Opinion issued December 15, 2016

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-15-00510-CR

———————————

KENDALL BELL, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 263rd District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 1394740

O P I N I O N

When Kendall Bell was 16, the State filed a petition in a Harris County 

juvenile court alleging that he had engaged in delinquent conduct by committing 

aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon. On the State’s motion, the juvenile court 

concluded that because of the seriousness of Bell’s offense, the welfare of the 
2

community required criminal proceedings. It therefore waived its jurisdiction and 

transferred the case to criminal district court, where Bell pleaded guilty without an 

agreed recommendation, and the trial court deferred a finding of guilt and placed 

him on community supervision for six years. The State later filed a motion to 

adjudicate, alleging that Bell had violated the terms of his supervision. Following a 

hearing, the district court granted the motion and sentenced Bell to 20 years’ 

imprisonment. 

On appeal, Bell contends that under Moon v. State, 451 S.W.3d 28 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2014), the juvenile court abused its discretion by waiving jurisdiction without

making adequate case-specific findings to support its conclusion that the welfare of 

the community required criminal proceedings because of the seriousness of the 

offense. In the alternative, Bell argues that the evidence does not support the district 

court’s finding that he violated the terms of his supervision.

Because we agree that the juvenile court did not provide sufficient casespecific findings to support its waiver of jurisdiction, we vacate the judgment of the 

criminal district court, dismiss the criminal case, and remand this case to the juvenile 

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Juvenile Court’s Waiver of Jurisdiction

At the hearing on the State’s motion to waive jurisdiction, the juvenile court 

admitted three exhibits: proof that Bell had been served, a stipulation of Bell’s birth 
3

date, and a probation report. The juvenile court also heard testimony from three 

witnesses.

Deputy A. Alanis of the Harris County Sheriff’s Office investigated a robbery 

at a Family Dollar store. Alanis testified that a surveillance video shows four people

with handkerchiefs covering their mouths exiting a white truck and entering the 

store. Alanis testified that one of the four individuals went aisle to aisle with a gun

looking for customers, pointed the gun at a woman with a young child, and took her 

purse. The other three individuals, at least one of whom also had a gun, are seen on 

the video taking the employees’ money and phones and unsuccessfully trying to get 

the employees to open the register. 

Alanis testified that when the four robbers heard police arriving, they ran back 

to the truck, and a chase ensued. Eventually, the robbers crashed the truck and ran. 

Three of the robbers were apprehended, and two of them identified Bell as the fourth 

robber. When Alanis went to Bell’s house to interview him, Alanis recognized him 

as the person on the video who had pointed the gun at the woman. 

After the hearing, the juvenile court entered an order reciting its findings and 

granting the State’s motion to waive jurisdiction. After the criminal district court 

adjudicated Bell guilty, he appealed. 
4

Discussion

In his first issue, Bell argues that we should vacate the criminal district court’s 

judgment and remand the case to the juvenile court because the juvenile court’s order 

waiving jurisdiction does not contain the findings necessary to satisfy Moon.

A. Waiver of jurisdiction under Juvenile Justice Code section 54.02

To waive jurisdiction and transfer a child to the criminal district court, a 

juvenile court must find: (1) the child was 14 years old or older at the time of the 

alleged offense; (2) there is probable cause to believe the child committed the 

offense; and (3) because of the seriousness of the alleged offense or the background 

of the child (or both), “the welfare of the community requires criminal proceedings.”

TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(a). In deciding whether the welfare of the community 

requires criminal proceedings, the juvenile court must consider four non-exclusive 

factors:

(1) whether the alleged offense was against person or property, with 

greater weight in favor of transfer given to offenses against people;

(2) the sophistication and maturity of the child;

(3) the record and previous history of the child; and

(4) the prospects of adequate protection of the public and the 

likelihood of the rehabilitation of the child by use of procedures, 

services, and facilities currently available to the juvenile court.

Id. § 54.02(f). Although all four of the section 54.02(f) factors need not weigh in 

favor of transfer in order for a juvenile court to waive its jurisdiction and the juvenile 
5

court is not required to make any specific findings regarding these factors, the order 

must show that the juvenile court took the section 54.02(f) factors into account. 

Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 41–42 (“[T]he order should . . . expressly recite that the 

juvenile court actually took the Section 54.02(f) factors into account in making this 

[waiver] determination, [b]ut it need make no particular findings of fact with respect 

to those factors[.]”). 

