DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |1

EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF STRESSORS IN 

THREAT ASSESSMENT INVESTIGATIONS 

A CASE STUDY ON BART ALLEN ROSS1

A threat assessment investigation may be initiated when someone comes to the attention of law 

enforcement for engaging in threatening or concerning behavior. Identifying stressors that have caused 

or could potentially cause significant negative pressure on the individual is a 

key part of this type of investigation. The findings of a recent study by the 

U.S. Secret Service that examined attacks on federal government targets 

highlights the importance of assessing the impact of stressors on the 

person’s decision to engage in targeted violence.2 The study found that 

over 90% of the offenders experienced stressful events prior to carrying out 

their attacks.3 Further, over three-quarters of the offenders experienced at 

least one stressor in the year prior to their attacks, and over two-thirds 

within the six months prior. These stressors occurred in personal, health, 

professional, and legal contexts and covered a range of issues, from minor 

losses to major adverse changes. Some of the stressors identified were

related to conflicts in relationships, health problems, financial hardships, 

work or school-related problems, arrests or convictions, and civil filings by or 

against the perpetrators. Using examples from the case of Bart Allen Ross, 

this document offers some considerations in assessing the role of stressors 

in conducting threat assessment investigations. Ross fatally shot U.S. 

District Judge Joan Lefkow’s husband and mother in February 2005. A 

case summary of Ross’ life also follows.

Assessing Stressors in Threat Assessment Investigations

 Identify the types of stressors that the individual may be experiencing

A thorough threat assessment investigation includes identifying past and current stressors affecting 

an individual, the duration of the stressors, and determining what stressors could potentially affect 

him or her in the future. Stressors can occur in various contexts and take many forms, from minor 

events like temporary setbacks at work, to major events with significant impact, such as an imminent 

foreclosure on a home. In a threat assessment investigation, it is important to examine stressors in 

all contexts of the individual’s life to get an accurate picture of his or her circumstances. For example, 

if the investigation only focuses on the individual’s work and financial situation, it may miss significant 

stressors that occur related to his or her personal relationships, physical health, or experiences with 

civil or criminal court. 

 

1 While permission to reprint is not necessary, when quoting, paraphrasing, or otherwise referring to this case study, the citation should be: 

National Threat Assessment Center. (2015). Exploring the effect of stressors in threat assessment investigations. A case study on Bart Allen 

Ross. Washington, DC: U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security.

2 National Threat Assessment Center. (2015). Attacks on federal government 2001-2013: Threat assessment considerations. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security.

3 The study found that these stressful events occurred across various areas of their lives and appeared to have significant impact on the 

individuals. These findings are consistent with earlier research conducted by the Secret Service, which also found that perpetrators of attacks 

on public officials and figures often experienced stressful events in the year prior to their attacks. See Fein, R. A., & Vossekuil, B. (1999). 

Assassination in the United States: An operational study of recent assassins, attackers, and near-lethal approachers. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 44(2), 321–333.

On February 28, 2005, Bart 

Allen Ross, 57, broke into the 

Chicago, IL home of U.S. District 

Judge Joan Humphrey Lefkow 

with the intent to kill her. A few 

weeks prior, Judge Lefkow had 

dismissed Ross’ long-running 

medical malpractice case 

related to his cancer treatment. 

Judge Lefkow was not at home 

at the time of the attack; 

however, Ross fatally shot her 

husband and mother. Nine days 

later, Ross fatally shot himself 

during a routine traffic stop. 
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |2

An investigator should also consider the unique impact that various situations have on an individual; 

what may be perceived as a stressful event for one person may not be for another. For example, one 

individual may consider being released from prison to be a positive event, while another may find that 

same situation anxiety provoking because of limited resources, a lack of housing, and/or a loss of 

structure. For this reason, it is important to assess each individual in the situation in which he or she 

is operating when identifying any significant stressors. 

 Determine the impact of the stressors on the individual’s past and current actions

Once the stressors have been identified for a person of concern, another question to answer is how 

these stressors affect the individual’s behavior. One area to explore is whether an individual’s 

stressors influenced his or her motive for engaging in concerning or threatening behavior that brought 

them to the attention of law enforcement or others. For example, in investigating a person who wrote 

threatening letters to a mayor, law enforcement officials may discover the individual’s business was 

recently shut down by local health officials and he holds the mayor responsible. 

It is also important to explore how the person has coped with past situations and how he or she is 

handling any current stressful events. People manage situations differently; some may use positive 

coping strategies to deal with stress, such as talking to loved ones or exercising, while others may 

lack effective coping skills leading to maladaptive or concerning behaviors, such as alcohol or 

substance abuse. To determine the impact of an individual’s stressors on his or her risk of violence, 

the threat assessment investigation should answer several questions.

 Were any of the identified stressful events perceived as unbearable by the individual?

 What actions did he or she take to respond to stressful events in the past?

 Does the individual have a history of positive coping skills or does he or she engage in 

maladaptive behaviors, such as making threats or engaging in violence?

 What is the likelihood that these events will change in the foreseeable future, for the better or 

worse?

Answering these questions will help the investigator understand how the person might react to his or 

her current and future life situation. 

 Identify the individual’s current resources and future options to manage stressful 

events

Finally, to assess the risk that the individual poses for engaging in violence, an investigator should 

identify any resources that the person may have, or has access to, for managing stressful events. 

The resources could include having a close family or social support system, financial means or 

gainful employment, and access to mental health care or social services. In addition to identifying 

resources, the investigator should also determine the options the individual believes are acceptable 

for resolving the issues that caused him or her to engage in the concerning or threatening behaviors. 

