# Patent

## Title
Feedpoint optimization for microwave ablation dipole antenna with integrated tip

## Abstract

A microwave ablation system includes a generator operable to output energy and an antenna coupled to the generator via a coaxial cable. The antenna delivers energy to tissue and includes a proximal radiating section and a distal radiating section. The antenna also includes a feedpoint section defined by the portion of the distal radiating section that underlaps the proximal radiating section.

## Background
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates generally to microwave ablation procedures that utilize microwave surgical devices having a microwave antenna which may be inserted directly into tissue for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to an integrated matching network in the feedpoint structure of a microwave dipole antenna.
2. Background of Related Art
In the treatment of diseases such as cancer, certain types of cancer cells have been found to denature at elevated temperatures (which are slightly lower than temperatures normally injurious to healthy cells.) These types of treatments, known generally as hyperthermia therapy, typically utilize electromagnetic radiation to heat diseased cells to temperatures above 41° C., while maintaining adjacent healthy cells at lower temperatures where irreversible cell destruction will not occur. Other procedures utilizing electromagnetic radiation to heat tissue also include ablation and coagulation of the tissue. Such microwave ablation procedures, e.g., such as those performed for menorrhagia, are typically done to ablate and coagulate the targeted tissue to denature or kill the tissue. Many procedures and types of devices utilizing electromagnetic radiation therapy are known in the art. Such microwave therapy is typically used in the treatment of tissue and organs such as the prostate, heart, liver, lung, kidney, and breast.
One non-invasive procedure generally involves the treatment of tissue (e.g., a tumor) underlying the skin via the use of microwave energy. The microwave energy is able to non-invasively penetrate the skin to reach the underlying tissue. However, this non-invasive procedure may result in the unwanted heating of healthy tissue. Thus, the non-invasive use of microwave energy requires a great deal of control.
Presently, there are several types of microwave probes in use, e.g., monopole, dipole, and helical. One type is a monopole antenna probe, which consists of a single, elongated microwave conductor exposed at the end of the probe. The probe is typically surrounded by a dielectric sleeve. The second type of microwave probe commonly used is a dipole antenna, which consists of a coaxial construction having an inner conductor and an outer conductor with a dielectric junction separating a portion of the inner conductor. The inner conductor may be coupled to a portion corresponding to a first dipole radiating portion, and a portion of the outer conductor may be coupled to a second dipole radiating portion. The dipole radiating portions may be configured such that one radiating portion is located proximally of the dielectric junction, and the other portion is located distally of the dielectric junction. In the monopole and dipole antenna probe, microwave energy generally radiates perpendicularly from the axis of the conductor.
The typical microwave antenna has a long, thin inner conductor that extends along the axis of the probe and is surrounded by a dielectric material and is further surrounded by an outer conductor around the dielectric material such that the outer conductor also extends along the axis of the probe. In another variation of the probe that provides for effective outward radiation of energy or heating, a portion or portions of the outer conductor can be selectively removed. This type of construction is typically referred to as a “leaky waveguide” or “leaky coaxial” antenna. Another variation on the microwave probe involves having the tip formed in a uniform spiral pattern, such as a helix, to provide the necessary configuration for effective radiation. This variation can be used to direct energy in a particular direction, e.g., perpendicular to the axis, in a forward direction (i.e., towards the distal end of the antenna), or combinations thereof.
Invasive procedures and devices have been developed in which a microwave antenna probe may be either inserted directly into a point of treatment via a normal body orifice or percutaneously inserted. Such invasive procedures and devices potentially provide better temperature control of the tissue being treated. Because of the small difference between the temperature required for denaturing malignant cells and the temperature injurious to healthy cells, a known heating pattern and predictable temperature control is important so that heating is confined to the tissue to be treated. For instance, hyperthermia treatment at the threshold temperature of about 41.5° C. generally has little effect on most malignant growth of cells. However, at slightly elevated temperatures above the approximate range of 43° C. to 45° C., thermal damage to most types of normal cells is routinely observed. Accordingly, great care must be taken not to exceed these temperatures in healthy tissue.
In the case of tissue ablation, a high frequency electrical current in the range of about 500 mHz to about 10 gHz is applied to a targeted tissue site to create an ablation volume, which may have a particular size and shape. Ablation volume is correlated to antenna design, antenna performance, antenna impedance and tissue impedance. The particular type of tissue ablation procedure may dictate a particular ablation volume in order to achieve a desired surgical outcome. By way of example, and without limitation, a spinal ablation procedure may call for a longer, narrower ablation volume, whereas in a prostate ablation procedure, a more spherical ablation volume may be required.
In microwave ablation devices, when microwave energy is delivered to an antenna by a feed line, the impedance of the antenna and feed line must match exactly for maximum energy transfer from the feed line to the antenna to be possible. The impedance of the antenna varies based on many factors including the antenna's natural resonance at the frequency being transmitted and the size of the conductors used to construct the antenna. When an antenna and feed line do not have matching impedances, some of the electrical energy cannot be transferred from the feed line to the antenna. Energy not transferred to the antenna is reflected back towards the transmitter. It is the interaction of these reflected waves with forward waves which causes standing wave patterns. Reflected power has three main implications: microwave frequency (MW) energy losses increase, distortion in the microwave generator due to reflected power from load and damage to the transmitter can occur.
The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a measure of how well a load is impedance-matched to a source. The value of VSWR is always expressed as a ratio with 1 in the denominator (2:1, 3:1, 10:1, etc.). It is a scalar measurement only (no angle), so although they reflect waves oppositely, a short circuit and an open circuit have the same VSWR value (infinity:1). A perfect impedance match corresponds to a VSWR of 1 (1:1).
