OCS Study 

MMS 2003-038 

 

Coastal Marine Institute 

Environmental Justice Considerations 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Cooperative Agreement

Coastal Marine Institute 

Louisiana State University 

U.S. Department of the Interior

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 
U.S. Department of the Interior Cooperative Agreement 

Minerals Management Service Coastal Marine Institute 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Louisiana State University 

OCS Study 

 MMS 2003-038 

 

Coastal Marine Institute 

Environmental Justice Considerations 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Authors 

Scott A. Hemmerling 

Craig E. Colten 

Louisiana State University 

Department of Geography and Anthropology 

January 2004 

Prepared under MMS Contract 

1435-01-99-CA-30951-18175 

by 

Louisiana State University 

Coastal Studies Institute 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 

Published by 
iii

DISCLAIMER 

This report was prepared under contract between the Minerals Management Service 

(MMS) and Louisiana State University. This report has been technically reviewed by the 

MMS and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents 

necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names 

or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. It is, 

however, exempt from review and compliance with MMS editorial standards. 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Extra copies of the report may be obtained from the Public Information Office 

(Mail Stop 5043) at the following address: 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 

Public Information Office (MS 5034) 

1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard 

New Orleans, Louisiana 

Telephone Number: 1-800-200-GULF or (504) 736-2519 

CITATION

Suggested citation: 

Hemmerling, S.A. and C.E. Colten. 2003. Environmental justice considerations in 

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana: Final report. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, La. OCS Study 

MMS 2003-038. 354 pp.
v

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 

 

Page 

List of Figures.......................................................................................vii 

List of Tables.........................................................................................ix 

 

Summary............................................................................................................................xi 

Chapter 1. Introduction..............................................................................1 

Study Area....................................................................................2 

Methods.......................................................................................4 

Databases............................................................................11 

Geographic Information System Mapping and Demographic 

 Analysis........................................................................................13 

 Statistical Analysis.................................................................17 

Chapter 2. Areas of Potential Environmental Justice Concern.................................19 

 Settlement History..........................................................................19 

 The Community.............................................................................19 

 Native Americans...................................................................20 

 Caucasians...............................................................................22 

 African-Americans.................................................................22 

 Asians....................................................................................24 

 Hispanics............................................................................26 

 Renewable Natural Resources............................................................28 

 Trapping and Hunting.............................................................30 

 Fisheries............................................................................32 

 

Chapter 3. OCS-Related Environmental Hazards................................................37 

 Frequency of Occurrence.......................................................................................37 

OCS-Related Activities..........................................................................................37 

 Transportation Corridors............................................................................40 

 Refineries and Gas Processing Plants........................................................46 

 Pipelines, Pumping Stations and Oil Storage Facilities.............................50 

 Shipyards and Shipbuilding Yards............................................................55 

Chapter 4. Hazardousness of Place Model...................................................59 

 Zones of Biophysical Vulnerability.....................................................................59 

 Zones of Social Vulnerability..............................................................................63 

 Zones of Place Vulnerability...............................................................................64 
vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) 

Page 

Chapter 5. Statistical Analysis........................................................................................73 

 Contingency Analysis...........................................................................................73 

 Discriminant Analysis..........................................................................................77 

 Block Level Analysis................................................................................77 

 Block Group Level Analysis....................................................82 

 Multiple Regression Analysis..............................................................................85 

Chapter 6. Summary and Conclusion............................................................87 

Summary of Findings...........................................................................................87 

OCS-Related Impacts..............................................................................87 

Analysis of High Risk Areas....................................................................89 

Conclusion............................................................................................................89 

Chapter 7. References............................................................................91 

 Appendix 1. Cross Tabulation Statistical Output for Minority Groups 

 and OCS-Related Activities......................................................................1-1 

 Appendix 2. Minority and Low-Income Groups in the Counties/ 

 Parishes along the Gulf of Mexico............................................................2-1 

 
vii

LIST OF FIGURES 

Page 

Figure 1 Study Area..........................................................................................................3 

Figure 2 Selected Locations in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana...........................................5 

Figure 3 Census Geography of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana.........................................14 

Figure 4 Distribution of Native American Population by Census Block........................21 

Figure 5 Distribution of African-American Population by Census Block......................23 

Figure 6 Distribution of Asian Population by Census Block .........................................25 

Figure 7 Distribution of Hispanic Population by Census Block ....................................27 

Figure 8 Environmental Management Units in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana................29 

Figure 9 Cumulative Distribution of Commonly Trapped Mammal 

Habitat in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana............................................................33 

Figure 10 Cumulative Distribution of Game Animal 

 Habitat in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana..........................................................34 

Figure 11 OCS-Related Toxic Release Inventory Sites in 

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana............................................................................39 

Figure 12 Primary Transportation Route from Port Fourchon 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana........................................................................41 

Figure 13 Natural Gas Processing Plants in and Around Lafourche 

 Parish, Louisiana..............................................................................................47 

Figure 14 Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana ......................51 

Figure 15 Pipeline Crossing Points at Roads, Rivers, and Bayous 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana........................................................................53 

Figure 16 Petroleum Bulk Storage Facilities in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana.................54 

Figure 17 Shipbuilding and Repairing Industries in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana..........56 

Figure 18 Distribution of Buffered OCS-Related Activities in 

 Lafourche Parish, Louisiana...........................................................................60 
viii

LIST OF FIGURES (cont.) 

Figure 19 Areas of Potential Environmental Concern in 

 Lafourche Parish, Louisiana...........................................................................61 

Figure 20 Areas of Potential Social Vulnerability in 

 Lafourche Parish, Louisiana...........................................................................65 

Figure 21 Median Family Income by Census Block Group 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, 2000..............................................................66 

Figure 22 Median Contract Rent by Census Block Group 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, 2000..............................................................67 

Figure 23 Median House Value by Census Block Group 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, 2000..............................................................68 

Figure 24 Median House Value by Census Block Group 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 1990...............................................................69 

Figure 25 Communities of High Environmental Justice Concern 

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana........................................................................71 

Figure 26 Transportation Route Odds Ratios..................................................................75 

Figure 27 Shipyard Odds Ratios......................................................................................78 

Figure 28 Pipeline Odds Ratios.......................................................................................78 

Figure 29 Petroleum Bulk Storage Odds Ratios..............................................................79 

Figure 30 Gas Processing Plants Odds Ratios.................................................................79 
ix

LIST OF TABLES 

Page 

Table 1 Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of Selected Communities in Lafourche 

Parish, Louisiana..................................................................................................6 

Table 2 Economic Characteristics of Selected Communities in Lafourche 

Parish Louisiana...................................................................................................8 

Table 3 Annual Rate of Occurrance of Identified Hazards for Lafourche 

 Parish, Louisiana................................................................................................38 

Table 4 Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs).................................................................43 

Table 5 Produced Water Effluent Concentrations: Gulf of Mexico 

 (Coastal Waters).................................................................................................44 

Table 6 Components Found in Natural Gas....................................................................48 

Table 7 Material Inputs and Potential Pollutant Outputs for the 

 Shipbuilding and Repair Industry.......................................................................57 

Table 8 Comparison of Population Proportions for Selected OCS-Related 

Infrastructure......................................................................................................74 

Table 9 Test of Equality or Group Means for Block Analysis.......................................80 

Table 10 Classification Results for Block Analysis........................................................81 

Table 11 Test of Equality of Group Means for Block Group Analysis...........................83 

Table 12 Classification Results for Block Group Analysis.............................................84 
xi

SUMMARY 

The Mineral Management Service (MMS), like all other federal agencies, must identify 

any disproportionate impacts of its activities on minority or low-income populations. 

Similar to Environmental Impact Statements that seek to identify adverse environmental 

impacts, federal agencies must, in response to Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629), 

gauge the potential impacts of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) extraction, transport, and 

processing activities on vulnerable populations. 

This study provides a characterization of environmental justice and the potential hazards 

and impacts of OCS-related oil and gas extraction, transport, and processing in Lafourche 

Parish, Louisiana, a principal land-based supply center for the majority of the offshore oil 

and gas activity occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. Using GIS techniques to integrate 

OCS-related activities, census data, and digital transportation data, the potential 

geographic and demographic impacts of OCS-related hazards on minority and lowincome populations have been identified. Based on this information, a hazards-of-place 

model was created to compare various OCS-related hazards and identify high risk areas. 

Five different classes of OCS-related activities were identified as being potentially 

hazardous to nearby communities. Transportations corridors, oil and natural gas 

pipelines, petroleum bulk storage facilities, shipyards, and a natural gas processing plant 

are all located in Lafourche Parish. Some hazardous chemicals have low vulnerability 

zones and thus pose relatively less risk than other chemicals. The vulnerability zones for 

the facilities modeled range from one-half mile for transportation corridors, crude oil 

pipelines, petroleum bulk storage facilities, and shipyards to one mile for the natural gas 

processing plant and natural gas pipelines. These distances represent the distance 

emergency response workers would need to evacuate nearby populations in case of a fire 

involving the specific substances at each site. 

The patterns of racial and ethnic distributions around these facilities all show a similar 

pattern. The most equitable distribution is found around the pipelines. This is most 

likely due to the large geographical area that the pipelines cover in Lafourche Parish. 

Each of the other facilities shows particular patterns of racial and ethnic inequities. 

These patterns are most pronounced in the case of the Houma Indian population around 

each facility. All of the facilities located in south Lafourche show a statistically 

significant disproportionately high Native American population around them. The only 

exceptions to this pattern are the petroleum bulk storage facilities, which are located in 

Port Fourchon and Thibodaux. The area around Port Fourchon is sparsely populated. So, 

despite the potential hazards associated with the port, the area is not one of significant 

environmental justice concern. Conversely, Thibodaux is a densely populated urban area. 

However, very little OCS-related activities occur in and around the city. 

In Lafourche Parish, the areas of greatest potential environmental justice impact are in 

those communities living along the levees in the southern portion of Bayou Lafourche, 

and to a lesser extent along Bayou Pointe-au-Cheien, on the western border of the parish. 

It is in these locations that both OCS-related activities and populated communities are 
xii

found. Communities along Louisiana Highway 1 and Bayou Lafourche, such as 

Lockport, Larose, and Golden Meadow are all home to OCS-related infrastructure, such 

as shipyards, gas processing plants, and pipelines. 

Larose hosts the greatest number of hazardous chemical routes, including Louisiana 

Highway 1, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, and Bayou Lafourche, and is home to two 

large shipyards and a gas processing plant. Larose, however, has a relatively large 

population, and is thus the most vulnerable area in the region. Larose is also home to 

higher than average populations of Houma Indians, African-Americans, Asians, and 

Hispanics. For this reason, Larose represents an area of particular environmental justice 

concern. 

In addition to living in close proximity to many OCS-related facilities, many Houma 

Indians also hunt, trap, and fish in the region. Two areas have been identified as being of 

particular concern with regard to wildlife habitats, the area along around the community 

of Grand Bois, near the Terrebonne Parish border, and the wetlands to the west of Golden 

Meadow, which is home to a number of Houma families that hunt and trap in the area. 
1

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 

Environmental justice is becoming an increasingly important issue in terms of industrial 

siting and locating hazardous facilities. On February 11, 1994, President William Clinton 

issued Executive Order 12898, entitled “Federal Actions to Address Environmental 

Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations,” which directs Federal 

agencies to assess whether their actions have disproportionate high adverse 

environmental effects on people of ethnic or racial minorities or with low incomes. 

These environmental effects encompass human health, social, and economic 

consequences. 

The purpose of this research is to examine the spatial distribution of technological 

hazards associated with the offshore oil industry and how this distribution varies among 

different socio-economic groups. This study examines Lafourche Parish, a coastal 

Louisiana “county” that serves as the primary land-based supply center for the majority 

of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil activity occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Lafourche Parish is uniquely impacted by the industry because of its role in OCS activity. 

It is the purpose of this study to determine if these impacts are unevenly distributed 

across the parish, and whether or not certain minority and/or low-income populations 

within the parish bear a disproportionate burden. 

Both race and class are important elements in the spatial distribution of environmental 

hazards, particularly as these relate to whether or not minority and/or low-income 

communities bear a disproportionate share of exposure to environmental pollution and 

technological risk. Historian Ted Steinberg (2000) has demonstrated that minority and 

low-income populations have been subjected to higher risk from natural hazards due to 

the implementation of public policy. Others have argued that minority populations 

endure greater exposure to technological hazards (Cutter 1995). Mere proximity to 

hazards does not explain vulnerability. On a general level, social vulnerability describes 

the demographic characteristics of social groups that make them more or less susceptible 

to the adverse impacts of hazards, as well as the potential impacts of these hazards. As 

Susan Cutter has argued for a rural county in South Carolina, lack of financial resources, 

for example, can contribute to higher vulnerability to subpopulations (Cutter et al. 2000). 

Some key social and demographic characteristics influencing social vulnerability include 

socioeconomic status, age, experience, gender, race/ethnicity, wealth, duration of 

residency, language capacities, and permanency of residence (Hill and Cutter 2001: 15). 

In Louisiana, substantial attention has been paid to environmental justice concerns along 

the industrial corridor of the Mississippi River (Louisiana Advisory Committee 1993, 

Wright et al. 1994, Burby 1995, Colten 2001, and Colten 2002). These studies indicate 

that minority and low-income populations face a disproportionately greater risk than do 

higher income and non-minority residents due in part to public policy and its 

enforcement. Yet virtually no attention has been paid to minority and low-income 

populations in coastal parishes. Indeed, there has been no attempt to delimit the areas 

occupied by minority and low-income populations and the associated technological risks 

they may face. This relationship between race, class, and environmental burden factors 
2

form the framework of the environmental justice debate as well as the associated issues 

of environmental equity and environmental racism. All three terms refer to the same 

basic issues, but there are nuanced differences among them. 

The basis of the debate is one of equity. Environmental equity implies no bias or 

presumptions, but rather refers to whether or not the distribution of environmental 

hazards is equitable across the population, or with regard to race, ethnicity, or income 

(Burke 1993). Despite the claim that environmental equity studies are bias-free, in 

actuality, there are two different approaches to evaluating the distribution of 

environmental hazards. One view is akin to the relative deprivation hypothesis and 

would suggest that people are concerned about their standing in a community relative to 

their neighbors rather than about their absolute standard of living (Helfand and Peyton 

1999:70). The second vision of environmental equity implies the achievement of safe 

minimum standards everywhere but does not require the same environmental quality in 

all communities. According to Cutter (1995:112), environmental equity involves an 

equal sharing of risk burdens, not an overall reduction in the burdens themselves. 

