Prison Legal News v. Corrections Corporation of America, No. 332-5-13 Wncv (Teachout, J., September 1, 2015) 

[The text of this Vermont trial court opinion is unofficial. It has been reformatted from the original. The accuracy of the text and the 

accompanying data included in the Vermont trial court opinion database is not guaranteed.] 

STATE OF VERMONT 

SUPERIOR COURT CIVIL DIVISION 

Washington Unit Docket No. 332-5-13 Wncv 

Prison Legal News 

 Plaintiff 

 v. 

Corrections Corporation of America 

 Defendant 

DECISION 

Plaintiff’s Motion for Reimbursement of Fees and Costs 

 This is an unusual public records case. As far as the court can tell, it is the first time in 

Vermont that a private corporation, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), has been found 

by any court to be the functional equivalent of a governmental agency for public records 

purposes and thus subject to the Public Records Act. See Decision (filed Jan. 10, 2014), 

available at 2014 WL 2565746. Once it was determined by the court that CCA is subject to the 

Act, CCA fully cooperated with the request and withheld a small handful of documents only. 

The withheld documents were ones that were subject to confidentiality agreements with third 

parties who declined to waive their rights, so CCA considered itself bound by the agreements 

until this court reviewed them in camera, made appropriate redactions, and released them. CCA 

cooperated with PLN’s request once it was determined to be subject to the Act. Now, PLN 

requests its legal fees pursuant 1 V.S.A. § 319(d)(1). 

 That subsection provides: “Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, the 

court shall assess against the public agency reasonable attorney’s fees and other litigation costs 

reasonably incurred in any case under this section in which the complainant has substantially 

prevailed.” Subdivision (2) does not apply. 

 CCA argues that it should not be liable for fees and costs because (1) PLN has not 

substantially prevailed in this case; (2) the order finding CCA subject to the Act should be 

applied prospectively only and the claim for fees rejected altogether; and (3) the amount of fees 

claimed should be reduced significantly in the interest of reasonableness. 

 The current attorney fee provision, providing that the court “shall” award fees, replaced 

the prior version, which provided that the court “may” do so. In a 2001 decision construing the 

“may” version, the Vermont Supreme Court applied, but expressly did not adopt, the attorney fee 

analysis that had unfolded in FOIA case law up to that point. Burlington Free Press v. 

University of Vermont, 172 Vt. 303 (2001). Both statutes plainly gave the court discretion to 

award fees to a substantially prevailing complainant. Compare 1 V.S.A. § 319(d) (2001) (“The 

court may assess against the public agency reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs 

reasonably incurred in any case under this section in which the complainant has substantially 
2 

prevailed.”) with 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E) (2001) (“The court may assess against the United 

States reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case under 

this section in which the complainant has substantially prevailed.”). 

 In the FOIA cases at the time, the analysis reduced to one of eligibility and entitlement. 

Eligibility focuses principally on the causative role that the litigation played in the release of 

documents. Entitlement focuses on discretionary considerations such as “(1) the public benefit 

derived by the lawsuit; (2) the commercial benefit the requesting party will receive from release 

of the requested documents; (3) the nature of the requesting party’s interest in the documents; 

and (4) whether the public agency had a reasonable basis for withholding the documents.” 

Burlington Free Press, 172 Vt. at 306. If causation (a factual matter) is shown, the analysis turns 

to and relies heavily on the exercise of the court’s discretion, the entitlement inquiry. Rather 

than adopt the federal analysis, the Court ruled that Vermont courts may consult the FOIA 

entitlement factors “along with any other relevant factors” subject to abuse of discretion review.1

 

Id. 

