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Exhibit 1.A. Incorporation No. BC0298967 BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT ARTICLES OFPETAQUILLA MINERALS LTD. PART I – INTERPRETATION 1.

   Definitions
 Without limiting Article 1.2, in these Articles, unless the context requires otherwise: "adjourned meeting" means the meeting to which a meeting is adjourned under Article 8.7 or 8.11; "board" and "directors" mean the directors or sole director of the Company for the time being; "Business Corporations Act"means the Business Corporations Act,S.B.C. 2002, c.57, and includes its regulations; "Interpretation Act"means the Interpretation Act,R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 238; "trustee" i n relation to a shareholder, means the personal or other legal representative of the shareholder, and includes a trustee i n bankruptcy of the shareholder. 1.2

   Business Corporations Act definitions apply
 The definitions in the Business Corporations Actapply to these Articles. 1.3

   Interpretation Act applies
 The Interpretation Actapplies to the interpretation of these Articles as if these Articles were an enactment. 1.4

   Conflict i n definitions
 If there is a conflict between a definition i n the Business Corporations Actand a definition or rule in the Interpretation Actrelating to a term used in these Articles, the definition in the Business Corporations Actwill prevail i n relation to the use of the term in these Articles. 1.5

   Conflict between Articles and legislation
 If there is a conflict between these Articles and the Business Corporations Act,the Business Corporations Actwill prevail.


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PART 2 – SHARES AND SHARE CERTIFICATES** see footer 2.1.1

   Authorized Share Structure
 The authorized share structure of the Company consists of shares of the class or classes and series, if any, described in the Notice of Articles of the Company. 2.2

   Form of Share Certificate
 Each share certificate issued by the Company must comply with, and be signed as required by, the Business Corporations Act. 2.3

   Shareholder Entitled to Certificate or Acknowledgement
 Each shareholder is entitled, without charge, to (a) one share certificate representing the shares of each class or series of shares registered in the shareholder’s name or (b) a non -transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain such a share certificate, provided that in respect of a share held jointly by several persons, the Company is not bound to issue more than one share certificate and delivery of a share certificate for a share to one of several joint shareholders or to one of the shareholders’ duly authorized agents will be sufficient delivery to all. 2.4

   Delivery by Mail
 Any share certificate or non-transferable written acknowledgment of a shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate may be sent to the shareholder by mail at the shareholder’s registered address an d neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is liable for any loss to the shareholder because the share certificate or acknowledgement is lost in the mail or stolen. 2.5

   Replacement of Worn Out or Defaced Certificate or Acknowledgement
 If the directors are satisfied that a share certificate or a non -transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate is worn out or defaced, they must, on production to them of the share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, and on such other terms, if any, as they think fit: (1) order the share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be, to be cancelled; and (2) issue a replacement share certificate or acknowledgement, as the case may be. 2.6

   Replacement of Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Certificate or Acknowledgement
 If a share certificate or a non-transferable written acknowledgment of a shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate is lost, stolen or destroyed, a replacement share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, must be issued to the person entitled to that share certificate or acknowledgment, as the case may be, if the directors receive: (1) proof satisfactory to them that the share certificate or acknowledgement is lost, stolen or destroyed; and (2) any indemnity the directors consider adequate. 2.7

   Splitting Share Certificates
 If a shareholder surrenders a share certificate to the Company with a written request that the Company issue


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in the shareholder’s name two or more share certificates, each representing a specified number of shares and in the aggregate representing the same number of shares as the share certificate so surrendered, the Company must cancel the surrendered share certificate and issue replacement share certificates in accordance with that request. 2.8

   Certificate Fee
 There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the issue of any share certificate under Articles 2.5, 2.6 or 2.7, the amount, if any and which must not exceed the amount prescribed under the Business Corporations Act determined by the directors. 2.9

   Recognition of Trusts
 Except as required by law or statute or these Articles, no person will be recognized by the Company as holding any share upon any trust, and the Company is not bound by or compelled in any way to recognize (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or fraction of a share or (except as by law or statute or these Articles provided or as ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction) any other rights in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the shareholder. PART 3 – ISSUE OF SHARES 3.1

   Directors authorized to issue shares
 The directors may, subject to the rights of the holders of the issued shares of the Company, issue, allot, sell, grant options on or otherwise dispose of the unissued shares, and issued shares held by the Company, at the times, to the persons, including directors, in the manner, on the terms and conditions and for the issue prices that the directors, in their absolute discretion, may determine. 3.2

   Company need not recognize unregistered interests
 Except as required by law or these Articles, the Company need not recognize or provide for any person's interests in or rights to a share unless that person is the shareholder of the share. PART 4 – SHARE TRANSFERS** see footer 4.1

   Registering Transfers
 A transfer of a share of the Company must not be registered unless: (1) a duly signed instrument of transfer in respect of the share has been received by the Company; (2) if a share certificate has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred, that share certificate has been surrendered to the Company; and (3) if a non-transferable written acknowledgment of the shareholder’s right to obtain a share certificate has been issued by the Company in respect of the share to be transferred, that acknowledgment has been surrendered to the Company. 4.2

   Form of Instrument of Transfer
 The instrument of transfer in respect of any share of the Company must be either in the form, if any, on the back of the Company’s share certificates or in any other form that may be approved by the directors from time to time. ** Part 4 Amended and Replaced on December 1, 2011


