Filed 5/2/14 P. v. Martinez CA2/3 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

FRANCISCO M ARTINEZ et al.,
Defendants and Appellants. B247670
(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BA391797)

APPEAL from judgment s of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Norman Shapiro, Judge. Affirmed. Siri Shetty , under appointmen t by the Court of Appe al, for Defendant and Appellant Francisco Martinez. Richard L. Fitzer, under appointment by the Court of Appe al, for Defendant and Appellant Henry Vides.
Kamala D. Harris , Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters , Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle
and Kimberley J. Baker

- Guillemet, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

_________________________2

Appellants Henry Vide s (Vide s ) and Francisco Martinez (Martinez) a ppeal the judgments after their “open plea[s]” of no contest to a 2011 assault with a
firearm

. (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(2)

. ) 1 They also admitted the offense was committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, and in association with a criminal

st reet gang. (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(B)

. ) Before trial, the trial court denied their motion to suppress pursuant to
section 1538.5

. After indicating a sentence at the time of the pleas , the trial court sentenced
Vides to a three

- year middle term in sta te prison and sentenced Martinez to an
four

- year upper term in state prison. The five

- year gang enhancement was imposed and stayed.
CONTENTION Appellants contend their motion to suppress should have been granted as the prosecutor, despite the defense Ha rvey

- Madden objections, failed to call as witnesses at the hearing the officers who were the source of the detaining officer’s information as to reasonable and probable cause . ( People v. Madden (1970)
2 Cal.3d 1017 ( Madden ); People v. Harvey (1958) 156 Ca l.App.2d 516 ( Harvey ).)
The contention lacks merit.
BACKGROUND The evidence concerning the events of the shooting is taken from the trial
testimon y of the victim adduced at trial prior to appellants’ midtrial pleas. At about 1:00 a.m. on December 12, 20 11, Christian Rodriguez (Rodriguez) walked past a liquor store located at 3 rd Street and Bonnie Brae Avenue in Los Angeles . He was on the way to his parked car, which was on the
other side of a L aundromat in a parking lot

. Rodriguez encountered Vides and Martinez who were sitting in a “dark

- colored” car with chrome rims with an air

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.3

scoop on its hood in the first parking lot he walked past, located between the liquor store and the Laundromat. Vides and Martinez used their car to block Rodriguez’s path alo ng the sidewalk

. Vides, the passenger, asked Rodriquez whether he was an 18 th Street gang member. When Rodriguez replied , “No,” Vides inquired about whether Rodriguez “bang[ed]” any “hood,” meaning a criminal street gang. When Rodriguez replied in the negative, Vides called him names. Rodriguez challenged Vides to get out of the car, but the youths did not respond. Rodriguez continued walking in front of the Laundromat to his car and drove off. The area where appellants confronted Rodriguez was the t erritory of the
1 8 th Street gang

. Rodriguez testified he was not gang

- involved.
When Rodriguez drove off, he saw Vides tagging “M.S.
, ” the initials for
another criminal street gang, on a wall while Martinez acted as a lookout. Appellants then got into t heir car and followed Rodriguez to a stop light . They pulled up alongside Rodriguez and stopped on hi s right

- hand side. Vides , the driver, leaned back, and Martinez, the right front passenger, leaned forward. Vides shot twice at Rodriguez through the op en car windows. The gun clicked and apparently misfired. Rodriguez sped off, then braked to let appellants drive
ahead of him . He followed his assailants a short distance and attempt ed to obtain
the number of the license plate on their car

. Rodriguez telephoned 9

- 1

- 1. Los Angeles police officers arrived, and Rodriguez described his assailants’

car as a two

- door Honda, which was dark

– colored and either blue or black. It had

an after

- market air scoop or intake duct on its hood and chrome rims. The gun was “like black shiny silverfish . . . with a little circle thing in the middle.” He
further described the handgun as having “some sort of” a “round barrel

