United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 18-2416

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Dollar Loan Center of South Dakota, LLC, doing business as Dollar Loan Center

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

v.

Bret Afdahl, individually and in his official capacity as director of the South

Dakota Division of Banking

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant

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No. 18-2497

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Dollar Loan Center of South Dakota, LLC, doing business as Dollar Loan Center

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

v.

Bret Afdahl, individually and in his official capacity as director of the South

Dakota Division of Banking

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee

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Appeals from United States District Court 

for the District of South Dakota - Pierre

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Submitted: June 12, 2019

Filed: August 14, 2019

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Before LOKEN, KELLY, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.

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ERICKSON, Circuit Judge.

Dollar Loan Center (“DLC”) and four of its branches were previously licensed

as money lenders by the South Dakota Division of Banking (“Division”). On

September 13, 2017, Bret Afdahl, Director of the Division, sent DLC a “Cease and

Desist and License Revocation Order.” This order required DLC to: (1) immediately

stop lending money in South Dakota; (2) to notify all consumers who had loans

issued after June 21, 2017, that the loans were void and uncollectible; and (3) to

surrender all of its money lending licenses and return them to the Division. DLC

commenced this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Afdahl, alleging that license

revocation without a pre-deprivation hearing deprived DLC of its procedural due

process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. Afdahl appeals the district court’s

denial of absolute or qualified immunity and its decision that the quick action

exception to a pre-deprivation hearing was not applicable. After careful review of the

record, we conclude that Afdahl is entitled to qualified immunity. We reverse with

directions to enter judgment in favor of Afdahl on the basis of qualified immunity. 

I. Background

In South Dakota, the Division of Banking is administered under the direction

and supervision of the Department of Labor and Regulation and its Secretary. S.D.

Codified Laws § 51A2-2. The Division is vested with the authority to control and

supervise banking activities within the state and is to exercise its “quasi-judicial,

quasi-legislative, advisory, and other nonadministrative functions independently.” 

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Id. Under Chapter 54-4, the Director of the Division is responsible for approving or

denying license applications and renewals. S.D. Codified Laws §§ 54-4-41, 54-4-45. 

If the Director determines that a licensee is engaging in a practice that fails to

conform to the law or a commission rule, order, or condition, he may issue a cease

and desist order. S.D. Codified Laws § 54-4-48. He is also authorized to “condition,

deny, decline to renew, suspend for a period not to exceed 6 months, or revoke a

license for ‘good cause.’” Under South Dakota’s Administrative Procedure and

Rules, unless an agency findsthat public health, safety, or welfare require emergency

action, a license cannot be revoked or suspended unless the agency has given notice

and afforded the licensee an opportunity to be heard. S.D. Codified Laws § 1-26-29. 

In July 2010, DLC submitted money lending license applications to the

Division for its main place of business in Sioux Falls and a branch location in Rapid

City. The applications stated that the businesses would not provide short term

consumer loans, payday lending, or title loans as defined under South Dakota Law.

A “short term loan” is any loan with a duration of six months or less. S.D. Codified

Laws § 54-4-36. Based on the information provided in the applications, the Division

approved money lending licenses to DLC. DLC submitted the required annual

renewal applications from 2011 to 2016. With the exception of the year 2012, DLC

affirmed on its renewal applications that there had not been any substantive changes

to the loan products offered since the last application or renewal. In 2012, DLC

informed the Division that it was changing from a 52 week to a 65 week amortized

loan product.

In 2017, DCL submitted money lending license applications for branches in

Sioux Falls, Aberdeen, and Watertown, South Dakota. These applications also

indicated that the businesses would not provide short term consumer loans, payday

lending, or title loans.

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Before July 1, 2017, DLC originated and serviced unsecured loans ranging

from $100 to $2,000. The customer was required to make weekly interest payments

for 51 weeks (beginning in 2012, a period of 64 weeks) and then on the final week

a balloon payment consisting of total principal plus interest. The annual percentage

rate (“APR”) on these loans varied from 259 percent to 492 percent. The rate varied

based on the loan amount and whether the customer had a checking account. In

November 2016, DLC was forced to change its loan product after Initiated Measure

21 was approved by the voters and became law. The measure set a maximum finance

charge for all money lenders licensed under South Dakota law. Total interest, fees,

and charges could not be greater than an APR of 36 percent. S.D. Codified Laws §

54-4-44 prohibited money lendersfrom evading the rate limitation by imposing other

charges or fees. 

The Division understood that DLC would not make additional loans after the

measure went into effect. However, in a letter dated July 12, 2017, DLC disputed the

Division’s understanding and stated it had informed the Division that DLC “planned

to maintain its money lending license for each of its locations and that it reserved the

right to lend money and service loans consistent with South Dakota law.” 