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4.3

   Transferor Remains Shareholder
 Except to the extent that the Business Corporations Actotherwise provides, the transferor of shares is deemed to remain the holder of the shares until the name of the transferee is entered in a securities register of the Company in respect of the transfer. 4.4

   Signing of Instrument of Transfer
 If a shareholder, or his or her duly authorized attorney, signs an instrument of transfer in respect of shares registered in the name of the shareholder, the signed instrument of transfer constitutes a complete and sufficient authority to the Company and its directors, officers and agents to register the number of shares specified in the instrument of transfer or specified in any other manner, or, if no number is specified, all the shares represented by the share certificates or set out in the written acknowledgments deposited with the instrument of transfer: (1) in the name of the person named as transferee in that instrument of transfer; or (2) if no person is named as transferee in that instrument of transfer, in the name of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered. 4.5

   Enquiry as to Title Not Required
 Neither the Company nor any director, officer or agent of the Company is bound to inquire into the title of the person named in the instrument of transfer as transferee or, if no person is named as transferee in the instrument of transfer, of the person on whose behalf the instrument is deposited for the purpose of having the transfer registered or is liable for any claim related to registering the transfer by the shareholder or by any intermediate owner or holder of the shares, of any interest in the shares, of any share certificate representing such shares or of any written acknowledgment of a right to obtain a share certificate for such shares. 4.6

   Transfer Fee
 There must be paid to the Company, in relation to the registration of any transfer, the amount, if any, determined by the directors. PART 5 – ACQUISITION OF SHARES 5.1

   Company authorized to purchase shares
 Subject to the special rights and restrictions attached to any class or series of shares, the Company may, if it is authorized to do so by the directors, purchase or otherwise acquire any of its shares. 5.2

   Company authorized to accept surrender of shares
 The Company may, if it is authorized to do so by the directors, accept a surrender of any of its shares by way of gift or for cancellation. 5.3

   Company authorized to convert fractional shares into whole shares
 The Company may, if it is authorized to do so by the directors, convert any of its fractional shares into whole shares in accordance with, and subject to the limitations contained in, the Business Corporations Act. PART 6 – BORROWING POWERS 6.1

   Powers of directors
 The directors may from time to time on behalf of the Company:


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(a) borrow money in the manner and amount, on the security, from the sources and on the terms and conditions that they consider appropriate; (b) issue bonds, debentures and other debt obligations either outright or as security for any liability or obligation of the Company or any other person, and at any discount or premium and on such other terms as they consider appropriate; (c) guarantee the repayment of money by any other person or the performance of any obligation of any other person; and (d) mortgage or charge, whether by way of specific or floating charge, or give other security on the whole or any part of the present and future assets and undertaking of the Company. PART 7 – GENERAL MEETINGS 7.1

   Annual general meetings
 Unless an annual general meeting is deferred or waived in accordance with section 182(2)(a) or (c) of the Business Corporations Act,the Company must hold an annual general meeting at least once in each calendar year and not more than 15 months after the last annual general meeting. 7.2

   When annual general meeting is deemed to have been held
 If all of the shareholders who-are entitled to vote at an animal general meeting consent by a unanimous resolution under the Business Corporations Actto all of the business that is required to be transacted at that annual general meeting, the annual general meeting is deemed to have been held on the date of the unanimous resolution. The shareholders must, in any unanimous resolution passed under this Article 7.2, select as the Company's annual reference date a date that would be appropriate for the holding of the applicable annual general meeting. 7.3

   Calling of shareholder meetings
 The directors may, whenever they think fit, call a meeting of shareholders. 7.4

   Notice for meetings of shareholders
 The Company must send notice of the date, time and location of any meeting of shareholders, in the manner provided in these Articles, or in such other manner, if any, as may be prescribed by ordinary resolution (whether previous notice of the resolution has been given or not), to each shareholder entitled to attend the meeting, to each director and to the auditor of the Company, unless these Articles otherwise provide, at least the following number of days before the meeting: (a) if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days; (b) otherwise, 10 days. 7.5

   Record date for notice
 The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice of any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act,by more than four months. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is held by fewer than: a) if and for so long as the Company is a public company, 21 days;


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(b) Otherwise, 10 days. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting. 7.6

   Record date for voting
 The directors may set a date as the record date for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders. The record date must not precede the date on which the meeting is to be held by more than two months or, in the case of a general meeting requisitioned by shareholders under the Business Corporations Act,by more than four months. If no record date is set, the record date is 5 p.m. on the day immediately preceding the first date on which the notice is sent or, if no notice is sent, the beginning of the meeting. 7.7

   Failure to give notice and waiver of notice
 The accidental omission to send notice of any meeting to, or the non-receipt of any notice by, any of the persons entitled to notice does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting. Any person entitled to notice of a meeting of shareholders may, in writing or otherwise, waive or reduce the period of notice of such meeting. 7.8

   Notice of special business at meetings of shareholders
 If a meeting of shareholders is to consider special business within the meaning of Article 8.1, the notice of meeting must: (a) State the general nature of the special business; and (b) if the special business includes considering, approving, ratifying, adopting or authorizing any document or the signing of or giving of effect to any document, have attached to it a copy of the document or state that a copy of the document will be available for inspection by shareholders: (i) At the Company's records office, or at such other reasonably accessible location in British Columbia as is specified in the notice; and (ii) During statutory business hours on any one or more specified days before the day set for the holding of the meeting. PART 8 – PROCEEDINGS AT MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS 8.1

