992 and

1993.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well Sampled zones, in 

feet below reference Reference Date of collection Time of day

Radon 2221

Disintigrations per 

minute

+/—

CO1 104-114 Land surface 6/16/1992 12:15 3,343 +/- 30 

CO1 104-114 Land surface 6/16/1992 13:05 4,200 +/- 107 

CO1 420-430 Land surface 6/16/1992 16:01 1,136 +/- 53 

CO1 420-430 Land surface 6/16/1992 16:45 872 +/- 52 

CO4 92-98.8 Top of casing 6/11/1992 12:53 2,251 +/- 87 

CO4 92-98.8 Top of casing 6/11/1992 13:31 2,172 +/- 16 

IS1 56-58.8 Top of casing 6/3/1992 11:02 9,017 +/- 93 

IS1 56-58.8 Top of casing 6/3/1992 12:30 11,601 +/- 111 

IS1 364-370.8 Top of casing 6/4/1992 09:43 6,529 +/- 36 

IS1 364-370.8 Top of casing 6/4/1992 11:30 2,362 +/- 86 

IS1 400-405.8 Top of casing 6/4/1992 14:04 8,183 +/- 69 

IS1 400-405.8 Top of casing 6/4/1992 14:55 9,425 +/- 112 

IS1 466.5-473.3 Top of casing 6/4/1992 17:04 706 +/- 16 

FS2 134-149.3 Land surface 7/7/1992 19:25 1,203 +/- 8 

FS2 134-149.3 Land surface 7/7/1992 19:53 1,103 +/- 6 

FS2 134-149.3 Land surface 7/7/1992 20:39 1,232 +/- 4 

FS2 236-251.3 Land surface 7/8/1992 12:36 1,298 +/- 55 

FS2 236-251.3 Land surface 7/8/1992 13:43 1,519 +/- 46 

FS2 236-251.3 Land surface 7/8/1992 14:10 1,313 +/- 46 

FS2 384-399.3 Land surface 7/8/1992 17:29 1,904 +/- 8 

FS2 384-399.3 Land surface 7/8/1992 18:39 1,034 +/- 34 

FS2 384-399.3 Land surface 7/8/1992 18:47 776 +/- 30 

FS3 60-75.1 Land surface 7/11/1992 09:40 3,131 +/- 77 

FS3 60-75.1 Land surface 7/11/1992 10:12 3,284 +/- 137 

FS3 60-75.1 Land surface 7/11/1992 10:44 3,921 +/- 93 

FS3 60-75.1 Land surface 7/12/1992 13:53 2,900 +/- 19 

FS3 60-75.1 Land surface 7/12/1992 14:30 3,173 +/- 51 

FS3 60-75.1 Land surface 7/12/1992 14:48 3,436 +/- 61 

FS3 60-72.4 Land surface 7/19/1993 15:03 3,415 

FS3 60-72.4 Land surface 7/19/1993 15:18 1,470 

FS3 60-72.4 Land surface 7/19/1993 15:25 3,963 

FS3 294-309.1 Land surface 7/11/1992 13:36 2,007 +/- 16 

FS3 294-309.1 Land surface 7/11/1992 14:39 2,552 +/- 32 

FS3 294-309.1 Land surface 7/11/1992 15:12 3,252 +/- 16 

FS3 294-309.1 Land surface 7/12/1992 17:32 2,542 +/- 114 

FS3 294-309.1 Land surface 7/12/1992 18:16 3,347 +/- 50 

FS3 294-309.1 Land surface 7/12/1992 19:06 3,572 +/- 31 

FS3 294-302.6 Land surface 7/20/1993 11:06 132 

FS3 294-302.6 Land surface 7/20/1993 11:58 2,272 
58 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 28. Radon survey of water collected from selected wells in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1992 and

1993.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well Sampled zones, in 

feet below reference Reference Date of collection Time of day

Radon 2221

Disintigrations per 

minute

+/—

FS3 294-302.6 Land surface 7/20/1993 12:27 2,642 

FS3 365-380.1 Land surface 7/13/1992 10:20 440 +/- 8 

FS3 365-380.1 Land surface 7/13/1992 10:42 321 +/- 17 

FS3 365-380.1 Land surface 7/13/1992 11:12 260 +/- 6 

FS3 365-372.2 Land surface 7/20/1993 15:18 262 

FS3 365-372.2 Land surface 7/20/1993 15:33 292 

FS3 365-372.2 Land surface 7/20/1993 16:22 277 

FS3 530-545.1 Land surface 7/13/1992 13:35 2,205 +/- 35 

FS3 530-545.1 Land surface 7/13/1992 14:07 4,186 +/- 74 

FS3 530-545.1 Land surface 7/13/1992 14:23 2,727 +/- 86 

FSE4 438-445 Top of casing 5/18/1992 17:31 894 +/- 19 

FSE4 438-445 Top of casing 5/18/1992 18:10 690 +/- 45 

FSE4 438-445 Top of casing 5/18/1992 18:37 1,102 +/- 31 

FSE6 WT 10.5-15.5 Land surface 5/20/1992 09:39 1,179 +/- 53 

FSE6-32 30-32 Land surface 5/21/1992 10:58 2,895 +/- 43 

FSE6-32 30-32 Land surface 5/21/1992 12:24 2,860 +/- 54 

FSE6-51 49-51 Land surface 5/20/1992 15:10 910 +/- 10 

FSE6-59 57-59 Land surface 5/20/1992 20:11 440 +/- 22 

FSE-23 21-23 Land surface 5/19/1992 16:18 1,068 +/- 46 

FSE-32 30-32 Land surface 5/19/1992 13:52 730 +/- 4 

FSE-43 41-43 Land surface 5/19/1992 13:07 1,322 +/- 21 

FS3C-29 28-29 Land surface 7/18/1992 17:43 2,485 +/- 17 

FS3C-29 28-29 Land surface 7/18/1992 19:14 2,642 +/- 21 

FS3C-24 23-24 Land surface 7/19/1992 13:44 2,547 +/- 8 

FS3C-24 23-24 Land surface 7/19/1992 17:08 2,807 +/- 21 

R1 65-80.1 Land surface 7/14/1992 13:14 1,279 +/- 54 

R1 65-80.1 Land surface 7/14/1992 14:03 2,246 +/- 16 

R1 65-80.1 Land surface 7/14/1992 14:10 1943 +/- 8 

R1 110-125.1 Land surface 7/14/1992 15:58 556 +/- 13 

R1 110-125.1 Land surface 7/14/1992 16:26 792 +/- 21 

R1 110-125.1 Land surface 7/14/1992 16:43 734 +/- 45 

R1 147-162.1 Land surface 7/15/1992 11:49 619 +/- 27 

R1 147-162.1 Land surface 7/15/1992 12:27 1,189 +/- 48 

R1 147-162.1 Land surface 7/15/1992 12:48 142 +/- 18 

R1 480-495.1 Land surface 7/15/1992 15:54 332 +/- 11 

R1 480-495.1 Land surface 7/15/1992 17:26 352 +/- 24 

TR1 170-190 Land surface 6/29/1992 13:24 5,899 +/- 195 

TR1 170-190 Land surface 6/29/1992 14:00 8,493 +/- 147 

TR1 170-190 Land surface 6/29/1992 15:01 6,969 +/- 147 
Tables 59

Table 28. Radon survey of water collected from selected wells in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1992 and

1993.—Continued

[Date of collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well Sampled zones, in 

feet below reference Reference Date of collection Time of day

Radon 2221

Disintigrations per 

minute

+/—

TR1 271-299.8 Land surface 6/30/1992 17:11 1,937 +/- 54 

TR1 271-299.8 Land surface 6/30/1992 17:53 1,683 +/- 12 

TR1 298.6-327.4 Land surface 7/1/1992 11:15 1,141 +/- 24 

TR1 298.6-327.4 Land surface 7/1/1992 11:34 1,081 +/- 10 

TR1 298.6-327.4 Land surface 7/1/1992 12:59 1,863 +/- 25 

TR1 390-397.8 Land surface 7/1/1992 18:07 693 +/- 25 

TR1 390-397.8 Land surface 7/1/1992 18:46 754 +/- 17 

TR1 482-489.8 Land surface 7/6/1992 12:25 371 +/- 8 

TR1 482-489.8 Land surface 7/6/1992 13:06 394 +/- 8 

TR1 482-489.8 Land surface 7/6/1992 14:11 514 +/- 12 

TR2 151-170.1 Top of casing 6/22/1992 13:43 2,204 +/- 10 

TR2 151-170.1 Top of casing 6/22/1992 17:30 551 +/- 138 

TR2 151-170.3 Top of casing 7/21/1993 13:20 1,627 

TR2 151-170.3 Top of casing 7/21/1993 14:06 1,570 

TR2 151-170.3 Top of casing 7/21/1993 14:21 1,789 

TR2 270-289.1 Top of casing 6/22/1992 16:45 848 +/- 38 

TR2 270-289.3 Top of casing 7/21/1993 16:49 749 

TR2 270-289.3 Top of casing 7/21/1993 17:10 591 

TR2 270-289.3 Top of casing 7/21/1993 17:43 724 

TR2 426-445.1 Top of casing 6/23/1992 14:34 875 +/- 16 

TR2 426-445.1 Top of casing 6/23/1992 14:45 413 +/- 108 

TR2 426-445.1 Top of casing 6/23/1992 15:55 516 +/- 100 

TR2 426-445.3 Top of casing 7/22/1993 09:32 60 

TR2 426-445.3 Top of casing 7/22/1993 10:12 330 

1

 Radon activities were determined in the field using Lucas cells and a portable scintillation counter. The reported radon value resulted from multiple determinations per cell beginning at the time noted.
60 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued [Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indi- cates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Laboratory pH Laboratory specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, or [as HCO3

-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

W2 Water table 8/31/1983 7.68 56.6 5.10 1.27 3.55 1.42 0.54 10.3 (0.320) IES

W2 Water table 6/28/1984 *2 * 5.07 1.40 3.44 1.30 0.00 10.5 (0.332) IES

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 * * 5.16 1.18 3.28 1.06 0.67 11.1 [20.1, 25.9] USGS R

W2 Water table 6/7/1997 * * 5.22 1.34 3.33 1.20 1.25 13.9 [19.8] USGS R

W3 Water table 8/2/1983 8.37 46.1 3.90 1.01 2.79 1.24 0.57 8.2 (0.243) IES

W3 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 3.93 1.03 2.84 1.28 0.58 8.0 (0.254) IES

W3 Water table 5/30/1990 6.6 50 4.1 1.1 2.9 1.2 0.49 8.9 14, 15 USGS D

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 * * 3.85 0.89 2.69 1.09 0.67 8.52 [16.0, 14.2] USGS R

W3 Water table 7/14/1997 * * 4.30 1.10 2.80 1.3 1.12 8.35 [16.5] USGS R

W3A Water table 8/1/1983 9.09 46.4 3.87 0.97 2.67 1.15 0.50 8.0 (0.237) IES

W3A Water table 6/28/1984 * * 1.28 0.25 1.08 0.11 0.48 4.2 (0.033) IES

W3 A Water table 6/23/1995 * * 1.33 0.25 1.36 0.14 0.63 4.36 [4.50, 6.83] USGS R

W3 A Water table 6/10/1997 * * 1.45 0.28 1.14 0.2 1.18 4.31 [2.50] USGS R

W4-11 Water table 8/1/1983 7.77 21.5 1.72 0.36 1.65 0.22 0.58 4.5 (0.082) IES

W4-11 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 1.20 0.29 1.07 0.07 0.52 5.3 (0.007) IES

W4-23 Water table 8/3/1983 6.55 7.00 72.3 63.0 4.45 1.27 3.80 2.77 1.20 11.7 (0.285) IES

W4-23 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 3.93 1.03 2.84 1.28 0.58 8.0 (0.254) IES

W6 Water table 6/28/1984 * * 6.53 1.68 5.92 4.46 8.30 4.7 (0.503) IES

W6 Water table 7/7/1987 6.9 81 5.7 1.3 4.0 4.1 9.0 4.6 [23] USGS D

W6 Water table 7/26/1997 * * 1.85 0.40 3.60 2.5 12.3 6.14 [37.9] USGS R
Tables 61

Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued[Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] 

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top 

of casing) or 

feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Laboratory pH 

Laboratory

specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C 

Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3, 

or [as HCO3-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

W7 Water table 7/28/1983 6.32 7.39 33.3 29.1 2.24 0.48 1.81 0.42 2.24 4.7 (0.079) IES

W7 Water table 6/26/1984 * * 2.08 0.42 1.64 0.54 2.24 4.5 (0.066) IES

W7 Water table 7/8/1987 6.7 37 2.6 0.4 1.8 0.7 2.2 4.3 6 USGS D

W8 Water table 6/26/1984 * * 1.56 0.31 1.63 0.44 2.21 3.8 (0.044) IES

W9 Water table 7/28/1983 6.18 7.43 33.9 32.8 2.62 0.53 2.08 1.02 2.62 4.7 (0.119) IES

W9 Water table 6/27/1984 * * 2.05 0.41 1.91 0.52 2.23 4.1 (0.084) IES

W9 Water table 7/8/1987 6.3 34 2.6 0.43 1.9 0.6 2.3 4.1 5 USGS D

W10 Water table 7/28/1983 6.59 8.22 55.9 43.7 3.75 0.76 2.80 1.36 2.72 3.4 (0.258) IES

W10 Water table 6/27/1984 * * 3.98 0.85 2.51 0.97 2.31 3.7 (0.260) IES

W10 Water table 7/8/1987 6.4 53 4.7 0.88 2.5 1.0 2.6 4.6 14 USGS D

W11 Water table 8/1/1983 7.73 35.0 3.25 0.57 1.78 0.60 1.30 6.4 (0.131) IES

W11 Water table 6/28/1984 * * 3.35 0.56 1.72 0.51 1.41 5.9 (0.138) IES

W11 Water table 7/7/1987 6.3 41 4.5 0.57 1.5 0.6 1.0 5.5 8 USGS D

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 * * 3.73 0.44 2.18 0.6 2.65 4.05 [9.4] USGS R

W14 Water table 7/28/1983 6.41 7.20 48.0 46.1 2.63 0.55 2.37 1.03 2.68 6.2 (0.101) IES

W14 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 2.33 0.47 2.02 0.55 2.01 5.0 (0.096) IES

W15 Water table 8/3/1983 6.70 6.90 66.0 52.2 1.97 0.57 1.49 0.82 1.00 6.0 (0.077) IES

W15 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 1.84 0.45 1.05 0.28 0.50 5.0 (0.063) IES
62 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued [Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indi- cates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Laboratory pH Laboratory specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, or [as HCO3

-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 * * 1.56 0.41 1.11 0.6 1.18 4.67 [28.9] USGS R

W16 Water table 8/3/1983 7.11 7.47 157.0 131.0 6.77 2.90 11.30 5.80 1.56 2.7 (1.116) IES

W16 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 9.35 5.27 9.67 6.72 0.73 2.2 (1.426) IES

W16 Water table 8/29/1996 * * 14.7 6.5 4.7 3.9 0.61 1.62 [96.9] USGS R

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 * * 14.3 6.21 4.39 3.5 1.11 2.81 [94.0] USGS R

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 * * 4.3 1.8 2.3 2.1 0.64 5.80 [27.0] USGS R

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 * * 3.69 1.41 1.99 1.1 1.18 5.60 [18.9] USGS R

W18 Water table 8/1/1983 7.47 44.6 1.90 0.57 1.12 1.64 0.71 2.6 (0.158) IES

W18 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 1.30 0.35 0.85 0.78 0.59 2.9 (0.073) IES

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 * * 1.42 0.28 1.10 0.43 1.14 1.72 [16.0, 22.7] USGS R

W18 Water table 6/26/1997 * * 1.27 0.27 1.01 0.5 1.29 1.65 10.1+ USGS R

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 * * 7.17 1.84 3.79 1.82 0.71 11.2 [33.4, 33.7] USGS R

W25 Water table 7/13/1997 * * 7.53 2.02 3.87 2.0 1.16 14.2 [31.3] USGS R

W26 Water table 5/23/1990 6.8 71 6.2 1.7 3.8 1.6 0.56 13 23, 26 USGS D

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 * * 5.80 1.44 3.43 1.33 0.71 12.4 [22.5, 29.3] USGS R

W26 Water table 8/16/1995 * * 6.10 1.48 3.48 1.34 1.26 12.1 [23.4] USGS R

W26 Water table 6/8/1997 * * 5.99 1.62 3.63 1.5 1.14 15.3 [22.7] USGS R

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 * * 5.55 1.19 1.75 1.23 0.77 6.87 [22.0, 22.0] USGS R

W27 Water table 6/19/1997 * * 5.16 1.16 1.73 1.3 1.19 6.11 [18.8] USGS R

W33 Water table 8/22/1996 * * 5.0 1.3 3.4 1.4 0.67 13.7 [16.1] USGS R
Tables 63

Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued[Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] 

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top 

of casing) or 

feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Laboratory pH 

Laboratory

specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C 

Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3, 

or [as HCO3-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

W34 Water table 8/22/1996 * * 3.5 0.79 3.4 2.1 0.66 7.87 [15.4] USGS R

W34 Water table 6/10/1997 * * 3.04 0.61 2.09 1.4 1.22 5.66 [11.4] USGS R

W35 Water table 8/28/1996 * * 1.9 0.72 3.6 3.6 0.73 4.31 [22.2] USGS R

W36 Water table 8/26/1996 * * 2.2 0.71 1.8 1.6 0.78 6.05 [11.3] USGS R

W36 Water table 6/17/1997 * * 1.55 0.33 1.32 0.6 1.19 4.74 [3.3] USGS R

CO WT Water table 7/21/1988 5.7 50 3.8 0.74 3.5 1.0 3.8 8.8 6 USGS D

CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 5.9 34 2.0 0.37 3.0 0.56 1.8 5.0 14, 22 USGS D

CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 5.4 38 2.6 0.5 2.4 0.70 2.3 6.0 7 USGS D

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 7.9 346 44 8.9 7.2 2.9 41 14 78, 87 USGS D

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 7.9 352 44 8.7 7.0 3.1 43 18 79, 88 USGS D

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 8.19 332 45 9.7 9.9 2.9 46 14 98 USGS R

CO1 (90-119) 6/20/1996 * * 39.3 8.41 12.1 2.92 45.4 15.2 111.0 USGS R

CO1 (90-119) 6/23/1996 * * 40.8 8.67 14.1 3.38 47.0 15.9 110.0 USGS R

CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 7.9 262 31 7.1 9.3 1.9 11 10 93, 103 USGS D

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 7.99 246 31 7.5 9.1 1.4 10 12 107 USGS R

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 7.5 202 14 4.5 7.9 12 7.1 14 78, 93 USGS D

CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 7.9 294 36 8.7 10 2.0 17 20 96, 107 USGS D

CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 7.37 360 49 11 10 2.7 35 21 92 USGS R

CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 7.55 410 55 11 12 2.7 23 22 93 USGS R

CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 7.87 337 47 10 8 2.0 30 20 108 USGS R
64 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued [Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indi- cates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Laboratory pH Laboratory specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, or [as HCO3

-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 6.64 419 45 11 16 2.2 84 25 59 USGS R

CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 * * 85.3 16.5 69.9 3.28 203.9 39.7 [139.7, 136.7] USGS R

CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 * * 43.6 9.40 12.9 1.38 40.02 23.8 [123.7, 119.1] USGS R

CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 * * 69.9 12.4 42.5 3.48 129.4 25.2 [135.0, 120.8] USGS R

CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 * * 67.0 12.5 35.7 4.21 114.3 24.0 [140.0, 127.9] USGS R

CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 * * 45.6 10.9 15.4 2.02 53.99 16.8 [129.3, 278.2] USGS R

FS1-17 Water table 8/1/1983 7.38 8.05 79.3 75.4 6.12 1.70 3.04 2.70 0.71 4.7 (0.528) IES

FS1-17 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 6.08 1.69 2.93 3.38 0.57 3.3 (0.571) IES

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 7.2 59 5.6 1.4 2.6 2.3 0.50 0.27 25, 28 USGS D

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 * * 5.50 1.24 2.58 1.54 0.69 2.52 [31.9] USGS R

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 * * 5.3 1.2 2.8 1.8 0.71 2.87 [29.0] USGS R

FS1-25 23-25 8/2/1983 11.47 11.37 548.0 426 29.50 0.06 4.50 2.81 0.69 6.2 (1.596) IESFS1-25 23-25 6/29/1984 * * 27.43 0.08 4.83 2.77 0.68 6.7 (1.498) IES

FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 10.8 * * * * * * * * USGS RFS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 * * 32.3 0.51 3.4 2.2 0.52 6.33 [47.4] USGS R

FS1-35 33-35 8/2/1983 9.95 9.10 121.0 112.7 17.20 1.05 3.90 2.34 0.65 6.3 (1.025) IES

FS1-35 33-35 6/29/1984 * * 17.24 1.06 4.09 2.31 0.76 7.1 (1.015) IES

FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 7.5 80 9.1 1.6 3.6 1.7 0.55 6.6 30, 33 USGS D

FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 7.4 43 9.5 1.6 3.5 1.6 0.5 6.6 32 USGS D
Tables 65

Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued[Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] 

