United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

05-1253 

LAWMAN ARMOR CORPORATION, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

WINNER INTERNATIONAL, LLC 

and WINNER HOLDING LLC, 

Defendants-Appellees. 

Roberta Jacobs-Meadway, Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP, of 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, argued for plaintiff-appellant. With her on the brief were 

Lynn E. Rzonca and Corey Field. 

Philip J. Moy, Jr., Fay, Sharpe, Fagan, Minnich & McKee, LLP, of Cleveland, 

Ohio, argued for defendants-appellees. With him on the brief was Jude A. Fry. 

Appealed from: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania 

Senior Judge Robert F. Kelly 
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

05-1253 

LAWMAN ARMOR CORPORATION, 

Plaintiff–Appellant, 

v. 

WINNER INTERNATIONAL, LLC and 

WINNER HOLDING LLC, 

 Defendants–Appellees. 

______________________________ 

 DECIDED: February 22, 2006 

______________________________ 

Before MICHEL, Chief Judge, FRIEDMAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and DYK, Circuit 

Judge. 

FRIEDMAN, Senior Circuit Judge. 

 In this design patent case, the district court held that infringement had not been 

shown because each of the alleged “points of novelty” of the patented design was 

disclosed in the prior art. Lawman Armor Corp. v. Winner Int’l, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 

2078, No. 02-CV-4595 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 15, 2005) (slip opinion). We affirm that ruling, 

and reject the patentee’s contention that the combination in the patent of the many nonnovel “points of novelty” itself was an additional “point of novelty.” We therefore affirm 

the district court’s grant of summary judgment of non-infringement. 
I 

The basic facts are largely undisputed. The appellant Lawman Armor 

Corporation (“Lawman”) is the exclusive licensee of U.S. Design Patent No. Des. 

357,621 (“’621 patent”), which claims “[t]he ornamental design for a sliding hook portion 

of a vehicle steering wheel lock assembly, as shown and described.” The patent 

contains seven drawings of different views of the device. Figure 1 of the patent shown 

below, illustrates the device, which has two curving hooks that are attached to the 

steering wheel to lock it in place: 

Lawman sued the appellees Winner International, LLC and Winner Holding LLC 

(collectively “Winner”) in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of 

Pennsylvania for infringement of the ’621 patent. After the district court construed the 

claim in the patent, Winner moved for summary judgment of non-infringement. In 

opposition, Lawman listed eight specific “points of novelty” in the patented design. 

These included “[t]he open ends of the hooks face outward from the shaft” and “[t]he 

shaft includes a pattern of ridges.” In response, Winner “simply list[ed] Lawman’s 

proposed points of novelty and cite[d] to automobile wheel lock patents that depict 

Lawman’s proposed points.” 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2078. 

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The district court granted Winner summary judgment of non-infringement. The 

court held that “Lawman’s proposed points of novelty are found in the prior art” and thus 

that “Lawman has failed to create a material issue of fact regarding the point of novelty 

test.” Id. 

II 

In comparing a design patent claim to the accused design to determine 

infringement, a court must apply “two distinct tests, both of which must be satisfied in 

order to find infringement: (a) the ‘ordinary observer’ test, and (b) the ‘point of novelty’ 

test.” Contessa Food Prods., Inc. v. Conagra, Inc., 282 F.3d 1370, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 

2002). See Unidynamics Corp. v. Automatic Prods. Int’l, Ltd., 157 F.3d 1311, 1323 

(Fed. Cir. 1998). The “ordinary observer” test requires comparison of the two designs 

from the viewpoint of the ordinary observer to “determine whether the patented design 

as a whole is substantially the same as the accused design.” Tropicana Prods., Inc. v. 

Land O’ Lakes, Inc., 286 F. Supp. 2d 343, 345 (D. Del. 2003) (citing Braun Inc. v. 

Dynamics Corp. of Am., 975 F.2d 815, 820 (Fed. Cir. 1992)). Under the “point of 

novelty” test, a court must determine whether “the accused device . . . appropriate[s] the 

novelty in the patented device which distinguishes it from the prior art.” Litton Sys., Inc. 

v. Whirlpool Corp., 728 F.2d 1423, 1444 (Fed. Cir. 1984), (quoting Sears, Roebuck & 

Co. v. Talge, 140 F.2d 395, 396 (8th Cir. 1944)). See generally Bernhardt, L.L.C. v. 

Collezione Europa USA, Inc., 386 F.3d 1371, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (discussing the 

required showing for the “point of novelty” test). 

