OCS Study 

MMS 96-0017 

NBS 96-01 

Northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : 

Data Search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography 

Appendix C: Geology 

AL. i Pensacola 

Mobile t F L ~ Tallahassee 

Panama City ~ ~. 

20m 

,Apalachicola '1 

4001 20m 

STUDY Cedar Key 

AREA 

¢o17, 

7 

oso o ~0-

3 0 -

% 

3 Tarpon 

Springs 

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior 

minerals management Service 

N BS National Biological Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Eastern Region 
OCS Study 

MMS 96-0017 

NBS 96-01 

Northeastern Gulf of Mexico 

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : 

Data Search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography 

Appendix C: Geology 

Compiler 

Science Applications International Corporation 

September 1996 

Prepared under NBS Contract 

1445-CT0009-95-002 

by 

Science Applications International Corporation 

Raleigh, North Carolina 27605 

Published by 

U.S . Department of the Interior U.S . Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service National Biological Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Eastern Region 
DISCLAIMER 

This report was prepared under contract between the National Biological 

Service (NBS) and Science Applications International Corporation . This report 

has been technically reviewed by the NBS and the Minerals Management Service 

(MMS), and has been approved for publication . Approval does not signify that 

the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the NBS or MMS, 

nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement 

or recommendation for use . It is, however, exempt from review and compliance 

with the MMS editorial standards . 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Extra copies of this report may be obtained from : 

U .S . Department of the Interior 

National Biological Service 

Eastern Region 

1700 Leetown Road 

Kearneysville, WV 25430 

Telephone : (304) 725-8461- x675 

U .S . Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

Public Information Unit (MS 5034) 

1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, LA 70123-2394 

Telephone : (504) 736-2519 or 

1-(S00)-200-GULF 

CITATION 

Suggested citation : 

Science Applications International Corporation . 1996 . Northeastern Gulf of 

Mexico Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Program : Data search and Synthesis, 

Annotated Bibliography . Geology . OCS Study NBS 96-01 and MMS 96-0017 . 

U .S . Dept . of the Interior, National Biological Service, Eastern Region, 

Kearneysville, WV and U .S . Dept . of the Interior, Minerals Management 

Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA . 83 pp . 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

Thanks are extended to Paul Blankinship whose knowledge of Papyrus was 

essential to integrating the results of the many different electronic search 

formats . Those from outside this project who made our job more manageable by 

locating and sending the requested electronic copies of existing 

bibliographies include : 

" Dr . Worth Nowlin and Maureen Reep, Texas A&M University 

" Dr . Allan Clarke, Florida State University 

" Steven Wolfe, Dept . of Environmental Regulation, State of Florida 

" Carla Langley, MMS 

" Michele Tetley, MMS 

" Rosalie Shaffer, NOAA/NMFS 

All the above are thanked for their efforts . A number of others went to 

considerable effort in locating and sending printed versions of existing 

bibliographies . They too are thanked . 
Alphabetic Index 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

I 

J 

K 

L 

M 

N 

O 

P 

R 

S 

T 

U 

V 

W 

Y 

Z 

Allen, H .H . and J .W . Webb . 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Ball, M .M . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Cameron, C .C . and P .C . Mory . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Davis, R .A., Jr . and A .C . Hine . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

Eckmayer, W.J . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

Faught, M . 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Garcia, A .W . 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Hagemeyer, R .T . 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 

Isphording, W .C . 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Jackson, R .B . 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

Kaul, L .W . 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

Lader, G .R . 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

Magoon, O .T . et al . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

Nester, R .D . and P .J. Warren . 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

Orhan, H . 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 

Palacas, J .G . et al . 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

Rakocinski, C .F . et al . 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

Saloman, C .H . 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

Tanner, W .F . 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 

Upchurch, S .B . 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

Van, W .S .J . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

Waddell, E . 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

Yobbi, D .K . 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

Zeh, T .A . 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 
Allen, H .H . and J .W . Webb . 1982 . Dredged Material Research . Notes, News, 

Reviews, etc . Volume D-82-3 . Influence of Breakwaters on Artificial 

Saltwater Marsh Establishment . NTIS . Washington, DC . 8 pp . 

Abstract . The U . S . Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) conducted 

a study to test the feasibility of artificially establishing saltmarsh on 

dredged material in a high-energy wind-driven wave climate . The U.S . Army 

Corps of Engineers District, mobile, sponsored the study because they 

planned to plant saltmarsh grass along a dike on one side of a dredged 

material disposal island in Mobile Bay . Technical assistance and other 

support were provided through DOTS . The District planned to use the marsh 

grass primarily for erosion control on the dike, a practice demonstrated 

by numerous investigators . They also hoped that the saltmarsh would serve 

as wildlife habitat . The District considered whether or not marsh grass 

transplants could be established in the high wave-energy environment 

without protection . The alternatives were to plant marsh grass without 

protection or to erect some type of wave-stilling device and plant behind 

it . Various types of wave-stilling devices were considered for possible 

use in this situation . The WES and the District considered two 

breakwaters, a floating tire breakwater (FTB) and a fixed breakwater . 

Costs and labor requirements for both breakwaters seemed too high . This 

led to the decision to conduct a small-scale demonstration study where 

marsh grasses were planted without protection on a portion of the 

planting site . Later, marsh grasses were planted behind an FTB and a 

fixed breakwater to evaluate their effectiveness in protecting plants 

from waves . 

Allen, W .J . 1989 . Soil survey of Jefferson County, Florida . Prep . in coop . with 

Univ . Fla ., Inst . Food and Agric . Sci ., Agric . Exp . Stn . and Soil Sci . 

Dep ., and Fla . Dep . Agric . and Consum. Serv . US Dept of Agriculture, Soil 

Conservation Service . Washington, DC . 193 pp . 

Anon . 1972 . Channel From Apalachicola to Two Mile and Breakwater at Two Mile 

Apalachicola Bay, Florida . (Report No . : ELR-5370) Draft environmental 

impact statement . NTIS . Washington, DC . 18 pp . 

Abstract . The report describes the proposal for the project which will provide 

a new channel and breakwater at Two Mile, Florida. Channelization will be 

by hydraulic dredge . A summary of adverse and beneficial environmental 

effects is given . 

Anon . 1973a . Apalachicola Bay, Florida (Maintenance Dredging) . (Report No . : 

ELR-73-1543) Draft environmental impact statement . NTIS . Washington, DC . 

39 pp . 

Abstract . The project proposes to maintain the required depths of to feet in 

the St . George Island Channel and six feet in the East Point and Two Mile 

Channels as required . The St . George Island Channel normally requires 

annual maintenance dredging and the East Point and Two Mile Channels are 

on a five-year schedule . Spoil from the East Point and Two Mile Channels 

is in open-water sites, while spoil from the St . George Island Channel is 

used for beach nourishment . While maintaining capacity of the channels 

for efficient and safe movement of commercial and recreational 

navigation, the action will destroy a relatively small amount of benthic 

organisms on the affected channel bottoms and on open-water spoil 

disposal sites, and will temporarily increase turbidity and siltation 

near the dredge and the open-water disposal areas . The action may, if 

1 
uncontrolled in-water spoil disposal is employed, create sufficient 

levels of siltation and turbidity to be detrimental to the larvae and/or 

eggs of various aquatic species, and/or to the general productivity of 

the areas in the vicinity of the action . 

Anon . 1973b . Dredging, Santa Rosa Station, Santa Rosa Island, Florida . (Report 

No . : ELR-0239) Draft environmental impact statement . NTIS . Washington, 

DC . 

Abstract . The project provides for redredging of the channel at the U. S . Coast 

Guard Station, Santa Rosa, and containing the spoil within retaining 

levees constructed along the eroded shoreline in order to restore the 

shoreline to its more original condition . Significant environmental 

impacts in the project area are not anticipated . The eroded beach area on 

the station property will be restored by the dredge spoil . 

Anon . 1973c . East Pass Channel (Maintenance Dredging) Okaloosa County, Florida . 

(Report No . : ELR-73-1864) Prepared by Mobile District Corps of Engineers, 

University of Alabama Marine Science Program, and Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 

Ala . NTIS . Washington, DC . 33 pp . 

Abstract . The proposal is for a continuation of routine maintenance dredging of 

Federally authorized navigation project consisting of a 12 foot deep by 

180 feet wide channel for about 8000-9000 feet from the Gulf of Mexico to 

Choctawhatchee Bay through East Pass at Destin, Florida . A six foot deep 

by 100 foot channel from East Pass into old Pass Lagoon will also be 

maintained over a length of about 500 feet . The proposed action will 

provide an adequate channel for pleasure and commercial watercraft . 

Temporary degradation of water quality, coast line alteration, minor loss 

of invertebrates, and environmental enhancement is expected for Old Pass 

Lagoon and Choctawatchee Bay. 

Anon . 1973d . Escambia River-Escambia Bay, Florida (Maintenance Dredging) . 

(Report No . : ELR-73-1863) Draft environmental impact statement ; Prepared 

by Mobile District Corps of Engineers, University of Alabama Marine 

Science Program, and Dauphin Island Sea Lab ., Ala . NTIS . Washington, DC . 

39 pp . 

Abstract . The proposal is to maintain channel dimensions of 10x100 feet from 

the 10 foot contour in Escambia Bay to Escambia River, mile 7, a total 

distance of 12 .5 miles . Maintenance dredging is normally required about 

every two years . All spoil will be placed on upland sites . The proposed 

action will provide capacity of the channel for efficient and safe 

movement of commercial and recreational navigation . Routine maintenance 

removes accumulations of sludge and other materials from the channel . 

Natural production of vegetation and wildlife will be periodically 

disrupted by the spoil disposal operations . 

Anon . 1973e . Port St . Joe Harbor, Florida (Maintenance Dredging) . (Report No . : 

ELR-73-1202) Draft environmental impact statement ; Prepared in 

Cooperation with Environmental Engineering, Inc ., Gainesville, Fla . NTIS . 

Washington, DC . 28 pp . 

Abstract . It is proposed to maintain the required depths in the entrance 

channel and the inner harbor channels in St . Joseph Bay, Florida . All 

spoil material will be placed in diked areas on land . While maintaining 

the capacity of the channels for efficient and safe movement of 

2 
commercial and recreational navigation, the action will result in the 

destruction of benthic organisms in the channel bottoms and a temporary, 

limited increase in turbidity near the dredge . 

Anon . 1973f . Proposed Maintenance Dredging of the Channel from U.S . Coast Guard 

Santa Rosa Station Mooring to Navigable Watershed in Pensacola Bay . 

(Report No . : ELR-73-2010) Final environmental impact statement ; 

Supersedes report no . EIS-FL-73-0239-D . Coast Guard District (8th) . New 

Orleans, LA. 23 pp . 

Abstract . The proposed project provides for maintenance dredging of the channel 

from the moorings at the U.S . Coast Guard Station Santa Rosa to navigable 

waters in Pensacola Bay, FL . The channel is 12 feet deep by 100 feet wide 

and about 300 yards long . Redredging of the channel will insure safe 

operation of Coast Guard boats to carry out search and rescue missions, 

pollution surveillance and enforcement operations, and aids to navigation 

maintenance . Disposal of the spoil behind retaining levees along the 

beach will restore the shoreline to its more original condition. 

Temporary increase in turbidity near the dredging operations will have 

minimal effects on the environment . 

Anon . 1976 . Dredged Material Research . Notes, News, Reviews, Etc ., Volume D-76-

8 . NTIS . Washington, DC . 6 pp . 

Abstract . The major section in this note describes work unit 4E02, designed to 

test the efficacy of establishing seagrass meadows on dredged material 

placed in subtidal situations . As a part of 4E02, shoal grass was 

transplanted from one location in St . Joseph Bay, Florida (above), to a 

barren dredged material substrate nearby . The article describes newly 

initiated Task 4E : Aquatic Habitat Development . Also included is a brief 

discussion of interim guidelines published for implementation of section 

404(b)(1) of Public Law 92-500 (Federal Water Pollution Control Act 

Amendments of 1972) . 

Anon . 1978a . Aeromagnetic map of part of the Pensacola, 1 degrees by 2 degrees 

quadrangle, Florida . US Geological Survey . Magnetic Survey Map . Map OF 

78-0716 . Scale 1 :250,000 . 

Anon . 197Bb . Aeroradioactivity map of part of the Apalachicola, 1 degrees by 2 

degrees quadrangle, Florida . US Geological Survey . Geophysical Survey 

Map . Map OF 78-0715 . Scale 1 :250,000 . 

Anon . 1978c . Aeroradioactivity map of part of the Pensacola, 1 degrees by 2 

degrees quadrangle, Florida . US Geological Survey. Geophysical Survey 

Map . Map OF 78-0717 . Scale 1 :250,000 . 

Anon . 1978d . Wetland Habitat Development with Dredged Material : Engineering and 

Plant Propagation . (Report No . : WES-TR-DS-78-16) Final rept ; Report on 

Dredged Material Research Program . Also available as Engineering Manual 

1110-2-5020 . NTIS . Washington, DC . 163 pp . 

Abstract . Marsh habitat development using dredged material as a substrate was 

shown by the Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP) to often be a 

feasible alternative to traditional dredged material disposal operations . 

This report synthesizes pertinent literature and research of the DMRP 

including six major marsh development field sites : Windmill Point in the 

James River, Virginia, Buttermilk Sound on the coast of Georgia: Bolivar 

3 
Peninsula in Galveston Bay, Texas ; Miller Sands, Columbia River, Oregon ; 

Drake Wilson Island in Apalachicola Bay, Florida ; and Salt Pond No .3, 

South San Francisco Bay, California . Guidelines for developing marsh 

habitat are presented: (a) planning the project in relation to the 

proposed site and project goals ; (b) engineering construction of the site 

including dredging operations ; (c) propagation, maintenance, and 

monitoring of the site as habitat, including potential problems that may 

be encountered ; and (d) costs . Emphasis is placed on two major areas : 

engineering and plant propagation . Engineering aspects and design of 

potential sites are discussed and include protective and retention 

structures, substrate and foundation characteristics, dredging 

operations, and elevation and drainage requirements . Phases of plant 

propagation are detailed in the text tables : selecting plant species for 

the site, collecting and storing plant materials, selecting a propagule 

type, planting the site, maintaining and monitoring the site, pilot 

studies, costing the work, and allowing natural colonization . 

Anon . 1979a . Hurricane Frederic, Aug 29 - Sept 13, 1979 . (Natural disaster 

survey rept) . NOAA-80070708 

Abstract . Hurricane Frederic, with winds reaching 145 mph, moved over Dauphin 

Island (near the mouth of Mobile Bay) and inland just west of Mobile, 

Alabama, between 10 a .m . and 11 p .m . CDT on Wednesday, September 12, 

1979 . Storm tides of 8 to 12 feet above normal were reported from 

Pascagoula, Mississippi to western Santa Rosa Island, Alabama . The damage 

estimate of $2 .3 billion makes Frederic the costliest hurricane ever to 

hit the United States, exceeding the $2 .1 billion attributed to the 

widespread floods from Hurricane Agnes in 1972 . Based on information from 

preparedness officials, 250,000 persons were safely evacuated in advance 

of Frederic . It was the first hurricane to strike Mobile directly since 

1926 . 

Anon . 1979b . Land use and land cover, 1972-73, Apalachicola, Florida . US 

Geological Survey . Land Use and Land Cover Maps . Map L-0005 . Scale 

1 :250,000 . (Colored environmental geology map) . 

Anon . 1979c . Land use and land cover, 1972-74, Tallahassee, Florida ; Georgia ; 

Alabama . US Geological Survey . Land Use and Land Cover Maps . Map L-0015 . 

Scale 1 :250,000 . (Colored Environmental geology maps) . 

Anon . 1979d . Land use and land cover, 1973, Pensacola, Florida . US Geological 

Survey . Land Use and Land Cover Maps . 

Anon . 1981 . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium Annual Report for January 

1, 1980-June 30, 1981 . (Report No . : MASGP-81-024 ; NOAA-84060101 ; See also 

PB84-198894) . Sponsor : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Rockville, MD, Office of Sea Grant . NTIS . Washington, DC . 45 pp . 

Abstract . Contents : Environment research; Marine technology ; Legal studies ; 

Education; Advisory Services ; Publications ; The Program. 

Anon . 1984 . Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbon Resources in Coastal 

Alabama and Mississippi . (Report No . : COESAM/PD-EE-84-009) See also 

Executive summary, AD-A152 060 and Appendices, AD-A152 061 . NTIS . 

Washington, DC . 1006 pp . 

4 
Abstract . An analysis has been undertaken of the physical biological and 

socioeconomic effects of hydrocarbon exploration and production 

activities in coastal Alabama and Mississippi and adjacent Federal waters 

of the Gulf of Mexico . The analysis consists of two parts : effects and 

generic unit actions, and cumulative effects of postulated hydrocarbonrelated activities in the region over the next 30 years . Four subregions 

are considered in the analysis : the forested and seasonally-flooded 

Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, the shallow coastal estuaries of Mobile Bay 

and Mississippi Sound, and the Alabama and Mississippi state waters of 

the Gulf of Mexico . The main short-term adverse environmental effects 

would be turbidity resulting from well site and pipeline construction 

activities, and the temporary loss of habitat and biological productivity 

during pipeline construction and during the drilling period at well sites 

that are eventually abandoned as dry holes . Long-term adverse 

environmental effects include the reduction or loss of biological 

productivity and the alteration of habitat value at producing well sites 

and along wetland pipeline corridors, which would continue for many years 

until a well field is abandoned. 

Anon . 1994 . Pipeline carries potable water under Pensacola Bay . Public works . 

125(9) :48 . 

Abstract . Today, potable water flows underwater through one of the longest, 

large-diameter polyethylene pipelines in the US . Completed in April 1994, 

the line was installed for Florida's Escambia County Utilities Authority 

(ECUA) . The 3-1/2-mile, 24-in . diameter HDPE pipeline carries potable 

water from Wayside Park, Pensacola under Pensacola Bay to serve Pensacola 

Beach and eventually the city of Gulf Breeze and surrounding areas . 

Antoine, J .W . 1967 . Geophysical research in the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 7-8 . 

R .A . Geyer, ed . Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico ; progress report . 

Texas A&M University, Dept of Oceanography, College Station, TX . 

Anuskiewicz, R .J . 1987 . Preliminary archaeological investigations at Ray Hole 

Spring . pp . 416-418 . In Anon ., ed . Proceedings : Eighth annual Gulf of 

Mexico Information Transfer Meeting . Minerals Management Service, New 

Orleans, LA . (Eighth annual Gulf of Mexico information transfer meeting, 

New Orleans, LA, Dec . 1-3, 1987) . 

Arthur, J .D ., S . Melkote, J . Applegate and T .M . Scott . 1986 . Heavy Mineral 

Reconnaissance off the Coast of the Apalachicola River Delta, Northwest 

Florida . (No . 95) . (Report of Investigations) . Florida Geological Survey . 

Tallahassee . 61 pp . 

Abstract . A systematic examination of heavy mineral concentrations and 

granulometry along the inner continental shelf of the northeastern Gulf 

of Mexico . The study area extends from offshore of Apalachee Bay to 

offshore of Pensacola Bay. Granulometric techniques from Visher (1969), 

and Friedman (1961, 1962) are used to support the fluvial origin of the 

sediments in the study area . These sediments have been transported to the 

shelf primarily by the Apalachicola River during low sea level stands of 

the Pleistocene . The heavy mineral suite represented in the study area 

indicates that the sediments were derived from the crystalline rocks of 

the southern Appalachians but are presently contributed from a reworked 

offshore sediment source . 

5 
Arthur, J .D ., S . Melkote, J . Applegate and T .M . Scott . 1989 . Heavy-mineral 

reconnaissance off the coast of the Apalachicola River delta, northwest 

Florida : A summary and new interpretations . Mar . Geol . 90(1-2) :51-57 . 

Abstract . Two hundred and fifty sediment samples were collected for heavymineral and textural analysis along the northwest Florida coastline from 

approximately 24 km offshore of Apalachee Bay to the same distance 

offshore of Pensacola Bay . The heavy-mineral suite characterizing 

sediments within this region consists of opaque minerals, kyanite, 

staurolite, tourmaline, zircon and rutile . Minor constituents of this 

suite include epidote, sphene, amphibole, sillimanite, garnet and 

leucoxene . The average heavy-mineral concentration within these sediments 

is approximately 0 .12 wt . % . Specifically, the 2 to 3 phi grain-size 

interval contains an average of 0 .51 wt . ~, whereas the 3 to 4 phi 

interval contains an average of 4 .39 wt . ~ heavy minerals . Note that the 

3 to 4 phi interval typically represents only 4% of the sample volume . 

There is a general westward increase in heavy-ineral concentrations 

throughout the study area . Superimposed on this regional trend, areas of 

maximum heavy-mineral concentration occur within sediments offshore of 

St . George and Santa Rosa Islands . The primary source of sediments in the 

region is the crystalline rocks of the southern Appalachians . 

Granulometric analyses of these sediments reveal a westward increase in 

values of sample meangrain size, and decrease in standard deviation, and 

percent fines . It is postulated from these data, in addition to the 

interpretation of sample grain-size distributions, skewness, and 

kurtosis, that these inner continental shelf sediments are primarily 

fluvial in origin . These sediments have been transported to the shelf by 

the Apalachicola and surrounding major rivers during Pleistocene low sealevel stands . Data also indicate evidence of reworking by coastal or 

marine offshore wave processes . 

Ball, M .M . 1983 . Destin Dome and the West Florida Shelf . U .S . Geol . Surv . Prof . 

Pap . P 1375 :111 . US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 

Ball, M .M . 1989 . Continental dynamics in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Florida 

and the western Florida shelf) . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 21(6) :282 . 

Dymek, Robert F ., Shelton, Kevin L . Geological Society of America, 1989 

annual meeting, St . Louis, MO, Nov . 6-9, 1989 . 

Ball, M .M . and N .K . Soderberg . 1989 . Multichannel seismic-reflection profiles 

collected in 1979 aboard M/V Seismic Explorer on the western Florida 

shelf . U .S . Geol . Surv . Open-File Rep . OF-89-0157 :3 . US Geological 

Survey, Denver, CO . 

Ball, M .M ., R .G . Martin, J . Leinback and D . Taylor . 1987a . Reflection seismic 

measurements on the western Florida shelf . pp . 5-6 . In F .J .M .R . 

Maurrasse, ed . Symposium on South Florida geology, Memoir of the Miami 

Geological Society, Volume 3 . (Memoirs of the Miami Geological Society, 

3) . Miami Geological Society, Miami, FL . (Symposium on South Florida 

geology, Coral Gables, FL, Mar . 31-Apr . 2, 1983) . 

Ball, M .M ., N .K . Soderberg, D .R . Nichols, B .T .F . O', J .E . Dodd and B .J . Irwin . 

1987b . Multichannel seismic-reflection profiles collected in 1982 aboard 

R/V Gyre Cruise G8212, on the western Florida shelf . U .S . Geol . Surv . 

Open-File Rep . :4 . U . S . Geol . Surv ., Denver, CO . 

6 
Ball, M .M ., R .G . Martin, R .Q . Foote and A .V . Applegate . 1988 . Structure and 

stratigraphy of the western Florida shelf ; Part I, Multichannel 

reflection seismic data . U.S . Geol . Surv . Open-File Rep . 88-0439 :1-60 . 

Balsillie, J .H . 1975 . Analysis and interpretation of littoral environment 

observation (LEO) and profile data along the western panhandle coast of 

Florida. U.S . Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Memorandum . 49 :104 . 

Abstract . A 100-mile segment of the Florida panhandle coast was studied, from 

St . Andrew Bay to Pensacola Bay. Includes information on beach profiles, 

longshore transport and currents, winds and storms . 

Balsillie, J .H . 1985a . Calibration aspects for beach and coast erosion due to 

storm and hurricane impact incorporating event longevity . (No 85-1) 

(Beaches and Shores Technical and Design Memo .) . Florida Department of 

Natural Resources . Tallahassee, FL . 38 pp . 

Balsillie, J.H . 1985b . Long-term shoreline change rates for Gulf County, 

Florida - a first appraisal . (No . 85-3) (Beaches and Shores Special 

Report) . Florida Dept of Natural Resources . Tallahassee, FL . 42 pp . 

Balsillie, J.H . 1987 . Nearshore profiles : geometric prediction, spatial and 

temporal sampling adequacy . (87-2) (Beaches and Shores Technical and 

Design Memo) . Florida Department of Natural Resources . Tallahassee, FL . 

102 pp . 

Banks, J .E . and M .E . Hunter . 1973 . Post-Tampa pre-Chipola sediments exposed in 

Liberty, Gadsden, Leon and Wakulla Counties, Florida . Transactions of the 

Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies . 23 :355-363 . 

Barackman, M .A . 1964 . A study of the mineral glauconite in Apalachicola Bay, 

Florida ; its distribution, mode of occurrence and source . Master's 

Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Barr, D .E ., L .R . Hayes and T . Kwader . 1985 . Hydrology of the southern parts of 

Okaloosa and Walton Counties, Northwest Florida, with special emphasis on 

the upper limestone of the Floridan Aquifer . USGS Water Res . 

Investigations . WRI 84-4305 :66 . US Geological Survey ; Reston, VA . 

Baxter, H . and S . Baxter . 1979 . Suwannee River coral . Gems Miner . 497 :3 . 

Beatty, G .F . 1977 . The study of lineaments and fracture traces and correlation 

to springs along the Suwannee River from Mayo, Florida, to Branford, 

Florida . Master's Thesis . Univ . of Florida, Gainesville, FL . 

Bedford, K .W ., O . Wai, P . Velissariou, R . Van Evra and J. Lee . 1991 . Fine 

material entrainment and flux at a shallow-water dredged mound . pp . 260-

264 . IM Marine Technology Society, ed . Proceedings . 1991 Marine 

Technology Society (MTS '91) . An Ocean Cooperative : Industry, Government, 

and Academia ; New Orleans convention Center, Nov 10-14, 1991 . Marine 

Technology Society, Washington, DC . 

Abstract . High speed acoustic sediment concentration profile measurements were 

made along with turbulence resolving current meter data at a dredged 

material placement site south of Mobile Bay, Alabama in the Gulf of 

Mexico . The response of the bottom sediment to tides, wind driven 

7 
currents, wind waves and bottom topography is summarized in this article . 

The first portion of the record is dominated by traditional wave and 

current sediment distributions and was weakly depositional . The second 

portion was marked by longshore flow reversal and bathymetry-induced 

upwelling. The advective upwelling dominated turbulent flux and settling 

creating a strong resuspension flux . Available theoretical models will 

not handle this type of transport . Further, the bathymetric enhanced 

erosion and mobility should be minimized . 

Bedosky, S .J . 1986 . Accumulation rates and sediment sources in Apalachicola 

Bay, Florida . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 18(3) :211 . 

Bedosky, S .J . 1987 . Recent sediment history of Apalachicola Bay, Florida . 

Master's Thesis . Florida State Univ ., Tallahassee, FL . 247 pp . 

Berger, R .C . and R .A .J . Boland . 1979 . Mobile Bay Model Study : Report 2 : Effects 

of Enlarged Navigation Channel On Tides, Currents, Salinities and Dye 

Dispersion, Mobile Bay, Alabama ; Hydraulic Model Investigation . (Report 

No . : WES-TR-H-75-13-2) U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, 

Mobile, Alabama . NTIS . Washington, DC . 251 pp . 

Abstract . This report is the second in a series of reports on the results of 

model tests on the Mobile Bay model . Report 1 covers the verification and 

effects of proposed Theodore Ship Channel and Disposal Areas on tides, 

currents, salinities, and dye dispersion . Model tests in this report 

(Report 2) were chiefly designed to determine the impact of widening and 

deepening of the navigation channels and the accompanying dredged 

material disposal islands on tides, currents, salinities, and dyedispersion patterns in Mobile Bay . The test results consist of comparable 

measurements of tide heights, current velocities, salinities, and dyedispersion patterns for existing and proposed conditions . There was very 

little change in the tide heights in the bay for any plan . In general, 

for all plans an increase in maximum velocity occurred at stations in the 

low-velocity regions (the central region of the channel) and essentially, 

no change or a slight reduction in maximum velocity occurred at stations 

in the high-velocity regions (the upper and lower reaches) . Enlargement 

of the channel seemed to be the dominant cause of salinity changes in the 

bay. All the plans generally raised the average salinity of the upper 

(north) bay and lowered the average salinity in the lower (south) bay . No 

plan maintained status quo (change at 0 .5 ppt or less) in all four 

critical oyster-bed areas for area-average salinity or average bottom 

salinity . 

Berrigan, M.E . 1988 . Management of oyster resources in Apalachicola Bay 

following Hurricane Elena . J . Shellfish Res . 7(2) :281-288 . Coastal 

Resource Management and Shellfishing : a Global Perspective . Selected 

Papers from an International Conference Held At Hofstra University, 

Hempstead, New York, August 1987, Int . Conf . of Coastal Resource 

Management and Shellfishing : A Global Perspective, Hempstead, NY (USA), 

Aug 1987 . 

Abstract . The Florida Department of Natural Resources conducted resource 

assessments following Hurricane Elena (September 1985) to determine the 

storm's impact on commercially valuable oyster reefs along Florida's 

northern Gulf Coast . The Apalachicola Bay system, Franklin County, was 

identified as most severely damaged. Oyster production was reduced to 

8 
levels that would not support commercial harvesting . A comprehensive 

management plan was developed to protect surviving resources, mitigate 

economic hardship, and promote resource recovery . 

Betzer, P .R ., M .A . Peacock and R .R . Jolley . 1978 . Trace metals in suspended 

matter and zooplankton of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico MAFLA survey, 

1976-78 . BLM Contract No . AA550-CT7-34 . Bureau of Land Management . USA . 

50 pp . 

Birdsall, B.C . 1978 . Eastern Gulf of Mexico, continental shelf phosphorite 

deposits . Master's Thesis . University of South Florida, Tampa, FL . 87 pp . 

Bishop, E .W . 1983 . Geomorphology of the Apalachicola River valley . pp . 56-60 . 

Zm W . Schmidt, ed . Cenozoic geology of the Apalachicola River area, 

Northwest Florida - Field Conference Guidebook (Tallahassee) vol . 25 . 

Fla . Geol . Surv ., Tallahassee, FL, United States . 

Boone, P .A . 1973 . Depositional systems of the Alabama, Mississippi and western 

Florida coastal zone . Trans ., Gulf Coast Assoc . Geol . Soc . 23 :266-277 . 

Abstract . The northeastern Gulf of Mexico, from the Mississippi River to DeSoto 

Canyon, is a complex of interrelated dynamic depositional systems . 

Fluvial- deltaic, estuarine, barrier-island and marine-shelf systems 

characterize this part of the Gulf . The Pearl, Pascagoula, and Mobile 

fluvia-deltaic systems are major sources of sediment in the area . This 

complex is similar to that of the Texas coastal zone, but specific 

facies, geometry, and spatial relations differ . Recognition of these 

aspects of the Alabama, Mississippi, and western Florida coastal-zone 

depositional systems is an important consideration in planning and 

developing a petroleum exploration program . 

Brandon, D .L . 1991 . Long-term evaluation of plants and animals colonizing 

contaminated estuarine dredged material placed in both upland and wetland 

environments . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, 

Miscellaneous Paper D-91-5 . Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS . 

Brenneman, L. 1957 . Preliminary sedimentary study of certain bodies in the 

Apalachicola Delta. Master's Thesis . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Brooks, D .A. 1975 . Wind-forced continental shelf waves in the Florida current . 

Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Miami, Miami, FL . 281 pp . (DAI 36/OSB, 

p .3842 ; AAC7604680) . 

Brooks, G .R . 1990 . Geologic setting . pp . 7-39 . la N .W . Phillips and K .S . 

Larson, eds . Synthesis of available biological, geological, chemical, 

socioeconomic and cultural resource information of the South Florida 

area . (OCS Study) . Continental Shelf Associates, Jupiter, FL . 

Brooks, G .R . and L .J . Doyle . 1991 . Geologic development and depositional 

history of the Florida Middle Ground ; a mid-shelf, temperate-zone reef 

system in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . pp . 189-203 . Za R .H . Osborne, 

ed . From shoreline to abyss ; contributions in marine geology in honor of 

Francis Parker Shepard . (46) (Society of Economic Paleontologists and 

Mineralogists, Special Publication) . SEPM, USA . 