For example,

 Does the person have a plan of action to accomplish his or her goals?

 Does the individual feel as if he or she is out of options with nothing left to lose? For 

instance, if an individual comes to attention for threatening a public official due to a grievance 

over an issue, does he or she expect the grievance to be resolved in a particular way?
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |3

 What will the person do if the issue is not resolved in accordance with his or her 

expectations?

 Will the behavior escalate until he or she perceives that violence is the only option? 

A comprehensive threat assessment investigation that identifies the individual’s stressors, past 

coping strategies, and future options will enable an investigator to identify factors in the person’s life 

that may increase or decrease his or her risk of engaging in targeted violence, and discover 

management options to mitigate that risk. Examples of management tools include assisting the 

individual with access to mental health treatment, employment support services, and social services. 

Examining the Effect of Stressors in the Case of Bart Allen Ross

The impact of stressors in targeted violence is illustrated in this section using information from Ross’ life 

circumstances that are described in greater detail in the case summary that follows. All of the information 

provided in the case summary was derived from open source materials.4 The content contained in this 

overview is designed to provide considerations for future threat assessment investigations. It is not an 

evaluation of the investigation or actions that occurred prior to the events of February 28, 2005.

Ross experienced numerous stressors in different areas of his life in the years leading up to the murder of 

Judge Lefkow’s husband and mother. The most significant stressors began when he received a cancer 

diagnosis that resulted in invasive treatments. Following a surgery, which left him disfigured and in pain, 

Ross became convinced that the doctors were negligent in their treatment. This belief caused him to 

embark on a legal battle that lasted for a decade and resulted in him spending thousands of dollars, 

travelling across the country seeking expert advice to support his claim, and engaging in maladaptive 

behaviors to cope with the setbacks and losses he experienced. Such behaviors included becoming 

more isolated and paranoid and engaging in erratic, threatening, and aggressive actions towards those in 

the legal system and others. The cumulative effect of the stressors, coupled with his poor coping skills 

and increased paranoia, ultimately led Ross to believe that violence was his only option. Below we 

identify the areas in which Ross experienced stressful events that influenced his behaviors. 

 Health problems – Physical and psychological

These types of stressors include acute or chronic physical or psychological issues such as receiving 

a serious medical diagnosis or experiencing symptoms of depression, such as insomnia, irritability, 

and sadness. Ross was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth in 1992, and the 

cancer recurred again the following year. He underwent treatment that included radiation as well as 

several surgeries, during one of which several teeth and much of his lower jaw were removed. 

Overall, the cancer treatment left him with a disfigurement, impaired speech, and chronic pain. In 

addition, Ross became increasingly paranoid, believing that others were conspiring against him, 

particularly the legal and medical professions. 

 Civil actions and legal proceedings

These types of stressors are connected to civil actions filed by or against the subject, such as 

malpractice suits, bankruptcy filings, personal injury suits, and small claims actions. Ross was 

involved in numerous legal proceedings against doctors he believed had been negligent in their 

treatment of his cancer because the treatment had left him permanently disfigured and in constant 

pain. He held on to this belief despite the fact that none of the numerous medical experts he 

consulted agreed with him. Shortly after his treatment, Ross filed the first in a series of malpractice 

lawsuits, which lasted nearly a decade, against the doctors he held responsible for his physical 

 

4 Open source materials used to prepare this case summary included court records and court opinions, news media accounts, and personal 

communications made by Ross.
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |4

problems. Ross filed the first lawsuits in two Illinois state courts seeking damages for negligent 

medical treatment he believed his doctors had provided. When those suits were dismissed, he 

sought redress in federal court by filing two additional lawsuits; however, those cases were also 

ultimately dismissed. The final dismissal, which was issued by Judge Lefkow, occurred a month 

before Ross killed her husband and mother. In addition to the dismissals, Ross was forced to 

represent himself throughout many of his cases because his increasingly irrational and erratic 

behaviors led attorneys to refuse his requests for legal representation.

 Work-related difficulties

These types of stressors are related to employment issues, such as disciplinary procedures, denial of 

a promotion, or termination from a job. Work-related stressors can also include the inability to obtain 

meaningful employment. In Ross’ case, although he had a background in electrical engineering, he 

worked as an electrician after immigrating to the United States due to his inexperience with the 

English language. He eventually stopped working altogether following his cancer diagnosis and 

ensuing treatments. A few years later, Ross lost his disability benefits from the Social Security 

Administration after they determined that despite his physical issues, he was still able to work. 

 Financial distress

These types of stressors stem from situations caused by losses or changes related to financial 

security or status. Numerous and lengthy legal battles caused a massive financial burden for Ross. 

He incurred a considerable amount of debt, was unable to pay his bills, and had to resort to borrowing 

money from friends. Because of his inability to pay his mounting debts, three creditors filed individual 

lawsuits against him. He ultimately lost all three cases and judgments were entered against him 

totaling approximately $35,000. The biggest loss, however, was related to his home. Ross initially 

sold the home to friends so that he would not lose it. Four years later, he asked his friends to sell the 

house, and the second buyers allowed him to pay rent and continue living in the home. However, 

Ross eventually ran out of money and was evicted. He was forced to give up his pets and live out of 

his van in the weeks before the attack at Judge Lefkow’s home.
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |5

CASE SUMMARY

Originally from Poland, Bart Allen Ross immigrated to the United States in 1982. Even though he had a 

background in electrical engineering, due to his inexperience with the English language, he began 

working as an electrician in New York, NY. In search of better prospects, Ross moved to Chicago, IL 

around 1985. He became a U.S. citizen in 1988 and officially changed his name from Bartilomiej 

Ciszewski to Bart Allen Ross. In 1990, he purchased a home in Chicago, and according to him, he had 

no debt other than the $60,000 mortgage.