Importantly, if the juvenile court waives jurisdiction, it “shall state 

specifically in the order its reasons for waiver and certify its action, including the 

written order and findings of the court[.]” See TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(h); Moon, 

451 S.W.3d at 38. The order must specify which facts the juvenile court relied upon 

in making its decision that because of the seriousness of the offense or the 

background of the child (or both), the welfare of the community requires criminal 

proceedings. See Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 47, 50 (statute requires that juvenile court 

order “state specifically” findings regarding section 54.02(a)(3) basis for waiver).

In Moon, the juvenile, Moon, was charged with murder and the juvenile court 

waived jurisdiction and transferred him to the criminal district court to be tried as an 

adult. The juvenile court found that because of the seriousness of the offense, the 

welfare of the community required criminal proceedings. But, significantly, it did 

not find that criminal proceedings were required because of Moon’s background. 

Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 50–51; see TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(a) (juvenile court may 
6

find seriousness of the offense, background of the child, or both, warrants waiver). 

The Court of Criminal Appeals held that a finding that the welfare of the community 

required criminal proceedings because of the seriousness of the offense must be 

supported by express case-specific findings about the offense. Moon, 451 S.W.3d 

at 50–51. 

The juvenile court’s order in Moon expressly stated that the court had 

considered the four section 54.02(f) factors. Id. at 33. The juvenile court also made 

several express findings pertaining to those factors:

 The offense was against a person;

 Moon was sufficiently sophisticated and mature to have 

intelligently, knowingly and voluntarily waived all constitutional 

rights heretofore waived and to aid in his defense and be responsible 

for his conduct; and

 That there was little, if any, prospect of adequate protection of the 

public and likelihood of reasonable rehabilitation of Moon by use of 

procedures, services, and facilities currently available to the 

Juvenile Court.

See id.; TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 54.02(f). The Court of Criminal Appeals concluded 

that only the first of these was a case-specific finding about the offense. See Moon, 

451 S.W.3d at 50. The rest of the juvenile court’s findings were “superfluous” under 

the circumstances because they were not case-specific findings about the offense and 

the juvenile court had not relied on Moon’s background as a basis for waiver. See 

id. at 51. The Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that a finding that an offense 
7

was against the person of another, without any other findings about the specifics of 

the offense, is not sufficient to support a conclusion that the welfare of the 

community requires criminal proceedings because of the seriousness of the offense. 

See id. at 50. Accordingly, the Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that the 

juvenile court abused its discretion by waiving jurisdiction. See id.

B. Standard of Review

“[I]n evaluating a juvenile court’s decision to waive its jurisdiction, an 

appellate court should first review the juvenile court’s specific findings of fact 

regarding the Section 54.02(f) factors under ‘traditional sufficiency of the evidence 

review.’” Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 47. Under a legal sufficiency challenge, we credit 

evidence favorable to the challenged finding and disregard contrary evidence unless 

a reasonable fact finder could not reject the evidence. Moon v. State, 410 S.W.3d 

366, 371 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013), aff’d, 451 S.W.3d 28. If there is 

more than a scintilla of evidence to support the finding, the no-evidence challenge 

fails. Id. Under a factual sufficiency challenge, we consider all of the evidence 

presented to determine if the court’s finding is so against the great weight and 

preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust. Id. Notably, our 

review of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting waiver is limited to the facts the 

juvenile court expressly relied on in its transfer order. Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 50.
8

If the findings of the juvenile court are supported by legally and factually 

sufficient proof, then we review the ultimate waiver decision under an abuse of 

discretion standard. Id. at 47. As with any decision that lies within the discretion of 

the trial court, the salient question is not whether we might have decided the issue 

differently. See id. at 49. Instead, we consider in light of our review of the 

sufficiency of the evidence whether the juvenile court’s decision represents a 

reasonably principled application of legislative criteria or was essentially arbitrary 

or made without reference to the statutory criteria for waiver. Id. at 47.

C. Analysis

The juvenile court’s order waiving jurisdiction expressly states that the 

juvenile court considered the four section 54.02(f) factors, and includes the 

following findings pertaining to those factors:

The Court specifically finds that the said KENDALL BELL is 

of sufficient sophistication and maturity to have intelligently, 

knowingly and voluntarily waived all constitutional rights heretofore 

waived by the said KENDALL BELL, to have aided in the preparation 

of HIS defense and to be responsible for HIS conduct; that the 

OFFENSE allege[d] to have been committed WAS against the person 

of another; and the evidence and reports heretofore presented to the 

court demonstrate to the court that there is little, if any, prospect of 

adequate protection of the public and likelihood of reasonable 

rehabilitation of the said KENDALL BELL by use of procedures, 

services, and facilities currently available to the Juvenile Court.