Environmental justice extends the notion of environmental equity into the realm of public 

policy and environmental protection. It is often seen as a political movement aimed at 

achieving environmental equity, by addressing environmental enforcement, compliance, 

policy formation, and decision making (Bullard 1994:11). Environmental justice is a 

term that connotes “some remedial action to correct an injustice imposed on a specific 

group of people” (Cutter 1995:112). In the broadest view, this would require that 

everyone, through the equitable implementation and enforcement of public policy, have 

access to safe, clean neighborhoods, adequate jobs, quality schools, and sustainable 

communities (Helfand and Peyton 1999:70). 

The third related term, environmental racism, is based upon the premise that 

environmental inequities do in fact exist and that institutional racism has created these 

patterns of disproportionate exposure. This study will provide a snapshot in time of the 

oil industry in Lafourche Parish, and thereby will focus on environmental equity, as it 

relates to the overall distribution of hazards. Since the Minerals Management Service 

(MMS), a federal agency operating within the Department of Interior, oversees the OCS 

oil industry, the focus on activities influenced by MMS situates this research in the 

environmental justice realm as well. For this reason, OCS-related activity falls under the 

rubric of Executive Order 12898. 

Study Area 

Lafourche Parish provides an ideal location for a preliminary examination of the 

environmental justice issues in coastal Louisiana, particularly as they relate to OCS 

activity. Lafourche Parish is in southeast Louisiana, south-southwest of New Orleans 

(Figure 1). The parish is accessible from the east and west via U.S. Highway 90. 

Louisiana Highways 1 and 308 provide the only major north-south motor routes. Bayou 

Lafourche provides north-south waterway transportation to the Gulf of Mexico, while the 
3

Figure 1. Study Area. 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of C

U.S. Highway 90 Thibodaux 

Lafayette 

Baton Rouge 

U.S. Interstate 10 

Houma 

New Orleans 

LAFOURCHE PA

Louisiana Highway 1 
4

Intracoastal Waterway serves Lafourche Parish as an east-west waterway and is 

accessible from Bayou Lafourche. The largest amount of shipping traffic occurs in the 

portion of Bayou Lafourche between the Gulf of Mexico and the Intracoastal Waterway 

in Larose. Principal goods shipped items include shells, sulfur, water, drilling mud, crude 

oil, cement, and steel. Shrimp and oyster tonnage is smaller but has a higher value. 

There are three incorporated towns located in Lafourche Parish, Thibodaux, Lockport, 

and Golden Meadow. Thibodaux is Lafourche Parish’s largest town as well as the parish 

seat. Other communities within the study area include the unincorporated towns of 

Raceland, Larose, Cut Off, and Galliano (Figure 2). Port Fourchon, a deep-draft port at 

the mouth of Bayou Lafourche on the Gulf of Mexico, is a major onshore staging area for 

OCS oil and gas activities in the Central and Western Gulf of Mexico and the land fall for 

the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP). Currently, the South Lafourche Airport in 

Galliano serves the southern portion of the parish while the northern portion is served by 

Thibodaux Municipal Airport in Thibodaux. 

Lafourche Parish is home to a sizable Native American population (2.3 percent) as well 

as African-American population (12.6 percent) and a small Asian-American population 

(0.7 percent). In total, nearly 15 percent of the parish population is minority. 

Furthermore, for the parish as a whole, 14.7 percent of the population is below the U.S. 

Census Bureau’s definition of poverty and 19.7 percent of the children in the parish live 

below the poverty level. While these figures are below the state average, they are 

significant nonetheless. Tables 1 and 2 introduce general racial and economic 

characteristics of the Lafourche Parish study area and encompassed communities in 2000. 

Methods 

This study utilizes a number of methodologies that both draw from and contribute to U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines for conducting environmental 

justice research. Our research extended over a one-year period, from the winter of 2001 

through the fall of 2002. The study methods included a community mapping exercise, 

utilizing demographic data obtained from the 2000 Census. Wherever possible, we used 

census block-level data, the finest level of detail available. According to USEPA, the 

geographic area of analysis should not artificially dilute or inflate the affected minority 

population (USEPA 1999a). The first stage involved compiling data on present-day 

social and OCS-related activity in Lafourche Parish. The approach taken involved 

combining minority, low-income, and environmental burden factors in order to examine 

the spatial distribution and overall hazard vulnerability of these populations. The first 

step was to identify what we have termed potential areas of environmental justice 

concern. These are study areas that contain a significant minority and/or low-income 

population, regardless of whether or not there exist any disproportionate environmental 

effects on these populations (USEPA 1998: 6). 

Next, we compiled and mapped out the locations of OCS-related activity in Lafourche 

Parish. In conducting our equity analysis, the approach we have taken here is largely 
5

Thibodaux 

Lockport

Golden Meadow

Cut Off

Port Fourchon

Raceland

Galliano

Larose

Figure 2. Selected Locations in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

Data Source: CADGIS Research Laboratory, 2002

Bayou Lafourche 
6

Total Pop % White % Black

LAFOURCHE 

PARISH 89,974 82.9% 12.6%

Chackbay 4,018 94.5% 4.0%

Thibodaux 14,431 64.0% 33.8%

Raceland 10,224 71.2% 26.2%

Mathews 2,003 96.6% 1.5%

Lockport 2,624 95.7% 1.0%

Larose 7,306 85.6% 5.7%

Cut Off 5,635 91.4% 1.1%

Galliano 7,356 92.3% 0.7%

Golden 

Meadow 2,193 92.5% 0.5%

Area

Table 1

Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of Selected Communities

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a, Redistricting Data 

(PL 94-171) Summary Data

Total Pop % White % Black

LAFOURCHE 

PARISH 89,974 82.9% 12.6%

Chackbay 4,018 94.5% 4.0%

Thibodaux 14,431 64.0% 33.8%

Raceland 10,224 71.2% 26.2%

Mathews 2,003 96.6% 1.5%

Lockport 2,624 95.7% 1.0%

Larose 7,306 85.6% 5.7%

Cut Off 5,635 91.4% 1.1%

Galliano 7,356 92.3% 0.7%

Golden 

Meadow 2,193 92.5% 0.5%

Area Total Pop % White % Black

LAFOURCHE 

PARISH 89,974 82.9% 12.6%

Chackbay 4,018 94.5% 4.0%

Thibodaux 14,431 64.0% 33.8%

Raceland 10,224 71.2% 26.2%

Mathews 2,003 96.6% 1.5%

Lockport 2,624 95.7% 1.0%

Larose 7,306 85.6% 5.7%

Cut Off 5,635 91.4% 1.1%

Galliano 7,356 92.3% 0.7%

Golden 

Meadow 2,193 92.5% 0.5%

Area

Table 1

Racial and Ethnic Characteristics of Selected Communities

in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a, Redistricting Data 

(PL 94-171) Summary Data
7

% 

American 

Indian % Asian % Hispanic

2.3% 0.7% 1.4%

0.7% 0.3% 0.7%

0.4% 0.6% 1.0%

1.0% 0.3% 1.5%

0.8% 0.3% 0.5%

1.6% 0.4% 1.2%

3.9% 2.4% 2.5%

3.8% 1.3% 2.1%

4.5% 0.8% 1.7%

4.8% 0.4% 1.5%

LAFOURCHE 

PARISH

Chackbay

Thibodaux

Raceland

Mathews

Lockport

Larose

Cut Off

Galliano

Golden 

Meadow

Area

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a, Redistricting Data 

(PL 94-171) Summary Data

Table 1 (cont.)

% 

American 

Indian % Asian % Hispanic

2.3% 0.7% 1.4%

0.7% 0.3% 0.7%

0.4% 0.6% 1.0%

1.0% 0.3% 1.5%

0.8% 0.3% 0.5%

1.6% 0.4% 1.2%

3.9% 2.4% 2.5%

3.8% 1.3% 2.1%

4.5% 0.8% 1.7%

4.8% 0.4% 1.5%

LAFOURCHE 

PARISH

Chackbay

Thibodaux

Raceland

Mathews

Lockport

Larose

Cut Off

Galliano

Golden 

Meadow

Area

% 

American 

Indian % Asian % Hispanic

2.3% 0.7% 1.4%

0.7% 0.3% 0.7%

0.4% 0.6% 1.0%

1.0% 0.3% 1.5%

0.8% 0.3% 0.5%

1.6% 0.4% 1.2%

3.9% 2.4% 2.5%

3.8% 1.3% 2.1%

4.5% 0.8% 1.7%

4.8% 0.4% 1.5%

LAFOURCHE 

PARISH

Chackbay

Thibodaux

Raceland

Mathews

Lockport

Larose

Cut Off

Galliano

Golden 

Meadow

Area

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a, Redistricting Data 

(PL 94-171) Summary Data

Table 1 (cont.)
8

Annual 

Median 

Family 

Income

($)

Annual 

Per 

Capita 

Income

($)

Median 

House 

Value 

($)

Median 

Monthly 

Contract 

Rent 

($)

Lafourche 

Parish

40,504 15,809 78,900 402

Chackbay 41,934 15,389 87,800 269

Thibodaux 36,551 16,966 72,000 396

Raceland 35,460 15,539 73,800 366

Mathews 41,683 19,336 90,600 436

Lockport 40,288 15,769 65,500 412

Larose 45,126 15,541 82,200 377

Cut Off 42,986 16,353 79,500 447

Galliano 36,136 13,910 71,000 401

Golden 

Meadow 36,944 13,122 57,600 329

Area 

Table 2 

Economic Characteristics of Selected Communities 

In Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census 2002a, Summary File 3 (SF 3)
9

proximity-based. Most equity analysis are either risk-based or proximity-based. Riskbased analysis refers strictly to the health and safety-related factors associated with 

particular facilities and often involve complex modeling of hazardous releases and are 

dependant upon environmental factors such as weather conditions and prevailing winds. 

In this type of analysis, risk is based on not only the distance from a facility, but upon the 

“magnitude of the hazards and the size, shape, and orientation of the associated impact 

areas” (Glickman and Hersh 1995:9). In examining the potential impacts of OCS-related 

activities in Lafourche Parish, a purely risk-based analysis would provide an incomplete 

view of the industry, since USEPA requires that businesses only report certain releases 

and thus only a handful of facilities have documented a release of any kind. In order to 

examine the industry as a whole, and because we are dealing with potential rather than 

actual impacts, it is necessary to turn to a proximity-based analysis. 

Proximity-based equity refers to the question of whether the distance-related impacts of 

one or more facilities are distributed evenly among the social groups in the local 

population (Glickman and Hersh 1995:9). These impacts are not only health or safetyrelated as in a risk-based analysis, but may also include effects that have negative impacts 

on the overall quality of life, including unsightliness, noise, and odor. If these impacts 

are strong enough, they will “diminish the collective self-esteem and reputation of a 

community and the property values within it” (Glickman and Hersh 1995:9). In 

conducting a proximity-based analysis, the geographical unit of analysis is a uniform 

buffer created around each facility or structure in question. These buffers are not 

modeled on any specific release, therefore weather conditions and wind direction are not 

included in the model, resulting in the buffers being uniform in all directions. 

According to USEPA, it is important for researchers to recognize that the aggregation of 

data and lack of current information on income at the block level may fail to reveal 

certain relevant characteristics about the population. For example, the aggregation of 

data to the block group level in a particular geographic area may mask a “pocket” of lowincome individuals that exists among the larger general population (USEPA 1999a). This 

is especially true in Lafourche Parish, where census block groups are too large to 

adequately utilize spatial buffers. Analysis of the demographic data at the census block 

level thus began with the construction of proximity-based buffers around each OCSrelated facility. Any Census enumeration units lying within a buffer were aggregated in 

order to create a new study area, one determined by the modeled impact of any potential 

chemical release or industrial hazard. 

For this study, we have created buffers that are equal to the largest protective action 

distance (PAD) determined by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) for all 

chemicals at a given facility. This is the distance that emergency response workers 

would evacuate in case of an accidental release. USDOT guidelines also establish default 

isolation zones for hazardous releases on arterial highway segments and railroads. These 

distances are used to create site-specific buffers around each facility. In the case of crude 

petroleum, for example, the isolation distance for a spill involving a fire is only one-half 

mile. For natural gas, this distance is extended to one mile. The fugitive emissions 
10

associated with shipbuilding and repairing are largely non-reactive and thus also have 

isolation distances of one-half mile. 

The next step in our analysis was to compare the social variables in our study areas to 

those in the reference area in order to evaluate the degree of equity between them. 

According to USEPA guidelines, it is necessary to compare a potentially impacted 

minority community to the larger geographic area to aid in distinguishing potential 

impacts on minority communities within the affected area of a proposed action (USEPA 

1999a). This study examines the local impacts of the OCS oil and gas industry and uses 

the overall parish as the reference area. Using the parish values as relative thresholds 

takes into account regional differences in population distribution and thus provides a 

much more meaningful determination of significance. We have defined equity and 

inequity as follows. If the percentage of a particular social group in the study area is 

equal to or less than that in the reference area, there is equity with respect to the facility 

in question. Any overrepresentation of a minority group constitutes an inequity 

(Glickman and Hersh 1995:34). For the block-level data, nonparametric procedures were 

used to analyze the racial and ethnic characteristics within each buffer relative to the 

characteristics of the portion of the parish outside of the buffer. Odds ratios and the chisquare test of significance were used to demonstrate whether any observed differences 

were statistically meaningful or merely due to chance. 

Next, we constructed an aggregated hazards map of Lafourche Parish, combining all of 

our study areas into a single continuous surface. Many previous environmental justice 

and hazards studies have used a conceptual model whereby the technological landscape is 

broken down into a number of discrete, often unrelated, entities, such as Toxic Release 

Inventory (TRI) sites or waste disposal sites. Our conceptual model, on the other hand, 

attempts to integrate a set of discrete related elements into a continuous surface. This 

was accomplished by reclassifying and overlaying our maps; a process termed “sieve 

mapping” (Kitchin and Tate 2000:170). The discrete elements of the data model were 

intersected, forming new polygons, and all locations classified according to their 

aggregate data characteristics. This was accomplished using the Arc View Model 

Builder extension. The model builder permits classifying and weighting each facility by 

degree of hazard. It is important to remember that we are considering potential hazards. 

Thus, a shipyard that is also a large quantity generator of a toxic substance has greater 

potential hazardousness and is weighted more heavily in the analysis than a facility that is 

not. Furthermore, if this facility also has a history of toxic releases, it is weighted even 

more heavily. Similarly, the exposed pipeline sections that cross either a road or a 

waterway are weighted more heavily than a buried pipeline, due to the fact that exposed 

pipelines are much more susceptible to the elements, thus potentially increasing the risk 

of a pipeline failure. Once integrated, we used the resultant hazardscape to classify the 

entire parish by a new hazardousness of place rating. For this, we used a five-point scale, 

with one indicating the lowest hazard potential and five the highest. Those areas with no 

identified potential hazards were classed separately. 