Cancer Treatment and State Court Medical Malpractice Litigation (1992-2000)

In 1992, Ross was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. At the time, he was selfemployed and did not have health insurance, so he initially refused treatment. However, one of his 

doctors, Henry Briele, helped him arrange financing. Ross then began a course of external radiation 

followed by a four-day course of radiation via an implant inserted into his mouth. While undergoing 

treatment, he temporarily stopped working, returning at the end of December 1992. He continued at his 

job until his cancer recurred in April 1993, after which he never worked again. At some point in 1993, 

Ross, who had obtained an Illinois Firearm Owner’s Identification card, legally purchased a 9mm gun.

On April 15, 1993, in an effort to treat Ross’ cancer, doctors removed several of his teeth, much of his 

lower jaw, and tissue from his mouth. Following the surgery, he was unable to open his mouth fully or 

control his lower lip, in constant pain, and only able to take in liquids. In addition, his speech was 

impaired. In March 1995, doctors determined Ross was cancer-free, at which time he thanked his doctor 

on behalf of his “family,” referring to his dog and two cats. The following month, Ross filed claims in two 

separate state courts alleging malpractice related to his treatment and surgery. On April 11, 1995, he 

filed a medical malpractice lawsuit in Illinois Circuit Court against five individual doctors. In the lawsuit, 

Ross alleged that the doctors, who were employed at the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospitals and 

Clinics, were negligent when they diagnosed and treated his cancer. The following day, on April 12, 

1995, he filed a separate complaint against the University of Illinois in the Illinois Court of Claims. 

Ross filed thousands of pages of documents as part of his circuit court case. In one of these documents, 

filed with the court in late 1995, Ross asked, “What do you want me to do to get you [to] fulfill your sworn 

duties and address my problems? Do you want me to blow up Oklahoma-style the seat of the Supreme 

Court of the USA, so you could cede on me the title that applies to you: criminal(s)?”5 He sent the same 

document to several politicians. After reading the comments, the judge presiding over the case notified 

his superiors of his concern over Ross’ threatening language. The office of the chief judge later issued a 

report noting that Ross did not have a criminal background and had not been violent. No additional 

information regarding the report, or further actions, was found in open source materials.

In 1996, Ross wrote a letter to Illinois Governor Jim Edgar and Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan, 

as well as others in the Illinois State House and Senate. The letter warned, “If you conspire and play this 

game of law and justice against me for too long, you will bring me to the point of hatred toward you, which 

will make it impossible for me to return to a normal life.”6 He wrote that they had two choices, either 

address his issues or kill him. He also wrote, “I WILL MAKE YOU REGRET IT, IF YOU SCREW ME 

UP!”7 Ross sent similar mailings to various other politicians. Further, around this time, one of the 

attorneys representing the doctors in the circuit court case requested that the court issue a protective 

order to block Ross from serving subpoenas on hospital officials. The attorney argued that "Mr. Ross' 

argumentative and violent nature required that security be called before he would leave the medical 

records department."8 In addition, the attorney reported that Ross harassed the clerk of the circuit court 

 

5 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 12). 

6 St. Clair & Burnett (2005, March 11).

7 Heinzmann, Dardick, & Coen (2005, April 3). 

8 Heinzmann, Dardick, & Coen (2005, April 3). 
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |6

and court security was contacted. Shortly after, the attorney informed the circuit court that when another 

doctor refused to review Ross’ medical records, Ross said he would “have to get a gun.”9

Also in 1996, Ross sought the expert opinion of a radiation oncologist at the South Coast Tumor Institute, 

in San Diego, CA, to assist in his lawsuit. The oncologist told Ross that his case showed no signs of 

negligence and that it appeared that he received excellent care and treatment. Ross, however, was 

adamant that the doctors provided inadequate care. According to Ross, he travelled the country, 

consulting with nearly 200 doctors and asking them to testify in support of his belief that the cancer 

treatment constituted malpractice. All of the experts, however, informed Ross that his case showed no 

sign of negligence on the part of the doctors and that it appeared that he received the proper care for his 

illness. Around this time, Ross claimed that he was taking pain medication “24/7 for over a year” to 

include morphine and Tylenol with codeine.10

In addition to seeking out support for his case from doctors, Ross reported that he sought representation 

from close to 100 lawyers. Ultimately, almost all of the lawyers that Ross approached about representing 

him in his cases declined to take him on as a client. One exception occurred on January 4, 1997, when 

Ross was able to retain an attorney willing to represent him in his case before the circuit court. On July 3, 

1997, Judge Philip Leslie Bronstein, who had taken over the circuit court case in June 1996, entered a 

judgment dismissing Ross’ suit. The judge did allow Ross to amend his case regarding certain claims if 

he could prove his filings were made within the time restraints of the statute of limitations. In response, 

Ross fired his attorney, who officially withdrew from the case weeks later. Over the next several months, 

instead of focusing on proving the timeliness of his lawsuit, Ross focused on presenting evidence to show 

that his attorney had been working with the court and the defendants to sabotage his case. 