   Special business
 At a meeting of shareholders, the following business is special business: (a) At a meeting of shareholders that is not an annual general meeting, all business is special business except business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting; (b) At an annual general meeting, all business is special business except for the following: (i) business relating to the conduct of or voting at the meeting; (ii) consideration of any financial statements of the Company presented to the meeting; (iii) Consideration of any reports of the directors or auditor;


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(iv) The setting or changing of the number of directors; (v) the election or appointment of directors; (vi) The appointment of an auditor; (vii) The setting of the remuneration of an auditor; (viii) Business arising out of a report of the directors not requiring the passing of a special resolution or an exceptional resolution; (ix) any other business which, under these Articles or the Business Corporations Act,may be transacted at a meeting of shareholders without prior notice of the business being given to the shareholders. 8.2

   Special majority
 The majority of votes required for the Company to pass a special resolution at a meeting of shareholders is two-thirds of the votes cast on the resolution. 8.3

   Quorum
 Subject to the special rights and restrictions attached to the shares of any class or series of shares, the quorum for the transaction of business at a meeting of shareholders is 2 persons who are, or who represent by proxy, shareholders who, in the aggregate, hold at least 1/20 of the issued shares entitled to be voted at the meeting. 8.4

   One shareholder may constitute quorum
 If there is only one shareholder entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders: (a) the quorum is one person who is, or who represents by proxy, that shareholder, and (b) that shareholder, present in person or by proxy, may constitute the meeting. 8.5

   Other persons may attend
 The directors, the president, if any, the secretary, if any, and any lawyer or auditor for the Company are entitled to attend any meeting of shareholders, but if any of those persons do attend a meeting of shareholders, that person is not to be counted in the quorum, and is not entitled to vote at the meeting, unless that person is a shareholder or proxy holder entitled to vote at the meeting. 8.6

   Requirement of quorum
 No business, other than the election of a chair of the meeting and the adjournment of the meeting, may be transacted at any meeting of shareholders unless a quorum of shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting is present at the commencement of the meeting. 8.7

   Lack of quorum
 If, within 1/2 hour from the tune set for the holding of a meeting of shareholders, a quo rum is not present, (a) in the case of a general meeting convened by requisition of shareholders, the meeting is dissolved, and (b) in the case of any other meeting of shareholders, the meeting stands adjourned to the same


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day in the next week at the same time and place. 8.8

   Lack of quorum at succeeding meeting
 If, at the meeting to which the first meeting referred to in Article 8.7 was adjourned, a quo rum is not present within 1/2 hour from the lime set for the holding of the meeting, the persons present and who are, or who represent by proxy, shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the meeting constitute a quorum. 8.9

   Chair
 The following individual is entitled to preside as chair at a meeting of shareholders: (a) the chair of the board, if any; (b) if the chair of the board is absent or unwilling to act as chair of the meeting, the president, if any. 8.10

   Alternate chair
 At any meeting of shareholders, the directors present must choose one of their number to be chair of the meeting if: (a) there is no chair of the board or president present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting; (b) the chair of the board and the president are unwilling to act as chair of the meeting; or (c) if the chair of the board and the president have advised the secretary, if any, or any director present at the meeting, that they will not be present at the meeting. If, in any of the foregoing circumstances, all of the directors present decline to accept the position of chair or fail to choose one of their number to be chair of the meeting, or if no director is present, the shareholders present in person or by proxy must choose any person present at the meeting to chair the meeting. 8.11

   Adjournments
 The chair of a meeting of shareholders may, and if so directed by the meeting must, adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business may be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business left unfinished at the meeting from which the adjournment took place. 8.12

   Notice of adjourned meeting
 It is not necessary to give any notice of an adjourned meeting or of the business to be transacted at an adjourned meeting of shareholders except that, when a meeting is adjourned for 30 days or more, notice of the adjourned meeting must be given as in the case of the original meeting. 8.13

   Motion need not be seconded
 No motion proposed at a meeting of shareholders need be seconded unless the chair of the meeting rules otherwise, and the chair of any meeting of shareholders is entitled to propose or second a motion. 8.14

   Manner of taking a poll
 Subject to Article 8.15, if a poll is duly demanded at a meeting of shareholders, (a) the poll must be taken (i) at the meeting, or within 7 days after the date of the meeting, as the chair of the meeting directs, and (ii) in the manner, at the time and at the place that the chair of the meeting directs,


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(b) the result of the poll is deemed to be a resolution of, and passed at, the meeting at which the poll is demanded, and (c) the demand for the poll may be withdrawn. 8.15

   Demand for a poll on adjournment
 A poll demanded at a meeting of shareholders on a question of adjournment must be taken immediately at the meeting. 8.16

   Demand for a poll not to prevent continuation of meeting
 The demand for a poll at a meeting of shareholders does not, unless the chair of the meeting so rules, prevent the continuation of a meeting for the transaction of any business other than the question on which a poll has been demanded. 8.17

   Poll not available in respect of election of chair
 No poll may be demanded in respect of the vote by which a chair of a meeting of shareholders is elected. 8.18

   Casting of votes on poll
 On a poll, a shareholder entitled to more than one vote need not cast all the votes in the same way. 8.19

