J-S13023-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JUSTIN WADE SWEITZER 

Appellant

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1008 MDA 2019

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 22, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s): 

CP-67-CR-0005655-2018

BEFORE: STABILE, J., DUBOW, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED APRIL 22, 2020

Appellant, Justin Wade Sweitzer, appeals from the Judgment of 

Sentence entered on May 22, 2019, after a jury convicted him of one count 

each of Simple Assault (Bodily Injury Attempted) and Resisting Arrest.1 He 

challenges the denial of his Motion in Limine in which he sought to exclude a 

derogatory comment he made post-arrest regarding his wife, the victim in this 

case. After careful review, we conclude that the trial court erred in admitting 

Appellant’s derogatory statement about the victim. However, we conclude the 

error was harmless in light of the evidence supporting Appellant’s convictions. 

Accordingly, we affirm.

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2701(a)(1) and 5104, respectively. The trial court convicted 

Appellant of one count of Harassment. 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(1).
J-S13023-20

- 2 -

We glean the underlying facts from the trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) 

Opinion and the certified record. On August 22, 2018, the victim called York 

County Emergency Services to report that Appellant was drunk, had thrown a 

bottle at her, and slammed a car door on her. When Officer Andrew Neff of 

the Lower Windsor Township Police Department arrived at the home, Appellant 

was in the backyard. Officer Neff noticed Appellant was intoxicated and 

instructed him to put his hands behind his back. Appellant instead walked 

away. Officer Neff followed him and attempted to handcuff him, but Appellant 

ran off yelling and screaming. When Officer Neff caught up with him, he took 

Appellant down to the ground as Appellant flailed his arms, rolled back and 

forth, and kicked his legs, despite Officer Neff’s instructions to stop. Police 

officers arrested Appellant and informed him of his Miranda2rights before 

putting him into the back of the police car so they could speak with the victim. 

The victim described the dispute to the officers, stating that Appellant 

was drunk, and she did not want him driving her car. She also told them that 

Appellant had slammed the car door on her and threw a water bottle at her. 

The victim later submitted to the police officers a written statement describing 

the incident.

The Commonwealth charged Appellant with the above crimes.3

____________________________________________

2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

3 The Harassment and Simple Assault charges were both based on Appellant’s 

physical actions toward the victim. See Criminal Information, filed 10/22/18.
J-S13023-20

- 3 -

While en route to the police station, Appellant continued to yell and 

scream, stating that he had not slammed the door on the victim, but admitting 

that he did throw the water bottle at her. He also stated, “That’s what I get 

for marrying a n****r.”

On May 22, 2019, just before the commencement of trial, Appellant’s 

counsel moved in limine to exclude Appellant’s racist statement, arguing that

the statement was more prejudicial than probative. See N.T. Trial, 5/22/19, 

at 5-6. The Commonwealth argued that the statement showed Appellant’s

mindset at the time of the crimes and is indicative of consciousness of guilt. 

Id.

4

 Appellant’s counsel responded that the statement could be redacted to 

“That’s what I get.” Id. at 6. The court rejected that suggestion and denied 

Appellant’s Motion in limine. The trial proceeded.

At trial, the victim testified for the Commonwealth under subpoena, 

stating that she was Appellant’s wife and they had been married 21 years. 

When asked about the incident in question, the victim could not remember 

some of the events she conveyed to police. She testified that she could only 

remember that Appellant had wanted her car keys and she did not want to 

give them to him because he had been drinking. Id. at 80. Even after 

reviewing her written police statement on the stand, which included 

allegations that Appellant had slammed the car door on the victim and threw 

____________________________________________

4 Relevantly, Simple Assault requires the Commonwealth to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the defendant took a substantial step towards causing 

bodily injury. 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1).
J-S13023-20

- 4 -

a water bottle at her, the victim then insisted that all she could remember 

from that night was that she cleaned out her car to give Appellant the keys 

and then he did not want to take them. Id. She testified on cross-examination 

that she was not injured that night. Id. at 82.

Officer Neff testified regarding (1) his response to the radio call of a 

physical domestic altercation at Appellant’s home; and (2) Appellant’s fleeing 

and resisting arrest. He also testified that he saw the water bottle, with some 

undetermined amount of liquid in it, that the victim said Appellant had thrown 

at her. 