DLC informed the Division that beginning sometime after July 1, 2017, it

would begin using a new loan product. Upon reviewing the new product, the

Division expressed concern to DLC in a letter dated July 7, 2017, that DLC’s new

loan product was attempting to use the late fee provision in its new loan contracts as

a “device, subterfuge, or pretense to evade” the new law. The Division informed 1

South Dakota law provides: 1

54-4-44.1. Device, subterfuge, or pretense to evade maximum finance

charge prohibited--Penalties. No person may engage in any device,

subterfuge, or pretense to evade the requirements of § 54-4-44,

including, but not limited to, making loans disguised as a personal

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DLC that it would be conducting an examination within the next 30 days. The

Division conducted a “targeted” examination on July 13, 2017, and a “full scope”

examination on August 17-18, 2017. 

The Division’s investigation revealed that DLC’s new loan product involved

unsecured loans ranging from $250 to $1,000 with a seven day term, which under

South Dakota law was a short term loan. The stated APR on the new loan product

was between 35.87 percent and 35.98 percent and weekly late fees varied from $25

to $70 per week. The main difference between the new loan product and the previous

loan product was the amount due the first week. On the new loan, the first payment

included principal plus the interest. If the customer did not make the payment, a $70

late fee wasimposed every seven days until the loan, all accrued interest, and late fees

were paid in full. This new loan product with a substantially higher payment due the

first week caused the loan portfolio’s delinquency rate to exceed 50 percent. After

late fees are included in the APR asfinance charges, the Division determined that the

APR ranged from 300.86 percent to 487.64 percent. 

The Division also discovered that between July 1, 2017, and August 17, 2017,

late fees accounted for 90.22 percent of DLC’s total income. The Division concluded

that DLC’s new loan product was a short term consumer loan; that the late fees

property sale and leaseback transaction; disguising loan proceeds as a

cash rebate for the pretextual installment sale of goods or services; or

making, offering, assisting, or arranging a debtor to obtain a loan with

a greater rate of interest, consideration, or charge than is permitted by

this chapter through any method including mail, telephone, internet, or

any electronic means regardless of whether the person has a physical

location in the state. Notwithstanding any other provision of this

chapter, a violation of this section is subject to the penalties in § 54-4-

44.

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charged are anticipated fees that must be included in the finance charge calculation;

and that the product violated the maximum APR allowed to be charged under South

Dakota law. In light of these findings, Director Afdahl issued on September 13,

2017, a cease and desist order and a license revocation order. He revoked DLC’s

money lending licenses and also ordered DLC to stop engaging in the business of

lending money in South Dakota; to notify consumers that any loan made after June

21, 2017, was void and uncollectible; and to surrender immediately the money

lending licenses and return them to the Division. 

Fifteen days after issuing his findings and revocation order, Afdahl issued a

limited stay. The stay allowed DLC to continue servicing any loans originated before

November 16, 2016, so long as the servicing of the loans was not in violation of

South Dakota law. On October 3, 2017, the Division served on DLC’s attorney a

notice of hearing to address the status of DLC’s money lending licenses. The hearing

was set for October 17, 2017. The notice identified the following issues: (1) that

DLC was originating and servicing short terms loans when it had not been authorized

by the Division to do so; (2) the loans offered by DLC after June 21, 2017, were

designed to incur late fees and as such were considered anticipated fees that were

required to be included in the finance charge calculation; and (3) DLC had violated

statutes pertaining to consumer credit and engaged in unfair practices involving its

lending activity. DLC requested a continuance and questioned whether the hearing

was “jurisdictionally appropriate” since it believed the Division had taken “final

action.” No hearing was held. 

DLC commenced this action, alleging Afdahl violated DLC’s clearly

established right to procedural due process by revoking DLC’s money lending

licenses without a pre-deprivation hearing. Afdahl moved to dismiss for failure to

state a claim. The parties also filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The

district court denied Afdahl’s motion to dismiss, finding he was not entitled to

absolute immunity because his decision to revoke the money lending licenses prior

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to affording DLC a hearing exceeded the statutory authority vested by South Dakota

law and was not the type of conduct that absolute immunity was intended to protect. 