   Chair must resolve dispute
 In the case of any dispute as to the admission or rejection of a vote given on a poll, the chair of the meeting must determine the same, and his or her determination made in good faith is final and conclusive. 8.20

   Chair has no second vote
 In case of an equality of votes, the chair of a meeting of shareholders does not, either on a show of hands or on a poll, have a casting or second vote in addition to the vote or votes to which the chair may be entitled as a shareholder. 8.21

   Declaration of result
 The chair of a meeting of shareholders must declare to the meeting the decision on every question in accordance with the result of the show of hands or the poll, as the case may be, and that decision must be entered in the minutes of the meeting. 8.22

   Meetings by telephone or other communications medium
 A shareholder or proxy holder who is entitled to participate in a meeting of shareholders may do so in person, or by telephone or other communications medium, if all shareholders and proxy holders participating in the meeting are able to communicate with each other; provided, however, that nothing in this Section shall obligate the Company to take any action or provide any facility to permit or facilitate the use of any communications medium at a meeting of shareholders. If one or more shareholders or proxy holders participate in a meeting of shareholders in a manner contemplated by this Section: (a) each such shareholder or proxy holder shall be deemed to be present at the meeting, and (b) the meeting shall be deemed to be held at the location specified in the notice of the meeting.


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PART 9 – VOTES OF SHAREHOLDERS 9.1

   Voting rights
 Subject to any special rights or restrictions attached to any shares and to the restrictions imposed on joint registered holders of shares 'hider Article 9.3: (a) on a vote by show of hands, every person present who is a shareholder or proxy holder and entitled to vote at the meeting has one vote, and (b) on a poll, every shareholder entitled to vote has one vote in respect of each share held by that shareholder that carries the right to vote on that poll and may exercise that vote either in person or by proxy. 9.2

   Trustee of shareholder may vote
 A person who is not a shareholder may vote on a resolution at a meeting of share holders, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, and may appoint a proxy holder to act at the meeting in relation to that resolution, if, before doing so, the person satisfies the chair of the meeting at which the resolution is to be considered, or satisfies all of the directors present at the meeting, that the person is a trustee for a shareholder who is entitled to vote on the resolution. 9.3

   Votes by joint shareholders
 If there are joint shareholders registered in respect of any share: (a) any one of the joint shareholders, but not both or all, may vote at any meeting, either personally or by proxy, in respect of the share as if that joint shareholder were solely entitled to it, or (b) if more than one of the joint shareholders is present at any meeting, per sonally or by proxy, the joint shareholder present whose name stands first on the central securities register in respect of the share is alone entitled to vote in respect of that share. 9.4

   Trustees as joust shareholders
 Two or more trustees of a shareholder in whose sole name any share is registered are, for the purposes of Article 9.3, deemed to be joint shareholders. 9.5

   Representative of a corporate shareholder
 If a corporation that is not a subsidiary of the Company is a shareholder, that corporation may appoint a person to act as its representative at any meeting of shareholders of the Company, and: (a) for that purpose, the instrument appointing a representative must (i) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least 2 business days before the day set for the holding of the meeting, or (ii) be provided, at the meeting, to the chair of the meeting, and (b) if a representative is appointed under this Article 9.5, (i) the representative is entitled to exercise in respect of and at that meeting the same rights on behalf of the corporation that the representative represents as that corporation


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could exercise if it were a shareholder who is an individual, including, without limitation, the right to appoint a proxy holder, and (ii) the representative, if present at the meeting, is to be counted for the purpose of forming a quorum and is deemed to be a shareholder present in person at the meeting. 9.6

   When proxy provisions do not apply
 Articles 9.7 to 9.13 do not apply to the Company if and for so long as it is a public company. 9.7

   Appointment of proxy holder
 Every shareholder of the Company, including a corporation that is a shareholder but not a subsidiary of the Company, entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders of the Company may, by proxy, appoint a proxy holder to attend and act at the meeting in the manner, to the extent and with the powers conferred by the proxy. 9.8

   Alternate proxy holders
 A shareholder may appoint one or more alternate proxy holders to act in the place of an absent proxy holder. 9.9

   When proxy holder need not be shareholder
 A person must not be appointed as a proxy holder unless the person is a shareholder, although a person who is not a shareholder may be appointed as a proxy holder if: (a) the person appointing the proxy holder is a corporation or a representative of a corporation appointed under Article 9.5, (b) the Company has at the time of the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed only one shareholder entitled to vote at the meeting, or (c) the shareholders present in person or by proxy at and entitled to vote at the meeting for which the proxy holder is to be appointed, by a resolution on which the proxy holder is not entitled to vote but in respect of which the proxy holder is to be counted in the quorum, permit the proxy holder to attend and vote at the meeting. 9.10

   Form of proxy
 A proxy, whether for a specified meeting or otherwise, must be either in the following form or in any other form approved by the directors or the chair of the meeting: (Name of Company) The undersigned, being a shareholder of the above named Company, hereby appoints......................... or, failing that person, ......................... as proxy holder for the undersigned to attend, act and vote for and on behalf of the undersigned at the meeting of shareholders to be held on the day of and at any adjournment of that meeting. Signed this ........... day of ..................................... , ............... ..................................................... Signature of shareholder