Using the hazards rating, we were able to determine the degree of interdependence 

among the racial variables and the number of OCS-related facilities in each census block 
11

group. Discriminant analysis enabled an examination of the social and economic 

variables to see if they could successfully discriminate the overall hazardousness of each 

census block group, based upon the hazardscape model. Economic data was unavailable 

at the block level in the 2000 census, consequently our discriminant analysis was run at 

the much coarser block group level. In addition to the racial variables used previously, at 

the block group level we were able to employ mean household income, median house 

value, and median contract rent, as well as other social indicators. According to USEPA, 

mean house value as well as monthly rent can serve as proxies for income levels (USEPA 

1998). This is important because, prior to the 2000 census, house values and monthly 

rent were counted at the block level, compared to income, which was only counted at the 

block group level and higher. 

Finally, we attempted to simultaneously examine the impact of several independent 

variables on a single dependant variable, here the hazardousness of place rating. For this, 

we used multiple regression analysis and regressed the dependant variable against race, 

ethnicity, age, and the various economic indicators such as household income, median 

house value, and median contract rent. This method allows us, specifically, to determine 

whether there is a positive, negative, or no correlation between the independent variables 

in the relationship with proximity to OCS-related facilities. Again, this analysis had to be 

conducted at the rather coarse census block group level. 

Databases 

In constructing our model, we utilized a number of databases, the majority of which were 

developed by Federal agencies. Much of this data is available either in the form of raw 

data for download or as informational maps. However, despite improved availability, all 

data is not of equal quality (Thomas 2001: 66). It is important to remember that the 

model is only as accurate as the underlying data. Wherever possible, attempts were made 

to verify the accuracy of the data obtained, either through air photo interpretation or 

direct fieldwork. 

U.S. Bureau of Census. Data from the 2000 U.S. Bureau of Census was used to 

aggregate and analyze demographics for Lafourche Parish (U.S. Bureau of Census 

2002a). Sex, age, households, families, and housing units were aggregated down to block 

level by race and Hispanic origin in Summary File 1 (SF1). Data extracted for this study 

included total population, race (white, black, Native American, and Asian), ethnicity 

(Hispanic), and age (over 65). These were extracted at both the block and block group 

level. Social, economic, and housing characteristics were aggregated down to block 

group level in Summary File 3 (SF3). Household income, median contract rent, and 

median home value were all extracted for this analysis. Census information for block 

level data (1990) was extracted from the 100-percent count data in CD-ROM Summary 

Tape Files (STF1A and B). Median contract rent and median house values were 

extracted from the 1990 census data (U.S. Bureau of Census 1990). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Manufacturing facilities under section 

313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Re-authorization Act (SARA) must 
12

report estimated releases and transfers of toxic chemicals to the USEPA. This data is 

stored and made available to communities through the Emergency Planning and 

Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) of 1986 (USEPA 2002)`. The Environmental 

Protection Agency thus gathers and disseminates information on the generation and 

management of waste streams and gathers these together in the Biennial Reporting 

System (BRS). This database tracks a variety of sites, including Treatment, Storage, and 

Disposal (TSD) facilities, Corrective Action Sites (CAS), and hazardous waste 

generators, all of which present potential risks. Sources of hazards data include the Toxic 

Release Inventory System (TRIS), which contains information about the release and 

transfer of more than 650 toxic chemicals to the environment. Also pertinent to this 

study is the Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS) database, which stores 

information on the reported release of oils and other hazardous substances to the air, land, 

or water. All of the sites identified in these databases can be identified by Standard 

Industrial Classification (SIC) codes and classified according to industry. Of particular 

interest for this study are those industries classed under SIC code 13, which encompasses 

the oil and gas extraction process. In the case of the offshore oil industry, those facilities 

listed under SIC code 1321 (Natural Gas Liquids) are of importance, as these include 

facilities that separate natural gas from crude oil. Also important here are industries 

classed under SIC codes 3731 and 3732 (Ship Building and Repairing and Boat Building 

and Repairing, respectively) and 2911 (Petroleum Refining Industry). Finally, data was 

extracted related to industries with SIC codes 4613 (Refined Petroleum Pipelines) and 

5171 (Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals). 

 

U.S. Department of Transportation. The Pipeline Safety Act of 1992 states that 

the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) must adopt rules requiring pipeline operators to 

identify facilities located in unusually sensitive areas and high density population areas, 

to maintain maps and records detailing that information, and to provide those maps and 

records to federal and state officials upon request. The National Pipeline Mapping 

System (NPMS) has been developed to gather and disseminate this information in a 

geographic information system (GIS) database format (U.S. Department of 

Transportation 2001). This database contains the location and selected attributes of 

natural gas and hazardous liquid transmission pipelines, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) 

facilities operating in the United States. 

 

Minerals Management Service. The Minerals Management Service (MMS), a 

Federal agency created by Secretarial Order 3071 on January 19, 1982, manages more 

than a billion offshore acres and collects billions of dollars in mineral revenues annually. 

MMS is the bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages the natural gas, 

oil, and other mineral resources on the outer continental shelf. MMS conducts an 

extensive environmental studies program in the Gulf of Mexico and has sponsored more 

than 220 environmental studies in the Gulf of Mexico, costing over $130 million, to 

assess the effect of oil and gas drilling and production. The results of these studies are 

made available through a number of reports and serve as the primary source for OCSrelated data. Of particular interest to this study are those studies that locate and identify 

any OCS-related facilities that support deepwater activity in the Gulf of Mexico Region 
13

(GOMR), especially the recent study completed by the Louis Berger Group for MMS, 

which includes a web-based GIS database of pertinent infrastructure. 

 

U.S. Geological Survey. The Gap Analysis Program (GAP) represents a state and 

national level endeavor whose purpose is to provide broad geographic information on the 

status of various animal species and their habitats in order to provide land managers, 

planners, scientists, and policy makers with the information they need to make betterinformed decisions. Sponsored and coordinated by the Biological Resources Division of 

the U.S. Geological Survey, GAP is also supported at the national level by the 

Department of Defense, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National 

Mapping Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, and The Nature Conservancy. 

Louisiana State University ATLAS website. Many of the images and GIS 

coverages of Lafourche Parish were downloaded from the ATLAS website (CADGIS 

Research Laboratory 2002). Of particular importance for this research were the digital 

ortho-photo quarter quadrangles (DOQQs), which were used to verify the geographic 

coordinates of the USEPA data. 

Geographic Information System Mapping and Demographic Analysis 

Using this data, the spatial database and mapping layers were constructed using Arc View 

geographic information systems (GIS) computer software. The geographic boundary 

files were constructed from Topically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing 

(TIGER) files (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2000b.). Geographic files extracted from the 

TIGER files include census block and block group boundaries and parish (county) 

boundaries, as well as street networks. Lafourche Parish contains 3,275 blocks, only 

1,646 of which are populated. These are aggregated into only 70 block groups (Figure 3). 

The first step of this analysis is to identify potential areas of environmental justice 

concern. These are study areas that contain a significant minority and/or low-income 

population, regardless of whether or not there exist any disproportionate environmental 

effects on these populations (USEPA 1998: 6). For the purpose of this study a significant 

minority population is one where the percentage of minorities within the study area 

exceeds that of the reference area. Since this study examines the potential impacts of the 

petroleum industry on a localized scale, the total parish will serve as the reference area. 

Using the parish values as relative thresholds takes into account regional differences in 

population distribution and will thus provide a much more meaningful determination of 

significance. 

The 2000 census does not make any economic data available at the block aggregate level, 

neither income data nor property values. In order to examine economic characteristics, 

data had to be examined at the coarser block group level, with each unit containing 

approximately 800-1,000 people. Following USEPA guidelines, U.S. Census defined 

parameters were used to measure income and poverty (USEPA 1999). The 2000 census 
14

Figure 3. Census Geography of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002b

Block groups Census tracts 

Census blocks 
15

defines a person as poor if his or her income fell below $8,501 in 1999. The average 

poverty threshold for a family of four persons was $17,029 in 1999. Areas of moderate 

poverty are those where the population has an income 20 percent below the benchmark 

and extreme poverty where the population has an income 40 percent or more below the 

benchmark (USEPA 1998: 56). Block groups meeting our criteria will be identified and 

mapped out as areas of potential concern. The communities of highest concern will be 

those in which there is both a high minority population and low income. These areas can 

be identified through bivariate mapping. 

 

Next, geographic coordinates contained in the USEPA databases were used to locate the 

OCS-related infrastructure within the GIS. The locational data was verified in two ways. 

First, if locational data was provided, the coordinates were verified using U.S. Geological 

Survey digital ortho-photo quarter quadrangles (DOQQs). These detailed color 

photographs allowed us to determine each facility’s exact location. The DOQQ’s fine 

level of resolution allowed for the visual identification of many of the facilities and a 

more correct geocoding of points in the GIS. Where the USEPA did not supply location 

data, points had to be taken in the field, using a hand-held Garmin GPS unit. Points were 

taken at the entrance of each facility identified and the points later adjusted using the 

DOQQs once again as a reference. In this way, we have avoided the use of erroneous 

location data in our analysis. 

Analysis of the demographic data conducted at the census block level (race and ethnicity 

for 2000 and median house value and rent for 1990) began with the construction of a 

number of buffers around each OCS-related facility. Buffers were constructed at 

distances of one-half mile and one mile from each facility. In the case of most facilities 

investigated, a distance of one-half mile is the minimum isolation distance recommended 

for a fire involving the chemicals used at each facility. In some cases, particularly when 

natural gas is involved, this distance is extended to one mile. A model of the aggregated 

hazardscape was constructed using the Arc View Model Builder extension, which 

allowed us to classify and weight each facility by degree of hazard. For example, a 

shipyard that is also a large quantity generator of a toxic substance is weighted more 

heavily in the analysis than a facility that is not. Furthermore, if this facility also has a 

history of toxic releases, it is weighted even more heavily. Similarly, the exposed 

sections of pipeline that cross either a road or a waterway are weighted more heavily than 

a buried pipeline. We next integrated each of these discrete elements into a continuous 

surface map by reclassifying and overlaying our maps. The discrete elements of the data 

model were intersected, forming new polygons, and all locations could be classified 

according to their aggregate data characteristics. Once integrated, we used the resultant 

hazardscape to classify the entire parish using a newly created variable, the 

hazardousness of place rating, which allows us to establish lower and higher vulnerability 

scores. 

At-risk populations for both the individual facilities and the aggregated hazardscape 

model were identified next. The census blocks within each buffer and hazard polyline 

were aggregated from all census blocks in which the centroid of the block fell within the 

buffer using the point-within-a-polygon analysis of the GIS (Neumann et al. 1998:219). 
16

In this way, a new study area was constructed, which can be used for demographic 

analysis. Chakraborty (2001) has identified two problems related to this methodology. 

First, there is the question of the radius of the circular buffer, and second, the question of 

using uniform buffers, independent of the number, quantity, or toxicity of the substances 

stored or released at each individual facility (Chakraborty 2001: 884-885). Both of these 

problems are addressed in this methodology. Following Cutter et al. (2000), buffers are 

created equal to the largest protective action distance (PAD) determined by the USDOT 

for all chemicals at a given facility. Similarly, USDOT guidelines establish default 

isolation zones for hazardous releases on arterial highway segments and railroads (Cutter 

et al. 2000: 723-4). These protective action distances range from 0.2 to 5.0 miles 

depending on the toxicity of the chemical involved, and are used to create site-specific 

buffers around each facility. Any census enumeration units that lie within these buffers 

can be aggregated in order to create a new study area, one determined by the modeled 

impact of the chemical release or industrial hazard. This initial evaluation will yield a 

present-day view of the potential environmental impacts of the OCS-related industrial 

complex in Lafourche Parish. 

The next stage of analysis utilized the U.S. Geological Survey GAP data in order to 

examine the habitats of those animals that are important in the more traditional 

livelihoods of local residents, including the Houma Indians. This portion of the research 

involved mapping the zones of natural resources collected and consumed by the local 

populations. In a manner similar to the mapping of minority populations, the predicted 

distributions of animals vital to the fur harvest in Louisiana were extracted from the 

Louisiana GAP data. These animal populations included the nutria, raccoon, muskrat, 

mink, otter, and bobcat, in that order. 

These distributions were mapped in the GIS, and a model created, whereby an overall 

distribution of the fur trade was calculated. Using this cumulative distribution map, those 

portions of the parish with the greatest diversity of animals vital to the fur harvest were 

identified. These locations would also be those that are most economically viable for that 

portion of the population for whom trapping is a way of life. 

Once these habitat zones were established, they were overlaid with the hazards map of 

OCS-related industry. This allowed us to correlate the zones of increasing OCS activity 

with those areas with the potential to be used by local residents, either for direct 

consumption or as a livelihood. The alligator population was also extracted from the 

GAP data, although it was analyzed separately. 

In much the same way, we created a model of the cumulative distribution of game 

animals, which are generally hunted for direct consumption. In this case, we extracted 

the predicted distributions of a number of different species of waterfowl, including the 

wood duck, the mallard, the mottled duck, blue-winged teal, and both the fulvous and 

black-bellied whistling ducks, as well as the Canada goose. The only other bird species 

used in this analysis was the wild turkey, another common game bird. The only large 

game animal used in the model was the deer. Again, a cumulative model was created and 

mapped against the zones of OCS-related activity. 
17

Statistical Analysis 

Statistical analysis was run on the study areas using Microsoft Excel and SPSS for 

Windows computer software in order to determine whether or not significant 

disproportionate impacts exist. For the block-level data, chi-square and odds ratios have 

been constructed to analyze the racial and ethnic characteristics within each buffer 

relative to the characteristics of the portion of the parish outside of the buffer. These tests 

of significance were used to demonstrate whether or not any observed differences have a 

high probability of being authentic or not. 

The chi-square measures test the hypothesis that the row and column variables in a 

crosstabulation are independent. While the chi-square test may indicate whether or not a 

relationship exists, it does not indicate directionality. For this, we computed the odds 

ratios and the relative risk estimates. The odds ratio is a measure of association 

employed with contingency tables that is not a function of chi-square. It is used to 

quantify the odds of how much more likely it is that an observation in one of the 

categories of the row variable will be in one of the categories of the column variable than 

will an observation in the second category of the row variable (Sheskin 1997:247). For 

this analysis, we constructed a series of 2x2 contingency tables, using proximity to a 

specific facility as the column variable and presence or absence of a specific 

socioeconomic indicator (such as a particular minority or ethnic group) as the row 

variable. 