- type cylinder on it.” His assailants were male Hispanics in their mid

- 20’s. Both men
were “bald” ; one man was slightly thinner and stockier than the other

. One man4

wore a light

- colored hoodie; the other was wearing a dark

- colored hoodie.
Martinez had little hair on his chin. The next evening, at about 11:15 p.m., Rodriguez saw his assailants agai n

. They were driving the Honda at the same location. He telephoned 9

- 1

- 1. A few minutes later, Los Angeles police officers arrived at his location. The officers drove Rodriguez several blocks away, and Rodriguez saw the Honda

. He identified the Hond a as that used in the shooting. In separate field line

- ups, Vides and Martinez were removed from the police cars, and Rodriguez identified appellants as his assailants

. 2

THE SEARCH AND SEIZURE MOTION Before trial, appellant s moved to suppress evidence pur suant to section 1538.5.
1. The detention and search

. Los Angeles Police Officer Darius Trugman (Officer Trugman) was the only witness who testified at the search and seizure hearing. He was a patrol officer working the 3:30 p.m.

- to

- early

- morning shif t. At 11:15 p.m. on
December 12, 2011, he stopped a black Honda Civic with chrome rims and an
air scoop on its hood a half block north of 6th Street on Rampart Boulevard in
Los Angeles. Officer Trugman testified he had stopped the Honda based on the
de scription of the vehicle and the suspects in a gang

- related shooting . That shooting had occurred shortly after midnight during his prior shift on that same date, some 11 hours earlier. The early

- morning shooting had occurred at 3rd
Street and Bonnie Brae Avenue, a half to three quarters of a mile from the
detention scene.

2 At the p reliminary hearing, Rodriguez essentially testified to the same course of events.5

Officer Trugman described how that evening, he was on patrol on 6th Street when he received yet another radio call concerning the shooting. Four to five seconds after receiving the r adio transmission, he and his partner turned right

on to Rampart Boulevard. When they turned the corner, Officer Trugman saw a black Honda that was driving southbound turn out its lights midblock and pull to the curb and park. The Honda matched the descri ption of the vehicle used in the shooting. The officers drove past the Honda, made a U

- turn, and pulled in behind it

. A number of police officers arrived at the location. They had the Honda’s two occupants, Vides and Martinez, two male Hispanics, step o ut. The officers initiated a “felony stop,” handcuffing appellants, and placing them into separate, locked pa trol cars. While standing outside at the Honda, waiting for the arrival of the victim, Rodriguez, for a field showup, Officer Espinoza observed what he believed to be a cover for an apparent secret compartment in the Honda’s console. The cover was ajar. Officer Espinosa brought his observations to Officer Trugman’s attention. Officer Trugman also looked inside the front seat area of the Honda . He saw a “dislodged part” of the vehicle between the floorboard and “the compartment.” Officer Espinoza entered the Honda, checked the compartment and removed a steel revolver with a wooden handle from the compartment. The cover to the compartment had been ajar and in plain view, but the handgun was not visible to
the officers until it was removed from the compartment

. During the detention, the officers ascertained Vides had parked the Honda in front of Martinez’s residence.6

2. The descriptions in the possession of Officer Trugman and his reasons for the detention and the search. During the hearing on the motion, Officer Trugman was asked to provide the descriptions he had of the vehicle and the suspects prior to the detention. Trial counsel object ed the question called for hearsay, and the objection was overruled. A few questions later, trial counsel explained that he was invoking the Harvey

- Madden rule, which required a further foundation . Trial counsel argued the questions calling for the suspe ct descriptions constituted hearsay in the absence of the prosecution having “verif[ied] the source of the information given to this” police officer. The trial court overruled the objections, stating, “I believe
the foundation has been laid.”
Officer Tr ugman testified that before stopping the Honda, he had received the following description of the vehicle: a “dark

