PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

Py 999998 99:98 = 9590 O70 50 40 0 0S SOS
tt

a
= Cumulative Distribution of the
200 Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based |OO-meter Layer 5

=, ABIDJAN
3 February ———May a
SPT ORS raat November
S 0 |
= 4133
S -100)
&
3 ©
S -200
x
iS
S .
zm +1
x
 w \
e

-500)

600!

Oo O12 5 1 2 5 10. 20 30 40 50 70 8 9 95 98 99 99,8999 99.99

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Abidjan/Port Bouet, Ivory Coast (W. Africa)

05-15 N, 03-56 W. 15 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 06002 (0600 LsT)
8/58 - 8/62, 2/63 - 5/63
Temperature (°F): January 88/73; July 83/73
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 75; July 71
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 81.5; June 21.73; January 1.22

Located on the north shore of Ebrie lagoon; separated from the Atlantic

Ocean by a sand bar. A humid tropica

27

1 maritime climate.

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED
99.99 999998 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 2 5 2 52 05
300 i= r T

= EH I —t i"
Cumulative Distribution of the

200! Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based !0O-meter Layer

ANCHORAGE
= February ———May Bi
ae August ----~ November

100}

4133

-100) 3 SS:

200}

-300 |

~400}

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

-500)

600!
oO 0.1.2 5 | 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S EXCEEDED

Anchorage, Alaska

61-10 N, 149-59 W. 40 meters MSL

Data: Radiosonde 0300 and 1500Z (1700 and 0500 LST)
8/52 - 5/57

Temperature (°F): January 20/4; July 66/50

Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 7; July 48

Precipitation (inches) : Annual 14.7; August 2.57; April 0.42

Anchorage is in a broad valley with adjacent narrow bodies of water;
Cook Inlet is approximately 2 miles west, north, and south. Alaska
Mountains 100 miles to north form a barrier against extreme cold air

masses. Cool maritime climate with considerable fog in winter months.

30

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


Station
Palma, Majorca
Port Lyautey (Kenitra), Morocco
Saigon, Viet Nam
San Diego, California
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Seattle, Washington
Shemya, Alaska
Ship "Cc"
Ship "kK"
Ship "M"
Ship "v"
Singapore
Stuttgart, Germany
Swan Island, West Indies
Syktyvkar, U.S.S.R.
Tampa, Florida
Tan An, Viet Nam
Tashkent, U.S.S.R.
Tateno, Japan
Tatoosh Island, Washington
Tura, U.S.S.R.
Verkhoyansk, U.S.S.R.
Vladivostok, U.S.S.R.
Wake Island
Washington, D.C.

Wiesbaden, Germany

26

100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120


PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE 1S NOT EXCEEDED
Ra sagoog 99 9895 4 0S CO 5S

T ——— —
4 Cumulative Distribution of the
Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient
in the Ground-based 100 -meter Layer
5
=
= 00 ADEN e
3 February ———Moy 487 e
SPT TTT REIT TT os August November iS
Sg 18
? =
= 413
pS >
a7 Ss
Ss x
x bod =
& -2 R
Ne &
g &
BSG w
= 4 >
S N T &
& irr]
Le -499) &
& Y &
sal {

rat :
Oo O12 5 1 2 5 1 20 30 40 50 0 70 8 9 95 98 99 998999 99.99
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

Aden, Yemen

12-50 N, 45-01 E. 4 meters MSL
Data: Radiosonde. 0200 and 1400Z (0500 and 1700 LST)
2/55 - 2/57
0000 and 1200Z (0300 and 1500 LST)
5/57 - 8/60
Temperature (°F): January 82/72; July 97/83
Mean Dewpoint (°F): January 67; July 73
Precipitation (inches) : Annual 1.1; Jan., Mar., July, Dec. 0.20;

Feb., Apr., May, June, Sept., Oct., Nov. 0.03
Located on the coast of southwest Arabian peninsula. An arid tropical

climate; hot and humid April to October; cooler during rest of year in
the northeast monsoon. No rainfall some years.

28


APPENDIX C. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE OBSERVED RADIO REFRACTIVITY
GRADIENT IN THE GROUND-BASED 100-METER LAYER.

Stations are listed in alphabetical order, with the geograph-
ical coordinates, height above mean sea level, period of record, and
climatological data. Unless otherwise indicated, temperatures listed are
the average daily maximum and the average daily minimum, while precipi-
tation data are the annual totals and the averages for the wettest and
driest months. In most cases, the refractivity distributions are based
upon radiosonde observations made only once or twice daily; note particu-
larly that the graphs do not show the percentage of a year in which

certain gradients may be expected to occur.

23


REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT, N-UNITS/KM

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

pd s9999 99 9895 0 50 40 0 0S Sk OS
T

a —-T
Cumulative Distribution of the

Observed Radio Retractivity Gradient

200)

in the Ground-based OO -meter Layer

100)

ADEN

4

487

February Distributions

133

-100

[03008 0500LST]|_|

2

a]

{/50081700 a

00!
oO

O12 5

999998

2

5 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 9 95 98 99 99.8999

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS NOT EXCEEDED

99.99

99.99
300

\
\

$9 96 95 90 80760 50 40 30 0D Sk OS
TTI T

A

Cumulative Distribution of the

8

Observed Radio Refractivity Gradient

in the Ground-based !00-meter Layer

ADEN

s

4.87

August Distributions

133

Ss
3s

200}

[1%5008/700LST|

N INTY4

300)

Es

s

00!
oO

O12 5

2

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 998999
PERCENT OF TIME ORDINATE IS EXCEEDED

29

99.99

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k

EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS FACTOR, k


STATION INDEX. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONS OF REFRACTIVITY GRADIENT
AND CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA

Station Page
Abidjan, Ivory Coast 27
Aden, Yemen 28
Anchorage, Alaska 30
Aloulef, Algeria 31
Argentia, Newfoundland 32
Athinai (Athens), Greece 33
Atlanta, Georgia 34
Balboa, Canal Zone 35
Bangui, Central African Republic 36
Barrow, Alaska 37
Bitburg, Germany 38
Bordeaux, France 39
Brownsville, Texas 40
Brussels (Bruxelles), Belgium 41
Calcutta, India 42
Cardington, England 44
Charleston, S. Carolina 45
Chita, U.S.S.R. 46
Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines 47
Cocoa Beach, Florida 49
Columbia, Missouri 50
Coral Harbor, Northwest Territories, Canada 51
Curacao, Netherlands West Indies 52
Dakar, Senegal G¥}
Denver, Colorado 54
El Paso, Texas 55
Ft. Lamy, Chad 56
Ft. Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada 57
Ft. Trinquet (Bir Mogrein), Mauritania 58

24


Station
Gibraltar
Gross Rohrheim, Germany
Guantanamo, Cuba
Gur'yev, U.S.S.R.
Hannover, Germany
Hilo, Hawaii
Hong Kong
Isachsen, Northwest Territories, Canada
Joliet, Illinois
Karaganda, U.S.S.R.
Key West, Florida
Khartoum, Sudan
Koror Island
La Corufia, Spain
Long Beach, California
Long Xuyen, Viet Nam
L'vov, Ukraine, U.S.S.R.
Madrid, Spain
Majuro, Marshall Islands
Mazatlan, Mexico
Miami, Florida
Midway Island
Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Muharraq, Bahrain
New Delhi, India
New York, New York
Niamey, Niger
Nicosia, Cyprus
Oakland, California
Odessa, Ukraine, U.S.S.R.
Okhotsk, U.S.S.R.

Ostersund, Sweden

25