In regular antennas used during microwave ablation procedures there is not a maximum transfer of energy. For example, the regular dipole antenna without an integrated matching network can be modeled using the transmission line structure shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4, the antenna 420 is coupled to a generator 400 via a coax cable 410 that has an impedance (Zc) of 50Ω. In the presence of a half wave (λ/2) dipole antenna, the impedance (ZA) of the antenna 420 is 73Ω according to dipole antenna theory. This results in a VSWR of 1.46 and, as such, some of the energy is not transferred to the antenna.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure provides a microwave ablation system. The microwave ablation system includes a generator operable to output energy, an antenna coupled to the generator via a coaxial cable. The antenna is operable to deliver energy to tissue and includes a proximal radiating section and a distal radiating section. The antenna also includes a feedpoint section defined by the portion of the distal radiating section that underlaps the proximal radiating section.
In another embodiment of the present disclosure, an antenna for use in a microwave ablation system is provided. The antenna is operable to deliver energy to tissue and includes a proximal radiating section and a distal radiating section. The antenna also includes a feedpoint section defined by the portion of the distal radiating section that underlaps the proximal radiating section.
In other embodiments, the proximal radiating section is a semi rigid coaxial cable and/or the distal radiating section is a hypotube.
In yet another embodiment, the distal radiating section is filled with a dielectric material having a first permittivity constant. The feedpoint section may also be filled with a dielectric material having the first permittivity constant.
In other embodiments, the feedpoint section is filled with a dielectric material having a second permittivity constant different from the first permittivity constant.
In other embodiments, an impedance of the feedpoint section is based on the first permittivity constant, an inner diameter of the proximal radiating section and the outer diameter of the distal radiating section.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a representative diagram of a variation of a microwave antenna assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a radiating portion of a microwave antenna assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 shows a transmission line structure used to model a radiating portion of a microwave antenna assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 4 shows a transmission line structure used model a radiating portion of a dipole antenna without an integrated matching network.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Particular embodiments of the present disclosure are described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples of the disclosure and may be embodied in various forms. Well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary detail. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present disclosure in virtually any appropriately detailed structure. Like reference numerals may refer to similar or identical elements throughout the description of the Fig.s. As used herein, the term “distal” refers to that portion of the instrument, or component thereof which is closer to the patient while the term “proximal” refers to that portion of the instrument or component thereof which is further from the patient.
Electromagnetic energy is generally classified by increasing energy or decreasing wavelength into radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma-rays. As used herein, the term “microwave” generally refers to electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 300 megahertz (MHz) (3×108 cycles/second) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) (3×1011 cycles/second). As used herein, the term “RF” generally refers to electromagnetic waves having a lower frequency than microwaves. The phrase “ablation procedure” generally refers to any ablation procedure, such as RF or microwave ablation or microwave ablation assisted resection. The phrase “transmission line” generally refers to any transmission medium that can be used for the propagation of signals from one point to another.
FIG. 1 shows a microwave antenna assembly 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. Antenna assembly 100 includes a radiating portion 12 that is connected by feed line 110 (or shaft) via cable 15 to connector 16, which may further connect the assembly 10 to a power generating source 28, e.g., a microwave or RF electrosurgical generator. Assembly 100, as shown, is a dipole microwave antenna assembly, but other antenna assemblies, e.g., monopole antenna assemblies, may also utilize the principles set forth herein. Distal radiating section 105 of radiating portion 12 includes a tapered end 120 which terminates at a tip 123 to allow for insertion into tissue with minimal resistance. It is to be understood, however, that tapered end 120 may include other shapes, such as without limitation, a tip 123 that is rounded, flat, square, hexagonal, cylindroconical or any other polygonal shape.
An outer jacket 124 is disposed about the outer cylindrical surface of antenna assembly 100, e.g., the distal radiating section 105 and proximal radiating section 140. Outer jacket 124 may be formed from any suitable material, including without limitation polymeric or ceramic materials. In some embodiments, outer jacket 124 is formed from PTFE. Outer jacket 124 may be applied to antenna assembly 100 by any suitable manner, including without limitation, heat shrinking.
FIG. 2 shows a cross sectional view of radiating portion 12 of the antenna assembly 100. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a matching network is integrated into the radiating portion 12 at the feedpoint section 202 by underlapping the distal radiating section 105 into proximal radiating section 140 that extends distally from the feed line 110. The inner conductor 204 is extended to distal end of the distal radiating section 105 and electrically coupled to the distal radiating section 105 thereby creating a short circuit.
As shown in FIG. 2, the proximal radiating section 140 is a semi rigid coaxial cable with an outer conductor 206 and an inner conductor 204 extending through the proximal radiating section 140 into the distal radiating section 105. Proximal radiating section is filled with a dielectric material 205 having a permittivity ∈C along the length LPRS that results in a characteristic impedance (ZC) for the proximal radiating section of 50Ω. The inner portion of the outer conductor 206 of the proximal radiating section 140 has a diameter D1 as shown in FIG. 2. The inner conductor extending through the proximal radiating section 140 has a diameter d2.
The distal radiating section 105 includes a TW hypotube 208 having a length L2 with an outer diameter d1 and an inner diameter of D2. The length LDRS of the distal radiating section 105 extends from end 210 of the underlapping of the distal radiating section 105 and proximal radiating section 140 to tip 123. Hypotube 208 is filled with a dielectric material 222 having a permittivity ∈2.
Feedpoint section 202 includes the underlapping of the distal radiating section 105 and the proximal radiating section 140. The underlapping has a length L1 which can be varied to optimize the feedpoint for maximum transfer of energy. Along length L1, the feedpoint is filled with a dielectric material 224 having a permittivity ∈1. Dielectric materials 222 and 224 may have the same permittivity constant or different permittivity constants.
The underlap forms a first coaxial line of length L1 with a characteristic impedance of ZO1 which depends on the radial dimensions d1 and D1 and dielectric ∈1. ZO1 can be calculated using the equation:




  
    Z
    
      O
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      1
    
  
  =
  
    
      138
      
        
          ɛ
          1
        
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        Log
        10
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        
          
            D
            1
          
          
            d
            1
          
        
        )
      
    
  




The wavelength (λ1) inside the first coaxial line can be calculated using the equation:




  
    
      λ
      1
    
    =
    
      c
      
        f
        ⁢
        
          
            ɛ
            1
          
        
      
    
  
  ,




where f equals frequency and c equals the speed of light.
The inner conductor 204 and the distal radiating section 105 forms a second coaxial line terminating in a short circuit having a length L2 and a characteristic impedance ZO2. ZO2 can be calculated using the equation:




  
    Z
    
      O
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      2
    
  
  =
  
    
      138
      
        
          ɛ
          2
        
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        Log
        10
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        
          
            D
            2
          
          
            d
            2
          
        
        )
      
    
  




The wavelength (λ2) inside the first coaxial line can be calculated using the equation:




  
    
      λ
      2
    
    =
    
      c
      
        f
        ⁢
        
          
            ɛ
            2
          
        
      
    
  
  ,




where f equals frequency and c equals the speed of light,
FIG. 3 shows a transmission line structure 310 that can be used to model the radiating portion 12 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the model, the 50Ω coaxial cable or feed line is in series with a shorted stub 312 having a length L2 and an impedance ZO2 and a piece of line 314 having a length L1 and an impedance ZO1 all terminating on an antenna load 316 having an impedance ZA. In the matching network, the sum of Z1 and Z2 should equal the 50Ω coaxial cable in order to obtain a VSWR equal to 1 for maximum energy transfer. This can be accomplished by varying the lengths L1 and L2 and the dielectric permittivity constants ∈1 and ∈2 so that the sum of Z1 and Z2 equals or is close to the 50Ω coaxial cable.
According to basic transmission line theory, L1 can be selected so that Z1 will have a resistance of 50Ω and a reactance of X1. Therefore, Z1 would equal 50 Ω+jX1. L2 can also be selected so that Z2=−jX1. Therefore, the sum of Z1 and Z2 would equal 50Ω. In an example according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a 0.047′′ coaxial cable can be used for proximal radiating section 140 having an inner conductor diameter (d2) of 0.011′′ and an outer conductor inner diameter (D1) of 0.037′′. A 22 gauge TW hypotube can be used for the distal radiating section 105 having an inner diameter (D2) of 0.020′′ and outer diameter (d1) of 0.028′′. Teflon® can be used as dielectric material 224 having a permittivity (∈1) of 2.1. Accordingly, ZO1 would equal 11.5Ω. If L1 was moved 0.018λ towards the generator, than the new normalized impedance (ZN1) would be equal to 4.35−j2.9 and Z1=ZN1*ZO1=50Ω−j33.5. At 915 MHz, λ1=0.226 m and L1=0.018λ1=4 mm.
If Teflon® was also used as dielectric material 222, impedance (ZO2) would be 24.7Ω. In order to obtain Z2=j33.5Ω, ZN2 would be 1.36Ω and L2 would be 0.148λ which equals 3.3 cm. Since the antenna is a λ/2 dipole antenna that is typically 3.8 cm long at 915 MHz, the LDRS=1.9 cm. The distal radiating section 105 has a tapered end 120 with a sharp tip 123 that is typically 4-5 mm long. Assuming a length of the tip as 4 mm and a length of 4 mm for L1, the maximum length for L2 is limited to 1.9 cm. Accordingly, the length of 3.3 cm needed to provide a perfect match with Teflon® is too long. If L2 was 1.9 cm, L2 would be 0.84λ resulting in a reactance of 0.59 which would results in Z2 being j14.6Ω. As such, with Teflon® being used as dielectric material 222 and 224, the sum of Z1 and Z2 would be 50Ω−j18.9 resulting in a VSWR of 1.46 which would be the same as an antenna without a matching network.