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9.11

   Provision of proxies
 A proxy for a meeting of shareholders must: (a) be received at the registered office of the Company or at any other place' specified, in the notice calling the meeting, for the receipt of proxies, at least the number of business days specified in the notice, or if no number of days is specified, 2 business days, before the day set for the holding of the meeting, or (b) unless the notice provides otherwise, be provided at the meeting to the chair of the meeting. 9.12

   Revocation of proxies
 Subject to Article 9.13, every proxy may be revoked by an instrument in writing that is (a) received at the registered office of the Company at any tune up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting at which the proxy is to be used, or (b) provided at the meeting to the chair of the meeting. 9.13

   Revocation of proxies must be signed
 An instrument referred to in Article 9.12 must be signed as follows: (a) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is an individual, the instrument must be signed by the shareholder or his or her trustee; (b) if the shareholder for whom the proxy holder is appointed is a corporation, the instrument must be signed by the corporation or by a representative appointed for the corporation under Article 9.5. 9.14

   Validity of proxy votes
 A vote given in accordance with the terms of a proxy is valid despite the death or incapacity of the shareholder giving the proxy and despite the revocation of the proxy or the revocation of the authority under which the proxy is given, unless notice in writing of that death, incapacity or revocation is received : (a) at the registered office of the Company, at any tune up to and including the last business day before the day set for the holding of the meeting at which the proxy is to be used, or (b) by the chair of the meeting, before the vote is taken. 9.15

   Production of evidence of authority to vote
 The chair of any meeting of shareholders may, but need not, inquire into the authority of any person to vote at the meeting and may, but need not, demand from that person production of evidence as to the existence of the authority to vote. PART 10 – DIRECTORS 10.1

   Number of directors
 The number of directors, excluding additional directors appointed raider Article 11.8, is set at:


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(a) if the Company is a public company, the greater of three and the number most recently established: (i) by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and (ii) under Article 11.4; (b) if the Company is not a public company, the number most recently established: (i) by ordinary resolution (whether or not previous notice of the resolution was given); and (ii) under Article 11.4. 10.2

   Change in number of directors
 If the number of directors is set under Articles 10.1(a)(i) OR 10.1(b)(i): (a) the shareholders may elect or appoint the directors needed to fill any vacancies in the board of directors up to that number; (b) if, contemporaneously with setting that number, the shareholders do not elect or appoint the directors needed to fill vacancies in the board of directors up to that number, then the directors may appoint, or the shareholders may elect or appoint, directors to fill those vacancies. 10.3

   Directors' acts valid despite vacancy
 An act or proceeding of the directors is not invalid merely because fewer directors have been appointed or elected than the number of directors set or otherwise required under these Articles. 10.4

   Qualifications of directors
 A director is not required to hold a share in the capital of the Company as qualification for his or her office but must be qualified as required by the Business Corporations Actto become, act or continue to act as a director. 10.5

   Remuneration of directors
 The directors are entitled to the remuneration, if any, for acting as directors as the directors may from time to time determine. If the directors so decide, the remuneration of the directors will be determined by the shareholders. That remuneration may be in addition to any salary or other remuneration paid to a director in such director's capacity as an officer or employee of the Company. 10.6

   Reimbursement of expenses of directors
 The Company must reimburse each director for the reasonable expenses that he or she may incur in and about the business of the Company. 10.7

   Special remuneration for directors
 If any director performs any professional or other services for the Company that in the opinion of the directors are outside the ordinary duties of a director, or if any director is otherwise specially occupied in or about the Company's business, he or she may be paid remuneration fixed by the directors, or, at the option of that director, fixed by ordinary resolution, and such remuneration may be either in addition to, or in substitution for, any other remuneration that he or she may be entitled to receive.


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10.8

   Gratuity, pension or allowance on retirement of director
 Unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, the directors on behalf of the Company may pay a gratuity or pension or allowance on retirement to any director who has held any salaried office or place of profit with the Company or to his or her spouse or dependants and may make contributions to any f und and pay premiums for the purchase or provision of any such gratuity, pension or allowance. PART 11 – ELECTION AND REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS 11.1

   Election at annual general meeting
 At every annual general meeting and in every unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 7.2: (a) the shareholders entitled to vote at the annual general meeting for the election of directors must elect, or in the unanimous resolution appoint, a board of directors consisting of the number of directors for the time being set under these Articles; and (b) all the directors cease to hold office immediately before the election or appointment of directors under paragraph (a), but are eligible for re-election or re-appointment. 11.2

   Consent to be a director
 No election, appointment or designation of an individual as a director is valid unless: (a) that individual consents to be a director in the manner provided for in the Business Corporations Act; (b) that individual is elected or appointed at a meeting at which the individual is present and the individual does not refuse, at the meeting, to be a director; or (c) with respect to first directors, the designation is otherwise valid under the Business Corporations Act. 11.3

   Failure to elect or appoint directors
 If: (a) the Company fails to hold an annual general meeting, and all the shareholders who are entitled to vote at an annual general meeting fail to pass the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 7.2, on or before the date by which the annual general meeting is required to be held under the Business Corporations Act;or (b) the shareholders fail, at the annual general meeting or in the unanimous resolution contemplated by Article 7.2, to elect or appoint any directors; then each director in office at such tune continues to hold office until the earlier of: (c) the date on which his or her successor is elected or appointed; and (d) the date on which he or she otherwise ceases to hold office under the Business Corporations Actor these Articles. 11.4