On or about September 16, 1997, after Judge Bronstein denied Ross’ motion for reconsideration, he told 

the judge, “I have to get governmental justice on this, otherwise I’ll do my own justice.”11 After the 

hearing, according to a representative of court security, Ross “said something to the effect of, ‘You don’t 

want this place to end up like Oklahoma City.’”12 Security personnel confronted Ross and ran a criminal

background check that came up negative. By November 1997, Judge Bronstein entered a final order of 

dismissal. Ross continued to file motions, but ultimately lost an appeal in the Illinois Appellate Court in 

August 1998, and was denied a petition to appeal by the Supreme Court of Illinois in June 1999. 

Between 1997 and 1998, Ross had three additional surgeries on his jaw. He also continued with his 

crusade to prove that the doctors were negligent when they initially diagnosed and treated him. One of 

Ross’ neighbors, and a member of the community’s block association, reported that in the late 1990s, 

Ross attended a meeting asking attendees to sign a petition for one of his medical malpractice suits. In 

1999, he sent this petition to President Bill Clinton, each member of the U.S. Congress, Ross Perot, 

Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura, and others, seeking $25 million in damages.

In the winter of 1999, Ross’ threatening letters and repeated phone calls to various state and federal 

officials drew the attention of investigators from the Illinois Office of Attorney General. Ross threatened 

the Attorney General and sent him bizarre letters asking for help with his lawsuit. Investigators from the 

Office of Attorney General interviewed Ross at his home. During the interview, Ross asked for the 

Attorney General’s help with his malpractice claim and voiced his concerns about government 

conspiracies, his civil rights, and the transmitter that he thought the hospital had inserted into his mouth 

during his cancer treatment. The investigators noted Ross’ paranoia, his dislike of the government and 

judicial system, and his threatening communications, but concluded that he did not pose a risk of 

violence.

At the same time he was dealing with his lawsuit in the circuit court, Ross continued to pursue the action 

he filed in the Illinois Court of Claims. In dealing with court personnel, he exhibited concerning behavior, 

 

9 Heinzmann, Dardick, & Coen (2005, April 3). 

10 Dardick & Sadovi (2005, March 11).

11 Heinzmann, Dardick, & Coen (2005, April 3). 

12 Heinzmann, Dardick, & Coen (2005, April 3). 
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |7

and he frequently called the court to check the status of his case. In 1999, he traveled to the Illinois Court 

of Claims in Springfield, IL to speak with someone about his case. One employee said Ross rambled for 

45 minutes and then removed his prosthetic jaw so employees could see the disfigurement that was 

caused by the original surgery to treat his cancer. His phone calls continued after his visit to the court 

and in March 2000, Ross called in a death threat. Court personnel called the Illinois Secretary of State 

Police. According to their report, Ross told an employee “the only solution to [his] problem was death and 

that [he] wasn't going alone."13 An investigator spoke with Ross for an hour-and-a-half on the phone. 

Ross calmed down and apologized during the phone call. Although there were conflicting reports 

regarding when the Court of Claims dismissed his case, it appears it was dismissed sometime in 2000. 

Meanwhile, years of legal battles took a toll on Ross’ finances and he found himself deeply in debt and 

unable to pay his bills. He experienced another setback when he was notified that he would no longer be 

receiving disability pay from the Social Security Administration because it was determined he could still 

work despite his condition. Ross reported in one of his court filings that this decision was made in June 

2000, while media reports note that he lost his disability benefits in September 1997. As a result of the 

financial strain, Ross resorted to asking friends to lend him money for legal costs, believing that he would 

be able to repay them once he won his case. Even with this assistance, his debts mounted and 

eventually he was unable to keep up payments on his home. As a result, a couple with whom he was 

friends agreed to buy his house so that he would not lose it and could continue to live in the home. This 

sale occurred on May 25, 2000. 

Ross Files His First Case in Federal Court (2000-2003)

On November 1, 2000, Ross filed a 561-page lawsuit in U.S. District Court alleging that his civil rights had 

been violated. Ross, who represented himself, named as defendants in the complaint the State of Illinois, 

the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospitals and Clinics, the five doctors he sued previously in Illinois 

Circuit Court, and four attorneys. The suit alleged that the doctors had botched his cancer treatment and 

subjected him to "excessive use of force and battery meant to injure, impose tremendous suffering and 

destroy quality of life of the plaintiff."14

Several months later, Ross wrote a letter to President George W. Bush dated February 9, 2001. In the 

letter, he complained about the U.S. legal system, asked for the President’s help, and warned him that 

everyone would regret it if the President did not make an executive decision to help him. 

On July 23, 2001, Ross’ case was dismissed by U.S. District Judge David Coar. An attorney for one of 

the defendants in Ross’ filing reported that Ross’ behavior became increasingly erratic after the dismissal. 

In August 2001, Ross initiated an appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit, but withdrew it. 

Over the next several months, he continued to fight to have the July judgment modified and have Judge 

Coar removed from the case; however, both efforts failed. Judge Coar would later observe that Ross “did 

not like to be told no and when he was told no he wanted to argue longer than he should have.”15 He 

often interrupted the judge while he was speaking, stared in silence after rulings were made against him, 

and “skulked” out of the courtroom.16 For one of his hearings, Judge Coar requested a security officer’s 

presence in the courtroom, explaining that it was “not because of anything he said or did. It’s just his 

intensity that made me a little uncomfortable.”17 Despite these observations, Judge Coar stated that Ross 

was not different from the hundreds of others who have had cases before the court. 

By December 2001, Ross filed a second appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit. Almost a 

year later, on September 26, 2002, the appeals court upheld the district court’s decision, only slightly 

 

13 Heinzmann, Dardick, & Coen (2005, April 3). 

14 Excerpts from federal lawsuits filed by Ross. (2005, March 11).

15 Cohen (2005, March 10). 

16 Higgins (2005, March 11).

17 Higgins (2005, March 11).
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |8

modifying the reason for dismissal. Over the next year, Ross filed a few more motions without success. 