Once the relative odds ratios were constructed, we next determined the degree of 

interdependence among the various racial variables and the number of OCS related 

infrastructure facilities in each census block. Discriminant analysis was used to examine 

each of the racial variables in order to see if they can discriminate the overall 

hazardousness of each census block, based upon the hazardscape model created earlier. 

A number of discrepancies between block boundaries in the 1990 and 2000 census 

inhibited combining the economic with the racial variables that we utilized in the 

discriminant analysis. A second discriminant analysis was thus run using a greater 

variety of socio-economic variables at the much coarser block group level. In addition to 

the various racial variables used previously, at the block group level, we were able to 

employ mean household income, median house value, and median contract rent, in 

addition to the percentage of the population over the age of 65, another social indicator. 

Finally, we attempted to simultaneously examine the impact of several independent 

variables on a single dependant variable, the hazardousness of place rating. For this, we 

used a multiple regression analysis utilizing the stepwise method of analysis and 

regressed the dependant variable against race and ethnicity, as well as the various 

economic indicators such as household income, median house value, and median contract 

rent, the monthly rent agreed to or contracted for, regardless of furnishings, utilities, fees, 

meals, or services that may be included. This method allowed us, specifically, to 

determine whether there is a positive, negative, or no correlation between the independent 

variables in the relationship with proximity to hazardous facilities. Again, the economic 

variables are unavailable at the census block level, therefore this analysis had to be 
18

conducted at the much coarser census block group level. While moving up to census 

block group level does allow us to examine a number of other variables, we increase the 

chance of having confounded results, as the population within a given unit of analysis is 

always assumed to be homogenous throughout (Stretesky and Hogan 1998: 7). 

Therefore, many smaller, more localized minority and/or low-income concentrations at 

the block level are likely to become averaged, or smoothed out, at the block group level. 

 
19

CHAPTER 2: AREAS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL 

JUSTICE CONCERN 

Settlement History 

Coastal Louisiana’s natural features have helped to shape the settlement patterns and 

development throughout Lafourche Parish. These natural features range from marshland, 

canals, and bayous in the coastal areas to flat agricultural lands in the north (Wallace et 

al. 2001:5). A number of parallel ridges called cherniers, as well as natural levees, 

islands, coteaus (isolated high ground), and hammocks provided elevated sites suitable 

for permanent communities. These high ground areas supplied farmers, trappers, and 

fisher folk with most of the essentials for their economic existence, and became the nodal 

points of human occupancy in Lafourche Parish, and thus established the regional pattern 

of settlement for the petroleum industry’s logistic support (Davis and Place 1983: 10). 

Lafourche Parish, meaning “fork” in French, is almost 100 miles long and never more 

than 15 miles wide, covering an area of approximately 1,085 square miles. To this day, 

settlement continues to align along the natural levees and beach ridges within 14 easily 

defined strips, each of which is characterized by elongated settlement patterns, ranging 

from 50 acres to just under 10,000 acres strung out along Bayou Lafourche. 

The hamlets of the 1930s have grown and coalesced into continuous linear settlements, to 

the point where boundaries between communities are no longer well defined. Some 

people have referred to the urbanization along Bayou Lafourche as “the longest main 

street in the World.” Settlement density along the highways on the crests of the “levees” 

approaches that of urban housing (Davis and Place 1983: 50). 

For the most part, sites outside this linear strip are highly specialized, traditionally having 

had strong ties to agriculture, fishing, and trapping. These ties are still evident in the 

area, but are no longer the mainstay of the economy (Wallace et al. 2001: 7). Generally, 

the sites outside of the linear development strips are either related to the petroleum 

industry or serve as recreation centers, such as fishing or hunting camps. For example, as 

Davis and Place point out, there are two individual tracts of land south of Golden 

Meadow that encompass 452 and 69 acres of industrial land parallel to Bayou Lafourche. 

These are multifunctional services centers, established by the petroleum industry to meet 

its needs (Davis and Place 1983: 56). 

The Community 

Any analysis of environmental equity should, necessarily, begin with an analysis of the 

population of the potentially impacted area. It is important to recognize that, as Susan 

Cutter notes, a hazard is a threat to people and the things they value. Furthermore, 

hazards can be thought of as arising from the interaction between social, technological, 

and natural systems (Cutter 2001:2). Studies of environmental justice and equity expand 

this notion of environmental hazards from an examination of social systems in general to 
20

a more specific examination minority and/or low-income populations. USEPA defines an 

environmental justice community as a location where residents are predominantly 

minorities or low-income; where residents have been excluded from the environmental 

policy setting or decision making process; where they are subject to a disproportionate 

impact from one or more environmental hazards; and where residents experience 

disparate implementation of environmental regulations, requirements, practices, and 

activities in their communities (USEPA 1999b: 2). 

The first step in identifying an environmental justice community is to examine the spatial 

distribution of underrepresented populations, be they low income or minority. To this 

end, we begin this analysis with a description of ethnic and racial groups found to some 

extent within Lafourche Parish, regardless of whether or not these groups are impacted by 

OCS-related industries or activities. 

Native American 

The settlers to the area helped set Lafourche Parish apart from other parts of Louisiana 

and the region. Settlers like the Houma Indians, the namesake for the nearby city of 

Houma, were drawn to the area by its remoteness (Wallace et al. 2001: 7). After having 

already been driven out of central Louisiana by the Tunica tribe, the Houma, and 

remnants of other tribes that they absorbed, moved into the marshes and bayous of 

Terrebonne Parish when the white settlers came to south Louisiana nearly 300 years ago 

(Kniffen 1994: 82). Since then, the Houma developed a number of small communities 

along the bayous of south Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes. Many of these settlements 

were formed by the offspring of Indian and non-Indian unions, where the residents 

retained Indian identity (Austin 2001: 137). Because the Houma readily accepted not 

only members of other Native American tribes, but many non-Indians as well, their 

separation from white society was exacerbated (Austin 2001: 137). 

Today, the Houma are the largest Native American tribe in Louisiana, although they are 

not a federally recognized tribe. Recent attempts to register all descendants of historical 

Houma people have swelled the current tribal rolls to around 17,000 members. The 

majority of the Houma reside along Highway 1 in south Lafourche, between Larose and 

Golden Meadow, and in the area around Houma, on the western boundary of Lafourche 

Parish (Figure 4). Considered by some to be “the most conservative of all Louisiana 

French speakers,” many Houma retained their traditional attitudes and practices at a time 

when many of their neighbors left fishing and trapping to work in the oilfields (Austin 

2001: 141). Many of the Houma who live along Bayou Lafourche continue to make a 

living from shrimping, continuing to supplement their subsistence by hunting, fishing, 

and gathering wild resources. Recent encroachment of salt water and loss of coastal 

marsh presently threatens to displace many Houma communities
21

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Minority Population by Census Block

Percent of Population 2000 

One Race: American Indian and Alaska Native*

Census blocks with a higher than 

average number of people 

indicating exactly one race, 

American Indian and Alaska 

Native (AIAN), as a percent of 

total parish population 

*Racial and Ethnic Categories follow 

 U.S. Census Bureau nomenclature 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a 

Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary Data 

Figure 4. Distribution of Native American Population by Census Block. 

Parish Average is 2.3% 

Percent Above Parish Average 

20 0 20 40 Miles 
22

Caucasians 

The largest racial group in the parish is the Caucasian, largely of French and French 

Canadian descent. The U.S. census data is generally unreliable in differentiating Cajuns 

and Acadians from members of other Francophone groups, which may include white 

French Creoles, Creoles of Color, or more recent Francophone immigrants from Europe, 

French Canada, or the Caribbean (Brassieur et al. 2000). 

French, Spanish, English, and German farmers settled in the area in the early 1700s. 

French Acadians, forcibly exiled by the British from present-day Nova Scotia settled in 

the area in the mid-1700s, again drawn to the area in part because of its remoteness. 

Descendants of this group of people are called Cajuns. The Acadians were quite different 

from the French who had originally come from Europe and the St. Lawrence Valley in 

that they were poor and they were small farmers. They quickly absorbed nearly every 

ethnic group they came in contact with, such as the Germans and Spanish (Kniffen and 

Hilliard 1988: 127). Through intermarriage, these other white ethnic groups were drawn 

into the Cajun community, and in the process the Cajun community was transformed by 

many of the numerous cultural, culinary, linguistic, and musical elements of the adopted 

members. 

During the late nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, the latest technological 

innovations began to diffuse throughout the towns and villages of the Cajun homeland of 

south Louisiana. Innovations such as mechanized agriculture, automobiles, electricity, 

and telephones began to affect Cajun culture (Estaville 2001: 92). 

The discovery of oil in Louisiana would dramatically change the face of Cajun culture in 

south Louisiana. First, thousands of Anglos moved into Cajun south Louisiana to work in 

the oil fields. Similarly, the construction of many large petroleum refineries in Baton 

Rouge and Lake Charles drew a great many Cajun plant workers out of Southeast 

Louisiana. The diffusion of the Cajun population and the intrusion of the Anglo 

population have resulted in a situation where, today, many Cajuns have developed 

lifestyles similar to mainstream urban Americans (Estaville 2001: 98). 

African-Americans 

For most of their history in North American, African-Americans were a rural people 

largely confined to the southern plantation regions, where, historically, they were sold 

into the plantations as slaves. Lafourche Parish has been identified as being one of these 

major historic plantation regions (Aiken 2001: 56). A number of sugar plantations grew 

up alongside Lower Bayou Lafourche in the late 1820s and the 1830s. In the antebellum 

period, dwellings of various sizes housed the planter’s family, his overseers, and his 

slaves. The latter were housed on the premises in the “agglomerated village settlement” 

called the “quarters” (Rehder 1999: 178). Even as the plantation economy changed from 

slave to wage labor following the Civil War, the settlement patterns in the quarters 

remained the same until the 1970s, when the quarters settlements were aggressively 
23

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Minority Population by Census Block

Percent of Population 2000 

One Race: Black or African American*

Census blocks with a higher than 

average number of people 

indicating exactly one race, 

Black or African American, as a 

percent of total parish 

population 

*Racial and Ethnic Categories follow 

 U.S. Census Bureau nomenclature 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a 

Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary Data 

Figure 5. Distribution of African American Population by Census Block. 

Parish Average is 12.6% 

Percent Above Parish Average 

20 0 20 40 Miles 
24

removed from the landscape (Rehder 1999: 179). The compact settlement pattern of the 

sugar plantations continued in the post-Civil War period because sugarcane required 

teams of men working and housed together as wage-earning residential laborers (Rehder 

1999: 58). Lane villages are residuals of the slave quarters lanes of the former sugar 

plantations. By the 1990s, however, the remaining sugar plantations have fewer quarter 

houses, fewer workers of both races, and many fewer if any whites living on plantation 

premises. Today, the former overseers house, almost all of the sugar factory workers’ 

houses, and the storekeepers’ houses are almost entirely inhabited by African-Americans 

(Rehder 1999: 119). 

Other changes also occurred during the latter part of the twentieth century that began to 

affect African-American settlement patterns in the rural South. African-Americans who 

remained in the plantation areas have begun to make significant social and economic 

advances, as a result of their severance from the plantation system as well as the civil 

rights movement. In 1960, farming was the leading occupation of African-Americans in 

the plantation regions. However, by 1990, manufacturing and professional services were 

the two primary occupations. African-Americans have not, for the most part, entered the 

fishing, trapping, and gathering economy. These occupations have been kept mostly 

white through racial barriers (Brassieur et al. 2000: 20). In addition to occupational 

changes, there has been a substantial increase in home ownership for African-American 

during the latter half of the twentieth century (Aiken 2001: 67). Today, the great 

majority of African-Americans reside in Thibodaux, although there are clusters of high 

African-American population in the areas of Larose and Lockport (Figure 5). 

Asians

Some of the most recent immigrants to south Louisiana and Lafourche Parish are the 

Southeast Asians, particularly the Vietnamese. In the 1970s, following the American 

withdrawal from Vietnam, a number of Vietnamese immigrants fled to the United States. 

The primary volunteer agency in charge of resettling Southeast Asian refugees was the 

Catholic Church. The involvement of the Catholic Church in resettlement has led 

Southeast Asians to locate disproportionately in predominantly Catholic areas. The 

Louisiana dioceses were particularly active in resettling refugees, especially the 

Houma/Thibodaux Diocese, which sought housing and sponsors in St. Mary, Terrebonne, 

and Lafourche parishes (Bankston 1996: 664) 

Eighty-six percent of Louisiana Vietnamese are located in just seven parishes, each of 

which had around 500 or more Vietnamese residents: Orleans, Jefferson, East Baton 

Rouge, St. Mary, Vermillion, Terrebonne, and Lafourche (Bankston 1996: 669). There 

were a number of institutional and economic forces that drew the Vietnamese to the rural 

parish of south Louisiana. To begin, the oil boom, together with federal funding for job 

training at oil-related skills, created job opportunities in south Louisiana. Furthermore, 

fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, an occupation appealing to many Vietnamese because it 

did not require advanced English-language skills, began drawing Asians in the 1970s. 
25

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Minority Population by Census Block

Percent of Population 2000 

One Race: Asian*

Census blocks with a higher than 

average number of people 

indicating exactly one race, 

Asian, as a percent of total 

parish population 

*Racial and Ethnic Categories follow 

 U.S. Census Bureau nomenclature 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a 

Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary Data 

Figure 6. Distribution of Asian Population by Census Block. 

Parish Average is 0.7% 

Percent Above Parish Average 

20 0 20 40 Miles 
26

The number of Southeast Asians employed in both shrimping and fishing expanded 

greatly in the 1980s as the oil industry in Louisiana contracted (Bankston 1996: 669). 

Since many of the immigrants come from fishing families, many Southeast Asians have 

specialized in the seafood industry. By 1990, over 1 in every 20 Louisiana fishers and 

shrimpers had roots in Southeast Asia, even though the Southeast Asians made up less 

than half a percent of the state’s workforce (Bankston 1996: 671). They have 

progressively dominated the shrimping industry, running large, modern steel-hulled 

shrimp boats along the Gulf Coast. In many cases, they have displaced Cajun workers in 

the crawfish industry as well (Brassieur et al. 2000: 31). Many Southeast Asians have 

begun to achieve upward mobility, operating a number of small businesses (Donato et al. 

2001: 109). Today, reflecting the diversity of the job market, the Asian population in 

Lafourche Parish is highly dispersed, tending to cluster around Larose in south Lafourche 

and Thibodaux in north Lafourche (Figure 6). 

Hispanics 

Since the 1980s, the United States has experienced rising levels of new immigrants in 

rural areas. Especially in the southern United States, the single largest group of new 

immigrants is Mexican. Mexican immigration is characterized by a growing economy 

dependent on abundant, inexpensive labor and a population willing to fill such positions 

(Duchon and Murphy 2001: 1). This is especially true in the coastal parishes of southern 

Louisiana, where many Hispanic migrants are now working in the shipbuilding and 

fabrication yards in the coastal areas of the state (Donato et al. 2001: 105). 