- color[ed] [two

- door] Honda with chrome rims and unique to the vehicle . . . [was] an intake system on the front of the vehicle on hood.” The suspects were described as “[t]wo male Hispanics.” The officer had initiated a felony stop because he believed that, based on the radio call he had received during his prior shift and the most recent 11:15 p.m. radio call, he had detained the suspects in volved in the Rodriguez shooting. Officer Trugman admitted that the description of the air scoop on the Honda’s hood was not contained in the suspect descriptions broadcast over the
radio. However, he explained that the commencement of his current shift
, during roll call that afternoon, the specifics concerning the shooting were shared by the responding officers with the other patrol officers. The responding officers, Officers Clayton and Carrillo, also informed Officer Trugman that the Honda had a uniq ue after

- market air scoop or air intake duct on its hood.7

Apart from the similarity to the descriptions of the shooting suspects, Officer Trugman said he also regarded the driver’s conduct before parking on Rampart Boulevard as odd. He said he had concl uded that turning off the Honda’s lights and then pulling to the curb was “unusual as a matter of driving safety and
the laws of the Vehicle Code.” Additionally, the officer said that during his 10 years of experience as a police officer, he had previou sly encountered hidden compartments in vehicles. Such compartments were used to hide firearms and other contraband. When he made the observation of the “dislodged part of the vehicle” between the floorboard and “the compartment,” he believed he was obser ving a hidden compartment. During cross

- examination, Officer Trugman was more specific about the timing and content of the information he received about the shooting. He said during the 12:42 a.m. radio call, he was told there was a “ADW” in which the

o fficers, in their discussion with the victim, were told that two Hispanics had been tagging “M.S.” (the initials representing the Mara Salvatrucha criminal street gang) on a building next to the victim’s residence. Trial counsel showed the officer the pa per printouts containing the content
of the two radio calls. The initial 12:42 a.m. radio call included the information the shooting was committed by two male Hispanics, 20 years old, in a black Honda two door, who were armed with a gun. It also said the suspects were “suspected M.S. gang members.” The subsequent 23:16 hours radio call, broadcast just prior to the stop, said: “415 gang activity. Suspect vehicle
described as a two

- door blue Honda Civic with chrome rims.” Trial counsel pointed out ther e was no information in the radio calls concerning the unique air scoop. Officer Trugman again explained that at the
3:30 p.m. roll call, he had read the police reports prepared by the responding officers, which contained that information. And, at the 3: 30 p.m. roll call, he spoke to Officers Clayton and Carrillo concerning the shooting, and they mentioned the air scoop. Officer Trugman acknowledged there was no reference8

to the air intake vent in Officers Clayton’s and Officer Carrillo’s initial police report concerning the incident. But Officer Trugman replied that in the 23:40 hours December 12, 2011, investigative statement report there was a reference to the air intake scoop. He then acknowledged that the latter report was filed a half
hour after O fficer Trugman had initiated the felony stop.
3 . The issues raised by counsel in argument

. The prosecutor argued reasonable cause for the detention and that the officers had probable cause to search the Honda for evidence of the shooting, especially in light of the officers’ observations of the apparent hidden compartment in the Honda’s cab. Trial counsel argued the descriptions of the vehicle and suspects were too vague and generic to amount to reasonable and probable cause. The air scoop,
which the prosecution claimed was a unique after

- market item, was not mentioned in any of the officers’ communications or reports until after the detention was
initiated. Martinez’s trial counsel urged Officer Trugman’s testimony should be stricken because the pros ecutor had failed to call Officers Clayton and Carrillo
“to come and testify” to the source of the probable cause. The defense thus was prevented from testing the credibility of, and from confronting, these source
officers.
4

. The trial court’s ruling

. The trial court said the primary issue in the case was the validity of the
automobile search. It ruled there was reasonable cause for the brief detention pending a victim identification. When Officers Trugman and Espinoza saw the apparent hidden compar tment inside the front seat area of the vehicle, they had probable cause to believe the gun used in the shooting was inside the Honda, and the automobile exception to the requirement of a warrant applied to the officers’
search. It denied the motion to su ppress without commenting on the Harvey