He also filed two petitions with the U.S. Supreme Court, which were denied in February and April of 2003. 

Some attorneys who knew Ross from his court filings reported that his behavior and threatening rhetoric 

concerned them. One attorney who had represented Ross reported that he became more angry and 

agitated as he had more losses in his cases. Some attorneys remembered Ross saying that “if he didn’t 

get what he wanted, people were going to be sorry,” and that if no one took him seriously “things [were] 

going to happen.”18 One doctor who was being sued by Ross saw him as dangerous. This doctor wrote 

an email to his attorney on August 11, 2003, saying, “surprisingly you continue to ignore what drives a 

person like Mr. Ross...You have grossly underestimated the tenacity and personal threat that Mr. Ross 

represents."19

Increasing Paranoia and Financial Distress

Overall, friends also noticed a change in Ross’ demeanor. He was described as more solitary and 

absorbed by his medical malpractice lawsuit. Those who had known him since the 1980s described how 

he slowly became someone who thought of everything as a conspiracy and was becoming more and 

more paranoid. They reported that he thought the medical and legal systems “were out to get him.”20 He 

even had his home monitored by security cameras, and a high fence and trees concealed his backyard. 

One of his friends reported that Ross viewed doctors, lawyers, and the U.S. legal system as similar to the 

system in Nazi concentration camps. Neighbors and friends speculated that Ross may have had some 

mental health issues, remarking that they thought Ross “had a couple screws loose in his head.”21 

Others described him as being “off and weird.”22 Ross also told others that the transmitter inserted into 

his mouth during his surgery was making him crazy.

Meanwhile, beginning in 2003, three creditors filed separate lawsuits against Ross. The first, filed on 

March 10, 2003, resulted in a judgment against Ross on November 18, 2003 in the amount of $7,650. A 

second creditor also filed a lawsuit against Ross on March 10, 2003. Although this creditor was awarded 

a judgment of nearly $12,000 against Ross in July 2004, Ross fought the judgment through January 

2005. By February 17, 2005, the creditor was seeking discovery of Ross’ assets. The third suit, related 

to unpaid credit card bills, was filed on August 1, 2003. The attorney for the creditor in this third lawsuit 

told reporters that after one hearing he was concerned about Ross and had a sheriff’s deputy escort him 

to his car. The creditor was awarded a judgment of nearly $16,000 on December 9, 2003. Ross 

continued to fight the judgment and motions were still being filed at the time of the incident. 

Ross continued to experience other financial difficulties. About four years after asking friends to buy his 

house so he would not lose it, Ross asked them to sell the home, which they did on January 29, 2004. 

The second buyers allowed Ross to rent the house until he ran out of money in early 2005. 

Ross Files His Second Case in Federal Court – Assigned to Judge Lefkow (2004-2005)

On June 23, 2004, Ross, representing himself, filed a second lawsuit in federal court claiming deprivation 

of his civil rights. In the suit, he named 14 defendants, including those from his first federal lawsuit in 

2000, his doctors, their lawyers, two law firms, the University of Illinois at Chicago Hospitals and Clinics, 

and the State of Illinois. The suit also named the United States of America, which included the President, 

Congress, the U.S. Supreme Court, and the federal judiciary. He asked for monetary judgments against 

each defendant, ranging from $1 million to $1 billion. The case was assigned to Judge Joan Lefkow. 

In his filing, Ross repeatedly used inflammatory language. For example, he accused the U.S. Supreme 

Court of “treason against the United States” and “acts of terrorism” for denying his petition and referred to 

 

18 Wilgoren (2005, March 11).

19 Heinzmann, Dardick, & Coen (2005, April 3). 

20 Dardick & Sadovi (2005, March 11). 

21 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 11). 

22 Dardick & Sadovi (2005, March 11). 
 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

 UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE 

 NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER

Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |9

the defendants as “Nazi style criminals” and terrorists like al-Qa‘ida.

23

 He included attachments with 

pictures of his face and jaw, as well as the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001. 

Additionally, Ross accused the defendants of “excessive force and battery” and claimed that his medical 

treatment caused “catastrophic destruction of every aspect of [his] life.”24 He alleged that the treatment 

caused him to suffer extreme financial ruin and left him $500,000 in debt. The filing also included bizarre 

language. For example, Ross wrote that arguments contained in a brief filed by the defendants in a 

previous case “were jokes extending the conspiracy to include UNITED STATES represented by Court of 

Appeals, because 1+1+1+1=4 and nothing else.”25 He further requested that the court allow him to 

borrow $2 million against his expected award, claiming that he needed the money to repair his jaw and 

his life. Finally, Ross also asked that the three 7th Circuit judges who had dismissed his earlier appeal in 

2002 be impeached by Congress because they denied his appeal. 

On the same date that he filed his lawsuit, June 23, 2004, Ross filed a motion requesting appointment of 

counsel because he could not find an attorney who would represent him. A few days later, on June 28, 

2004, Ross filed a motion related to supplemental jurisdiction, which would allow the federal court to hear 

the claims related to his state case. On July 6, 2004, Judge Lefkow ruled against Ross on both issues. 