9 
Brooks, G .R . and C .W . Holmes . 1989 . Modern configuration of the Southwest 

Florida carbonate slope ; development by shelf margin progradation . GSA 

Abstracts with Programs . 21(6) :195 . Geological Society of America, 1989 

annual meeting, St . Louis, MO, Nov . 6-9, 1989 . 

Brooks, J .M . and G .A . Wolff . 1991 . Mississippi-Alabama Continental Shelf 

Ecosystem Study Data Summary and Synthesis . Final Report . Vol . 3 . Part 1 

(Appendices A-D) . Minerals Management Service . New Orleans, LA . 999 pp . 

Abstract . Biological, physical, chemical, and geological characteristics were 

studied in a series of five cruises between March 1987 to March 1988 

along three north-south transects across the continental shelf of 

Mississippi and Alabama . Four stations in depths of approximately 50, 

100, 150 and 200m were sampled along each of these transects . Side-scan, 

ROV, and underwater color photographs and video data were collected 

around topographic features in the study area . Subbottom profiler records 

indicate that the shelf edge is built upon delta-front forest beds that 

were truncated by erosion during the last low stand of sea level in the 

Pleistocene . Topographic features constructed on top of these sediments 

were generally of three classes : (1) pinnacles ; (2) linear ridges ; and 

(3) enigmatic features . Sediments contained a mixture of biological and 

petroleum hydrocarbons . Biological hydrocarbons were predominantly plant 

biowaxes with a possible minor planktonic input . Petroleum hydrocarbons 

were present as polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAH), a complete suite of 

n-C, and an unresolved complex mixture . Sediment PAH's on the shelf are 

on average six times lower than PAH's analyzed in sediments in adjacent 

bays . High hydrocarbon concentrations were generally at the seaward ends 

of the transects between the 100 and 200 m isobaths with stations closest 

to the delta containing the highest concentration of hydrocarbons . 

Sediments varied greatly in iron and trace metal content, but the 

variations seem to be largely the result of natural variability in grain 

size and mineralogy. Deep water sediments were more enriched in iron and 

trace metals than those in shallow water, but all were typical of 

unpolluted Gulf of Mexico shelf sediment . Satellite data positioned 

fronts associated with the Loop Current, warm core eddy, warm intrusions 

reaching into the region from the top of the Loop, warm intrusions from 

the Loop, and a cold ridge extending southward from the study area . 

Biological studies showed polychaetes were the dominant benthic 

macroinfauna taxon, both in numbers of species and numbers of 

individuals . No species appeared to dominate the community . There were no 

discernible patterns of diversity or abundance that could be attributed 

to inshore-offshore or east-west gradients . The largest numbers of 

species collected in the macroepifauna samples were at stations in 100m 

depths and the largest numbers of individuals were collected at the 150 

and 200m stations . Demersal fish trawls sampled 2,839 specimens 

representing 98 species and 37 families . 

Brown, L .R ., A .A . de la Cruz, M .S . Invester, J .P . Stout and C .T . Hackney . 1979 . 

Evaluation of the Ecological Role and Techniques for the Management of 

Tidal Marshes on the Mississippi and Alabama Gulf Coast . NOAH . Report No . 

MASGP-78-044 :245 . 

Abstract . Several management tools (i .e . fire, harvest and fertilization) were 

considered in this study, and their effects on the structure and 

productivity of the vegetation, on decomposition and microbial processes, 

and on the benthic faunal community were investigated . Two marsh 

10 
communities each in St . Louis Bay, Mississippi and Dauphin Island, 

Alabama were utilized during 1977 and 1978 to evaluate these tools on the 

productivity of both above ground (leaves and stems) and below ground 

(rhizomes and/or roots) portions of Juncus roemerianus, Spartina 

alterniflora and S . cynosuroides . 

Bryant, W . R ., J . Lugo, C . Cordova and A. Salvador . 1991 . Physiography and 

bathymetry . pp . 13-30 . In A . Salvador, ed . The Gulf of Mexico Basin . 

Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO . 

Burnson, T . and J .R . Cameron . 1983 . Hydrogeologic overview and water use in 

Suwannee River Water Management District . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 

15(2) :47 . 32nd annual meeting, Southeastern Section, Geological Society 

of America ; with the Southeast Section of the National Association of 

Geology Teachers and the Southeastern Section of the Paleontological 

Society ; Tallahassee, FL, United States ; March 16-18, 1983 . 

Byrnes, M .R ., R .A . McBride, S . Penland, M .W . Hiland and K . Westphal . 1991 . 

Historical changes in shoreline position along the Mississippi Sound 

barrier islands . pp . 43-55 . In Coastal Depositional Systems in the Gulf 

of Mexico . (Proceedings of the 12th Annual Research Conference ; Gulf 

Coast Section SEPM) . 

Cameron, C .C . and P .C . Mory . 1977 . Mineral resources of the Bradwell Bay 

Wilderness and the Sopchoppy River Study Area, Wakulla County, Florida . 

U .S . Geological Survey Bulletin . B 1431 :37 . 

Abstract . Studies related to wilderness, wilderness areas, with a section on 

phosphate by Cathcart, J.B . and a section on sand by Geraci, P.J . 

Campbell, K .M . 1984 . A geologic guide to the state parts of the Florida 

panhandle coast . Florida Department of Natural Resources, Florida 

Geological Survey Leaflet . 13 :23 . 

Campbell, K .M . 1986 . St . Vincent Island (St . Vincent National Wildlife Refuge), 

Florida . pp . 351-353 . .1a T .L . Neathery, ed . Southeastern Section of the 

Geological Society of America ; Centennial field guide . Vol . 6 . Geol . Soc . 

Am ., Boulder, CO . 

Campbell, M.G .S . 1991 . Sediment acute toxicity testing utilizing short-teen 

bioassays . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Florida, United-States . 171 

PPCaputo, M., V, R .B . Jackson, K .A . Kramer and D .E . Kramer . 1990 . Coastal and 

eolian sedimentation, northern Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas ; diversified 

studies in sedimentary geology . The Compass . 67(4) :248-262 . 

Cecil, T .M . 1983 . Variability of bottom nepheloid layers near the Flower Garden 

Banks, Gulf of Mexico . Master's Thesis . Texas A&M University . 139 pp . 

Ceryak, R. 1981 . Significance of the Cody Scarp on the hydrogeology of north 

central Florida . pp . 24-29 . 7,u Anonymous, ed . Karst hydrogeology and 

Miocene geology of the Upper Suwannee River basin, Hamilton County, 

Florida - Field Conference Guidebook (Tallahassee) vol . 23 . 

11 
Ceryak, R ., M .S . Knapp and T . Burnson . 1983 . The geology and water resources of 

the Upper Suwannee River basin, Florida . (Report of Investigations -

Florida, Bureau of Geology vol . 87) . Florida Geological Survey . 

Tallahassee, FL . 165 pp . 

Champion, R .W . 1985 . Design and construction -- Theodore Ship Channel . pp . 1-

12 . Za R .W . Champion and J .B . Herbich, eds . Proceedings of the eighteenth 

dredging seminar (including some papers presented at WEDA VII), October 

16, 1985, Portland, Oregon (held in conjunction with western Dredging 

Association annual meeting, WEDA VII) . (Rep . Tex . A&M Univ . Sea Grant 

Program, CDS Rep . No . 284 . Grant NA85AAA-D-SG128) . Texas A&M Univ . Sea 

Grant College Program, College Station, TX . 

Abstract . Environmental impacts, greater technological capabilities and 

improved evaluation techniques make the disposal of large quantities of 

dredge material more complex and involved . Also, a marked decrease in the 

number of available upland disposal areas has become more evident as the 

U .S . coastline becomes more populated, mandating accurate forecasting 

techniques to be used in the selection of dredge disposal sites . This 

paper summarizes methods used in the planning, design, and construction 

of the Theodore Ship Channel and the disposal island (Gaillard Island) in 

Mobile Bay. 

Chandler, R .V . and J .D . Moore . 1983 . Fresh ground water resources of the 

Dauphin Island area, Alabama . Geologic Survey of Alabama . Circular No . 

109 :95 . 

Abstract . This report results from a study of the fresh ground-water resources 

of Dauphin Island, Alabama. The purposes of the study were to assess the 

fresh ground-water regime of the Dauphin Island area in terms of 

geometry, hydrogeology, and water-quality degradation caused by saltwater encroachment and to provide information useful in the future 

management of the fresh-water resources of the area . An inventory of 

water wells and test wells was conducted to determine the number, 

distribution, and location of the wells and to collect information 

related to depth, construction, yield, water level or artesian head, use, 

and hydrogeologic unit tapped by each well . Water samples were collected 

from selected water wells and test wells and analyzed for selected 

physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters . A limited testdrilling program and geophysical surveys were conducted to obtain 

subsurface information . 

Clark, D .R . 1987 . Sedimentology and depositional environments of a hazardous 

waste site in the sand and gravel aquifer of Escambia County, Florida . 

Master's Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 178 pp . 

Clark, D .R, and J .F . Donoghue . 1987 . Sedimentary environments of the northwest 

Pensacola Bay area, Florida -- effect on ground-water movement in a 

contaminated surficial aquifer . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 19(2) :79 . 

Clark, J . 1976 . Barrier Islands and Beaches . Technical Proceedings of the 1976 

Barrier Islands Workshop Held in Annapolis, Maryland on May 17-18, 1976 . 

NOAA Office of Coastal Zone Management . NOAA-76121608 :160 . Sponsor : 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, MD, Office of 

Coastal Zone Management, Washington, DC . 

12 
Abstract . The technical papers presented during the scientific sessions on the 

first day of the 1976 Barrier Islands Workshops, held on May 18th and 

19th at Annapolis, Maryland are reported. Titles of papers are : Barrier 

Islands as significant ecosystems ; Comparative ecology of East Coast 

Barrier Islands--hydrology, soil, vegetation; The wildlife resources of 

Barrier Islands; The national interest in Barrier Islands and beaches--

natural resource values ; Barrier Islands as natural storm dependent 

systems; Barrier Beachfronts ; Environmental considerations and the 

management of Barrier Islands--St . George Island and the Apalachicola Bay 

System; Barrier Island preservation--the Virginia Coast reserve system ; 

Critical area designation--the coastal zone soup bowl ; The Florida 

critical area program--ideas for Barrier Island protection ; Barrier 

Islands, Barrier Beaches, and the National flood insurance program; and 

aesthetic and recreational factors in Barrier Island planning . 

Clark, R .R . 1990 . Beach conditions in Florida . (Beaches and Shores Technical 

and Design Memo, 89-1) . Florida Dept of Natural Resources . Tallahassee, 

FL . 

Clarke, D . and T . Miller-Way . 1992 . Environmental Assessment of the Effects of 

Open-Water Disposal of Maintenance Dredged Material on Benthic Resources 

in Mobile Bay, Alabama . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways 

Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Paper . WES/MP/EL-D-92-1 :173 . 

Abstract . Investigations were conducted to assess the spatial and temporal 

extent of impacts on benthic resources caused by open-water disposal of 

maintenance dredging materials in Mobile Bay, Alabama . Sediment profiling 

imagery was used in conjunction with conventional benthic grab samples to 

determine boundaries of a dredged material overburden and its effects on 

benthos immediately after disposal and at intervals of several months 

thereafter . Substantial effects were observed in terms of reduced benthic 

biomass, reduced redox potential discontinuity depth, and altered surface 

sediment relief . All effects were confined to within 1,500 m of the 

discharge point, and recovery of the benthos occurred within 12 weeks . 

Bay-wide surveys of benthic habitats yielded little evidence of 

cumulative effects of open-water disposal on benthic communities . 

Detected differences in benthic community parameters can be attributed to 

natural physical processes within the estuary, such as wind-driven 

circulation and sediment resuspension and prevailing salinity gradients, 

and do not appear to be present as a consequence of maintenance dredging 

open-water disposal practices . 

Clarke, D .G ., J . Homziak, R .L . Lazor, M .R . Palermo and G .E . Banks . 1990 . 

Dredging Operations Technical Support Program : Engineering Design and 

Environmental Assessment of Dredged Material overflow from Hydraulically 

Filled Hopper Barges in Mobile Bay, Alabama . WES/TR/HL-90-4 ; AD A227913 . 

U .S . Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station . Vicksburg, MS . 354 pp . 

Abstract . Barge overflow was investigated as a cost-effective option for future 

dredging needs in Mobile Bay, Alabama . Tests of hopper barge loading 

characteristics with overflow operations were conducted in Mobile Bay. In 

theory, overflow would allow denser materials to settle within the barge 

while less dense materials were shunted overboard . Increased density of 

barge-held materials would then translate to cost savings via a reduced 

requirement for transport to a distant approved disposal site . Thus, one 

major objective of the study was an engineering evaluation of equipment 

13 
performance during the tests . A second major objective was to obtain 

field data for an assessment of the environmental consequences of 

overflow . In support of both objectives, modeling studies were performed 

to simulate overflows that would be associated with routine dredging 

operations . Eight separate tests were conducted. Three tests occurred at 

a site in lower mobile Bay, and five tests at an upper bay site . Three 

tests (one lower bay, two upper bay) involved dredging in maintenance 

materials, and five tests (two lower bay, three upper bay) involved new 

work or deepening materials . 

Cleveland, M .A . 1983 . A history of the inhabitants along the Apalachicola 

River . pp . 85-95 . Im W . Schmidt, ed . Cenozoic geology of the Apalachicola 

River area, Northwest Florida - Field Conference Guidebook (Tallahassee) 

vol . 25 . Fla . Geol . Surv ., Tallahassee, FL . 

Clewell, A .F . 1983 . Vegetational overview of the Apalachicola River area . pp . 

71-84 . Zn W . Schmidt, ed . Cenozoic geology of the Apalachicola River 

area, Northwest Florida - Field Conference Guidebook (Tallahassee) vol . 

25 . Fla . Geol . Surv ., Tallahassee, FL . 

Coe, C . 1979 . The economic geology of the Citronelle Formation in Escambia and 

Santa Rosa counties, FL . Master's Thesis . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Continental Shelf Associates . 1990 . Synthesis of available biological, 

geological, chemical, socioeconomic, and cultural resource information 

for the South Florida area . (OCS Study; NIIMS 90-0019) Minerals Management 

Service . Tysons Corner, VA . 

Continental Shelf Associates . 1991 . Southwest Florida nearshore benthic habitat 

study narrative report . Minerals Management Service, Gulf OCS Rpt . No . 

MMS-89-0080 . 

Copeland, R .E . 1981 . Mature karst features in north central Florida. pp . 9-14 . 

Anon ., ed . Karst hydrogeology and Miocene geology of the Upper 

Suwannee River basin, Hamilton County, Florida - Field Conference 

Guidebook (Tallahassee) vol . 23 . (Southeast . Geol . Soc .) . 

Copeland, R .E . 1982 . Identification of groundwater geochemical patterns in the 

western portion of the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida . 

Special Publications - Georgia Southwestern College . 1 :19-29 . 5th 

southeastern groundwater conference, Americus, GA, United States, Nov . 

12-13, 1981 . 

Corso, W ., J .A. Austin and R .T . Buffler . 1989 . The early Cretaceous platform 

off northwest Florida : Controls on morphologic development of carbonate 

margins . Mar . Geol . 86(1) :1 . 

Coultas, C .L . 1980 . Soils of marshes in the Apalachicola, Florida estuary . Soil 

Science Society of America Journal . 44(2) :348-353 . 

Crane, J.J . 1980 . The origin of the railroad embankment of Cape San Blas, 

Florida . pp . 491-538 . In W.F . Tanner, ed . Shorelines, past and present -

Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology No . 5 . Vol . III . 

14 
Crane, J .J . 1986 . An Investigation of the geology, hydrogeology, and 

hydrochemistry of the lower Suwannee River Basin . Florida Geological 

Survey, Report of Investigations . 96 :205 . Florida Geological Survey, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Abstract . The purposes of this study were two-fold : (1) to conduct a unified 

comprehensive investigation of the hydrogeology of a basin located in a 

carbonate terrain ; and (2) to collect baseline data to determine the 

present state of the Lower Suwannee River system for future comparisons . 

This study defines the geologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the 

Lower Suwannee River Basin, Florida . These data were utilized in an 

interpretation of how geologic characteristics of the basin influence 

groundwater conditions and how groundwater and surface waters interact . 

This research is believed to be the first basin study that incorporates 

multivariate factor analysis and uranium disequilibrium methodology as an 

integral part of a carbonate basin study . All of the area within the 

Lower Suwannee River Basin is underlain by limestones and dolomites . 

Except for the portion of the basin covered by Miocene and younger sands 

and clays, these deposits lie at or near the surface . Solution of the 

carbonates has resulted in the development of a karst plain . Examination 

of 222 sets of well cuttings, 67 sets of auger samples and six cores 

permitted the construction of geology cross sections that show the Ocala 

Group limestones and, to a lesser extent, the Suwannee Limestone as the 

major lithologic components of the Upper Floridan aquifer . Utilizing 

R-mode factor analysis and correlation coefficient analyses, it was 

possible to distinguish water samples from wells completed into a 

surficial aquifer from those completed into the Floridan aquifer . Three 

water masses were delineated in the Upper Floridan aquifer utilizing the 

same analyses . Analyses for uranium parameters were performed on water 

samples from 62 wells, 32 springs, and five river sites . Factor analysis 

showed an inverse relationship between the U-238 concentration and the U234/U-238 activity ratio ; however, the uranium parameters were not 

associated with any of the other parameters measured. The activity ratios 

for wells and springs ranged from 0 .39±0 .02 to 2 .57f0 .6o . The uranium 

concentrations ranged from less than 0 .02 parts per billion (ppb) to 

44 .8±0 .11 ppb . Generally, high ratio-low concentration values are 

associated with areas of very low to moderate recharge to the Floridan 

aquifer, whereas the low ratio-high concentration values are usually 

associated with areas of high recharge . The Lower Suwannee River is 

almost totally dependent on groundwater contributions for its flow . Both 

river hydrochemical data and the uranium disequilibrium results supported 

this conclusion . 

Crozier, G .F . 1976 . Mobile Bay Turbidity Plume Study . (Report No . : NASA-CR144331) Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium . Dauphin Island, 

Alabama . 44 pp . 

Abstract . Laboratory and field transmissometer studies on the effect of 

suspended particulate material upon the appearance of water are reported . 

Quantitative correlations were developed between remotely sensed image 

density, optical sea truth data, and actual sediment load . Evaluation of 

satellite image sea truth data for an offshore plume projects contours of 

transmissivity for two different tidal phases . Data clearly demonstrate 

the speed of change and movement of the optical plume for water patterns 

associated with the mouth of Mobile bay in which relatively clear Gulf of 

15 
Mexico water enters the bay on the eastern side . Data show that wind 

stress in excess of 15 knots has a marked impact in producing suspended 

sediment loads . 

Culter, J .K. and S . Mahadevan . 1982 . Long-term effects of beach nourishment on 

the benthic fauna of Panama City Beach, Florida . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report . 82-

2 :94 . 

Abstract . The long-term effects of beach nourishment on the benthic infauna and 

surface sediments of Panama City beaches were investigated . Forty-seven 

stations located on nine transects between West Pass and Philips Inlet, 

and two nourishment borrow sites were sampled in November-December 1979 

and May 1980 . The data collected were compared to prenourishment baseline information collected by Saloman (1976) .Abiotic parameters, water 

temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity were measured . Sediments were 

analyzed for particle-size distribution, percent organic carbon and 

percent carbonate . Benthic macroinvertebrates were represented by 162 

taxa of 14 major animal phyla . Species composition and faunal densities 

varied seasonally . Polychaetes and amphipods were the most abundant 

animal groups ; a small number of species were dominant at nearly all 

stations and highes offshore . Sediment composition was similar to that of 

Saloman's (1976) study within limits of sampling and processing errors . 

Faunal composition was found to be different from 1976 but was attributed 

to normal seasonal and spatial variations . Based on benthic community 

analyses and sediment parameters, no significant differences were found 

between nourishment borrow sites and surrounding areas and in the 

nearshore areas where beach nourishment was conducted . No long-term 

adverse effects of beach nourishment were detected . 

Davis, R .A ., Jr . and A .C . Hine . 1989 . Coastal and marine geology of the United 

States : Quaternary geology and sedimentology of the barrier island and 

marshy coast, west-central Florida, USA . pp . 38 . In P .M . Hanshaw, ed . 

Field trips for the 28th International Geological Congress . American 

Geophysical Union, Washington, DC . (Field trip guidebook T375, Mullet 

Key, Pinellas County to Crystal River, Florida, July 20-23, 1989) . 

Davis, R .A ., Jr ., A .C . Hine and E .A . Shinn . 1992 . Holocene coastal development 

on the Florida peninsula . pp . 193-212 . In J .F . Wehmiller and C .H . 

Fletcher, eds . Quaternary Coasts of the United States : Marine and 

Lacustrine Systems . (SEPM Special Publication No . 48) . SEPM, Tulsa, OK. 

Abstract . The Florida peninsula contains five distinct coastal sections, each 

resulting from its own spectrum of coastal processes and sediment 

availability during a slowly rising, late Holocene sea level . The east 

coast barrier system is wave-dominated and has a large cuspate foreland 

(Cape Canaveral) near its middle . The Florida Keys and reef tract 

represent the only coastal carbonate system in the continental United 

States . An open-marine mangrove coast characterizes the low-energy, tidedominated southwest part of the State . The central Gulf barrier system 

displays a mixed-energy morphology in a microtidal, low-energy setting. 

The open-coast marsh system of the Big Bend area that is north of the 

barrier system is also tide dominated, and is developed on a sedimentstarved carbonate platform . The oldest preserved coastal Holocene section 

is the Florida Keys area where, at about 6 to 8 ka, sequences accumulated 

during the Holocene . Most of the remainder of the peninsular coast is 

16 
characterized by terrigenous sequences less than 3 ka . The younger 

sequences accumulated almost exclusively from reworking of older strata 

without benefit of additional sediment supply from land . 

Deetae, S . 1986 . Release and transport of radium during weathering in central 

and North Florida . Ph .D . Dissertation. Florida State Univ ., Tallahassee, 

FL . 149 pp . 

Demirpolat, S . 1986 . River, wave and time factors in evolution of certain 

Panhandle Florida sands . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 18(3) :217 . The 

Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 35th Annual Meeting ; 

South-central Section, 20th annual meeting ; Memphis . Apr . 2-4, 1986 . 

Demirpolat, S . and W .F . Tanner . 1987 . Advanced grain size analysis and late 

Holocene sea level history . pp . 1718-1731 . In N .C . Kraus, ed . Proceedings 

of a Specialty Conference on Advances in Understanding of Coastal 

Sediment Processes - Coastal Sediments '87 . ASCE, New York, NY . 

Demirpolat, S ., W .F . Tanner and D . Clark . 1986 . Subtle mean sea level changes 

and sand grain size data . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 18(3) :217 . The 

Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 35th annual meeting ; 

South-central Section, 20th annual meeting ; Memphis, TN . Apr . 2-4, 1986 . 

Demirpolat, S ., W .F . Tanner, H . Orhan, S .A . Hodge and M .A . Knoblauch . 1989 . 

High-precision study of Florida shoreline changes . pp . 683-697 . Zn O .T . 

Magoon, H . Converse, D . Miner, L .T . Tobin and D . Clark, eds . Coastal Zone 

'89, Proceedings of the sixth symposium on coastal and ocean management . 

American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY . 

Deuerling, R .J ., Jr . 1980 . The fifty meter terrace west of the Apalachicola 

River . pp . 567-591 . In W .F . Tanner, ed . Shorelines, past and present 

Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology No . 5 . Vol . III . 

Diaz, R .J ., M . Luckenbach, S . Thornton, R .J . Livingston and C .C . Koenig . 1987 . 

Field validation of multi-species laboratory test systems for estuarine 

benthic communities . Sponsored by Environmental Research Lab . Gulf 

Breeze, FL . 91 pp . 

Abstract . The major objective of the project was to determine the validity of 

using multi-species laboratory systems to evaluate the response of 

estuarine benthic communities to an introduced stress . In a 5-year 

period, experiments in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, and the York River, 

Virginia, sought to develop criteria for microcosm tests to evaluate the 

capacity of microcosms to model natural communities in the presence and 

absence of pollution-induced stress, and assess the validity of 

extrapolating test results of one location to another . Individual species 

response patterns in the microcosms were highly variable and seldom 

showed good agreement with patterns in the field . Species richness in the 

microcosms and field sites showed good temporal agreement and provided a 

conservative indicator of community response to a toxic stress . 

Dinnell, S .P . 1988 . Circulation and sediment dispersal on the LouisianaMississippi-Alabama continental shelf . Ph .D . Dissertation . Louisiana 

State University, Baton Rouge, LA . 173 pp . 

17 
Dobson, L .M . and R .T . Buffler . 1991 . Basement rocks and structure, Northeast 

Gulf of Mexico . pp . 191-206 . jn D . Schumacher and N .C . Rosen, eds . 41st 

annual convention, Houston, TX, Oct . 16-18, 1991, Gulf Coast Association 

of Geological Societies . Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 

Austin, TX . 

Domning, D .P . 1989 . Fossil sirenians from the Suwannee River, Florida and 

Georgia . pp . 54-60 . Ja G .S . Morgan, ed . Miocene paleontology and 

stratigraphy of the Suwannee River basin of North Florida and South 

Georgia - Guidebook . Vol . 30 . Southeastern Geological Society . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1987a . Effects of major storms -- Hurricanes Elena and Kate --

on the sedimentology of the Apalachicola Bay system . Vol . IR-86-2 . 

Florida Sea Grant . Tallahassee, FL . 14 pp . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1987b . Rapid sediment infilling of a delta-estuary complex, 

Apalachicola Bay, Florida . EOS, American Geophysical Union Transactions . 

68(50) :1774 . .American Geophysical Union ; 1988 Ocean Sciences Meeting, New 

Orleans, LA, Jan . 18-22, 1988 . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1988 . Evaluation of sediment loading processes in the 

Apalachicola Bay, Florida . NOAA Tech . Memo . NOS-NEMD-17 :72 . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1989a . Modern and ancient valleys of the Apalachicola River and 

Estuary, Northwest Florida . pp . 231-248 . In W .F . Tanner, ed . Coastal 

Sediment Mobility, Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Coastal 

Sedimentology . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1989b . Sedimentary environments of inner continental shelf, West 

Florida . AAPG Bulletin . 73(9) :1183 . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1989c . Sedimentary environments of inner continental shelf, West 

Florida . The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin . 

73(9) :1183 . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1989d . Sedimentary environments of the inner continental shelf, 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association 

of Geological Societies . 39 :355-364 . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1991 . Late Quaternary deposition in the Apalachicola Embayment, 

northwest Florida coast . pp . 77-82 . Zn B .F . Perkins, ed . Coastal 

Depositional Systems in the Gulf of Mexico, Quaternary Framework and 

Environmental Issues . GCS-SEPM . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1993 . Late Wisconsinan and Holocene depositional history, 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Mar . Geol . 112(1-4) :185-205 . 

Abstract . High-resolution seismic surveys and sedimentologic studies in the 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico reveal multiple late Quaternary fluvial 

erosion surfaces . The Apalachicola River, largest river in the 

northeastern Gulf, incised a network of large channels which today lie 

buried 5-40 m beneath the present-day inner shelf and the estuary of the 

modern river . An abundance of coastal and estuarine borehole data enables 

the seismic records to be quantified to yield paleohydrologic 

information . The paleohydrologic data show that the Apalachicola was a 

18 
river of significantly higher discharge before the late Holocene, prior 

to migrating eastward to its present location . Available evidence 

indicates that the Apalachicola Delta began prograding in its present 

location at least 2000 years ago. Much of the near-surface sedimentologic 

and geomorphologic features of the inner shelf of the northeastern Gulf 

of Mexico, including perhaps the Florida Middle Ground reef tract, are 

the result of earlier episodes of migration and delta-building by the 

Apalachicola River . 

Donoghue, J .F . 1995 . Late Holocene sealevel change and delta migration, 

Apalachicola River region, Florida . J . Coast . Res . In Press . 

Donoghue, J .F . and M . Allard . 1987 . Heavy mineral reconnaissance on the 

northwest Florida shelf : Final Project Report to the Florida Bureau of 

Geology/US Minerals Management Service . Florida State University . 

Tallahassee, FL . 150 pp . 

Donoghue, J .F . and M . Allard . 1988 . Heavy mineral reconnaissance off the Gulf 

coast of northwest Florida : Report to the US Minerals Management Service 

on Cooperative Agreement No . 14-12-0001-30296 . Florida State University . 

Tallahassee, FL . 66 pp . 

Donoghue, J .F . and S .J . Bedosky . 1985 . Recent sediments of a delta-lagoon 

complex, Apalachicola River, Florida . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 

17(2) :89 . 

Donoghue, J .F . and M .B . Greenfield . 1991 . Radioactivity of heavy mineral sands 

as an indicator of coastal sand transport processes . J . Coast . Res . 

7(l) :189-201 . 

Abstract . Heavy mineral-rich beach sands, concentrated by wave and wind action, 

have been found to contain significant gamma radioactivity, due primarily 

to trace amounts of uranium and thorium found in monazite and zircon . 

Heavy mineral sands on the barrier islands ringing Apalachicola Bay in 

northwest Florida are detrital products of southern Appalachian 

crystalline rocks . Sand deposits within the shore zone are highly mobile, 

with observed radioactivity fluctuating by an order of magnitude within 

months . By combining field measurements with laboratory heavy mineral 

analysis and gamma spectrometry, bulk volume of heavy mineral-containing 

sand within a given area can be estimated; changes in measured 

radioactivity as a function of time and position can be used to describe 

sand redistribution patterns . 

Donoghue, J .F . and W .F . Tanner . 1992 . Quaternary terraces and shorelines of the 

panhandle Florida region . pp . 233-241 . .113 J .F . Wehmiller and C .H . 

Fletcher, eds . Quaternary Coasts of the United States : Marine and 

Lacustrine Systems, SEPM Special Publication 48 . SEPM, Tulsa, OK . 

Donoghue, J .F . and W .F . Tanner . 1994 . Effects of near-term sedimentologic 

evolution on the lifetime of estuarine resources . NOAA Tech . Memo . NOSSRD-27 :57 . 

19 
Donoghue, J .F ., M.B . Greenfield and R .J . Demeijer . 1988 . Measuring barrier 

island erosion and accretion, Northwest Florida, USA. EOS, American 

Geophysical Union Transactions . 69(44) :1238-1239 . AGU, 1988 Fall Meeting, 

San Francisco, CA, Dec . 6-11, 1988 . 

Donoghue, J .F ., S . Demirpolat and W .F . Tanner . 1990 . Recent shoreline changes, 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 22(4) :11 . 

Donoghue, J .F ., R .A . Davis, C .H . Fletcher and J .R . Suter . 1992 . Late Quaternary 

coastal and inner shelf stratigraphy, Apalachicola Delta region, Florida . 

Sediment . Geol . 80(3-4) :293-304 . 

Abstract . Since the beginning of the Tertiary the sedimentology of the Gulf of 

Mexico Basin has been dominated by the depositional activity of the 

Mississippi River . The sedimentologic influence of the Mississippi 

diminishes with distance east or west of the Louisiana shelf, however . 

The Texas and northwest Florida shelf margins, for example, are 

characterized by a series of smaller deltas . In the inner and mid-shelf 

areas of these regions the near-surface sedimentary units include 

infilled stream channels and small deltas . Such features are commonly 

observed in sub-bottom seismic records from the middle and inner shelf of 

the northeastern Gulf, along the Apalachicola River coast of northwest 

Florida . The Apalachicola River is the principal source of clastic 

sediment to the northeastern Gulf of Mexico . During the late Holocene 

virtually all of the river's sediment load has been deposited in the 

modern Apalachicola Delta and in the river's estuary . Apalachicola Bay, 

which has been filling rapidly . During the Quaternary lowstands, prior to 

the development of the modern estuary, the river traversed the presentday inner and mid-shelf, incising a network of channels . Based on seismic 

records, many of these buried shelf channels were considerably larger 

than their modern counterparts . During lowstands the Apalachicola River 

also deposited coarse sediment on the shelf as deltaic and associated 

river-mouth sediments . These deposits comprise the modern near-surface 

sediments of the inner and middle shelf . An investigation of subsurface 

sedimentary features observed in seismic profiles provides details on the 

late Quaternary development of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico shelf . 