   Places of retiring directors not filled
 If, at any meeting of shareholders at which there should be an election of directors, the places of any of the


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retiring directors are not filled by that election, those retiring directors who are not re -elected and who are asked by the newly elected directors to continue in office will, if willing to do so, continue in office to fill the vacancies in the number of directors set pursuant to these Articles until further new directors are elected at a meeting of shareholders convened for that purpose. If any such election or continuance of directors does not result in the election or continuance of the number of directors set pursuant to these Articles, the number of directors of the Company is deemed to be set at the number of directors actually elected or continued in office. 11.5

   Directors may fill casual vacancies
 Any casual vacancy occurring in the board of directors may be filled by the directors. 11.6

   Remaining directors' power to act
 The directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in the board of directors, but if the Company has fe wer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the directors may only act for the purpose of appointing directors up to that number or for the purpose of summoning a meeting of shareholders to fill any vacancies on the board of directors or for any other purpose permitted by the Business Corporations Act. 11.7

   Shareholders may fill vacancies
 If the Company has no directors or fewer directors in office than the number set pursuant to these Articles as the quorum of directors, the shareholders may elect or appoint directors to fill any vacancies on the board of directors. 11.8

   Additional directors
 Notwithstanding Articles 10.1 and 10.2, between annual general meetings or unanimous resolutions contemplated by Article 7.2, the directors may appoint one or more additional directors, but the number of additional directors appointed under this Article 11.8 must not at any time exceed: (a) one-third of the number of first directors, if, at the time of the appointments, one or more of the first directors have not yet completed their first term of office; or (b) in any other case, one-third of the number of the current directors who were elected or appointed as directors other than under this Article 11.8. Any director so appointed ceases to hold office immediately before the next election or appointment of directors raider Article 11.1(a), but is eligible for re-election or re-appointment. 11.9

   Ceasing to be a director
 A director ceases to be a director when: (a) the term of office of the director expires; (b) the director dies; (c) the director resigns as a director by notice in writing provided to the Company or a lawyer for the Company; or (d) the director is removed from office pursuant to Articles 11.10 or 11.11.


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11.10

   Removal of director by shareholders
 The Shareholders may, by special resolution, remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office, and may, by ordinary resolution, elect or appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy. If the shareholders do not contemporaneously elect or appoint a director to fill the vacancy created by the removal of a director, then the directors may appoint, or the shareholders may elect or appoint by ordinary resolution, a director to fill that vacancy. 11.11

   Removal of director by directors
 The directors may remove any director before the expiration of his or her term of office if the director is convicted of an indictable offence or if the director ceases to be qualified to act as a director of a company and does not promptly resign, and the directors may appoint a director to fill the resulting vacancy. PART 12 – PROCEEDINGS OF DIRECTORS 12.1

   Meetings of directors
 The directors may meet together for the conduct of business, adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings as they think fit, and meetings of the board held at regular intervals may be held at the place, at the time and on the notice, if any, that the board may by resolution from time to time determine. 12.2

   Chair of meetings
 Meetings of directors are to be chaired by (a) the chair of the board, if any, (b) in the absence of the chair of the board, the president, if any, if the president is a director, or (c) any other director chosen by the directors if (i) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is present at the meeting within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, (ii) neither the chair of the board nor the president, if a director, is willing to chair the meeting, or (iii) the chair of the board and the president, if a director, have advised the secretary, if any, or any other director, that they will not be present at the meeting. 12.3

   Voting at meetings
 Questions arising at any meeting of directors are to be decided by a majority of votes and, in the case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting does not have a second or casting vote. 12.4

   Meetings by telephone or other communications medium
 A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors in person, or by telephone or other communications medium, if all directors participating in the meeting are able to communicate with each other. A director may participate in a meeting of the directors or of any committee of the directors by a communications medium other than telephone if all directors participating in the meeting, whether in person or by telephone or other communications medium, are able to communicate with each other and if all directors who wish to participate in the meeting agree to such participation. A director who participates in a meeting in a manner contemplated by this Article 12.4 is deemed for all


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purposes of the Business Corporations Actand these Articles to be present at the meeting and to have agreed to participate in that manner. 12.5

   Who may call extraordinary meetings?
 A director may call a meeting of the board at any time. The secretary, if any, must on request of a director, call a meeting of the board. 12.6

   Notice of extraordinary meetings
 Subject to Articles 12.7 and 12.8, if a meeting of the board is called under Article 12.4, reasonable notice of that meeting, specifying the place, date and time of that meeting, must be given to each of the directors (a) by mail addressed to the director's address as it appears on the books of the Company or to any other address provided to the Company by the director for this purpose, (b) by leaving it at the director's prescribed address or at any other address provided to the Company by the director for this purpose, or (c) orally, by delivery of written notice or by telephone, voice mail, e-mail, fax or any other method of legibly transmitting messages. 12.7

   When notice not required
 It is not necessary to give notice of a meeting of the directors to a director if (a) the meeting is to be held immediately following a meeting of shareholders at which that director was elected or appointed or is the meeting of the directors at which that director is appointed, or (b) the director has filed a waiver wider Article 12.9. 12.8

   Meeting valid despite failure to give notice
 The accidental omission to give notice of any meeting of directors to any director, or the non -receipt of any notice by any director, does not invalidate any proceedings at that meeting. 12.9

   Waiver of notice of meetings
 Any director may file with the Company a document signed by the director waiving notice of any past, present or future meeting of the directors and may at any time withdraw that waiver with respect to meetings of the directors held after that withdrawal. 12.10

   Effect of waiver
 After a director files a waiver under Article 12.9 with respect to future meetings of the directors, and until that waiver is withdrawn, notice of any meeting of the directors need not be given to that director unless the director otherwise requires in writing to the Company. 12.11

   Quorum
 The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors may be set by the directors and, if not so set, is a majority of the directors.