Madden issue.9 DISCUSSION
1. The s tandard of review

. The standard of review for the denial of a motion to suppress is well settled. “We defer to the trial court ’ s factual findings, express or implied, where supporte d by substantial evidence. In determining whether, on the facts so found, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, we exercise our independent judgment. [Citations.]” ( People v. Glaser (1995) 11 Cal.4th 354,
362 ; People v. Leyba (1981) 29 Cal.3d 591, 596

- 597, fn. o mitted.)

“ There is, of course, no requirement that a trial court ’ s ruling on a

suppre ssion motion be accompanied by ‘findings’ or even a statement of the

court ’ s inference from the evidence, views as to the applicable law, or reasons for its ruling. [Citations.]” ( People v. Manning (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 586, 559

- 600 ( Manning ) .) “ Generally, the ruling of a trial court upon a motion implies a finding of fact favorable to the prevailing party on each ground or theory und erlying the
motion. [Citation.] The implication applies specifically to rulings admitting or excluding evidence. [Citations.]” ( Id. at pp. 601

- 602.)
2. The a pplicable legal principles

. “ ‘ An otherwise illegal arrest cannot be insulated from challeng e by the decision of the instigating officer to rely on fellow officers to make the arrest. ’ ( Whiteley v. Warden (1971) 401 U.S. 560, 568.) ‘[ W ] hile it may be perfectly
reasonable for officers in the field to make arrests on the basis of information
furn is hed to them by other officers, “ when it comes to justifying the total police activity in a court, the People must prove that the source of the information is something other than the imagination of an officer who does not become a
witness. ” ’ ( Remers v. Superior Court [(1970)] 2 Cal.3d 659, 666 [( Remers )] , quoting People v. Adkins (1969) 273 Cal.App.2d 196, 198.) ‘ To hold otherwise would permit the manufacture of reasonable grounds for arrest within a police department by one officer transmitting inform ation purportedly known by him to another officer who did not know such information, without establishing under10

oath how the information had in fact been obtained by the former officer. ’ ( Remers, supra , at pp. 666

- 667.) ‘[ W ] hen an officer furnishes to an other officer information which leads to an arrest, the People must show the basis for the
former officer ’ s information. ’ ( Id . at p. 667.) ” ( In re Eskiel S. (1993)
15 Cal.App.4th 1638, 1642

- 1643 ( Eskiel S .); see also People v. Ramirez (1983)
34 Cal.3d 54 1, 551 [recently affirming the validity of the Harvey

- Madden rule in the context of an arrest made on the basis of a recalled warrant].)
The Harvey

- Madden rule also applies to establishing reasonable cause for a detention. ( Ojeda v. Superior Court (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 909 , 920.)
3

. The analysis

. In this contention, appellants concede they are not disputing the legality of
the detention or the search

. (See Arizona v. Gant (2009) 556 U.S. 332 , 346

- 347;
United States v. Ross (1982) 456 U.S. 798, 820

- 821 [u nder the automobile exception, police who have probable cause to believe a lawfully stopped vehicle contains evidence of criminal activity or contraband may conduct a warrantless search of any area of the vehicle in which the evidence might be found ].) Appellants’ sole contention on appeal concerns whether the Harvey

- Madden rule applies to require the prosecution to call Officers Clayton and Carrillo as witnesses at the hearing to testify as to the source of their information concerning the description o f the suspects and the suspects’ vehicle. This court concludes the prosecution substantially complied with the Harvey

- Madden rule. At the outset, appellant s’ comments in briefing urge that the trial court made no ruling on his Harvey

- Madden objections. However, the trial court overruled both objections raised by appellants. And by denying the search and seizure motion, it made an implied ruling against appellants concerning the Harvey