Seismic reflection profiles obtained on the inner and mid-shelf regions 

of northwest Florida reveal an approximately 50 m thickness of late 

Quaternary sediments, comprised of two and sometimes three discrete 

clastic sequences . Two lower fluvial sequences total as much as 40-50 m 

in thickness . A transgressive marine sand deposit overlies the older 

features in some places, varying in thickness form 0 to 5 m . 

Identification of seismic facies, combined with stratigraphic data from a 

suite of coastal boreholes, enables correlation of offshore seismic 

stratigraphic units with late Tertiary and Quaternary coastal 

stratigraphy . 

Donoghue, J .F ., W .T . Cooper, D .W . Hess, L . Sullivan and A. Fievre . 1993 . 

Contaminant history of the sediments of Apalachicola Bay : Final Report to 

Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve (FDNR/NOAA) . Florida 

State University. Tallahassee, FL . 91 pp . 

Douglass, S .L . and P . Hinesley . 1993 . Dauphin Island, Alabama beaches: real 

decisions in the real world. pp . 172-185 . In Anon ., ed . Proceedings of 

the 8th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management . (New Orleans, LA, 

20 
Coastlines of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Zone : Proceedings of the 

Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management 1993) . ASCE, New York, NY, USA . 

Abstract . The beaches are important present-day concerns at Dauphin Island, 

Alabama . Several steps have recently been taken to address beach 

management problems . One, a group of local, state, and federal officials 

have met monthly for several years to discuss decisions concerning 

management of the east end of the island . Two, a planning study by 

several academic institutes developed an outline of a long-term 

management plan for the east end of the island . Three, a technical study 

of the coastal processes of the island quantified the erosion problem and 

made recommendations concerning the management of the beaches . The 

present and future island's development has been modified as a result of 

these activities . The implementation of several recommendations is 

underway but many decisions are still facing the island . 

Doyle, L .J . and T .N . Sparks . 1980 . Sediments of the Mississippi, Alabama, and 

Florida (MAFLA) continental shelf . J . Sediment . Petrol . 50(3) :905-916 . 

Abstract . The eastern Gulf (MAFLA) continental margin may be conveniently 

divided into two parts of opposing history and character . West of Cape 

San Blas lies the eastern limb of the Gulf Coast geosyncline whose 

surface expression is a clastic sand body, called the MAFLA Sand Sheet, 

grading westward into the muds of the Mississippi pro-delta . These 

sediments have a clay mineral suite dominated by smectite . East of Cape 

San Blas lies the West Florida Margin, a sequence of carbonate and 

evaporitic rocks which has been cut off from a major clastic source since 

Jurassic time . The surface expression of this sequence is the West 

Florida Sand Sheet, predominantly a patchy veneer of shell hash and 

foraminiferal, algal, and even oolitic sands which is subjected to 

periodic reworking by frontal system storms and hurricanes . Kaolinite 

dominates its clay mineralogy . Seaward of the carbonate sands lies the 

West Florida Lime Mud facies, slope sediments composed of planktonic 

foraminifera and coccoliths . Inshore of the carbonate sands and separated 

from them by a zone of mixed composition lies a mature quartz sand, which 

also makes up the beaches of Southwest Florida - West Florida shelf 

quartz sands appear to have been deposited at lower sea level stands and 

to have been transported back and forth with no net drift in a longshore 

current system which changes seasonally from north to south . Clay 

mineralogy in portions of the MAFLA region shows distinct changes in 

composition over a period of a year in the benthos and over periods as 

short as a few hours in the water column . These changes reflect 

contribution from two distinct provenances . Benthic variation probably 

results from occasional intrusion of smectite laden Mississippi River or 

Loop Current water into the eastern zone . Water column variation may be 

the result of seiching of the Gulf or the pulsing movement of kaolinite 

laden eastern shelf water to the west . 

Doyle, L .J ., D .C . Sharma, A .C . Hine, O .H . Pilkey Jr ., W .J . Neal, O .H . Pilkey 

Sr ., D . Martin and D .F . Belknap . 1984 . Living with the west Florida 

shore . Duke University Press . Durham, NC . 222 pp . 

Abstract . A study of shoreline management and hurricane protection along the 

west Florida coast, including Panama City Beach. 

21 
Dresler, P .V . and J .F . Elder . 1988 . Contamination, bioaccumulation, and 

ecological effects of creosote-derived compounds in the nearshore 

estuarine environment of Pensacola Bay, Florida . pp . A33-A37 . In S .E . 

Ragone, ed . US Geological Survey program on toxic waste-ground-water 

contamination . Proceedings of the Second Technical Meeting . (Open File 

Rpt . No . 86-0481) . US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 

Driskill, B .W . and J .A . Nunn . 1988 . Subsidence and thermal histories of 

Northeast Gulf of Mexico . AAPG Bulletin . 72(2) :180 . 1988 AAPG annual 

convention with DPA/EMD divisions and SEPM, an associated society, 

Houston, TX, Mar . 20-23, 1988 . 

Driskill, B .W ., J .A . Nunn and R . Sassen . 1988 . Tectonic subsidence, crustal 

thinning, and petroleum generation in Jurassic trend of Mississippi, 

Alabama, and Florida . The AAPG Bulletin . 72(9) :1111-1112 . 

Dunbar, J .S ., S .D . Webb and M . Faught . 1992 . Inundated prehistoric sites in 

Apalachee Bay, Florida, and the search for the Clovis shoreline . pp . 117-

146 . Zn L .L . Johnson and M. Stright, eds . Paleoshorelines and prehistory; 

an investigation of method. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL . 

Dustan, P., B .H . Lidz and E .A. Shinn . 1991 . Impact of exploratory wells, 

offshore Florida : a biological assessment . Bulletin of Marine Science . 

48(1) :94 . 

Eckmayer, W .J . 1980 . Restoration of Oyster Resources Lost in a Natural 

Disaster . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service . NOAA-80101007 :9 . 

Abstract . Following a severe spring flood and a hurricane in 1979, restoration 

of Alabama's oyster fishery by planting clam shell began on 2 May 1980 

and was completed on 14 June 1980 . Four oyster reefs (Cedar Point, Buoy, 

Kings Bayou and Sand reefs) in Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay, Alabama, 

totaling 792 .6 acres ; were planted with 123,000 .99 cubic yards of clam 

shell . The planting densities ranged from 99 .6 to 297 .3 cubic yards of 

clam shell per acre . 

Elder, J .F . 1985 . Nitrogen and phosphorus speciation and flux in a large 

Florida river wetland system . Water Resources Research . 21(5) :724-732 . 

Abstract . Hydrologic measurements and analyses of various nitrogen 

andphosphorus species were made on the Apalachicola River system in 

northern Florida in 1979 and 1980 . Annual outflows of total nitrogen (TN) 

and total phosphorus (TP) were not substantially different from annual 

inflows . However, there was significant net import of ammonia and soluble 

reactive phosphorus and net export of some particulate and organic 

species . The TN :TP ratio ranged from 12 to 15, but the specific ratio of 

dissolved inorganic nitrogen : reactive phosphorus was much higher (up to 

40) and increased in a downstream direction ; this contributed to 

aphosphorus-limiting situation in Apalachicola estuary . Processes within 

the flood plain ecosystem accounted for much of the release of organic 

and particulate species and retention of inorganic species . 

Elder, J .F . 1986 . Transport and variability of indicator bacteria in the 

Apalachicola River and estuary, Florida, 1983-84 . USGS Water Res . 

Investigations . WRI 85-4285 :29 . 

22 
Elder, J .F . 1987 . Modifications of nutrient transport during flow through a 

northern Florida river wetland system . pp . 345-349 . In R .C . Averett and 

D .M . McItnight, eds . Chemical quality of water and the hydrologic cycle . 

Lewis Publ ., Chelsea, MI . 

Elder, J.F . and D.J . Cairns . 1982 . Production and decomposition of forest 

litter fall on the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida. U.S . 

Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper . W 2196-B :42 . 

Abstract . The bottom-land hardwood forests of the Apalachicola River flood 

plain produced 800 grams of leaf litter per square meter per year in 

1978-80 . Decomposition rates of leaves vary among species and 

environmental conditions . Annual flooding on the Apalachicola River 

mobilizes a sizable fraction of the litter-fall detritus . The 

productivity of the estuarine food web in Apalachicola Bay is directly 

dependent on detritus output from the river . From New Publications of the 

Geological Survey, December 1982 . 

Elder, J .F . and P . Dresler V . 1984 . Creosote discharge to the nearshore 

estuarine environment in Pensacola Bay, Florida ; preliminary assessment 

of effects . pp . 85-93 . Sg H .C . Mattraw Jr . and B .J . Franks, eds . Movement 

and fate of creosote waste in ground water, Pensacola, Florida . (OF 84-

0446) (Open File Report) . US Geological Survey, Reston, VA . 

Elder, J .F, and H .C . Mattraw Jr . 1982 . Riverine transport of nutrients and 

detritus to the Apalachicola Bay Estuary, Florida . Water Resources 

Bulletin . 18(5) :849-856 . 

Abstract . The Apalachicola River basin in northwest Florida covers an area of 

3,100 square kilometers . Fifteen percent of the area is a dense bottomland hardwood forest which is periodically flooded. The annual leaflitter fall from the flood-plain trees is a potential source of nutrients 

and detritus which eventually can flow into Apalachicola Bay. Transport 

of such material is dependent on the periodic inundation of the flood 

plain. Flood characteristics, such as prior hydrologic conditions, 

extent, and timing, are important in determining the amount and forms of 

materials transported . The 1980 spring flood produced a fourfold 

discharge increase over the annual mean outflow of 800 cubic meters per 

second . Nutrient concentrations varied little with discharge, but the 86-

day spring flood accounted for 53, 60, 48, and 56 percent of the annual 

flux of total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, 

and total phosphorus, respectively . In 1980, the flood peaks, rather than 

rise or recession, accounted for maximum nutrient and detritus transport. 

Elder, J .F . and H .C . Mattraw Jr . 1983 . Carbon transport from forested wetlands 

in a large Florida river basin . (REPORT NO . : P 1375) . 190 pp . 

Elder, J .F ., S .F . Flagg and H .C . Mattraw Jr . 1988 . Hydrology and ecology of the 

Apalachicola River, Florida : a summary of the river quality assessment . 

USGS Water Supply Paper . 2196-D :46 . 

Abstract . During 1979-1981 the USGS conducted a large-scale study of the 

Apalachicola River in northwest Florida emphasizing the interrelations 

among hydrodynamics, the flood-plain forest, and the nutrient detritus 

flow through the river system to the estuary . Water and nutrient budgets 

based on data collected during the study indicate the relative importance 

of various inputs and outflows in the system . Analysis of long-term 

23 
records shows that upstream dam construction has had little effect on 

total annual flow, but has probably suppressed low-flow extremes (in 

addition to riverbed degradation and channelization) . Management 

decisions should take into account the impact of the natural flooding 

cycle . 

Emmerling, M.D . 1974 . The Recent beach sands of Dog Island, Florida. Master's 

Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Emmerling, M. 1975 . The recent beach sands of Dog Island Florida. Master's 

Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 137 pp . 

Enos, P . and R .D . Perkins . 1977 . Quaternary Sedimentation in South Florida . 

Geol . Soc . Am ., Mem. No . 147 :198 . 

Esry, D .H . 1989 . Pumping facility for harbor restoration . pp . 1512-1524 . 

Anon ., ed . Coastal Zone '89 : Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on 

Coastal and Ocean Management . (Charleston, SC, USA Conference Date : 1989 

Jul 11-14 ; Coastal Zone : Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and 

Ocean Management v 2 (of 5)) ASCE, New York, NY . 

Abstract . The initial field investigation indicated that the primary problem 

affecting the water quality of the two-mile long by 1,000-foot wide 

lagoon was poor circulation . The selected alternative, a pumping system, 

was superior in regard to costs, environmental impacts, and met with 

satisfaction by the permitting agencies as well as the local citizens . 

The NWFFmD prepared construction plans to install an off-shore intake 

structure, almost 2,000 linear feet of 84-inch pipe, and a pumping 

station capable of moving 50,000 gpm of salt water from the Gulf into the 

upper end of the lagoon . The pump is intended for operation only on the 

out going tide so as to simulate natural conditions . The 110 cfs of 

displaced lagoon water will merge by tidal action with the 40,000 cfs 

flowing from Choctawhatchee Bay into the gulf . The flow from the pump is 

projected to replace the water in the lagoon in approximately 17 days . 

Faught, M . 1987 . Some archaeological sites in the Apalachee Bay of Florida . pp . 

414-416 . Jj2 Anon ., ed . Proceedings : Eighth annual Gulf of Mexico 

Information Transfer Meeting . Minerals Management Service, New Orleans, 

LA. 

Fay, T .H ., H .V . Miller and R .K . Clark . 1990 . Bathymetric Analysis of 'In-Water' 

Upwelling Radiance Data . pp . 641-654 . In Anon ., ed . Ocean Optics X . 

(Orlando, FL, USA Conference Date : 1990 Apr 16-18 ; Proceedings of SPIE -

The International Society for Optical Engineering v 1302) Int Soc for 

Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA . (Proceedings reprint ; Naval 

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Lab . ; Stennis Space Center, MS) . 

Abstract . In June 1988, the Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity 

(NORDA) collected some 'in-water' data using its Towed Underwater Pumping 

System (TUPS) in the near-shore waters off St . Andrews State Park, Shell 

Island, Florida . These in situ data include latitude ; longitude ; depth in 

meters ; narrow-band upwelling at 465 nm, 507 nm, and 532 nm ; broad-band 

downwelling collected at the surface ; temperature ; salinity; and 

transmissivity . In this paper, we investigate the relationship between 

depth and the normalized upwelling irradiance (upwelling divided by 

downwelling) in the three bands . Algorithms used to calculate water depth 

24 
from remotely sensed airborne and satellite multispectral data are 

applied to the TUPS data and results compared . The TUPS data have the 

advantage over most aircraft- and satellite-collected data because they 

were collected over an essentially uniform bottom type (smooth sandy 

bottom with steady slope) and have no atmospheric contamination . A new 

algorithm for depth calculation is proposed. 

Feely, R .A . 1974 . Chemical characterization of the particulate matter in the 

near bottom nepheloid layer of the Gulf of Mexico . Ph .D . Dissertation . 

Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 

Fennell, E .L . 1969 . The relation of gravity to structural geology and 

hydrological features in parts of Gadsden, Leon, and Wakulla counties, 

Florida . Master's Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Fisk, D .W. 1982 . Development and implementation of water resource 

investigations utilizing surface resistivity geophysical techniques in 

the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida . pp . 138 . jn D .D . 

Arden, B .F . Beck and E . Morrow, eds . Proceedings ; Second Symposium on the 

Geology of the Southeastern Coastal Plain . 

Foote, R .Q . 1985 . Summary report on the regional geology, petroleum geology, 

environmental geology, and estimates of undiscovered recoverable oil and 

gas resources in the planning area of proposed outer continental shelf 

oil and gas lease No . 94, eastern Gulf of Mexico . U .S . Geol . Surv . OpenFile Rep . West Distrib . Branch :113 . 

Foote, R .Q ., L .M . Massingill and R .H . Wells . 1985a . Petroleum geology of 

eastern Gulf of Mexico OCS region . pp . 43-77 . XQ R .Q . Foot, ed . Summary 

report on the regional geology, petroleum geology, environmental geology, 

and estimates of undiscovered recoverable oil and gas resources in the 

planning area of proposed outer continental shelf oil and gas lease No . 

94, eastern Gulf of Mexico . (Open File Rpt . No . 85-0669) . 

Foote, R .Q ., R .H . Wells and L .M . Massingill . 1985b . Estimates of undiscovered 

recoverable crude oil and natural gas resources in planning area of 

proposed OCS oil and gas lease sale No . 94 . pp . 78-83 . Ja R .Q . Foote, ed. 

Summary report on the regional geology, petroleum geology, environmental 

geology, and estimates of undiscovered recoverable oil and gas resources 

in the planning area of proposed outer continental shelf oil and gas 

lease No . 94, eastern Gulf of Mexico . (Open File Rpt . No . 85-0669) . 

Fowler, J ., H .N . Blakeney and M .L . Hayden . 1986 . Verification of Design and 

Construction Techniques for Gaillard Island Dredged Material Disposal 

Area, Mobile, Alabama ; Final rept . 1980-1983 . WES/MP/GL-86-26 . Army 

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station . Vicksburg . 386 pp . 

Abstract . A 1,700-acre, triangular-shaped dredged material island was 

constructed by both barge haul and hydraulic placement of the dredged 

material excavated from the Theodore Ship channel. Approximately 6 miles 

of perimeter dikes were constructed on very soft bay bottom soils at the 

northwest junction of the Mobile and Theodore ship channels . The dike 

area exposed above mean low water(mlw) was approximately 320 acres . In 

addition, an area exposed of about 350 acres inside the containment area 

was exposed at mlw. The new work dredging consisted of the removal of 

25 
about 33 .5 million cu yd of material . The material dredged was either 

hydraulically pumped or barged to the disposal area for use in 

constructing the dikes . The project consisted of dredging a deep draft 

ship channel about 5 .2 miles long, 400 ft wide, and 40 ft deep linking 

the mobile Ship Channel with the Middle Fork Deer River shoreline at 

Theodore, Alabama. An inland ship channel about 1.9 miles long, 300 ft 

wide, and 40 ft deep was also dredged to join a 42-acre ship turning 

basin with a 6,500-ft-long barge channel . About 95 percent of the 

material dredged from the bay cut and about 52 percent of the material 

from the land cut was clay that readily formed clay balls . The remaining 

channel material was primarily sand with small amounts of shell and 

gravel . 

Franklin, M .A . and L .R . Bohman . 1980a . Hurricane Frederic tidal floods of 

September 12-13, 1979 along the Gulf coast, Oriole Beach, Garcon Point, 

Holley, south of Holley, and Navarre quadrangles, Florida . US Geological 

Survey . Hydrologic Investigations Atlas . Map HA-0641 . Scale 1 :24,000 . 

Abstract . Shows the areas flooded along the shores of Santa Rosa Sound and the 

Gulf of Mexico from Pensacola Beach eastward to The Narrows near Fort 

Walton Beach, Fla. The areas flooded along the shores of Pensacola, 

Escambia, Blackwater and East Bays were not delineated ; however, 

floodmark elevations were determined . 

Franklin, M .R. and L .R . Bohman . 1980b . Hurricane Frederic tidal floods of 

September 12-13, 1979, along the Gulf Coast, West Pensacola Quadrangle, 

Florida . US Geological Survey . Hydrologic Investigations Atlas . Map HA0639 . Scale 1 :24,000 . 

Franklin, M .A. and J .C . Scott . 1980 . Hurricane Frederic tidal floods of 

September 12-13, 1979 along the Gulf coast, Gulf Breeze-Fort Barrancas 

quadrangles, Florida . US Geological Survey. Hydrologic Investigations 

Atlas . Map HA-0640 . Scale 1 :24,000 . 

Abstract . Shows the areas flooded along the shores of Big Lagoon, Pensacola 

Bay, Santa Rosa Sound and the Gulf of Mexico from Seaglades eastward to 

Pensacola Beach. Inundated areas along the shores of Pensacola Bay north 

to a line from Chevalier Field to Fair Point were not delineated ; 

however, floodmark elevations were determined . 

Franklin, M., J .W . Morris and R .C . Smith . 1992 . Submerged Historical Resources 

of Pensacola Bay, Florida . The Pensacola Shipwreck Survey, Phase One, 

1991 . Sponsored by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Washington, DC . Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, and 

Florida State Dept . of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee . 

Abstract . Florida's coastal zone contains numerous significant historical and 

archaeological sites, including the submerged remains of wrecked or 

abandoned watercraft . These sites represent non-renewable cultural 

resources that are being threatened statewide by beach erosion, coastal 

development, dredging, and salvage activities . In order to assemble a 

long-term research and management plan for these resources, the Florida 

Division of Historical Resources, Bureau of Archaeological Research 

developed a pilot study to inventory and assess a cross section of sites 

in the Pensacola bay and river system . The goal of the Pensacola 

Shipwreck Survey was to assemble and test a regional management model for 

potential future application elsewhere in the state . Thirty-three 

26 
significant sites were identified, assessed, and recorded over a period 

of six months . Data from the study sites were applied to a proposed 

Shipwreck Matrix model, which classified each site by age and integrity. 

Within the matrix the sites were assigned a priority rating to determine 

the range of proposed management options viable for each site . 

Recommendations for further fieldwork were proposed, as well as specific 

recommendations to other state and federal agencies . 

Froelich, P .N ., G .A. Hambrick and M .O . Andreae . 1983 . Geochemistry of inorganic 

and methyl germanium species in three estuaries . Spring Meeting, American 

Geophysical Union Baltimore, MD (USA)31 May 1983 . EOS, American 

Geophysical Union Transactions . 64(45) :715 . 

Abstract . The distributions and speciation of germanium were investigated in 

three very different estuaries : (1) Ochlockonee Bay, a small, pristine, 

low-productivity estuary in NW Florida (2) Charlotte Harbor, a large, 

nutrient-rich (N, P), high-productivity estuary in SW Florida, and (3) the 

Tejo Estuary, a large, industrially-polluted bay near Lisbon, Portugal . 

In all three estuaries at least three species of germanium were detected : 

inorganic germanic acid (Ge sub(i)), monometylgermanium (NMGe), and 

dimethylgermanium (DMGe) . The source of Ge sub(i) is weathering of 

silicate rocks . The sources of MMGe and DMGe are presently unknown, but 

presumably are oceanic. Trimethylgermanium (TMGe) was detected (trace 

quantities less than or equal to 5 pM) in the most polluted portion of 

the Tejo Estuary, and thus may have an anthropogenic source . 

Garcia, A .W . 1977 . Dauphin Island Littoral Transport Calculations . (Report No . : 

WES-MP-H-77-11) Final Rpt . Mar-Apr 77 . NTIS . Washington, DC . 16 pp . 

Abstract . Computations of annual gross and net littoral transport seaward of 

the breaker zone are made for the area offshore Dauphin Island, Alabama 

by means of a numerical model . Forty-four combinations of significant 

wave height and period are considered but only two deep water wave 

directions ; waves approaching at angles of forty-five and one hundred 

thirty-five degrees relative to the shoreline . Results are presented in 

tabular and graphic form . 

Garrett, A .A . and C .S . Conover . 1984 . River basins of the United States ; the 

Suwannee . (USGS General Interest Publication) USGS . Reston, VA . 16 pp . 

Garrett, C .B . 1993 . An overview of Florida marine mining and marine oil and gas 

production regulations . Florida Geological Survey, Open File Report . 

57 :5 . 

Abstract . This document is a synopsis of procedures, pertinent statutes, laws, 

regulations, and contact personnel in the responsible agencies . Current 

policies preclude lease of offshore submerged state-owned lands for 

mining or oil or gas recovery . Previously granted leases must meet strict 

requirements to gain permission to recover oil or gas . Beach construction 

projects are considered on a site-by-site basis . 

Gelfenbaum, G . and R .P . Stumpf . 1993 . Observations of currents and destiny 

structure across a buoyant plume front . Estuaries . 16(1) :40-52 . 

Abstract . Observations of the Mobile Bay, Alabama, plume during a flood event 

in April 1991 reveal significant differences in the current field on 

either side of a front associated with the buoyant plume . During a strong 

southeasterly wind, turbid, low salinity water from Mobile Bay was pushed 

27 
through an opening in the west side of the ebb-tidal delta and moved 

parallel to the coast . A stable front developed between the low salinity 

water of the buoyant plume (11 ppt and the high salinity coastal water 

(>23ppt) that was being forced landward by the prevailing winds . Despite 

the shallow water depth of 6 m, measurements of currents, temperature, 

and salinity show large shears and density gradients in both the vertical 

and the horizontal directions . At a station outside of the buoyant plume, 

currents at 0.5 m and 1.5 m below the surface were in the same direction 

as the wind . Inside the plume, however, currents at 0 .5 m below the 

surface were parallel to the coast, 45 degree off the direction of the 

wind and the magnitude was 45$ larger than the magnitude of the surface 

currents outside the plume . Beneath the level of the plume, the currents 

were identical to the wind-driven currents in the ambient water south of 

the front . Our observations suggest that the wind-driven surface currents 

of the ambient water converged with the buoyant plume at the front and 

were subducted beneath the plume . The motion of the ambient coastal 

surface water was in the direction of the local wind stress, however, the 

motion of the plume had no northerly component of motion . The plume also 

did not show any flow toward the front, suggesting a balance between the 

northerly component of wind stress and the southerly component of buoyant 

spreading . In addition, the motion of the plume did not appear to affect 

the motion of the underlying ambient water, suggesting a lack of mixing 

between the two waters . 

Genthner, B .R.S ., W .A . Price II and P .H . Pritchard . 1989 . Anaerobic degradation 

of chloroaromatic compounds in aquatic sediments under a variety of 

enrichment conditions . Appl . Env . Microbiol . 55(6) :1466-1471 . 

George, S .M . 1989 . Pensacola Bay ; a stable estuary on an environmentally 

threatened coast . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 21(3) :16-17 . 

George, S .M ., W .C . Isphording and M .A . Meylan . 1988a . Recent sedimentary 

environment of Pensacola Bay, Florida . AAPG Bulletin . 72(9) :1113 . Gulf 

Coast Association of Geological Societies and Gulf Coast Section SEPM 

meeting, New Orleans, LA, Oct . 19-21, 1988 . 

George, S .M ., W .C . Isphording and M .A . Meylan . 1988b . Recent sedimentary 

environment of Pensacola Bay, Florida . Transactions of the Gulf Coast 

Association of Geological Societies . 38 :581 . 

Gibson, D .J. and P .B . Looney . 1994 . Vegetation colonization of dredge spoil on 

Perdido Key, Florida . J . Coast . Res . 10(1) :133-143 . 

Abstract . The vegetation colonising dredge spoil is described from the first 

year following massive beach nourishment . Dredge spoil was deposited in 

late 1990 gulfward of mean high water on Perdido Key, a barrier island 

off the coast of the Florida panhandle, for a distance of 8 km and 

averaging 150 min width . A grid of permanent plots was used to measure 

density and cover of the colonizing species . With a density of 997 plants 

per ha in Summer 1991, Cakile constricta was the most abundant of ten 

species colonizing the dredge spoil . Other species with a density of more 

than 50 plants per ha were Uniola paniculata, Iva imbricata, Panicum 

amarum, and Oenotherahumifusa . 

28 
Goetschius, D .W . 1971 . Preliminary sedimentological and geomorphological study 

of certain high terrace sands between the Ocklocknee and Apalachicola 

rivers, Liberty and Gadsden counties, Florida . Master's Thesis . Florida 

State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Goodbred, S .L . 1984 . Geologic controls on the Holocene evolution of an openmarine system fronting a shallow-water embayment, Waccasassa Bay, westcentral Florida . Master's Thesis . University of South Florida, St . 

Petersburg, FL . 223 pp . 

Goodbred, S .L . and A .C . Hine . 1995 . Coastal storm deposition : salt-marsh 

response to a severe extratropical storm, March, 1993, west-central 

Florida . Geology . 23 :679-682 . 

Goodbred, S .L ., Jr ., A .C . Hine, W .C . Quigley and R . Stumpf . 1993 . "Storm of the 

Century" makes contribution to sediment-starved coastal marshes . GSA 

Abstracts with Programs . 25(6) :196 . 

Gorday, L .L . and M .F . Kellam . 1989 . Occurrence and source of natural 

radioactivity in ground water from the upper Floridan Aquifer in the 

Apalachicola Embayment-Gulf Trough area, Georgia . GSA Abstracts with 

Programs . 21(3) :17 . 

Gore, R .H . 1992 . The Gulf of Mexico : A Treasury of Resources in the American 

Mediterranean . Pineapple Press, Inc . Sarasota, FL . 

Gorsline, D .S . 1963 . Oceanography of Apalachicola Bay, Florida . pp . 69-96 . 

T . Clements, R . Stevenson and D . Halmos, eds . Essays in Marine Geology in 

Honor of K .O . Emery . University of Southern California Press, Los 

Angeles, CA . 

Gorsline, D .S . 1966 . Dynamic characteristics of west Florida Gulf coast 

beaches . Marine Geology . 4 :187-206 . 

Abstract . During 1962 fifteen beach stations were established along the Florida 

coast and monitored at monthly intervals . Observations of beach profiles, 

sediments, wave conditions, water characteristics and wind speed and 

direction were recorded . Techniques closely followed those of a nearly 

contemporaneous study on California beaches (INGLE, 1966) . This made 

possible a comparison of beach conditions in a low- and medium-energy 

environment (Florida) with a high-energy environment (California) . 

Average wave conditions in Florida range from low ripples in the lowenergy eastern segment near Keaton Beach, to over 30 cm wave height along 

the broad arc from Cape San Blas to the Alabama-Mississippi peri-delta 

region . Maximum wave heights reach 100 cm and more along the Pensacola 

shore and approach the average condition for high-energy beaches . 

Longshore current velocities, however, are surprisingly constant and 

range from 30 to 150 cm/sec in the general area . The much larger waves of 

the California coast produce essentially the same range of current 

velocities . This is a function of the increase in dimensions of a surf 

zone as larger waves necessarily break farther offshore, thus the larger 

amount of water moved in translation is balanced by the increased area . 

Statistical studies of the sediment textural parameters confirm the 

observations of SCHIFE'MAN (1965) regarding the greater variation in 

texture occurring in the swash zone than in other parts of the beach 

29 
system. Some evidence suggests that sediment composition differences east 

and west of Cape San Blas reflect different sources. Magnitudes of 

profile changes are approximately a direct function of wave height up to 

average heights of 30 cm and more . Thereafter, increasing wave height 

apparently does not markedly increase the rate of sand level variation . 

Volumes of sand transported in longshore drift, however, are directly 

related to wave height, but show considerable variation from month to 

month and day to day. Net sand transport is to the west and apparently is 

actively prograding the large spits of the area from Mobile Bay to 

Pensacola. Wave energy decreases west of Mississippi Sound and transport 

diminishes . 

Graham, D .S ., J .P . Daniels and B .A . Christensen . 1979 . Predicting Circulation 

Changes from Bathymetric Modification . pp . 531-549 . ,In Proceedings of the 

Specialty Conference on 'Civil Engineering in the Oceans IV', ASCE, held 

in San Francisco, CA. on September 10-12, 1979 . National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, Office of Sea Grant, Rockville, MD . 

Abstract . Simulations were made as part of a proposal to demonstrate the 

utility of hydrodynamic models to simulate circulation effects caused by 

topographic and bathymetric changes . The results demonstrate : (1) that 

the CAFE-1 hydrodynamic model is moderately predictive ; (2) that the 

results can be presented graphically in a clear and understandable 

format ; and (3) that spoil islands and causeways can affect tidal 

circulation to a much greater extent than had been surmised . It is likely 

not adequate to leave a few passes in a causeway oriented normally to the 

predominant flow direction . Spoil island sizes, locations and shapes have 

to be carefully designed to minimize significant changes in circulation 

and flushing, and to avoid interacting effects . Finally, in bays 

experiencing flushing problems, the pre-existing circulation can be 

estimated by removing islands, causeways, etc . from the model . 

Greenfield, M .B ., R .J . Demeijer, L .W . Put, J . Wiersma, C .W . Smit, D . Maas and 

J .F . Donoghue . 1988 . Radiogenic heavy minerals as an indicator of sand 

transport processes, a comparison of Texel, the Netherlands and Little 

St . George Island, Northwest Florida, USA . EOS, AGU Transactions . 

69(44) :1239 . 

Grinnell, R .S ., Jr . 1971 . Structure and development of oyster reefs on the 

Suwannee River delta, Florida . Diss . Abstr . Int . 32(6) :3438B . 

Grinnell, R .S ., Jr . 1974 . Vertical orientation of shells on some Florida oyster 

reefs . Journal of Sedimentary Petrology . 44(1) :116-122 . 

Hagemeyer, R .T . 1988 . Resistivity study of the lower Withlacoochee River-CrossFlorida Barge Canal complex . Master's Thesis . Univ, of South Florida, 

Tampa, FL . 101 pp . 

Hansen, J . K. 1988 . The distribution of gamma radiation in the surficial 

deposits of the Florida Panhandle . Master's Thesis . University of 

Florida, Gainesville, FL . 113 pp . 

Harris, W .G ., K .A . Hollien and V .W . Carlisle . 1989 . Pedon distribution of 

minerals in Coastal Plain Paleudults . Soil Science Society of America 

Journal . 53(6) :1901-1906 . 