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top 

of casing) or 

feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Laboratory pH 

Laboratory

specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C 

Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3, 

or [as HCO3-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 * * 1.6 0.24 0.8 <0.3 0.56 3.97 [2.5] USGS R

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 7.0 81 5.9 1.8 4.4 1.6 0.48 12 32 USGS D

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 7.2 198 16 7.4 7.4 1.7 0.30 5.4 89, 99 USGS D

FS1 121-136 8/5/1991 7.38 93 6.0 2.1 3.0 1.7 0.1 10 92 USGS R

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 7.20 230 26.0 8.5 7.0 1.5 0.3 6.0 93 USGS R

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 6.81 301 39 13 11 1.9 0.4 5.0 108 USGS R

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 7.8 92 5.6 1.6 7.5 5.1 0.81 8.3 36, 40 USGS D

FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 * * * * * * * * 95, 105 USGS D

FS2 134-149 7/7/1992 7.11 175 19 5.2 8.2 2.9 0.6 4.5 94 USGS R

FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 7.0 454 61 15 16 3.0 3.0 11 238, 264 USGS D

FS2 236-251 7/8/1992 6.70 435 58 15 16 2.9 0.8 2 277 USGS R

FS2 384-399 7/8/1992 6.71 636 82 22 19 3.7 1.1 1.0 329 USGS R

FS3-11 Water table 12/6/90 * * * * * * * * 4 USGS D

FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 6.4 61 4.7 1.2 3.6 1.6 0.52 14 22, 24 USGS D

FS3-22 20-22 12/5/1990 7.0 55 7.5 1.1 4.4 4.8 0.5 14 14 USGS D

FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 8.0 125 11 3.9 4.6 3.7 1.2 8.6 50, 55 USGS D

FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 7.4 119 11 3.8 4.7 3.4 0.20 9.8 46, 51 USGS D

FS3 60-75.1 7/11/1992 7.45 122 12 3.8 4.5 3.1 0.5 9 51 USGS R

FS3 60.0-72.4 7/19/1993 7.5 * 11.9 3.5 4.9 3.1 0.51 8.8 [63.2] USGS R

FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 7.9 208 24 7.7 7.7 1.9 1.2 5.3 95, 106 USGS D
66 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued [Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indi- cates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Laboratory pH Laboratory specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, or [as HCO3

-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

FS3 294-309.1 7/11/1992 7.89 176 20 6.4 6.0 2.0 0.5 7 93 USGS R

FS3 294.0-306.2 7/20/1993 7.95 * 21.5 6.8 6.6 1.8 0.47 6.4 [112.3] USGS R

FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 7.1 198 21 6.0 8.4 3.1 1.6 4.8 87, 97 USGS D

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 7.77 197 23 7.4 6.9 1.9 0.7 5 99 USGS R

FS3 365.0-377.2 7/20/1993 7.87 * 23.5 7.6 7.4 2.0 0.52 4.6 [122] USGS R

FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 7.3 133 13 4.7 5.3 2.8 0.40 9.3 54, 60 USGS D

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 7.78 173 21 7.1 6.6 1.9 0.5 5 99 USGS R

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 * * 1.56 0.26 1.17 0.28 0.90 4.85 [5.25, 4.39] USGS R

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 * * 1.6 0.32 1.3 <0.3 0.68 5.02 [3.1] USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 * 40 3.0 0.9 1.6 0.8 0.6 7 8, 6.11 USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 * * 2.19 0.55 1.46 0.45 0.99 5.75 [7.53, 9.29] USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 * * 2.1 0.50 1.4 0.3 0.70 4.61 [7.1] USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 * * 1.77 0.44 1.33 0.5 1.16 5.06 [4.5] USGS R

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 6.39 59 2.4 0.6 1.2 0.8 0.6 8 18, 18 USGS R

FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 * * 1.5 0.37 1.2 0.3 1.04 5.10 [4.5] USGS R

FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 * * 1.38 0.37 1.09 0.4 1.16 5.06 [2.0] USGS R

FS4WT Water table 7/18/1997 * * 4.02 0.36 1.12 1.0 1.21 18.3 [< 2] USGS R

FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 * * 19.0 5.58 3.00 2.10 0.71 2.80 [95.8] USGS R

FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 * * 16.1 4.91 3.83 1.68 0.65 1.45 [85.7, 85.7] USGS R

FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 * * 16.8 5.19 3.88 1.74 0.65 1.64 [87.0, 86.9] USGS R
Tables 67

Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued[Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] 

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top 

of casing) or 

feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Laboratory pH 

Laboratory

specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C 

Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3, 

or [as HCO3-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 * * 31.5 6.26 20.7 5.34 4.22 6.43 [186.0, 166.0] USGS R

FS7 (53) 6/22/1996 * * 2.33 0.95 1.00 0.32 0.65 6.50 [7.0] USGS R

FSEWT Water table 7/3/1984 * * 6.67 0.36 1.50 1.16 0.64 4.4 (0.347) IES

FSE-23 21-23 7/3/1984 * * 299 <0.01 30.50 72.90 2.65 2.3 (17.988) IES

FSE-23 21-23 10/23/1986 11.3 862 110 0.10 5.4 9.6 1.1 6.7 312 USGS D

FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 10.9 1050 61 0.38 2.7 3.0 1.8 7.0 * USGS D

FSE-32 30-32 7/3/1984 * * 55.90 0.03 153 509 3.98 10.2 (22.138) IES

FSE-32 30-32 10/23/1986 11.5 1420 130 0.40 6.6 14 1.0 5.8 338 USGS D

FSE-43 41-43 7/3/1984 * * 1.73 0.53 54.5 200 2.33 13.8 * IES

FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 11.4 608 100 0.57 8.7 6.9 0.60 8.2 * USGS D

FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 6.5 261 28 7.0 9.7 3.4 0.40 <5.1 157, 174 USGS D

FSE2 B (107-215) 6/1/1990 * * * * * * * * 201, 223 USGS D

FSE4 65-85 10/23/1986 6.4 340 42 7.7 11 4.2 1.4 7.2 176 USGS D

FSE4 80-100 10/26/1986 6.5 309 33.6 7.8 10 3.8 1.3 6.4 146 USGS D

FSE4 135-155 10/23/1986 6.3 379 39 9.1 12 4.0 1.4 7.1 184 USGS D

FSE4 430-450 10/29/1986 6.3 1110 130 37 48 7.9 4.0 10 696 USGS D

FSE4 700 10/22/1986 6.3 1270 180 47 65 13 6.9 2.7 797 USGS D

FSE4 (436-443) 6/12/1991 6.45 1220 155 45 52 9.1 7.1 0.1 660, 660 USGS R

FSE4 (438.2-445) 5/18/1992 6.26 1142 150 41 42 6.8 3.8 0.4 390 USGS R

FSE6WT Water table 5/20/1992 6.09 96 7 1 2 1.5 3.8 7 16 USGS R
68 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued [Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indi- cates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Laboratory pH Laboratory specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, or [as HCO3

-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 7.90 179 28 4.8 3.8 1.7 2.0 16.3 85 USGS R

H1 (178-193) 8/13/1991 7.96 218 33 5.7 4.5 2.8 2.2 15.0 101 USGS R

IS1 (56-58.8) 6/3/1992 6.86 381 41 8.1 9.4 3.9 73.0 20.0 62 USGS R

IS1 (364-370.8) 6/4/1992 7.07 363 44 9.0 9.5 2.4 57.0 18.0 76 USGS R

IS1 (400-406.8) 6/4/1992 6.82 360 42 8.7 9.6 3.0 54.0 14.0 70 USGS R

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 7.84 212 24 5.8 13.0 0.7 2.9 8.8 106 USGS R

K2-21 Water table 7/28/1983 6.61 6.98 194.8 191 21.90 1.90 7.05 6.95 13.60 20.7 (0.919) IES

K2-21 Water table 8/5/1983 7.00 180 20.40 1.80 7.10 7.60 8.40 20.9 (0.997) IES

K2-21 Water table 6/28/1984 * * 18.89 1.92 9.48 8.07 19.40 17.5 (0.808) IES

K2-31 29-31 7/28/1983 5.80 6.90 175.0 172 9.90 1.43 14.70 9.50 13.30 16.2 (0.781) IES

K2-31 29-31 8/5/1983 6.08 169 10.93 1.36 14.10 8.70 13.00 17.8 (0.756) IES

K2-31 29-31 6/28/1984 * * 15.21 1.97 16.70 11.25 24.80 13.5 (0.954) IES

K2-41 39-41 7/28/1983 6.75 7.21 177.1 172 23.30 2.60 7.30 2.37 9.70 9.6 (1.281) IES

K2-41 39-41 8/5/1983 7.10 172 21.50 2.80 7.30 2.29 9.60 9.9 (1.202) IES

K2-41 39-41 6/28/1984 * * 17.51 2.90 7.25 2.54 12.20 8.3 (0.976) IES

K1-8 Water table 8/5/1983 5.80 5.93 33.3 32.4 2.45 0.58 1.93 0.39 2.31 5.7 (0.080) IES

K1-8 Water table 6/26/1984 * * 1.50 0.33 1.76 0.28 2.22 4.6 (0.027) IES

K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 6.0 35 2.4 0.63 3.0 0.35 2.9 6.0 5 USGS D

K1-8 Water table 11/30/90 5.7 35 2.7 0.5 2.3 0.30 2.0 5.0 5 USGS D
Tables 69

Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued[Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] 

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top 

of casing) or 

feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Laboratory pH 

Laboratory

specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C 

Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3, 

or [as HCO3-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

K1-15 13-15 8/5/1983 6.31 6.30 35.6 33.8 13.80 1.19 3.60 1.55 2.31 5.3 (0.807) IES

K1-15 13-15 6/26/1984 * * 10.94 0.51 2.29 1.38 2.27 4.6 (0.563) IES

K1-20 18-20 8/5/1983 9.59 76.9 10.95 0.40 2.32 1.82 2.30 4.9 (0.560) IES

K1-20 18-20 6/26/1984 * * 3.38 0.41 1.71 0.69 2.27 4.2 (0.143) IES

K1-25 23-25 8/5/1983 6.17 7.37 33.0 31.6 2.78 0.58 1.78 0.54 2.13 5.2 (0.109) IES

K1-25 23-25 6/26/1984 * * 2.75 0.57 1.56 0.48 1.96 6.0 (0.084) IES

K1-30 28-30 8/5/1983 6.38 7.49 42.3 38.1 3.97 0.60 1.82 0.63 2.15 9.1 (0.093) IES

K1-30 28-30 6/26/1984 * * 4.93 0.65 2.02 0.66 2.10 12.9 (0.076) IES

K1-35 33-35 8/5/1993 7.1 7.4 105.2 99.4 13.80 1.19 3.60 1.55 0.93 0.1 (0.954) IES

K1-35 33-35 6/26/1984 * * 15.36 0.95 3.24 1.30 1.21 0.6 (0.972) IES

K1-39 37-39 8/5/1983 12.10 12.09 2333 2100 174.80 0.03 7.30 4.30 1.43 1.7 (9.077) IES

K1-39 37-39 6/26/1984 * * 57.10 0.01 5.85 3.94 0.73 0.3 (3.178) IES

K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 8.3 416 64 1.9 4.8 2.0 0.50 <1.0 184 USGS D

K1 borehole 9/7/1983 8.21 8.29 153.3 152.8 16.2 3 7.92 3.08 0.52 12 (1.213) IES

K1 borehole 9/7/1983 8.2 157 17 3.1 8.4 3.0 0.8 12 64 USGS D

K1 borehole 5/17/1990 8.2 161 0.04 <0.02 0.20 2.8 0.20 12 67 USGS D

K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 7.0 236 18 2.2 16 10 27 16 30, 33 USGS D

K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 7.0 147 14 2.6 8.1 2.0 14 9.1 45, 50 USGS D
70 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued [Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indi- cates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Laboratory pH Laboratory specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, or [as HCO3

-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 6.8 149 14 2.2 8.4 1.8 19 9.1 36 USGS D

K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 8.4 237 20 4.8 22 4.2 0.90 <1.0 113, 125 USGS D

08:25 22 4.9 20 4.3 1.0 5.2 127 USGS D09:00 23 5.3 21 4.7 0.9 6.1 125 USGS D14:50 22 4.9 24 3.6 1.1 2.7 121 USGS D

K3-22 Water table 7/27/1983 6.30 7.44 36.5 32.6 2.53 0.54 2.13 0.57 3.47 5.9 (0.057) IES

K3-22 Water table 8/5/1983 5.90 5.97 35.2 33.3 2.79 0.56 2.18 0.50 3.28 5.3 (0.090) IES

K3-22 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 3.69 0.73 3.06 0.62 8.80 4.1 (0.059) IES

K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 6.2 53 3.2 1.0 4.3 0.65 10 2.8 5, 5 USGS D

K3-41 39-41 7/27/1983 7.00 7.54 59.3 58.3 8.88 0.52 1.58 0.50 1.99 5.9 (0.388) IES

K3-41 39-41 8/5/1983 6.41 7.43 43.6 41.6 5.42 0.69 1.62 0.48 2.05 5.4 (0.231) IES

K3-41 39-41 7/2/1984 * * 3.25 0.49 1.50 0.45 1.77 5.5 (0.115) IES

K3-61 59-61 7/27/1983 6.83 7.35 88.4 76.1 9.95 1.01 3.15 1.43 2.38 5.7 (0.567) IES

K3-61 59-61 8/5/1983 6.72 6.98 82.2 76.7 10.20 1.05 3.16 1.35 2.48 5.5 (0.583) IES

K3-61 59-61 7/2/1984 * * 12.88 1.06 3.10 1.36 2.58 5.6 (0.710) IES

K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 7.2 71 7.0 1.6 3.3 1.3 3.7 5.1 4, 47 USGS D

K3-61 59-61 11/30/1990 7.4 78 7.5 1.0 3.2 1.2 3.6 1.0 34 USGS D

K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 8.2 329 22 6.8 43 2.6 3.8 <1.0 169, 188 USGS D
Tables 71

Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued[Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] 

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top 

of casing) or 

feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Laboratory pH 

Laboratory

specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C 

Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3, 

or [as HCO3-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 5.7 25 2.1 0.3 1.0 0.30 0.5 6.1 3 USGS D

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 * * 1.88 0.31 0.81 0.15 0.98 6.19 [1.80, 2.93] USGS R

R1-55 53-55 9/26/1991 9.87 * * * * * * * * USGS R

R1 (57.4-80) 9/16/1990 7.9 153 22 3.8 5.7 2.3 0.5 9.6 68, 68 USGS D

R1 65-80.1 7/14/1992 8.00 154 18 3.8 5 2.2 0.6 9.1 73 USGS R

R1 (102-125) 9/15/1990 7.90 168 24 4.3 7.5 2.3 0.4 6.9 78 USGS D

R1 110-125.1 7/14/1992 7.85 171 21 4.4 7 1.9 0.5 6.7 83 USGS R

R1 (148-171) 9/16/1990 8.3 173 26 4.2 8.9 1.4 0.5 6.2 81 USGS D

R1 147-162.1 7/15/1992 8.15 183 24 4.5 9 1.3 0.5 5.9 93 USGS R

R1 480-495.1 7/15/1992 8.18 265 25 5.7 28 1.0 0.6 11.0 139 USGS R

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 * * 30.0 5.16 57.4 11.9 115.3 23.6 71.1 USGS R

RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 * * 200 43.6 388 10.9 141.7 1.33 1720 USGS R

S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 6.0 35 3.2 0.70 1.8 0.56 0.54 7.5 7, 8 USGS D

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 * * 0.92 0.21 0.93 0.3 1.12 3.89 3.6+ USGS R

T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 7.24 136 14 3.4 3.6 2.5 0.8 10.2 65 USGS R

T1 (155-172) 8/15/1991 7.21 246 42 8.3 8.2 5.8 0.8 6.4 147 USGS R

T1 (220-237) 8/15/1991 7.02 529 93 18 17 8.0 1.1 1.6 195 USGS R

TR1-63 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 4.54 0.78 3.34 2.04 1.39 5.9 0.326 IES

TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 6.9 57 5.6 1.0 3.2 1.4 2.7 4.6 14, 15 USGS D

TR1-63 Water table 11/30/1990 6.3 47 5.1 0.90 3.1 1.3 1.1 4.8 17 USGS D
72 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued [Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indi- cates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Laboratory pH Laboratory specific conductance, in μS/cm @ 25 °C Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as CaCO3, or [as HCO3

-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 6.49 50 2.1 0.41 2.0 1.0 0.3 5.4 15 USGS R

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 * * 4.64 0.75 2.89 1.10 0.98 5.82 [19.5, 19.0] USGS R

TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 * * 4.08 0.79 2.88 1.2 1.23 5.22 [16.9] USGS R

TR1-132 130-132 7/3/1984 * * 31.06 0.03 13.30 20.70 1.18 28.5 (2.034) IES

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 8.5 143 14 3.7 5.3 2.4 0.50 7.4 72, 80 USGS D

TR1 (171-190) 9/22/1990 8.5 125 18 3.2 4.8 2.1 0.5 12 53 USGS D

TR1 170-190 6/29/1992 8.22 139 17 3.4 4.8 2.1 1.0 12.0 61 USGS R

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 8.1 177 21 5.6 6.0 1.7 0.20 6.2 77, 86 USGS D

TR1 (271-300) 9/23/1990 8.2 166 23 4.9 6.4 1.4 0.5 5.9 68 USGS D

TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 8.04 151 19 4.5 5.8 1.5 0.8 7.0 77 USGS R

TR1 (299-328) 9/23/1990 8.2 183 23 4.8 11 1.0 0.5 5.1 76 USGS D

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 8.35 166 22 5.1 8.9 1.1 0.7 5.8 91 USGS R

TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 8.36 188 20 5.0 12 0.7 0.7 4.9 124 USGS R

TR1 482-489.8 7/7/1992 8.35 194 19 5.0 18 1.1 0.6 4.7 104 USGS R

TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 8.13 249 26 4.7 14 1.4 0.5 4.5 109 USGS R

TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 7.88 318 34 6.2 24 1.0 0.6 3.3 170 USGS R

TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 7.94 345 30 7.2 50 1.3 0.9 3.1 230 USGS R

TR2 (151.0-170.3) 7/21/1993 * * 26.6 4.8 16.3 1.2 0.55 3.6 [142.8] USGS R

TR2 (270.0-289.3) 7/21/1993 * * 38.5 6.8 25.8 1.0 0.67 2.8 [217.2] USGS R

TR2 (426.0-445.3) 7/22/1993 * * 31.6 7.3 50.6 1.2 1.04 4.5 [252.6] USGS R
Tables 73

Table 29. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for pH, specific conductance, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.—Continued[Plain text indicates alkalinity value determined in the laboratory. Bold text indicates alkalinity value determined in the field. For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. μS/cm @ 25 °C, microsiemens at 25 degrees Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; HCO3-, bicarbonate; A, B, C, sample zones] 

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top 

of casing) or 

feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Laboratory pH 

Laboratory

specific 

conductance, 

in μS/cm @ 

25 °C 

Concentration in milligrams per liter Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per 

liter as CaCO3, 

or [as HCO3-], or 

(calculated in 

milliequivalents 

per liter)

Laboratory1 Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

Seep S3 Water surface 8/7/1997 * * 0.68 0.16 0.98 0.2 1.29 2.95 5.6 USGS R

Leeman’s 

Spring Water suface 8/6/1997 * * 2.78 0.48 1.42 0.4 1.15 5.80 5.0 USGS R

Pleasant 

view well

unknown 5/22/1991 6.84 865 72 15 91 4.0 9.9 4.4 365, 365 USGS R

1 Laboratories - Institute for Ecosystems Studies (IES); U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colorado (USGS D); U.S. Geological Survey Research Laboratory, Reston, 

Virginia (USGS R).

2 *, Indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.

Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration, in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P

W2 Water table 8/31/1983 *2 * 0.00 0.01 * 0.007 * IES

W2 Water table 6/28/1984 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.13 * IES

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 * * 0.08 * * * * USGS R
74 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration, in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P W2 Water table 6/7/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R W3 Water table 8/2/1983 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.027 * IES W3 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 0.00 0.07 * 0.020 * IES W3 Water table 5/30/1990 * * <0.010 * * * * USGS D W3 Water table 6/23/1995 * * 0.09 * * * * USGS R W3 Water table 7/14/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R W3A Water table 8/1/1983 * * 0.03 0.01 * 0.019 * IES W3A Water table 6/28/1984 * * 0.00 0.01 * 0.010 * IES W3 A Water table 6/23/1995 * * 0.05 * * * * USGS R W3 A Water table 6/10/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R W4-11 Water table 8/1/1983 * * 0.03 0.01 * 0.010 * IES W4-11 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 0.00 0.01 * 0.009 * IES W4-23 Water table 8/3/1983 * * 0.03 0.31 * 0.028 * IES W4-23 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 0.00 0.07 * 0.020 * IES W6 Water table 6/28/1984 * * 0.00 0.06 * 0.015 * IES W6 Water table 7/7/1987 * 0.064, <0.1 * 0.041, 0.07 0.7 <0.001 0.069 USGS D W6 Water table 7/26/1997 * * 1.79 * * * * USGS R W7 Water table 7/28/1983 * * 0.18 0.01 * 0.010 * IES W7 Water table 6/26/1984 * * 0.00 0.03 * 0.005 * IES W7 Water table 7/8/1987 * 0.018, <0.1 * 0.021, 0.07 0.7 <0.001 0.139 USGS D W8 Water table 6/26/1984 * * 0.00 0.04 * 0.010 * IES
Tables 75

Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration, in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P

W9 Water table 7/28/1983 * * 0.00 0.05 * 0.080 * IES

W9 Water table 6/27/1984 * * 0.00 0.01 * 0.015 * IES

W9 Water table 7/8/1987 * <0.010, <0.1 * 0.010, 0.08 0.4 <0.001 0.900 USGS D

W10 Water table 7/28/1983 * * 0.00 0.16 * 0.099 * IES

W10 Water table 6/27/1984 * * 0.00 0.12 * 0.022 * IES

W10 Water table 7/8/1987 * <0.010, <0.1 * 0.120, 0.120 0.6 <0.001 0.130 USGS D

W11 Water table 8/1/1983 * * 0.98 0.01 * 0.012 * IES

W11 Water table 6/28/1984 * * 1.30 0.02 * 0.013 * IES

W11 Water table 7/7/1987 * 0.210, 0.200 * 0.021, 0.03 0.4 <0.001 0.019 USGS D

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 * * 0.89 * * * * USGS R

W14 Water table 7/28/1983 * * 0.07 0.03 * 0.031 * IES

W14 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 0.09 0.03 * 0.010 * IES

W15 Water table 8/3/1983 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.010 * IES

W15 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 0.02 0.02 * 0.023 * IES

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R

W16 Water table 8/3/1983 * * 0.13 0.84 * 0.073 * IES

W16 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 0.00 0.07 * 0.021 * IES

W16 Water table 8/29/1996 * * <0.01 * * * * USGS R

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 * * 0.73 * * * * USGS R

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 * * 0.09 * * * * USGS R

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 * * 0.25 * * * * USGS R
76 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration, in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P W18 Water table 8/1/1983 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.010 * IES W18 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 0.02 0.03 * 0.005 * IES W18 Water table 7/12/1995 * * 0.18 * * * * USGS R W18 Water table 6/26/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R W25 Water table 6/21/1995 * * 0.08 * * * * USGS R W25 Water table 7/13/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R W26 Water table 5/23/1990 * * <0.010 * * * * USGS D W26 Water table 6/21/1995 * * 0.08 * * * * USGS R W26 Water table 8/16/1995 * * 0.02 * * * * USGS R W26 Water table 6/8/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R W27 Water table 7/16/1995 * * 0.17 * * * * USGS R W27 Water table 6/19/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R W33 Water table 8/22/1996 * * <0.010 * * * * USGS R W34 Water table 8/22/1996 * * 0.02 * * * * USGS R W34 Water table 6/10/1997 * * 0.25 * * * * USGS R W35 Water table 8/28/1996 * * <0.010 * * * * USGS R W36 Water table 8/26/1996 * * 0.02 * * * * USGS R W36 Water table 6/17/1997 * * 0.16 * * * * USGS R CO WT Water table 7/21/1988 * 0.383, 0.4 * 0.014, <0.01 <0.20 <0.001 0.025 USGS D CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 * * <0.010 * * * * USGS D CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 * * 1.0 * * * * USGS D
Tables 77

Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration, in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 * <0.10 * * * * * USGS D

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 <0.10 <0.10 * * * <0.010 * USGS D

CO1 (90-119) 6/20/1996 * * 0.221 * * * * USGS R

CO1 (90-119) 6/23/1996 * * 0.054 * * * * USGS R

CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 <0.010 <0.10 * * * <0.010 * USGS D

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 * 0.200 <0.010 * * <0.10 * USGS D

CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D

CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 * * 0.09 * * * * USGS R

CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 * * 0.09 * * * * USGS R

CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 * * 0.15 * * * * USGS R

CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 * * 0.16 * * * * USGS R

CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 * * 0.08 * * * * USGS R

FS1-17 Water table 8/1/1983 * * 0.09 0.08 * 0.002 * IES

FS1-17 Water table 6/29/1984 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.009 * IES

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 * * <0.010 * * <0.010 * USGS D

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 * * 0.14 * * * * USGS R

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 * * 0.06 * * * * USGS R

FS1-25 23-25 8/2/1983 * * 0.14 0.04 * 0.010 * IES

FS1-25 23-25 6/29/1984 * * 0.09 0.07 * 0.021 * IES

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 * * 0.13 * * * * USGS R

FS1-35 33-35 8/2/1983 * * 0.23 0.01 * 0.047 * IES
78 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration, in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P FS1-35 33-35 6/29/1984 * * 0.31 0.02 * 0.033 * IES FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 * * 0.070 * * <0.010 * USGS D FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 * * 0.27 * * * * USGS D FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 * * 0.01 * * * * USGS R FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 * * <0.010 * * <0.010 * USGS D FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 <0.010 <0.100 * * * <0.010 * USGS D FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 * * <0.010 * * <0.010 * USGS D FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 * * <0.010 * * <0.010 * USGS D FS3 A(38-84) 5/23/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 * * 0.15 * * * * USGS R FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 * * 0.02 * * * * USGS R FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 * * 0.08 * * * * USGS R FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 * * 0.03 * * * * USGS R FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 * * 0.13 * * * * USGS R FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 * * 0.10 * * * * USGS R FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 * * 0.16 * * * * USGS R
Tables 79

Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration, in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P

FS4WT Water table 7/18/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R

FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 * * 0.09 * * * * USGS R

FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 * * 0.09 * * * * USGS R

FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 * * 0.08 * * * * USGS R

FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 * * 0.08 * * * * USGS R

FS7 (53) 6/22/1996 * * 0.867 * * * * USGS R

FSE WT Water table 7/3/1984 * * 0.01 0.03 * 0.019 * IES

FSE -23 21-23 7/3/1984 * * 0.43 0.20 * 0.005 * IES

FSE- 23 21-23 10/23/1986 * 0.072, <0.1 * 0.012, 0.01 1.6 0.010 0.060 USGS D

FSE -23 21-23 6/1/1990 <0.010 <0.100 * * * <0.010 * USGS D

FSE -32 30-32 7/3/1984 * * 0.15 2.30 * 0.160 * IES

FSE -32 30-32 10/23/1986 * 0.062, <0.1 * 0.069, 0.07 0.7 0.001 0.023 USGS D

FSE-43 41-43 7/3/1984 * * 0 0.51 * 0.49 * IES

FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 <0.010 <0.100 * * * <0.010 * USGS D

FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 <0.020 <0.100 * * * <0.010 * USGS D

FSE4 65-85 10/23/1986 * <0.010, <0.1 * 0.037, 0.05 0.5 0.006 0.380 USGS D

FSE4 80-100 10/26/1986 * <0.010, <0.1 * 0.045, 0.04 0.4 0.002 0.365 USGS D

FSE4 135-155 10/23/1986 * <0.010, <0.1 * 0.064, 0.05 1.3 0.002 0.083 USGS D

FSE4 430-450 10/29/1986 * <0.010, <0.1 * 0.259, 0.25 0.5 0.003 0.087 USGS D

FSE4 700 10/22/1986 * <0.010, <0.1 * 0.722, 0.36 0.5 0.012 0.110 USGS D

K2-21 Water table 7/28/1983 * * 9.87 0.01 * 0.010 * IES 

K2-21 Water table 8/5/1983 * * 7.59 0.01 * 0.007 * IES
80 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration, in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P K2-21 Water table 6/28/1984 * * 6.86 0.04 * 0.024 * IES K2-31 29-31 7/28/1983 * * 23.40 0.01 * 0.007 * IES K2-31 29-31 8/5/1983 * * 20.10 0.04 * 0.004 * IES K2-31 29-31 6/28/1984 * * 42.20 0.04 * 0.006 * IES K2-41 39-41 7/28/1983 * * 1.54 0.02 * 0.013 * IES K2-41 39-41 8/5/1983 * * 0.13 0.02 * 0.016 * IES K2-41 39-41 6/28/1984 * * 0.56 0.29 * 0.017 * IES K1-8 Water table 8/5/1983 * * 0.06 0.02 * 0.009 * IES K1-8 Water table 6/26/1984 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.007 * IES K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 * * <0.010 * * <0.010 * USGS D K1-8 Water table 11/30/1990 * * 0.41 * * * * USGS D K1-15 13-15 8/5/1983 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.012 * IES K1-15 13-15 6/26/1984 * * 0.00 0.01 * 0.021 * IES K1-20 18-20 8/5/1983 * * 0.03 0.04 * 0.013 * IES K1-20 18-20 6/26/1984 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.010 * IES K1-25 23-25 8/5/1983 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.013 * IES K1-25 23-25 6/26/1984 * * 0.42 0.01 * 0.011 * IES K1-30 28-30 8/5/1983 * * 0.00 0.01 * 0.016 * IES K1-30 28-30 6/26/1984 * * 0.00 0.01 * 0.009 * IES K1-35 33-35 8/5/1983 * * 0.03 0.48 * 0.021 * IES K1-35 33-35 6/26/1984 * * 0.02 0.66 * 0.100 * IES
Tables 81

Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration, in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P

K1-39 37-39 8/5/1983 * * 0.06 0.64 * 0.011 * IES

K1-39 37-39 6/26/1984 * * 0.00 0.46 * 0.009 * IES

K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS R

K1 borehole 9/7/1983 * * 0.06 0.64 * 0.011 * IES

K1 borehole 9/7/1983 * <0.01 * * * * * USGS D

K1 borehole 5/17/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D

K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 * 3.30 * * * * * USGS D

K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 * 0.200 * * * * * USGS D

K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 * * 1.0 * * * * USGS D

K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D

08:25 * <0.005 * * * * *

09:00 * <0.005 * * * * *

14:50 * <0.005 * * * * *

K3-22 Water table 7/27/1983 * * 0.24 0.01 * 0.021 * IES

K3-22 Water table 8/5/1983 * * 0.38 0.02 * 0.006 * IES

K3-22 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 0.48 0.01 * 0.013 * IES

K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 * * 0.140 * * <0.010 * USGS D

K3-41 39-41 7/27/1983 * * 0.00 0.02 * 0.017 * IES

K3-41 39-41 8/5/1983 * * 0.09 0.02 * 0.019 * IES

K3-41 39-41 7/2/1984 * * 0.18 0.01 * 0.016 * IES

K3-61 59-61 7/27/1983 * * 0.00 0.01 * 0.007 * IES

K3-61 59-61 8/5/1983 * * 0.03 0.07 * 0.010 * IES
82 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration, in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P K3-61 59-61 7/2/1984 * * 0.09 0.02 * 0.013 * IES K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 * * <0.10 * * <0.010 * USGS D K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 * 0.06 * * * * * USGS D R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 * * 0.13 * * * * USGS R RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 * * 10.5 * * * * USGS R RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 * * 0.14 * * * * USGS R S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 * * <0.10 * * * * USGS R TR1-63 Water table 7/2/1984 * * 0.32 0.32 * 0.036 * IES TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 * * 0.130 * * <0.010 * USGS D TR1-63 Water table 11/30/90 * * 0.32 * * * * USGS R? TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 * * 0.23 * * * * USGS R TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 * * 0.37 * * * * USGS R TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 * * 0.30 * * * * USGS R TR1-132 130-132 7/3/1984 * * 0.00 0.21 * 0.016 * IES TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 * <0.100 * * * * * USGS D TR1 170-190 6/29/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R
Tables 83

Table 30. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for nitrite, nitrite plus nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl, ortho-phosphorus, and total phosphorus.—Continued[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; A, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration, in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Nitrite as N Nitrite+ Nitrate as N Nitrate Ammonium Total Kjeldahl nitrogen as N Ortho- phosphorus Total phosphorus as P

TR1 482-489.8 7/7/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R

TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R

TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R

TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 * * <0.05 * * * * USGS R

Seep S3 water surface 8/7/1997 * * <0.100 * * * * USGS R

Leeman’s 

Spring water surface 8/6/1997 * * 0.62 * * * * USGS R

Pleasant view 

well unknown 5/22/1991 * * * * * * * *

1 Laboratories - Institute for Ecosystems Studies (IES); U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colorado (USGS D); U.S. Geological Survey Research Laboratory, Reston, 

Virginia (USGS R).

2 *, indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.

Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), 

bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued

[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese

W2 Water table 8/31/1983 0.01 20.3 *2 * * * * IES

W2 Water table 6/28/1984 <0.01 21.0 * * * * * IES
84 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese W2 Water table 6/20/1995 <0.005 18.7 <0.02 * * 4.77 0.085 USGS R W2 Water table 6/7/1997 0.007 19.7 <0.02 0.11 * 3.42 0.092 USGS R W3 Water table 8/2/1983 0.00 18.5 * * * * * IES W3 Water table 6/29/1984 <0.01 18.3 * * * * * IES W3 Water table 5/30/1990 * 18 <0.010 0.13 * 0.013 <0.001 USGS D W3 Water table 6/23/1995 <0.005 16.5 <0.02 * * 0.014 <0.005 USGS R W3 Water table 7/14/1997 0.004 18.6 <0.02 0.09 * 0.021 <0.003 USGS R W3A Water table 8/1/1983 0.01 19.5 * * * * * IES W3A Water table 6/28/1984 <0.01 7.7 * * * * * IES W3 A Water table 6/23/1995 0.092 7.57 <0.02 * * 0.024 0.012 USGS R W3 A Water table 6/10/1997 0.131 7.30 <0.02 0.08 * 0.009 0.009 USGS R W4-11 Water table 8/1/1983 0.01 6.5 * * * * * IES W4-11 Water table 6/29/1984 <0.01 5.8 * * * * * IES W4-23 Water table 8/3/1983 0.00 20.4 * * * * * IES W4-23 Water table 6/29/1984 <0.01 18.3 * * * * * IES W6 Water table 6/28/1984 <0.01 2.5 * * * * * IES W6 Water table 7/7/1987 <0.010 12 <0.010 <0.010 0.004 12.0 0.490 USGS D W6 Water table 7/26/1997 0.002 18.9 0.02 0.05 * 21.5 0.355 USGS R W7 Water table 7/28/1983 0.03 2.2 * * * * * IES W7 Water table 6/26/1984 <0.01 2.5 * * * * * IES W7 Water table 7/8/1987 <0.010 2.9 <0.010 <0.010 0.002 2.8 0.120 USGS D

W8 Water table 6/26/1984 <0.01 2.7 * * * * * IES
Tables 85

Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), 

bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued

[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese

W9 Water table 7/28/1983 0.28 3.0 * * * * * IES

W9 Water table 6/27/1984 <0.01 3.6 * * * * * IES

W9 Water table 7/8/1987 <0.010 3.3 <0.010 <0.010 0.005 0.019 0.037 USGS D

W10 Water table 7/28/1983 0.77 14.9 * * * * * IES

W10 Water table 6/27/1984 <0.01 12.3 * * * * * IES

W10 Water table 7/8/1987 <0.010 14 0.011 0.010 0.004 11.0 0.360 USGS D

W11 Water table 8/1/1983 0.01 11.2 * * * * * IES

W11 Water table 6/28/1984 <0.01 10.8 * * * * * IES

W11 Water table 7/7/1987 0.020 9.6 <0.010 <0.010 0.002 0.017 0.011 USGS D

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 0.022 9.05 <0.02 0.04 * 0.008 0.009 USGS R

W14 Water table 7/28/1983 0.10 4.6 * * * * * IES

W14 Water table 7/2/1984 <0.01 4.1 * * * * * IES

W15 Water table 8/3/1983 0.26 7.1 * * * * * IES

W15 Water table 7/2/1984 <0.01 6.7 * * * * * IES

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 0.003 5.33 <0.02 <0.05 * 10.4 0.215 USGS R

W16 Water table 8/3/1983 0.15 16.5 * * * * * IES

W16 Water table 7/2/1984 <0.01 20.1 * * * * * IES

W16 Water table 8/29/1996 0.003 24.4 <0.01 0.49 * 5.65 1.03 USGS R

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 0.003 25.5 <0.02 0.49 * 5.05 1.07 USGS R

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 0.010 16.5 <0.01 0.10 * <0.010 0.463 USGS R

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 0.007 12.8 <0.02 0.12 * <0.006 0.119 USGS R

W18 Water table 8/1/1983 0.15 6.1 * * * * * IES
86 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese W18 Water table 6/29/1984 <0.01 6.1 * * * * * IES W18 Water table 7/12/1995 <0.005 6.25 <0.02 * * 1.39 0.074 USGS R W18 Water table 6/26/1997 0.010 5.73 <0.02 <0.05 * 2.41 0.072 USGS R W25 Water table 6/21/1995 <0.005 16.7 <0.02 * * 2.45 0.108 USGS R W25 Water table 7/13/1997 0.003 18.5 <0.02 0.22 * 2.20 0.086 USGS R W26 Water table 5/23/1990 * 22 <0.010 0.21 * 5.40 0.360 USGS D W26 Water table 6/21/1995 <0.005 19.0 <0.02 * * 4.83 0.114 USGS R W26 Water table 8/16/1995 0.006 19.1 <0.02 * * 5.07 0.097 USGS R W26 Water table 6/8/1997 0.002 20.3 <0.02 0.15 * 3.09 0.089 USGS R W27 Water table 7/16/1995 0.007 12.0 <0.02 * * 0.200 0.164 USGS R W27 Water table 6/19/1997 0.007 12.6 <0.02 0.05 * 0.154 0.096 USGS R W33 Water table 8/22/1996 0.009 21.0 <0.01 0.13 * 3.00 0.217 USGS R W34 Water table 8/22/1996 0.015 15.7 0.01 0.08 * <0.010 0.209 USGS R W34 Water table 6/10/1997 0.028 13.9 <0.02 0.05 * 0.023 0.021 USGS R W35 Water table 8/28/1996 0.006 15.4 <0.01 0.07 * 0.054 1.55 USGS R W36 Water table 8/26/1996 0.013 10.8 <0.01 0.05 * <0.010 1.06 USGS R W36 Water table 6/17/1997 0.046 8.54 <0.02 0.05 * <0.007 0.042 USGS R CO WT Water table 7/21/1988 0.130 10 <0.010 0.1 0.001 0.930 0.160 USGS D CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 * 10 <0.010 0.08 * 0.110 0.030 USGS D CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 * 22 <0.010 * * * * USGS D CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 * 17 0.010 0.40 * 0.390 0.190 USGS D

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 * 16 0.021 0.30 * 0.370 0.190 USGS D
Tables 87

Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), 

bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued

[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 * 16 <0.01 0.50 * 0.230 * USGS R

CO1 (90-119) 6/20/1996 0.038 16.3 0.018 * * 0.363 0.203 USGS R

CO1 (90-119) 6/23/1996 0.039 16.6 0.019 * * 0.370 0.192 USGS R

CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 * 16 0.010 1.3 * 0.130 0.052 USGS D

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 * 15 <0.01 1.60 * 0.160 * USGS R

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 * 12 <0.010 0.10 * 0.940 0.430 USGS D

CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 * 18 <0.010 1.5 * 0.180 0.052 USGS D

CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 * * 0.0586 0.09 * 0.280 * USGS R

CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 * * 0 0.19 * 0.330 * USGS R

CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 * * 0 0 * 0.250 * USGS R

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 * 16 <0.01 0.20 * 0.090 * USGS R

CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 0.015 16.7 0.25 * * 0.820 0.168 USGS R

CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 0.009 15.6 0.15 * * 0.090 0.042 USGS R

CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 0.020 16.1 0.15 * * 0.900 0.758 USGS R

CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 0.007 15.5 0.09 * * 0.067 0.496 USGS R

CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 0.009 14.5 0.04 * * 0.045 0.071 USGS R

FS1-17 Water table 8/1/1983 0.07 12.5 * * * * * IES

FS1-17 Water table 6/29/1984 <0.01 7.1 * * * * * IES

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 * 8.5 <0.010 0.12 * 5.30 0.270 USGS D

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 <0.005 9.24 <0.02 * * 3.84 0.118 USGS R

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 0.008 10.7 <0.01 0.04 * 4.51 0.117 USGS R

FS1-25 23-25 8/2/1983 0.39 13.3 * * * * * IES
88 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese FS1-25 23-25 6/29/1984 0.53 13.0 * * * * * IES FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 0.241 14.2 0.02 0.06 * 0.023 <0.004 USGS R FS1-35 33-35 8/2/1983 0.09 17.9 * * * * * IES FS1-35 33-35 6/29/1984 0.05 18.3 * * * * * IES FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 * 21 <0.010 0.28 * 0.013 <0.001 USGS D FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 * 19 * * * * * USGS D FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 0.225 6.5 <0.01 0.06 * 0.039 0.019 USGS R FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 * 25 <0.010 0.33 * 3.90 0.130 USGS D FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 * 54 0.080 0.30 * 1.50 0.071 USGS D FS1 121-136 8/5/1991 * * 0 0.82 * 2.50 * USGS R FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 * * 0.3 0.34 * 2.30 * USGS R FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 * * 0.021 0.55 * 3.30 * USGS R FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 * 2.8 <0.010 0.89 * 0.010 0.140 USGS D FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 * * * * * * * * FS2 134-149 7/7/1992 * 28 <0.01 0.27 * 1.46 * USGS R FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 * 64 0.010 0.40 * 4.80 0.110 USGS D FS2 236-251 7/8/1992 * 58 <0.01 0.33 * 3.13 * USGS R FS2 384-399 7/8/1992 * 58 <0.01 0.31 * 4.40 * USGS R FS3-22 20-22 12/5/1990 * 10 <0.01 * * 5.90 * USGS D FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 * 22 <0.010 0.12 * 5.30 0.320 USGS D FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 * 29 0.060 0.20 * 1.0 0.140 USGS D

FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 * 33 0.080 0.03 * 1.20 0.140 USGS D
Tables 89

Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), 

bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued

[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese

FS3 60-75.1 7/11/1992 * 32 <0.01 0.32 * 1.20 * USGS R

FS3 60.0-72.4 7/19/1993 * 29.9 <0.010 0.33 * 1.320 0.151 USGS R

FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 * 48 0.010 0.30 * 0.260 0.020 USGS D

FS3 294-309.1 7/11/1992 * 32 <0.01 0.27 * 0.320 * USGS R

FS3 294.0-306.2 7/20/1993 * 46.6 <0.010 0.33 * 0.301 0.025 USGS R

FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 * 33 <0.010 0.30 * 3.60 0.170 USGS D

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 * 45 <0.01 0.40 * 0.320 * USGS R

FS3 365.0-377.2 7/20/1993 * 47.9 <0.010 0.45 * 0.333 0.030 USGS R

FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 * 36 0.021 0.30 * 0.390 0.085 USGS D

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 * 43 <0.01 0.40 * 0.290 * USGS R

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 0.020 5.65 <0.02 * * 0.085 0.023 USGS R

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 0.140 6.9 <0.01 0.06 * 0.012 0.014 USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 * * <0.01 * * * * USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 0.007 8.17 <0.02 * * 0.027 0.019 USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 0.015 8.8 <0.01 0.04 * <0.010 0.016 USGS R

FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 0.016 7.47 <0.02 <0.05 * 0.010 0.012 USGS R

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 * * <0.01 * * * * USGS R

FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 0.093 7.2 <0.01 0.08 * 0.046 0.037 USGS R

FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 0.061 5.93 <0.02 0.01 * 0.010 0.028 USGS R

FS4WT Water table 7/18/1997 0.564 9.26 <0.02 0.06 * 0.790 0.114 USGS R

FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 0.010 7.57 0.01 * * 0.136 0.059 USGS R

FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 0.008 10.2 0.01 * * 0.072 0.049 USGS R
90 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 0.010 9.95 0.01 * * 0.113 0.053 USGS R FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 0.020 19.5 0.02 * * 3.04 0.211 USGS R FS7 (53) 6/22/1996 0.316 7.19 <0.01 * * 0.143 0.036 USGS R FSE WT Water table 7/3/1984 <0.01 6.4 * * * * * IES FSE 23 21-23 7/3/1984 <0.01 2.1 * * * * * IES FSE 23 21-23 10/23/1986 0.960 9.7 <0.010 0.1 0.002 0.010 0.003 USGS D FSE 23 21-23 6/1/1990 * 11 <0.010 <0.10 * 0.026 <0.001 USGS D FSE 32 30-32 7/3/1984 <0.01 10.3 * * * * * IES FSE 32 30-32 10/23/1986 0.650 11 <0.010 0.1 <0.001 0.012 0.004 USGS D FSE-43 41-43 7/3/1984 1.12 21 * * * * * IES FSE 43 41-43 6/1/1990 * 14 * 0.40 * 0.012 0.001 USGS D FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 * 36 0.25 0.30 * 28.0 0.650 USGS R FSE4 65-85 10/23/1986 0.010 40 0.030 0.5 <0.001 15.0 0.420 USGS D FSE4 80-100 10/26/1986 <0.010 36 0.036 0.5 0.003 11.0 0.410 USGS D FSE4 135-155 10/23/1986 <0.010 46 0.046 0.5 0.004 29.0 0.550 USGS D FSE4 430-450 10/29/1986 <0.010 47 0.058 0.5 0.002 8.1 0.160 USGS D FSE4 700 10/22/1986 <0.010 58 0.14 0.5 <0.001 27.0 0.450 USGS D FSE4 (436-443) 6/12/1991 * 24 * 0.87 * * * USGS R FSE4 (438.2-445) 5/18/1992 * 60 <0.01 0.13 * 5.300 * USGS R FSE6 WT Water table 5/20/1992 * 7.5 <0.01 0.10 * * * USGS R H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 * * 0.007 0.07 * 0.200 * USGS R

H1 (178-193) 8/13/1991 * * 0.084 0.15 * 0.010 * USGS R
Tables 91

Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), 

bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued

[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese

IS1 (56-58.8) 6/3/1992 * 21 <0.01 0.37 * 7.10 * USGS R

IS1 (364-370.8) 6/4/1992 * 21 <0.01 0.54 * 3.00 * USGS R

IS1 (400-406.8) 6/4/1992 * 21 <0.01 0.52 * 2.20 * USGS R

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 * 24 <0.01 1.96 * 0.180 * USGS R

K21 Water table 7/28/1983 0.04 6.7 * * * * * IES

K21 Water table 8/5/1983 0.00 6.5 * * * * * IES

K21 Water table 6/28/1984 0.05 6.2 * * * * * IES

K31 29-31 7/28/1983 0.04 8.8 * * * * * IES

K31 29-31 8/5/1983 0.04 8.6 * * * * * IES

K31 29-31 6/28/1984 <0.01 9.3 * * * * * IES

K41 39-41 7/28/1983 0.03 19.0 * * * * * IES

K41 39-41 8/5/1983 0.03 19.5 * * * * * IES

K41 39-41 6/28/1984 <0.01 19.7 * * * * * IES

K1-8 Water table 8/5/1983 0.01 2.5 * * * * * IES

K1-8 Water table 6/26/1984 <0.01 3.5 * * * * * IES

K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 * 4.3 0.13 0.10 * 0.005 0.007 USGS D

K1-8 Water table 11/30/1990 * 2.0 0.11 * * 0.005 * USGS D

K1-15 13-15 8/5/1983 0.02 2.9 * * * * * IES

K1-15 13-15 6/26/1984 0.07 4.0 * * * * * IES

K1-20 18-20 8/5/1983 0.10 4.0 * * * * * IES

K1-20 18-20 6/26/1984 <0.01 3.2 * * * * * IES

K1-25 23-25 8/5/1983 0.01 3.0 * * * * * IES
92 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese K1-25 23-25 6/26/1984 <0.01 2.6 * * * * * IES K1-30 28-30 8/5/1983 0.02 3.4 * * * * * IES K1-30 28-30 6/26/1984 <0.01 3.4 * * * * * IES K1-35 33-35 8/5/1983 0.05 13.4 * * * * * IES K1-35 33-35 6/26/1984 * 13.1 * * * * * IES K1-39 37-39 8/5/1983 0.31 6.7 * * * * * IES K1-39 37-39 6/26/1984 <0.01 11.3 * * * * * IES K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 * 13 * 0.30 * 0.005 0.009 USGS D K1 borehole 9/7/1983 0.02 12.5 * * * * * IES K1 borehole 9/7/1983 * 12.0 * 1.0 * 0.017 0.031 USGS D K1 borehole 5/17/1990 * <0.02 <0.010 1.1 * <0.003 <0.001 USGS D K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 * 6.5 <0.010 <0.10 * 0.012 0.008 USGS D K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 * 19 0.060 <0.10 * 4.0 0.310 USGS D K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 * 19 * * * 3.3 * USGS D K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 * 7.8 <0.010 1.3 * 0.420 0.027 USGS D 08:25 * 12 <0.010 1.21 * 0 * USGS D 09:00 * 16 <0.010 1.31 * 0 * USGS D 14:50 * 4.9 <0.010 1.31 * 0.01 * USGS D K3-22 Water table 7/27/1983 0.02 4.4 * * * * * IES K3-22 Water table 8/5/1983 0.01 4.3 * * * * * IES K3-22 Water table 7/2/1984 <0.01 4.3 * * * * * IES

K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 * 4.5 0.23 0.06 * 0.075 0.010 USGS D
Tables 93

Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), 

bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued

[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese

K3-41 39-41 7/27/1983 0.03 3.7 * * * * * IES

K3-41 39-41 8/5/1983 0.01 3.6 * * * * * IES

K3-41 39-41 7/2/1984 <0.01 3.5 * * * * * IES

K3-61 59-61 7/27/1983 0.02 16.5 * * * * * IES

K3-61 59-61 8/5/1983 0.02 16.0 * * * * * IES

K3-61 59-61 7/2/1984 <0.01 16.1 * * * * * IES

K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 * 19 <0.010 0.14 * 11.0 0.150 USGS D

K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 * 19 0.020 2.2 * 0.390 0.018 USGS D

R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 * 17 <0.01 * * 0.005 * USGS D

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 0.020 4.09 <0.02 * * 0.01 <0.005 USGS R

R1 (57.4-80) 9/16/1990 * 14 * * * 0.330 * USGS D

R1 65-80.1 7/14/1992 * 18 <0.01 0.50 * 0.460 * USGS R

R1 (102-125) 9/15/1990 * 15 * * * 0.030 * USGS D

R1 110-125.1 7/14/1992 * 18 <0.01 0.56 * 0.240 * USGS R

R1 (148-171) 9/16/1990 * 16 * * * 0.060 * USGS D

R1 147-162.1 7/15/1992 * 20 <0.01 0.84 * 0.100 * USGS R

R1 480-495.1 7/15/1992 * 19 <0.01 1.96 * 0.150 * USGS R

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 0.071 13.0 <0.02 * * 1.46 1.47 USGS R

RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 0.085 47.7 0.05 * * 2.60 0.109 USGS R

S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 * 11 <0.010 0.08 * 0.460 0.110 USGS D

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 0.262 8.43 <0.02 0.05 * 0.352 0.062 USGS R

T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 * * 0 * * 2.30 * USGS R
94 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued [For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Laboratory1 Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese T1 (155-172) 8/15/1991 * * 0 0.15 * 1.80 * USGS R T1 (220-237) 8/15/1991 * * 0.026 0.56 * 1.70 * USGS R TR1-63 Water table 7/2/1984 <0.01 19.0 * * * * * IES TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 * 20 <0.010 0.07 * 0.025 0.005 USGS D TR1-63 Water table 11/30/1990 * 20 <0.010 * * 0.005 * USGS D TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 * * 0.0217 0 * 0 * USGS R TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 0.010 17.4 <0.02 * * 0.017 0.012 USGS R TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 0.008 18.0 <0.02 0.06 * 0.009 0.005 USGS R TR1-132 130-132 7/3/1984 0.52 28.0 * * * * * IES TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 * 9.5 <0.010 0.60 * 0.130 0.087 USGS D TR1 (171-190) 9/22/1990 * 21 * * * 0.180 * USGS D TR1 170-190 6/29/1992 * 16 <0.01 0.75 * 0.210 * USGS R TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 * 15 <0.010 0.80 * 0.120 0.056 USGS D TR1 (271-300) 9/23/1990 * 13 * * * 0.130 * USGS D TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 * 14 <0.01 1.08 * 0.250 * USGS R TR1 (299-328) 9/23/1990 * 23 * * * 0.100 * USGS D TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 * 14 <0.01 1.08 * 0.160 * USGS R TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 * 16 <0.01 1.57 * 0 * USGS R TR1 482-489.8 7/7/1992 * 15 <0.01 1.17 * 0.180 * USGS R TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 * 21 <0.01 1.17 * 0.190 * USGS R TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 * 26 <0.01 1.08 * 0.350 * USGS R

TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 * 23 <0.01 2.19 * 0 * USGS R
Tables 95

Table 31. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake Watershed, New Hampshire, for aluminium, silica (as SiO2), 

bromide, fluoride, iodide, iron, and manganese.—Continued

[For all characteristics, italics indicates analyses of unfiltered water. Plain text indicates analyses of filtered water.Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. A,B,C, sample zones; <, less than]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter 

Laboratory1

Aluminum Silica, as SiO2 Bromide Fluoride Iodide Iron Manganese

TR2 (151.0-170.3) 7/21/1993 * 19.9 <0.010 1.54 * 0.113 0.022 USGS R

TR2 (270.0-289.3) 7/21/1993 * 25.5 <0.010 1.32 * 0.256 0.012 USGS R

TR2 (426.0-445.3) 7/22/1993 * 22.0 <0.010 2.63 * 0.144 0.013 USGS R

Seep S3 Water surface 8/7/1997 0.192 4.32 <0.02 0.05 * 2.02 0.054 USGS R

Leeman’s 

Spring Water surface 8/6/1997 0.050 8.58 <0.02 0.05 * <0.007 0.004 USGS R

Pleasant view 

well Unknown 5/22/1991 * * 0.17 1.98 * 0.810 * USGS R

1 Laboratories - Institute for Ecosystems Studies (IES); U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colorado (USGS D); U.S. Geological Survey Research Laboratory, Reston, 

Virginia (USGS R).

2 *, Indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.
96 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 32. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and lead.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in micrograms per liter Barium Beryllium Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Lead W2 Water table 6/7/1997 4 *1 <5 * <1 0.6 4 0.2 W3 Water table 5/30/1990 <2 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 W3 Water table 7/14/1997 1 * <5 * <1 0.1 124 0.4 W3 A Water table 6/10/1997 3 * <5 * <1 0.2 7 0.8 W6 Water table 7/26/1997 4 * <5 * * * 3 * W11 Water table 7/25/1997 4 * <5 * <1 0.1 24 0.4 W15 Water table 7/28/1997 6 * <5 * <1 3.4 3 0.1 W16 Water table 8/28/1996 6 * <5 * * * 2 * W16 Water table 7/13/1997 7 * <5 * <1 0.2 2 0.4 W16A Water table 8/27/1996 3 * <5 * * * 6 * W16A Water table 7/12/1997 2 * <5 * <1 0.3 3 0.2 W18 Water table 6/26/1997 2 * <5 * <1 3.8 7 0.2 W25 Water table 7/13/1997 4 * <5 * <1 0.1 19 0.2 W26 Water table 5/23/1990 4 <0.5 <10 3.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 W26 Water table 6/8/1997 4 * <5 * <1 0.4 4 0.2 W27 Water table 6/19/1997 4 * <5 * <1 1.7 2 0.1 W33 Water table 8/22/1996 3 * <5 * * * 7 * W34 Water table 8/22/1996 2 * <5 * * * 16 * W34 Water table 6/10/1997 1 * <5 * <1 1.1 4 0.8 W35 Water table 8/28/1996 4 * <5 * * * 5 * W36 Water table 8/26/1996 4 * <5 * * * 5 *

W36 Water table 6/17/1997 3 * <5 * <1 2.7 4 0.2
Tables 97

Table 32. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and lead.—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in micrograms per liter 

Barium Beryllium Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Lead

CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 6 <0.5 10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 10 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 10 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 9 <0.5 <10 2.0 <5 6 <10 <10

CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 9 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 3 <0.5 <10 2.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 5 * <5 * * * 16 *

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 9 * <5 * * * 11 *

FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 2 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 11 * <5 * * * 121 *

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 4 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 7 <0.6 <10 <2.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 3 <0.5 <10 2.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 * * * * * * * *

FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 35 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 2 <0.5 <10 5.0 <5 30 <10 <10

FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 24 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 10

FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 25 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 7 <0.5 <10 1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 <100 <10 <10 <1.0 <1 <1 <1 <1

FS3 C (530 -545) 8/9/1990 10 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 6 * <5 * * * 277 *
98 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 32. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and lead.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in micrograms per liter Barium Beryllium Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Lead FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 3 * <5 * * * 303 * FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 2 * <5 * <1 0.8 39 3.9 FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 4 * <5 * * * 841 * FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 3 * <5 * <1 1.8 17 1.7 FS4 WT Water table 7/8/1997 16 * <5 * <1 14.9 18 1.1 FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 54 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 200 0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 18 1 20 9.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 14 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 52 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K1 borehole 5/17/1990 <2 <0.5 <10 1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 87 <0.5 <30 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 10 <0.5 10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 7 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 11 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 8 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 5 <10 <10 K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 8 <0.5 30 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 4 <0.5 <10 2.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 6 * <5 * <1 2.2 10 0.7 TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 <2 0.9 <10 1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10 TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 2 * <5 * <1 0.1 173 0.1

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 10 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10
Tables 99

Table 32. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and lead.—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in micrograms per liter 

Barium Beryllium Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Lead

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 15 <0.5 <10 <1.0 <5 <3 <10 <10

Seep S3 Water surface 8/7/1997 7 * <5 * <1 4.8 4 1.5

Leeman’s 

Spring Water surface 8/6/1997 4 * <5 * <1 0.1 4 0.2

1 *, Indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.
100 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in micrograms per liter Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon W2 Water table 6/20/1995 *1 * * * 31 * * * W2 Water table 6/7/1997 8 * <1 * 27 <0.1 46 9,200 W3 Water table 5/30/1990 8 <10 <10 1.0 27 <6 8 * W3 Water table 6/23/1995 * * * * 25 * * * W3 Water table 7/14/1997 8 * 2 * 27 <0.1 9 8,700 W3 A Water table 6/23/1995 * * * * 14 * * * W3 A Water table 6/10/1997 1 * <1 * 13 <0.1 28 3,410 W6 Water table 7/7/1987 16 <1 * * * * * * W6 Water table 7/26/1997 24 * 2 * 17 <0.1 366 8,850 W7 Water table 7/8/1987 <4 <1 * * * * * * W9 Water table 7/8/1987 <4 <1 * * * * * * W10 Water table 7/8/1987 <4 <1 * * * * * * W11 Water table 7/7/1987 <4 <1 * * * * * * W11 Water table 7/25/1997 <1 * <1 * 19 <0.1 57 4,230 W15 Water table 7/28/1997 2 * 19 * 14 <0.1 1,700 2,490 W16 Water table 8/29/1996 29 * * * 131 * 159 11,400 W16 Water table 7/13/1997 27 * <1 * 134 <0.1 189 11,900 W16A Water table 8/27/1996 13 * * * 39 * 28 7,700 W16A Water table 7/12/1997 9 * 2 * 31 <0.1 10 6,000 W18 Water table 7/12/1995 * * * * 15 * * * W18 Water table 6/26/1997 <1 * 2 * 17 <0.1 176 2,680
Tables 101

Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in micrograms per liter 

Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 * * * * 36 * * *

W25 Water table 7/13/1997 24 * <1 * 34 <0.1 10 8,660

W26 Water table 5/23/1990 13 <10 <10 <1.0 34 <6 22 *

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 * * * * 32 * * *

W26 Water table 8/16/1995 * * * * 32 * * *

W26 Water table 6/8/1997 12 * <1 * 30 <0.1 41 9,500

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 * * * * 33 * * *

W27 Water table 6/19/1997 4 * 24 * 27 <0.1 8 5,900

W33 Water table 8/22/1996 10 * * * 25 * 23 9,800

W34 Water table 8/22/1996 9 * * * 21 * 32 7,340

W34 Water table 6/10/1997 6 * 2 * 16 <0.1 46 6,520

W35 Water table 8/28/1996 3 * * * 28 * 27 7,200

W36 Water table 8/26/1996 2 * * * 27 * 16 5,030

W36 Water table 6/17/1997 2 * 3 * 17 <0.1 11 3,990

CO WT Water table 7/21/1988 <4 1 * * * * * *

CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 <4 <10 <10 <1.0 16 <6 <3 *

CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 * * * * 200 * * *

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 31 <10 <10 <1.0 310 <6 170 *

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 34 <10 <10 <1.0 310 <6 330 *

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 * * * * 400 * * *

CO1 (90-119) 6/20/1996 * * * * 307 * * 7,620
102 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in micrograms per liter Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon CO1 (90-119) 6/23/1996 * * * * 315 * * 7,770 CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 30 <10 <10 <1.0 340 <6 130 * CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 * * * * 360 * * * CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 20 <10 <10 <1.0 220 <6 3,100 * CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 30 <10 <10 <1.0 430 <6 110 * CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 * * * * 350 * * * CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 * * * * 370 * * * CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 * * * * 420 * * * CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 * * * * 180 * * * CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 * * * * 658 * * * CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 * * * * 392 * * * CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 * * * * 494 * * * CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 * * * * 516 * * * CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 * * * * 474 * * * FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 16 <10 <10 2.0 41 <6 250 * FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 * * * * 34 * * * FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 14 * * * 34 * 275 5,010 FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 16 * * * 69 * 5 6,640 FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 19 <10 <10 1.0 37 <6 <3 * FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 * * * * 30 * * * FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 2 * * * 11 * 18 3,020
Tables 103

Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in micrograms per liter 

Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 14 <10 <10 1.0 48 <6 4,000 *

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 25 <10 <10 <1.0 230 <6 650 *

FS1 121-136 8/5/1991 * * * * 70 * * *

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 * * * * 300 * * *

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 * * * * 400 * * *

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 25 <10 <10 <1.0 46 <6 740 *

FS2 134-149 7/7/1992 * * * * 200 * * *

FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 53 <10 <10 <1.0 760 <6 3,800 *

FS2 236-251 7/8/1992 * * * * 690 * * *

FS2 384-399 7/8/1992 * * * * 910 * * *

FS3-22 20-22 12/5/1990 * * * * 100 * * *

FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 8 <10 <10 1.0 30 <6 34 *

FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 24 <10 10 1.0 93 <6 2,100 *

FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 19 <10 <10 <1.0 97 <6 110 *

FS3 60-75.1 7/11/1992 * * * * 90 * * *

FS3 60.0-72.4 7/19/1993 * * * * 88 * * *

FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 20 <10 <10 <1.0 280 <6 100 *

FS3 294-309.1 7/11/1992 * * * * 230 * * *

FS3 294.0-306.2 7/20/1993 * * * * 263 * * *

FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 30 <1 <1 <1.0 230 <1 3,000 *

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 * * * * 240 * * *
104 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in micrograms per liter Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon FS3 365.0-377.2 7/20/1993 * * * * 0.256 * * * FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 20 <10 <10 <1.0 150 <6 160 * FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 * * * * 230 * * * FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 * * * * 15 * * * FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 2 * * * 14 * 95 3,240 FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 * * * * 20 * * * FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 * * * * 15 * * * FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 2 * * * 15 * 178 4,120 FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 2 * 2 * 13 <0.1 67 3,490 FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 * * * * 20 * * * FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 4 * * * 13 * 140 3,380 FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 3 * 4 * 12 <0.1 44 2,770 FS4WT Water table 7/18/1997 4 * 16 * 25 <0.1 40 4,330 FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 * * * * 155 * * * FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 * * * * 147 * * * FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 * * * * 154 * * * FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 * * * * 338 * * * FS7 (53) 6/22/1996 * * * * 15 * * 3,360 FSE-23 21-23 10/23/1986 26 <1 * * * * * * FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 14 <10 <10 1.0 390 <6 <3 * FSE-32 30-32 10/23/1986 43 2 * * * * * *
Tables 105

Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in micrograms per liter 

Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon

FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 70 <10 10 1.0 860 <6 <3 *

FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 54 <10 <10 2.0 180 <9 13,000 *

FSE4 65-85 10/23/1986 68 <1 * * * * * *

FSE4 80-100 10/26/1986 60 <1 * * * * * *

FSE4 135-155 10/23/1986 66 1 * * * * * *

FSE4 430-450 10/29/1986 200 1 * * * * * *

FSE4 700 10.22/1986 250 3 * * * * * *

FSE4 (436-443) 6/12/1991 * * * * 1,780 * * *

FSE4 (438.2-445) 5/18/1992 * * * * 1,500 * * *

FSE6 WT Water table 5/20/1992 * * * * 580 * * *

H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 * * * * 250 * * *

H1 (178-193) 8/13/1991 * * * * 300 * * *

IS1 (56-58.8) 6/3/1992 * * * * 230 * * *

IS1 (364-370.8) 6/4/1992 * * * * 740 * * *

IS1 (400-406.8) 6/4/1992 * * * * 610 * * *

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 * * * * 650 * * *

K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 5 <10 <10 <1.0 23 <6 9 *

K1-8 Water table 11/30/1990 * * * * 20 * * *

K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 33 <10 <10 <1.0 340 <6 <3 *

K1 Borehole 5/17/1990 13 <10 <10 <1.0 <1 <6 <3 *

K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 <4 <10 <10 <1.0 95 <6 <12 *
106 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in micrograms per liter Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 9 <10 <10 <1.0 120 <6 61 * K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 * * * * 90 * * * K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 37 <10 <10 <1.0 380 <6 <3 * 08:25 * * * * 260 * * * 09:00 * * * * 270 * * * 14:25 * * * * 360 * * * K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 4 <10 <10 1.0 30 <6 69 * K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 12 <10 <10 <1.0 63 <6 21 * K3-61 59-61 11/30/1990 * * * * 60 * * * K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 47 <10 <10 2.0 480 <6 5 * R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 * * * * 20 * * * R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 * * * * 16 * * * R1 (57.4-80) 9/16/1990 * * * * 210 * * * R1 65-80.1 7/14/1992 * * * * 170 * * * R1 (102-125) 9/15/1990 * * * * 300 * * * R1 110-125.1 7/14/1992 * * * * 270 * * * R1 (148-171) 9/16/1990 * * * * 400 * * * R1 147-162.1 7/15/1992 * * * * 370 * * * R1 480-495.1 7/15/1992 * * * * 400 * * * RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 * * * * 420 * * * RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 * * * * 2,410 * * *

S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 4 <10 <10 <1.0 21 <6 10 *
Tables 107

Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, or 

spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) or feet 

below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in micrograms per liter 

Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 2 * 1 * 7 <0.1 21 3,940

T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 * * * * 80 * * *

T1 (155-172) 8/15/1991 * * * * 320 * * *

T1 (220-237) 8/15/1991 * * * * 980 * * *

TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 10 <10 <10 <1.0 32 <6 8 *

TR1-63 Water table 11/30/1990 * * * * 30 * * *

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 * * * * 20 * * *

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 * * * * 26 * * *

TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 8 * 3 * 23 <0.1 21 8,430

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 25 <10 <10 <1.0 230 <6 210 *

TR1 (171-190) 9/22/1990 * * * * 200 * * *

TR1 170-190 6/29/1992 * * * * 180 * * *

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 21 <10 <10 3.0 430 <6 530 *

TR1 (271-300) 9/23/1990 * * * * 430 * * *

TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 * * * * 370 * * *

TR1 (299-328) 9/23/1990 * * * * 500 * * *

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 * * * * 440 * * *

TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 * * * * 450 * * *

TR1 482-489.8 7/7/1992 * * * * 490 * * *

TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 * * * * 430 * * *

TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 * * * * 650 * * *

TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 * * * * 520 * * *
108 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 33. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for lithium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, vanadium, zinc, and silicon.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in micrograms per liter Lithium Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Vanadium Zinc Slilcon TR2 (151.0-170.3) 7/21/1993 * * * * 453 * * * TR2 (270.0-289.3) 7/21/1993 * * * * 694 * * * TR2 (426.0-445.3) 7/22/1993 * * * * 519 * * * Seep S3 Water surface 8/7/1997 1 * 79 * 7 <0.1 58 2,020 Leeman’s Spring Water surface 8/6/1997 2 * <1 * 20 <0.1 23 4,010 Pleasant view well Unknown 5/22/1991 * * * * 820 * * *

1 *, indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.
Tables 109

Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for 

radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Activity in picocuries per liter 

Radon Radium 226 Radium 228

Uranium 

U-234/U-235/ 

U-238

(speciation 

method)

Uranium-234 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium- 235 

(alpha method)

Uranium-238 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium in 

milligrams 

per liter

Tritium, in 

tritium units

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 *1 * * * * * * * 16.6 +/- 0.5

W2 Water table 6/7/1997 * * * * * * * * 14.8 +/- 0.6

W3 Water table 5/30/1990 * 0.03 0.41 <0.3 0.052 0.004 0.035 * 19.7 +/- 0.7

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 * * * * * * * * 14.4 +/- 0.4

W3 Water table 7/14/1997 * * * * * * * * 12.0 +/- 0.5

W3 A Water table 6/23/1995 * * * * * * * * 12.5 +/- 0.4

W3 A Water table 6/10/1997 * * * * * * * * 9.6 +/- 0.4

W6 Water table 7/26/1997 * * * * * * * * 10.7 +/- 0.5

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 * * * * * * * * 10.3 +/- 0.5

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 * * * * * * * * 11.0 +/- 0.5

W16 Water table 8/29/1996 * * * * * * * * 3.40 +/- 0.18

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 * * * * * * * * 3.4 +/- 0.3

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 * * * * * * * * 11.8 +/- 0.4

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 * * * * * * * * 9.9 +/- 0.5

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 * * * * * * * * 9.4 +/- 0.3

W18 Water table 6/26/1997 * * * * * * * * 8.7 +/- 0.4

W25 Water table 7/13/1997 * * * * * * * * 24.4 +/- 0.8

W26 Water table 5/23/1990 * 0.16 0.01 <0.3 0.036 0 0.014 <0.1000 35.6 +/- 1.1

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 * * * * * * * * 22.4 +/- 0.7

W26 Water table 6/8/1997 * * * * * * * * 17.8 +/- 0.6

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 * * * * * * * * 12.1 +/- 0.4
110 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Activity in picocuries per liter Radon Radium 226 Radium 228 Uranium U-234/U-235/ U-238 (speciation method) Uranium-234 (alpha method) Uranium- 235 (alpha method) Uranium-238 (alpha method) Uranium in milligrams per liter Tritium, in tritium units W27 Water table 6/19/1997 * * * * * * * * 9.2 +/- 0.4 W33 Water table 8/22/1996 * * * * * * * * 12.8 +/- 0.4 W33 Water table 7/7/1997 * * * * * * * * 14.2 +/- 0.6 W34 Water table 8/22/1996 * * * * * * * * 12.0 +/- 0.4 W34 Water table 6/10/1997 * * * * * * * * 10.9 +/- 0.5 W35 Water table 8/28/1996 * * * * * * * * 10.6 +/- 0.4 W35 Water table 7/12/1997 * * * * * * * * 10.1 +/- 0.5 W36 Water table 8/26/1996 * * * * * * * * 10.1 +/- 0.3 W36 Water table 6/17/1997 * * * * * * * * 9.5 +/- 0.4 CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 * 0.16 0.76 <0.3 0.081 0.006 0.096 <0.1000 12.2 +/- 0.8 CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 2,428 * * * * * * * 13.3 +/- 0.5 CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 * 1 0.79 0.8(0.5,0.1,0.2) 0.458 0.014 0.211 0.3 22.1 +/- 1.4 CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 * 1.15 0.48 <0.3 0.378 0.014 0.286 * 21.4 +/- 0.8 CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 * * * * * * * * 15.6 +/- 0.6 CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 * 0.166 0.142 <0.3 1.02 0.049 1.06 * 4.8 +/- 0.2 CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 * * * * * * * * 4.8 +/- 0.3 CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 * 0.17 0.67 <0.3 0.061 0.004 0.053 <0.1000 14 +/- 0.9 CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 * 0.57 0.41 <0.3 0.443 0.022 0.324 * 4.8 +/- 0.2 CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 * * * * * * * * 13.8 +/- 0.5 CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 * * * * * * * * 18.0 +/- 0.6 CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 * * * * * * * * 10.3 +/- 0.3
Tables 111

Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for 

radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Activity in picocuries per liter 

Radon Radium 226 Radium 228

Uranium 

U-234/U-235/ 

U-238

(speciation 

method)

Uranium-234 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium- 235 

(alpha method)

Uranium-238 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium in 

milligrams 

per liter

Tritium, in 

tritium units

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 * * * * * * * * 17.2 +/- 0.5

CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 * * * * * * * * 12.4 +/- 0.4

CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 * * * * * * * * 3.7 +/- 0.3

CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 * * * * * * * * 13.5 +/- 0.4

CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 * * * * * * * * 9.6 +/- 0.3

CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 * * * * * * * * 5.65 +/- 0.22

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 * 0.12 0.08 <0.3 0.008 0.006 0.002 <0.1000 11.8 +/- 0.4

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 * * * * * * * * 13.1 +/- 0.4

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 * * * * * * * * 12.0 +/- 0.4

FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 * * * * * * * * 15.6 +/- 0.5

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 * * * * * * * * 13.2 +/- 0.4

FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 1655 0.04 0.32 0.7(0.3,0.1,0.3) 0.278 0.01 0.261 * 25.2 +/- 0.8

FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 * * * * * * * * 31.2 +/- 1.1

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 * * * * * * * * 10.3 +/- 0.4

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 * 0.1 0.25 <0.3 0.084 0.002 0.025 <0.1000 29.8 +/- 1.0

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 * 1.21 0.47 <0.3 0.084 0.002 0.025 <0.1000 0.14 +/- 0.12

FS1 121-136 8/5/1991 * * * * * * * * 20.2 +/- 0.6

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 * * * * * * * * 0.03 +/- 0.13

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 * * * * * * * * 0.05 +/- 0.12

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 * 0.44 0.29 <0.3 0.01 0.002 0.004 <0.1000 3.62 +/- 0.20

FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 1250 0.78 0.5 <0.3 0.019 0.006 0.019 * -0.1 +/- 0.14
112 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Activity in picocuries per liter Radon Radium 226 Radium 228 Uranium U-234/U-235/ U-238 (speciation method) Uranium-234 (alpha method) Uranium- 235 (alpha method) Uranium-238 (alpha method) Uranium in milligrams per liter Tritium, in tritium units FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 * 1.07 1.82 * 9.23 0.258 5.59 * -0.14 +/- 0.11 FS3-11 Water table 12/6/1990 * * * * * * * * 19.6 +/- 0.6 FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 1450 0.07 0.44 <0.3 0.012 0.002 0.006 <0.1000 18.6 +/- 1.0 FS3-22 20-22 12/5/1990 1406 * * * * * * * * FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 * 0.07 0.61 <0.3 0.038 0 0.019 <0.1000 10.9 +/- 0.4 FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 * 0.129 0.097 <0.3 1.34 0.006 0.293 * 11.1 +/- 0.4 FS3 60.0-72.4 7/19/1993 * * * * * * * * 13.5 +/- 0.4 FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 * 0.11 0.05 <0.3 0.068 0 0.018 <0.1000 0.29 +/- 0.13 FS3 294.0-306.2 7/20/1993 * * * * * * * * 0.92 +/- 0.12 FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 310 0.09 0.24 <0.3 0.023 0.002 0.012 * 2.16 +/- 0.18 FS3 365.0-377.2 7/20/1993 * * * * * * * * 0.96 +/- 0.13 FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 1650 0.51 0.10 <0.3 1.37 0.029 0.442 * 8.4 +/- 0.3 FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 * * * * * * * * 12.5 +/- 0.4 FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 * * * * * * * * 9.9 +/- 0.3 FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 * * * * * * * * 12.3 +/- 0.4 FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 * * * * * * * * 11.8 +/- 0.4 FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 * * * * * * * * 8.8 +/- 0.4 FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 * * * * * * * * 10.3 +/- 0.4 FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 * * * * * * * * 9.7 +/- 0.4 FS4 WT Water table 7/8/1997 * * * * * * * * 11.8 +/- 0.5 FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 * * * * * * * * 14.8 +/- 0.5
Tables 113

Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for 

radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Activity in picocuries per liter 

Radon Radium 226 Radium 228

Uranium 

U-234/U-235/ 

U-238

(speciation 

method)

Uranium-234 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium- 235 

(alpha method)

Uranium-238 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium in 

milligrams 

per liter

Tritium, in 

tritium units

FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 * * * * * * * * 14.5 +/- 0.4

FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 * * * * * * * * 15.2 +/- 0.5

FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 * * * * * * * * 3.52 +/- 0.18

FS7 (53) 6/22/1996 * * * * * * * * 10.5 +/- 0.4

FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 * 0.06 0.44 <0.3 0.094 0.004 0.077 <0.1000 18.1 +/- 0.6

FSE-32 30-32 5/21/1992 * * * * * * * * 14.3 +/- 0.5

FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 * 0.21 0.46 <0.3 0.1 0.012 0.08 <0.1000 13.6 +/- 0.5

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 * * * * * * * * 21.9 +/- 0.7

FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 * 3.2 1.8 <0.3 0.092 0.009 0.066 0.2 8.7 +/- 0.3

FSE2 B (107-215) 6/1/1990 * 7.5 0.44 <0.3 0.402 0.008 0.368 0.24 4.15 +/- 0.18

FSE4 (438.2-445) 5/18/1992 * * * * * * * * 0.29 +/- 0.12

FSE6 WT water table 5/20/1992 * * * * * * * * 15.5 +/- 0.5

H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 * * * * * * * * 16.6 +/- 0.5

H1 (178-193) 8/13/1991 * * * * * * * * 14.1 +/- 0.5

IS1 (56-58.8) 6/3/1992 * * * * * * * * 27.7 +/- 0.8

IS1 (364-370.8) 6/4/1992 * * * * * * * * 25.7 +/- 0.8

IS1 (400-406.8) 6/4/1992 * * * * * * * * 26.8 +/- 0.8

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 * * * * * * * * 1.53 +/- 0.13

K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 * 0.22 0.79 <0.3 0.018 0.002 0.011 * 16.8 +/- 0.7

K1-8 Water table 11/30/1990 * * * * * * * * 16.4 +/- 0.6

K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 * 0.19 0.29 <0.3 0.024 0.006 0.026 <0.1000 *
114 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Activity in picocuries per liter Radon Radium 226 Radium 228 Uranium U-234/U-235/ U-238 (speciation method) Uranium-234 (alpha method) Uranium- 235 (alpha method) Uranium-238 (alpha method) Uranium in milligrams per liter Tritium, in tritium units K1 borehole 5/17/1990 * 0.32 0.2 <0.3 0.088 0.004 0.042 <0.1000 0.15 K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 * 0.22 0.55 <0.3 0.097 0 0.101 <0.1000 10.3 +/- 0.4 K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 * 0.12 0.46 <0.3 0.019 0.004 0.025 <0.1000 30.6 +/- 1.3 K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 * * * * * * * * 19.2 +/- 0.7 K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 * 0.23 0.44 <0.3 0.109 0.002 0.016 <0.1000 0.86 +/- 0.18 14:25 * * * * * * * * 0.32 +/- 0.11 K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 * 0.12 1.1 <0.3 0.041 0.004 0.026 <0.1000 20.2 +/- 0.8 K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 * 0.14 0.08 <0.3 0.015 0.004 0.004 <0.1000 21.5 +/- 0.9 K3-61 59-61 11/30/1990 * * * * * * * * 22.3 +/- 0.8 K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 * 0.59 0.57 <0.3 0.087 0.006 0.032 <0.1000 0.03 +/- 0.11 R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 * * * * * * * * 15.3 +/- 0.6 R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 * * * * * * * * 12.2 +/- 0.4 R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 * * * * * * * * 12.8 +/- 0.4 R1-55 53-55 9/25/1991 * * * * * * * * 17.0 +/- 0.5 R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 * * * * * * * * 11.1 +/- 0.4 R1 (57.4-80) 9/16/1990 * * * * * * * * 14.8 +/- 0.7 R1 (102-125) 9/15/1990 * * * * * * * * 3.76 +/- 0.25 R1 (148-171) 9/16/1990 * * * * * * * * 0.9 +/- 0.22 RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 * * * * * * * * 13.7 +/- 0.4 RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 * * * * * * * * -0.04 +/- 0.13 S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 * 0.05 0.72 <0.3 0.041 0.004 0.037 <0.1000 33.1 +/- 1.2
Tables 115

Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for 

radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of 

well, seep, 

or spring

Sampled 

zones (feet 

below top of 

casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Activity in picocuries per liter 

Radon Radium 226 Radium 228

Uranium 

U-234/U-235/ 

U-238

(speciation 

method)

Uranium-234 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium- 235 

(alpha method)

Uranium-238 

(alpha 

method)

Uranium in 

milligrams 

per liter

Tritium, in 

tritium units

S-40 Water table 8/23/1996 * * * * * * * * 12.1 +/- 0.4

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 * * * * * * * * 12.6 +/- 0.5

T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 * * * * * * * * 21.8 +/- 0.7

T1 (155-172) 8/15/1991 * * * * * * * * 12.9 +/- 0.4

T1 (220-237) 8/15/1991 * * * * * * * * 1.58 +/- 0.15

TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 * 0.07 * <0.3 0.051 0.004 -.055 <0.1000 15.9 +/- 1.0

TR1-63 Water table 11/30/1990 * * * * * * * * 12.3 +/- 0.5

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 * * * * * * * * 15.0 +/- 0.5

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 * * * * * * * * 12.2 +/- 0.4

TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 * * * * * * * * 11.2 +/- 0.5

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 * 0.19 0.61 <0.3 0.027 0.006 0.013 <0.1000 23.3 +/- 0.3 25.6 +/- 0.9

TR1 (171-190) 9/22/1990 * * * * * * * * 24.2 +/- 1.1

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 * 0.27 0.25 <0.3 0.173 0.002 0.04 <0.1000 5.0 +/- 0.3

TR1 (271-300) 9/23/1990 * * * * * * * * 4.17 +/- 0.26

TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 * * * * * * * * 9.6 +/- 0.3

TR1 (299-328) 9/23/1990 * * * * * * * * 0.99 +/- 0.26

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 * * * * * * * * 5.53 +/- 0.21

TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 * * * * * * * * 1.17 +/- 0.13

TR1 482-489.8 7/7/1992 * * * * * * * * 1.00 +/- 0.13

TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 * * * * * * * * 0.76 +/- 0.12

TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 * * * * * * * * 0.18 +/- 0.13
116 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 34. Radiochemical isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire, for radon, radium 226, radium 228, uranium U-234/U-235/U-238 (speciation method), uranium-234 (alpha method), uranium-235 (alpha method), uranium-238 (apha method), uranium in milligrams per lliter, and tritium.—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones] Name of well, seep, or spring Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Activity in picocuries per liter Radon Radium 226 Radium 228 Uranium U-234/U-235/ U-238 (speciation method) Uranium-234 (alpha method) Uranium- 235 (alpha method) Uranium-238 (alpha method) Uranium in milligrams per liter Tritium, in tritium units TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 * * * * * * * * -0.13 +/- 0.13 TR2 (151.0-170.3) 7/21/1993 * * * * * * * * 0.68 +/- 0.12 TR2 (270.0-289.3) 7/21/1993 * * * * * * * * 0.24 +/- 0.13 TR2 (426.0-445.3) 7/22/1993 * * * * * * * * 0.07 +/- 0.12 Seep S3 Water surface 8/7/1997 * * * * * * * * 10.1 +/- 0.4 Leeman’s Spring Water surface 8/6/1997 * * * * * * * * 8.5 +/- 0.4 Pleasant View well Unknown 5/22/1991 * * * * * * * * 6.18 +/- 0.24 1 *, indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.
Tables 117