- Madden rule. ( Manning, supra , 33 Cal.App.3d at pp. 599

- 602.)11

It is apparent from the evidence adduced at the hearing that the source of
the information relied on by Officer Trugman was a known citizen victim. At the hearing, appellants had the trial court consider the police reports prepared concerning the shooting. We assume that the police reports contained information regarding how Rodriguez had telephoned 9

- 1

- 1 on both occasions, once with his description of the suspects and their vehicle, and the content of his statements to the police on the early morning of th e shooting. 3 Further, at the hearing, Officer Trugman mentioned in his testimony that he was aware that the source of Officers Clayton’s and Carrillo’s information concerning the suspect and the Honda was
the victim of the “ADW.” Specifically, Officer T rugman testified that the
12:42 a.m. radio call informed him that an “ADW” had occurred in which “the officers, in their discussion with the victim,” were advised that the victim had seen “two male Hispanics tagging M.S. on a . . . building . . . .”
Thus , it was established at the hearing that the information relied upon by Officer Trugman arose from a known and reliable source, a crime victim and had originated outside of police channels. In these circumstances, there was no possibility that the officer s had manufactured reasonable or probable cause by use of official channels. “ When the judiciary can reasonably determine that no evidence has been manufactured, there is no reason for strict com pliance with the letter of the ‘ Harvey

- Madden ’ rule .” ( In r e Richard G. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 1252, 1260.) Accordingly, the prosecutor was not required in this instance to call the two responding police officers as witnesses at the hearing. (Accord, People v.
Johnson (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 1315, 1320 [the trial “ court did not violate the

3 This court was unable to review the police reports prepared by Officers Clayton and Carrillo concerning the victim and the victim’s description of the suspect vehicle a nd his assailants. The record demonstrates the police reports referred to during testimony and identified by reference as exhibits C and D were not entered into evidence at the end of the hearing. After being identified, they were returned to the respect ive parties who produced them at the hearing. The parties did not seek to augment the appellate record wi th the police reports.12

Harvey

- Remers rule in relying on circumstantial evidence proving that the
information transmitted to the officers must have come from some source outside the police department ”]; People v. Orozco (1981) 114 Cal.App.3d 435, 444 ( Orozco ) [“ The whole point of the Remers rule is to negate the possibility that the facts which validate the conduct of the officers in the field are made up inside of the police department by somebody who is trying to frame a pe rson whom he wants investig ated.”] .) Moreover, the descriptions of the suspects and Honda were in part corroborated when the officers discovered a revolver in the hidden compartment in the Honda. ( Orozco, supra , at pp. 444

- 445 [original anonymous telephone call of shooting corrob orated by the detaining officer finding spent cartridges at the scene of the detention] .)
To the extent that the decision in Eskiel S., supra , 15 Cal.App.4th 1638 requires strict compliance with the Harvey

- Madden rule, we disagree with that
decision. 4

4 We note the trial court, the prosecutor and trial counsel were well aware that Rodriguez was the source of the description s of the suspects and the suspect vehicle. They had just addressed the defense section 995 motion some six days before the motion to suppress . In the course of the section 995 motion, the same bench officer read and considered the preliminary hearing tra nscript. At the preliminary hearing, the victim, Rodriguez, had testified to the content of his two 9

- 1

- 1 calls and to speaking to the responding officers and giving them his descriptions of the shooting suspects and the Honda with its unique air scoop. Rodriguez also testified he had mentioned the Honda’s air scoop during the latter of his 9

- 1

- 1 calls. Rodriguez’s testimony would have been adequate to satisfy the Harvey

- Madden rule had it been introduced into evidence at the suppression hearing. (See W

hiteley v. Warden
, supra , 401 U.S. at pp. 564

- 565, 567

- 568.)13 DISPOSITION
The judgment s are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

KLEIN, P. J.

We concur:

KITCHING, J.

ALDRICH, J.