These findings are identical to the findings made by the juvenile court in Moon. See 

Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 33; Moon, 410 S.W.3d at 372. 
9

Even assuming that legally and factually sufficient evidence supports these 

findings, Moon requires us to hold that the juvenile court abused its discretion by 

waiving jurisdiction. In this case, the juvenile court found that “because of the 

seriousness of the OFFENSE, the welfare of the community requires criminal 

proceeding.” See Tex. FAM. CODE § 54.02(a)(3). Importantly, like in Moon, the 

juvenile court did not rely on Bell’s background as basis for its conclusion that the 

welfare of the community required criminal proceedings. Rather, although section 

54.02(a)(3) permits the juvenile court to rely on the background of the child or the 

seriousness of the offense—or both—here, like in Moon, the juvenile court relied

only on the seriousness of the offense. 

The juvenile court was required to make case-specific findings about the 

offense to show the basis for its conclusion that the welfare of the community 

required criminal proceedings because of the seriousness of the offense. See Moon, 

451 S.W.3d at 50 (where juvenile court waives jurisdiction based upon seriousness 

of the offense, order must contain case-specific findings about the offense). 

Although the juvenile court expressly stated that it considered the section 54.02(f) 

factors and made some findings pertaining to them, only one of these findings—that 

the offense was committed against the person of another—is a case-specific finding 

about the offense. See id. at 48; see also TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(f). Because the 

remaining findings do not pertain to the offense, under Moon, they are “superfluous” 
10

and do not support the juvenile court’s conclusion that the welfare of the community 

requires criminal proceedings because of the seriousness of the offense. See Moon, 

451 S.W.3d at 48, 51 (only findings pertaining to specifics of offense supported 

conclusion that seriousness of offense warranted criminal proceedings; “[B]ecause 

the juvenile court did not cite the appellant’s background as a reason for his transfer

in its written order, these findings of fact [that are not case-specific findings 

regarding offense] are superfluous.”). The order does not contain any other findings 

about the offense. 

We are required to “limit [our] sufficiency review to the facts that the juvenile 

court expressly relied upon, as required to be explicitly set out in the juvenile transfer 

order” and may not “speculate as to the . . . facts the juvenile court found to 

substantiate” its conclusion that the seriousness of the offense warranted criminal 

proceedings. Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 49–50. A recent case from this Court, In re 

K.J., 493 S.W.3d 140 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.), which 

affirmed waiver by a juvenile court, illustrates the type of case-specific findings that 

support a transfer made on the basis of seriousness of the offense. In K.J., the 

juvenile court expressly found certain aspects of the charged robberies particularly 

egregious. Its findings stated that the juvenile threatened three different 

complainants, one of whom was 80 years old, with a gun, and each complainant 

testified that they feared for their lives. Id. at 143–44. The juvenile court also found 
11

that the juvenile used the cell phone that he stole from one of the complainants to 

take pictures of himself displaying gang signs while holding guns. Id. at 144.

By contrast, here, the juvenile court made no findings about the charged 

robbery or Bell’s conduct during it. The sole finding that the juvenile court made 

about the specifics of the offense was that it was against the person of another. 

Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 48–49 (seriousness-of-the-offense reason must be supported 

by findings regarding “specifics of the particular offense” and not just the type of 

offense and that it was against the person of another). The Court of Criminal 

Appeals in Moon held that a juvenile court abuses its discretion when it concludes 

that criminal proceedings are required solely because of the seriousness of the 

offense when, as here, the only finding about the specifics of the offense is that it 

was against the person of another. Id. at 50 (agreeing with court of appeals’

conclusion that waiver of juvenile jurisdiction based solely on seriousness of 

offense, “fortified only by [finding that offense was against person of another], 

constitutes an abuse of discretion”); see also Yado v. State, No. 01-14-00578-CR, 

2015 WL 3982045, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 30, 2015, no pet.) 

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (trial court abused discretion by waiving 

jurisdiction based solely on seriousness-of-the-offense reason when only finding 

regarding specifics of offense was that it was against person of another); Guerrero 

v. State, 471 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (same); 
12

cf. In re S.G.R., 496 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.) 

(affirming waiver based upon seriousness of the offense where juvenile court 

expressly found that juvenile participated in gang-related murder in which 14-yearold child sustained 46 injuries from machete). 