30 
Hess, D .W, and J .F . Donoghue . 1995 . Effects of major storms on estuarine 

sedimentation, Apalachicola Bay, Northwest Florida . Geol . Soc . Am. Abstr . 

Programs . 27(2) :62 . 

Hess, D .W ., J .F . Donoghue, W .T . Cooper and A . Fievre . 1994 . Recent sediments 

and contaminant history of Apalachicola Bay, Florida . GSA Abstracts with 

Programs . 26(4) :19 . 

Hill, J .M . 1978 . Landsat assessment of estuarine water quality with specific 

reference to coastal land-use . Ph .D . Dissertation . Texas A&M Univ ., 

College Station, TX . 226 pp . 

Hine, A.C . and D .F . Belknap . 1986 . Recent geological history and modern 

sedimentary processes of the Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus County 

coastline : west central Florida . Florida Sea Grant College Report . No . 

79, Florida Sea Grant, Tallahassee, FL . 

Hine, A .C . and L .J . Doyle . 1991 . Quaternary geology of the west Florida 

continental shelf . pp . 93-94 . ,In Coastal Depositional Systems in the Gulf 

of Mexico . (Proceedings of the 12th annual Research Conference ; Gulf 

Coast Section, SEPM) . 

Hine, A .C ., R .A . Davis, D .L. Mearns and M .P . Bland . 1986 . Impact of Florida's 

Gulf Coast inlets on the coastal sand budget, Final Report . Report to : 

Florida Department of Natural Resources, Div . of Beaches and Shores . 

Univ . of South Florida . Tampa, FL . 

Hine, A .C ., D .F . Belknap, J .G . Hutton, E .B . Osking and M .W . Evans . 1988 . Recent 

geological history and modern sedimentary processes along an incipient, 

low-energy, epicontinental-sea coastline ; Northwest Florida . Journal of 

Sedimentary Petrology . 58(4) :567-579 . 

Holmes, C .W . and L . Doyle . 1985 . Environmental geology of eastern Gulf of 

Mexico OCS region . pp . 84-113 . Zn R .Q . Foote, ed . Summary report on the 

regional geology, petroleum geology, environmental geology, and estimates 

of undiscovered recoverable oil and gas resources in the planning area of 

proposed outer continental shelf oil and gas lease No . 94, eastern Gulf of 

Mexico . (OF 85-0669) (Open File Report) . US Geological Survey, Reston, VA . 

Howard, R.O ., Jr . 1990 . Petrology of hardbottom rocks, Mississippi-AlabamaFlorida continental shelf . Master's Thesis . University of Alabama . 

Tuscaloosa, AL . 

Hsieh, Y .P . and O .J . Weber . 1984 . Net aerial primary production and dynamics of 

soil organic matter formation in a tidal marsh ecosystem . Soil Science 

Society of America Journal . 48(1) :65-72 . 

Hughes, J . 1990 . St . Andrews State Park Aquatic Preserve Management Plan . Vol . 

Draft Report . Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of 

Submerged Lands and Preserves . Tallahassee, FL . 83 pp . 

Abstract . St . Andrews Bay Aquatic Preserve, located in Bay County, covers 

25,000 acres along the entrance to St . Andrews Bay and extends some 3 

miles offshore into Gulf waters . The preserve consist largely of high 

energy zone areas, e .g . gulf sandy beaches, a strong tidal inlet with 

31 
jetties and sandy bay bottoms . A moderate amount of shallow grassbed 

communities occur along the bayside of Shell Island . Marine fishes, 

shorebirds and various invertebrate marine life are prodominant . The 

preserve lies adjacent to St . Andrews Bay State Park which receives heavy 

recreational use . Portions of the preserve adjoin exclusive residential 

development and military facilities . Water quality in and around the St . 

Andrews Bay area has deteriorated in recent years from sewage discharge 

and stormwater runoff . The inlet area, the Gulf and the inner bay area 

also support some of the heaviest boating traffic in northern Florida. 

The high recreational use, the increases in water pollution, and the 

continued development of adjoining uplands threaten the long term 

maintenance of the preserve and necessitate resource planning for the 

area . 

Hull, R .W, and J .B . Martin . 1982 . Data on subsurface storage of liquid waste 

near Pensacola, Florida, 1963-1980 . U .S . Geol . Surv . Open-File Rpt . 

OF 82-0689 :186 . 

Huse, S .M . 1976 . Distribution of Recent benthonic foraminifera on the 

northeastern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf in relation to character of 

substrate. Master's Thesis . University of South Florida, Tampa, FL . 

Hutton, J .G . 1986 . Bedrock control, sedimentation, and Holocene evolution of 

the marsh archipelago coast, west-central Florida . Master's Thesis . 

University of South Florida, St . Petersburg, FL . 154 pp . 

Hyne, N .J . and H .G . Goodell . 1967 . Origin of the sediments and submarine 

geomorphology of the inner continental shelf off Choctawhatchee Bay, 

Florida . Mar . Geol . 5 :299-313 . 

Hyne, N .J ., Jr . 1965 . Sedimentary environments and submarine geomorphology of 

the continental shelf in the area of Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida . 

Master's Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Isphording, W .C . 1985 . Sedimentological investigation of Apalachicola Bay, 

Florida, estuarine system . University of Alabama Report . Report No . 343-

360 :99 . University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL . 

Isphording, W .C . 1986a . Apalachicola Bay ; dynamic sedimentation in a Gulf Coast 

estuary. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological 

Societies . 36 :471-488 . 

Isphording, W .C . 1986b . Dynamic sedimentation change in a Gulf Coastal estuary . 

The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin . 70(9) :1183-

1184 . 

Isphording, W .C . 1987 . Apalachicola Bay : dynamic sedimentation in a Gulf Coast 

estuary . Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium . Ocean Springs, MS . 

Isphording, W .C . 1988 . Sedimentology and mineralogy of northern Gulf of Mexico 

estuarine basins . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 20(7) :164 . Geological 

Society of America 1988 centennial celebration, Denver, Co, Oct . 31-Nov . 

3, 1988 . 

32 
Isphording, W .C . 1989 . Physical and mineralogical characteristics of bays and 

estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana 

to Apalachicola Bay, Florida) . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 21(3) :22-23 . 

Isphording, W .C . and K.R . Hayes . 1992 . Multiple size analysis using laboratory 

wrist shaker . Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists . 

29(4) :421-425 . 

Isphording, W .C . and F .D . Imsand. 1991b . Cyclonic events and sedimentation in 

the Gulf of Mexico . pp . 1122-1136 . ra Anon ., ed . Proceedings of a 

Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment 

Processes . Seattle, WA. Conference Date : 1991 Jun 25-27 . 

Abstract . An ample literature exists documenting the destructive effects 

hurricanes have upon offshore barrier islands and coastlines . The Gulf of 

Mexico region has been especially heavily impacted because of its unique 

position with respect to the storm track of tropical cyclones and the 

large area of unprotected shoreline around its perimeter . While abundant 

descriptions can be found documenting effects of storms on exposed 

geomorphological features, little information is available illustrating 

changes involving submarine erosion . From a geological standpoint, these 

are equally striking . Studies carried out in Apalachicola Bay, Florida 

and Mobile Bay, Alabama have shown that the passage of hurricanes can not 

only incise sizable submarine channels but can also remove vast 

quantities of sediment . The passage of Hurricane Elena near Apalachicola 

Bay in 1985 removed some 87 million tons of sediment from the bay ; 

Hurricane Frederic's near miss of the Mobile, Alabama area in 1979 

removed an incredible amount of sediment that was estimated at nearly 300 

million tons . When placed in a geological framework, the latter 

hurricane's passage swept a volume of sediment from the bay equivalent to 

that deposited by the Mississippi River in a one year period . 

Isphording, W .C . and G .W . Isphording . 1991 . Identification of ancient storm 

events in buried Gulf Coast sediments . Transactions of the Gulf Coast 

Association of Geological Societies . 41 :339-347 . 

Isphording, W .C . and R .B . Jackson . 1992 . Hazards in determination and 

extrapolation of depositional rates of Recent sediments . GSA Abstracts 

with Programs . 24(7) :277 . 

Isphording, W .C ., J .A . Stringfellow and G .C . Flowers . 1985 . Sedimentary and 

geochemical systems in transitional marine sediments in the northeastern 

Gulf of Mexico . Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological 

Societies . 35 :397-408 . 

Isphording, w .C ., J .E . Denmark and G .W . Isphording . 1986 . Dam a river, damn a 

basin ; effect of dam construction on the sediment regimen of a Gulf Coast 

lagoon . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 18(3) :228 . 

Isphording, W .C ., D . Imsand and G .C . Flowers . 1987 . Storm-related rejuvenation 

of a northern Gulf of Mexico estuary. Transactions of the Gulf Coast 

Association of Geological Societies . 37 :357-370 . 

33 
Isphording, W .C ., E .G . Leach and G .W . Isphording . 1988a . Catastrophism alive 

and well in the northern Gulf of Mexico! GSA Abstracts with Programs . 

20(4) :272 . 

Isphording, W .C ., A.C . Waters and S .M . George . 1988b . Bottom sediment textures 

and heavy metal contamination in Gulf Coast bays and estuaries . GSA 

Abstracts with Programs . 20(4) :272 . 

Isphording, W .C ., F .D . Imsand and G .C . Flowers . 1989a . Aging and sediment 

characteristics of northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries . AAPG Bulletin . 

73(9) :1185 . 

Isphording, W .C ., F .D . Imsand and G .C . Flowers . 1989b . Physical characteristics 

and aging of Gulf Coast estuaries . Transactions of the Gulf Coast 

Association of Geological Societies . 39 :387-402 . 

Isphording, W .C ., R .B . Jackson and R .J . Livingston . 1989c . Historic changes in 

bottom sediment chemistry in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries . GSA 

Abstracts with Programs . 21(6) :188 . 

Isphording, W.C ., R .B . Jackson and M .W . Brim . 1990 . Recent sediment 

characteristics of five Gulf Coastal lagoons . GSA Abstracts with 

Programs . 22(4) :19 . 

Ivany, L .C ., R .W . Portell and D .S . Jones . 1990 . Animal-plant relationships and 

paleobiogeography of an Eocene seagrass community from Florida . Palaios . 

5(3) :244-258 . 

Jackson, R.B . 1992 . Sedimentology and clay mineralogy of Choctawhatchee Bay, 

northwest Florida. MS Thesis . Mississippi State University . 153 pp . 

Abstract . The goal of this study has been to determine the sediment 

distribution and clay mineral composition of the bottom sediments and the 

physical-chemical properties of the water near the sediment-water 

interface . Comparisons with the previous study disclosed that a marked 

increase in clay-rich sediments has taken place at the expense of 

sediments that were previously silt-rich . The cause of this can be traced 

to anthropogenic effects associated with shifting agriculture patterns in 

the watershed and improved erosion control as well as an increased trap 

efficiency of the river delta. An apparent change in the overall clay 

mineralogy since 1966 has also occurred . The initial study reported two 

very different clay mineral suites in opposite ends of the bay, whereas 

the clay mineral suite now consists of kaolinite, smectite, vermiculite, 

and illite . 

Jackson, R .B ., W .C . Isphording, M . Caputo V and T .L . Gibbons . 1991 . The 

sedimentology and clay mineralogy of Choctawhatchee Bay, Northwest 

Florida . AAPG Bulletin . 75(9) :1526-1527 . 

Jagger, K .A ., N .P . Psuty and J .R . Allen . 1991 . Caleta morphodynamics, Perdido 

Key, Florida, USA . Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband . 81 :99-

113 . 

Abstract . Cellular beach/nearshore systems, herein termed 'Caletas', are found 

on many portions of the Gulf of Mexico shoreline . At Perdido Key, 

Florida, they are the modal form, present over much of the island's 

34 
length, apparently independent of the sign of the sediment budget . This 

study provides a morphodynamic characterization of one caleta cell by 

examining beach-bar morphology and internal fluid motions through a fiveday time series . The dimensions of the rhythmic caleta appear to be 

related to the dominant inshore wave frequency peak, the first subharmonic of the incident wave frequency . 

Jee, J .L . and A .F . Randazzo . 1991 . Upper Cretaceous to Holocene sequence 

stratigraphy of the West Florida shelf and slope, Northeast Gulf of 

Mexico . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 23(1) :50 . 

Jones, E .E . 1974 . Protozoa of Mobile Bay, Alabama . University of South Alabama 

Monographs . 1(1) :1-113 . Office of Water Research and Technology, 

Washington, D .C . ; Report No . : W75-00262 . 

Abstract . Mobile Bay is the third largest drainage basin in the United States . 

As is true for any estuary, the ecology of the Bay is influenced by 

pollution, salinity, temperatures, turbidity, tides, and the biotic 

populations . Since protoza lie at the base of the food web and feed on 

diatoms, algae, bacteria and each other, they form a major transition 

point at which plant protoplasm is converted to animal protoplasm . 

Because of their basal position in the food web, they must be successful 

in the biotype before most of the higher forms can be successful . For 

this reason a survey of the protozoa of Mobile Bay was undertaken. The 

scale drawings and taxonomic descriptions will be of great value to 

protozoologists . 

Jones, R .A. and G .F . Lee . 1978 . Evaluation of the Elutriate Test as a Method of 

Predicting Contaminant Release During Open-Water Disposal of Dredged 

Sediments and Environmental Impact of Open-Water Dredged Material 

Disposal . Volume I . Discussion . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways 

Experiment Station, Technical Report . WES-TR-D-78-45-VOL-1 :288 . 

Abstract . The U .S . Army Corps of Engineers and the U .S . Environmental 

Protection Agency developed the elutritate test for the purpose of 

predicting the release of chemical contaminants from dredged sediments 

upon open-water disposal . This study was conducted to evaluate the 

factors influencing the results of the elutriate test and the reliability 

of this test in predicting the release of contaminants during actual 

open-water dredged material disposal operations . Sediment samples were 

taken from waterways located at or near Duwamish River-Elliott Bay-Puget 

Sound, Washington ; San Francisco Bay, Mare Island, Rodeo Flats, Oakland 

Harbor, and Los Angeles Harbor, California ; Galveston Bay Entrance 

Channel, Galveston Channel, Texas City Channel, Houston Ship Channel, and 

Port Lavaca, Texas ; Mobile Bay, Alabama ; Apalachicola Bay, Florida ; 

Wilmington, North Carolina ; James River, Virginia ; Perth Amboy, New 

Jersey ; Bay Ridge and Foundry Cove, New York ; Newport ; Rhode Island ; 

Norwalk and Stamford Harbors, Connecticut ; Menominee River, Michigan ; 

Upper Mississippi River near St . Paul, Minnesota, and the U .S . Army 

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Lake, Vicksburg, Mississippi . These 

samples were subjected to the standard and modified elutriate tests in 

order to examine the influence of various operating conditions on the 

results of the test . In addition, field studies were conducted at Elliott 

Bay-Puget Sound, Washington ; Galveston Bay Entrance Channel Disposal 

Area, Texas ; Mobile Bay, Alabama ; Apalachicola Bay, Florida ; James River, 

Virginia . 

35 
Kaul, L .W . 1983 . Modeling estuarine nutrient geochemistry in a simple system. 

Master's Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Kaul, L .W . and P .N . Froelich . 1983 . Modeling estuarine nutrient geochemistry. 

EOS, AGU . 64(18) :246 . 

Keen, T .R . 1987 . The comparative sedimentology of two stranded bars and 

implications for their origin . Master's Thesis . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 151 pp . 

Keener, W .E ., R .W . Pride and C .S . Conover . 1967 . Drainage Basins in Florida . 

USGS . Florida Geological Survey Map Series . Map No . 28 . 

Ketchen, H .G . 1979 . A hydrographic survey in Pensacola Bay . Master's Thesis . 

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 117 pp . 

Abstract . During the summer and fall of 1974, a study of Pensacola Bay was 

conducted in an attempt to determine the flushing tendencies and 

circulation patterns in this estuary . The objectives of this study were 

to : (a) classify Pensacola Bay as a particular dynamic type and suggest 

how this classification might charge under various influences, (b) gain 

some insight into the flow patterns and mechanisms responsible for 

transporting dissolved or suspended materials from the Bay, and (c) 

collect a set of hydrographic data and present some findings and 

interpretations which would prove valuable to other investigators as a 

base for additional research in the Bay . 

Ketchen, H.G . and R.C . Staley . 1979 . A hydrographic survey in Pensacola Bay: 

Technical Report . Florida State University . Tallahassee, FL . 

Kindinger, J.L . 1988 . Seismic stratigraphy of the Mississippi-Alabama shelf and 

upper continental slope. Mar . Geol . 83(1/2) :79-94 . 

Kindinger, J .L ., S . Penland, S .J . Williams, J .R . Suter, R .A . McBride, G .R . 

Brooks and S .D . Locker . 1992 . Nearshore Holocene stratigraphy, northern 

Gulf of Mexico ; integration of regional geologic studies . pp . 457-463 . 

S .J . Williams, H .A . Cichon, K .A . Westphal and K .E . Ramsey, eds . 

Representative publications from the Louisiana Barrier Island Erosion 

Study . (OF 92-0530) (US Geological Survey Open File Report) . US 

Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 

King, M .J . 1991 . Economic benefits of hurricane and storm damage reduction . pp . 

1053-1063 . Ln Anon ., ed . Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Coastal and 

Ocean Management Part 2 (of 4) . (Long Beach, CA, USA Conference Date : 

1991 Jul 8-12 ; Coastal Zone : Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and 

Ocean Management v . 2) ASCE, New York, NY . 

Abstract . The Mobile District of the U.S . Army Corps of Engineers is currently 

evaluating the feasibility of a hurricane and storm damage reduction 

project at Panama City Beach, Florida . Under Corps criteria, a project is 

considered economically feasible if the economic benefits are equal to or 

greater than the economic costs . The major economic benefit of a project 

at Panama City Beach will be from the reduction in the economic costs of 

hurricane and storm damages . Benefits may also be realized from increased 

recreation, land enhancement, lost land reduction, and reduced 

maintenance of infrastructure . The benefits of a project for hurricane 

and storm damage protection equal the amount of hurricane damages without 

36 
the proposed project minus the amount of hurricane damages with the 

project. The methodology used for computing the benefits of hurricane and 

storm damage reduction, the composite damage reduction method, is 

described in this paper. This methodology considers damages to structures 

from inundation, waves, storm-induced recession and long-term erosion. 

The economic model will also take into account other factors such as 

rebuilding constraints and structural impediments to erosion. 

Kofoed, J .W . and D .S . Gorsline . 1963 . Sedimentary environments in Apalachicola 

Bay and vicinity, Florida . Journal of Sedimentary Petrology . 33(1) :205-223 . 

Abstract . The distribution patterns of the sediment and the various 

characteristics in Apalachicola Bay and vicinity, Florida, are clearly 

defined and greatly influenced by the submarine topography . Analysis 

shows a slight variability in the mean grain size and in the carbonate 

content between the basins and the shoals . The coarse fractions of the 

sediments consists of reworked relict quartz sands with negligible 

percentages of heavy mineral or calcarous material indigenous to the 

area . This coarse material is associated with tographic elevations, 

channel floors, and the most distant shelf areas . Distribution of the 

fine grained sediment is related directly to the submarine physiography, 

which is essentially formed from the coarse sediments in the area . The 

bays, shoals, and intervening depressions inhibit the migration of the 

sediment by forming natural traps . In addition, these features cause a 

dissipation of the wave energy . All the fine-grained sediment in the area 

can be attributed to the Apalachicola River ; the bulk of it is contained 

in Apalachicola Bay proper . The distribution of the mean grain size, the 

organic carbon content, and the standard-deviation patterns closely 

approximate the configuration of the bottom topography. The regional and 

residual aspects of these characteristics are also closely related . 

Kruczynski, W .L ., R .T . Huffman and M. K. Vincent . 1978 . Habitat Development 

Field Investigations, Apalachicola Bay Marsh Development Site, 

Apalachicola Bay, Florida . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways 

Experiment Station, Technical Report . WES-TR-D-78-32 :45 . 

Abstract . The feasibility of developing marsh on fine-grained and coarsegrained dredged material in a brackish water intertidal environment was 

tested at a dredged material disposal site in Apalachicola Bay, Florida. 

Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and saltmeadow cordgrass 

(Spartina patens) sprigs were planted at different spacing intervals to 

evaluate optimum conditions for growth. Natural invasion of plant species 

was also documented during the period of study. Results indicate that the 

development of marsh plants on dredged material can be readily 

accomplished in the area of study . 

Lader, G .R . 1974 . A sedimentological investigation of coastal cells from Cape 

San Blas to Indian Pass, Florida . Master's Thesis . Florida State 

University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Lamb, G .M . 1987a . Coastline development and change in Alabama and the Florida 

Panhandle . Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological 

Societies . 37 :393-398 . 

37 
Lamb, G .M . 1987b . Erosion downdrift from tidal passes in Alabama and the 

Florida Panhandle . Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists . 

24(3) :359-362 . 

Abstract . Tidal currents, waves and longshore currents combine their actions at 

tidal passes to make complex patterns of interaction . This local reversal 

has been attributed to a number of causes, including wave refraction 

complications ; another possibility is that eddy currents, or gyres are 

formed due to offshore shoaling and downdrift deflection of tidal 

currents . These current reversals downdrift from passes can cause several 

problems, including 1) erosion of the beach, 2) the need for costly 

maintenance, and 3) the possibility of poor planning if the process is 

not understood . 

Landin, M .C . and C .J . Newling . 1987 . Long-Term Monitoring of CE Habitat 

Development on Dredged Material Sites, 1974-84 . pp . 102-105 . 'In United 

States - The Netherlands Meeting on Dredging and Related Technology (3rd) 

Held in Charleston, South Carolina on 10-14 September 1984 . NTIS, 

Washington, DC . 

Abstract . Over the past 11 years, seven dredged material sites located in US 

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) . Wetland sites are 

located at Windmill Point in the James River, Virginia ; Buttermilk Sound 

in the Altamaha River, Georgia ; Drake Wilson Island in Apalachicola Bay, 

Florida ; Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston Bay, Texas ; Salt Pond 3 in south 

San Francisco Bay, California ; and Miller Sands Island in the Columbia 

River, Oregon . Upland sites are located at Nott Island in the Connecticut 

River, Connecticut ; Bolivar Peninsula ; and Miller Sands . In addition, 

four dredged material sites developed by Corps Districts are being 

monitored informally at other site visits . Southwest Pass at the mouth of 

the mouth of the Mississippi River, Louisiana (New Orleans District), are 

wetland sites only ; Gaillard Island in lower Mobile Bay, Alabama (Mobile 

District), and Pointe Mouillee in western Lake Erie, Michigan (Detroit 

District), are both wetland sites . 

Lane, E . 1988 . Leon Sinks special interest area . Florida Geological Survey, 

Open File Report . 20 :5 . Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL . 

Lane, E ., R .W . Hoenstine, J .W . Yon and S .M . Spencer . 1988 . Mineral resources of 

Levy County, Florida . Florida Geological Survey . Map Series . Map 116 . 

Scale 1 :126,720 . 

Lawing, R .J ., R .A . Boland and W .H . Bobb . 1975 . Mobile Bay model study : effects 

of proposed Theodore Ship Channel and disposal areas on tides, currents, 

salinities, and dye dispersion . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Technical 

Report . AEWES-TR-H-75-13 :250 . 

Abstract . Model tests were conducted to determine the impact of the proposed 

Theodore Ship Channel and accompanying material disposal islands on 

tides, currents, salinities and dye dispersion patterns in Mobile Bay, 

Alabama . Parameters used in the model were verified with actual 

measurements from the bay . The Mobile Bay model was a fixed-bed model 

constructed to linear scale ratios of 1 :1000 horizontally and 1 :100 

vertically . The model reproduced about 268 square miles of the Gulf of 

Mexico from Pine Beach on the east to about the west end of Dauphin 

Island, and in a southerly direction to about the -70-ft contour in the 

Gulf ; all of Mobile and Bon Secour Bays ; a portion of Mississippi Sound ; 

38 
and the Mobile and Tensaw Rivers and adjacent marshes to the junction of 

the two rivers at Mt . Vernon, some 40 miles upstream from Mobile . The 

model was equipped with the necessary appurtenances for accurate 

reproduction and measurement of tides, tidal currents, salinities, 

freshwater inflows, density effects, and other important prototype 

phenomena . The purpose of the model study was to determine the impact of 

a proposed access channel, referred to as Theodore Ship Channel, and the 

necessary islands designed to hold the initial construction material and 

subsequent maintenance dredging on salinities and flow patterns with 

special interest centered on the oyster industry at the lower end of 

Mobile Bay. 

Layfield, R .P ., K .L . Elser and R .H . Ostler . 1994 . Dauphin Island natural gas 

project . J . Petrol . Technol . 46(1) :63-66 . 

Abstract . Arco Oil and Gas Co . installed the Dauphin Island production facility 

in a fragile Alabama marine environment supporting important fisheries 

and tourist facilities . We used proactive communication with governmental 

agencies, area industry, and the public ; innovative construction 

technologies ; and unique platform design to minimize the environmental 

and aesthetic impacts and to develop an economically successful gas 

field . The innovative equipment used in the offshore pipeline 

installation is a model approach for solving certain turbidity problems . 

The project has received numerous environmental awards . 

Leadon, C .J . 1985 . Suwannee River Estuary: cohesive sedimentation . pp . 1488-

1505 . Zu Anon ., ed . Coastal Zone '85, Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium 

Coastal and Ocean Management . ASCE, New York, NY . (Conference Location : 

Baltimore, MD, USA; Conference Date : 1985 Jul 30-Aug 2) . 

Abstract . Cohesive sediment dynamics as effected by salinity intrusion are 

described for the Suwannee River Estuary, a large estuary flowing over 

the very shallow limestone shelf of Florida's Big Bend coastline on the 

Gulf of Mexico . The pattern of cohesive sediments deposited as wide 

shallow mudflats in the estuary results from the inflowing transport of 

fine sediment particles by the large river discharges and the normally 

slow offshore sediment transport along the low energy coastline . This 

cohesive sedimentation process is relevant to the many coastal areas with 

estuarine resources effected by the salinity intrusion from artificial 

river discharge reductions and channel dredging . 

Lee, G .F ., M .D . Piwoni, J .M . Lopez, G .M . Mariani and J .S . Richardson . 1975 . 

Research Study for the Development of Dredged Material Disposal Criteria . 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, AEWES-CR-D75-4 :386 . 

Abstract . The report represents the results of the second phase (laboratory 

evaluation) of a two-phase study to establish the relationships between 

the presence of various contaminants within sediments and the effects of 

sediment dredging and discharge on water quality and aquatic organisms . 

The basic analytical procedure specified for use in implementing the 

requirements of Public Laws 92-500 and 92-532 is referred to as the 

Standard Elutriate Test . This report discusses the factors influencing 

the release of chemical contaminants from dredged sediments during the 

elutriate test procedure and evaluates the effectiveness of the test in 

comparison with other procedures such as bulk sediment analysis . 

Individual parameters included and numerical values assigned to them as 

39 
indicators of levels of pollution are discussed individually. Sediments 

used for the Standard Elutriate Test evaluation and subsequent bioassay 

research were from the Trinity River, Houston Ship Channel turning basin, 

Port Aransas Channel, and Corpus Christi Bay, Texas ; Mobile Bay, Alabama; 

Bridgeport, Connecticut ; and Ashtabula, Ohio . The oxygen content of the 

elutriate was found to be one of the most important factors influencing 

the release of chemical contaminants from dredged sediments during the 

test . However, the test was found to be insensitive to many other 

parameters, such as shaking time, method of agitation, solid-to-liquid 

ratio, and various filtration procedures . 

Leitman, H .M . 1984 . Forest map and hydrologic conditions, Apalachicola River 

flood plain, Florida . U . S . Geol . Surv . Hydrologic Investigations Atlas . 

Map HA-0672 . Scale 1 :100,000 . 

Leitman, H .M., J .E . Sohm and M .A . Franklin . 1982 . Wetland hydrology and tree 

distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida . U .S . Geol . 

Surv . Open-File Rep . OF 82-0251 :104 . 

Leitman, H .M ., J .E . Sohm and M .A . Franklin . 1983 . Wetland hydrology and tree 

distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida . U .S . 

Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper . 2196A :52 . 

Leonard, L .A . 1994 . Environmental and physical factors controlling sediment 

transport and deposition in microtidal marsh systems : implications for 

marsh stability . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of South Florida, St . 

Petersburg, FL . 201 pp . 

Leonard, L .A ., A .C . Hine and M .E . Luther . 1995 . Surficial sediment transport 

and deposition processes in a Juncus roemerianus marsh, west-central 

Florida . J . Coast . Res . 11 :322-336 . 

Light, H .M ., M .R . Darst, M .T . MacLaughlin and S .W . Sprecher . 1993 . Hydrology, 

vegetation, and soils of four North Florida river flood plains with an 

evaluation of State and Federal wetland determinations . USGS Water Res . 

Investigations . WRI 93-4033 :94 . Prepared in cooperation with the Florida 

Department of Environment Regulation, USGS, Reston, VA . 

Livingston, R .J . 1975 . Diurnal and Seasonal Fluctuations of Organisms in a 

North Florida Estuary . (Report No . : NOAA-76090903) Sponsor : National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Md . Office of Sea 

Grant . ; Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D .C . NTIS . 

Washington, DC . 30 pp . 

Abstract . Monthly samples of demersal fishes and invertebrates were taken in an 

unpolluted, river-dominated estuary in north Florida (Apalachicola Bay) 

for a 2-yr period . Several species richness and diversity indices were 

compared . Regular diurnal and seasonal variations of such parameters were 

related to complex interactions which included river flow, salinity 

variations and temperature changes. The various species diversity indices 

were highly correlated in spite of theoretical distinctions . There were 

basic differences in species composition and numbers of individuals of 

invertebrates taken throughout a 24-h period . Seasonal peaks of numbers 

of individuals, numbers of species and species diversity usually occurred 

during summer and fall periods . Apalachicola Bay was seen as an 

40 
unpolluted system that underwent considerable seasonal fluctuations of 

richness and diversity in response to extreme variations of natural 

(physical) functions . 

Livingston, R .J . 1980 . The Apalachicola Experiment : Research and Management . 

Oceanus . 23(4) :14-21 . 

Abstract . Since 1971, a continuous, multidisciplinary research program has been 

carried out in the Apalachicola Bay system in northern Florida. The 

project originated as a routine assessment of the estuary, including 

monthly evaluations of water quality and biological productivity . Initial 

studies indicated relatively high levels of phytoplankton productivity 

and virtually no pollution from organochlorine compounds . The delicate 

hydrologic and nutrient regimes of the bay system were observed. To 

protect this ecosystem, ecologically sensitive lands were purchased by 

the state in order to establish sanctuaries . 

Livingston, R .J . 1983 . Resource atlas of the Apalachicola Estuary . Report No . 

55 . Dept . of Biol . Sci ., FL . State Univ ., Sea Grant College . Gainesville, 

FL . 64 pp . 

Abstract . The colored charts and LANDSAT photographs in this small resource 

atlas vividly illustrate the environment, ecology, and potential of this 

unique coastal area of western Florida (where Alabama and Georgia touch 

on Florida) . The public relations information type of presentation gives, 

on two-page spreads each, pictorial, topographic, and statistical data 

with textual summaries on the following subjects : 1) general overview of 

the river and bay system and the National Estuarine Sanctuary; 2) 

physical and chemical features of the barrier islands : depths, tides, and 

currents ; temperature and salinity of surface and bottom waters ; water 

quality features ; rainfall and river flow ; and nutrients and organic 

detritus ; 3) biological features, covering emergent vegetation, 

submergent vegetation, microbial ecology, zooplankton, benthic 

macroinvertebrates, oysters, crabs, shrimp, anchovies, spot, croaker, 

sand seatrout, commercial and sport fisheries, food webs, and community 

organization ; and 4) regional economics and planning of resource 

management . An extensive bibliography is appended . Seasonal and annual 

rainfall, river flow, and temperature variations are shown on bar charts 

and explained in the text . 

Livingston, R .J . 1985 . Application of scientific research to resource 

management : Case history, the Apalachicola Bay system . pp . 103-125 . 

N .L . Chao and W . Kirby-Smith, eds . Proceedings of the International 

Symposium On Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems : Planning, Pollution and 

Productivity, 21-27 Nov . 1982, Rio Grande, Brazil . Vol . 1 . (Int . Symp . on 

Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems : Planning, Pollution and Productivity, 

Rio Grande (Brazil), 21 Nov . 1982) . 