Also, after the court overruled Appellant’s objection, Officer Neff read 

the victim’s written statement into the record. In the statement, the victim 

stated that when she refused to give Appellant her car keys, Appellant got 

angry and called her names, and that when she went out to her car to clean 

it, Appellant slammed the car door on her, threw a plastic water bottle at her, 

and yelled and cursed at her. Officer Neff also testified that after Appellant

was removed from the victim’s presence, placed in the back of the police car, 

Mirandized, and en route to the police station, Appellant said, “That’s what I 

get for marrying a n r.” Id. at 106.

The jury found Appellant guilty of Simple Assault and Resisting Arrest.

5

 

Appellant waived a presentence investigation. The court sentenced him to 3 

____________________________________________

5 The court found Appellant guilty of the summary offense of Harassment.
J-S13023-20

- 5 -

to 23 months’ incarceration for Simple Assault (Bodily Injury Attempted), and 

a consecutive term of 12 months’ probation for resisting arrest.6 

Appellant timely appealed and filed an ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

Statement, raising 5 issues. The trial court responded with a Rule 1925(a) 

Opinion. 

In his brief, Appellant seeks review of just one issue:

Whether the trial court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to 

adduce Justin Wade Sweitzer’s statement “[T]hat’s what I get for 

marrying a n** **r,” because the statement was irrelevant and 

extremely prejudicial.

Appellant’s Brief at 4. 

Appellant challenges the court’s denial of his Motion in limine seeking to 

exclude Appellant’s racist statement. “We review a challenge to the denial of 

a motion in limine under an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard.”

Commonwealth v. Hitcho, 123 A.3d 731, 747 (Pa. 2015). A “trial court has 

broad discretion to determine whether evidence is admissible, and a trial 

court's ruling regarding the admission of evidence will not be disturbed on 

appeal unless that ruling reflects manifest unreasonableness, or partiality, 

prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support to be clearly erroneous. If 

the evidentiary question is purely one of law, our review is plenary.” 

____________________________________________

6 The court merged the sentence for the Harassment conviction and ordered 

Appellant to pay costs and perform 25 hours of community service.
J-S13023-20

- 6 -

Commonwealth v. Belani, 101 A.3d 1156, 1160 (Pa. Super. 2014) (internal 

quotation marks and citations omitted).

Our rules of evidence provide that, except as provided by law or rule,

only relevant evidence is admissible. Pa.R.E. 402. “Evidence is relevant if: 

(a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be 

without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the 

action.” Pa.R.E. 401. “However, although a court may find that evidence is 

relevant, the court may nevertheless exclude the evidence if its probative 

value is outweighed by the likelihood of unfair prejudice.” Hitcho, supra at 

747; Pa.R.E. 403. “Thus, in exercising its discretion, the trial court must 

balance the evidentiary value of the evidence against the potential dangers of 

unfairly prejudicing the accused, inflaming the passions of the jury, or 

confusing the jury.” Hitcho, supra at 747-48(citations, quotation marks, and 

brackets omitted).

Appellant argues that the court erred in allowing the jury to hear that 

he referred to his wife using that derogatory, racist term while he was en route

to the police station. He contends that the statement “is both irrelevant and 

explosively prejudicial,” and “shed[s] no light on whether [Appellant] intended 

to cause bodily injury, or to ‘harass, annoy or alarm.’” Appellant’s Brief at 14-

15. He further asserts that “[g]iven its prejudicial nature, the erroneously 

admitted statement likely figured in [Appellant’s] convictions.” Id. at 17.

The trial court summarily addressed the instant challenge as follows:
J-S13023-20

- 7 -

This [c]ourt agrees with defense counsel’s assessment that 

[Appellant’s] statement was highly offensive, but disagrees that it 

lacked probative value. The statement was made by [Appellant] 

unsolicited and is evidence of [Appellant’s] state of mind on the 

evening of the incident and could aid the jury in determining 

[Appellant’s] intent towards the victim.

Trial Ct. Op., dated 8/28/19, at 9. 

We agree with the trial court that the use of “n****r” is “highly 

offensive.” It is also undeniably inflammatory and, thus, highly prejudicial. 

We disagree, however, with the court’s conclusion regarding the statement’s

probative value.

The uncontradicted evidence shows that Appellant made the derogatory

statement to the police while he was in the back of the police car, away from 

the victim, and after the commission of the acts comprising the charged 

crimes. Simple Assault and Resisting Arrest require the formation of intent 

prior to or during the commission of the crimes, not after the crime. While a

derogatory statement made after the commission of a crime could show a 

general animosity toward the object of the crime, it does not necessarily show 

the intent to commit the specific crime charged. See generally Quarles v. 

