99.99 999 99.8
300;

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99 98 95908070 50 40 30 00s OC
I

— eo i
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based Layer ;

= 100 \, PALMA : 5
BS ‘ Winter =——— Spring ast ge
S SN <= Summer +++ Fall s
Sg = a)
z rl gq
= 4133
s 8
& 100) §
Ss &
& hers
S -200 . E
iS \ g
Ss. ie w
S  -300) Ne \ qi 8
8 AL 5
~
& i w
ts ~400) ye &§
& ERA w

“50 bs

600! 3

Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 2 30 40 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 998999 9999

Palma, Majorca

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

39-36 N, 02-42 E. 54 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000 and 1200Z (0000 and 1200 LST)
1/68 - 12/70
Note: Calculated refractivity gradient between surface and

next higher level. See text.

Analyzed by: Davis and Wagner, Environmental Technical Applications
Center, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
Temperature (°F): January 57/42; July 84/66

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 19.4; October, November 2.8; July 0.2

Located on southwest side of a large mountainous island (1405 sq. miles)
in the Mediterranean Sea; 145 miles east of the Spanish coast. A
maritime climate with mild winters and hot, dry summers.

95


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 99.9998 99 98 95 90 8 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 201 5 2 1.05 01
300; a
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /00 -meter Layer g
5 ;
= awl SEATTLE <
BS February ———May 4st ig
& TTT? PF Ty Poco August November g
So ao p
i = z
= 4133
%
iy >
= 7100 Ss
& x
3 fo §
$ 20 E
iS a
= 30 4, $
R
& &
& w
tS 7400) t
& G
50
600!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Seattle, Washington

47-27 N, 122-18 W. 130 meters

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1900 and 0700 LST)

8/52 - 5/57
Temperature (°F): January 44/33; July 76/54
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 33; July 52

Precipitation (inches): Annual 38.9; December 6.29; July 0.81

The station is located on a low north-south ridge between Puget Sound and

the Green River-White River valleys.
west, the Olympic Mountains about 50
tains about 40 - 50 miles east. The
by the nearby mountain ranges; there
in winter but summers are relatively

Puget Sound is about 2 miles to the
miles west, and the Cascade Moun-
maritime coastal climate is modified
is considerable cloudiness and rain
dry and mild with light winds.

100


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 989590 7 0 40 30 0 a
300; = =r

a oe Se cE ees me r
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
7 in the Ground-based /OO -meter Layer 5
= 100 + SAIGON : os
3 a X February ———May 487 e
S A “SEN August November §
S = i}
= Ss diss =
= -109 RRS g
g hy 3
is) : —L x
& ~. eR
 S -200 a
iS g
Ss. w
mz 700 +1
3 §
& w
& wo \ &
e Gy
~500} ,
r \

00!
oOo 0.4.2 5 1 2 5 10 20.30 40 50 6 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Saigon, Viet Nam
10-49 N, 106-40 E. 10 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 02002 (0900 LST): 8/52 - 8/53; 0100Z (0800 LST):

11/53 - 2/54; 0000Z (0700 LST): 5/54 - 11/54;
0300Z (1000 LST): 8/55 - 2/57

Temperature (°F): January 89/70; July 88/75
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 68; July 75
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 78.1; September 13.2; February 0.1

Located on the Saigon River; a port city about 60 miles from the South
China Sea. A humid, tropical monsoon climate.

97


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED

99.99 999998 99 989590 7D 50 40 30 20k SC
300; 7 | SS EE EE EE a
Cumulative Distribution of the
2001 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based /OO -meter Layer 5
= ind PORT LYAUTEY
3 February ———May 7
§ TW SNESOY TTT Td hm August ‘November
S 9 =e }
BS 4133
s 100)
Q
8 BN do
g
 S 200)
»
iS
> .
= -309 Y +1
3
&
0 WH
& 7
|
500 \

00 H
oO 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 70 80 9 95 98 99 gaaga9 9999
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S EXCEEDED

Port Lyautey (Kenitra), Morocco

34-18 N, 06-36 W. 12 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500 LST

8/52 - 5/57
Temperature (°F): January 63/47; July 80/66
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 50; July 65

Precipitation (inches): Annual 23.9; December 5.53; July 0.00
Located about 10 miles from the Atlantic Ocean on a river in northwest

Morocco. A maritime temperature climate with warm, dry summers and
mild, wet winters.

96

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

Ol

Baie 99998 99 98_ 9590 OD 0 50 40 30 0S
=r cr

eS SE ee cae Pe T
Cumulative Distribution of the
200] Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00- meter Layer 5
= SAN JUAN :
a)
BS 4.67
$
Sq \
= 133
s -100)
&
3 40
S 200
»
& TS
s
S -300 |
; Scum
&
ts ~400)
&
~50(
600!
oO O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 3 40 50 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

San Juan, Puerto Rico

18-26 N, 66-00 W. 19 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (2300 and 1100 LsT)
1/51 - 5/57
0000 and 12002 (2000 and 0800 LST)
6/57 - 12/57

Temperature (°F): January 81/70; July 86/76

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 68; July 74

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 68.0; August 7.42; March 2.23

Located on the northeast coast of a large island (3423 sq. miles) and
surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean and San Juan Bay. A tropical marine

climate in the easterly trade wind belt.