After the drop in oil prices and the resultant economic downturn in the 1980s, many 

highly skilled workers moved away from Louisiana in search of new job markets, leaving 

many unskilled workers. When the offshore oil industry expanded in the 1990s, some 

employers began to import skilled Mexican labor from the Rio Grande Valley (Donato et 

al. 2001: 108). Even though Hispanic welders, fitters, and carpenters were relatively well 

paid, they performed some of the dirtiest jobs possible (Donato et al. 2001: 112). 

Hispanic workers are especially conspicuous as welders and fitters in the ship repair 

industry. Because they have the financial and organizational resources, large employers 

tend to be the biggest employers of Hispanic workers. 

It has been suggested that, although becoming a major part of the labor force, Mexican 

migrant workers in the Louisiana oil industry are geographically, linguistically, and 

socially isolated, seldom mingling with others and sending much of their earnings home 

to Mexico or Texas (Donato et al. 2001: 113). The migrant Hispanic population for the 

most part have come to settle in residential niches and, besides patronizing small stores 

and food establishments, are peripheral to the social life of the area (Donato et al. 2001: 

111). Despite this claim, the Hispanic population is much more geographically dispersed 

than any other minority group in Lafourche Parish (Figure 7). 
27

Lafourche Parish, Louisiana 

Minority Population by Census Block

Percent of Population 2000 

Hispanic or Latino Origin, All Races*

Census blocks with a higher than 

average number of people 

indicating Hispanic or Latino 

origin, all races, as a percent of 

total parish population 

*Racial and Ethnic Categories follow 

 U.S. Census Bureau nomenclature 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a 

Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary Data 

Figure 7. Distribution of Hispanic Population by Census Block. 

Parish Average is 1.4% 

Percent Above Parish Average 

20 0 20 40 Miles 
28

Renewable Natural Resources 

One of the priorities of Executive Order 12898 is to collect and analyze information on 

the consumption patterns of people who rely principally on fish or wildlife for 

subsistence and to communicate to the public the risks of those consumption patterns. 

According to the Council on Environmental Equity, where an agency action may affect 

fish, vegetation, or wildlife, that agency action may also affect subsistence patterns of 

consumption and indicate the potential for disproportionately high and adverse human 

health or environmental effects on low-income populations, minority populations, and 

Indian tribes (CEQ 1997: 3). Historically, a number of Native Americans relied on 

traditional subsistence activities for their livelihoods. Even today, a portion of the Native 

American population still depends on fishing, hunting and gathering on certain lands for 

their survival, and these lands may be impacted by OCS-related industries and activities. 

Behind the residential tracts that line Bayou Lafourche from Thibodaux down through 

Larose and into south Lafourche are a number of sugar cane fields and wetlands. The 

wetlands especially, which lie beyond the cane fields, have been the traditional hunting, 

fishing, and trapping areas for many residents of the parish, including the Houma Indians. 

Traditionally, subsistence ways of life such as these have provided not only an economic 

foundation for native peoples, but a social, cultural, and spiritual foundation as well. 

These traditional livelihoods depend on viable wildlife populations, and thus, any impacts 

of OCS-related activities on wildlife habitats are of concern in any environmental justice 

assessment. 

According to the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR), the Louisiana 

Coastal Zone is subdivided into a number of smaller Environment Management Units 

(EMUs), each of which are differentiated by differences in of hydrology, vegetation, 

geomorphology, man-made features (such as levees), or other criteria. The southern 

portion of Lafourche Parish contains sixteen EMUs. While strip residential and 

commercial development are the dominant land uses along Bayou Lafourche, the EMUs 

outside of this area are almost exclusively marshland, grading from freshwater to 

saltwater. DNR has identified each of these south Lafourche units as being important 

fish, shellfish and wildlife propagation areas. Two units, however, have been singled out 

as being important areas for the Houma Indian Tribe, the Bayou Pointe-au-Chien and 

Raccourci Environmental Management Units (Figure 8). 

These two units encompass all of the land along Bayou Pointe-au-Chien along the 

western boundary of Lafourche Parish. Bayou Pointe-au-Chien, the more northerly of the 

two units, is mostly low-lying marshland, with higher natural ridges found along Bayou 

Blue and Bayou Pointe-au-Chien The surrounding marshlands are ideal for production 

of waterfowl food. Consequently, waterfowl game species and fur-bearing animals thrive 

throughout the unit. Commercial and sports fishing, primarily fresh and brackish water 

angling, are also excellent throughout the unit. Residential and commercial areas are 

small and cluster along Bayou Pointe-au-Chien near Grand Bois. Most of the unit is part 

of Pointe-au-Chien Wildlife Management Area and is fairly unique in that extensive 
29

Bayou Pointe-au-Chien 

Environmental Management Unit

Raccourci 

Environmental Management Unit

Source: Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2002

Figure 8. Environmental Management Units in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

 20 0 20 40 Miles 
30

channelization of the fresh marsh and swamp has not occurred, with the exception of the 

extreme southern portion, where it borders the Raccourci EMU. 

The Raccourci Environmental Management Unit consists of low-lying marshland and 

shallow lakes and bays that open into the Gulf of Mexico. There are numerous bayous 

throughout the area, as well as a number of pipeline and navigation canals. The 

vegetation in the unit grades from brackish to saline marsh. In addition to large amounts 

of oil and gas extraction, the major uses of this study unit are recreation, hunting, and 

fishing. Trapping lands are also found in the northern portion of the unit. One small 

Houma Indian community remains on the northern shore of Catfish Lake, just to the west 

of the town of Golden Meadow. This settlement consists of five families who hunt and 

trap for a living. 

Native American traditional subsistence areas are environmentally sensitive resources. 

The direct impacts of OCS activities on these areas are variable and dependant upon 

factors such as construction techniques, geology, habitat type, and the age and diameters 

of pipelines. Impacts were found to be greater in the wetland habitats of the deltaic plain 

where pipelines were randomly distributed and not backfilled. Impacts were lower in the 

chernier plain, on beach habitats, and when pipelines were in a corridor and backfilled 

(Wicker et al. 1989: 4-10). 

Trapping and Hunting 

Throughout most of the twentieth century, Louisiana has been the primary fur producer in 

the nation. For much of this time, the muskrat served as the backbone of the industry, 

though other small mammals such as mink, otter, beaver, and raccoon have also yielded a 

number of furs (Kniffen and Hilliard 1988: 87). By mid-century however, the muskrat 

population began to fall off as human activity in the marshland increased. This reduction 

had been brought about by several factors, including a series of dry years, intrusion of 

salt water, storms, bad winters, and eat-outs (Kniffen and Hilliard 1988: 89). 

As the muskrat population began to decline, the Louisiana fur industry turned to a more 

recent immigrant into the marshes of south Louisiana, the nutria. The nutria, a native of 

South America, is commonly believed to have been accidentally introduced into the 

marsh in 1938 when E.A. McIlhenny purchased 14 of the large rodents from a dealer in 

South America. Other possible sources of wild nutria existed, including early farms in 

St. Tammany and St. Bernard parishes, which predated McIlhennny’s colony at Avery 

Island (Bernard 2002: 292). In either case, in 1945, McIlhenny reported that he released 

his entire stock of nutria into the marshlands of South Louisiana, in order to establish a 

nutria fur industry (Bernard 2002: 291). The nutria rapidly reproduced and within two 

years became well established in the marshes surrounding Avery Island. This problem 

became compounded when landowners requested breeding stock of nutria in order to 

control weeds in their marshes (Lowery 1974: 29). Today, several million nutria exist in 

Louisiana. 
31

While the nutria still makes up more than half of the fur harvest in Louisiana, the 

numbers have been declining in the fur industry as a whole. This decline in the fur 

market has been attributed to a number of factors, including a saturation of the global fur 

market, fashion changes, and the grassroots anti-fur movement (Bernard 2002: 292). Fur 

trapping in Lafourche Parish generated just under $35,000 in Lafourche Parish in 1999. 

This stands in stark contrast to the more than $570,000 generated by alligator trapping 

over the same time period (LSU Agriculture Center 2000). 

At one time threatened with extinction, the alligator population has rebounded through 

effective management. Currently alligators are found in every parish in the state, and in 

1972 legal alligator hunting was reinstated (Kniffen and Hilliard 1988: 90). In Lafourche 

Parish alone, hunters removed 3,456 alligators, amounting to almost 26,000 hide feet of 

leather (LSU Agriculture Center 2000). 

The potential impacts of OCS-related development on wildlife habitats are numerous, 

ranging from habitat fragmentation to complete habitat removal. For example, when 

marshland is converted to canals, there is a loss in overall primary or plant productivity, 

regardless of a partial compensation by aquatic plant productivity (Wicker et al. 1989: 4-

7). Although pipelines do not totally remove any of the important components of the 

ecosystem, regional ecology is often dramatically altered through landscape 

fragmentation. Pipelines, as well as the construction of roads through an area, bisect the 

area, ultimately potentially causing the separation of breeding populations, which could 

result in genetic isolation and the threat of local extinctions. In the case of pipeline 

canals, backfilling permitted plants and animals to completely reinvade the pipeline 

transect. 

Complete habitat removal often results from the dredging of canals and channels, as well 

as resultant spoil deposition. In addition, land subsidence and the loss of wetlands often 

have a dramatic impact upon an area’s ecology. One associated issue is the problem of 

saltwater intrusion, whereby freshwater or intermediate marshland has become either 

saline or brackish, resulting in the displacement and subsequent loss of important wildlife 

habitat. For example, the marshes around Bayou Pointe-au-Chien and the Pointe-auChien WMA are ideal for waterfowl food production, including widgeon grass, southern 

najas, and three-cornered grass. However, this fragile freshwater habitat is already 

showing signs of degradation as saltwater intrusion occurs. 

In addition to habitat degradation, faunal communities are also impacted by toxic releases 

and spills. For example, birds are directly affected by oil releases in one of two ways. 

First, when plumage becomes fouled with oil, there is a loss of insulation. This may 

ultimately result in starvation, as the bird experiences a sharp rise in metabolism to 

compensate for this loss. Second, the bird may ingest oil as it preens, potentially 

resulting in gastrointestinal irritations and other health conditions (Bolen and Robinson 

1995: 212). Studies have indicated that oil toxicity is a definite factor in the mortality of 

impacted birds. One indirect effect of exposure to oil concerns reproduction. Ducks that 

have ingested lubricating oil temporarily ceased laying eggs. Furthermore, fertile mallard 
32

eggs exposed to small amounts of mineral oil experienced 68 percent less hatching 

success than untreated eggs (Bolen and Robinson 1995: 212). 

In addition to spills or toxic releases, fauna may also be impacted directly by OCS-related 

facilities. Animals may become trapped in oil pits and sumps constructed near oil fields, 

refineries, and petrochemical plants. Most of the impacted animals are ducks and other 

waterfowl, which mistake the oil for water (Bolen and Robinson 1995: 213). While this 

is clearly more of a problem in arid and drought-prone regions, any oil pit or sump does 

present the potential for wildlife harm. 

The wildlife habitats of Lafourche Parish are dispersed geographically across the parish, 

although there is pronounced clustering in the area between the Intracoastal Waterway 

and Thibodaux, especially with regards to fur-bearing mammals (Figure 9). In the case 

of game animals this same pattern holds, though much less pronounced (Figure 10). The 

Intracoastal Waterway would appear to create a buffer to expansion for many wildlife 

habitats, with much less diversity found south of the waterway. Channelization often 

destroys the riparian zones bordering the waterway and hence alters the composition of 

wildlife communities associated with streamside vegetation (Bolen and Robinson 1995: 

221). 

Clearly, the developed areas along Highway 1 and in Thibodaux do not support many 

valuable wildlife communities. Thus, the OCS-related development in these areas would 

not have much impact on hunting and gathering. The potential impact of OCS-related 

infrastructure would lie in one of two areas. The expansion of Port Fourchon and the 

network of pipelines that cross the marshlands and wildlife areas of the parish. Though 

the diversity of fur-bearing mammals and game animals is greatest in north Lafourche, 

the marshland area to the east of Port Fourchon does show an increase in diversity 

compared to the surrounding areas. This is more pronounced with regards to game 

animals. 

With regards to pipelines, extensive channelization of the landscape has resulted from 

past activities, especially in the marshlands of south Lafourche. Entire watersheds and 

the wildlife populations therein may be degraded due to channelization (Bolen and 

Robinson 1995: 222). This problem is especially pertinent in coastal marshlands where 

subsidence of the land may result in saltwater intrusion and further habitat degradation. 

While miles of pipeline cross Lafourche Parish, newer pipeline channels have been 

backfilled, which has allowed animal and plant species to reinvade the pipeline transect. 

Fisheries 

The harvest of freshwater and marine fish and shellfish constitutes the most significant 

fish and wildlife-related economic activity in Louisiana. This is especially true in 

Lafourche Parish, where marine fisheries make up 86 percent of the total gross value of 

fish and wildlife production in the parish. The loss of marshland and conversion to open 

water, at least in the short term, has the potential to actually increase the landings of 
33

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey, 2002

Figure 9. Cumulative Distribution of Commonly Trapped Mammal Habitat in 

 Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

20 0 20 40 Miles 
34

Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey, 2002

Figure 10. Cumulative Distribution of Game Animal Habitat in Lafourche Parish, 

 Louisiana. 

20 0 20 40 Miles 
35

many of Louisiana’s coastal fisheries, the opposite of what is found for terrestrial 

animals. 

According to the LSU Agriculture Center (2000), shrimp is the most valuable fishery in 

Lafourche, producing half of the pounds of marine fisheries landings, and nearly 50 

percent of the value as well, a total of nearly $12 million annually. Overall, shrimp 

landings increased by nearly 4 percent in 2000, while the price received increased by 

nearly 9 percent. Blue crab landings experienced the largest percentage decline in 

landings at nearly 17 percent, although the price per pound received by fishermen for 

crabs increased over 11 percent, generating nearly $5 million in Lafourche Parish in 

2000. The total value of the commercial finfish landings was nearly $8 million in 2000. 

However, the largest absolute decline in the marine fisheries industry took place in the 

menhaden fishery, which experienced a 10 percent drop in both pounds landed and total 

value. In total, the marine fishery landings were much more stable than freshwater 

landings, with a 9 percent drop in pounds landed and a 9 percent increase in value. 