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12.12

   If only one director
 If, in accordance with Article 10.1, the number of directors is one, the quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors is one director, and that director may constitute a meeting. PART 13 – COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS 13.1

   Appointment of committees
 The directors may, by resolution, (a) appoint one or more committees consisting of the director or directors that they consider appropriate, (b) delegate to a committee appointed under paragraph (a) any of the directors'powers, except (i) the power to fill vacancies in the board, (ii) the power to change the membership of, or fill vacancies in, any committee of the board, and (iii) the power to appoint or remove officers appointed by the board, and (c) make any delegation referred to in paragraph (b) subject to the conditions set out in the resolution. 13.2

   Obligations of committee
 Any committee formed under Article 13.1, in the exercise of the powers delegated to it, must (a) conform to any rules that may from time to time be imposed on it by the directors, and (b) report every act or thing done in exercise of those powers to the earliest meeting of the directors to be held after the act or thing has been done. 13.3

   Powers of board
 The board may, at any time, (a) revoke the authority given to a committee, or override a decision made by a committee, except as to acts done before such revocation or overriding, (b) terminate the appointment of, or change the membership of, a committee, and (c) fill vacancies in a committee, 13.4

   Committee meetings
 Subject to Article 13.2(a): (a) the members of a directors' committee may meet and adjourn as they think proper, (b) a directors' committee may elect a chair of its meetings but, if no chair of the meeting is elected, or if at any meeting the chair of the meeting is not present within 15 minutes after the time set for holding the meeting, the directors present who are members of the committee may choose


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one of their number to chair the meeting, (c) a majority of the members of a directors' committee constitutes a quorum of the committee, and (d) questions arising at any meeting of a directors' committee are determined by a majority of votes of the members present, and in case of an equality of votes, the chair of the meeting has no second or casting vote. PART 14 – OFFICERS 14.1

   Appointment of officers
 The board may, from time to time, appoint a president, secretary or any other officers that it considers necessary, and none of the individuals appointed as officers need be a member of the board. 14.2

   Functions, duties and powers of officers
 The board may, for each officer: (a) determine the functions and duties the officer is to perform, (b) entrust to and confer on the officer any of the powers exercisable by the directors on such terms and conditions and with such restrictions as the directors think fit, and (c) from time to time revoke, withdraw, alter or vary all or any of the functions, duties and powers of the officer. 14.3

   Remuneration
 All appointments of officers are to be made on the terms and conditions and at the remuneration (whether by way of salary, fee, commission, participation in profits or otherwise) that the board thinks fit and are subject to termination at the pleasure of the board. PART 15 – CERTAIN PERMITTED ACTIVITIES OF DIRECTORS 15.1

   Other office of director
 A director may hold any office or place of profit with the Company (other than the office of auditor of the Company) in addition to his or her office of director for the period and on the terms (as to remuneration or otherwise) that the directors may determine. 15.2

   No disqualification
 No director or intended director is disqualified by his or her office from contracting with the Company either with regard to the holding of any office or place of profit the director holds with the Company or as vendor, purchaser or otherwise. 15.3

   Professional services by director or officer
 Subject to compliance with the provisions of the Business Corporations Act,a director or officer of the Company, or any corporation or firm in which that individual has an interest, may act in a professional capacity for the Company, except as auditor of the Company, and the director or officer or such corporation or firm is entitled to remuneration for professional services as if that individual were not a director or officer.


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15.4

   Remuneration and benefits received from certain entities
 A director or officer may be or become a director, officer or employee of, or may otherwise be or become interested in, any corporation, firm or entity in which the Company may be interested as a shareholder or otherwise, and, subject to compliance with the provisions of the Business Corporations Act,the director or officer is not accountable to the Company for any remuneration or other benefits received by him or her as director, officer or employee of, or from his or her interest such other corporation, firm or entity. PART 16 – INDEMNIFICATION 16.1

   Indemnification of directors
 The directors must cause the Company to indemnify its directors and former directors, and their respective heirs and personal or other legal representatives to the greatest extent permitted by Division 5 of Part 5 of the Business Corporations Act. 16.2

   Deemed contract
 Each director is deemed to have contracted with the Company on the terms of the indemnity referred to in Article 16.1. PART 17 – AUDITOR 17.1

   Remuneration of an auditor
 The directors may set the remuneration of the auditor of the Company. 17.2

   Waiver of appointment of an auditor
 The Company shall not be required to appoint an auditor if all of the shareholders of the Company, whether or not their shares otherwise carry the right to vote, resolve by a unanimous resolution to waive the appointment of an auditor. Such waiver may be given before, on or after the date on which an auditor is required to be appointed under the Business Corporations Act,and is effective for one financial year only. PART 18 – DIVIDENDS 18.1

   Declaration of dividends
 Subject to the rights, if any, of shareholders holding shares with special rights as to dividends, the directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of any dividends the directors consider appropriate. 18.2

   No notice required
 The directors need not give notice to any shareholder of any declaration under Article 18.1. 18.3

   Directors may determine when dividend payable
 Any dividend declared by the directors may be made payable on such date as is fixed by the directors. 18.4

   Dividends to be paid in accordance with number of shares
 Subject to the rights of shareholders, if any, holding shares with special rights as to dividends, all dividends on shares of any class or series of shares must be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held.