Abstract . An account is given of some of the results of a research program 

conducted in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico, examining applications to 

resource management . The Apalachicola River and Bay system is one of the 

areas under study and is an important unpolluted and highly productive 

resource in the southeastern United States . The extensive scientific data 

base has been used as the basis of a comprehensive resource planning and 

management effort for the entire Apalachicola basin . This combination of 

research and planning has led to a variety of management applications, 

41 
which include the purchase of ecologically sensitive wetlands and barrier 

islands and the development of advanced land-use plans at the local, 

state and federal levels . 

Livingston, R .J . 1991 . Historical relationships between research and resource 

management in the Apalachicola River estuary . Ecological Applications . 

1(4) :361-382 . 

Abstract . A continuous field effort has been carried out in the Apalachicola 

River estuary since March 1972 . The information generated from this 

interdisciplinary study has been directly applied to the management of 

the Apalachicola resource by means of close associations among local, 

state, and federal officials and university scientists . During the early 

years, scientific data were instrumental in the prevention of the 

impoundment of the Apalachicola River . A series of regional studies was 

carried out to evaluate various forms of effects due to forestry 

activities, pesticides, and storntwater runoff from urban areas . A review 

was made of fisheries problems associated with dredging, overfishing, and 

marine pollution . Results of such studies were directly applied to local 

management questions . Research that linked the river wetlands with the 

estuary, in terms of the input of freshwater, nutrients, and organic 

matter, served as the basis for the purchase of extensive bottomland 

tracts . Other initiatives were carried out that were designed to protect 

the naturally high productivity of the river estuary . Further purchases 

of estuarine wetlands and barrier island properties were made that formed 

an almost continuous buffer of publicly held lands between upland 

developments and critical habitats and important populations of the bay 

system . A regional management plan was adopted that was designed to limit 

local municipal development in the estuarine region . Analyses of the 

long-term scientific data indicated that dominant, commercially important 

estuarine populations are associated with river flow, local salinity 

characteristics, and biological (perdition, competition) interactions 

with the salinity regime and food web structure . Such interactions are 

not straightforward, however ; they reflect complex interactions of the 

freshwater influxes and biological response in the estuary that are not 

well understood . Species-specific responses to the principal driving 

factors further complicate the biological relationships of the 

Apalachicola system . The management of a river-dominated estuary should 

be based on protection and control of freshwater sources, nutrients, and 

organic matter with a minimization of physical alterations that often 

lead to increased salinity stratification and the associated loss of the 

nursery function of the estuary . There is growing evidence that changes 

in upland characteristics and within-system habitat alterations are 

associated with changes in nutrient distributions and salinity 

relationships and that such changes can have serious impacts on estuarine 

systems . Issues involving basic changes in estuarine productivity and 

associated food webs are far more important than those involving species 

diversity in the management of such resources . Processes such as nutrient 

flow and salinity alteration underlie the very basis of estuarine 

productivity and usefulness . Over the past decade, there has been a 

gradual reduction in the importance of research as an integral part of 

the planning and management process in the Apalachicola system . This 

regional trend follows a national pattern . Dredging effects on the river 

and bay have gone on without effective challenge even though such 

activities are damaging productive habitats of the system . The once 

42 
influential Apalachicola oyster fishery remains in disarray following a 

series of natural disasters and poor management practices . There is a 

growing problem with the deliberate obstruction of the generation and use 

of scientific data to determine management policies by various state and 

federal agencies . The substitution of public relations activities for the 

development of needed scientific information concerning factors such as 

the importance of sustained freshwater input to estuaries is further 

evidence that even the most elaborate and well-conceived management plans 

can be reversed by political manipulations and short-sighted bureaucratic 

policies . 

Lloyd, J . M. and C .H . Tootle . 1994 . 1992 and 1993 Florida petroleum production 

and exploration ; including Florida petroleum reserve estimates . Florida 

Geological Survey, Information Circular . 110 :30 . 

Abstract . Florida oil production began to decline in 1979 and generally has 

continued to do so . However, statewide production increased during 1992 

and 1993 due to increased production at the Jay field, the largest 

producing field in Florida . Exploration activity during 1992 and 1993 was 

very limited. Only five onshore exploratory wells were drilled during 

1992 and 1993 . Three of these were in the Florida panhandle in Escambia 

and Santa Rosa Counties ; two were in south Florida in Hendry and Collier 

Counties . All five exploratory wells were plugged and abandoned as dry 

holes. Geophysical exploration conducted during 1992 and 1993 was limited 

to the Florida panhandle and only covered 41 .4 miles of seismic lines. In 

addition to this completed geophysical exploration, a permit expired for 

an extensive offshore seismic, gravity, and magnetic survey . This 

exploration would potentially have explored a dense grid off of Florida's 

Gulf coast extending from offshore of Apalachicola, Franklin County to 

offshore of Naples, Collier County . One exploratory well permit was 

pending in federal waters off Florida at the close of 1993 . This well 

would be the third to be drilled in the Destin Dome area by Chevron . The 

two previously drilled wells were classified by the federal government as 

producible Norphlet gas discoveries . 

Locker, S .D . and L .J . Doyle . 1987 . Stratigraphy of the northwestern Florida 

inner shelf from high resolution seismic reflection data . GSA Abstracts 

with Programs . 19(7) :748 . 

Locker, S .D . and L .J . Doyle . 1992 . Neogene to recent stratigraphy and 

depositional regimes of the northwest Florida inner continental shelf . 

Mar . Geol . 104 :123 . 

Abstract . The late Neogene to Recent depositional history of the inner shelf 

off northwest Florida was investigated using high-resolution seismic 

reflection data . Two principal sedimentary provinces, the Apalachicola 

Embayment and the Alabama-Florida Shelf, are distinguished by different 

structural trends and sequence stratigraphy . A transition from carbonate 

to terrigenous clastic deposition occurs vertically and laterally from 

east to west . The dominant controls on deposition have been sea level 

history and location of fluvial systems advancing southward and infilling 

the Apalachicola Embayment . In the Apalachicola Embayment, the upward 

carbonate-to-terrigenous transition correlates with a change from 

relatively flat lying reflections, to prograding clinoforms, and then 

chaotic and reflection-free sequences . Carbonate deposition in the middle 

and late Miocene is inferred to have occurred during highstands of sea 

43 
level with minor input of terrigenous material . In the late Miocene, a 

major erosional unconformity and associated river valley entrenchment cut 

deeply into the flat-lying carbonate section. Subsequent deposition is 

distinguished by broad prograding clinoforms and an increase in 

terrigenous material in an open shelf environment . In the late Pliocene, 

sea-level fluctuations generated a stratigraphic record dominated by 

offlapping, seaward-thickening sequences . The interaction between sea 

level and fluvial supply to the shelf became very important as shifting 

river inputs resulted in locally thick depocenters bounded by erosional 

unconformities . Four primary areas of fluvial-deltaic input in the PlioPleistocene are identified based on the distribution of channels and 

prograding clinoforms interpreted to be delta front deposition . The 

present inner shelf is a sediment-starved clastic depositional regime . 

Locker, S .D ., L .J . Doyle, A .C . Hine and N .J . Blake . 1990 . Complex carbonate and 

clastic stratigraphy of the inner shelf off west-central Florida . AAPG 

Bulletin . 74(5) :707 . 

Locker, S .D ., A .C . Hine and E .A. Shine . 1991 . Sea level geostrophic current 

control on carbonate shelf-slope depositional sequences and erosional 

patterns, South Florida platform margin . AAPG Bulletin . 75(3) :623 . 

Loftin, T_L . and J . F . Donoghue . 1987 . Investigation of the sedimentation rates 

in the Apalachicola Bay estuarine-deltaic system using lead-21o 

geochronology . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 19(2) :95 . 

Logue, K .T . and L .J . Doyle . 1988a . Bed form patterns and sedimentary processes 

along a mixed energy inner shelf ; northwestern Florida . AAPG Bulletin . 

72(2) :214 . 

Logue, K .T . and L .J . Doyle . 1988b . Bed form patterns and sedimentary processes 

along a mixed energy inner shelf ; northwestern Florida . The AAPG 

Bulletin . 72(2) :214 . 

Looney, P .B . and D .J . Gibson . 1993 . Vegetation monitoring of beach nourishment . 

pp . 226-241 . Zu Anon ., ed . Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Coastal 

and Ocean Management . (New Orleans, LA, ; Beach Nourishment Engineering 

and Management Considerations Coastal Zone) ASCE, New York, NY . 

Abstract . The Gulf Islands National Seashore portion of Perdido Key, Florida is 

the site of a five year project established to monitor the response of 

undisturbed native barrier island plant communities to massive beach 

nourishment . This note describes the primary succession of colonizing 

species on the nourished beach and discusses potential long term effects 

on established vegetation . refs . 

Lowery, T .A . 1992 . Apalachicola Bay's proclivity for sediment export during 

hurricanes and its impact on oyster production from 1960-1985 . J . 

Shellfish Res . 11(2) :461-466 . 

Abstract . Chesapeake Bay's response to Tropical Storm Agrees in 1972 included 

mass sediment import and a concomitant degradation of estuarine health . 

Apalachicola Bay's response to Hurricane Elena in 1985 included mass 

sediment export and improved estuarine health . The depositional event 

that occurred in Chesapeake Bay in 1972 resulted from the flooding 

associated with Tropical Storm Agrees while the erosional event that 

44 
occurred in Apalachicola Bay in 1985 resulted from the high winds 

associated with Hurricane Elena . These two events represent the extremes 

of episodically driven estuarine sediment deposition and erosion. 

Chesapeake Bay's response to Tropical Storm Agnes was well documented and 

is well known within estuarine science circles, but Apalachicola Bay's 

response is documented but not well known . This paper reviews 

Apalachicola Bay's proclivity for sediment export during hurricanes and 

its impact on oyster landings (1960-1985) as a surrogate indicator of 

ecosystem perturbance . 

Lucas, J .R . and D .J . Stetz . 1980 . Flood plain inundation in the Apalachicola 

River basin . U .S . Geol . Surv. Prof . Pap . 117 :303-304 . 

Ludwick, J .C . 1964 . Sediments in northeastern Gulf of Mexico . pp . 204-238 . 

R .L . Miller, ed . Papers in marine geology . Macmillan Company, New York, 

NY . 

Abstract . Investigators of continental shelf sediments in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico have concluded that changes in late Quaternary sea level have 

strongly influenced patterns and kinds of surficial sediments and fauna . 

The purpose of this paper is to describe and interpret the distribution 

pattern of modern surficial sediment deposits on the continental shelf 

and nearshore areas . Seafloor samples were taken along 11 sampling 

profiles from 1952 to 1954 . Utilizing these cored and dredged samples a 

recent history of sedimentation is reconstructed . 

Magoon, O .T ., S . Laska and A . Puffer . eds . 1993 . Coastlines of the Gulf of 

Mexico . (Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean 

Management, New Orleans, LA, Series ed . : O .T . Magoon . Coastlines of the 

World . ASCE . NY NY. 247 pp . 

Abstract . This volume contains 20 papers to be presented at the conference . 

Some of the topics discussed by the papers are the following : an overview 

of Louisiana's 1991-1992 Christmas Tree-Brush Fence Program; dredging 

related sea turtle studies along the southeastern U.S . ; a classification 

of the coastal dunes of Louisiana ; revitalizing the Florida coastal 

management program; a man-machine partnership for map production : an 

application of image classification and auto-vectorization in charting 

coastlines ; impacts of winter storms on sediment transport within the 

Terrebonne Bay Marsh complex ; performance of an upland source nourishment 

project Honeymoon Island, Florida ; a method for classifying land loss by 

geomorphology and process ; the diversification of a Louisiana coastal 

community ; shoreline changes along the North Yucatan Coast ; bioengineering methods to establish salt marsh on dredged material ; bank 

erosion at the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge ; beret placement study at 

Breton Island, Louisiana ; from planning to construction in coastal 

Louisiana (with a cast of thousands) ; and Dauphin Island, Alabama 

beaches : real decisions in the real world . 

Mancini, E .A ., R .M . Mink and B .L . Bearden . 1986 . Upper Jurassic Norphlet 

Petroleum Potential - on and off Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida . Oil 

Gas J . 84(4) :142-148 . 

Abstract . Although hydrocarbons were discovered in the Upper Jurassic Norphlet 

formation in 1967 at Pelahatchie field in Mississippi, in 1968 at 

Flomaton field in Alabama, and in 1972 at Mt . Carmel field in Florida, 

the Smackover formation has been the principal Jurassic exploration 

45 
objective in the tristate area . However, with the 1979 discovery of 

significant quantities of natural gas in Norphlet sandstones at the Lower 

Mobile Bay-Mary Ann field, off Alabama, the Norphlet has become one of 

the primary exploration targets in the tristate area . To date, 24 

Norphlet fields have been established in the tristate area . Five 

additional Norphlet natural gas discoveries have been announced for the 

offshore part of the tristate area . 

Mars, J .C . 1991 . Geologic framework and Holocene evolution of Mobile Bay in 

southern Alabama . Master's Thesis . University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL . 

144 pp. 

Abstract . Mobile Bay, located in southwestern Alabama, is approximately 50 km 

long and covers an area of 1058 km2 . To the north, the Alabama and Tensaw 

Rivers discharge into Mobile Bay while to the south, the bay empties into 

the Gulf of Mexico . Thus the bay forms a large estuarine mixing system . 

Present-day facies represented by surficial sediments in Mobile Bay are : 

beach, marsh, near-shore, open-bay, and delta front . Vibracores were used 

to sample shallow (>30 m) subsurface sediments for comparison to presentday lithofacies . Accretionary-bank deposits seen in other present-day 

estuarine systems but not in present-day Mobile Bay are also interpreted 

in vibracores . Vertical stacking of facies seen in vibracores and boring 

logs indicates a deepening trend . This deepening trend produces a finingupward sequence as beach, marsh, or near-shore facies deposited in 

shallow water are overlain by open-bay muds . In the bay-head delta and 

the Dauphin Island-Morgan Peninsula barrier complex, local progradation 

of the delta and barrier system over open-bay muds has produced a 

deepening and then shallowing sequence . By using sea-level curves, 

seismic lines, borings, vibracores, and radiocarbon dating, Holocene 

evolution of bay inundation has been reconstructed. A paleotopographic 

map of the bay during Pleistocene lowstand indicates that an entrenched 

river valley occupied the present-day bay area . Transgressive vertical 

sequences of open-bay mud overlying near-shore and beach deposits are the 

result of sea-level rise of over 100 m during the last 18,000 years . Bay 

inundation commenced approximately 7,500 years b .p . and proceeded in two 

phases . The first phase, from 7,500 to 6,000 years b .p ., was a period of 

rapid sea-level rise in which 70% of the bay was inundated . The rate of 

sea-level rise was greater than the sedimentation rate, resulting in a 

bay that extended farther north and was slightly deeper than the presentday bay . The rapid inundation quickly submerged areas below normal wave 

base and produced a low-energy open-bay setting in the central part of 

the bay . In these areas of the bay, vertical sequences are characterized 

by thin near-shore and beach deposits (<1 m) overlain by a thick layer of 

open bay mud (>5 m) . The second phase from 6,000 years b .p . to present 

was a period of slow sea-level rise . Slow inundation resulted in more 

time for sediments to be reworked and to accumulate above normal wave 

base . Thus vertical sequences from the slowly inundated bay margins 

contain thick sections of nearshore and beach facies (>5 m) overlain by 

thin sections of open bay mud (<1 m) . During this phase of inundation, 

the bay sedimentation rate was greater than the rate of sea-level rise . 

Bay volume decreased as the bay-head delta prograded and the bay filled . 

Shallowing of the bay has enhanced mixing of marine and riverine waters 

by wave action and has caused a down-bay shift of marine water throughout 

Holocene time . 

46 
Marsh, O .T . 1962 . Geology of Tertiary rocks in Escambia and Santa Rosa 

counties, western Florida . pp . D59-D61 . II1 Geological Survey Research 

1962 . (US Geological Survey Professional Paper) . US Geological Survey, 

Reston, VA. 

Martin, E . 1991 . Rocky Bayou Aquatic Preserve Management Plan . Sponsor : 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC . Office 

of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management . ; Florida State Dept . of 

Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee . Office of Coastal Management . 

Contract No . : NA90AA-H-CZ809 . NTIS . Washington, DC . 94 pp . 

Abstract . The Rocky Bayou Aquatic Preserve is located in the northern panhandle 

of the state in Okaloosa County, and covers approximately 480 acres in 

size . Rocky Bayou is a fresh to brackish water system situated along the 

northern edge of Choctawhatchee Bay. The bayou contains healthy stands of 

submerged and shoreline vegetation . Rocky Creek flows into Rocky Bayou 

and represents one of the only known habitats in the U.S . for the 

Okaloosa darter, a federally endangered species . The northern side of the 

preserve is experiencing increasing residential developments along the 

shoreline. Habitat loss, increased impacts from recreational use, water 

quality degradation are the major threats . This area will come under 

increased development pressures if a proposed bridge is constructed 

across the Choctawhatchee Bay. 

Martin, E . 1992 . Fort Pickens Aquatic Preserve Management Plan Adopted January 

22, 1992 . Sponsor : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Washington, DC . Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management . ; Florida 

State Dept . of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee . NTIS . Washington, 

DC . 102 pp . 

Abstract . Fort Pickens Aquatic Preserve is located in Escambia and Santa Rosa 

counties, covering approximately 27,000 acres . The preserve includes the 

western end of Santa Rosa Island and the eastern end of Perdido Key . Both 

of these islands are typical examples of undeveloped barrier islands . The 

submerged land of the preserve along the north sides of these islands are 

characterized by shallow, extensive seagrass beds and salt marshes . These 

communities are currently providing habitat for birds and other wildlife, 

especially since these islands and adjacent submerged lands are some of 

the only undeveloped coastal areas in the region . As development 

continues to increase adjacent to the preserve, degradation of these 

habitats will occur . 

Martin, H .W . and W .G. Harris . 1992 . Mineralogy of clay sediments in three 

phreatic caves of the Suwannee River Basin . NSS Bulletin . 54(2) :69-76 . 

Abstract . Bottom surface clay was sampled from two cave systems in Ocala 

Limestone draining into the Suwannee River (Peacock and Telford Springs 

Caves) in Suwannee County, Florida and one cave system in Suwannee 

Limestone draining into the Withlacoochee River (Madison Blue Spring 

Cave) in Madison County, FL . The dominance of kaolinite may be evidence 

for the depositional (allochthonous) rather than in situ (autochthonous) 

origin of these materials . 

Mason, W .T .J . 1991 . A survey of benthic invertebrates in the Suwannee River, 

Florida . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment . 16(2) :163-187 . 

Abstract . Of the total 186 benthic invertebrate taxa, 82% had quality values 

that indicate overall 'clean water, conditions . The predominant benthic 

47 
invertebrates in the Suwannee River were detritivorous and the 

communities reflected oligotrophic to mesotrophic waters . Benthic 

invertebrate communities were surveyed in a 233 km reach of the middle 

and lower Suwarinee River in Northwestern Florida in the winter 1987 and 

early summer 1988 to determine their abundance and distribution as 

potential foods of the Gulf sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi, and 

to determine the effects of possible natural and human-induced 

disturbances to the communities . In substrates of the tidal oligohaline 

to mesohaline lower reach of the East Pass site I (km 2) and site II West 

Pass (km 5) near the Gulf of Mexico, densities of tube dwelling and free 

swimming amphipods, polychaetes, oligochaetes, and dipterans in the PONAR 

grabs were moderate to abundant . Also, at sites I and II, low to moderate 

densities of dipteran Chironomidae and o live nerite snail were collected 

in hardboard multiplate artificial substrate samplers . Diversities of 

benthic invertebrates were relatively low . Upriver from site I and II, 

the transition from an oligohaline tolerant benthic community to a 

freshwater one was abrupt due to strong freshwater flow . At sites III (km 

48) and IV (km 89), benthic invertebrate populations were low to 

moderate . In the middle reach (km 101 to km 233), aquatic insects were 

predominant and included: chironomids, mayflies, and beetle s ; freshwater 

gammarid amphipods, gastropods, and the Asian clam were also present . In 

winter, the bottom substrates at sites VII (km 153) and VIII (km 205) 

contained diverse and dense populations of Chironomidae (5932/sq m) which 

was the greatest density for a major taxonomic group recorded in this 

survey . Crayfish were collected in low densities only in artificial 

substrate samplers from sites IV to IX . Leeches were widespread in the 

study area . Empirical Biotic Index values that reflect impacts of organic 

wastes on benthic invertebrate communities were within a narrow range, 

3 .16 to 6 .38, and indicated slightly enriched to enriched water . Of the 

total 186 benthic invertebrate taxa, 82t had quality values 0 to 5 that 

indicate overall clean water conditions . The predominant benthic 

invertebrates in the Suwannee River were detritivorous and the 

communities reflected oligotrophic to mesotrophic waters . (Author's 

abstract) . 

Mattraw, H .C ., Jr . and J.F . Elder . 1980 . Nutrient yield of the Apalachicola 

River flood plain, Florida; water quality assessment plan . USGS Water 

Res . Investigations . WRI 80-15 :26 . USGS, Reston, VA; NTIS number : PB-81-

144-545 . 

Mattraw, H .C., Jr . and J. F . Elder . 1984 . Nutrient and detritus transport in the 

Apalachicola River, Florida . USGS, Water-Supply Paper . 2196-C :62 . 

Abstract . The Apalachicola River in northwest Florida flows 172 km southward 

from Jim Woodruff Dam near the Florida-Georgia border to Apalachicola Bay 

on the Gulf of Mexico . The basin is composed of two 3100-km2 subbasins, 

the Chipola and the Apalachicola . The Apalachicola subbasin includes a 

454-km2 bottom-land hardwood flood plain that is relatively undeveloped. 

The flood plain contains >1500 trees/ha which annually produce approx . 

800 metric tons of litter fall per square kilometer . Spring floods of 

March and April 1980 carried 35,000 metric tons of particulate organic 

carbon derived from litter fall into Apalachicola Bay . The estuarine food 

web is predominantly detrital based and represents an important 

commercial source of oyster, shrimp, blue crab, and various species of 

fish . The water budget of the Apalachicola basin is heavily dominated by 

48 
streamflow . For a 1-yr period in 1979-1980, 28 .6 km' of water flowed past 

the Sumatra gage on the lower river ; 80t of this volume flowed into the 

upper river near Chattahoochee, FL ., and lit was contributed by its major 

tributary, the Chipola River . Contributions from groundwater and overland 

runoff were <10% . Streamflow increases downstream were accompanied by 

equivalent increases in nitrogen and phosphorus transport . The nutrients 

were released to the river by the flood plain vegetation, but were 

subject to recycling . The increase in the amount of organic carbon 

transport downstream was greater than streamflow increases . The flood 

plain is an important source of organic carbon, especially in detrital 

form. Several methods for measuring detritus in the river and flood plain 

were developed and tested . The detritus data from the flood plain added 

semiquantitative evidence for transport of detritus from the flood plain 

to the river flow, probably explaining most of the coarse particulate 

organic material carried by the river . During the 1-yr period of 

investigation, June 3, 1979-June 2, 1980, 2 .1 X 105 metric tons of 

organic carbon were transported from the river basin to the bay. Nitrogen 

and phosphorus transport during the same period amounted to 2 .2 X 10° and 

1 .7 X 103 metric tons, respectively . On an areal basis, it was calculated 

that the flood plain contributed 70 g/m2/yr of organic carbon, 0 .4 g/m2/yr 

of nitrogen, and 0 .5 g/m2/yr of phosphorus . The flood plain acts as a 

source of detrital carbon, but for the solutes, nutrient release is 

approximately balanced by nutrient retention . 

May, E .B . 1973 . Environmental effects of hydraulic dredging in estuaries . Ala . 

Mar . Resour . Bull . 9 :1-85 . 

Abstract . Hydraulic channel and shell dredging and open water spoil disposal 

have little significant immediate effect on water quality in Alabama 

estuaries . Almost all of the sediment discharged by dredges settles very 

rapidly and is transported by gravity along the bottom as a separate 

flocculated density layer and potentially harmful components of the mud 

are not dissolved into the water. There is a limited, temporary reduction 

in benthic organisms in areas affected by dredging . Spoil piles from 

channel dredges can indirectly affect the ecology and usefulness of 

estuaries by interfering with water circulation and altering salinity . 

The basic hydrological concepts which determine the effects of dredging 

should be applicable in other areas . Extensive regulations apparently are 

not necessary to protect water quality in open water dredging situations 

but spoil disposal practices from channel dredges must be reconsidered 

and appropriate new disposal plans developed. (Author) . 

May, J .P . 1973 . Sedimentary and geomorphic response to systematic variation of 

wave energy in the nearshore zone . Diss . Abstr . Int . 34(2) :719B-720B . 

May, J .P . 1974 . WAVENRG ; A computer program to determine the distribution of 

energy dissipation in shoaling water waves with examples from coastal 

Florida . pp . 22-61 . In Anon ., ed . Sediment transport in the near-shore 

zone . (Proceedings of a symposium offered at the Florida State 

University, 26 January 1974) . (Coastal Res . Notes, Dep . Geol ., Florida 

State Univ . Tallahassee, FL) . 

Mazur, S . 1983 . Rockin' through Florida . Lapidary Journal . 37(8) :1158-1164 . 

49 
Mazzullo, J . and M . Peterson . 1989 . Sources and dispersal of late Quaternary 

silt on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf . Mar . Geol . 

86(1) :15-26 . 

Abstract . The surficial sediments of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental 

shelf consist of large volumes of silt and clay and lesser amounts of 

sand of late Quaternary age. A study of the roundness and surface 

textures of quartz silt grains in these surficial sediments was conducted 

to determine the sources and dispersal patterns of this size fraction and 

to gain a better understanding of late Quaternary sedimentation on this 

shelf . The results indicate that there are six distinct silt provinces 

within the study area that can be distinguished on the basis of grain 

roundness and surface textures . Three of the provinces are characterized 

by relatively angular quartz silt grains (on the average) and an 

abundance of first cycle crystalline quartz grains ; the remaining three 

provinces are characterized by relatively rounded quartz silt grains and 

an abundance of multicyclic (sedimentary) rounded grains . The dispersal 

patterns of these six provinces are partly controlled by the late 

Wisconsinian paleogeography . Thus, a comparison of the dispersal patterns 

with the locations of the modern and ancient fluviodeltaic depocenters 

allows the identification of these six provinces as deposits of the Rio 

Grande, the coastal plain streams of South Texas, the Brazos and Colorado 

River, the Mississippi, the Mobile River and the rivers of the 

southeastern United States . However, the dispersal patterns have also 

been modified by the prevailing shelf and longshore currents, and there 

is up to 400 km of down current displacement of silt from its Late 

Wisconsinian sites of deposition on some parts of the shelf . 

McCollum, R .A. 1988 . Blountstown Reach, Apalachicola River ; movable-bed model 

study. U.S . Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, 

Technical Report . 88-17 :39 . 

Abstract . The Blountstown Reach, Apalachicola River, requires approximately 

107,000 cu yd of dredging annually to maintain the navigation channel . 

The model study was conducted to examine the dredged material disposal in 

the thalweg and within the bank and to develop a system of contraction 

works to develop and maintain the navigation channel with little or no 

maintenance dredging . The model, built to a horizontal scale of 1:120 and 

a vertical scale of 1 :80, was of the movable-bed type and allowed for 

inflow from both the Apalachicola River and Sutton Lake . 

Meadows, P .E . 1991 . Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the 

Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida, May 1990 . U.S . Geol . 

Surv . Open-File Rep . OF 90-0582, USGS ; Reston, VA. 

Mehta, A .J . and T .A. Zeh . 1979a . Investigation of the Hydrodynamics of Inlet 

Plume . pp . 478-485 . In Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on 

Conservation and Utilization of Water and Energy Resources, ASCE, held in 

San Francisco, California on August 8-11, 1979 . National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, Office of Sea Grant, Rockville, MD . 

Abstract . Sikes Cut provides an access to the Gulf of Mexico from Apalachicola 

Bay, which is a large and shallow oyster producing body of water in 

Florida . Two objectives of the investigation were to determine the extent 

of tidal influence of Sikes Cut in Apalachicola Bay and to use Landsat 

satellite imagery in order to interpret the ebb flow pattern from the 

inlet into the Gulf . The modeled flood plume in the bay compared 

50 
reasonably well with measurements, and it was shown that the plume 

deflection was produced by Coriolis and cross-flow . For the maintenance 

of a navigation channel and the control of erosion of nearby beaches, the 

mechanism by which sand is bypassed across an inlet channel is a matter 

of considerable interest . Commonly employed means of transferring sand 

such as cutterhead plants or dredges which utilize diesel or electrical 

power are becoming increasingly expensive, and its appears reasonable to 

design inlets wherein a major portion of the energy required for sand 

transfer is provided by the flow itself . Such a design consideration 

merits an understanding of the hydrodynamics of flow distribution near 

the inlet . A study of this nature at a small inlet, Sikes Cut, is 

reported . Sikes Cut provides an access to the Gulf of Mexico from 

Apalachicola Bay, which is a large and shallow oyster producing body of 

water in Florida. Two objectives of the investigation were 1) to 

determine the extent of tidal influence of Sikes Cut in Apalachicola Bay 

and 2) to use Landsat satellite imagery in order to interpret the ebb 

flow pattern from the inlet into the Gulf . 

Mehta, A.J . and T .A . Zeh . 1979b . Investigation of the hydrodynamics of inlet 

plume . pp . 478-485 . In Anon ., ed . Proc . of the Special Conference on 

Conservation and Utility of Water and Energy Resources . ASCE, New York, NY . 

Abstract . For the maintenance of a navigation channel and the control of 

erosion of nearby beaches, the mechanism by which sand is bypassed across 

an inlet channel is a matter of considerable interest . Commonly employed 

means of transferring sand such as cutterhead plants or dredges which 

utilize diesel or electrical power are becoming increasingly expensive, 

and it appears reasonable to design inlets wherein a major portion of the 

energy required for sand transfer is provided by the flow itself . Such a 

design consideration merits an understanding of the hydrodynamics of flow 

distribution near the inlet . A study of this nature at a small inlet, 

Sikes Cut, is reported . Sikes Cut provides an access to the Gulf of 

Mexico from Apalachicola Bay, which is a large and shallow oyster 

producing body of water in Florida . Two objectives of the investigation 

were 1) to determine the extent of tidal influence of Sikes Cut in 

Apalachicola Bay and 2) to use Landsat satellite imagery in order to 

interpret the ebb flow pattern from the inlet into the Gulf . 

Melkote, S ., J . Arthur, J . Applegate and T . Scott . 1986 . Sediments of the inner 

continental shelf, northwest Florida . pp . 228 . Za W . Tanner, ed . Suite 

Statistics and Sediment History, Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on 

Coastal Sedimentology . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Meo, M . 1989 . Climate change impacts on coastal environments : implications for 

strategic planning . pp . 1384-1394 . In Anon ., ed . Coastal Zone '89 : 

Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, v . 2 

(of 5) . ASCE, New York, NY . 

Abstract . As scientific reports continue to link trace gas emissions with 

changing climate, concern has grown over the near-term implications of 

climate change for public policy in general and strategic planning in 

particular . Coastal environments are especially vulnerable to 'greenhouse 

effect' impacts such as accelerated sea level rise, reduction of fresh 

water inflows, and the possible increase in the frequency of extreme 

storm events . Two major concerns for decision makers are to determine the 

timing and magnitude of different climate change impacts and to design 

51 
rational strategies for responding to them . This paper examines the 

strategic planning implications of climate change impacts on coastal 

environments with reference to three coastal regions (Apalachicola Bay 

and estuary in northwest Florida, the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain in 

coastal Louisiana, and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California) . 

Miller, M.C . and R .D . Reinhard. 1992 . Empirical simulation of storm histories 

for coastal design . pp . 45-53 . la Anon ., ed . Proceedings of the 24th 

Joint Meeting on Wind and Seismic Effects . (Gaithersburg, MD, USA ; NIST 

Special Publication n 843 Sep 1992) Natl Inst of Standards & Technology, 

c/o US Department of Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD, USA . 