99

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
we 999998 9998959087 0 40 30 0S SC
x — a

rt
Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer ;

= cd OAKLAND
3 February ———May 4s
§ POONER TTT on August ‘November
s Q _ I
= arene 4133
S -100 :
&
g 40
S 209
x
S
> .
= 730 1
8 ‘
1-409
&

~501

600!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 7 8 9 95 98 99  ga8gag 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Oakland, California

37-44 N, 122-12 w. 6 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1900 and 0700 LsT)
8/52 - 8/54

0300, 0900, 1500, 21002
11/54 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 55/41; July 73/56
Mean Dewpoint '(°F): January 41; July 53
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 17.9; January 3.83; July (Trace)

Located on the east side of San Francisco Bay, with prevailing westerly
winds off the Pacific Ocean. A mild maritime climate, with rainy
winters and cool and dry summers. Often cloudy in the mornings during
the summer.

91

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
a 999998 99: 98S 9590 80D 50 40 30 200 OS
=a 1 I

Al

— — I cI
Cumulative Distribution of the
200} Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !0O-meter Layer 5
= SAN DIEGO [
3 February ——— May 481
= ——:— August November
S$ 0
= == 4133
E PR.
= 100 +R
Q ~S N
iS = do
& 2 “TS!
» &, \ \
iS = q
= -309 “A =F
R \ 41
S a
z
& \
% ~400
&
“5 "
- \
t
~600! LL
O 0.1.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE /S EXCEEDED

San Diego, California

32-44 N, 117-10 W. 9 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde. 0300 and 1500Z (1900 and 0700 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 65/45; July 77/63

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 45; July 61

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 10.4; February 2.15; July 0.01

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

Located near San Diego Bay, with prevailing winds off the Pacific Ocean.

A mild maritime climate, with cool dry summers and relatively mild

winters. Night and early morning low cloudiness is common in spring and

summer, and there is considerable fog in winter.

98


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
Bie 999998 99-98-9590 7 0 50 40 30 20 DSO OS
—— T

a =
Cumulative Distribution of the
2001 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer 5

=, OSTERSUND
BS N February ———May Be
S lel al = August ++ --November || |
S 0} = 0
2 = 4133
S 100} T
8
z o
& 7200)
»
Ss
S .
= 300} 4-1
x
&
15-409
&

500)

600!

oO 051.2 5 | 2 5 1 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 908999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Ostersund, Sweden

63-11 N, 14-37 E. 309 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0200Z (0300 LST)
2/57
0000z (0100 LST)
5/57 - 5/62
Temperature (°F): January 26/15; July 67/50
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 18; July 50
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 20.6; August 3.0; February 0.8

Located on Lake Storsjon in north-central Sweden. A cool, primarily
maritime climate.

94

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
a 999998 99 98 9590S 8070 50 40 300k 5 St
———T I

Cumulative Distribution of the
Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
‘in the Ground-based 100-meter Layer

OKHOTSK

February ——— May
eo) August -----» November

200

100

1.33

109 ss

200}

~300}
|

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM
8
EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

~500}

600!
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10 20 3 40 50 6 7 80 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Okhotsk, Khabarovsk Territory, U.S.S.R.

59-22 N, 143-12 E. 7 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0200Z (1200 LsT)
2/53 - 2/57

0000 and 1200Z (1000 and 2200 LsT)
8/57 - 11/59

0000Z (1000 LsT)

2/60 - 5/61

Temperature (°F): January -6/-17; July 57/48

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 11.8; August 2.6; Dec., Jan., and
Feb. 0.1

Located on the northwest coast of the Sea of Okhotsk; the port is closed
by ice for more than half of the year. A cold, dry, continental climate.

93


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 gog998 99 «98959 80 0 50 40 0 0 SO
300 =F r

— a 5 Cr
Cumulative Distribution of the
200) Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
iN in the Ground-based /OO -meter Layer 5

= so \ ODESSA
3 . February ———May | [4st
S Baa ee ee es ee August November
Ss 9 ———— |
= . = = 133
S 100) 3
g
S Co
§ -200]
x
IS
> -
= 300) +1
x
e
7400
&

50

600! u
O 051.2 5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Odessa, Ukraine, U.S.S.R.

46-29 N, 30-38 E. 64 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0000Z (0200 LST)
5/53 - 2/57 and 2/60 - 11/60
0000 and 1200Z (0200 and 1400 LST)
8/57 - 11/59
Temperature (°F): January 28/22; July 79/65
Precipitation (inches): Annual 14.3; June 1.9; Feb., March 0.7
Located near the mouth of the Dneister River on Odessa Bay of the

northwest shore of the Black Sea. Steppe area. Moderate continental
climate; semi-arid.

92

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k