Table 35. Isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, for stable isotope ratios.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones; Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of 

Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT)]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

per mil ‰ 

δ2

H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

δ34S

(CDT)

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 -49.51 -5.62 -21.48 *1

W2 Water table 6/7/1997 -63.38 -9.71 -20.96 *

W3 Water table 5/30/1990 -64.5 -9.80 * *

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 -63.31 -9.79 * *

W3 Water table 7/14/1997 -66.13 -9.85 -22.54 *

W3 A Water table 6/23/1995 -65.83 -10.07 -12.67 *

W3 A Water table 6/10/1997 -69.15 -10.60 -19.24 *

W6 Water table 7/26/1997 -69.20 -10.45 -21.20 *

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 -65.67 -9.73 -22.31 *

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 -64.25 -9.76 -21.51 *

W16 Water table 8/29/1996 -63.95 -9.91 -10.58 *

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 -65.64 -9.88 -10.21 *

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 -65.58 -9.91 -18.14 *

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 -63.55 -9.85 -16.94 *

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 -81.32 -12.02 -16.35 *

W18 Water table 6/26/1997 -61.82 -9.31 * *

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 -69.07 -10.40 -20.54 *

W25 Water table 7/13/1997 -66.89 -10.25 -20.25 *

W26 Water table 5/23/1990 -67.5 -10.20 -22.35 -7.4

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 -65.01 -9.97 * *

W26 Water table 6/8/1997 -64.56 -9.87 -20.66 *

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 -68.97 -10.66 -23.65 *

W27 Water table 6/19/1997 -66.75 -9.96 * *

W33 Water table 8/22/1996 -63.19 -9.74 -20.59 *

W33 Water table 7/7/1997 -63.21 -9.76 -20.83 *

W34 Water table 8/22/1996 -66.43 -9.98 * *

W34 Water table 6/10/1997 -66.41 -10.22 -24.78 *

W35 Water table 8/28/1996 -64.44 -9.79 -20.74 *

W35 Water table 7/11/1997 -64.99 -10.15 * *

W36 Water table 8/26/1996 * * -23.26 *

W36 Water table 6/17/1997 -66.00 -9.98 -18.92 *
118 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 35. Isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, for stable isotope ratios.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones; Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of 

Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT)]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

per mil ‰ 

δ2

H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

δ34S

(CDT)

CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 -72.5 -10.55 * *

CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 -56.5 -8.75 -25.40 *

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 -65.50 -9.75 -12.95 -2.5

CO1 B (104-116) 6/21/1990 * * -12.90 *

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 -62.5 -9.65 * *

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 -62.0 -9.70 * *

CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 * * -10.30 *

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 -61.50 -9.40 -17.00 4.9

CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 * * -11.15 *

CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 -63.0 -9.65 * *

CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 -63.5 -9.75 * *

CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 -63.0 -9.70 * *

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 -62.0 -9.60 * *

CO10 (130.0-143.5) 8/15/1995 -62.58 -9.27 * *

CO10 (228.0-241.5) 8/15/1995 -62.09 -9.55 * *

CO11 (95.0-108.5) 8/16/1995 -61.56 -9.37 -14.20 *

CO11 (242.0-255.5) 8/17/1995 -63.01 -9.54 * *

CO11 (342.6-356.1) 8/17/1995 -61.93 -9.58 -12.57 *

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 -66.00 -10.10 * *

FS1-17 Water table 9/23/1991 -66.0 -10.05 -17.10 *

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 -66.14 -10.14 -22.81 *

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 -68.42 -10.37 -21.85 *

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 -66.29 -10.11 -15.66 *

FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 -66.50 -10.10 * *

FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 -66.5 -10.15 * *

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 -61.13 -9.42 -24.48 *

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 -67.00 -10.20 -17.10 *

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 -65.00 -9.85 -8.25 10

FS1 121-136 8/5/1991 -66.0 -10.30 * *

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 -63.5 -9.80 * *

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 -66.5 -10.20 * *
Tables 119

Table 35. Isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, for stable isotope ratios.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones; Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of 

Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT)]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

per mil ‰ 

δ2

H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

δ34S

(CDT)

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 -61.50 -9.45 -14.05 2.9

FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 * * -8.80 *

FS2 134-149 7/7/1992 -64.0 -9.95 * *

FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 * * -6.50 *

FS2 236-251 7/8/1992 -65.0 -9.95 * *

FS2 384-399 7/8/1992 -66.5 -10.20 * *

FS3-11 Water table 12/6/1990 -62.5 -9.85 -20.95 *

FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 -62.50 -9.85 -20.95 *

FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 -67.00 -10.10 -12.65 2.3

FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 -66.50 -10.10 -10.80 *

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 -65.5 -10.15 * *

FS3 60.0-72.4 7/19/1993 -66.3 -10.06 * *

FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 -63.50 -9.80 -9.00 13.7

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 -65.0 -9.95 * *

FS3 294.0-306.2 7/20/1993 -64.2 -10.00 * *

FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 * * -8.80 *

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 -63.5 -9.90 * *

FS3 365.0-377.2 7/20/1993 -64.0 -9.84 * *

FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 * * -10.15 *

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 -64.5 -9.90 * *

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 -66.60 -10.08 -16.40 *

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 -62.36 -9.71 -24.65 *

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 -71.5 -10.75 * *

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 -67.02 -10.12 -24.05 *

FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 -63.89 -9.97 -20.12 *

FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 -69.83 -10.58 -21.50 *

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 -69.0 -10.45 * *

FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 -66.48 -9.84 -20.46 *

FS3C-29 28-29 6/11/1997 -70.58 -10.87 -17.57 *

FS4 WT Water table 7/8/1997 -71.03 -10.66 -17.16 *

FS5 (70.0-83.5) 6/9/1995 * * -16.55 *
120 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 35. Isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, for stable isotope ratios.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones; Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of 

Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT)]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

per mil ‰ 

δ2

H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

δ34S

(CDT)

FS5 (142.0-155.5) 6/9/1995 -66.45 -10.24 -14.83 *

FS5 (200.4-218.0) 6/8/1995 -65.86 -10.22 -15.03 *

FS6 44.0-53.5 8/12/1995 -64.12 -10.00 * *

FS7 (53) 6/22/1996 -65.04 -10.0 -24.07 *

FSE-23 21-23 10/23/1986 * -9.75 * *

FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 -65.50 -10.05 * *

FSE-32 30-32 10/23/1986 * -9.60 * *

FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 -68.00 -10.30 * *

FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 -67.00 -10.25 -8.20 *

FSE2 B (107-215) 6/1/1990 -66.00 -10.20 -7.90 *

FSE4 65-85 10/23/1986 * -10.15 * *

FSE4 80-100 10/26/1986 * -10.20 * *

FSE4 135-155 10/23/1986 * -10.15 * *

FSE4 430-450 10/29/1986 * -10.40 * *

FSE4 700 10/22/1986 * -10.35 * *

FSE4 (436-443) 6/12/1991 -66.0 -10.55 * *

FSE4 (438.2-445) 5/18/1992 -67.5 -10.45 * *

FSE6 WT Water table 5/20/1992 -58.0 -9.10 * *

H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 -64.0 -9.95 * *

H1 (178-193) 8/13/1991 -65.0 -10.15 * *

IS1 (56-58.8) 6/3/1992 -65.5 -9.90 * *

IS1 (364-370.8) 6/4/1992 -64.0 -9.95 * *

IS1 (400-406.8) 6/4/1992 -65.5 -9.95 * *

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 -61.5 -9.55 * *

K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 -59.00 -8.20 * *

K1-8 Water table 11/30/1990 -50.0 -6.95 * *

K1 borehole 5/17/1990 -68.00 -10.30 -10.85, -10.55 *

K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 -68.00 -10.25 * *

K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 -63.50 -9.60 -19.80 2.6

K2-41 39-41 11/29/1990 -63.5 -9.65 * *

K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 -67.50 -9.95 -9.00, -8.30 -5
Tables 121

Table 35. Isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, for stable isotope ratios.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones; Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of 

Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT)]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

per mil ‰ 

δ2

H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

δ34S

(CDT)

K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 -54.00 -7.60 * *

K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 -56.50 -8.15 -19.45, -20.25 *

K3-61 59-61 11/30/1990 -57.50 -8.15 -21.55 *

K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 -69.50 -10.40 -8.45 *

R1-36 Water table 11/30/1990 -48.5 -7.75 -22.85 *

R1-36 Water table 7/14/1991 -61.5 -9.60 * *

R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 -61.5 -9.60 -13.50 *

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 -67.21 -10.14 -22.57 *

R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 -67.37 -9.95 -13.52 *

R1 57.4-80.1 9/16/1990 -64.5 -10.15 -11.60 *

R1 (102-125) 9/15/1990 -65.5 -10.10 -10.70 *

R1 (148-171) 9/16/1990 -66.0 -10.05 -10.40 *

R1 65-80.1 7/14/1992 -66.0 -10.10 * *

R1 110-125.1 7/14/1992 -65.5 -10.05 * *

R1 147-162.1 7/15/1992 -65.5 -10.00 * *

R1 480-495.1 7/15/1992 -67.5 -10.40 * *

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 -59.88 -9.01 -20.76 *

RR1 (582.5-596.0) 8/18/1995 -70.42 -10.95 -5.30 *

S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 -68.5 -10.40 -27.30 *

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 -61.48 -9.36 -27.10 *

T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 -64.5 -10.05 * *

T1 (155-172) 8/15/1991 -64.0 -10.05 * *

T1 (220-237) 8/15/1991 -65.0 -10.10 * *

TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 -67.50 -10.15 -21.80, -22.80 *

TR1-63 Water table 11/30/1990 -68.0 -10.25 -22.90 *

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 -65.5 -10.10 -17.35 *

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 -67.26 -10.06 -23.42 *

TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 -65.41 -9.92 * *

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 -67.00 -10.05 -13.55 -1.9

TR1 (171-190) 9/22/1990 -65.0 -10.15 -15.20 *

TR1 170-190 6/29/1992 -66.0 -10.15 -14.95 *
122 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 35. Isotopic characteristics of groundwater collected from selected wells, a seep, and a spring in the Mirror Lake watershed, 

New Hampshire, for stable isotope ratios.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. <, less than; A, B, C, sample zones; Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of 

Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT)]

Name of well, 

seep, or spring

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

per mil ‰ 

δ2

H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

δ34S

(CDT)

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 -65.00 -9.90 -12.30 1.2

TR1 (271-300) 9/23/1990 -64.5 -10.00 -12.60 *

TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 -63.0 -10.00 -12.50 *

TR1 (299-328) 9/23/1990 -64.0 -9.85 -11.40 *

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 -64.5 -10.05 -12.10 *

TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 -65.0 -10.00 -10.85 *

TR1 482-489.8 7/7/1992 -64.0 -9.95 -10.95 *

TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 -66.0 -10.15 -8.85 *

TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 -68.5 -10.45 -7.60 *

TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 -69.5 -10.60 -6.15 *

TR2 (151.0-170.3) 7/21/1993 -65.5 -10.18 * *

TR2 (270.0-289.3) 7/21/1993 -68.5 -10.52 * *

TR2 (426.0-445.3) 7/22/1993 -69.0 -10.49 * *

Seep S3 Water surface 8/7/1997 -68.16 -10.37 -28.14 *

Leeman’s Spring Water surface 8/6/1997 -64.67 -9.99 -19.19 *

Pleasant view 

well Unknown 5/22/1991 -68.0 -10.40 * *

1

 *, indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.
Tables 123

Table 36. Isotopic characteristics of water collected over time from a single well (CO1) in the vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 

1996, for stable isotope ratios.

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) 

and Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)]

Name of well Date

Time of collection in 

hour of the day and 

minute of the hour

per mil ‰ 

δ2

H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

CO1 6/17/1996 15:20 -63.27 -9.65 -12.40

CO1 6/17/1996 15:48 -63.95 -9.70 -13.64

CO1 6/17/1996 16:19 -63.74 -9.62 -14.11

CO1 6/17/1996 16:37 -63.97 -9.76 -14.05

CO1 6/17/1996 17:23 -63.93 -9.68 -14.33

CO1 6/17/1996 18:01 -63.81 -9.68 -14.38

CO1 6/17/1996 18:49 -63.97 -9.75 -14.59

CO1 6/17/1996 19:50 -64.67 -9.72 -14.44

CO1 6/17/1996 22:44 -63.67 -9.70 -14.89

CO1 6/18/1996 02:11 -63.64 -9.76 -14.86

CO1 6/18/1996 04:31 -63.81 -9.73 -14.05

CO1 6/18/1996 09:40 -63.12 -9.70 -14.67

CO1 6/18/1996 13:55 -63.88 -9.71 -13.43

CO1 6/18/1996 18:40 -63.31 -9.69 -13.70

CO1 6/18/1996 22:13 -64.10 -9.59 -14.23

CO1 6/19/1996 09:22 -64.76 -9.70 -14.47

CO1 6/19/1996 18:05 -62.45 -9.68 -14.05

CO1 6/20/1996 09:20 -63.63 -9.62 -14.57

CO1 6/20/1996 17:40 -63.82 -9.68 -13.57

CO1 6/21/1996 10:51 -62.62 -9.71 -13.17

CO1 6/21/1996 18:27 -63.66 -9.71 -14.23

CO1 6/22/1996 08:43 -63.30 -9.70 -14.51

CO1 6/23/1996 10:24 -64.31 -9.68 -14.40

CO1 6/23/1996 14:00 -64.96 -9.69 -14.40
124 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 37. Isotopic characteristics of water collected over time from a single well (CO1) in the 

vicinity of Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, 1996, for tritium.

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well Date

Time of collection in 

hour of the day and 

minute of the hour

 Tritium, in tritium units

CO1 6/17/1996 15:56 8.9

CO1 6/17/1996 16:35 9.9

CO1 6/17/1996 17:24 10.2

CO1 6/17/1996 19:55 9.7

CO1 6/18/1996 02:16 10.1

CO1 6/18/1996 09:46 10.3

CO1 6/18/1996 18:37 9.7

CO1 6/19/1996 09:25 9.0

CO1 6/19/1996 18:08 9.9

CO1 6/20/1996 17:46 9.9

CO1 6/21/1996 10:48 9.4

CO1 6/22/1996 08:38 8.6

CO1 6/23/1996 14:03 9.6
Tables 125

Table 38. Concentrations of gases and excess air and nitrogen in groundwater collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire (modified from Busenberg and Plummer, 1996).—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter Concentration in cubic centimeters per liter 

Nitrogen Argon Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Methane Air Nitrogen

W2 Water table 8/26/1996 19.507 0.7361 0.405 19.911 0.0011 *1 *

W2 Water table 6/7/1997 16.818 0.6620 0.048 9.298 0.00 * *

W3 Water table 7/14/1997 21.104 0.7661 2.682 17.304 0.0006 * *

W3 Water table 7/14/1997 20.751 0.7632 2.762 17.317 0.0007 * *

W3A Water table 7/14/1997 20.366 0.7507 3.660 36.813 0 * *

W3A Water table 7/14/1997 21.253 0.7738 3.961 37.705 0 * *

W6 Water table 7/26/1997 19.952 0.6980 0 12.952 0.7135 * *

W6 Water table 7/26/1997 10.973 0.7064 0.0015 10.973 0.9744 * *

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 21.534 0.7629 8.186 36.689 0 * *

W11 Water table 7/25/1997 19.509 0.7427 7.426 36.163 0 * *

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 18.507 0.6767 0.678 25.765 0.0139 * *

W15 Water table 7/28/1997 18.434 0.6618 0.700 25.443 0.0130 * *

W16 Water table 8/28/1996 21.55 0.7721 0.248 3.648 0.5624 * *

W16 Water table 8/28/1996 20.963 0.7543 0.115 2.775 0.5663 * *

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 21.248 0.7715 0.020 12.883 0.1891 * *

W16 Water table 7/13/1997 21.214 0.7708 0.080 12.274 0.2847 * *

W16A Water table 7/8/1997 19.708 0.7393 5.511 16.731 0.0005 * *

W16A Water table 7/8/1997 19.416 0.7356 5.432 16.974 0.0005 * *

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 18.768 0.7077 6.833 15.093 0.0000 * *

W16A Water table 7/12/1997 18.670 0.7089 6.839 15.050 0.0009 * *

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 19.71 0.7279 4.7 14.6 0.013 * *

W18 Water table 6/27/1997 18.701 0.7030 4.10 16.640 0.0574 * *

W18 Water table 6/27/1997 18.709 0.7036 4.229 17.325 0.0488 * *
126 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 38. Concentrations of gases and excess air and nitrogen in groundwater collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire (modified from Busenberg and Plummer, 1996).—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year] Name of well Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Concentration in cubic centimeters per liter Nitrogen Argon Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Methane Air Nitrogen W25 Water table 7/13/1997 21.482 0.7800 0.061 7.425 0 * * W25 Water table 7/13/1997 21.485 0.7760 0.033 7.450 0 * * W26 Water table 8/25/1996 20.759 0.7496 0.018 7.083 0 * * W26 Water table 6/8/1997 18.865 0.7125 0.402 13.576 0 * * W27 Water table 6/19/1997 18.503 0.7054 3.831 19.698 0.0024 * * W33 Water table 8/22/1996 20.32 0.7262 0.376 6.81 0 * * W33 Water table 7/7/1997 20.100 0.7570 0.027 7.968 0.0004 * * W33 Water table 7/7/1997 20.291 0.7618 0.065 7.735 0.0005 * * W34 Water table 8/22/1996 20.15 0.7368 3.618 7.14 0.0014 * * W34 Water table 6/10/1997 17.481 0.6774 8.253 6.285 0 * * W34 Water table 7/14/1997 19.384 0.7219 7.757 8.498 0.0000 * * W34 Water table 7/14/1997 19.368 0.7236 7.239 8.795 0.0001 * * W34 Water table 7/14/1997 19.526 0.7175 7.499 8.773 0 * * W35 Water table 8/27/1996 34.163 0.9135 5.947 14.571 0.0051 * * W35 Water table 7/11/1997 21.937 0.7708 5.693 21.778 0.0052 * * W35 Water table 7/11/1997 21.502 0.7636 6.086 21.049 0.0060 * * W36 Water table 8/26/1996 19.106 0.7124 4.005 19.308 0.0025 * * W36 Water table 8/27/1996 20.775 0.7475 4.298 18.707 0.0029 * * W36 Water table 6/17/1997 17.369 0.7012 9.285 19.284 0 * * CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 21.81 0.9364 0.0 2.4 0.07 0.00 0.00 CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 27.37 0.9231 0.1 2.7 0.00 6.77 0.00 FS1-17 Water table 9/24/1991 19.82 0.7527 0.2 3.2 0.28 0.15 0.00

FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 20.05 0.7579 2.7 0.0 0.00 0.35 0.00
Tables 127

Table 38. Concentrations of gases and excess air and nitrogen in groundwater collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire (modified from Busenberg and Plummer, 1996).—Continued[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year]

Name of well

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams per liter Concentration in cubic centimeters per liter 

Nitrogen Argon Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Methane Air Nitrogen

FS1-35 33-35 9/25/1991 22.98 0.8257 3.2 0.0 0.00 2.85 0.00

FS1 121-136 8/5/1991 35.63 1.0923 3.2 9.4 0.00 15.00 0.00

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 23.18 0.8219 0.4 22.5 0.00 3.45 0.00

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 24.78 0.8258 0.2 85.6 0.01 6.45 0.00

FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 24.99 0.8942 0.0 17.2 0.24 3.48 0.00

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 21.59 0.7604 7.1 25.3 0.18 3.35 0.00

FS3C-24 23-24 6/12/1997 17.270 0.7073 8.655 18.735 0 * *

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 18.57 0.7869 0.0 13.6 0.09 0.00 0.00

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 24.16 0.5625 0.0 6.0 0.00 3.46 0.00

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 27.04 0.7830 0.0 5.2 0.00 2.10 5.70

FS4 WT Water table 7/8/1997 17.776 0.6725 5.447 60.638 0.0003 * *

FS4 WT Water table 7/8/1997 20.749 0.8659 5.352 75.126 0.0003 * *

HI (107-122) 8/13/1991 22.64 0.8262 0.1 2.1 0.00 2.13 0.00

HI (178-193) 8/13/1991 22.82 0.7515 0.1 2.9 0.06 0.00 3.20

R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 19.54 0.7561 10.1 7.4 0.00 0.00 0.00

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 28.04 0.8659 11.7 6.8 0 * *

R1-55 53-55 9/26/1991 22.31 0.8271 0.2 0.0 0.00 1.44 0.00

R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 21.86 0.7812 0.2 0.1 0.486 * *

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 16.420 0.6096 0.662 37.805 0.0174 * *

S-40 Water table 7/25/1997 18.105 0.6330 0.740 37.957 0.0350 * *

T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 22.62 0.7896 0.2 10.2 0.00 3.88 0.00