Abstract . Coastal erosion and flooding caused by hurricanes have tremendous 

potential for economic damage and loss of life in populated areas . The 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers is frequently asked to determine the 

feasibility of coastal protection projects through evaluation of the 

economic benefits of project alternatives . The development of design 

criteria for water level, waves, and beach profile change require the 

evaluation of data collected over long time periods, or the generation of 

data using tested computer models . A methodology has been developed at 

the U .S . Army Engineer, Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering 

Research Center for determining project feasibility by the application of 

several environmental models . The economic evaluation depends on the 

application of a statistical resampling technique known as the 

'bootstrap' which allows calculation of expected values of an outcome by 

sampling, with replacement, from a limited historical data set . This 

method has been applied to a potential project at Panama City Beach, 

Florida . 

Miller, M .C ., W .E . Roper, L .E . Borgman and J .J . Westerink . 1991 . Development of 

water level and wave height design data . pp . 557-567 . Iu Anon ., ed. 

Proceedings of the 23rd Joint Meeting of the US-Japan Cooperative Program 

in Natural Resources Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects . (Tsukuba, Jpn 

Conference Date : 1991 May 14-17 ; Special Publication No . 820, Sept . 

1991) . Natl Inst of Standards & Technology, US Department of Commerce, 

Gaithersburg, MD . 

Abstract . The historical record of tropical storms at specific sites in the 

Gulf of Mexico is too short to provide adequate statistics for estimates 

of extreme waves and water levels for engineering design and project 

economic evaluation . This paper describes a method that has been applied 

by the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), U .S . Army Engineer 

Waterways Experiment Station to expand the available suite of storms and 

sample the historical storm data set to obtain reliable, statistical 

parameters of storm effects . Parameters from historical storms were used, 

along with additional, hypothetical storms, to obtain relationships 

between the parameters associated with storm characteristics and storm 

effects of wave height, water level, and shoreline recession . Water level 

estimates were obtained using a finite element storm surge, tide and 

current model which was recently developed and tested for the Gulf . This 

model offers considerable advantages over the finite difference models 

that were previously used for this purpose . The extreme conditions at the 

site were obtained using a 'bootstrap' statistical technique to reduce 

the number of storms modeled . The methods described were used to evaluate 

beach fill design alternatives at Panama City Beach, Florida in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico . 

52 
Miller, R .A ., W . Anderson, A .S . Navoy, J .L . Smoot and R .G . Belles . 1981 . WaterResources Information for the Withlacoochee River Region, West-Central 

Florida . USGS Water Res . Investigations . USGS/WRI-81-11 ; USGS/WRD/WRI/81-

087 :143 . 

Abstract . The ground-water system in the Withlacoochee River region is 

comprised of up to three different aquifers--the surficial, the secondary 

artesian, and the Floridan . Little is known about the surficial and 

secondary artesian aquifers . The Floridan aquifer consists mostly 

limestones and dolomites, and is as much as 1,500 feet thick . 

Transmissivities are known to be as high as 25 million feet squared per 

day. The quality of water within the Floridan aquifer is generally 

excellent except in two areas where saltwater is present . The majority of 

the streams have average dissolved-solids concentrations between 100 and 

200 milligrams per liter, maximum-observed specific conductance between 

250 and 750 micromhos per centimeter, and average total nitrogen 

concentrations of less than 1 .2 milligrams per liter . Summaries were 

compiled of more than 1,000 wells, 43 continuous-record gagging stations, 

21 lakes, and 46 springs . 

Mink, R .M ., B .H . Tew, S .D . Mann, B .L . Bearden and E .A. Mancini . 1990 . Norphlet 

and pre-Norphlet geologic framework of Alabama and Panhandle Florida 

coastal waters area and adjacent federal waters area . GSA Bulletin . 

140 :58 . 

Montgomery, R .L . and M .R . Palermo . 1976 . First Steps Toward Achieving Disposal 

Area Reuse . (WES-MP-D-76-16) Report on Dredged Material Research Program . 

Presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers Specialty Conference 

on Dredging and its Environmental Effects, 27 Jan 76, Mobile, Ala . U.S . 

Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station . Vicksburg, 

Mississippi . 35 pp . 

Abstract . The objectives of research on disposal area reuse are simply to 

develop procedures for maintaining a dredged material disposal area for 

an indefinite period while providing environmentally acceptable disposal 

operations . The reusable dredged material disposal area is a collection 

and processing site where valuable portions of the dredged material are 

made available for productive use while unusable material is, if 

necessary, treated and disposed of . Methods and procedures must provide 

for continuous or periodic removal of dredged material for use or storage 

elsewhere in order to increase the life expectancy of the facility . In 

the Mobile Bay Area, plans for expansion of disposal areas have been 

abandoned in some cases because of objections from local residents and 

environmental constraints . Thus, the need for maximizing the useful life 

of existing sites in this area is pressing . This paper presents results 

from a field study in the Mobile Bay Area outlining the first steps taken 

toward the development of a reusable disposal area . Plans and concepts 

are discussed regarding the long range planning required to maintain use 

of sites for indefinite periods . This paper does not present a panecea 

for dredged material disposal problems because it is not available now 

nor will it be in the future . Each reusable disposal area will have to be 

developed based on its own needs and local environment . (Author) . 

53 
Morang, A . 1992a . Inlet migration and hydraulic processes at East Pass, 

Florida . J . Coast . Res . 8(2) :457-481 . 

Abstract . East Pass, a tidal inlet in the Florida Panhandle between Pensacola 

and Panama City, connects Choctawhatchee Bay to the Gulf of Mexico . From 

1983 to 1991, the U.S . Army Corps of Engineers sponsored a monitoring 

project to measure waves, currents, tidal elevations, bathymetry, and 

shoreline changes at the site . Based on these data and on historical 

records, a three-phase model has been developed which describes the 

inlet's behavior during the last 120 years . The first phase (pre-1928) is 

of spit development and breaching and covers the period when the pass was 

oriented in a northwest-southeast direction between Choctawhatchee Bay 

and the Gulf . From 1928 to 1968, the inlet was characterized by the 

second phase : stable throat position but with a main ebb channel that 

migrated over a developing ebb-tidal delta . This phase covers the time 

after the inlet breached through Santa Rosa Island in a north-south 

direction and began to migrate to the east . The third phase, spanning 

1968, when rubble-mound jetties were built, to the present is 

characterized by a stable throat and ebb channel, and ebb-tidal shoal 

growth . Despite the jetties, East Pass has continued to demonstrate a 

tendency to move eastward . 

Morang, A. 1992b. Study of Geologic and Hydraulic Processes at East Pass, 

Destin, Florida . Vol . 2 . Appendices C through K. Coastal Engineering 

Research Center . vicksburg . 168 pp . 

Abstract . From 1983 to 1991, the Coastal Engineering Research Center and US 

Army Engineer District, Mobile, monitored waves, currents, tidal 

elevations, bathymetry, and shoreline changes at East Pass Inlet, Destin, 

FL . Based on these data and on historical records, a three-phase model 

has been developed that describes the inlet's behavior during the last 

120 years : (a) . Phase 1 (pre-1928), spit development and breaching, 

covering the period when the inlet was oriented northwest-southeast 

between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Gulf of Mexico . (b) . Phase 2 (1928-

1968), stable throat position but main ebb channel that migrated over a 

developing ebb-tidal shoal . This phase covers the time after the inlet 

breached Santa Rosa Island in a north-south direction and then migrated 

eastward . (c) . Phase 3 (1968-present), after rubble-mound jetties were 

built, the throat and main ebb channel were stabilized, while ebb-tidal 

shoal grew . Despite the jetties, East Pass has continued to try to move 

eastward . The driving forces of the eastward migration are hypothesized 

to be (a) wave forces--the predominant wave direction measured in 10-m 

water depth is from the southwest, while the shore trends east-west ; (b) 

backbay tidal channel and flood-tidal shoal geometry direct ebb currents 

towards the eastern shore of the inlet ; (c) because of freshwater inputs, 

the ebb flow is longer in duration and higher in velocity than the flood . 

Maximum measured ebb currents in the inlet are over 5 .0 ft/sec (1 .5 

m/sec), producing a discharge of about 90,000 cu ft/sec (2,500 cu m/sec) . 

Morang, A . 1992c . Study of Geologic and Hydraulic Processes at East Pass, 

Destin, Florida . Vol . 1 . Main Text and Appendices A and B . Final Report . 

Coastal Engineering Research Center . Vicksburg . 119 pp . 

Abstract . From 1983 to 1991, the Coastal Engineering Research Center and US 

Army Engineer District, Mobile, monitored waves, currents, tidal 

elevations, bathymetry, and shoreline changes at East Pass Inlet, Destin, 

FL . Based on these data and on historical records, a three-phase model 

54 
has been developed that describes the inlet's behavior during the last 

120 years : (a) Phase 1 (pre-1928), spit development and breaching, 

covering the period when the inlet was oriented northwest-southeast 

between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Gulf of Mexico . (b) Phase 2 (1928-

1968), stable throat position but main ebb channel that migrated over a 

developing ebb-tidal shoal . This phase covers the time after the inlet 

breached Santa Rosa Island in a north-south direction and then migrated 

eastward . (c) Phase 3 (1968-present), after rubble-mound jetties were 

built, the throat and main ebb channel were stabilized, while ebb-tidal 

shoal grew . Despite the jetties, East Pass has continued to try to move 

eastward . The driving forces of the eastward migration are hypothesized 

to be (a) wave forces--the predominant wave direction measured in 10-m 

water depth is from the southwest, while the shore trends east-west ; (b) 

backbay tidal channel and flood-tidal shoal geometry direct ebb currents 

towards the eastern shore of the inlet ; (c) because of freshwater inputs, 

the ebb flow is longer in duration and higher in velocity than the flood. 

Maximum measured ebb currents in the inlet are over 5 .0 ft/sec (1 .5 

m/sec), producing a discharge of about 90,000 cu ft/sec (500 cu m/sec .) . 

Choctawhatchee Bay, East Pass, Tidal elevations, Destin, Florida 

Panhandle, Tidal inlet, Directional wave measurements, Hydraulic 

measurements, Weir-jetty systems . 

Morang, A . 1993 . Geologic and physical processes at a Gulf of Mexico tidal 

inlet, East Pass, Florida . Ph .D . Dissertation . The Louisiana State 

University and Agricultural and Mechanical College . 340 pp . 

Abstract . East Pass, a tidal inlet located in the Florida Panhandle between 

Pensacola and Panama City, connects Choctawhatchee Bay to the Gulf of 

Mexico . A three-phase model has been developed which describes the 

behavior of East Pass inlet during the last 120 years, based on wave, 

current, tide, bathymetric and shoreline data, and on historical records. 

The first phase (pre-1928) is of spit development and breaching. This 

phase covers the period when the pass was oriented in a northwestsoutheast direction between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Gulf . From 1928 to 

1968, the second phase was characterized by a stable throat position but 

with a main ebb channel that migrated over a developing ebb-tidal delta . 

This phase covers the time after the inlet breached Santa Rosa Island in 

a north-south direction and began to migrate east . The third phase, 

spanning 1968, when rubblemound jetties were built, to the present, is 

characterized by a stable inlet throat and ebb channel, and ebb-tidal 

shoal growth . Despite the jetties, East Pass has attempted to continue 

moving eastward, resulting in continued maintenance problems and erosion . 

The eastward migration is caused by : (1) Wave forces . The predominant 

local wave direction is from the southwest, while the shoreline trends 

east-west . (2) Backbay tidal channel and flood-tidal shoal geometry 

direct ebb currents towards the eastern shore of the inlet . Tide and 

meteorological data reveal that water levels in Choctawhatchee Bay 

fluctuate rapidly during the winter months in response to the passage of 

winter cold fronts . Northwest winds that follow fronts cause a setdown of 

offshore water, leaving Choctawhatchee Bay perched . The resulting outflow 

can account for as much as a 50 percent increase in the water that flows 

through East Pass over that due to astronomical tides alone . It is likely 

that the greatest erosion and sediment transport in the inlet occur 

during these episodes when current velocities are higher . The large 

55 
number and regularity of fronts (261 between 1979 and 1991) suggest that 

they may be a more important factor causing long-term geological changes 

than are the infrequent hurricanes that pass through the area . 

Morgan, G .S . ed . 1989a . Miocene paleontology and stratigraphy of the Suwannee 

River basin of North Florida and South Georgia . (Guidebook [Southeastern 

Geological Society (U .S .)], 30) . Southeastern Geological Society. 60 pp . 

Morgan, G .S . 1989b . Miocene vertebrate faunas from the Suwannee River basin of 

North Florida and South Georgia . pp . 26-53 . Zn G .S . Morgan, ed. Miocene 

paleontology and stratigraphy of the Suwannee River basin of North 

Florida and South Georgia - Guidebook [Southeastern Geological Society 

(U.S .)] . Vol . 30 . 

Murali, R .S . 1973 . Wave power gradient ; an approach to Holocene depositional 

history . Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological 

Societies . 23 :364-367 . 

Nester, R .D . and P .J . Warren . 1986 . The effectiveness of a twenty-inch dredge 

in thin layer disposal . Texas A&M Univ ., Sea Grant Program . TAMU-SG-BB102 . 

Abstract . Fowl River is a small coastal stream in the western shore of Mobile 

Bay in south Mobile County, Alabama . In 1973, the U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers constructed an 8- by 100-foot channel for commercial fishing 

and recreational boating interests . At the time of construction, open 

water and wetland areas (where diked disposal areas were constructed) 

were used for dredged material disposal . The Mobile District, in 

coordination with federal and state regulatory agencies, devised a plan 

whereby a combination of upland and open water disposal methods would be 

utilized during maintenance in 1986 . The open water methodology involved 

what is called "thin-layer" disposal and, in this case, the thin lift 

after disposal was to be no greater than 6 inches . This paper will 

discuss the actual process of achieving a thin-layer . 

Neurauter, T .W . 1979 . Bedforms on the west Florida shelf as detected with side 

scan sonar . Master's Thesis . University of South Florida, St . Petersburg, 

FL . 144 pp . 

Newling, C .J . and M .C . Landin . 1985 . Dredging Operations Technical Support 

Program . Long-Term Monitoring of Habitat Development at Upland and 

Wetland Dredged Material Disposal Sites 1974-1982 . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report . WES/TR/D-85-

5 :228 . 

Abstract . During the Dredged Material Research Program, six wetland and three 

upland habitat development projects were established at seven sites to 

demonstrate the feasibility of creating productive habitat on dredged 

material deposits . Wetland sites were Windmall Point in the James River, 

Virginia ; Buttermilk Sound near the Altamaha River, Georgia; Drake Wilson 

Island in Apalachicola Bay, Florida ; Bolivar Peninsula in Galveston Bay, 

Texas; Salt Pond Number 3 in South San Francisco Bay, California ; and 

Miller Sands Island in the Columbia River, Oregon . Sites were also 

located in upland areas at Nott Island in the Connecticut River, 

Connecticut ; Bolivar Peninsula ; and Miller Sands . These sites have 

continued to be monitored since their construction (1975-77) until the 

56 
present time . In addition, three natural marsh upland reference sites 

have been selected for comparison to the man-made sites . Data and 

research results are presented in this report . Results over an 8-year 

period indicate that all of the sites have developed and stabilized, and 

that they have all been highly successful . Despite a complete lack of 

management since construction, the sites maintain plant communities 

generally comparable to or more productive than those on the reference 

areas . Wildlife use exceeds that occurring on reference areas, and the 

sites are compatible with and contributing to the ecosystems of which 

they are a part . 

Nichols, M .M ., G .S . Thompson and R .W. Faas . 1978 . A Field Study of Fluid Mud 

Dredged Material . Its Physical Nature and Dispersal . U .S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report . :85 . Report on 

Dredged Material Research Program . Prepared in cooperation with Lafayette 

Coll ., Easton, PA . ; Contract No . : DACW39-75-C-0121 . 

Abstract . Open-water disposal of dense suspensions of fluid mud with 

concentrations of 10 to 480 g/1 was studied at field sites in Mobile Bay, 

Alabama, and the James River, Virginia . The study aimed to determine the 

significance of fluid mud in dispersal of dredged material and in 

generation of turbidity . The bulk of the dredged material, more than 99 

percent at the Mobile Bay site was dispersed in the form of fluid mud 

near the bottom, whereas less than 1 percent was dispersed through the 

water column . As suspended solids flocculate and settle, they contribute 

to the fluid mud . In turn, fluid mud resists resuspension and reduces 

turbidity . Disposal created a deposit that spread over an area 5 to 13 

times the dredged area in the channel . Disposal raised the bed, forming 

dense layers in mounds 0 .8 to 2 .2 m high having slopes 1 :125 to 1 :2000 . 

Broad spreading at the Mobile Bay site was associated with a high 

discharge rate over a short period, a low discharge angle, and muds with 

high plastic and liquid limits . Mounding at the James River site was 

associated with a moderate discharge rate over a long period, a 

vertically oriented discharge configuration, and muds with a moderate 

plastic limit and a relatively low liquid limit . After disposal, the 

fluid mud consolidated, bulk density increased, and slopes decreased . 

Height and volume of the James River mound decreased about 50 percent in 

a year . More field investigations of the movement of fluid mud are needed 

for a detailed understanding of its dynamics . 

Nummedal, D . 1982 . Hurricane Impact on Gulf Coast Barriers . (Includes ONR Rept . 

Nos . TR-2 and TR-3) . Final Rept . No . 2 . NTIS . Washington, DC . 46 pp . 

Abstract . Hurricane Frederic made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi at 

midnight, September 13, 1979 . At the time of landfall, the central 

pressure had dropped to 946 mb ; onshore winds in excess of 200 km/hr were 

lashing the Alabama coastline, and the open coast storm tide peaked at 

365 cm at Gulf Shores, Alabama. Vertical aerial photography obtained in 

1976 and again 9 days after Frederic made landfall, combined with 

multiple reconnaissance overflights and ground surveys by the authors, 

provided the data base for determination of shoreline erosion and the 

deposition of hurricane scour and sedimentary deposits . Erosion of the 

Gulf beach at Dauphin Island proved to follow a predictable pattern, 

controlled by nearshore bathymetry, whereas retreat of the shoreline of 

the Mississippi Sound margin was an unexpected occurrence . Apparently, 

this retreat was due to a hydraulic jump as wash-over currents entered 

57 
the deep water of Mississippi Sound. Large-scale sediment redistribution 

on Dauphin Island proper was a consequence of the storm surge flood. The 

ebb surge, however, was responsible for the reopening of three inlets 

across Little Dauphin Island . The wave-induced property destruction on 

Dauphin Island was most intense immediately west of the area of high 

dunes . This segment of the island, the easternmost portion of the 

Holocene spit, has been breached twice in this century. During future 

storm events, breaching, or at the very least severe property 

destruction, in this area seems inevitable . A sensible land use plan for 

Dauphin Island should include a search for alternative, and potentially 

safer, areas for development . 

Orhan, H . 1992 . Recent history of the St Joseph Peninsula Beaches, Florida, 

USA . Ocean and Coastal Management . 17(2) :137-150 . 

Abstract . The coasts of Florida (USA) have been changing at different rates, 

depending on the location . An apparent change has been occurring on St . 

Joseph Peninsula . These changes have been examined and documented for the 

period 1868-1983 . Drastic coastal changes have been observed along two 

parts of the peninsula, Cape San Blas and St . Joseph Spit . Coastal 

changes have been divided into two periods (1868-1934 and 1934-1976), 

according to the intensity of changes . St . Joseph Spit has been growing 

northwestward, and Cape San Blas is eroding on its western side but 

growing to the east . The rate of shoreline changes relative to the 

monuments of the Florida Department of Natural Resources were different 

along the coast of St . Joseph Peninsula before 1934 . Since then, however 

the shoreline has been changing at an almost constant rate . 

Osking, E .B ., A .C . Hine and D .F . Belknap . 1986 . Nearshore sedimentation of 

microtidal, low-energy freshwater influenced shelf embayments ; westcentral Florida . pp . 86-87 . Zn Anon ., ed . Abstracts : Society of Economic 

Paleotologists and Mineralogists . SEPM . 

Otvos, E .G . 1981 . Barrier island formation through nearshore aggradation : 

stratigraphic and field evidence . Mar . Geol . 43(3/4) :195-243 . 

Abstract . Core drilling data from the sound and barrier island chain of 

Mississippi and from the Apalachicola Bay area, old charts and aerial 

photographs were used to document vertical aggradational formation of 

barrier islands . Emergence occurs during constructive, fair weather 

periods where wave-bore currents can transport sand over subtidal shoals 

and accrete it to high tidal levels . Includes several aerial photos . 

Otvos, E .G . 1982a . Barrier island and lagoon evolution, Northeast Gulf of 

Mexico ; coastal elements and interpretation problems . GSA Abstracts with 

Programs . 14(1-2) :71 . 

Otvos, E .G . 1982b . Santa Rosa Island, Florida Panhandle, origins of a composite 

barrier island . Southeast Geology. 23(1) :15-23 . 

Otvos, E .G . 1984 . Alternate interpretations of barrier island evolution, 

Appalachicola Coast, northwest Florida . Litoralia . 1(1) :9-21 . 

Otvos, E .G . 1985a . Barrier island genesis - question of alternatives for the 

Apalachicola Coast, northeastern Gulf of Mexico . J . Coast . Res . 1(1) :267-

278 . 

58 
Otvos, E .G . 1987 . St . Joseph barrier spit, NW Florida; Quaternary evolution . 

Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences . 32 :34 . 

Otvos, E .G . 1988 . Pliocene age of coastal units, Northeast Gulf of Mexico . 

Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies . 

38 :485-494 . 

Otvos, E .G . 1992 . Quaternary evolution of the apalachicola coast, northeastern 

Gulf of Mexico . pp . 221-232 . In J .F . Wehmiller and C .H . Fletcher, eds . 

Quaternary coasts of the United States : Marine and lacustrine systems, 

SEPM Special Publication No . 48 . (SEPM Special Publications, No . 48) . 

Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa, OK . 

Otvos, E .G ., Jr . 1980 . Barrier islands and hurricanes, Gulf of Mexico . NOGS 

Log . 20(11) :1 . 

Cutler, B. 1979 . The stratigraphy and environment of deposition of the 

Tuscaloosa Formation in part of Panhandle, Florida. Master's Thesis . 

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Overland, J .E . 1975 . Estimation of hurricane storm surge in Apalachicola Bay, 

Florida . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Weather Service, Technical Report . NOAA TR NWS-17 :66 . 

Abstract . A vertically integrated two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model 

is developed for simulation of hurricane surge in Apalachicola Bay. 

Standard explicit time differencing is used in conjunction with a single 

Richardson lattice . Model features include finite amplitude effects, 

space variable wind velocities, parameterization of flooding of terrain, 

overtopping of barrier islands, and flow through narrow passes . The model 

uses the results of C . P . Jelesnianski's SPLASH model computation for 

open coast surge as input seaward of the Bay and continues the same storm 

track and wind field as used in the SPLASH computation across the Bay. 

The Bay model was calibrated for the astronomical tides and verified 

against hurricane Agnes . The response of Apalachicola Bay has been 

determined from numerical computations for a variety of hypothetical 

hurricanes as specified by various storm parameters . Surge heights in the 

Bay increase with hurricane central pressure depression in a nearly 

linear fashion as does the open coast surge . An important parameter is 

the duration that the open coast surge remains high, a function of the 

forward speed of the storm and, to a lesser extent, the radius of maximum 

winds . Surge heights in the Bay increased relative to open coast surge 

values for slow moving storms . For bays of the extent of Apalachicola 

Bay, basin orientation relative to wind direction, headlands, and marsh 

areas can produce significant local variations in surge heights . 

Owens, C . 1990 . Section 107 Detailed Project Report . Fort Gaines Channel 

(Government cut) at Dauphin Island, Alabama . (Report No . : COESAM/PDFP90/002) NTIS . Washington, DC . 165 pp . 

Abstract . This report consists of an economic environmental analysis for Fort 

Gaines Channel Improvement at Dauphin Island, AL . The recommended plan 

provides for deepening the existing channel to 6 feet plus 2 feet advance 

maintenance dredging and 1-foot allowable overdepth. The new work dredged 

material would be approximately 17,258 cubic yards of sandy material and 

would be disposed of on a beach nourishment site located on Dauphin 

59 
Island . Construction of the recommended plan is estimated to cost 

$143,200 . Of this amount the federal cost would be $114,600 and the nonFederal cost would be $28,600 . The plan has an average annual cost of 

$19,000 and benefits of $20,000 which provide a benefit-to-cost ratio of 

1 .1 . 

Palacas, J .G ., A.H. Love and P .M . Gerrild . 1972 . Hydrocarbons in estuarine 

sediments of Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida, and their implications for 

genesis of petroleum . AAPG Bulletin . 56(8) :1402-1418 . 

Abstract . Analyses were made on 159 sediment samples from Choctawhatchee Bay, 

Florida, to determine the distribution and significance of bitumen 

(benzene-soluble organic substances), particularly the hydrocarbons . 

Column and gas chromatography was used to characterize the bitumen. 

Results of this study and related studies show that recent sands contain 

bituminous substances, including hydrocarbons, in geologically 

significant amounts . The inference is drawn that, if the bitumen 

disseminated in large volumes of interconnected sands is converted, even 

in part, to crude oil and concentrated in pools, the sands themselves may 

contribute substantial amounts of the petroleum crude oil in sandstone 

reservoirs . 

Palermo, M .R . and P .A . Zappi . 1990 . Evaluation of Loading and Dredged Material 

Overflow from Mechanically Filled Hopper Barges in Mobile Bay, Alabama . 

U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Miscellaneous 

Paper . WES/MP/EL-90-16 :21 . 

Abstract . Large mechanical dredges with clamshell buckets are being used for 

the new-work dredging . Hopper barges are loaded with the dredged material 

and transported by tug to the disposal site . Mechanical dredging is also 

the most likely technique for future maintenance . The economic loading of 

the hopper barges and the potential environmental impact associated with 

barge overflow during loading are important issues . 

Parker, S .J ., A .W . Shultz and W .W . Schroeder . 1992 . Sediment Characteristics 

and seafloor topography of a palimpsest shelf, Mississippi-Alabama 

Continental Shelf . pp . 243-251 . ,In J .F . Wehmiller and C .H . Fletcher, eds . 

Quaternary Coasts of the United States : Marine and Lacustrine Systems, 

SEPM Special Publication No . 48 . 

Parker, W .C . 1993 . Coastal processes of the Florida Panhandle ; an introduction 

for undergraduates and science teachers . pp . 63-73 . Zu S.A. Kish, ed . 

Geologic field studies of the coastal plain in Alabama, Georgia, and 

Florida. Southeastern Geological Society, Tallahassee, FL . 

Pascale, C .A . and J .R . Wagner . 1981 . Water resources of the Ochlockonee River 

area, Northwest Florida . U .S . Geol . Surv . Open-File Rep . OF 81-1121 :114 . 

US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 

Pascale, C .A ., J .R . Wagner and J .E . Sohm . 1978 . Hydrologic, geologic, and 

water-quality data, Ochlockonee River basin area, Florida . USGS Water 

Res . Investigations . WRI 78-0097 . US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 

Paull, C .K ., R . Freeman-Lynde and T .J . Bralower . 1990 . Geology of the strata 

exposed on the Florida Escarpment . Mar . Geol . 91(3) :177 . 

60 
Paull, C .K ., D .C . Twichell and F .N . Speiss . 1991 . Morphological development of 

the Florida Escarpment : Observations on the generation of time 

transgressive unconformities in carbonate terrains . Mar . Geol . 

101(1) :181 . 

Pearman, A .L . and J .W . Stafford . 1975 . Final report ; Florida coastal policy 

study ; impact of offshore oil development . NTIS, Springfield, VA, United 

States ; Prepared for Florida Energy Office and State University System of 

Florida . Florida State University, Dept Urban and Reg . Planning . 

Tallahassee, FL . 273 pp . 

Penland, S . and J .R . Suter . 1984 . Process response models for Gulf Coast 

barrier island breaching . Trans ., Gulf Coast Assoc . Geol . Soc . 36 :397-

400 . 

Abstract . The analysis of 17 tropical cyclone impacts along the U.S . Gulf Coast 

leads to the following conclusions regarding barrier island breaching : 1) 

tropical cyclones are the mechanisms of barrier island breaching, 2) 

landward and seaward overwash flow can breach barrier islands, 3) storm 

track orientation controls the direction of barrier island breaching, 4) 

shore-normal and right-oblique hurricane impacts breach barrier islands 

by landward overwash flow, and 5) left-oblique hurricane impacts breach 

barrier island by seaward overwash flow . 

Penland, S, and J .R . Suter . 1986 . Mapping the morphodynamic signature of 

hurricane impacts in the northern Gulf of Mexico . pp . 239 . In Anonymous, 

ed . Sediments down-under ; 12th international sedimentological congress ; 

abstracts . Bur . Min . Resour ., Geol . and Geophys ., Canberra . (Sediments 

Down-under ; 12th International Sedimentological Congress, Canberra, Aug . 

24-30, 1986) . 

Penland, S ., D . Nummedal and W .E . Schramm . 1980 . Hurricane Impact at Dauphin 

Island, Alabama . pp . 29 . ,In Proceedings of the Conference Coastal Zone 

1980 ASCE/Hollywood, FL. 17-20 Nov 80, Report TR-3 . NTIS, Washington, DC . 

Penland, S ., J .R . Suter, A .H . Sallenger Jr ., S .J . Williams, R .A. McBride, K .E . 

Westphal, P .D . Reimer and B .E . Jaffe . 1989 . Morphodynamic signature of 

the 1985 hurricane impacts on the northern Gulf of Mexico . pp . 4220-4234 . 

Anon ., ed . Coastal Zone '89 : Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on 

Coastal and Ocean Management . Vol . 1-5 . (Charleston, SC, USA Conference 

Date : 1989 Jul 11-14 ; Coastal Zone : Proceedings of the Symposium on 

Coastal and Ocean Management) ASCE, New York, NY, USA . 

Abstract . Three hurricanes hit Louisiana (LA), Mississippi (MS), Alabama (AL), 

and the Florida (FL) panhandle in 1985, producing dramatic geomorphic 

changes in a wide variety of coastal environments . The impact zone for 

hurricanes Danny, Elena, and Juan stretched 1000 km between the Sabine 

River in LA to the Apalachicola River in FL . Barrier shorelines 

experienced repeated intense overwash events, producing beach and dune 

erosion exceeding 30 m, as well as producing classic examples of storm 

surge deposits . Pre- and post-storm airborne videotape surveys, 

sequential vertical mapping photography, and field surveys provide the 

data base for this regional hurricane impact assessment on the northern 

Gulf of Mexico . Hurricane impacts on the low-profile and high-profile 

barrier shorelines, as well as on the marine terrace cliffs were 

systematic and predictable . Controlling the direction of overwash flow 

61 
and the impact distribution pattern is the relationship among shoreline 

orientation, hurricane storm track, and regional wind field. The 

relationship between shore-zone geomorphology and storm surge overwash 

controls the impact response . 

Pilny, P .E ., C .T . Grantham, J .N . Schuster and D .L . Stankey. 1988 . Soil survey 

of Citrus County, Florida . Prepared in cooperation with University of 

Florida, Inst . Food and Agricultural Science, Agriculture Experiment 

Station and Soil Science Dept and Florida Dept of Agriculture and 

Consumer Service ; soil maps : 1 :20,000 ; colored soils map, 1 :190,080 . US 

Dept of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service . Washington, DC . 192 pp . 

Pirkle, E .C ., W .H . Yoho and C .W .J . Hendry . 1970 . Ancient sea level stands in 

Florida . Florida Geological Survey, Geological Bulletin . 52 :61 . 

Abstract . Most sand ridges in interior Florida are considered to be barrier 

islands, beach ridges or spits formed along ancient shore lines . 

Different investigators, however, give different elevations to which 

ancient seas rose and assign different ages for shore lines and shoreline 

features (Table 1) . Most of the elevations of oldshore lines presented by 

various workers have been determined from surface studies, primarily from 

physiographic evidences . Some attempts have been made to use fossil 

occurrences (Alt and Brooks, 1965) . Trail Ridge and the Baywood 

Promontory are two of the most conspicuous ridges in the northern part of 

peninsular Florida, as shown in figure 1 . Recently two holes were drilled 

through the sediments forming the southern part of Trail Ridge, and one 

hole was drilled through the sediments of the Baywood Promontory . By 

means of a specially designed core barrel, almost 100 recovery of cores 

of loose to slightly consolidated sands composing the ridges was 

obtained . Detailed analyses were made of these sands and all other 

sediments penetrated . The writers are not aware of any previous attempts 

to utilize characteristics revealed by these kinds of data as aids in 

studying old shore-line elevations or associated sand ridges in Florida . 