In rendering her opinion regarding these motions, she observed, “To the extent plaintiff believes that the 

various defendants, including or excluding judges, were involved in a conspiracy to deprive him of his 

rights, the court concludes that such a claim is frivolous.”26 She continued by stating, “plaintiff’s 

conspiracy allegations are not merely unlikely; they are ‘fantastic or delusional.’”27 The dismissal was 

also tinged with compassion. Judge Lefkow stated that her ruling did not “intend to convey disregard for 

the cruel turn of fate [Ross] has experienced.”28

In response, on August 24, 2004, Ross entered a motion requesting that he be allowed to file a brief that 

exceeded the permissible length. Two days later, on August 26, 2004, Judge Lefkow ruled that Ross 

must show cause as to why his case should not be dismissed. Further, on August 30, 2004, she denied 

his earlier request to file a lengthy brief saying that he only needed to submit a brief statement. 

On September 16, 2004, Judge Lefkow dismissed the case with prejudice, meaning that Ross could not 

file his case again. On October 1, 2004, Ross filed a motion for Judge Lefkow to reconsider this 

judgment, but she again denied his motion. In early November 2004, he filed an appeal in the U.S. Court 

of Appeals for the 7th Circuit. On January 21, 2005, his appeal was denied. This was the last ruling 

related to Ross’ long-running malpractice claims.

The Days Leading up to the Incident

On February 13, 2005, Ross typed a letter, in which he described his anger and dislike of the government 

and judicial system, and provided his views on his cases. The letter also contained a “hit list” of other 

individuals he may have been targeting, including at least 11 federal and state judges, 10 lawyers, 5 

doctors, as well as the Illinois State Supreme Court. One source reported that the list contained five 

judges from the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, three or four U.S. District judges, and several lawyers who 

represented Ross in his lawsuits. Ross wrote “I am not a murderer. The murderers are listed [expletive], 

who violated me like Nazis and terrorists and deprived me justice and compensation to put my life in 

order, and in this way deprived me possibility of salvaging my life.”29 In this letter, Ross claimed, “I was 

left with no possibility to live my life, but to progressively suffer more and more, so like those who jumped 

down from the WTC Towers on September 11, 2001, I ‘jumped’ too. On the way, I intended to send to 

 

23 Complaint at Law, Ross v. United States (2004, June 23).

24 Complaint at Law, Ross v. United States (2004, June 23).

25 Complaint at Law, Ross v. United States (2004, June 23).

26 Ross v. United States (2004, July 6).

27 Ross v. United States (2004, July 6).

28 Ross v. United States (2004, July 6).

29 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 23). 
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Hell as many of the listed [expletive] as I was lucky to get.”30 This letter was discovered in Ross’ van after 

the incident.

The day after writing the letter, on February 14, 2005, Ross moved out of his home and began living in his 

van. Neighbors reported that at this time he appeared “defeated.”31 Around this time, Ross conducted 

surveillance on Judge Lefkow’s home, saving several photographs on his laptop showing her house from 

varying angles. 

On February 23, 2005, Ross’ landlord went to court to have him evicted. On February 28, 2005, the 

landlord entered the home and found a note in which Ross wrote that he had already left the house 

because he did not want to argue with her. He stated that he could not take the cat and the dog with him, 

and because he did not want to put them in a shelter, asked her and her husband to take care of them. 

The Incident and the Investigation

On February 28, 2005, before sunrise, Ross broke Judge Lefkow’s basement window and entered her 

home. He hid in the utility room in the basement, intending to wait for her to return that evening. Around 

9 a.m., her husband, Michael Francis Lefkow, went to his basement office and discovered Ross. Ross 

shot him with a .22 revolver equipped with a homemade silencer. Sometime later, Ross shot Judge 

Lefkow’s mother, Donna Grace Humphrey, after she called out for Michael Lefkow. He departed around 

1:15 p.m. and went to the home of Dr. Briele, the doctor who had first treated him, and then to the home 

of Judge Bronstein, the judge who had dismissed his first malpractice case. Ross later wrote that he 

intended to kill them but changed his mind. Judge Lefkow returned to her home that evening and found 

the bodies of her husband and mother.

On March 9, 2005, a police officer out on routine patrol in West Allis, WI spotted Ross’ van bearing Illinois 

plates parked near a church. The officer believed the driver was writing something and thought 

something seemed wrong. After responding to another call, the officer returned to the location to followup on his suspicions. Ross made an illegal U-turn, at which point the officer saw that a taillight was not 

working. As the officer approached the van, he heard a shot and retreated to his patrol car. The officer 

then realized that the person in the van, Ross, had shot himself in the head with a 9mm pistol. During a 

search of the van, the police discovered evidence that connected Ross to the murders at Judge Lefkow’s 

home. Ross had tied a note around his neck telling police to look in a bag in the van. The bag contained 

the letter dated February 13, 2005, described earlier, and a hand-written note dated March 1, 2005, that 

detailed how Ross had killed Judge Lefkow’s husband and mother. The note claimed that his motive for 

the murders and for targeting others was revenge for his cancer treatment, which he believed was 

abusive and administered without his consent. He also wrote that he was motivated by his unfair 

treatment by the judicial system and the government, and that he had lost his house, job, and family 

because of his legal battles.

The next day, March 10, 2005, a letter similar to the letter found in Ross’ van was received by WMAQ, the 

local NBC affiliate in Chicago. Reporters at WMAQ stated the letter, which was dated February 13, 2005, 

resembled a news release and laid out the difficulties Ross had faced during the past 12 1⁄2 years. In the 

letter, Ross wrote “when you read this, I should be dead. So I’m writing in past tense.”32 He further 

stated, “I had no intention to target anybody else beyond listed [expletive], but if I got anybody else, they 

are just victims the same way I was for over 12 1⁄2 years.”33 Ross had listed 5 doctors, 10 lawyers, and 

over a dozen judges, including Judge Lefkow, and stated that they “violated” him like “Nazis and 

terrorists.”34

 

30 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 23). 