United States, 139 S.Ct. 1872, 1877 (2019) (discussing timing of intent 

requirement in context of ”remaining-in” burglary statute); Commonwealth 

v. Alston, 651 A.2d 1092, 1094 (Pa. 1994) (noting that “intent may be 

inferred from actions as well as words[, but that] the actions must bear a 

reasonable relation to the commission of a crime”); Commonwealth v. 

Russell, 460 A.2d 316, 320 (Pa. Super. 1983) (noting that crime of attempt 
J-S13023-20

- 8 -

definition is “with the intent to commit the crime, a person takes a substantial 

step toward the commission of the crime.” (emphasis added)). See also 18 

Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1) (defining Simple Assault as, inter alia, “attempts to 

cause or intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing, bodily injury”); 18 

Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(1) (defining Harassment as “strikes, shoves, kicks or 

otherwise subjects the other person to physical contact, or attempts or 

threatens to do the same”).

The derogatory statement at issue here, made after the commission of 

the crime, is not relevant to show Appellant’s intent at the time he committed 

the Simple Assault and Harassment offenses charged. See Criminal 

Information, filed 10/22/18. Accordingly, the statement had no probative 

value in the context of proving Appellant intended to cause bodily harm to the 

victim. We, thus, conclude the trial court erred in admitting the prejudicial 

statement.

However, we also conclude that the admission of the statement was 

harmless error. “In the event of an erroneous admission of evidence, a verdict 

can still be sustained if the error was harmless. An error is harmless if it could 

not have contributed to the verdict[.]” Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 130 

A.3d 697, 716 (Pa. 2015) (citation omitted).

Our Supreme Court has found error harmless where: “(1) the error did 

not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice was de minimis; (2) the 

erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other untainted 
J-S13023-20

- 9 -

evidence which was substantially similar to the erroneously admitted 

evidence; or (3) the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt 

was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was so insignificant 

by comparison that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.” Id.

at 716 (citations omitted). 

Here, the jury convicted Appellant of Simple Assault, Resisting Arrest, 

and Harassment. Our crimes code provides, in relevant part, that an individual 

commits the offense of Simple Assault if the evidence shows he attempted to 

cause bodily harm. 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1). That is, the Commonwealth must 

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant took a substantial step 

towards causing bodily injury. “The Commonwealth need not establish the 

victim actually suffered bodily injury; rather, it is sufficient to support a 

conviction if the Commonwealth establishes an attempt to inflict bodily 

injury. This intent may be shown by circumstances, which reasonably suggest 

that a defendant intended to cause injury.” Commonwealth v. Martuscelli, 

54 A.3d 940, 948–49 (Pa. Super. 2012) (internal citations omitted).

A person will be convicted of Resisting Arrest where the Commonwealth 

proves that “if, with the intent of preventing a public servant from effecting a 

lawful arrest or discharging any other duty, the person creates a substantial 

risk of bodily injury to the public servant or anyone else, or employs means 

justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome the resistance.” 18 

Pa.C.S. § 5104. 
J-S13023-20

- 10 -

Our crimes code defines harassment, relevantly, as “with intent to 

harass, annoy or alarm another, the person [ ] strikes, shoves, kicks or 

otherwise subjects the other person to physical contact, or attempts or 

threatens to do the same.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(1).

Appellant contends that the court’s error was not harmless because, 

inter alia, “the evidence of guilt was not so overwhelming as to prevent the 

error from contributing to the verdict.” Appellant’s Brief at 17. We disagree. 

Our review of the trial transcript shows that the evidence presented, 

i.e., the victim’s testimony, her written statement, and the testimony of 

Officer Neff, demonstrated that there was a domestic dispute in which 

Appellant was drunk, yelled and screamed at the victim when she refused to 

give him her car keys, slammed the car door on her, and threw a water bottle 

at her, which caused her to call 911. The evidence also showed that when the 

police officer attempted to speak to Appellant, Appellant became belligerent, 

refused to cooperate with the officer, attempted to flee, and flailed and kicked 

when the officer attempted to handcuff him. 

The jury’s verdict reflects that it found the victim’s written statement 

and Officer Neff’s evidence more credible than the victim’s testimony that she 

did not remember what happened that night. That evidence sufficiently 

established each element of the crimes charged. Although the admitted 

statement was prejudicial, it is highly speculative to say that that statement 

alone caused the jury to convict Appellant when the evidence found credible 
J-S13023-20

- 11 -

by the jury overwhelmingly showed that Appellant committed the crimes 

charged. Accordingly, we affirm the Judgment of Sentence.

Judgment of Sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 04/22/2020