The State argues that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion and the 

findings are sufficient to support a conclusion that criminal proceedings are required 

because of the seriousness of the offense. It relies upon Gentry v. State, Nos. 01-14-

00335-CR & 01-14-00336-CR, 2016 WL 269985 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

Jan. 21, 2016, pet. ref’d), Gonzales v. State, 467 S.W.3d 595 (Tex. App.—San 

Antonio 2015, pet. ref’d), and Rodriguez v. State, 478 S.W.3d 783 (Tex. App.—San 

Antonio 2015, pet. ref’d), three post-Moon cases that affirmed juvenile courts’ 

waivers of jurisdiction. But the appellate courts in those cases were reviewing orders 

in which juvenile courts concluded that criminal proceedings were required because 

of both the seriousness of the offense and the background of the child. See Gentry, 

2016 WL 269985, at *11 (juvenile court expressly found waiver warranted “because 

of the seriousness of the alleged offenses and the background of the child”) 

(emphasis added); Gonzales, 467 S.W.3d at 602 (juvenile court expressly found 

waiver warranted “because of the seriousness of the offense and the background of 

Gonzales”) (emphasis added); Rodriguez, 478 S.W.3d at 789 (juvenile court 

expressly found waiver warranted by “seriousness of the offense, background of the 
13

child”) (emphasis added); cf. Moon, 451 S.W.3d at 51 (if juvenile court waives 

jurisdiction based solely on seriousness of offense, findings that are not case-specific 

findings regarding offense are “superfluous”). Therefore, the orders in these cases 

did not rest solely on the sufficiency of the case-specific findings regarding the 

particulars of the offense. See Gentry, 2016 WL 269985, at *11; Gonzales, 467 

S.W.3d at 602; Rodriguez, 478 S.W.3d at 789; see also TEX. FAM. CODE 

§ 54.02(a)(3). Accordingly, these cases are inapposite. 

The State also contends that the record supports a finding that the seriousness 

of Bell’s offense warrants criminal proceedings, even if the juvenile court did not 

make sufficient findings regarding the specifics of the robbery. The Moon court 

expressly rejected the State’s argument that the court of appeals could look to the 

record, independent of explicit findings by the juvenile court, to determine whether 

the seriousness of the offense warranted criminal proceedings. See Moon, 451 

S.W.3d at 49–50. It held that we “must limit [our] sufficiency review to the facts 

that the juvenile court expressly relied upon, as required to be explicitly set out in 

the juvenile transfer order under Section 54.02(h).” Id. at 50. Thus, even though the 

record in Moon “painted a much more graphic picture of the appellant’s charged 

offense”—murder—the juvenile court’s order waiving jurisdiction could not be 

affirmed because it did not expressly recite findings about the specifics of the 

offense. See id. at 48, 50–51. Likewise, here, even though the record paints a more 
14

graphic picture of Bell’s participation in the aggravated robbery, we may not 

consider that evidence because the juvenile court made no findings based on that 

evidence. See id. at 50.

Because the juvenile court’s only “case-specific” finding regarding the

offense was that it was against the person of another, we hold that the juvenile court 

abused its discretion by waiving jurisdiction solely on the basis that the welfare of 

the community required criminal proceedings because of the seriousness of the 

offense. See id. at 51 (juvenile court abused discretion by waiving jurisdiction over 

juvenile charged with murder when waiver order cited only seriousness of the 

offense as reason for waiver but only finding regarding specifics of offense was that 

offense was against a person); Yado, 2015 WL 3982045, at *2 (trial court abused 

discretion by waiving jurisdiction based solely on seriousness-of-the-offense reason 

when only case-specific finding was that offense was against person of another); 

Guerrero, 471 S.W.3d at 3 (same); see also S.G.R., 496 S.W.3d at 240 (“If the 

juvenile court simply had concluded that the offense was against a person and made 

no additional findings,” waiver of jurisdiction based upon seriousness of the offense 

would have been an abuse of discretion).

We sustain Bell’s first issue.
15

Because we conclude that the juvenile court abused its discretion by waiving 

jurisdiction, we must vacate the criminal district court’s judgment. See Moon, 451 

S.W.3d at 51. Accordingly, we need not reach Bell’s second issue. See id. 

Conclusion

We hold that the juvenile court abused its discretion by waiving jurisdiction 

and transferring Bell’s case to the criminal district court. Accordingly, we vacate 

the juvenile court’s transfer order and the criminal district court’s judgment, dismiss 

the criminal district court case, and remand this case to the juvenile court for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion. The case remains “pending in the juvenile 

court” where “at least one legislatively provided alternative would seem to be for 

the juvenile court to conduct a new transfer hearing and enter another order 

transferring Bell to the jurisdiction of the criminal court, assuming that the State can 

satisfy the criteria under Section 54.02(j) of the Juvenile Justice Code” or another 

applicable section. Id. at 52 n.90; see TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.02(j).

Rebeca Huddle

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Brown, and Huddle.

Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).