31 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 12).

32 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 23). 

33 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 23). 

34 Coen & Heinzmann (2005, March 23). 
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On the back of the letter was a note signed by Ross. In the note, he described how he broke into the 

Lefkows’ home and hid, waiting for Judge Lefkow to come home. His note stated, “Judge Lefkow was 

No. 1 to kill because she finished me off and deprived [sic] me to live my life through outrageous abuse of 

judicial power and decicration [sic] of the judicial office.” 35 The note further stated, “Judge Lefkow, to her 

neighbors, is a church going ‘angel.’ To me, Judge Lefkow is a Nazi-style criminal and terrorist...After I 

shot husband and mother of Judge Lefkow, I had a lot of time to think about ‘life and death’ -- killing is no 

fun, even though I knew I was already dead.”36 Ross further wrote that he regretted murdering Judge 

Lefkow’s husband and mother as much as he regretted having to die, but said that once they saw him, he 

had to kill them. Both Ross’ suicide note as well as the note he sent to WMAQ contained details of the 

incident that police had not released to the general public, such as the location of Michael Lefkow’s body.

 

35 Wilgoren (2005, March 11).

36 Wilgoren (2005, March 11).
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ABBREVIATED TIMELINE OF EVENTS IN THE YEARS PRIOR TO

AND INCLUDING THE INCIDENT

1992 (unknown dates) Ross is diagnosed with cancer and begins treatment

April 15, 1993 Has surgery to remove cancer, which required removal of several 

teeth, parts of his lower jaw, and tissue from his mouth, leaving 

him in pain and disfigured; quits working around this time

March 1995 Declared cancer-free

April 11, 1995 Files medical malpractice lawsuit in Illinois Circuit Court against 

the doctors who treated him, alleging they were negligent

April 12, 1995 Files separate complaint against the University of Illinois in the 

Illinois Court of Claims

Late 1995 Files document with the circuit court, and also sends it to 

politicians, alluding to the Oklahoma City bombing; leads to an 

investigation

1996 (unknown dates) Writes concerning letters to the Illinois Governor, Illinois House 

Speaker, and others in the Illinois State House and Senate; 

harasses hospital officials and court personnel; makes threats 

Consults with an oncologist about the validity of his malpractice 

suit, but is told that his treatment was not negligent

July 3, 1997 Circuit court dismisses lawsuit, but he continues to fight the 

decision

September 16, 1997 Makes threatening statement after his motion to reconsider his 

case is denied; court security runs a criminal check

November 1997 Final order dismissing circuit court case issued

1997-1998 Has three additional surgeries on his jaw

August 1998 Loses his appeal filed in the Illinois Appellate Court

June 1999 Supreme Court of Illinois denies his petition to appeal

1999 (unknown date) Sends a petition that he asked neighbors to sign, in support of his 

medical malpractice suit, to President Bill Clinton, each member of 

Congress, and other politicians, requesting $25 million in 

damages
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Winter 1999 Sends bizarre and threatening letters to the Illinois Attorney 

General; interviewed as part of a threat assessment investigation; 

case closed as investigators determine he did not pose a risk

2000 (unknown date) Case filed in Illinois Court of Claims is dismissed

March 2000 Calls in a death threat to the Illinois Court of Claims

May 25, 2000 Sells his house to friends, but is allowed to continue living in the 

home

November 1, 2000 Files first federal lawsuit naming doctors, attorneys, his treating 

hospital, and the State of Illinois as defendants

February 9, 2001 Writes a letter to President George W. Bush complaining about 

the legal system and requesting help

July 23, 2001 Federal lawsuit is dismissed

December 2001 Files appeal in U.S. Court of Appeals

September 26, 2002 Appeal is dismissed

February/April 2003 U.S. Supreme Court denies his petitions

March 2003- Three creditors file individual lawsuits against Ross; all awarded 

August 2003 judgments against him between November 2003 and July 2004

January 29, 2004 At his request, his friends sell his house to another party, who 

allows him to stay and pay rent

June 23, 2004 Files second federal lawsuit; case assigned to Judge Lefkow

September 16, 2004 Judge Lefkow dismisses case with prejudice

October 1, 2004 Files a motion to have Judge Lefkow reconsider her judgment, but 

she denies his motion

November 2004 Files an appeal in the U.S. Court of Appeals 

January 21, 2005 Appeal is denied

February 2005 Conducts surveillance on Judge Lefkow’s home

February 13, 2005 Writes letter describing his lawsuits and anger at the government 

and judicial system

February 14, 2005 Moves out of his home to live in his van; leaves pets behind
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Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |14

February 23, 2005 Landlord goes to court to have him evicted 

February 28, 2005 Breaks into Judge Lefkow’s home, intending to kill her; when she 

is not home, kills her husband and mother

March 9, 2005 Kills himself after being pulled over in a routine traffic stop
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Effect of Stressors: A Case Study on Bart Allen Ross December 2015 |15

REFERENCES

1) Babwin, D. (2005, March 10a). Slayings of Chicago judge’s mother and husband tied to 

Wisconsin suicide. The Associated Press.

2) Babwin, D. (2005, March 10b). Source: Man claims responsibility for slayings of judge’s family. 

The Associated Press.

3) Babwin, D. (2005, March 11). The last days of the killer of judge’s mother and husband. The 

Associated Press State & Local Wire.