In 2000, total freshwater fisheries production in Lafourche Parish dropped from more 

than 121 thousand pounds in 1999 to less than 98 thousand pounds. This drop in 

landings is primarily due to a collapse in crawfish landings, from almost 75 thousand 

pounds in 1999 to under 48 thousand pounds in 2000. This decline may have caused a 

shift in fishing pressure from crawfish to catfish and other finfish. Catfish, typically the 

most valuable of the finfisheries, increased nearly 50 percent in pounds landed and 54 

percent in value. Other freshwater finfish include buffalo, gar, and freshwater drum. 

Buffalo production increased 65 percent in 2000, probably also partially because of the 

crawfish decline, although buffalo landings are traditionally highly erratic. Production of 

gar declined in 2000, primarily because of a gill net ban in southern Louisiana. In total, 

the value of the freshwater fisheries in Lafourche Parish declined by over 50 percent, 

from over $142 thousand in 1999 to under $71 thousand in 2000. 

The potential impacts of OCS-related activities on fisheries, both freshwater and marine, 

are not easily quantifiable. According to the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 

the measured rate of shoreline retreat is 62 feet per year along the Gulf of Mexico 

shoreline. During a period of coastal wetland loss and land subsidence, however, total 

fisheries landings have actually increased by an average of 6.4 percent a year since 1930 

(Caffey and Schexnayder 2002: 2). While much of this increased productivity is due to 

increasingly efficient harvesting techniques, increased landing trends may have been 

enhanced by an expanding land-water interface resulting from coastal land loss. The 

breakup of vegetated marshland has been shown to be beneficial to many juvenile 

estuarine fish species, as there is a short-term increase in ingress routes and edge habitats 

(Caffey and Schexnayder 2002: 2). Over time, the freshwater and marine habitats have 

been redistributed as Louisiana’s coastal environment has retreated, with freshwater 

marshes converting to brackish or saline marshland, and brackish or saline marshland 

converting to open water. 

There is also the risk of OCS-related activities causing damage to the estuarine value of 

marsh due to channelization and pollution. While there is no evidence that accidental 
36

pollution has any gross permanent effect on the ecosystem, the effects of long-term, 

chronic pollution raise other concerns. The cumulative impacts of sublethal pollution, 

such as the daily drips and loss of small amounts of oil or other chemicals have yet to be 

determined (Luke et al. 2002: 5-15). One of the most serious and long-lasting types of 

pollution associated with the petroleum industry occurs when diesel oil is added to 

drilling muds. Any accidental release of these drilling muds has the potential for serious 

substratum pollution, as the oil is absorbed onto the mud particles, which settle on the 

water bottom. With this type of pollution, visible oil slicks may not occur and the spill 

may go undetected (Luke et al. 2001: 5-16). Some authorities maintain that if pollutants 

associated with oil and gas exploration are in fact sublethal, then the overall net effects of 

the industry are positive, due largely to the “reef effect” of the rigs and other structures, 

such as submerged pipelines (Luke et al. 2002: 5-16). 

 
37

CHAPTER 3: OCS-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

The next step in our analysis, following the identification of areas of potential 

environmental justice concern, is to determine the potential hazards related to the OCSindustry and the estimated rate of occurrence based on the historical frequency of hazard 

events. Hazards are products, processes, and other conditions that potentially impact 

individuals and their property. More specifically, anthropogenic hazards relate to the 

siting of facilities, the transport of materials and products, the methods of production 

processes used, and the disposal of products and wastes (McManus 2000: 330). 

This hazard analysis differs from safety-type risk assessments in a number of ways. Risk 

analysis is most often used in regulatory standard setting and rule making, whereas 

hazards assessment is more likely to be used in planning or programmatic contexts 

(Cutter 2001: 11). Issues such as potency of exposure and the sensitivities of different 

populations (e.g. children, the elderly, women) to potential exposures are not explored 

here. Rather, this analysis uses hazards assessment as a proxy to explore potential 

environmental and human health concerns and impacts by identifying threats and 

determining the frequency of hazards events. 

Frequency of Occurrence 

Risk represents the quantitative likelihood of a specific hazard event occurring (Kates and 

Kasperson 1983). The notion of risk is generally used by scientists and planners as bases 

for prescribing societal response to hazard events (Hohenemser et al. 1982). In this 

analysis, the frequency of occurrence is used as a proxy for risk. 

The frequency of occurrence is a straightforward calculation from the historical data and 

the length of that record in years (Cutter et al. 2000: 720). The number of hazard events 

divided by the number of years in the data set gives the rate of the event occurring in any 

given year. Table 3 provides the hazards frequencies for each of the primary OCSrelated hazards affecting Lafourche Parish, as well as the source of the data. While 

chemical releases from stationary facilities are generally the focus of most environmental 

justice studies, it is clear that the likelihood of chemical releases along transportation and 

pipeline corridors are far more common in Lafourche Parish. In contrast, however, 

chemical releases from stationary facilities tend to be of a much greater magnitude than 

pipeline releases, with roadway spills intermediary. 

 

 

OCS-Related Activities 

The activities examined here are those that are directly related to offshore oil production 

and processing. This includes but is not limited to those facilities listed on the toxic 

release inventory (Figure 11). While the offshore oil industry may have other secondary 

impacts on the environment, due in part to increases in population, both permanent and 

migrant, it is those activities that are directly related to the extraction and processing of 

offshore oil and gas that are most clearly overseen by MMS. 
38

In short, this process involves identifying and mapping out the locations of OCS-related 

activities and the potential threats posed by these activities. OCS-related activities can be 

classified into two major categories: (1) those areas of infrastructure that support oil and 

gas activities and (2) those areas that are supported by oil and gas activities (Louis Berger 

Group 2002: 1-5). Infrastructure that support the OCS industry include those activities 

that lead up to the extraction of the product from the well. This includes the platform 

fabrication, shipbuilding, and pipecoating industries. Furthermore, bases that provide 

supplies for the rigs and maintenance yards that repair the ships and rigs are included in 

this category. 

Infrastructure supported by the OCS industry includes those activities that follow the 

extraction of product from the offshore wells. This includes gas processing plants, 

refineries, and petrochemical plants, as well as the pipelines that transport the various 

products to and from each of these facilities. This category also includes gas and oil bulk 

storage facilities, where the product is stored following extraction. Lastly, this category 

includes any waste management facilities that handle waste streams generated by oil and 

gas exploration and production activities. This may include generic waste management 

facilities, special-purpose oilfield waste management facilities, and transfer facilities at 

ports, where the waste is transferred from supply boats to either barge or truck for 

transport to a final point of disposition (Louis Berger Group 2002: 6-1). 

Two infrastructure categories are important to each category, port facilities and 

transportation corridors. Port facilities play a vital role as the point of departure to 

offshore regions. The offshore oil industry relies heavily on specialized port 

infrastructure that specifically serves the need of the industry. Such activities as repair 

and maintenance of supply vessels, fabrication yards, and supply bases are all generally 

located in ports nearest to offshore drilling operations (Louis Berger Group 2002: 3-3). 

Finally, transportation infrastructure is vital for activities supporting and supported by the 

OCS industry. Roadways, railways, and waterways all provide access to and from the 

ports that supply the offshore rigs. Most supplies needed on the offshore rigs must be 

transported to the port. Likewise, any waste streams generated offshore are generally 

brought onshore and transferred to barge or truck and transported away from the port. 

The following sections identify the various OCS-related activities examined in this study, 

including those supporting and supported by the offshore industry. Each section 

Table 3 

Annual Rate of Occurrence of Identified Hazards for Lafourche Parish, Louisiana

Data Source: U.S. Coast Guard, 2002:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2002a

Hazard Number of Events Number of Years

Hazard Frequency 

(% chance/year)

Chemical release 

- fixed 27 10 270

Chemical release 

- roadway 25 5 500

Chemical release 

- pipeline 97 5 1940

Table 3 

Annual Rate of Occurrence of Identified Hazards for Lafourche Parish, Louisiana

Data Source: U.S. Coast Guard, 2002:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2002a

Hazard Number of Events Number of Years

Hazard Frequency 

(% chance/year)

Chemical release 

- fixed 27 10 270

Chemical release 

- roadway 25 5 500

Chemical release 

- pipeline 97 5 1940
39

Data Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002

Figure 11. OCS-Related Toxic Release Inventory Sites in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

Thibodaux

Golden Meadow 

Larose 

Lockport

Port Fourchon

Grand Bois 

Toxic Release Inventory Sites 

20 0 20 Miles 
40

describes the type of activities that generally occur at a typical facility, as well as the 

potential environmental hazards associated with these activities. 

Transportation Corridors 

The environmental impacts of transportation corridors are complex and varied, dealing 

with not only the vehicular traffic itself, but in some cases the cargo carried by these 

vehicles. The potential impacts of transportation corridors also have a temporal 

dimension, as density and type of traffic have identifiable daily patterns. Louisiana 

Highway 1 is the primary north-south corridor through Lafourche Parish and is the 

principal transportation route for trucks entering and exiting Port Fourchon. Highway 1 

is largely a rural two-lane arterial road that passes through many of the principal cities 

and towns in Lafourche Parish. Highway 1 connects with U.S. Highway 90, the primary 

east-west corridor bisecting the parish, just outside Raceland, less than 60 miles north of 

Port Fourchon (Figure 12). U.S. 90 runs east to New Orleans and west through Houma to 

Lafayette. In both New Orleans and Lafayette, U.S. 90 connects with U.S. Interstate 10, 

part of the interstate highway system. All commerce moving on Highway 1 through Port 

Fourchon to offshore rigs has to stop and be loaded on a boat, consequently that portion 

of Highway 1 connecting U.S. 90 to the port is considered to be intermodal (Hughes et al. 

2002: 7). Port Fourchon is first and foremost a land-based support terminal for the OCS 

oil and gas industry, and the majority of the commerce moving on the intermodal portion 

of Highway 1 also serves the industry. 

According to one study, the average daily traffic along Highway 1 appears to be heavily 

influenced by the level of oil and gas activities and could grow by as much as 6 percent 

during the next ten years (Guo et al. 1998: 21). A recent publication by the Greater 

Lafourche Port Commission stated that from 1999 to 2000, there was a 12 percent 

increase of southbound truck traffic on LA 1. However, from 2000 to 2001, this figure 

increased by another 41 percent. Furthermore, a recent MMS study concluded that there 

will be an 80 percent increase in average daily traffic, from 7,400 in 1997 up to an 

estimated 13,000 in the next decade (Guo et al. 1998: 21-22). Truck traffic is expected to 

account for 13 percent of this proportion, a percentage that will increase with expanding 

OCS activity. In fact, in some years, truck traffic has increased by as much as 24 percent, 

while the national average rose from 2 to 5 percent. 

Currently, five trucking companies that specialize in providing motor freight services to 

the petroleum industry all have dispatchers at Port Fourchon, while a number of other 

trucking firms also make a significant number of deliveries to the port (Hughes et al. 

2002: 25). There are number of risks associated with this amount of truck traffic, 

especially when it is heavily concentrated, as in this case. These risks are tied to the 

ability of the roadways to adequately handle the increased traffic flow, both in terms of 

traffic congestion, and road deterioration. 

The associated transportation risks are often independent of the cargo. One report 

concluded that the risks of “latent fatality caused by emissions from vehicle exhaust and 
41

LA Highway 1 

LA Route 3090 

U.S. Highway 90 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002b

Figure 12. Primary Transportation Route From Port Fourchon in Lafourche Parish, 

 Louisiana. 

Primary Roadways 

20 0 20 Miles 
42

resuspended particulates” are often estimated to be approximately the same or greater 

than the cargo-related risks (Biwer and Butler 1999: 1157). The USEPA has identified 

21 Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) emitted by motor vehicles, which are listed in its 

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database (Table 4). These air toxics, or 

“Hazardous Air Pollutants” (HAPs), include various volatile organic compounds and 

metals, as well as diesel particulate matter and diesel exhaust gasses (USEPA 2000a: 2). 

According to the LA 1 Coalition, a nonprofit corporation working to improve Louisiana 

Highway 1, between 1991 and 1996, there were over 5,000 accidents along this 

transportation corridor. Studies indicate that Highway 1 is twice as deadly as similar 

highways (LA 1 Coalition 2002). Furthermore, studies indicate that Highway 1 will 

continue to deteriorate due to OCS activities. One analysis of Highway 1 indicates that 

98 percent of the road is in need of improvement. Overall, it is estimated that 36 percent 

of the road is in need of major widening and another 42 percent needs to be resurfaced 

(Guo et al. 1998: 20). 

Of course, one must factor in the nature of the materials being transported. Currently, the 

oil and gas extraction industry are not required by the Emergency Planning and 

Community Right-To-Know Act to report to the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). The 

hazardous materials most often produced and transported onshore for disposal include 

produced water from the production phase, drilling muds from the development phase, 

and other wastes associated with the maintenance of operating wells, such as cleaning 

agents and waste paints. 

Produced water is the largest volume waste produced in oil and gas extraction operations 

(USEPA 2000b: 52). Produced water is the water that is brought up from a well along 

with the extracted oil and gas. This generally contains a number of primary organic 

pollutants, such as benzene and toluene, as well as primary metal pollutants, such as lead 

and zinc (Table 5). While a large percentage of these waste can be reinjected or 

otherwise disposed of onsite, much of the nearly 15 billion barrels of wastewater 

produced annually (USEPA 2000b: 52) must be brought onshore for disposal. OCS 

generated liquid wastes that fail NPDES toxicity requirements, for example, are generally 

brought onshore and transported to disposal wells. This category of waste may also 

include water extracted from sludge, as well as treatment, workover, and completion 

fluids (USEPA 2000b: 46). 

Likewise, offshore oilfield waste solids that are not disposed of onsite are brought 

onshore and transported to specifically designated commercial oilfield waste disposal 

facilities (USEPA 2000b: 48). These wastes are largely composed of muds and rock 

cuttings. The American Petroleum Institute (API) estimates that producers generate 

nearly 146 million barrels of drilling waste annually, and that roughly 12 percent of the 

mud and 2 percent of the rock cuttings fail permit limits and must be transported onshore 

for disposal rather than discharged (USEPA 2000b: 56). Other waste streams that are not 

unique to oil and gas exploration and drilling, such as waste solvents, unused acid, and 
43

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000a

Table 4

List of Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs)

Acetaldehyde4 Ethylbenzene Naphthalene

Acrolein4 Formaldehyde4 Nickel Compounds1,4

Arsenic Compounds1,4 n-Hexane POM3

Bezene4 Lead Compounds1,4 Styrene

1,3-Butadiene4 Manganese Compounds1,4 Toluene

Chromium Compounds1,4 Mercury Compounds4 Xylene

Dioxin/Furans2,4

Diesel Particulate Matter &

Diesel Exhaust Organic Gases MTBE

1

 Although the different metal compounds differ in their toxicity, the on-road mobile source

inventory contains emissions estimates for total metal compounds (I.e., the sum of all forms).