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 20.55 0.7328 8.6 11.6 0 * *

TR1-63 Water table 6/25/1997 21.804 0.7262 10.576 10.322 0 * *
128 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 38. Concentrations of gases and excess air and nitrogen in groundwater collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire (modified from Busenberg and Plummer, 1996).—Continued [Date of sample collection is by month/day/year] Name of well Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Concentration in milligrams per liter Concentration in cubic centimeters per liter Nitrogen Argon Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Methane Air Nitrogen TR1 170-190 6/30/1992 24.10 0.7534 0.1 0.9 0.01 0.00 4.50 TR1 271-299.8 6/30/1992 26.17 0.8042 0.0 1.4 0.09 2.95 3.80 TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 23.50 0.7879 0.0 2.3 0.00 3.15 6.50 TR1 390-397.8 7/1/1992 27.60 0.8100 0.0 1.4 0.02 3.75 4.70 TR1 482-489.8 7/6/1992 38.03 0.8524 0.0 1.4 0.00 6.80 12.80 TR2 (151-170.1) 6/22/1992 25.14 0.7975 0.0 1.9 0.00 3.00 2.85 TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 34.00 0.9453 0.0 5.6 0.00 13.20 2.95 TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 42.19 1.0355 0.0 6.5 0.00 19.00 6.10

1 *, indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.
Tables 129

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 *1 1 8.9 240 0

W2 Water table 6/20/1995 * 2 11.2 250 0

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 * 1 503.6 333.6 59

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 * 2 507.5 342.4 62.3

W3 Water table 6/23/1995 * 3 507.9 340.2 62.7

W3A Water table 6/23/1995 * 1 932.4 423.4 104.4

W3A Water table 6/23/1995 * 2 947.8 430.7 105.4

W3A Water table 6/23/1995 * 3 921.0 424.1 92.6

W16 Water table 8/28/1996 * 1 59.8 31.7 57.5

W16 Water table 8/28/1996 * 2 89.4 42.8 26.7

W16 Water table 8/28/1996 * 3 94.3 40.9 29.6

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 * 1 569.3 303.8 102.9

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 * 2 600 430.4 107.3

W16A Water table 8/27/1996 * 3 664 313.1 98

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 * 1 781.8 407.2 102.3

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 * 2 727.8 374.3 105.6

W18 Water table 7/12/1995 * 3 736.1 377.5 110.3

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 * 1 137.2 166.8 11.3

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 * 2 165.7 178 15.3

W25 Water table 6/21/1995 * 3 161.3 171 15.1

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 * 1 6.4 172.7 0

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 * 2 3.9 193.3 0

W26 Water table 6/21/1995 * 3 4.6 180.1 0

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 * 1 784.5 390.6 102.5

W27 Water table 7/16/1995 * 2 783.8 398.8 97.7

W33 Water table 8/22/1996 * 1 389 254.8 15.7

W33 Water table 8/22/1996 * 2 58.9 247.9 5.4

W33 Water table 8/22/1996 * 3 514.1 234.9 13.9

W36 Water table 8/26/1996 * 1 753.8 385.6 115.3

W36 Water table 8/26/1996 * 2 737.8 387.9 190.7

W36 Water table 8/26/1996 * 3 734.4 430.6 230.1

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 1206 1 385.6 80.8 4.4
130 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 1213 2 521.0 89.2 0.0

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 1221 3 303.3 76.0 2.1

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 1246 4 140.4 74.2 0.0

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 1250 5 119.1 81.8 3.0

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 1300 6 88.2 79.4 0.0

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 1515 1 33.3 30.2 0.0

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 1555 2 39.1 31.4 0.0

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 1600 3 24.4 15.9 0.0

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 1628 4 35.7 32.0 0.0

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 1635 5 31.0 30.7 0.0

CO1 420-430 6/16/1992 1640 6 39.3 29.0 0.0

CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 1701 #2 95.0 463.4 ERR3

CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 1726 # 85.0 483.2 ERR Little H2S

CO3 (26-40) 8/17/1991 1734 # 83.2 479.2 ERR

CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 1400 # 48.8 127.9 ERR

CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 1415 # 50.1 116.2 ERR

CO3 (87-102) 8/17/1991 1423 # 11.9 90.8 ERR

CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 1118 # 4.7 98.3 ERR Some H2

S

CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 1132 # 0.6 69.2 ERR F-11 est.

CO3 (140-155) 8/17/1991 1141 # 0.6 74.2 ERR F-11 est.

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 1251 1 244.4 158.6 20.2

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 1258 2 271.9 146.8 52.6

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 1304 3 318.8 157.8 34.7

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 1331 4 386.1 154.5 213.6

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 1334 5 366.9 162.0 141.9

CO4 (92-98.8) 6/11/1992 1340 6 387.1 153.6 250.0

FS1-17 Water table 9/24/1991 1000 1 93,907.1 2,313.4 ERR 80mL/min, 1⁄2” 

Nylon

FS1-17 Water table 9/24/1991 1045 3 110,606.3 1,326.8 ERR Trace H2

S

FS1-17 Water table 9/24/1991 1150 1 124,032.8 1,599.2 ERR 1⁄4” Cu

FS1-17 Water table 9/24/1991 1210 2 93,608.4 579.9 ERR Little H2

S

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 * 1 9,025.8 392.8 ERR
Tables 131

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 * 2 5,455.4 366.9 63.6

FS1-17 Water table 7/18/1995 * 3 4,206.8 359.3 75.7

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 * 1 6,214 85.8 48.8

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 * 2 8,481.4 389.2 149.4

FS1-17 Water table 7/19/1996 * 3 6,223.2 386 106.2

FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 1500 1 78,289.6 318.7 ERR 80mL/min, 1⁄4” Cu

FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 1500 2 111,298.1 379.3 ERR Trace H2

S

FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 1500 3 95,656.4 330.8 ERR High pH & S.C., 

not purged

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 * 1 9,403.3 427.1 224.1

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 * 2 88,830.6 393.6 162

FS1-25 23-25 7/20/1996 * 3 9,083.3 372.3 119.9

FS1-35 33-35 9/25/1991 1125 1 55,423.8 206.7 ERR 100 mL/min, 1⁄4” Cu

FS1-35 33-35 9/25/1991 1130 3 28,701.1 191.1 ERR Well not completely 

purge

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 * 1 ERR 1,089.6 ERR

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 * 2 ERR 1,355.5 ERR

FS1-35 33-35 7/20/1996 * 3 ERR 1,128.7 ERR

FS1 121-136 9/25/1991 1340 # 5,2032.3 117.7 ERR Some H2

S

FS1 121-136 9/25/1991 1345 3 6,1385.0 81.2 ERR Analytical problems

FS1 121-136 9/25/1991 1426 5 5,3503.6 89.8 ERR

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 1905 # 230.0 0.0 ERR Some H2

S

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 1936 # 112.8 6.3 ERR

FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 1939 3 220.6 0.0 ERR

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 1127 2 88.8 0.0 ERR Trace H2

S

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 1132 3 113.0 0.0 ERR

FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 1206 5 80.4 0.0 ERR

FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 20 4 918.8 164.0 53.2

FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 1934 1 1,232.2 242.8 27.8

FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 1939 2 1,189.3 226.6 55.1

FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 1943 3 1,200.9 222.4 13.1

FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 2056 5 946.6 174.2 7.2

FS2 236-251.3 7/8/1992 1244 1 2,236.4 85.0 16.3
132 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

FS2 236-251.3 7/8/1992 1249 2 2,413.1 71.0 37.2

FS2 236-251.3 7/8/1992 1255 3 2,089.7 81.8 8.8

FS2 236-251.3 7/8/1992 1358 4 2,232.7 72.8 39.8

FS2 236-251.3 7/8/1992 1402 5 1,963.4 81.8 8.7

FS2 236-251.3 7/8/1992 1407 6 2,065.8 74.5 27.5

FS2 384-399.3 7/8/1992 1733 1 249.9 65.5 39.0

FS2 384-399.3 7/8/1992 1738 2 247.5 74.7 80.5

FS2 384-399.3 7/8/1992 1749 3 206.3 74.8 34.7

FS2 384-399.3 7/8/1992 1827 4 260.2 266.9 95.2

FS2 384-399.3 7/8/1992 1837 6 166.8 186.8 35.9

FS3 60-72.4 7/19/1993 1454 # 17,415.7 110.4 544.4

FS3 60-72.4 7/19/1993 1457 # 18,457.7 114.6 551.7

FS3 60-72.4 7/19/1993 1609 # 16,670.1 99.4 476.3

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 1354 1 1,129.8 31.4 414.9

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 1358 2 1,084.5 34.2 568.3

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 1402 3 1,075.4 30.3 376.3

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 1442 4 1,001.7 34.3 555.7

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 1445 5 1,032.7 33.3 420.9

FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 1450 6 973.3 36.6 540.8

FS3 294-306.2 7/20/1993 1117 # 8,205.8 133.0 144.9

FS3 294-306.2 7/20/1993 1206 # 5,686.0 736.4 80.5

FS3 294-306.2 7/20/1993 1210 # 5,674.0 914.7 95.9

FS3 294-306.2 7/20/1993 1214 # 4,972.1 603.1 74.2

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 1745 1 11,948.0 35.0 319.3

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 1755 2 16,108.1 33.1 431.7

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 1801 3 11,407.8 31.5 252.6

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 1806 4 14,554.2 41.9 424.6

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 1904 5 12,961.5 32.6 325.7

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 1908 6 35,959.6 28.7 464.4

FS3 294-309.1 7/12/1992 1920 7 36,510.2 27.6 434.6

FS3 365-377.2 7/20/1993 1621 # 983.1 6.9 14.5

FS3 365-377.2 7/20/1993 1631 # 790.8 5.3 9.3
Tables 133

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

FS3 365-377.2 7/20/1993 1635 # 800.2 6.1 10.1

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 1019 1 9,514.3 20.5 88.5

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 1023 2 9,072.1 19.5 237.4

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 1027 3 9,005.9 19.2 131.5

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 1047 4 8,070.6 17.3 241.7

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 1054 5 7,270.9 15.8 98.2

FS3 365-380.1 7/13/1992 1105 6 6,499.8 14.4 94.3

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 1336 1 9,412.7 35.9 19.2

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 1341 2 8,136.5 36.1 43.7

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 1401 4 6,120.0 21.8 20.2

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 1408 5 5,687.5 19.9 10.9

FS3 530-545.1 7/13/1992 1420 6 6,039.0 18.8 6.8

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 * 1 1,110.7 408.7 118

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 * 2 1,096.3 417.3 131.3

FS3C-19 18-19 7/14/1995 * 3 1,060.5 419.9 129.5

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 * 1 812.9 389.3 163.6

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 * 2 786.6 382.7 148.4

FS3C-19 18-19 7/18/1996 * 3 860.4 377.8 153.2

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 1615 1 1,193.2 455.6 142.6

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 1618 2 1,624.1 488.1 158.9

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 1734 3 1,186.0 465.1 160.2

FS3C-24 23-24 7/19/1992 1738 4 1,223.0 459.0 78.4

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 * 1 1,116.5 439.2 242.9

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 * 2 1,135.2 461.1 214.5

FS3C-24 23-24 7/15/1995 * 3 1,092.7 439.2 205

FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 * 1 939.8 396.5 154.2

FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 * 2 953.1 402.7 161.1

FS3C-24 23-24 7/18/1996 * 3 976.1 386.2 145.8

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 1906 2 1,505.3 446.1 158.8

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 1940 4 1,106.3 405.5 108.6

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 1946 5 1,215.4 391.5 48.7

FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 1951 6 2,136.3 414.1 110.1
134 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 * 1 952.3 382.2 182.8

FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 * 2 680 281.7 130.1

FS3C-29 28-29 7/17/1996 * 3 931.7 381.8 169.1

FSE-32 30-32 5/27/1992 1118 # 19,383.9 564.9 338.7

FSE-32 30-32 5/27/1992 1208 # 19,887.8 386.7 278.5

FSE-32 30-32 5/27/1992 1524 # 18,717.7 363.5 111.4

FSE-32 30-32 5/27/1992 1527 # 17,897.1 356.4 157.0

FSE-32 30-32 5/27/1992 1530 # 19,427.0 369.5 98.6

FS3C-34 28-29 7/18/1992 1900 1 1,091.9 440.3 37.1

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 1459 # 1,884.4 574.8 63.1

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 1502 # 36,869.4 1,706.0 1691.5

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 1506 # 3,799.2 1,670.6 100.3

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 1747 # 13,882.7 312.1 16.4

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 1750 # 19,505.3 236.4 15.4

FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 1756 # 18,768.5 310.6 52.9

FSE4 (438.2-445.0) 5/18/1992 1700 # 373.7 5.2 24.9

FSE4 (438.2-445.0) 5/18/1992 1720 # 3,455.7 0.0 35.1

FSE4 (438.2-445.0) 5/18/1992 1724 # 339.8 6.8 1.4

FSE4 (438.2-445.0) 5/18/1992 1808 # 3,863.0 0.0 270.2

FSE4 (438.2-445.0) 5/18/1992 1822 # 3,802.0 0.0 73.1

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1050 # 185.9 17.7 ERR New

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1121 # 94.0 24.2 ERR Little H2

S

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1206 # 105.2 22.4 ERR New

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1240 # 90.1 18.2 ERR New

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1526 # 95.4 14.8 ERR

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1730 # 105.4 14.8 ERR

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1734 # 127.7 21.2 ERR New

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1830 # 79.8 24.4 ERR New

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/16/1991 1933 # 111.1 18.9 ERR New

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/17/1991 0837 # 104.7 28.3 ERR New

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/17/1991 1039 # 122.3 15.6 ERR Little H2

S

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/17/1991 1045 # 96.1 16.6 ERR
Tables 135

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/17/1991 1106 # 116.3 15.4 ERR

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/17/1991 1215 # 84.7 18.4 ERR

FSE5 108.0-115.0 9/17/1991 1221 # 78.0 14.8 ERR

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1148 # 29.3 15.2 189.3

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1202 # 2.7 11.9 7.4

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1230 # 15.5 15.9 9.9

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1306 # 5.4 18.9 9.6

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1333 # 5.6 21.6 11.9

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1403 # 14.1 23.8 16.1

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1435 # 13.5 25.6 8.9

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1503 # 11.5 26.1 15.0

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1602 # 9.4 29.1 18.3

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1706 # 12.3 30.6 21.9

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1803 # 11.0 32.1 36.2

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 1906 # 12.6 38.4 31.1

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/5/1992 2155 # 11.9 93.5 52.3

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/6/1992 0913 # 6.4 31.8 71.4

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/6/1992 1015 # 8.7 34.2 88.3

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/6/1992 1103 # 10.7 35.1 83.9

FSE6 93.4-122.0 8/6/1992 1210 # 8.3 35.5 131.6

H1 Open Hole 8/12/1991 1301 # 412.6 174.0 ERR Some H2

S

H1 Open Hole 8/12/1991 1329 # 391.4 163.2 ERR

H1 Open Hole 8/12/1991 1510 # 410.9 168.3 ERR

H1 (107.0-122.0) 8/13/1991 1914 # 72.1 91.2 ERR Little H2

S

H1 (107.0-122.0) 8/13/1991 2002 # 75.7 92.4 ERR

H1 (107.0-122.0) 8/13/1991 2012 # 73.1 93.3 ERR

H1 (178.0-193.0) 8/7/1991 1424 2 813.2 505.6 ERR Sample contaminate 

with air

H1 (178.0-193.0) 8/13/1991 1509 # 152.2 94.1 ERR Variable H2

SH1 (178.0-193.0) 8/13/1991 1514 # 153.2 83.0 ERR Moderate to high

H1 (178.0-193.0) 8/13/1991 1554 # 108.8 75.3 ERR

H1 (178.0-193.0) 8/13/1991 1559 # 107.5 73.3 ERR
136 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

IS1 (56.0-58.8) 6/3/1992 1210 # 438.8 100.7 68.1

IS1 (56.0-58.8) 6/3/1992 1212 # 94.2 124.5 73.8

IS1 (56.0-58.8) 6/3/1992 1220 # 82.2 110.4 25.6

IS1 (56.0-58.8) 6/3/1992 1248 # 315.2 100.9 37.8

IS1 (56.0-58.8) 6/3/1992 1251 # 75.7 110.7 14.4

IS1 (56.0-58.8) 6/3/1992 1256 # 144.5 101.0 31.1

IS1 (364.0-370.8) 6/4/1992 0953 1 347.0 137.6 1,972.3

IS1 (364.0-370.8) 6/4/1992 0957 2 383.3 116.3 2,997.8

IS1 (364.0-370.8) 6/4/1992 1000 3 338.0 130.9 1,625.1

IS1 (364.0-370.8) 6/4/1992 1042 5 258.5 110.8 1,006.0

IS1 (400.0-406.8) 6/4/1992 1334 1 578.1 136.0 2,105.8

IS1 (400.0-406.8) 6/4/1992 1336 # 584.0 120.7 3,338.9

IS1 (400.0-406.8) 6/4/1992 1342 # 559.1 129.9 1,859.3

IS1 (400.0-406.8) 6/4/1992 1421 # 399.5 120.5 9,180.2

IS1 (400.0-406.8) 6/4/1992 1430 # 399.0 125.0 2,209.2

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 1738 1 169.3 29.3 9.1

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 1742 2 222.6 35.4 14.8

IS1 (466.5-473.3) 6/4/1992 1746 3 228.5 35.0 11.6

R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 1315 2 66,099.1 484.2 ERR

R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 1320 3 84,719.4 435.4 ERR 250 mL/min, 1⁄4” Cu

R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 1325 4 83,688.2 418.6 ERR

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 * 1 922.1 422.1 175.5

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 * 2 922.9 421 173.4

R1-36 Water table 7/10/1995 * 3 892.5 421.1 181.7

R1-55 53-55 9/26/1991 1130 1 0.5 406.6 ERR Pumped well 

-100mL/min.

R1-55 53-55 9/26/1991 1130 2 79.1 392.9 ERR Went dry, wait 2 hr, 

fill ampules

R1-55 53-55 9/26/1991 1130 3 0.4 400.2 ERR High pH, never 

purged, mod. H2

S

R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 * 1 ERR 609.5 ERR

R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 * 2 342.1 441.6 ERR

R1-55 53-55 7/11/1995 * 3 ERR 234.6 ERR
Tables 137

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

R1 65.0-80.1 7/14/1992 1314 1 21,901.9 104.9 3.6

R1 65.0-80.1 7/14/1992 1320 2 21,331.6 94.6 0.0

R1 65.0-80.1 7/14/1992 1323 3 21,197.0 94.3 17.7

R1 65.0-80.1 7/14/1992 1346 4 20,861.4 98.8 0.0

R1 65.0-80.1 7/14/1992 1350 5 21,549.6 93.7 10.4

R1 65.0-80.1 7/14/1992 1400 6 21,505.3 88.2 0.0

R1 110.0-125.1 7/14/1992 1559 1 10,511.5 23.5 2.7

R1 110.0-125.1 7/14/1992 1607 2 4,253.3 44.3 0.0

R1 110.0-125.1 7/14/1992 1612 3 3,060.1 51.8 16.9

R1 110.0-125.1 7/14/1992 1621 4 2,046.2 40.8 0.0

R1 110.0-125.1 7/14/1992 1625 5 1,850.5 41.4 0.0

R1 110.0-125.1 7/14/1992 1630 6 1,612.0 42.9 0.0

R1 147.0-162.1 7/15/1992 1155 1 2,073.5 14.7 36.6

R1 147.0-162.1 7/15/1992 1158 2 1,555.6 19.1 88.1

R1 147.0-162.1 7/15/1992 1203 3 1,426.5 18.1 40.5

R1 147.0-162.1 7/15/1992 1232 4 1,239.1 14.1 144.1

R1 147.0-162.1 7/15/1992 1236 5 1,371.0 9.8 91.7

R1 147.0-162.1 7/15/1992 1240 6 1,427.1 10.6 156.0

R1 480.0-495.1 7/15/1992 1304 1 7,186.9 215.6 231.4

R1 480.0-495.1 7/15/1992 1609 2 254.8 85.1 461.1

R1 480.0-495.1 7/15/1992 1612 3 258.3 73.7 369.2

R1 480.0-495.1 7/15/1992 1656 4 199.3 81.5 407.7

R1 480.0-495.1 7/15/1992 1701 5 165.5 57.7 292.4

R1 480.0-495.1 7/15/1992 1704 6 196.2 71.3 375.2

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 * 1 4,133.8 411.5 163.4

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 * 2 4,255.1 376.4 191

RR1 PZ Water table 8/21/1995 * 3 4,421.6 415.6 159

T1 (57.0-72.0) 8/15/1991 1148 # 13.0 130.0 ERR Some H2

S

T1 (57.0-72.0) 8/15/1991 1152 # 18.3 120.1 ERR

T1 (57.0-72.0) 8/15/1991 1223 # 7.2 118.3 ERR

T1 (155.0-172.0) 8/15/1991 1705 # 26.2 406.5 ERR Some H2S

T1 (155.0-172.0) 8/15/1991 1732 # 12.0 339.0 ERR
138 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