The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the value of these data to 

the studies of ancient sea-level stands in peninsular Florida . 

Poppe, L .J ., R .F . Commeau and J .A. Commeau . 1987 . Characterization of sediments 

from the base and top of the West Florida Escarpment . U .S . Geol . Surv . 

Open-File Rep . OF 87-0196 :22 . 

Portell, R .W . 1989 . Fossil invertebrates from the banks of the Suwannee River 

at White Springs, Florida . pp . 14-25 . j" G .S . Morgan, ed . Miocene 

Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Suwannee River Basin of North 

Florida and South Georgia - Guidebook (Southeastern Geological Society 

(U.S .)) vol . 30 . 

Price, D . 1975 . Modest erosion of beaches in Pensacola-mobile segment . AAPG 

Bull . 59(9) :1729 . 

Price, D . 1981 . Paleokarst features in Hamilton County, Florida . pp . 30-32 . ~I'1 

Anonymous, ed . Karst hydrogeology and Miocene geology of the Upper 

Suwarinee River basin, Hamilton County, Florida - Field Conference 

Guidebook (Tallahassee) vol . 23 . Southeast . Geol . Soc . 

62 
Psuty, N .P . 1987 . Balancing recreation and environmental system in a "natural 

area", Perdido Key, Florida, USA . pp . 395-408 . In P . Fabbri, ed . 

Conservation and recreation in the coastal zone . (Reg . Meet . of the Int . 

Geographical Union Coastal Comm . for the Environment, London (UK) Sep 

1987 ; Ocean Shoreline Manage ., Vol . 11, No . 4-5) . Int . Geographical 

Union, London (UK) . 

Abstract . Long term erosion of Perdido Key is the product of a general negative 

sediment budget exacerbated by the dredging of a navigation channel at 

the updrift margin of the Key. A positive sediment budget on Perdido, in 

the area managed as a natural region, may be attained as a consequence of 

a massive dredging project to widen and deepen the channel . The fate of 

the abundant sediment and the effects of beach fill were investigated 

through a pilot beach nourishment project on the Key (c . 20t of the total 

project volume) . Changes included a total alteration of the pre-existing 

dynamics of the island and its characteristics . 

Psuty, N .P . 1988 . Balancing recreation and environmental system in a 'natural 

area', Perdido Key, Florida, USA . Ocean & Shoreline Management . 11(4-

5) :395-408 . 

Abstract . Long term erosion of Perdido Key is the product of a general negative 

sediment budget exacerbated by the dredging of a navigation channel at 

the updrift margin of the Key . A positive sediment budget on Perdido, in 

the area managed as a natural region, may be attained as a consequence of 

a massive dredging project to widen and deepen the channel . The fate of 

the abundant sediment and the effects of beach fill were investigated 

through a pilot beach nourishment project on the Key (c .20% of the total 

project volume) . Changes included a total alteration of the pre-existing 

dynamics of the island and its characteristics . Of especial importance 

was the tremendous accumulation of sand on the free sand beach which is 

causing the primary management concern to shift from a focus on dune 

protection to the preservation of the recreational qualities of the 

beach . 

Psuty, N .P . 1993 . Foredune morphology and sediment budget, Perdido Key, 

Florida, USA . pp . 145-157 . Zn K. Pye, ed . The dynamics and environmental 

context of aeolian sedimentary systems . (72) (Geological Society Special 

Publications) . GSA, USA . (International Symposium on Aeolian Sedimentary 

Systems, London, Nov . 22-23, 1991 ; University of Reading, Postgraduate 

Research Institute for Sedimentology, United-Kingdom) . 

Abstract . The Perdido Key barrier island has a long history of shoreline 

erosion, up to 2 m/a for over a century. Sediment availability was 

altered in 1985 because of beach nourishment . Subsequent re-working of 

the beach fill has transferred sediment in the along-shore direction as 

well across-shore . Over three years of survey data, including passage of 

three hurricanes, and aerial photo coverage portray the morphological 

changes in the foredune system and the displacement of the shoreline. 

Puckett, W .E . 1990 . Soils, landscapes, and ground-penetrating radar analysis of 

the Chief land limestone plain, in Levy County, Florida . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . University of Florida, Gainesville, FL . 268 pp . 

63 
Pyle, T .E ., V .J . Henry, J .C . McCarthy, R .T . Gile and T .W . Neurauter . 1975 . 

Geophysical Investigations for biolithologic mapping of the MAFLA-OCS 

Lease Area . Vol . V . (BLM/ST-78/34) (Baseline monitoring studies, 

Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, outer continental shelf, 1975-1976) . 

Bureau of Land Management . Washington, DC . 267 pp . 

Rakocinski, C .F ., R .W . Heard, S .E . LeCroy, J .A. McLelland and T . Simons . 1993 . 

Seaward change and zonation of the sandy-shore macrofauna at Perdido Key, 

Florida, USA . Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci . 36(1) :81-104 . 

Abstract . Seaward spatial distributions of dominant species along the four 

transects exemplified coenoclines with distinct breaks, noticeable as 

steep reductions in densities of contiguous dominant species . Coenocline 

breaks coincided with peak diversity and evenness levels as well as with 

relatively low total densities at distances between 100 and 200 m from 

shore, midway along the seaward slopes of transect depth profiles . 

Nearshore spatial changes in faunal indices among transects corresponded 

with changes in habitat. The existence of four major faunal zones within 

the 800 m seaward distance is suggested. 

Reed, J .C . 1990 . Minerals Management Service data inventory and mapping 

programs ; Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf region . pp . 76-81 . Zn M . 

Lockwood and B .A . McGregor, eds . Proceedings of the 1989 Exclusive 

Economic Zone symposium on mapping and research . (US Geological Survey 

Circular 1052) . US Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 

Reitz, B .K . 1991 . Reinterpretation of the origin of the Gulf of Mexico based on 

data from the northwestern Florida shelf . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 

23(1) :121 . 

Ripy, B . J . 1974 . Effects of offshore petroleum production platforms on the 

mineralogy of suspended sediments, with emphasis on the clay mineralogy 

of a bottom water nepheloid layer, inner continental shelf, Grand Isle, 

Louisiana, Aug . 1972 to Jan . 1974 . Master's Thesis . University of 

Florida, Gainesville, FL . 

Rizk, F .F . 1990 . Grain size indicators of longshore drift in recurved beach 

ridge sets, St . Joseph Spit, Florida . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 

22(4) :59 . 

Rizk, F .F . 1991 . The late Holocene development of St . Joseph Spit . Ph .D . 

Dissertation . The Florida State University . Tallahassee, FL . 396 pp . 

Abstract . Reconstruction of the supratidal history of St . Joseph peninsula was 

approached on a granulometric, geometric, and internal-structure basis . 

Textural and geomorphic evidences supports the hypothesis that the 

peninsula was integrated from two former barrier islands through subtidal 

aggradation as well as seaward and lateral progradation . The 

granulometric characteristics of the platform and subaerial sediment 

suite suggest a previous history of river and then beach transport . 

Salinity-biotopes from benthic foraminifera in the sampled core connote a 

gradual sea level rise accompanying platform aggradation in the Late 

Holocene . The terminal stages of this sea level rise were characterized 

by small-scale fluctuations . The pre-Holocene topography suggests that 

the Cape San Blas area represents the site of the earliest stages of 

platform aggradation . The oldest areas on the spit appear to have emerged 

64 
at least 1,500 years ago. The Cape San Blas tombolo first emerged and 

hence linked up with Cape Can Blas about 1,000 years ago. Beach ridge 

growth rates in ridge set "nf" suggest 700 years of progradation history 

north of Eagle Harbor . Two sediment sources were inferred from this 

study: Cape San Blas and Bell shoal . Transverse transport was more 

important earlier in the history of the spit, but littoral drift later 

became dominant . North of Eagle Harbor, the spit developed under 

decreasing wave energy conditions . Beach ridge origin on St . Joseph spit 

based on internal structure alone is equivocal . Both eolian and noneolian strata were observed although the latter were more widespread . 

Certain previous work has also shown the internal structure of ridges can 

form by vegetative trapping . On the backshore of prograding beaches where 

the subaerial stages of beach ridge history begins, eolian and swash 

strata are inseparable . Beach ridges are therefore considered to be 

examples of convergent landforms, evolving initially from swash 

overtopping during elevated water levels . Some of the eolian traits 

appear to come from pulses of eolian settling of "dust" as indicated by 

the tail-of-fines . The standard deviation and the tail-of-fines were the 

most diagnostic criteria recognizing eolian traits . In general, sediment 

in the study area revealed an environmental succession from fluvial to 

beach and (finally) to dune . 

Robinson, J .T . 1992 . Case study of an offshore horizontal boring . pp . 697-712 . 

Anon ., ed. Coastal Engineering Practice '92 . (Long Beach, CA, USA 

Conference Date : 9-11 Mar 1992) ASCE, New York, NY . (ASCE, Coastal & 

Ocean Div .) . 

Abstract . A pipeline system was needed to transport natural gas from a 

discovery in Mobile Block 823 to Mobil's existing system inside Mobile 

Bay. Sand Island, a small barrier island off Dauphin Island, Alabama, was 

an unavoidable obstacle along the pipeline route . Because barrier islands 

are environmentally sensitive and sand transport makes them relatively 

unstable, Mobil made the policy decision not to dredge through Sand 

Island . Instead, directional boring was used to install a bundle of four 

pipelines under the island with minimal disturbance to the environment 

(Hair, 1989) . This paper describes the design of the pipeline bundle, the 

horizontal boring procedure, the installation of the rig on the barge and 

the remedial action taken to protect the barge from wave action . 

Rocha, C .C .A . 1992 . On the effect of alongshore variations in continental shelf 

topography on shelf sea level and current fluctuations with application 

to the West Florida shelf . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 89 pp . 

Roscigno, P .F ., M .E . McNiff, M .C . Watzin and W . Ji . 1993 . Use of geographic 

information system technology to compare the environmental impacts of 

human development on Mobile bay, Alabama, and Galveston Bay, Texas . pp . 

825-837 . Za Anon ., ed . Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Coastal and 

Ocean Management . Part 1 (of 2) . Vol . 1 . (New Orleans, LA, USA; Coastal 

Zone'93 Coastal Zone : Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean 

Management) ASCE, New York, NY . 

Abstract . Geographic information systems (GIS) can synthesize information 

rapidly and efficiently from many different sources. GIS-generated maps, 

which integrate multiple information layers, can provide managers with 

regional assessment of the impacts associated with development . In this 

65 
study, information for Mobile Bay, Alabama, and Galveston Bay, Texas, was 

processed by using ARC/INFO to produce a regional synthesis of 

environmental impacts on fish and wildlife resources . The two ecosystems 

were then compared for similarities and differences in responding to 

these cumulative impacts . Analyses indicated that while each ecosystem 

experiences stresses from industrialization and urbanization, the 

magnitude and duration of these stresses differ . The ecosystems' 

different responses result from differences in sediment mineralogy, 

freshwater inflows, salinity patterns, and other factors . 

Rouse, R .M ., J .W . Lehman and J .N . Holt . 1987 . Final environmental impact 

statement ; proposed oil and gas lease sales 113/115/116, Gulf of Mexico 

OCS region . (NMS 87-0077) US Mineral Management Service, Gulf of Mexico 

OCS Region . New Orleans, LA . 

Robin, H . and T .L .J . Walton . 1976 . Prediction of Littoral Drift for Lakes and 

Bays from Wind Observations . (Report No . : NOAA-77092124) NTIS . 

Washington, DC . 13 pp . 

Abstract . The quantity of sand moved in the nearshore zone is dependent on the 

characteristics of breaking waves, longshore currents, and the physical 

characteristics of sediment in the surf zone . The longshore sediment 

transport on open coasts is related to the longshore flux of energy 

produced by the breaking waves . In many locations such as closed bays and 

lakes, waves are generated mainly by local winds . In these locations 

climatological (wind) data can be used for the prediction of sediment 

movement . This study uses wind data for evaluation of shoreline changes 

that occur in Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida . The study indicates that some 

important features of the shore can be predicted from a knowledge of sand 

transport derived from wind statistics . A conclusion of the study is that 

wind data can be useful for the analysis of shore processes in enclosed 

bays and lakes . 

Rupert, F.R . 1988 . Geology and geomorphology of Levy County, Florida . (Florida 

Geological Survey, Open File Report) . Florida Geological Survey . 

Tallahassee, FL . 18 pp . 

Rupert, F.R . 1991 . Geology of Gulf County, Florida. Florida Geological Survey, 

Geological Survey Bulletin . 63 :51 . 

Rupert, F. 1993 . Karst features of northern Florida . pp . 49-61 . Zn S .A . Kish, 

ed . Geologic Field Studies of the Coastal Plain in Alabama, Georgia, and 

Florida . Southeastern Geological Society, Tallahassee, FL, United States . 

Rupert, F.R . and J.D . Arthur . 1990 . The geology and geomorphology of Florida's 

coastal marshes . Florida Geological Survey, Open File Report . 34 :13 . 

Saloman, C .H . 1976 . The benthic fauna and sediments of the nearshore zone off 

Panama City Beach, Florida . U .S . Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal 

Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report . 76-10 :256 . 

Abstract . A comprehensive study of the hydrography, sedimentology and benthic 

fauna of Panama City Beach. Includes information on the effect of 

Hurricane Eloise on the benthic fauna . This study presents basic 

scientific data on the benthic fauna and surface sediments of the 

nearshore zone of Panama City Beach, Florida, before restoration of the 

66 
beach, and the results of a study on the effect of Hurricane Eloise on 

the benthic fauna in the swash zone of Panama City Beach. Surface 

sediments were analyzed for particle-size distribution, percent carbon, 

organic carbon and carbonate, and statistical factors . The surface 

sediments exhibited uniformity over time and location . The benthic 

invertebrates were represented by 170 species in 26 major taxa . The taxon 

with the most abundant species (69) was the phylum Polychaeta . The fauna 

was dominated by 14 species which constituted 80 percent of the collected 

individuals . The number of species and the diversity index were lowest in 

the swash zone and highest at the offshore stations at the depth of 30 

feet . Number of individuals was highest in May and August and lowest in 

November and February. Of the invertebrate species, 21 may be new to 

science; 15 of the 21 are amphipods and 4 of these are among the most 

abundant species occurring in the nearshore zone . Correlation of animal 

abundance to selected sedimentological parameters was low. Mean grain 

size was the most significant sediment factor tested . The effect of 

Hurricane Eloise on Panama City Beach was extensive . The beach and 

primary sand dune were severely eroded . The number of individuals 

continued to increase for 6 days following the storm ; thereafter, it 

decreased. The number of species increased also, reaching a peak on the 

third day after the storm, and then it decreased . 

Saloman, C .H ., 1976 . The Benthic Fauna and Sediments of the Nearshore Zone Off 

Panama City Beach, Florida . CERC Misc . Rep . CERC-MR-76-10 

Abstract . This study presents : (1) basic data on the benthic fauna and surface 

sediments of the nearshore zone of Panama City Beach, Fla., before 

restoration of the beach, and (2) the results of a study on the effect of 

Hurricane Eloise on the benthic fauna in the swash zone of Panama City 

Beach. Surface sediments were analyzed for particle-size distribution, 

percent carbon, organic carbon and carbonate, and statistical factors . 

The surface sediments exhibited uniformity over time and location . 

Benthic invertebrates were represented by 170 species in 26 major taxa . 

The taxon with the most abundant species (69) was the phylum Polychaeta . 

The fauna was dominated by 14 species which constituted 80% of the 

collected individuals . The number of species and the diversity index were 

lowest in the swash zone and highest at the offshore stations at a depth 

of 30 feet . Number of individuals was highest in May and August and 

lowest in November and February . Correlation of animal abundance to 

selected sedimentological parameters was low. Mean grain size was the 

most significant sediment factor tested . The effect of Hurricane Eloise 

was extensive. The beach and primary sand dune were severely eroded . The 

number of individuals continued to increase for 6 days following the 

storm; thereafter, it decreased . The number of species increased also, 

reaching a peak on the third day after the storm, and then it decreased. 

Saloman, C .H . and S .P . Naughton . 1977 . Effect of Hurricane Eloise on the 

benthic fauna of Panama City Beach, Florida, USA . Marine Biology. 

42 (4) :357-363 . 

Abstract . Compares the populations of organisms inhabiting the swash zone, 

before and after the hurricane that struck in September 1975 . The effect 

of Hurricane Eloise in Sept, 1975 on the benthic fauna inhabiting the 

swash zone on Panama City Beach, Florida, USA is described . Damage by the 

storm to the beach and property was considerable . The effect of the storm 

on the benthic inverte brates was not adverse, as the number of 

67 
individuals occurring in the swash zone was about the same after the 

storm as before . The number of species increased after the storm, but 

later decreased to approximate numbers before the storm. The increase in 

the number of species was mainly due to the influx of species that 

normally occur farther offshore of the swash zone . The lack of heavy 

rainfall that usually accompanies a hurricane was probably a factor 

enabling benthic organisms that normally live in high salinities to 

survive . 

Saloman, C .H . and S .P . Naughton . 1978 . Benthic macroinvertebrates inhabiting 

the swash zone of Panama City Beach, Florida . Northeast Gulf Science . 

2(1) :65-72 . 

Abstract . A collection and analysis of the invertebrates found in the swash 

zone (area of the beach washed by waves) of Panama City Beach. 

Saloman, C .H . and S .P . Naughton . 1984 . Beach restoration with offshore dredged 

sand : effects on nearshore macroinfauna . NOAA Tech . Memo . NMFS-SEFC133 :20 . 

Abstract . A study on the ecological effects of beach restoration at Panama City 

Beach after Hurricane Eloise . This report discusses the effects of 

depositing dredged material from offshore on benthic macroinvertebrates 

inhabiting the swash zone and the first sandbar at Panama City Beach, 

Florida . The dredged material was similar to existing beach material at 

most sites . The turbidity was relatively low, except near the area of 

deposition, because alongshore currents dispersed the turbid water . The 

numbers of individuals at treated stations in the swash zone were reduced 

after deposition, and five to six weeks later, populations assumed levels 

comparable to untreated stations . No notable effects of deposition were 

observed on fauna inhabiting the sandbar . The significant differences in 

the number of species and individuals between treated and untreated 

stations both before and after deposition indicated that community 

composition, distribution, and abundance of macroinvertebrate fauna at 

similar stations (swash zone and sandbar) may differ naturally, even when 

the stations are located along the same beach . 

Saloman, C .H ., S .P . Naughton and J .L . Taylor . 1982 . Benthic community response 

to dredging borrow pits, Panama City Beach, Florida . U.S . Army Corps of 

Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report . 82-

3 :138 . 

Abstract . An ecological study of the beach invertebrate populations before and 

after dredging for beach nourishment . Includes hydrographic and sediment 

data . This report gives biological and physical oceanographic data from 

baseline work, and studies of dredged and undredged sediments before and 

after dredging (9-meter contour) for beach nourishment at Panama City 

Beach, Florida. These studies were designed to show major short-term 

environmental effects of offshore dredging and included analyses of 

hydrology, sediments, and benthos. Hydrological measurements were limited 

to water temperature and salinity . Analysis of surface sediments included 

particle-size distribution, carbon chemistry, and statistical properties 

of mean grain size, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis . Average and extreme 

periods of water temperature and salinity were recorded . Regional 

nearshore sediments proved to be fine sand, containing less than 1 

percent silt-clay, that was moderately well to well sorted, symmetrical 

to coarsely skewed, and leptokurtic . Total carbon content averaged less 

68 
than 0 .30 percent, and most of that occurred in the form of carbonate 

deposits . Over a postdredging study period of 1 year, sediment samples 

from borrow pits showed little variation from these general features . In 

studies of the benthos, 362 species and 58,068 individuals were recorded 

among 14 invertebrate phyla and bone fishes . Dominant groups by species 

and abundance included annelids, molluscs, and arthropods (crustacea) . 

Faunal comparisons between dredged and undredged areas were made on the 

basis of species richness and abundance, the Shannon-Weaver index of 

diversity (H'), Pielou's index of equitability (J'), Morisita's index of 

faunal similarity (together with matrices and classification diagrams 

derived from that index), and two statistical derivations, based on 

diversity and abundance data, that were designed to show sample-to-sample 

faunal variations and the time period required for faunal recovery in 

borrow pits . Information obtained from these procedures showed that 

recovery began soon after dredging was complete, or nearly so, within 1 

year . These results were similar in most respects to those from study of 

offshore dredging elsewhere in comparable geographic settings . Even so, 

the need for close associations between ecological research and coastal 

engineering programs is emphasized . 

Salvador, A. 1991 . Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico Basin . pp . 389-

444 . In A . Salvador, ed . The Gulf of Mexico Basin . Geological Society of 

America, Boulder, CO . (Univ . Texas at Austin, Dept Geological Science, 

Austin, TX .) . 

Savastano, K .J ., K .H . Faller and R .L . Iverson . 1984 . Estimating vegetation 

coverage in St . Joseph Bay, Florida with an airborne multispectral 

scanner . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing . 50(8) :1159-1170 . 

Abstract . A four-channel multispectral scanner (MSS) carried aboard an aircraft 

was used to collect data along several flight paths over St . Joseph Bay, 

Florida. Various classifications of benthic features were defined from 

the results of ground-truth observations . The classes were statistically 

correlated with MSS channel signal intensity using multivariate methods . 

Application of the classification measures to the MSS data set allowed 

computer construction of a detailed map of benthic features of the bay. 

Various densities of seagrasses, various bottom types, and algal coverage 

were distinguished from water of various depths . The areal vegetation 

coverage of St . Joseph Bay was not significantly different from the 

results of a survey conducted six years previously, suggesting that 

seagrasses are a very stable feature of the bay bottom . 

Schade, C . 1985 . Late Holocene sedimentology of St . George Island . Master's 

Thesis . Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Scheffner, N .W . 1991 . Systematic analysis of disposal site stability . pp . 2012-

2026 . X11 Anon ., ed . Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Quantitative 

Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes . Vol . 2 . (Seattle, WA, 

Conference Date : 25-27 Jun 1991 ; Coastal Sediments '91) ASCE, New York, 

NY . 

Abstract . This paper describes a systematic methodology for predicting the 

stability of dredged material disposal sites over long periods of time, 

ranging from months to years . The approach is based on the generation of 

simulated data bases of wave and current time series which accurately 

represent the environmental conditions descriptive of the site . These 

69 
boundary conditions are used to drive coupled hydrodynamic, sediment 

transport, and bathymetry change models which provide reliable 

predictions of the long-term dispersive or nondispersive characteristics 

of the site . An example application of this site designation approach is 

made for a dispersive disposal mound located offshore of the entrance to 

Mobile Bay, Alabama . 

Schmidt, W . 1978a . Environmental Geology Series : Apalachicola sheet . Florida 

Geological Survey . Environmental Geology Series . Map Series No . 84 . Scale 

1 :250,000 . 

Schmidt, W . 1978b . Environmental Geology Series : Pensacola Sheet . Florida 

Geological Survey . Environmental Geology Series . Map Series No . 78 . Scale 

1 :250,000 . 

Schmidt, W . 1979 . Environmental Geology Series : Tallahassee sheet . Florida 

Geological Survey . Environmental Geology Series . Map Series No . 90 . Scale 

1 :250,000 . 

Schmidt, W . 1981 . Neogene stratigraphy of the Apalachicola Embayment . Fla . Sci . 

44 (Supplement 1) :42 . 

Schmidt, W . 1986 . Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Florida . pp . 355-357 . In T .L . 

Neathery, ed . Southeastern Section of the Geological Society of America ; 

Centennial field guide . Geol . Soc . Am ., Boulder, CO . 

Schmidt, W . 1987 . Neogene stratigraphy and geologic history, Apalachicola 

Embayment, Florida . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 250 pp . 

Schmidt, W ., H . Kirk and J . Wagner . 1985 . Cenozoic geology of the Apalachicola 

River area, Northwest Florida . Prepared for GSA meeting of Oct . 28-31, 

1985, from original by Southern Geological Society, Oct . 1983 . Geol . Soc . 

Am., United States . 95 pp . 

Schmoker, J .W . and C .J . Schenk . 1994 . Regional porosity trends of the Upper 

Jurassic Norphlet Formation in southwestern Alabama and vicinity, with 

comparisons to formations of other basins . AAPG Bulletin . 78(2) :166-180 . 

Abstract . Sandstone porosity of the Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation in 

southwestern Alabama and vicinity decreases systematically as depth and 

thermal maturity increase over a wide range . Median porosity is about 25t 

where equivalent vitrinite reflectance (R//o) is slightly over 0 .7% in 

the northern part of the study area (Clarke County, Mississippi) . Median 

porosity is reduced to 8t where R//o approaches 2 .7t in the southern part 

of the study area (state waters of Mobile Bay) . Porosity of the cemented, 

tight zone at the top of the Norphlet in downdip locations is roughly 10$ 

lower than porosities of facies underlying the tight zone, but 

nevertheless is slightly above the norm for other sandstones at similar 

R//o levels . Porosity of dune facies is consistently 2-5t higher than 

that of interdune facies, other factors being equal . Our data show 3-6% 

higher porosity in chlorite-dominated intervals relative to intervals 

where illite is the dominant clay mineral . Norphlet porosity has little 

or no correlation with position relative to the present-day hydrocarbonwater contact . Based on comparisons at similar R//o levels, median (50th70 
percentile) Norphlet porosity exceeds porosities of typical, sandstones 

in other basins by more than a factor of two throughout the study area . 

Even the lower (10th-percentile) Norphlet porosities are higher than 

median porosities of sandstones in general . 

Schnable, J .E . and H .G . Goodell . 1968 . Pleistocene-Recent Stratigraphy 

Evolution and Development of the Apalachicola Coast, Florida . Geol . Soc . 

Am . Spec . Pap . 112 :72 . 

Schroeder, W .W ., M .R . Dardeau, J .J . Dindo, P . Fleischer, K .L . Heck Jr . and A.W . 

Shultz . 1988a . Geological and biological aspects of hardbottom 

environments on the MAFLA shelf, northern Gulf of Mexico . pp . 17-21 . 

Anon ., ed . Proceedings, Oceans '88 . Vol . 1 . 

Schroeder, W .W ., A.W . Shultz and J .J . Dindo . 1988b . Inner-shelf hardbottom 

areas, northeastern Gulf of Mexico . Transactions of the Gulf Coast 

Association of Geological Societies . 38 :535-541 . 

Schroeder, W .W., M.R . Dardeau, J .J . Dindo, T .S . Hopkins and N.D . Mitchell . 

1990 . Video documentation of middle and outer continental shelf 

hardbottom features off Alabama-Northwest Florida . EOS, AGU Transactions . 

71(2) :88 . 

Schubel, J .R ., H .H . Carter, R .E . Wilson, W .M . Wise and M .G . Heaton . 1978 . Field 

Investigations of the Nature, Degree, and Extent of Turbidity Generated 

by Open-water Pipeline Disposal Operations . U.S . Army Corps of Engineers, 

Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report . WES-TR-D-78-30 :305 . 

Abstract . In response to the public's concern over the environmental effects of 

open-water disposal of dredged material, this study was undertaken to 

evaluate the characteristics of turbidity plumes in the vicinity of openwater pipeline disposal operations . In addition, the distribution and 

concentration of dissolved heavy metals, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen 

were evaluated. Based on field studies conducted in Corpus Christi Bay, 

Texas, Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana, and Apalachicola Bay, Florida, a 

simple model was developed to predict the spatial and temporal 

distributions of suspended solids in turbidity plumes . Turbidity plume 

characteristics are primarily dependent on the discharge rate of the 

dredge, the settling velocity of the suspended dredged material, the 

water depth, the hydrodynamic regime (i .e ., current velocity and 

diffusion velocity) of the disposal site, and the age of the plume . 

Several estimates of dredged material partitioning between the turbidity 

plume and the bottom layers indicate that 97 to 99 percent of the 

discharged slurry rapidly settles to the bottom of the disposal area 

within a few tens of meters of the discharge point. The remaining 1 to 3 

percent is incorporated into the plume . 

Scott, G .W . 1991 . Petrology and provenance of the Norphlet Formation, 

Panhandle, Florida . Florida Geological Survey, Information Circular . 107 

Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, FL . 

Scott, J .C . and M .A . Franklin . 1980 . Hurricane Frederic tidal floods of 

September 12-13, 1979, along the Gulf Coast, Perdido Bay Quadrangle, 

Florida . US Geological Survey . Hydrologic Investigations Atlas . 

71 
Scott, T .M . 1981 . The Hawthorn Formation of North Florida . pp . 15-23 . TM Anon ., 

ed . Karst Hydrogeology and Miocene Geology of the Upper Suwannee River 

Basin, Hamilton County, Florida - Field Conference Guidebook 

(Tallahassee) . Vol . 23 . 

Scott, T .M . 1989 . The lithostratigraphy of the sediments exposed along the 

Suwannee River in the vicinity of White Springs . pp . 6-13 . Zn G .S . 

Morgan, ed . Miocene Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Suwannee River 

Basin of North Florida and South Georgia - Guidebook (Southeastern 

Geological Society) . Vol . 30 . 

Scott, T .M . 1992 . A geological overview of Florida . U .S . Geol . Surv . Open-File 

Rep . 50 :77 . 

Scott, T .M . and M .S . Knapp . 1987 . The Hawthorn Group of peninsular Florida . 

Memoir - Miami Geological Society . 3 :91-148 . 

Sheng, Y .P ., Y . Liu and S . Peene . 1988 . Hydrodynamic modeling of shallow 

lagoons and lakes . pp . 582-587 . In Anon ., ed . Hydraulic Engineering : 

Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering . 

(Colorado Springs, CO, USA Conference Date : 1988 Aug 8-12 ; Hydraul Eng 

Proc 1988 Natl Conf Hydraul Eng) ASCE, New York, NY . 

Abstract . There exist many shallow lagoons and lakes in Florida . With an 

average depth of 3 meters or less, circulation and transport within these 

water bodies are significantly influenced by the wind forcing . This paper 

discusses aspects of the circulation dynamics in (1) Choctawhatchee Bay, 

a small shallow bay in northwest Florida, (2) Indian River Lagoon, an 

elongated shallow lagoon along the Atlantic coast, and (3) Lake 

Okeechobee, a large shallow lake in south Florida . 

Shideler, G .L . 1985 . Regional geologic framework of eastern Gulf of Mexico OCS 

region . pp . 12-42 . In R .Q . Foot, ed . Summary report on the regional 

geology, petroleum geology, environmental geology, and estimates of 

undiscovered recoverable oil and gas resources in the planning area of 

proposed outer continental shelf oil and gas lease No . 94, eastern Gulf of 

Mexico . USGS Open File Rpt . OF 85-0669 . US Geological Survey, Reston, VA . 

Shultz, A.W ., W .W . Schroeder and P . Fleischer . 1988 . Distribution and 

composition of hardbottoms, north-central Gulf of Mexico . Geol . Soc . Am . 

Abstr . Programs . 20(4) :315 . 

Shultz, A .W ., W .W . Schroeder and J .R . Abston . 1990 . Alongshore and offshore 

variations in Alabama inner-shelf sediments . pp . 141-152 . TI1 W .F . Tanner, 

ed . Coastal Sediments and Processes : Proceedings, 9th symposium on 

coastal sedimentology . Geology Department, Florida State University, 

Tallahassee, FL . 

Simons, T .R . 1987 . The role of research in developing resource management tools 

at Gulf Islands National Seashore . pp . 793-798 . Za M .P . Lynch and K .L . 

McDonald, eds . Proceedings of 10th National Conference . Vol . 2 . Estuarine 

and Coastal Management Tools of the Trade . New Orleans, LA . 

Abstract . Gulf Islands National Seashore is comprised of approximately 57,000 

hectares of barrier islands and their adjacent waters in northwest 

Florida and coastal Mississippi . Established in 1971, the seashore 

72 
stretches from West Ship Island in Mississippi, 240 kilometers east to 

the middle of Santa Rosa Island in Florida. The park's resources range 

from remote wilderness barrier islands with very limited visitation, to 

readily accessible recreational beaches and historic sites visited by 

several million people each year . The undeveloped portions of the 

Seashore represent the best example of an undisturbed barrier island 

ecosystem remaining in the Gulf of Mexico . Research efforts at the 

Seashore are aimed at providing park resource managers with the 

information and tools required to carry out their difficult and often 

contradictory responsibilities of preserving park resources for public 

use . 