2 This entry refers to two large groups of chlorinated compounds. In assessing their cancer risks,

their quantitative potnecies are usually derived from that of the most toxic, 2,3,7,8-

tetrachlorodibenzodioxin.

3 Polycyclic Organic Matter includes organinc compounds with more than one benzene ring, and 

which have a boiling point greater than or equal to 100 degrees centigrade. A group of seven

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, which have been identified by EPA as probable human

carcinogens (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene,

chrysene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) are sometimes used as

surrogates for the larger group of POM compounds

4 Although the different metal compounds differ in their toxicity, the on-road mobile source inventory

contains emissions estimates for total metal compouns (I.e., the sum of all forms).

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000a

Table 4

List of Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs)

Acetaldehyde4 Ethylbenzene Naphthalene

Acrolein4 Formaldehyde4 Nickel Compounds1,4

Arsenic Compounds1,4 n-Hexane POM3

Bezene4 Lead Compounds1,4 Styrene

1,3-Butadiene4 Manganese Compounds1,4 Toluene

Chromium Compounds1,4 Mercury Compounds4 Xylene

Dioxin/Furans2,4

Diesel Particulate Matter &

Diesel Exhaust Organic Gases MTBE

1

 Although the different metal compounds differ in their toxicity, the on-road mobile source

inventory contains emissions estimates for total metal compounds (I.e., the sum of all forms).

2 This entry refers to two large groups of chlorinated compounds. In assessing their cancer risks,

their quantitative potnecies are usually derived from that of the most toxic, 2,3,7,8-

tetrachlorodibenzodioxin.

3 Polycyclic Organic Matter includes organinc compounds with more than one benzene ring, and 

which have a boiling point greater than or equal to 100 degrees centigrade. A group of seven

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, which have been identified by EPA as probable human

carcinogens (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene,

chrysene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) are sometimes used as

surrogates for the larger group of POM compounds

4 Although the different metal compounds differ in their toxicity, the on-road mobile source inventory

contains emissions estimates for total metal compouns (I.e., the sum of all forms).
44

Source:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000b

Table 5

Produced Water Effluent Concentrations: Gulf of Mexico (Coastal Waters)

Pollutant Concentrations (Micrograms/L)

Settling Effluent

Improved Gas 

Flotation Effluent

Oil and Grease 26,600 23,500

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 141,000 30,000

Primary Organic Pollutants

2,4-Dimethylphenol 148 148

Benzene 5,200 1,226

Ethylbenzene 110 62.18

Naphthalene 184 92.02

Phenol 723 536

Toluene 4,310 828

Priority Metal Pollutants

Cadmium 31.50 14.47

Chromium 180 180

Copper 236 236

Lead 726 124.86

Nickel 151 151

Silver 359 359

Zinc 462 133.85

Source:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000b

Table 5

Produced Water Effluent Concentrations: Gulf of Mexico (Coastal Waters)

Pollutant Concentrations (Micrograms/L)

Settling Effluent

Improved Gas 

Flotation Effluent

Oil and Grease 26,600 23,500

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 141,000 30,000

Primary Organic Pollutants

2,4-Dimethylphenol 148 148

Benzene 5,200 1,226

Ethylbenzene 110 62.18

Naphthalene 184 92.02

Phenol 723 536

Toluene 4,310 828

Priority Metal Pollutants

Cadmium 31.50 14.47

Chromium 180 180

Copper 236 236

Lead 726 124.86

Nickel 151 151

Silver 359 359

Zinc 462 133.85
45

Source:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000b

Table 5 (cont.)

Pollutant Concentrations (Micrograms/L)

Settling Effluent

Improved Gas 

Flotation Effluent

Aluminum 1,410 49.93

Ammonia 41,900 41,900

Barium 52,800 35,561

Benzoic acid 5,360 5,360

Boron 22,800 16,473

Calcium 2,490,000 2,490,000

Chlorides 57,400,000 57,400,000

Cobalt 117 117

Hexanoic acid 1,110 1,110

2-Hexanome 34.50 34.50

Iron 17,000 3,146

Magnesium 601,000 601,000

Manganese 1,680 74.16

2-Methylnaphthalene 78 77.70

Molybdenum 121 121

n-Decane 152 152

n-Dodecane 288 288

n-Eicosane 78.80 78.80

n-Hexadecane 316 316

n-Octadecane 79 78.80

n-Tetradecane 119 119

o-Cresol 152 152

p-Cresole 164 164

Strontium 287,000 287,000

Sulfur 12,200 12,200

Tin 430 430

Titanium 43.80 4.48

m-Xylene 147 147

o + p-Xylene 110 110

Vanadium 135 135

Ytirium 35.30 35.30

Lead 210 5.49e-07 5.49e-07

Radium 226 1.91e-04 1.91e-04

Radium 228 9.77e-07 9.77e-07

Source:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000b

Table 5 (cont.)

Pollutant Concentrations (Micrograms/L)

Settling Effluent

Improved Gas 

Flotation Effluent

Aluminum 1,410 49.93

Ammonia 41,900 41,900

Barium 52,800 35,561

Benzoic acid 5,360 5,360

Boron 22,800 16,473

Calcium 2,490,000 2,490,000

Chlorides 57,400,000 57,400,000

Cobalt 117 117

Hexanoic acid 1,110 1,110

2-Hexanome 34.50 34.50

Iron 17,000 3,146

Magnesium 601,000 601,000

Manganese 1,680 74.16

2-Methylnaphthalene 78 77.70

Molybdenum 121 121

n-Decane 152 152

n-Dodecane 288 288

n-Eicosane 78.80 78.80

n-Hexadecane 316 316

n-Octadecane 79 78.80

n-Tetradecane 119 119

o-Cresol 152 152

p-Cresole 164 164

Strontium 287,000 287,000

Sulfur 12,200 12,200

Tin 430 430

Titanium 43.80 4.48

m-Xylene 147 147

o + p-Xylene 110 110

Vanadium 135 135

Ytirium 35.30 35.30

Lead 210 5.49e-07 5.49e-07

Radium 226 1.91e-04 1.91e-04

Radium 228 9.77e-07 9.77e-07
46

painting wastes, must also be brought onshore and transported to an appropriate disposal 

facility. 

The development of any new oilfield will necessarily result in an increase in hazardous 

materials transported onshore. It is estimated that between 0.2 and 2.0 barrels of total 

drilling waste are produced for each vertical foot drilled (USEPA 2000b: 37). Much of 

this waste must be transported onshore and disposed of, thereby increasing the risk to 

those people currently living along the hazardous transportation routes. The USDOT 

currently recommends a default isolation distance of one-half mile around any roadway 

involved in a hazardous chemical fire. Following Cutter et al. (2000: 723), this distance 

serves as the radius to construct a potential hazard zone around the primary transportation 

route, in this case from Port Fourchon along the southern portion of Louisiana Highway 1 

up to United States Highway 90, the primary route by which hazardous materials are 

transported out of Lafourche Parish. 

Refineries and Gas Processing Plants 

The petroleum production industry involves a wide range of activities, from bringing 

petroleum to the surface to separating the liquid and gas components and removing 

impurities. While oil and natural gas are frequently produced from the same reservoir, 

both products must be processed separately. In most cases, the oil and gas produced from 

offshore wells is brought ashore to processing facilities by pipeline. If impurities are not 

removed in the field, a natural gas processing plant removes the impurities from natural 

gas. Refineries, on the other hand, nearly always process crude oil (USEPA 2000b: 15). 

While in other counties or parishes, the crude oil may be refined near the landing point, in 

Lafourche Parish, the product is transported by pipeline to inland refineries in 

neighboring parishes. In Louisiana, oil refineries are scattered throughout eleven 

parishes, eight of which are coastal (Wicker et al. 1989: 2-8). Refineries are generally 

located on elevated, better-drained natural levees and terraces. For this reason, there are 

no crude oil refineries located in Lafourche Parish. 

Unlike crude oil, natural gas coming ashore must be treated immediately for safety 

reasons (Baldwin and Baldwin 1975: 96). This situation necessitates coastal facilities. In 

fact, 45 percent of the gas processing plants in Louisiana are located in ten coastal 

parishes, with the majority built upon natural levees, chenier ridges, or the Pleistocene 

terrace (Wicker et al. 1989: 2-8). One large gas processing plant is located in Lafourche 

Parish, in Larose, while two others are located in Terrebonne Parish, on the Lafourche 

Parish border (Figure 13). 

While there is no typical natural gas composition, its primary constituents are methane 

and ethane. However, there is generally a wide range of other substances present in 

natural gas (Table 6). Natural gas processing plants have two primary purposes. First, 

they remove all the impurities from the gas. These impurities may include water, 
47

Data Source: Louis Berger Group, 2002

Figure 13. Natural Gas Processing Plants in and Around Lafourche Parish, Louisiana.

Thibodaux

Golden Meadow

Larose 

Lockport

Port Fourchon 

Grand Bois 

Gas Processing Plants 

20 0 20 Miles 
48

Source: Louis Berger Group, 2002

Table 6

Components Found in Natural Gas

Hydrocarbons Inerts

Substance Formula Substance Formula

Methane CH4 Helium He

Ethane C2H6 Nitrogen N2

Propane C3H8 Argon Ar

Iso-butane C4H10 Sulphur Compounds

Normal-butane C4H10 Substance Formula

Iso-pentane C5H12 Hydrogen Sulfide H2S

Normal-pentane C5H12 Mercaptan

Hexane C6H14 Sulphur S

Heptane C7H16 Other Gases

Octane C8H18 Substance Formula

Nonane C9H20 Oxygen O2

Decane C10H22 Carbon Dioxide CO2

Source: Louis Berger Group, 2002

Table 6

Components Found in Natural Gas

Hydrocarbons Inerts

Substance Formula Substance Formula

Methane CH4 Helium He

Ethane C2H6 Nitrogen N2

Propane C3H8 Argon Ar

Iso-butane C4H10 Sulphur Compounds

Normal-butane C4H10 Substance Formula

Iso-pentane C5H12 Hydrogen Sulfide H2S

Normal-pentane C5H12 Mercaptan

Hexane C6H14 Sulphur S

Heptane C7H16 Other Gases

Octane C8H18 Substance Formula

Nonane C9H20 Oxygen O2

Decane C10H22 Carbon Dioxide CO2
49

hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium. Second, they separate the gas 

into its useful components for distribution to customers (Louis Berger Group 2002: 9-2). 

The primary byproduct of the production process is produced water, especially as a well 

nears the end of its productive stage. While many petroleum components are easily 

separated from the produced water, some components are water-soluble and thus much 

more difficult to remove. Those found in high quantities include chloride, sodium, 

calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while lesser amounts of the following may also be 

present: 

 

• Organic compounds such as benzene, naphthalene, toluene, phenanthrene, 

bromodichloromethane, and pentachlorophenol; 

• Inorganics such as lead, arsenic, barium, antimony, sulfur, and zinc; and 

• Radionuclides such as uranium, radon, and radium (USEPA 2000b: 39). 

Onshore gas processing operations may pose a risk to the environment if produced water 

is not properly disposed of, either through treatment or reinjection. According to the 

USEPA, the inappropriate discharge of produced water onto soil can result in salinity 

levels too high to sustain plant growth. Furthermore, if introduced to a water supply, the 

water can become unusable for human consumption. The introduction of metals and 

organic compounds from produced water is also a concern (USEPA 2000b: 39). 

There are a number of other potential impacts to human health and safety associated with 

natural gas processing and processing plants. These include both hazardous waste 

generation and air emissions. Natural gas must undergo a conditioning process by which 

impurities are removed so that the product is of high enough quality to pass through the 

transportation and pipeline systems. The two most significant conditioning processes are 

dehydration and sweetening. Dehydration is the process by which water is removed from 

the gas stream. When using a liquid desiccant, the gas is exposed to a glycol that absorbs 

the water. Triethylene glycol is the most common desiccant. Glycols are volatile and can 

be hazardous if inhaled as a vapor. At natural gas processing plants, however, solid 

desiccants called molecular sieves are used more commonly. These are crystals with 

large surface areas that attract and bond with the water molecules. Heating the glycols 

and molecular sieves above the boiling point of water allows for the reuse of the 

desiccants (USEPA 2000b: 31). However, plant operators must periodically replace and 

dispose of the used desiccants. 

Sweetening is the procedure used to remove hydrogen sulfide and sometimes carbon 

dioxide from the gas stream. The most common method of sweetening is amine 

treatment, by which the gas stream is exposed to an amine solution that reacts with the 

hydrogen sulfides, separating them from the natural gas. Another method of sweetening 

involves the use of iron sponge, which reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form iron sulfide, 

which then requires either burial or incineration (USEPA 2000b: 32). Hydrogen sulfide, 

a toxic substance, poses the greatest risk to human health and safety and is potentially 

fatal at high concentrations. The sulfur gas may be disposed of by flaring, incineration, 

or, when a market exists, sending it to a sulfur recovery facility. Gas processing plants 
50

may also remove nitrogen and other gasses from the natural gas. Similarly hydrocarbons 

such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) may also be present in the 

natural gas and require separate removal and processing (USEPA 2000b: 31). 

There are several potential air pollution sources in the production process. According to 

the USEPA, emissions at natural gas processing plants are much greater than those found 

at field production operations due to the greater scale and concentration of equipment 

(USEPA 2000b: 40). As previously mentioned, if no market exists, plants may then flare 

off sulfur gas. This combustion process releases carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and 

sulfur dioxide into the air. In addition, production involves the use of machinery 

including pumps, heater-treaters, and motors that require fuel combustion. Emissions 

from these include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, and 

particulates. Finally, leaking tubing, valves, tanks, or open pits could potentially release 

volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air (USEPA 2000b: 40). 

Pipelines, Pumping Stations and Oil Storage Facilities 

In most cases, pipelines bring oil and natural gas produced in the OCS offshore region 

ashore for transfer to an inland refinery, storage tank, or tanker terminal for further sea 

transport. An estimated 12,000 miles of offshore pipeline traverse the Gulf of Mexico; 

16 percent are found off of Louisiana’s southeast coast (Louis Berger Group 2002: 7-8). 

An estimated 2,200 miles of pipeline cross the marshlands of southeast Louisiana. A 

majority of these pipeline transfer oil and gas across the terrain of Lafourche Parish 

(Figure 14). 

There are five primary types of pipeline events that could potentially impact human 

health and safety (USDOT and USEPA 1999: 7-2). These event types are: 

• Normal operation; 

• Pipeline leak 

• Pipeline rupture 

• Pipeline rupture plus ignition; 

• Construction 

The normal operation of gas and oil pipeline systems would result in minimal impacts to 

local populations. However, there does exist a potential for impacts to human health and 

safety in the event of an accidental release of the pipeline product. The two primary 

hazard scenarios associated with such a release would include pipeline leaks and pipeline 

ruptures. Both scenarios could conceivably result in fire or explosion. 