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18.5

   Manner of paying dividend
 A resolution declaring a dividend may direct payment of the dividend wholly or partly by the distribution of specific assets or of paid up shares or fractional shares, bonds, debentures or other debt obligations of the Company, or in any one or more of those ways, and, if any difficulty arises in regard to the distribution, the directors may settle the difficulty as they consider expedient, and, in particular, may set the value for distribution of specific assets. 18.6

   Dividend bears no interest
 No dividend bears interest against the Company. 18.7

   Fractional dividends
 If a dividend to which a shareholder is entitled includes a fraction of the smallest monetary unit of the currency of the dividend, that fraction may be disregarded in making payment of the dividend and that payment represents full payment of the dividend. 18.8

   Payment of dividends
 Any dividend or other distribution payable in cash in respect of shares may be paid by cheque, made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent, and mailed (a) subject to paragraphs (b) and (c), to the address of the shareholder, (b) subject to paragraph (c), in the case of joint shareholders, to the address of the joint shareholder whose name stands first on the central securities register in respect of the shares, or (c) to the person and to the address as the shareholder or joint shareholders may direct in writing. 18.9

   Receipt by joint shareholders
 If several persons are joint shareholders of any share, any one of them may give an effective receipt for any dividend, bonus or other money payable in respect of the share. PART 19 – ACCOUNTING RECORDS 19.1

   Recording of financial affairs
 The board must cause adequate accounting records to be kept to record properly the financial affairs and condition of the Company and to comply with the provisions of the Business Coil) orations Act. PART 20 – EXECUTION OF INSTRUMENTS 20.1

   Who may attest seal?
 The Company's seal, if any, must not be impressed on any record except when that impression is attested by the signature or signatures of (a) any 2 directors, (b) any officer, together with any director, (c) if the Company has only one director, that director, or


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(d) any one or more directors or officers or persons as may be determined by resolution of the directors. 20.2

   Sealing copies
 For the purpose of certifying under seal a true copy of any resolution or other document, the seal must be impressed on that copy and, despite Article 20.1, may be attested by the signature of any director or officer. 20.3

   Execution of documents not under seal
 Any instrument, document or agreement for which the seal need not be affixed may be executed for and on behalf of and in the name of the Company by any one director or officer of the Company, or by any other person appointed by the directors for such purpose. PART 21 – NOTICES 21.1

   Method of giving notice
 Unless the Business Corporations Actor these Articles provides otherwise, a notice, statement, report or other record required or permitted by the Business Corporations Actor these Articles to be sent by or to a person may be sent by any one of the following methods: (a) mail addressed to the person at the applicable address for that person as follows: (i) for a record mailed to a shareholder, the shareholder's registered address; (ii) for a record mailed to a director or officer, the prescribed address for mailing shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the mailing address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class; (iii) in any other case, the mailing address of the intended recipient; (b) delivery at the applicable address for that person as follows, addressed to the person: (i) for a record delivered to a shareholder, the shareholder's registered address; (ii) for a record delivered to a director or officer, the prescribed address for delivery shown for the director or officer in the records kept by the Company or the delivery address provided by the recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class; (iii) in any other case, the delivery address of the intended recipient; (c) sending the record by fax to the fax number provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class; (d) sending the record by email to the email address provided by the intended recipient for the sending of that record or records of that class; (e) physical delivery to the intended recipient. 21.2

   Deemed receipt of mailing.
 A record that is mailed to a person by ordinary mail to the applicable address for that person referred to in Article 21.1 is deemed to be received by the person to whom it was mailed on the day, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays excepted, following the date of mailing.


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21.3

   Certificate of sending
 A certificate signed by the secretary, if any, or other officer of the Company or of any other corporation acting in that behalf for the Company stating that a notice, statement, report o r other record was addressed as required by Article 21.1, prepaid and mailed or otherwise sent as permitted by Article 21.1 is conclusive evidence of that fact. 21.4

   Notice to joint shareholders
 A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the joint registered shareholders of a share by providing the notice to the joint registered shareholder first named in the central securities register in respect of the share. 21.5

   Notice to trustees
 A notice, statement, report or other record may be provided by the Company to the persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death, bankruptcy or incapacity of a shareholder by: (a) mailing the record, addressed to them: (i) by name, by the title of the legal personal representative of the deceased or incapacitated shareholder, by the title of trustee of the bankrupt shareholder or by any similar description; and (ii) at the address, if any, supplied to the Company for that purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled; or (b) if an address referred to in Article 21.5(a)(ii) has not been supplied to the Company, by giving the notice in a manner in which it might have been given if the death, bankruptcy or incapacity had not occurred. PART 22 – RESTRICTION ON SHARE TRANSFER 22.1

   Application
 Article 22.2 does not apply to the Company if and for so long as it is a public company. 22.2

   Consent required for transfer
 No shares may be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of without the consent of the directors and the directors are not required to give any reason for refusing to consent to any such sale, transfer or other disposition.


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