However, if alumina was used for dielectric material 222, (∈2=9), λ2 would be 0.1093 m and ZO2 would equal 11.94Ω. In order for ZN2 to equal 2.81, L2 would have to equal 2.1 cm which would still be too long as described above. Accordingly, if L2 remains at 1.9 cm which equals 0.174λ, then the reactance would equal 1.93 and Z2 would equal j23. The sum of Z1 and Z2 would be 50Ω−j10.5 which would result in a VSWR of 1.23. Therefore, the use of a combination of Teflon® and alumina would result in a better impedance matching and more energy would be transferred than an antenna without a matching network.
It should be noted that different materials could be used than the ones listed in the examples above. By varying the dielectric materials used, the types of coaxial cable and hypotubes and the lengths L1 and L2, a better impedance match may be obtained. Other dielectric materials that may be used include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide, which has a permittivity ranging from 10-40, or other ceramic materials having a similar permittivity. Low density Teflon® may also be used instead of regular Teflon®.
The described embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive, and are not intended to represent every embodiment of the present disclosure. Various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims both literally and in equivalents recognized in law.

## Claims

1. A microwave ablation system, comprising:
a generator operable to output energy; and
an antenna coupled to the generator via a coaxial cable, the antenna operable to deliver energy to tissue, said antenna comprising:
a proximal radiating section;
a distal radiating section; and
a feedpoint section defined by a portion of the distal radiating section that underlaps the proximal radiating section,
wherein the portion of the distal radiating section that underlaps the proximal radiating section is variable along a longitudinal length of the antenna.

2. The microwave ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the proximal radiating section is a semi rigid coaxial cable.

3. The microwave ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the distal radiating section is a hypotube.

4. The microwave ablation system according to claim 1, wherein the distal radiating section is filled with a dielectric material having a first permittivity constant.

5. The microwave ablation system according to claim 4, wherein the feedpoint section is filled with a dielectric material having the first permittivity constant.

6. The microwave ablation system according to claim 5, wherein an impedance of the feedpoint section is based on the first permittivity constant, an inner diameter of the proximal radiating section and an outer diameter of the distal radiating section.

7. The microwave ablation system according to claim 4, wherein the feedpoint section is filled with a dielectric material having a second permittivity constant different from the first permittivity constant.

8. An antenna for use in a microwave ablation system, comprising:
a proximal radiating section;
a distal radiating section; and
a feedpoint section defined by a portion of the distal radiating section that underlaps the proximal radiating section,
wherein the portion of the distal radiating section that underlaps the proximal radiating section is variable along a longitudinal length of the antenna.

9. The antenna according to claim 8, wherein the proximal radiating section is a semi rigid coaxial cable.

10. The antenna according to claim 8, wherein the distal radiating section is a hypotube.

11. The antenna according to claim 8, wherein the distal radiating section is filled with a dielectric material having a first permittivity constant.

12. The antenna according to claim 11, wherein the feedpoint section is filled with a dielectric material having the first permittivity constant.

13. The antenna according to claim 12, wherein an impedance of the feedpoint section is based on the first permittivity constant, an inner diameter of the proximal radiating section and an outer diameter of the distal radiating section.

14. The antenna according to claim 11, wherein the feedpoint section is filled with a dielectric material having a second permittivity constant different from the first permittivity constant.