T1 (155.0-172.0) 8/15/1991 1736 # 10.3 325.9 ERR

T1 (220.0-237.0) 8/15/1991 1118 # 376.2 205.0 ERR Moderate H2

S

T1 (220.0-237.0) 8/15/1991 1954 # 36.4 239.8 ERR

T1 (220.0-237.0) 8/15/1991 2003 # 31.3 176.4 ERR

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 1545 1 824.9 299.5 ERR

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 1550 2 781.7 293.5 ERR Good flow, 1⁄4” Cu

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 1555 3 1,174.9 290.8 ERR

TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 1600 4 762.5 298.3 ERR

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 * 1 5,770.7 347.9 80.9

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 * 2 5,561 361.4 87.5

TR1-63 Water table 7/8/1995 * 3 5,181.4 351.6 82.3

TR1 170.0-190.0 6/30/1992 1331 1 149.0 80.0 81.4

TR1 170.0-190.0 6/30/1992 1342 3 137.9 74.3 52.1

TR1 170.0-190.0 6/30/1992 1436 4 274.0 75.2 72.7

TR1 170.0-190.0 6/30/1992 1451 5 136.4 81.4 43.9

TR1 170.0-190.0 6/30/1992 1455 6 284.9 70.2 108.2

TR1 170.0-190.0 6/30/1992 1500 7 230.0 85.5 75.4

TR1 271.0-299.8 6/30/1992 1654 1 1,877.6 60.6 506.4

TR1 271.0-299.8 6/30/1992 1700 3 1,911.2 47.7 564.0

TR1 271.0-299.8 6/30/1992 1703 4 1,716.5 68.2 543.1

TR1 271.0-299.8 6/30/1992 1747 5 1,428.3 44.3 444.9

TR1 271.0-299.8 6/30/1992 1754 6 1,132.2 40.9 733.6

TR1 271.0-299.8 6/30/1992 1758 7 1,217.7 56.2 851.0

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 1121 1 2,197.2 51.7 371.0

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 1126 2 1,666.1 61.3 400.2

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 1135 3 2,047.3 69.9 341.9

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 1214 4 1,462.3 46.9 265.5

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 1218 5 1,526.1 36.6 223.0

TR1 298.6-327.4 7/1/1992 1226 6 1,470.6 44.9 233.5

TR1 390.0-397.8 7/1/1992 1830 1 990.6 25.7 0.7

TR1 390.0-397.8 7/1/1992 1837 2 904.9 28.8 32.9

TR1 390.0-397.8 7/1/1992 1841 3 890.7 25.6 9.1
Tables 139

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

TR1 390.0-397.8 7/1/1992 1923 4 601.5 25.7 12.1

TR1 390.0-397.8 7/1/1992 1929 5 613.1 30.4 6.3

TR1 390.0-397.8 7/1/1992 1933 6 593.2 24.4 0.0

TR1 390.0-397.8 7/1/1992 1939 7 577.0 26.0 10.6

TR1 482.0-489.8 7/6/1992 1254 1 241.6 23.1 153.9

TR1 482.0-489.8 7/6/1992 1258 2 260.4 11.9 824.4

TR1 482.0-489.8 7/6/1992 1305 3 224.3 19.5 105.1

TR1 482.0-489.8 7/6/1992 1357 4 209.9 15.3 557.7

TR1 482.0-489.8 7/6/1992 1404 5 157.6 17.4 263.2

TR1 482.0-489.8 7/6/1992 1408 6 186.7 18.0 465.7

TR2 (151.0-170.1) 6/22/1992 1351 1 10.7 4.6 34.4

TR2 (151.0-170.1) 6/22/1992 1359 2 0.0 6.9 62.2

TR2 (151.0-170.1) 6/22/1992 1404 3 10.3 7.2 37.6

TR2 (151.0-170.1) 6/22/1992 1429 4 43.1 7.0 62.3

TR2 (151.0-170.1) 6/22/1992 1432 5 14.7 17.9 29.0

TR2 (151-170.3) 7/21/1993 1321 # 52.1 39.5 230.8

TR2 (151-170.3) 7/21/1993 1330 # 43.7 36.9 261.9

TR2 (151-170.3) 7/21/1993 1413 # 40.5 38.3 99.6

TR2 (151-170.3) 7/21/1993 1418 # 41.1 31.2 97.9

TR2 (270-289.3) 7/21/1993 1656 # 98.3 162.2 17.4

TR2 (270-289.3) 7/21/1993 1744 # 99.0 87.8 13.9

TR2 (270-289.3) 7/21/1993 1758 # 100.7 122.4 ERR

TR2 (270.0-298.1) 6/22/1992 1641 1 68.8 8.7 61.3

TR2 (270.0-298.1) 6/22/1992 1643 2 78.4 7.0 136.3

TR2 (270.0-298.1) 6/22/1992 1648 3 64.6 6.3 47.4

TR2 (270.0-298.1) 6/22/1992 1738 4 45.2 4.7 37.3

TR2 (270.0-298.1) 6/22/1992 1743 5 53.7 13.2 84.8

TR2 (270.0-298.1) 6/22/1992 1748 6 69.1 5.8 84.0

TR2 (426.0-445.1) 6/23/1992 1429 1 40.6 878.1 151.0

TR2 (426.0-445.1) 6/23/1992 1435 2 68.7 1,158.9 179.1

TR2 (426.0-445.1) 6/23/1992 1442 3 34.8 11.1 106.7

TR2 (426.0-445.1) 6/23/1992 1520 4 32.2 14.7 133.0
140 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 39. Concentrations of gases dissolved in water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire: 

chlorofluorocarbons.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year; CFC, chlorofluorocarbon; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Cu, copper; S.C., specific conductance; “, inch]

Name of 

well

Sampled zones 

(feet below 

top of casing) 

or feet below 

land surface

Date of 

sample 

collection

Time of 

collection 

Sample 

number 

Concentration in solution, pictograms 

per kilogram 

Remarks

CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-113

TR2 (426.0-445.1) 6/23/1992 1529 5 32.8 11.2 78.6

TR2 (426.0-445.1) 6/23/1992 1539 6 55.2 8.9 123.2

TR2 (426-445.3) 7/22/1993 0937 # 63.5 33.3 72.0

TR2 (426-445.3) 7/22/1993 1014 # 35.7 20.7 34.6

TR2 (426-445.3) 7/22/1993 1025 # 28.1 10.8 19.8

1

 *, indicates this characteristic was not available for the well on the given date.

2

 #, indicates sample number for was not reported for sample collected at the time noted. 

3

 ERR indicates interferences, cannot be quantified.

Table 40. Chemical characteristics of groundwater from bedrock well FSE4 in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire. 

[Analyses were done by the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (D.C. Buso and Scott Nolan). Date of sample collection is 

by month/day/year]

Name of 

well

Depth below 

surface, in 

feet

Date of 

sample 

collection

Concentration in milligrams 

per liter

Concentration in 

micromoles 

per liter

Relative 

height of gas 

chromatograph peak 

indicating 

presence of 

Methane

Dissolved 

oxygen

Dissolved 

organic 

carbon

Dissolved 

inorganic 

carbon

FSE4 65-85 10/23/86 2.95 8.4 2.8 Low

FSE4 80-100 10/26/86 0.00 3.6 5.4 Very low

FSE4 135-155 10/23/86 0.00 1.9 4.0 Medium low

FSE4 430-450 10/29/86 0.00 0.6 13.1 Very low
Tables 141

Table 41. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire: hardness.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. CaCO3, calcium carbonate; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of well

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

Milligrams per liter

Hardness total as 

CaCO3

Hardness 

noncarbonate

whole water total 

field as CaCO3

W3 Water table 5/30/1990 15 0

W26 Water table 5/23/1990 23 0

S-40 Water table 5/22/1990 11 3

CO WT Water table 5/9/1990 7 0

CO1 B (101-209) 5/10/1990 150 41

CO1 B (104-116 ) 6/21/1990 150 58

CO1 C (409-421) 6/22/1990 110 4

CO2 A (25-104) 5/9/1990 54 0

CO2 B (163-171) 6/29/1990 130 *1

FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 20 0

FS1-35 33-35 5/30/1990 29 0

FS1 A (55-105) 5/31/1990 22 0

FS1 C (217-450) 5/25/1990 71 0

FS2 A (32-105) 5/22/1990 21 0

FS2 B (133-169) 8/7/1990 * *

FS2 C (236-251) 8/6/1990 220 *

FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 17 0

FS3 A (38-84) 5/23/1990 44 0

FS3 A (60-75) 8/10/1990 43 *

FS3 C (197-645) 5/25/1990 92 0

FS3 C (365-380) 8/9/1990 77 0

FS3 C (530-545) 8/9/1990 52 *

FSE-23 21-23 6/1/1990 150 *

FSE-43 41-43 6/1/1990 250 *

FSE2 A (55-105) 6/1/1990 99 *

FSE2 B (107-215) 6/1/1990 * *

K2-21 Water table 5/17/1990 54 21

K2-41 39-41 5/17/1990 46 0

K2 (55-160) 5/17/1990 70 0

K3-22 Water table 5/16/1990 12 7

K3-61 59-61 5/16/1990 24 0
142 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH

Table 41. Chemical characteristics of water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake 

watershed, New Hampshire: hardness.—Continued

[Date of sample collection is by month/day/year. CaCO3, calcium carbonate; A, B, C, sample zones]

Name of well

Sampled zones 

(feet below top 

of casing) or 

feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

Milligrams per liter

Hardness total as 

CaCO3

Hardness 

noncarbonate

whole water total 

field as CaCO3

K3 (75-175) 5/16/1990 84 0

K1-8 Water table 5/21/1990 9 4

K1-39 37-39 5/22/1990 170 0

K1 borehole 5/17/1990 * *

TR1-63 Water table 5/15/1990 18 3

TR1 A (177-199) 5/15/1990 50 0

TR1 B (200-299) 5/17/1990 76 0

1

 *, indicates analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this well on the given date.
Tables 143

Table 42. Physical, chemical, radiochemical isotope, and stable isotope ratio characteristics of water collected from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, August 1, 1993.[Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) and Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) ; HCO3-, bicarbonate; <, less than]

Sampled zone 

below lake 

surface, in 

meters

Field pHpH units

Field Alkalinity, in 

milligrams per liter 

as HCO3–

Concentration in milligrams per liter1

Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate

0.5 6.95 4.6 2.20 2.23 0.49 0.48 2.40 2.26 0.50 0.43 3.20 3.28 4.2 4.4

1.5 *2 * 2.20 2.25 0.49 0.48 2.20 2.23 0.41 0.42 3.40 3.31 4.0 4.3

3.0 6.82 4.3 2.30 2.24 0.50 0.48 2.30 2.26 0.50 0.42 3.20 3.31 4.1 4.3

4.5 * * 2.30 2.26 0.51 0.49 2.40 2.37 0.43 0.43 3.40 3.51 4.1 4.3

6.0 6.53 5.6 2.20 2.32 0.49 0.50 2.30 2.48 0.40 0.49 3.10 3.67 3.9 4.0

6.5 6.48 6.3 2.30 2.30 0.49 0.49 2.30 2.30 0.38 0.41 3.00 3.25 4.1 4.0

7.25 6.24 5.5 2.20 2.35 0.50 0.49 2.30 2.22 0.40 0.35 3.00 3.15 4.0 4.1

8.0 6.03 7.3 2.40 2.51 0.50 0.52 2.30 2.28 0.39 0.42 3.20 3.31 4.0 4.1

8.75 5.89 8.2 2.50 2.50 0.55 0.52 2.30 2.28 0.44 0.42 3.10 3.31 3.7 4.0

9.5 5.91 9.2 2.80 2.72 0.61 0.58 2.50 2.35 0.53 0.46 3.10 3.39 3.3 3.6
144 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 42. Physical, chemical, radiochemical isotope, and stable isotope ratio characteristics of water collected from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, August 1, 1993.—Continued [Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) and Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) ; HCO3

-, bicarbonate; <, less than]

Sampled zone 

below lake 

surface, in 

meters

Concentration in milligrams per liter1

Silica as SiO2 Fluoride Bromide Iron Manganese Strontium Ammonium Nitrate Ortho phosphate

0.5 2.1 1.9 <0.1 <0.010 0.019 <0.005 0.019 0.06 <0.03 0.003

1.5 2.1 1.9 <0.1 <0.010 <0.010 <0.005 0.018 <0.02 <0.03 0.003

3.0 2.1 1.9 <0.1 <0.010 0.063 <0.005 0.018 <0.02 <0.03 0.003

4.5 2.1 1.9 <0.1 <0.010 0.013 <0.005 0.019 0.02 <0.03 0.003

6.0 1.1 1.0 <0.1 <0.010 0.011 <0.005 0.019 0.011 0.09 0.008

6.5 1.0 0.9 <0.1 <0.010 0.022 <0.005 0.019 0.06 <0.03 0.004

7.25 1.0 1.0 <0.1 <0.010 0.021 0.006 0.019 <0.02 <0.03 0.002

8.0 1.4 1.6 <0.1 <0.010 0.034 0.051 0.020 0.02 <0.03 0.004

8.75 2.1 2.0 <0.1 <0.010 0.121 0.123 0.021 0.03 <0.03 0.003

9.5 2.6 2.3 <0.1 <0.010 0.139 0.239 0.023 <0.02 <0.03 0.006
Tables 145

Table 42. Physical, chemical, radiochemical isotope, and stable isotope ratio characteristics of water collected from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, August 1, 1993.—Continued[Values in the table are isotope ratios relative to reference materials of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) and Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) ; HCO3-, bicarbonate; <, less than]

Sampled zone 

below lake surface, 

in meters

Tritium 

Tritium units

per mil ‰ 

δ2H

(SMOW)

δ18O

(SMOW)

δ13C

(VPDB)

0.5 14.7 +/- 0.6 -54.8 -7.31 n.s.3

1.5 14.8 +/- 0.6 -54.5 -7.44 -17.653.0 13.4 +/- 0.5 -55.2 -7.30 -13.954.5 15.4 +/- 0.6 -55.0 -7.33 -15.606.0 14.3 +/- 0.6 -58.7 -8.11 -19.806.5 13.3 +/- 0.5 n.s. n.s. -16.60

7.25 14.7 +/- 0.6 -58.0 -8.04 -17.758.0 15.7 +/- 0.6 -59.9 -8.13 -23.508.75 14.2 +/- 0.6 -58.7 -8.02 -24.159.5 15.3 +/- 0.6 -59.0 -8.05 -25.60

1 Analytical results from a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) laboratory are shown in regular type. Analytical results from the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES) laboratory are shown in italics.2 *, indicates field analysis for this characteristic was not done for water collected from this depth.3 n.s., indicates no sample collected.

Note: Water has been collected from the lake and analyses performed by the IES laboratory for decades. To place that long-term dataset in context with analyses obtained from USGS laboratories for 

groundwater collected from the wells, analyses were performed by both laboratories for water collected from the lake on this date. Water was collected at the deepest point in the lake. Samples were collected by 

use of a peristaltic pump drawing water from a tube that extended to the desired depth below the lake surface. On the morning of August 2, 1993, water samples were collected at these same depths to perform alkalinity titrations, which were conducted in the field. 
146 Physical, Chemical, & Isotopic Data from Groundwater in Mirror Lake Watershed & in Vicinity of Hubbard Brook, NH Table 43. Helium data for water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire (modified from Drenkard and others 1996).—Continued [ccSTP/g, cubic centimeters of helium (He) at 0 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere per gram of sample water; 3He/4He, ratio of the excess helium component. Helium and tritium samples were not col- lected at the same time. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year]. Name of well Sampled zones (feet below top of casing) or feet below land surface Date of sample collection Measured 3He/4He ratio

3He/4He error 

in %

4He in 

ccSTP/g

4He error 

in %

3He in 

ccSTP/g

CO1-18 16-18 12/3/1990 1.40 x 10-6 1 5.43 x 10-8 1 7.63 x 10-14

CO1 104-114 6/16/1992 7.33 x 10-7 1.5 2.30 x 10-7 3 1.69 x 10-13FS1-17 Water table 5/30/1990 3.20 x 10-6 nr1 8.19 x 10-9 4 2.62 x 10-14FS1-17 Water table 9/23/1991 1.43 x 10-6 1.5 6.11 x 10-8 2 8.75 x 10-14FS1-25 23-25 9/25/1991 1.58 x 10-6 1.6 6.84 x 10-8 2 1.08 x 10-13FS1-35 33-35 12/5/1990 2.20 x 10-6 1 8.51 x 10-8 1 1.87 x 10-13FS1-35 33-35 9/24/1991 2.30 x 10-6 1.5 7.75 x 10-8 2 1.78 x 10-13FS1-35 33-35 July/1992 7.32 x 10-6 nr 3.23 x 10-9 12 2.37 x 10-14FS1 309-324 8/5/1991 6.35 x 10-6 nr 8.96 x 10-11 158 5.69 x 10-16FS1 348-363 8/6/1991 1.65 x 10-6 nr 5.22 x 10-10 18 8.62 x 10-16FS2 134-149.3 7/7/1992 1.63 x 10-6 2 4.71 x 10-6 15 7.69 x 10-12FS2 236-251 7/8/1992 1.80 x 10-6 nr 6.12 x 10-10 12 1.10 x 10-15FS2 384-399.3 7/8/1992 1.52 x 10-6 nr 3.22 x10-9 3 4.89 x 10-15FS3-22 20-22 5/24/1990 nr nr <5.00 x 10-11 nr 7.28 x 10-14FS3-22 20-22 12/5/1990 1.65 x 10-6 1 7.32 x10-8 1 1.21 x 10-13FS3 60-75.1 7/12/1992 1.83 x 10-6 1.5 2.35 x 10-7 3 4.30 x 10-13FS3 60-75.1 7/19/1993 7.97 x 10-5 nr 7.50 x 10-10 27 5.97 x 10-14FS3 530-545 7/13/1992 2.62 x 10-5 nr 4.10 x 10-10 57 1.08 x 10-14FS3C-29 28-29 7/18/1992 1.16 x 10-4 nr 5.64 x 10-10 36 6.56 x 10-14FSE-32 30-32 5/21/1992 1.59 x 10-6 1 1.29 x 10-7 2 2.06 x 10-13FSE-43 41-43 5/19/1992 1.62 x 10-6 2.5 7.53 x 10-6 20 1.22 x 10-11FSE4 (438.2-445) 5/18/1992 1.44 x 10-6 nr 2.22 x 10-9 4 3.19 x 10-15H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 1.14 x 10-6 1.5 2.53 x 10-7 6 2.89 x 10-13H1 (107-122) 8/13/1991 4.36 x 10-4 nr 1.52 x 10-10 138 6.62 x 10-14H1 (178-193) 8/13/1991 1.11 x 10-6 1.5 1.91 x 10-6 9 2.11 x 10-12IS1 (56-58.8) 6/3/1992 2.26 x 10-6 1.5 1.13 x 10-7 2 2.56 x 10-13K1-8 Water table 11/30/1990 1.38 x 10-6 1 3.74 x 10-8 1 5.15 x 10-14R1-36 Water table 9/26/1991 1.36 x 10-6 1 6.25 x 10-8 1 8.48 x 10-14R1 (57-80) 9/16/1990 1.77 x 10-4 nr 4.26 x 10-10 49 7.56 x 10-14
Tables 147

Table 43. Helium data for water collected from selected wells in the Mirror Lake watershed, New Hampshire (modified from Drenkard and others 1996).—Continued[ccSTP/g, cubic centimeters of helium (He) at 0 degrees Celsius and one atmosphere per gram of sample water; 3He/4He, ratio of the excess helium component. Helium and tritium samples were not collected at the same time. Date of sample collection is by month/day/year].

Name of well

Sampled zones (feet 

below top of casing) 

or feet below land 

surface

Date of sample 

collection

Measured 3He/4He 

ratio

3He/4He error 

in %

4He in 

ccSTP/g

4He error 

in %

3He in 

ccSTP/g

R1 65-80.1 7/14/1992 1.48 x 10-6 1 3.79 x 10-7 3 5.60 x 10-13

R1 110-125.1 7/14/1992 1.50 x 10-6 1.5 8.69 x 10-7 4 1.31 x 10-12R1 147-162.1 7/15/1992 1.50 x 10-6 2 1.31 x 10-6 5 1.97 x 10-12T1 (57-72) 8/15/1991 1.72 x 10-6 1.5 1.27 x 10-6 4 2.19 x 10-12T1 (155-172) 8/15/1991 1.66 x 10-6 2 9.05 x 10-6 20 1.51 x 10-11TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 1.40 x 10-6 1.2 2.12 x 10-7 3 2.96 x 10-13TR1-63 Water table 9/26/1991 1.39 x 10-6 1.2 1.87 x 10-7 3 2.60 x 10-13TR1 (170-190) 6/30/1992 2.39 x 10-6 1 1.12 x 10-7 1 2.69 x 10-13TR1 (170-190) 9/22/1990 1.82 x 10-4 nr 7.05 x 10-10 32 1.29 x 10-13TR2 (151-170) 6/22/1992 1.69 x 10-6 2 8.67 x 10-5 20 1.46 x 10-11TR2 (270-289.1) 6/22/1992 2.22 x 10-8 nr 8.08 x 10-10 12.5 1.80 x 10-15TR2 (426-445.1) 6/23/1992 5.86 x 10-6 nr 9.87 x 10-11 96 5.78 x 10-16

1 nr indicates not reported.
ISSN 2331-1258

DOI URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131087