The court denied Afdahl’s motion for summary judgment, determining that he was

not entitled to qualified immunity and the quick action exception obviating a predeprivation hearing did not apply. It granted partial summary judgment in favor of

DLC as to the 15 day period between Afdahl’s revocation order and when he issued

the stay, noting that “damages appear to be limited in this case” and cautioning the

parties that “nothing in this opinion should be taken as an endorsement of the extent

of DLC’s damages claims.” The district court later clarified when it denied DLC’s

motion to reconsider that the issue of whether there was a deprivation outside of the

15-day period was an unresolved fact question. Afdahl appeals the district court’s

denial of immunity and ruling that the quick action exception permitted him to act

without a pre-deprivation hearing. 

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II. Discussion

We review the denial of qualified immunity de novo. Dadd v. Anoka Cty., 827

F.3d 749, 754 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting Hager v. Ark. Dep’t of Health, 735 F.3d 1009,

1013 (8th Cir. 2013)). To warrant reversal, Afdahl must show that he is entitled to

immunity on the face of the complaint. Id. (quoting Bradford v. Huckabee, 394 F.3d

1012, 1015 (8th Cir. 2005)). This requires us to analyze whether DLC “has stated a

plausible claim for a violation of a constitutional or statutory right [of which a

reasonable person would have known] and whether the right was clearly established

at the time of the alleged infraction.” Hager, 735 F.3d at 1013 (citing Powell v.

Johnson, 405 F.3d 652, 654–55 (8th Cir. 2005)). “Absent either a clearly established

right or a constitutional violation, qualified immunity applies.” Dillard v. City of

DLC filed a cross-appeal on the issue of whether the district court erred in 2

finding the constitutional deprivation lasted only 15 days. DLC has not pursued its

cross-appeal after the court issued its order on DLC’s motion to reconsider.

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Springdale, Arkansas, No. 17-3284; No. 17-3287, __ F.3d __ , 2019 WL 3049010,

at *3 (8th Cir. July 12, 2019).

DLC’s alleged constitutional claim is that Afdahl deprived it of a procedural

due process right when Afdahl revoked DLC’s money lending licenses on September

13, 2017, before holding a pre-deprivation hearing. In a qualified immunity analysis,

“a right is‘clearly established’ if the ‘contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear that

a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.’” 

Sutton v. Bailey, 702 F.3d 444, 447 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Anderson v. Creighton,

483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987)).

The district court, relying on Freeman v. Blair, 793 F.2d 166 (8th Cir. 1986)

(Freeman I) and Freeman v. Blair, 862 F.2d 1330 (8th Cir. 1988) (Freeman II), found

that the right to a pre-deprivation hearing under these circumstances was clearly

established. In Freeman I, we concluded that state officials who sought to perform

warrantless campground inspections and then suspended the campground’s operating

license without a pre-deprivation hearing, despite lacking a factual basis to invoke the

public welfare exception, were not entitled to qualified immunity. 793 F.2d at 178. 

After the decision was vacated and remanded by the Supreme Court, we reconsidered

the qualified immunity question and concluded that even if objectively reasonable

officials could have believed a warrantless search of the campground was

constitutionally permissible, it does not follow that they could have believed a

summary suspension of the campground license was constitutionally permissible. 

862 F.2d at 1332.

We disagree with the district court’s conclusion that procedural due process

requires more than what the Division did and DLC’s right to a pre-deprivation

hearing was clearly established by Freeman. The process and procedure employed

by the Division is distinguishable from that utilized by the officials in Freeman such

that a reasonable official in Afdahl’s position would not be on notice that he was

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violating a clearly established right when he issued the combined cease and desist and

revocation order in this case. Before taking adverse administrative action, the

Division conducted an extensive examination of DLC’s new loan product. Seven

state banking officials were involved in examining DLC’s operations. Three

performed the onsite “target” examination in July, including the Deputy Director. 

They reviewed 20 “active” loans and several “denied” loans. Because the new loan

product was only 10 days old at the time and only loans originated from July 3 to July

5 could contractually be deemed past due, the examiners determined that additional

information and a larger sample was needed to complete their investigation. 

After the examiners determined that DLC’s responses to follow-up written

questions were incomplete or unresponsive, a two day examination was scheduled in

August. In addition to the Deputy Director, three examiners not involved in the first

examination participated in the second examination. DLC’s regional manager and

its lawyer, which the Division found unusual, were present during both examinations. 

The examinersselected 308 new loan productsfrom the 633 short term loans that had

originated from July 1 to August 17, 2017. Of the loans selected for review, 276 had

a maturity date prior to August 17. The review demonstrated to the examiners that

DLC was overwhelmingly reliant on late fees to generate revenue and that DLC was

issuing short term loans without authorization to do so. After this intense

investigation, the examinersreached the conclusion that DLC’s loan product violated

South Dakota law. Contrary to the officials’ actions in Freeman, the procedures

employed by the Division armed Afdahl with a substantial factual foundation upon

which he based his legal conclusion that DLC was violating South Dakota’s lending

laws. 