Sinclair, W .C . 1978 . Preliminary Evaluation of the Water-Supply Potential of 

the Spring-River System in the weeki Wachee Area and the Lower 

Withlacoochee River, West-Central Florida . USGS Water Res . 

Investigations . USGS/WRI-78-74 :45 . 

Abstract . Coastal springs and seeps, including Rainbow Springs, a tributary of 

Withlacoochee River, discharge as much as a billion gallons of water per 

day to low-lying coastal swamps and estuarine marshes along the Gulf 

Coast of Citrus and Hernando Counties . Although Weeki Wachee Spring has 

long been regarded as an obvious source of freshwater supply, long-term 

diversion of large volumes of water from Weeki Wachee River will cause 

encroachment of brackish water throughout the residential canals in the 

lower reach of the river to about 4 .4 miles below Weeki wachee Spring . 

Weeki Wachee Spring is analogous to a flowing well tapping an artesian 

aquifer . Flow characteristics of Withlacoochee River and Rainbow Springs 

indicate that about 600 cubic feet per second is available on a perennial 

basis, disregarding the downstream requirements for control of saltwater 

encroachment . 

Smith, E .W . 1986 . Alabama coastal barriers . U .S . Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service . In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Gulf of 

Mexico Information Transfer Meeting . OCS Study NIIMS 86-0073 :203 . 

Smith, O .P . 1991 . Water property effects on dredged material dispersion . pp . 

106-112 . I1 Proceedings . 1991 Marine Technology Society (MTS '91) . An 

Ocean Cooperative : Industry, Government, and Academia ; New Orleans 

Convention Center, Nov 10-14, 1991 . Marine Technology Society, 

Washington, DC . 

Abstract . Connective descent and passive diffusion of sediments released at the 

surface of the ocean are affected by variations in density and motion of 

the ambient sea water, as buoyancy and momentum are exchanged. These 

effects are difficult to measure directly in field conditions . The 

Mobile, Alabama, Field Data Collection Project (MFDCP) monitored through 

a variety of means the short-term fate of dredged material discharged in 

open coastal waters . Water property profiles were measured concurrently 

with profiles of water velocity and light transmission . Suspended 

sediment concentrations and size gradations were derived from 

intermittent samples . Finer fractions of the dredged material appear to 

have been sorted from coarser fractions by this stratification and 

current shear . 

Smith, W .E . 1983 . Nature and relationship of geomorphic features of the Perdido 

Estuary in Alabama and Florida . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 15(2) :56-57 . 

73 
Smith, W .E . 1986 . Geomorphology of coastal Baldwin County, Alabama . Geologic 

Survey of Alabama Bulletin . 132 :133 . 

Smith, W .E . 1988 . Geomorphology of the Mobile Delta . Geologic Survey of Alabama 

Bulletin . 132 :133 . 

Sonu, C .J. 1972 . Field observation of nearshore circulation and meandering 

currents . J . Geophys . Res . 77 :3232-3247 . 

Sonu, C .J . 1973 . Three-dimensional beach changes . J . Geol . 81 :42-64 . 

Sonu, C .J ., S . P . Murray, S . Hsu, J .N . Suhayda and E . Waddell . 1973 . Sea Breeze 

and Coastal Processes . (LSU, Coastal Studies Institute Rpt . No . : TR-153) 

NTIS . Washington, DC . 17 pp . 

Abstract . A field program was conducted at Santa Rosa Island to determine the 

amplitude, phase, and frequency characteristics of waves, currents, and 

beach topography to the diurnal excitation of a sea breeze system . 

Results are discussed. 

Spencer, S .M . 1992 . The geology of Florida's aggregates . pp . 69-75 . In K .F . 

Rheams and G .H . McClellan, eds . Industrial minerals of the Southeastern 

United States ; proceedings of the 2nd annual symposium on Industrial 

minerals . (161) (Geological Survey of Alabama Circular) . Geological 

Survey of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL . (Industrial minerals of the 

Southeastern United States ; 2nd annual symposium, Tuscaloosa, AL, April 

5-6, 1990) . 

Spicola, J . 1984 . Asymmetry of the A-B-C model with regard to the evolution of 

Dog Island, Florida . Master's Thesis . Florida State University, UnitedStates . 

Stapor, F .W. 1971 . Sediment budgets on a compartmented low-to-moderate energy 

coast in northwest Florida . Mar . Geol . lO :Ml-M7 . 

Abstract . Sediment budgets for portions of the Franklin and Gulf County, 

Florida, coasts have been determined through comparison of old (1860's1940's) U.S . Hydrographic Office smooth sheets . Rate of erosion and 

deposition and, significantly, minimum distances of transport were 

computed . This coast is divided into at least six individual compartments 

(or longshore drift cells) which most probably experience minimal 

communication ; in each instance erosion and deposition are nearly 

balanced . This compartmentalization is effected by the low-to-moderate 

wave energy and the offshore bathymetry of the region . 

Stapor, F . 1973 . History and sand budgets of the barrier island system in the 

Panama City, Florida, region . Marine Geology . 14 :277-286 . 

Abstract. Shell Island and Crooked Island peninsulas comprise the Holocene 

barrier system in the Panama City, Florida, region . Both of these 

peninsulas have experienced a history of integration-fragmentationintegration superimposed on a net shoreward migration since 1779 . 

Catastrophic events such as hurricanes are most probably responsible for 

the pass cutting which has fragmented these barriers . Both barrier 

peninsulas have very nearly segmented St . Andrew Sound into an eastern 

and western portion. This segmentation has been achieved through natural 

causes in the eastern or Crooked Island region, but an alternation in the 

74 
tidal return pattern, effected by the cutting of a canal across Shell 

Island, is probably responsible for the ongoing segmentation of the 

western portion. Rates of erosion/deposition, determined by comparing 

bathymetries charted in 1877, 1930, and 1946, demand that these two 

peninsulas receive material by eastward transport . Furthermore, the 

longshore drift of both peninsulas is bidirectional, northwesterly and 

southeasterly. These two drift components are very nearly equal in 

magnitude immediately west of Shell Island ; net easterly drift occurs on 

Shell Island peninsula. Crooked Island experiences netwesterly and 

easterly drift ; the easterly drift terminates in the Bell Shoal area and 

does not reach the adjacent St . Joe Spit . 

Stapor, F .W . and J .P . May . 1985 . Sediment budgets at Santa Rosa Island and 

Perdido Key, Florida . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 17(4) :726 . 

Stapor, F .W . and W .F . Tanner . 1977 . Late Holocene mean sea level data from St . 

Vincent Island, and the shape of the late Holocene mean sea level curve . 

Coastal Sedimentology. (Proc . 3rd Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology) . 

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Stapor, F .W ., Jr . 1973 . Coastal sand budgets and Holocene beach ridge plain 

development, Northwest Florida . Ph .D . Dissertation . Florida State 

University, Tallahassee, FL . 219 pp . 

Stapor, F .W ., Jr . 1975 . Shoreline changes between Phillips Inlet and Pensacola 

Inlet, Northwest Florida Coast . AAPG Bull . 59(9) :1730-1731 . 

Stauble, D .K . and D .A . Warnke . 1974 . The bathymetry and sedimentation of Cape 

San Blas shoal and shelf off St . Joseph Spit, Florida . Journal of Sed. 

Pet . 44(4) :1037-1051 . 

Stewart, R .A . and D .S . Gorsline . 1962 . Recent sedimentary history of St . Joseph 

Bay, Florida . Sedimentology . 1 :256-286 . 

Abstract . The history of St . Joseph Bay, on the west coast of Florida, begins 

with the last rise in sea level about 5,000 years ago . the formation of 

an extensive cuspate spit has formed a basin which is now in the process 

of being filled by detrital sands delivered by longshore drift from the 

eastern Apalachicola River. Prior to or during early stages of spit 

development, a wedge of fine material was deposited over the old terrace 

sands from an old distributary of the Apalachicola . Present sedimentation 

has as yet failed to obscure portions of this older surface within the 

lagoon . Clean quartz sand and biological carbonates comprise the bulk of 

the present sediment contribution . The typical East Gulf "kyanitestaurolite" heavy mineral suite is present, as is the kaolinitemontmorillonite-illite clay mineral suite common to this coast. Sediments 

in this area have an average organic content of about 1 .4% . A total 

organic carbon/organic nitrogen average of 15 .4 has resulted from the 

accumulation of highly carbonaceous plant debris under the restrictive 

environment of the lagoon . 

Stodd, T .M . and J .F . Donoghue . 1989a . Sediment texture and mineralogy of clayrich beds in a contaminant plume at Pensacola, Florida . pp . 645 . Xa G .E . 

Mallard, ed . U .S . Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. 

75 
(WRI 88-4220) (Water Resources Investigations) .US Geological Survey, 

Reston, VA. 

Stodd, T. and J.F . Donoghue . 1989b . Sediment texture and mineralogy of clayrich beds in fluvial and deltaic deposits at Pensacola, Florida. pp . 249-

266 . In W.F . Tanner, ed . Coastal Sediment Mobility, Proceedings of the 

Eighth Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology . 

Stone, E .L . 1993 . Soil burrowing and mixing by a crayfish . Soil Science Society 

of America Journal . 57(4) :1096-1099 . 

Stone, G .W . 1991 . Differential sediment supply and the cellular nature of 

longshore sediment transport along coastal Northwest Florida and 

Southeast Alabama since the late Holocene . Ph .D . Dissertation . University 

of Maryland, College Park, MD . 396 pp . 

Stone, G .W . and J .P . Morgan . 1993 . Implications for a constant rate of relative 

sea-level rise during the last millennium along the northern Gulf of 

Mexico ; Santa Rosa Island, Florida . Shore and Beach . 61(4) :24-27 . 

Abstract . Studies of beach erosion along Santa Rosa Island, Florida, were 

coupled with topographic surveys of the island and radiometric dating of 

tree stumps found below the water line . The results of these studies were 

compared with data from the 1924 National Ocean Survey indicating rates 

of sea level rise, and shoreline calculations from historic maps . The 

results generally confirm a constant rate of sea level rise over the 

pastmillenium . 

Stone, G .W . and J .D . Salmon . 1988 . Hurricane-related morphodynamics and 

implications for hazard mitigation, Perdido Key, Florida, U. S .A. Coastal 

Management . 16(3) :245-270 . 

Stone, G .W ., J .P . May and F .W . Stapor . 1990 . Differential sediment supply and 

the cellular nature of coastal Northwest Florida and Southeast Alabama . 

GSA Abstracts with Programs . 22(4) :64 . Geological Society of America, 

Southeastern Section, 39th annual meeting, with the Southeast Section of 

the National Association of Geology Teachers and the Southeast Section of 

the Paleontological Society, Tuscaloosa, AL, Apr . 5-6, 1990 . 

Stone, G .W ., F .W . Stapor Jr ., J .P . May and J .P . Morgan . 1992 . Multiple sediment 

sources and a cellular, non-integrated, longshore drift system : Northwest 

Florida and southeast Alabama coast, USA . Mar . Geol . 105(1-4) :141-154 . 

Abstract . The morphosedimentary maintenance of a 225 km stretch of coast along 

the northeast Gulf of Mexico, from Grayton Beach, Florida, to Morgan 

Point, Alabama, has been interpreted previously within the framework of a 

unidirectional, integrated, monotonic longshore drift model, with a 

single headland source of sediment located east of Grayton Beach. Net 

longshore transport and the granulometry and composition of some 2000 

foredune, beach and step samples indicate a cellular net drift system, 

supplied by three independent sources of sediment . One source is provided 

by the Pleistocene barrier island complex along Grayton-Mirimar Beach, 

the second at Pensacola Beach on Santa Rosa Island, and the third is 

onshore transport across the inner shelf between Pensacola, Florida, and 

Morgan Point, Alabama . The Pleistocene "headland" and Pensacola Beach 

supply two cells along Santa Rosa Island, whereas onshore transport from 

76 
the low gradient inner shelf supplies sediment to three cells along the 

largely accretional beach-ridge-dominated coast from Pensacola Pass to 

Morgan Point . Drift cells along this coast experience negligible net 

sediment exchange . These findings have significant implications for both 

the late Holocene evolution and the morphodynamic maintenance of this 

coast . 

Stright, M .J . 1987 . Inundated archaeological sites of the Florida coastal 

region ; a regional overview . pp . 395-401 . In Anon ., ed . Proceedings : 

Eight annual Gulf of Mexico Information Transfer Meeting . Minerals 

Management Service, New Orleans, LA . 

Swindler, J .P ., Jr . 1974 . Sedimentology of the low-energy coastal region 

between the Withlacoochee and Crystal Rivers, west coast Florida 

(abstr .) . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 6(4) :406 . 

Swingle, H .A. 1976 . Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin . Alabama Mar . Resour . 

Bull . 11 :1-79 . 

Abstract . The Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin issued occasionally is devoted 

to presenting results of research and management activities dealing with 

fisheries, marine biology, oceanography and related subjects in Alabama, 

the Gulf of Mexico and contiguous waters . This issue contains the 

following articles : Holocene Sediments of Mobile Bay, Alabama ; Analysis 

of Commercial Fisheries Catch Data for Alabama ; Survey of the 16-Foot 

Trawl Fishery of Alabama ; and A Review of the Oyster Fishery of Alabama . 

Sydow, J ., H .H . Roberts, A.H . Bouma and R . Winn . 1992 . Constructional 

subcomponents of a shelf-edge delta, Northeast Gulf of Mexico . 

Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies . 

42 :717-726 . 

Tanner, W .F . 1960 . Florida coastal classification . Transactions of the Gulf 

Coast Association of Geological Societies . X :259-266 . 

Abstract . A shoreline classification, based on the equilibrium concept, is 

developed in detail . It is shown that the basic equilibrium notion can be 

supplemented, to good advantage, by the observation that down-shore 

(i .e ., littoral) changes in energy level or drift rates are important in 

shaping the coast. Other factors which are used in constructing the 

classification are tectonic stability, sea level stability, material 

present, and non-marine agencies involved . Most of the Florida east coast 

is marked by high energy levels, the west and panhandle coasts by low to 

moderate energy . Quartz sand, shell fragments, and exposed bedrock 

(limestone) are the dominant materials present . Maximum erosion is now 

occurring on the lower east coast and on the central panhandle coast, 

where ramp slopes are steep (50 or more feet per mile), and on the lower 

west coast ; where there is essentially no supply of new sand for littoral 

drift . Violent, local erosion, in other parts of the state, is primarily 

a matter of readjustment in response to the activities of man. The 

shoreline classification here applied cannot be used directly in 

paleogeographic interpretation . Much the same information can be 

obtained, however, by modern stratigraphic techniques . 

Tanner, W .F . 1974 . Applications of the model . pp . 104-141 . In Anon ., ed . 

Sediment transport in the near-shore zone . (Proceedings of a symposium 

77 
offered at the Florida State University, 26 January 1974) Florida State 

University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Tanner, W .F . 1985 . Beach ridge data and sea level history. GSA Abstracts with 

Programs . 17(7) :732-733 . 

Tanner, W .F . 1987 . Forecast ; warmer climate, sea level fall . pp . 1 . ja Anon ., 

ed . International Union for Quaternary Research ; XII SUP international 

congress ; programme and abstracts . 

Tanner, W .F . 1989 . Sediment transport modeling from grain size data . pp . 386-

391 . In S .S .Y . Wang, ed . Proceedings of the International Symposium on 

Sediment Transport Modeling . American Society of Civil Engineers, New 

York, NY . (International symposium on sediment transport modeling, New 

Orleans, LA, Aug . 14-18, 1989) . 

Tanner, W .F . 1990 . The relationship between kurtosis and wave energy . GSA 

Abstracts with Programs . 22(4)'65 . 

Tanner, W .F . 1992a . Late Holocene sea-level changes from grain-size data : 

evidence from the Gulf of Mexico . Holocene . 2(3) :249-254 . 

Abstract . Grain-size kurtosis of sand in the beach ridge plain of St . Vincent 

Island, Florida, is numerically reasonably uniform within any one ridge 

set, but changes at important set boundaries . The changes in kurtosis 

indicate water level changes, and provide a sea-level history, including 

three sea level drops and four rises, of 1-3 m each, since about 3000 BP . 

Similar results have been obtained elsewhere, so these results are not 

local . 

Tanner, W .F . 1992b . Oversize oxbows ; tentative dates, effects and risks . AAPG 

Bulletin . 76(9) :1470 . 

Tanner, W .F . 1994 . Holocene stability of the Gulf of Mexico coast . pp . 1 . 

Anonymous, ed . Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies and Gulf 

Coast Section of SEPM meeting (AAPG Gulf Coast Section) ; abstracts . 

Austin, TX, United States ; Oct . 6-7, 1994) American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK . (AAPG Bulletin vol . 78 no . 9 p . 1480) . 

Tanner, W .F . and J .C . Hockett . 1973 . Beach ridge slope angles vs age . Southeast 

Geology . 15(1) :45-51 . 

Tanner, W .F ., S . Demirpolat and L . Alvarez . 1987 . The "Gulf of Mexico" sea 

level curve . pp . 274 . = Anon ., ed . International Union for Quaternary 

International Union for Quarternary Research ; 12th International 

congress . Programme and abstracts . Ottawa, ON, Canada ; July 31-August 9, 

1987) . 

Tanner, W .F ., S . Demirpolat, F .W . Stapor and L . Alvarez . 1989 . The Gulf of 

Mexico late Holocene sea level curve . Transactions of the Gulf Coast 

Association of Geological Societies . 39 :553-562 . 

Technical Committee for Analysis of Mobile Bay Dredging . 1973 . Environmental 

investigations of dredging activities in Mobile Bay, Alabama . 58 p . 

Prepared for the Conferees of the Conference "In the Matter of Pollution 

78 
of the Navigable Waters of Mobile Bay and its Tributaries", 27-28 Jan 70 . 

Technical Committee for Analysis of Mobile Bay Dredging, Mobile, AL . 58p . 

Abstract . The contents of the report include : types of dredging in Alabama ; 

hydraulic suction dredges ; hopper dredges and clamshell and dragline 

dredges; regulation of dredging ; discussion of four types of dredging 

activities studied, shell dredging, channel dredging, new channel 

dredging in d'Olive Bay, and diked disposal . 

Tew, B .H ., R .M . Mink, E .A . Mancini, S .D . Mann and M .D .C . Kopaska . 1993 . 

Regional geologic framework and petroleum geology of the Smackover 

Formation, Alabama and Panhandle Florida coastal waters area and adjacent 

federal waters area . Geologic Survey of Alabama Bulletin . 154 :60 . 

Thagard, M .E . and P .R . Seaber . 1986 . Location of potential ground-water quality 

monitoring wells, Tallahassee 1 degrees by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Florida . 

US Geological Survey . Site Location Map . Map WRI 85-4140 . Scale 

1 :250,000 . 

Tootle, C .H . 1991 . Reserves estimated, production listed for Florida's 22 oil 

fields . Oil Gas J . 89(42) :84-87 . 

Trapp, H . 1977 . Exploratory water well, St . George Island. U .S . Geol . Surv . 

Open-File Rep . OF 77-0652 US Geological Survey, Reston, VA . 

Trapp, H .J . 1978 . Preliminary hydrologic budget of the sand-and-gravel aquifer 

under unstressed conditions, with a section on water-quality monitoring, 

Pensacola, Florida . U .S . Geol . Surv . PB-288 183 US Geological Survey, 

Reston, VA . 

Trapp, H ., Jr . 1977 . Water Resources of Okaloosa County and adjacent areas, 

Florida . U .S . Geol . Surv . PB-273 042/AS :90 . 

Trapp, H ., Jr . 1979 . Water in the Pensacola, Florida, area . USGS Water Res . 

Investigations . WRI 79-0089 

Trommer, J .T . 1993 . Description and monitoring of the saltwater-freshwater 

transition zone in aquifers along the west-central coast of Florida . USGS 

Water Res . Investigations . WRI 93-4120 :56 . 

Turner, R .E . 1991 . Tide gauge records, water level rise, and subsidence in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico . Estuaries . 14(2) :139-147 . 

Twichell, D .C ., L .M . Parson and C .K . Paull . 1990 . Variations in the styles of 

erosion along the Florida Escarpment, eastern Gulf of Mexico . Marine and 

Petroleum Geology . 7(3) :235 . 

Twichell, D .C ., C .K . Paull and L .M . Parson . 1991 . Terraces on the Florida 

Escarpment : Implications for erosional processes . Geology . 19(9) :897-900 . 

Abstract . SeaBeam bathymetric data and GLORIA (Geologic Long-Range Inclined 

Asdic) sidescan sonar images of a 175-km-long section of the Florida 

escarpment in the eastern Gulf of Mexico show that this carbonate 

escarpment has been eroded since its initial formation, but its 

morphology suggests that erosional processes have not acted uniformly on 

the escarpment . Parts of the escarpment are notched by box canyons that 

79 
have extremely steep headwalls and may be sites of active ground-water 

sapping . The intercanyon areas commonly have previously unrecognized 

terraces below 2600 m . Above 2600 m, the escarpment is steeper and has no 

terraces . The terraces may reflect differences in platform strata exposed 

at the escarpment that are responding differently to erosional processes . 

Upchurch, S .B . 1989 . Structure in the Tampa area . Tampa Bay Fossil Enquirer . 

3(8) :3 . 

U .S . Geological Survey . 1993 . Florida : index to topographic and other map 

coverage . US Geological Survey . Index Maps . Map 1-SS-37 . 

Abstract . This index is designed to inform map users of the various map series, 

special maps, and map byproducts produced and distributed by the U.S . 

Geological Survey . 

Van, W .S .J . 1973 . Selected aspects of Holocene sedimentation, Pensacola area, 

Florida . Master's Thesis . Colorado School of Mines . 

Van Andel, T .H . and D .M . Poole . 1960 . Sources of recent sediments in the 

northern Gulf of Mexico . J . Sed . Pet . 30(1) :91-122 . 

Vause, J .E ., Jr . 1957 . Submarine geomorphic and sedimentological investigations 

off part of the Florida Panhandle coast . Master's Thesis . Florida State 

University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Von Drehle, W .F . 1973 . Anomalous Beach Ridges of Sangamon (?) Age . AAPG 

Bulletin . 57(9) :1839 . 

Waddell, E . 1973a . Dynamics of Swash and Implication to Beach Response . 

(Technical Report No . : TR-139) NTIS . Washington, DC . 61 pp . 

Abstract . A field investigation on a natural sand beach of the swash process 

and the interaction of swash with input waves, beach ground water, and 

beach sand levels was conducted on Santa Rosa Island, Florida. A highresolution system of capacitance wire probes for field measurement of 

swash processes was developed . From field studies of swash phenomena it 

was found that the collision between uprush and backwash plays an 

important role in reducing the extent of swash runup and in partially 

filtering the effects of variations in the intensity of input waves . 

Water percolation into the beach matrix serves as a low-pass filter 

affecting swash frequency. Detailed sand-level observations indicate the 

presence of low-amplitude bedforms which migrated consistently downslope, 

suggesting that uprush sediment transport was primarily through 

suspension . 

Waddell, E . 1973b . The dynamics of swash and its implication to beach response . 

Ph .D . Dissertation . Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge . 

Wagner, J .R ., L .R . Eiayes, C .E . Lewis and D .E . Barr . 1980 . Hydrologic data for 

Okaloosa, Walton, and southeastern Santa Rosa counties, Florida . U .S . 

Geol . Surv . Open-File Rep . OF 80-0741 :235 . 

Walton, T . 1973 . Littoral drift computations along the coast of Florida by 

means of ship wave observations . University of Florida, Coastal and 

Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory Technical Report . 15 :21 . 

80 
Ward, D .S ., J .W . Mercer and L .L . August . 1992 . Analysis of ground-water flow 

and injection fluid transport in the Floridan Aquifer near Pensacola, 

Florida . Ground Water . 30(3) :403-414 . 

Waskom, J.D . 1957 . Quartz grain roundness as an indicator of depositional 

environments of part of the coast of Panhandle Florida . Master's Thesis . 

Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL . 

Watzin, M .C ., W .D . Burke and P .F . Roscigno . 1994 . Community-level field method 

for testing the toxicity of contaminated sediments in estuaries . Environ . 

Toxicol . Chem . 13(7) :1187-1193 . 

Abstract . The objective of this study was to demonstrate a method for testing 

the toxicity of contaminated sediments under field conditions . An 

artificial sediment that matches field sediment in grain-size 

distribution and organic matter content was mixed from 11 components and 

used as the test substrate . Clean sediments and sediments spiked with 

zinc (similar 8,000 mg/kg) were exposed in the field on a holding rack 

anchored on the bottom of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The abundance and 

diversity (species richness) of benthic invertebrate recruits were used 

as indicators of sediment quality. The number of recruits was 

significantly reduced by the presence of zinc in one-week exposures . 

Webb, K .W . 1985 . Depositional subenvironments of Santa Rosa Island, Florida . 

Master's Thesis . University of Alabama . 105 pp . 

Williams, S .J . 1975 . Aspects of barrier island and shallow shelf sedimentation ; 

west of Pensacola, Florida . Master's Thesis . Colorado School of Mines . 

Wolfe, S .H ., J .A . Reidenauer and D .B . Means . 1988 . Ecological Characterization 

of the Florida Panhandle . Biological Report 88(12) ; OCS/NIIMS-88/0063 . 

Florida State Department of Environmental Regulation . Tallahassee, FL . 

299 pp . 

Abstract . The study provides a concise description of the Florida Panhandle, 

which extends from the Ochlockonee River basin west to the FloridaAlabama border and north to the Georgia and Alabama borders . It 

identifies alterations in terrestrial and aquatic habitats caused by 

increased urbanization, industrialization, sewage and effluent discharge, 

river flow alteration, stormwater runoff, and dredge and fill activities . 

The report is an extensive review and synthesis of available literature 

on the local physical setting and ecology and provides a discussion of 

important impacts on the habitats within the region . 

Wood, N . 1996 . Suspended sediment linkage between a marine embayment and an 

adjacent tidal marsh system : Waccasassa Bay, Florida . Master's Thesis . 

University of South Florida, St . Petersburg, FL . 

Work, P .A . 1992 . Sediment transport processes at a nourished beach (Perdido 

Key, Florida) . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of Florida, Gainesville, 

FL . 227 pp . 

Abstract . Data describing the evolution of a large beach nourishment project on 

the Gulf of Mexico at Perdido Key, Florida, are analyzed to describe the 

sediment transport processes governing the behavior of the beach. 

Analytical and numerical techniques for prediction of the response of the 

nourished beach to physical forcing arising from incident wind waves are 

81 
tested . Repetitive bathymetric and topographic surveys indicated 

placement of 4 .1 million m3 of sand in the nearshore zone between 

November, 1989, and August, 1990, and a net loss of 7t from the monitored 

area after one year . Beach profiles were surveyed every 3-4 months at 33 

locations to monitor the evolving beach, providing over 250 profiles 

describing the spatial and temporal changes at the site . Directional wave 

data, sediment samples, tide, and weather data were also collected . 

Cross-shore sediment transport rates and longshore gradients of longshore 

sediment transport were computed from the measured changes in the beach 

profiles . Results indicate that cross-shore sediment transport dominated 

much of the early evolution of the project . Longshore gradients of 

longshore sediment transport were found to be strongest on the 

"shoulders" of the beachfill, where shoreline curvature changes most 

rapidly . Longshore and cross-shore sediment transport processes were 

assumed independent to allow separate investigations . A "one-line", 

numerical model for planform evolution including the effects of 

background erosion, cross-shore sediment transport, and spatial and 

temporal variation in the incident waves gave a reasonable description of 

the longshore gradient of longshore sediment transport along the 

nourished beach . Beach profile changes at the site were modeled by 

application of two previously developed numerical models that simulate 

cross-shore sediment transport . One approach reasonably estimated the 

volumetric redistribution of sediment for the first post-nourishment 

survey interval but yielded poor results for profile recovery events . 

Performance of the second model was poor despite a more detailed 

description of the cross-shore sediment transport rate . The level of 

detail included in the assessment and description of long-term sediment 

transport processes at the site is largely unprecedented . The approach 

provides information specific to beach nourishment projects as well as 

more general insight into nearshore sediment transport problems . 

Work, P .A. 1993 . Monitoring the evolution of a beach nourishment project . pp . 

57-70 . LU Anon ., ed . Beach Nourishment Engineering and Management 

Considerations Coastal Zone : Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and 

Ocean Management . ASCE, New York, NY . 

Work, P .A. and R .G . Dean . 1995 . Assessment and prediction of beach-nourishment 

evolution . Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering . 

121(3) :182-189 . 

Abstract . Field data from Perdido Key, Florida, describing the response of an 

evolving beach nourishment project and the causative forces are analyzed 

in terms of sediment-transport rates and gradients . Numerical models for 

planform and profile evolution are applied and tested against the field 

data . Commonly applied concepts within the coastal engineering community 

regarding the 'depth of closure,' profile 'equilibration,' and the bestchoice coefficient for use in a predictive equation for longshore 

sediment transport rate are discussed. The results indicate that the 

beach planform may be described qualitatively by an analytical solution, 

and a one-line numerical model gives a reasonable quantitative 

description of the longshore gradient of longshore sediment transport . 

The depth to which longshore sediment transport gradients affect the 

profile appears to be much less than the depth to which profile changes 

are observed, illustrating the importance of cross-shore sediment 

82 
transport . An existing profile-response model, slightly modified, yielded 

good results immediately following nourishment, but poorer results as the 

beach profile approached a more natural configuration . 

Wright, E .E . 1996 . Sedimentation and stratigraphy of the Suwannee River marsh 

coastline . Ph .D . Dissertation . University of South Florida, St . 

Petersburg, FL . 

Wright, E .E ., A .C . Hine, L .A . Leonard and S .L . Goodbred . 1994 . Holocene 

stratigraphic evolution of a riverine siliciclastic coastline overlaying 

an Eocene karst limestone platform; Suwannee River marsh system, westcentral Florida . GSA Abstracts with Programs . 26(7) :305 . 

Yobbi, D .K . 1992 . Effects of tidal stage and ground-water levels on the 

discharge and water quality of springs in coastal Citrus and Hernando 

counties, Florida . USGS Water Res . Investigations . WRI 92-4069 :44 . 

Yobbi, D .K . and L .A . Knochemus . 1988 . Effects of river discharge and high-tide 

stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal River, and 

Withlacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida . USGS Water Res . 

Investigations . 88-4116 :63 . 

Yon, J .W ., R .W . Hoenstine and S .M . Spencer . 1980 . Mineral resources of Citrus 

County, Florida . Florida Geological Survey . Map Series . Map 115 . Scale 

1 :126,720 . 

Zeh, T .A . 1980 . Sikes Cut Glossary of Inlets Report No . 7 . Report No . 35 . Dept . 

of Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering, University of Florida . 

Gainesville, FL . 45 pp . 

Abstract . Sikes Cut is a man-made inlet on St . George Island which separates 

the Gulf of Mexico from Apalachicola bay . The inlet is located five miles 

south across the bay from Apalachicola, on Florida's panhandle . Collected 

information and computed data in this report are summarized . 

83 
PQS~,ENT pTy~, The Department of the Interior Mission 

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for 

most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use 

of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the 

environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the 

MqRCH 3 enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation . The Department assesses our energy and mineral 

resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by 

encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major 

responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories 

under U.S . administration . 

The National Biological Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior (DOI), the National Biological Service's (NBS) primary 

mission is to provide the scientific understanding and technologies needed to support sound 

0 

management and conservation of our Nation's biological resources. Independence from regulatory and 

4 management decision making greatly lessens the chance that scientific results will be viewed as less 

than objective science or subservient to the needs of policy makers. NBS provides credible, objective, 

and unbiased information needed by resources managers in the Department of the Interior in a form 

that allows them to assess, predict, and manage the biological consequences of various policies and 

management practices. Although the primary focus of the biological research is to meet DOI needs, 

the activities undertaken with natural resource research funding will also serve the science needs of a 

wide range of partners, including State governments, other Federal agencies, and private landowners. 

``" 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

ap As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service ' s (MMS) primary 

responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer Continental Shelf 

~Y/'X))) p (OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian lands, and distribute 

~ 

~c9 `LY 

those revenues. 

`` Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally sound 

exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral resources. The 

MMS Royalty Management Program meets its responsibilities by ensuring the efficient, timely and 

accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and production due to Indian 

tribes and allottees, States and the U.S . Treasury . 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially affected 

parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the quality of life for 

all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic development and environmental 

protection.