 It is unclear to what extent the legislature’s substitution of “shall” for “may” in the 

Vermont provision alters the Burlington Free Press ruling. While “shall” can mean that the 

action is mandatory, it can have other meanings as well. See Bryan A. Garner, The Redbook § 

25.3 (3d ed. 2013) (commenting about the word “shall” that “[s]ometimes its sense is indeed 

mandatory . . .; sometimes it means ‘may,’ . . .; sometimes it means ‘is entitled to’ . . .; 

sometimes it is merely a future-tense verb . . .; and courts have often held that it means 

‘should.’” (emphasis added)). While one might infer that the legislature’s insertion of “shall” 

into this statute was intended to limit the discretion inherent in the word “may,” this leaves the 

discretion available in the expressions “reasonably” and “substantially prevailing.” 

 The American Rule is a strong tradition in Vermont. The common law exceptions are 

equitable in nature. Where fees are available by statute, such as in this case, typically there is an

obvious and equitable reason for it. Regardless whether the award is discretionary or mandatory, 

the court’s evaluation of the reasonableness of the amount requested allows for equitable 

deviations from a basic lodestar calculation. The court declines to rule on the status of the 

Burlington Free Press decision in light of the amendment to the attorney fee provision in the 

Public Records Act. It is clear that the legislature’s use of “shall” in 1 V.S.A. § 319(d)(1) is 

intended to make that portion of the provision mandatory. It is as clear that the provision as a 

whole has a foundation in equity and does not remove all discretion over fee award. 

 

1

 Before the legislature amended the Vermont fee provision, the FOIA provision itself had been 

amended. OPEN Government Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-175, § 4, 121 Stat. 2524. Under 

FOIA, “substantially prevailed” had come to mean that the complainant had obtained relief by a 

judicial order or the agency’s voluntary change in position. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii)(I), (II). 

The amendment appears to minimize the “substantially” component of substantially prevailing 

considerably, at least creating the appearance that a complainant has substantially prevailed 

anytime an order grants any relief at all. FOIA case law has not focused on “substantially”. The 

Vermont legislature did not follow the federal lead. It replaced the “may” with a “shall” and 

continues to not more fully articulate what “substantially” means. 
3 

 The highly unusual aspect of this case is that there has been virtually no dispute over 

whether any particular document is subject to this or that exemption. Records were not withheld 

because the agency thought the records were exempt or because it knew that they were not 

exempt but resisted releasing them anyway. The dispute in this case happened, and virtually all 

of the legal fees arose, because CCA did not know that it was functionally a government agency 

and how to coordinate its private and public aspects. The attorney fee provision is intended to 

encourage agencies to respond to records requests promptly and properly and to eliminate any 

inducement to wrongly withhold publicly accessible information from those who are unable to 

afford an attorney. It presumes that they know who they are. That was not so in this case. 

 An award of the total amount of fees claimed here would not fully advance the purposes 

of the fee provision and would be unreasonable and inequitable. The circumstances of this case 

are novel and it is understandable that CCA might not have predicted that the court would find it 

subject to the Act. The refusal to award fees at all also would be unreasonable and inequitable, 

as Plaintiff was obliged to file suit to obtain documents it was entitled to receive. While the fee 

provision may not have anticipated a case like this, it plainly anticipates an award of fees when 

the requestor substantially prevails. Although the principal dispute in this case has been about 

CCA’s status rather than the content of the requested documents, there is no reasonable way to 

conclude that PLN has not substantially prevailed. PLN is entitled to its fees with an equitable 

adjustment that avoids the harsh impact a total award would have in the highly unusual 

circumstances of this case. 

 The court has reviewed the billing records and is persuaded that the work performed, the 

hours billed, and the rates charged are reasonable. Given the considerations reviewed above, it is 

not possible to quantify or calculate mathematically an exact number that represents a reasonable 

amount of fees; rather the court is in the position of estimating a fair and reasonable portion of 

total fees to be recovered based on consideration of all the circumstances. Therefore, the court 

concludes that PLN is entitled to recover 40% of the total amount claimed. 

ORDER 

 For the foregoing reasons, PLN’s motion for fees and costs is granted. Counsel for PLN 

shall submit a form of judgment. 

 Dated at Montpelier, Vermont this 1st day of September 2015. 

 _____________________________ 

 Mary Miles Teachout 

 Superior Judge