DLC’s claim that it had no notice that it could not issue short term loans is

disingenuous. DLC was aware that it had to notify the Division of any substantive

changes to the loan products it offered. The renewal application inquired about

substantive changes and DLC notified the Division in 2012 of a change when it

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extended its amortization schedule from 52 to 65 weeks. Yet, the Division received

DLC’s new money lending license applications for branches in Aberdeen, Watertown,

and Sioux Falls on June 1, 2017, approximately a month before DLC was to begin

using its new short term loan product. In those applications, DLC indicated no short

term loans were being provided. Despite being aware of its obligation, DLC never

notified the Division of the substantial change in its loan product. DLC knew or

should have known that it was providing a loan product inconsistent with the terms

on the face of its applications. 

It isindisputable that Director Afdahl acted within his authoritywhen he issued

the cease and desist order. South Dakota law permits summary cease and desist

orders. The cease and desist order prohibited DLC from engaging in the business of

lending money in South Dakota. DLC had sought approval fromthe Division to offer

thissingle loan product. Without another approved product, DLC could not originate

any new loans. While it would have been more precise to prohibit DLC from

originating or servicing the new loan product, the potentially overbroad order was

swiftly corrected. Approximately two weeks later, Afdahl issued a stay allowing

DLC to continue to service any lawful loan originated before November 16, 2016. 

Although the Division requested a listing of unpaid loans originated before November

16, 2016, from DLC, the record does not appear to contain DLC’s response, if any,

to the request. 

Afdahl’s September 13, 2017, order also revoked DLC’s money lending

licenses. Before the revocation, DLC, through its regional manager and its counsel,

had been given an opportunity to respond to several of the Division’s concerns

regarding DLC’s new loan product. DLC presented written responses to the

Division’s questions. DLC disputes the Division’s legal conclusions, not the data

relied on by the Division, which wassupplied by DLC. While a trial-like hearing was

not conducted, due process has been described by the United States Supreme Court

as a “flexible” concept. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334 (1976) (quoting

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Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481 (1972)). In this case, there is no evidence

that adverse administrative action against DLC’s property interest was based on an

erroneous factual basis. It was Afdahl’s responsibility to make a legal interpretation

regarding the lawfulness of DLC’s new loan product. He did so only after an intense

investigation allowing DLC’s regional manager and counsel to participate in both onsite examinations and to respond to follow-up questions. Under these circumstances

where DLC was on notice that the Division was investigating the lawfulness of its

new loan product, DLC was afforded an opportunity to provide additional

information addressing the Division’s concerns, and the revocation order had no more

of an effect on DLC’s businessthan the simultaneously issued cease and desist order,

we conclude that DLC has not shown a procedural due process violation. 

More importantly, qualified immunityis intended to give “government officials

breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments, and [to] protect[] all but

the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Messerschmidt v.

Millender, 565 U.S. 535, 546 (2012) (internal quotations omitted). Even if Afdahl

should have done something more before taking adverse action against DLC’s money

lending licenses, he made a reasonable mistake in the exercise of his official duties. 

This is the type of mistake that the qualified immunity rule was intended to protect. 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the complaint, we find DLC has

failed to show a violation of a constitutional right that was clearly established. 

Afdahl is entitled to qualified immunity.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s denial of qualified

immunity. We direct the district court to enter judgment in favor of Afdahl on the

basis of qualified immunity. 

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KELLY, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment.

Afdahl expressly states that, for purposes of appeal, he assumes that “DLC is

normally entitled to a pre-deprivation hearing.” In other words, he concedes that

DLC was not afforded the pre-deprivation hearing that it would normally be entitled

to. He argues that he is nonetheless entitled to qualified immunity either because the

“quick action exception” applies—as there was a compelling state interest in taking

immediate action—or because it was not clearly established that the quick action

exception did not apply. See Moore v. Warwick Pub. Sch. Dist. No. 29, 794 F.2d

322, 327 (8th Cir. 1986) (noting “situations requiring quick action by the State when

there is a compelling or overriding state interest in a summary adjudication” are

exempt from the pre-deprivation hearing requirement). Whether Afdahl afforded

DLC sufficient process absent the existence of circumstances that a reasonable

official would conclude required immediate action to safeguard public welfare is not

a question before us, so I would not reach it. But I concur in the result the court

reaches because I agree that at the time Afdahl took the action he did with respect to

the cease and desist order and the license revocation, it was not clearly established

that the quick action exception did not justify the lack of a pre-deprivation hearing.

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