The district court ruled that factual disputes precluded summary judgment under 

the “ordinary observer” test, but granted summary judgment for Winner under the “point 

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of novelty” test. Lawman had specified eight “points of novelty” that allegedly 

distinguished the patented design in the ’621 patent from the prior art. In response, 

Winner had listed specific prior art patents that allegedly disclosed each of Lawman’s 

“points of novelty.” As noted, the district court held that “Lawman’s proposed points of 

novelty are found in the prior art.” 

Lawman does not directly challenge this latter ruling. It makes no attempt to 

show either that the district court incorrectly accepted the eight “points of novelty” or that 

the prior art patents do not disclose those points. Instead, it argues only that the district 

court failed to make sufficient findings as to the scope and content of the prior art, and 

also failed to determine the “points of novelty” of the ‘621 patent. Basically, it argues 

only that there are factual issues on these points, not that the district court erroneously 

resolved those questions. 

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Contessa, 

282 F.3d at 1376; Conroy v. Reebok Int’l, Ltd., 14 F.3d 1570, 1575 (Fed. Cir. 1994). 

There is no general requirement that a district court make specific findings before 

granting summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 

(1985). See also Union Carbide Corp. v. Am. Can Co., 272 F.2d 1567, 1573-74 (Fed. 

Cir. 1984). All that is required is that district courts provide “sufficient findings and 

reasoning to permit our review.” Cunningham v. Laser Golf Corp., 222 F.3d 943, 951 

(Fed. Cir. 2000). See also Stratoflex, Inc. v. Aeroquip Corp., 713 F.2d 1530, 1540 (Fed. 

Cir. 1983) (“[W]e sit to review judgments, not opinions.”). 

The district court’s memorandum shows that the court accepted Lawman’s 

proposed “points of novelty” in their entirety, and also agreed with Winner that the prior 

05-1253 4
art (various different design patents) disclosed each of those “points of novelty.” We 

have examined the patents that Winner cited and conclude that they disclose the eight 

“points of novelty” that Lawman specified. The district court was not required to make 

the more detailed rulings or findings that Lawman apparently seeks, or to specify which 

particular patents disclosed each of the eight points of novelty. 

Lawman stresses that there is no “suggestion to combine visual elements in the 

alleged prior art to achieve the ‘621 patent.” Whether there is any suggestion to 

combine prior art references may be relevant in a validity inquiry to determine 

obviousness. Litton, 728 F.2d at 1444. It has no place in the infringement issue in this 

case. Id.

What Lawman’s contention comes down to is that the D’621 patent contains a 

ninth “point of novelty,” namely, the combination in a single design of the eight nonnovel “points of novelty” it embodies. This argument is inconsistent with, and would 

seriously undermine, the rationale of the “points of novelty” test. 

“The purpose of the ‘points of novelty’ approach . . . is to focus on those aspects 

of a design which render the design different from prior art designs.” Winner Int’l Corp. 

v. Wolo Mfg. Corp., 905 F.2d 375, 376 (Fed. Cir. 1990), overruled in part on other 

grounds by Cardinal Chem. Co. v. Morton Int’l., 508 U.S. 83 (1993). “New” designs 

frequently involve only relatively small changes in the shape, size, placement, or color 

of elements of old designs. It is those changes in and departures from the old designs 

that constitute the “points of novelty” in the patented new design. 

If the combination of old elements shown in the prior art is itself sufficient to 

constitute a “point of novelty” of a new design, it would be the rare design that would not 

05-1253 5
have a point of novelty. The practical effect of Lawman’s theory would be virtually to 

eliminate the significance of the “points of novelty” test in determining infringement of 

design patents, and to provide patent protection for designs that in fact involve no 

significant changes from the prior art. Id. (“To consider the overall appearance of a 

design without regard to prior art would eviscerate the purpose of the ‘point of novelty’ 

approach, which is to focus on those aspects of a design which render the design 

different from prior art designs.”). 

Lawman seeks support for its argument in our decision in Litton Systems v. 

Whirlpool, 728 F.2d 1423. That decision does not aid Lawman. 

 In Litton we reversed a district court’s finding of infringement of a design patent 

because of a trial court’s “failure to apply the correct legal standard of infringement in 

design patent cases.” Id. at 1444. This court explained that under the “points of 

novelty” test, “even though the court compares two items through the eyes of the 

ordinary observer, it must nevertheless, to find infringement, attribute their similarity to 

the novelty which distinguishes the patented device from the prior art.” Id. Litton did not 

hold that the combination of several points of novelty was itself a point of novelty, but 

rather held that there were several points of novelty in the patented design, none of 

which was found in the accused design. Lawman’s argument would stand the “points of 

novelty” test on its head, and defeat its purpose. 

CONCLUSION 

The district court’s summary judgment of non-infringement is 

AFFIRMED.

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