4) Civil Docket, Bank One v. Ross, No. 2003-M1-114309 (Ill. Cir. Ct. judgment Nov. 18, 2003). 

5) Civil Docket, Landa v. Ross, No. 2005-M1-704121 (Ill. Cir. Ct. dismissed Mar. 24, 2005). 

6) Civil Docket, Resurgence Financial v. Ross, No. 2003-M1-114685 (Ill. Cir. Ct. judgment July 19, 

2004). 

7) Civil Docket, Ross v. Briele, No. 1995-I-007581 (Ill. Cir. Ct. judgment affirmed July 14, 1999).

8) Civil Docket, Ross v. Illinois, No. 1:00cv6818 (N.D. Ill. plaintiff’s motion denied Aug. 11, 2003). 

9) Civil Docket, Ross v. Tessar, No. 1989-M2-001731 (Ill. Cir. Ct. judgment Nov. 16, 1989). 

10) Civil Docket, Ross v. United States, No. 1:04cv4210 (N.D. Ill. appeal docketed Jan. 21, 2005). 

11) Civil Docket, Streamline Capital v. Ross, No. 2003-M1-148751 (Ill. Cir. Ct. order Nov. 29, 2004). 

12) Coen, J., & Heinzmann, D. (2005, March 11). Police: DNA matches; Top cop says evidence, 

suicide notes solve Lefkow slayings. Chicago Tribune, p. C1.

13) Coen, J., & Heinzmann, D. (2005, March 12). Killer’s life scoured for missing evidence. 

Courant.com. 

14) Coen, J., & Heinzmann, D. (2005, March 23). Lefkow killer’s suicide note reveals his hatred, 

plotting. Chicago Tribune, p. C1.

15) Cohen, S. (2005, March 10). Suspect in judge murder case held grudge against government. 

The Associated Press.

16) Complaint at Law, Ross v. United States, No. 1:04cv4210 (N.D. Ill. June 23, 2004). 

17) Dardick, H., & Sadovi, C. (2005, March 11). Decade of despair boiled over to paranoia. Chicago 

Tribune, p. C1.

18) Excerpts from federal lawsuits filed by Ross. (2005, March 11). The Associated Press State & 

Local Wire.

19) Heinzmann, D., Dardick, H., & Coen, J. (2005, April 3). Ross’ threats not heeded; Legal system 

was unfazed by repeated ‘warnings’ of Lefkow killer. Chicago Tribune, p. C1.

20) Higgins, M. (2005, March 11). Real threats tough to spot. Chicago Tribune, p. C21.

21) Ignoring Bart Ross’ threats. (2005, April 11). ChicagoTribune.com. 
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22) Inskeep, S. (Host). (2005, March 11). Chicago police say they have conclusive evidence that 

Bart Ross murdered Judge Lefkow’s family. Morning Edition [Radio Transcript]. Washington, 

DC: National Public Radio. 

23) Jennings, P. (Host). (2005, March 10). Break in the case; New evidence in federal judge case. 

World News Tonight with Peter Jennings [Television Transcript]. New York, NY: ABC News. 

24) Korecki, N. (2005, November 20). Lefkow family’s killer drafted letter to cardinal: Part 

confession, part plea for help, it may never have been sent. Chicago Sun Times, p. A3.

25) Matthews, C. (Host). (2005, March 10). Hardball for March 10, 2005, MSNBC. Hardball with 

Chris Matthews [Television Transcript]. New York, NY: NBC News. 

26) McCarthy, B. (2005, March 14). Lefkow killer tracked in ’99; Ross sent ‘odd letters’ to attorney 

general. Chicago Tribune, p. 1.

27) Motion for Appointment of Counsel, Ross v. United States (N.D. Ill. June 23, 2004). 

28) Olbermann, K. (Host). (2005, March 10). Countdown for March 10, 2005, MSNBC. Countdown 

with Keith Olbermann [Television Transcript]. New York, NY: NBC News.

29) Oppenheim, K. (2005, March 11). Revenge likely motive in judge killings case. CNN.com. 

30) Piscia, J. (2005, March 14). Former acquaintances show little surprise Ross is suspect in 

slayings. Copley News Service.

31) Police: Wisconsin death has Lefkow tie. (2005, March 10). ChicagoTribune.com. 

32) Ross’ letter to NBC-Channel 5. (2005, March 11). Chicago Tribune, p. C-20.

33) Ross v. Briele, 714 N.E.2d 533 (Ill. Sup. Ct. 1999).

34) Ross v. Illinois, No. 01-4281, 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 20780 (7th Cir. Sep. 26, 2002).

35) Ross v. Illinois, 537 U.S. 1192 (2003).

36) Ross v. Illinois, 538 U.S. 995 (2003).

37) Ross v. United States, No. 04 C 4210, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27363 (N.D. Ill. July 6, 2004).

38) Spak, K., & Filas, L. (2005, March 11). A twisted rage; After DNA match, letters, police say 

electrician was the lone killer. Chicago Daily Herald, p. 1.

39) St. Clair, S., & Burnett, S. (2005, March 11). Cancer, paranoia, and then revenge. Chicago 

Daily Herald, p. 1.

40) Susteren, G. V., & Goldblatt, J. (Host & Contributor). (2005, March 10). Analysis of latest 

developments in case of murder of federal judge’s family. Fox on the Record with Greta Van 

Susteren [Television Transcript]. New York, NY: Fox News Network. 

41) Wilgoren, J. (2005, March 11). In suicide note, bitter plaintiff says he killed judge’s family. The 

New York Times, p. A-1.