While the impacts of a pipeline rupture may appear to be more severe, the effects of a 

small persistent leak may in fact result in the release of a greater amount of contaminants 

into the environment. As one study reports, a leaking pipeline system can remain 

pressurized even though large leaks are present in the line, meaning that small leaks may 

go undetected over a long period of time (Maresca 1990: 30). The groundwater 
51

Data Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001

Figure 14. Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

Thibodaux

Golden Meadow 

Larose 

Lockport

Port Fourchon 

Grand Bois

Natural Gas Pipelines 

Crude Oil Pipelines 

20 0 20 Miles
52

contamination that results from such leaks present a potentially serious threat that could 

have a direct impact on public health, as subsurface aquifers and underground wells are 

primary potable water sources. 

The pipeline’s content determines its degree of potential hazard. For example, gasoline is 

much more volatile than crude oil, thus any spills or ruptures from a gas pipeline would 

have an increased risk of ignition. In fact, releases from gasoline pipelines are twice as 

likely to ignite as crude oil pipeline releases, primarily because of the higher vapor 

pressure of gasoline (USDOT and USEPA 1999: 7-10). Furthermore, gasoline has a 

greater toxics concentration than crude oil. This combination of greater volatility and 

greater toxics concentration would make the hazards posed by inhalation of gasoline 

vapors higher than the corresponding risk from crude oil (USDOT and USEPA 1999: 7-

15). Potential human health and safety impacts that may result from a release of gasoline 

include: 

• Fire or explosion; 

• Short-term exposure to hazardous vapors resulting from a gasoline spill; 

• Long-term exposure to hazardous vapors resulting from contaminated soils, 

groundwater, or surface water; and 

• Exposure to toxic constituents of gasoline from ingestion. 

 

These risks are heightened whenever there are exposed sections of pipeline that cross 

either a road or a waterway (Figure 15). Pipeline crossings are weighted more heavily in 

this analysis than a buried pipeline, due to the fact that exposed pipelines are much more 

susceptible to the elements, thus potentially increasing the risk of a pipeline failure. 

Storage tanks are used during the transportation process to store crude oil before it is 

refined. Finished petroleum products are also kept in storage tanks before transport off 

site. Commonly, mixtures of iron rust from corrosion, sand, water, and emulsified oil 

and wax accumulate at the bottom of storage tanks (USEPA 1995: 38). Tank bottom 

liquids and sludge are often removed during periodic cleaning of tanks. Tank bottoms 

may contain amounts of hazardous materials, including etraethylortetramethyllead, other 

metals, and phenols. Solids generated from leaded gasoline storage tank bottoms are 

listed as a RCRA hazardous waste. In addition storage tanks account for considerable 

volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions at petroleum refineries. A study of 

petroleum refinery emissions found that the majority of tank losses occurred through tank 

seals on gasoline storage tanks (USEPA 1995: 38). Although there are no refineries 

located in Lafourche Parish, there are a number of petroleum bulk storage facilities 

located in the Parish (Figure 16). For the most part, these are located in and around Port 

Fourchon, where much of the product is initially brought ashore. 
53

Data Source: Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office, 2002

Figure 15. Pipeline Crossing Points at Roads, Rivers, and Bayous in Lafourche Parish, 

 Louisiana. 

Thibodaux

Golden Meadow

Larose 

Lockport

Port Fourchon 

Grand Bois

Pipeline Crossings 

20 0 20 Miles
54

Data Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002

Figure 16. Petroleum Bulk Storage Facilities in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

Thibodaux

Golden Meadow 

Larose 

Lockport

Port Fourchon 

Grand Bois

Petroleum Bulk Terminals 

20 0 20 Miles 
55

Shipyards and Shipbuilding Yards 

The shipbuilding and repair industry fabricates ships, barges, and other large vessels, 

whether self-propelled or towed by other craft (USEPA 1997: 3). Several common 

shipyard operations have the potential to generate RCRA hazardous wastes. A great 

many shipbuilding and repairing industries are located in Lafourche Parish (Figure 17). 

Without exception these are located along the two major waterways crossing the parish, 

Bayou Lafourche and the Intracoastal Waterway. According the USEPA, releases to the 

air, water, and land account for 37 percent of the shipbuilding and repair industry’s total 

reportable emissions. Over 98 percent of these are released to the air. VOCs accounted 

for about 86 percent of the shipbuilding and repair industry’s reported TRI releases. The 

remainder of the releases were primarily metal-bearing wastes. Xylenes, n-butyl alcohol, 

toluene, methylethylketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone account for about 65 percent of 

the industry’s reported releases. These organic compounds are typically found in solvents 

that are used extensively by the industry in thinning paints and for cleaning and 

degreasing metal parts and equipment. Styrene accounts for about 4 percent of the 

industry’s releases. Styrene comprises a substantial portion of the resin mixtures and 

gelcoat used in fiberglass-reinforced construction. Finally, copper-, zinc-, and nickelbearing wastes account for about 14 percent of the industry’s reported releases. They are 

released primarily as unanticipated fugitive emissions during metal plating operations and 

as overspray in painting operations and can also be released as fugitive dust emissions 

during blasting operations. 

The shipbuilding and repairing industry involves a great many industrial processes, each 

of which has specific potential hazards (Table 7). For example, machining and 

metalworking are vital in the construction of large deepwater watercraft used in the Gulf 

of Mexico OCS region. There are a number of hazardous substances associated with 

machining, particularly those metalworking fluids contaminated with oils, phenols, 

creosol, alkalies, phosphorus compounds, and chlorine. Each one of these substances has 

the potential to spill into local waterways or leach into the local groundwater. 

Solvent cleaning and degreasing ship parts and surfaces are also common sources of 

potentially hazardous waste streams. This process involves soaking, spraying, or 

otherwise treating parts and surfaces with a solvent. In addition to the solvents 

themselves, shipyards commonly use alkaline and acid cleaning solutions. Finally, the 

cleaning and degreasing process also produces cleaning filter sludges with toxic metal 

concentrations (USEPA 1997: 23). 

Prior to the final painting and coating stage, vessels under construction must undergo 

metal plating and surface finishing and preparation to increase the hull’s corrosion and 

abrasion resistance. This process generally involves chemical and electrochemical 

conversion, case hardening, metallic coating, and electroplating. The electroplating 

operations produces a number of hazardous waste streams, including the wastewater 

treatment sludges, spent cyanide plating bath solutions, plating bath residues from the 

bottom of cyanide plating baths, and spent stripping and cleaning bath solutions from 
56

Data Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002

Figure 17. Shipbuilding and Repairing Industries in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

Thibodaux 

Golden Meadow 

Larose 

Lockport

Port Fourchon 

Grand Bois

Shipyards and Shipbuilding Yards 

20 0 20 Miles
57

Table 7

Material Inputs and Potential Pollutant Outputs for the Shipbuilding and Repair Industry

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997

Industrial 

Process

Material 

Inputs Air Emissions Wastewater

Residual 

Wastes

Metal Plating 

and Surface 

Finishing 

Abrasives (steel 

shot, lead shot, 

steel grit, garnet, 

copper slag, and 

coal slag), 

detergents, 

solvent paint 

strippers and 

cleaners, and 

caustic solutions.

Particulates 

(metal, paint, and 

abrasives) and 

VOCs from 

solvent cleaners 

and paint 

strippers.

Wastewater 

contaminated 

with paint chips, 

cleaning and 

paint stripping 

solvents, surface 

contaminants, 

and oil residues 

from bilges and 

cargo tanks.

Paint Chips 

(potentially 

containing 

metals, tributyltin), spent 

abrasives, 

surface 

contaminants, 

and cargo tank 

residues.

Painting Paints, solvents, 

and water.

VOCs from paint 

solvents and 

equipment 

cleaning 

solvents, and 

overspray.

Waste equipment 

cleaning water 

and water wash 

spray paint booth 

sump water 

contaminated 

with paints and 

solvents.

Leftover paint 

and solvents, 

waste paint and 

solvent 

containers, spent 

paint booth 

filters, and spent 

equipment.

Fiberglass 

Reinforced 

Construction

Fiberglass, resin, 

solvents, curing 

catalysts, and 

wood and plastic 

reinforcing 

materials.

VOC emissions 

released during 

construction 

operations and 

curing (e.g., 

styrene) and 

during cleaning 

with solvents 

(e.g., acetone 

and methylene 

chloride).

Little or no 

wastewater 

generated

Waste fiberglass, 

gelcoat, resin, 

unused resin that 

has exceded its 

shelf life, spent 

solvents, and 

used containers.

Machining and 

Metal Working

Cutting oils, lube 

oils, and 

solvents.

VOC emissions 

from the use of 

cleaning and 

degreasing 

solvents.

Wastewater 

containing 

solvents, 

emulsified 

lubricating and 

cutting oils and 

coolants

Waste cutting 

oils, lube oils, 

and metal chips 

and shavings.

Table 7

Material Inputs and Potential Pollutant Outputs for the Shipbuilding and Repair Industry

Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997

Industrial 

Process

Material 

Inputs Air Emissions Wastewater

Residual 

Wastes

Metal Plating 

and Surface 

Finishing 

Abrasives (steel 

shot, lead shot, 

steel grit, garnet, 

copper slag, and 

coal slag), 

detergents, 

solvent paint 

strippers and 

cleaners, and 

caustic solutions.

Particulates 

(metal, paint, and 

abrasives) and 

VOCs from 

solvent cleaners 

and paint 

strippers.

Wastewater 

contaminated 

with paint chips, 

cleaning and 

paint stripping 

solvents, surface 

contaminants, 

and oil residues 

from bilges and 

cargo tanks.

Paint Chips 

(potentially 

containing 

metals, tributyltin), spent 

abrasives, 

surface 

contaminants, 

and cargo tank 

residues.

Painting Paints, solvents, 

and water.

VOCs from paint 

solvents and 

equipment 

cleaning 

solvents, and 

overspray.

Waste equipment 

cleaning water 

and water wash 

spray paint booth 

sump water 

contaminated 

with paints and 

solvents.

Leftover paint 

and solvents, 

waste paint and 

solvent 

containers, spent 

paint booth 

filters, and spent 

equipment.

Fiberglass 

Reinforced 

Construction

Fiberglass, resin, 

solvents, curing 

catalysts, and 

wood and plastic 

reinforcing 

materials.

VOC emissions 

released during 

construction 

operations and 

curing (e.g., 

styrene) and 

during cleaning 

with solvents 

(e.g., acetone 

and methylene 

chloride).

Little or no 

wastewater 

generated

Waste fiberglass, 

gelcoat, resin, 

unused resin that 

has exceded its 

shelf life, spent 

solvents, and 

used containers.

Machining and 

Metal Working

Cutting oils, lube 

oils, and 

solvents.

VOC emissions 

from the use of 

cleaning and 

degreasing 

solvents.

Wastewater 

containing 

solvents, 

emulsified 

lubricating and 

cutting oils and 

coolants

Waste cutting 

oils, lube oils, 

and metal chips 

and shavings.
58

cyanide plating operations (USEPA 1997: 27). These materials are not airborne and 

represent a potential source of water and groundwater pollution. 

Following the electroplating stage, the ship’s metal surfaces must undergo preparation, 

painting and coating before the shipbuilding process is completed. Depending on the 

particular application, shipyards may use several different types of paints. Paint types 

range from water-based coatings to high performance epoxy coatings, and selection 

depends on the environment that the coating will be exposed to. Anticorrosive and 

antifouling paints typically coat a ship’s hull and are the main two types of paint used in 

the shipbuilding industry. Antifouling paints help prevent the growth of marine 

organisms on the vessel’s hull. Copper-based and tributyl-tin-based paints provide 

antifouling properties. These paints release small quantities of toxics that discourage 

marine life from growing on the hull. Anticorrosive paints are either vinyl, lacquer, 

urethane, or newer epoxy-based coating systems (USEPA 1997: 29). The shipbuilding 

industry uses both compressed air and airless paint sprayers, although use of the latter 

dominates. Both sprayer types present a risk of airborne pollution, although the risk is 

higher with compressed air sprayers due to the higher pressure involved in the spraying 

system. 

Many shipyards also engage in ship repair and cleaning. Although some of the 

shipbuilding processes, such as painting and coating of vessels appear in ship repair 

operations, there are a number of other hazardous materials associated with the ship 

repair industry, especially vessel sludges, cleaning wastewater, and cleaning wastewater 

sludges. As in shipbuilding, the vessel surface must undergo extensive preparation in 

order to remove surface contaminants such as mill scale, rust, dirt, dust, salts, old paint, 

grease, and flux (USEPA 1997: 24). Blasting abrasives, which may result in the release 

of a combination of blasting abrasives and paint chips, are commonly used to accomplish 

this task. Airborne particulate emissions from this operation may also contain toxic 

metals, which are a potential concern for the area surrounding the shipyard, especially if 

they are blown off-site or into surrounding surface waters (USEPA 1997: 33). Shipyard 

facilities typically control the release of particulate emissions by preparing surfaces 

indoors when possible, or by surrounding the work area with shrouding fences made of 

steel, plastic, or fabric. 

 

 
59

CHAPTER 4: HAZARDOUSNESS OF PLACE MODEL

Drawing on the techniques developed by Cutter et al. (2000), we have created a series of 

maps and produced a conceptual model of the potential hazardscape related to the 

onshore impact of OCS-related infrastructure. This conceptual model has been 

approximated in the form of both a data model, which is concerned with the logical 

organization of data, and the physical data structure of the GIS, which allows us to 

visualize the data model as a series of discrete points, lines, and areas (Kitchin and Tate 

2000: 166). 

Many previous environmental justice and hazards studies have used a conceptual model 

whereby the technological landscape is broken down into a number of discrete, often 

unrelated, entities, such as TRI sites or waste disposal sites. Our conceptual model, on 

the other hand, attempts to integrate a set of discrete related elements into a continuous 

surface. To accomplish this, we reclassified and overlaid our maps; a process termed 

“sieve mapping” (Kitchin and Tate 2000: 170). The discrete elements of the data model 

were intersected, forming new polygons, and all locations were classified according to 

their aggregate data characteristics. 

This process is similar to the one Cutter et al. used in creating their hazards-of-place 

model of vulnerability. In attempting to operationalize our conceptual model, we have 

focused on the following three elements: biophysical, social and place vulnerability 

(Cutter et al. 2000: 717). These three outcome indicators enabled measurement of the 

potential hazardousness of Lafourche Parish as it relates to expanding OCS activity. The 

biophysical vulnerability was measured by the delineation of OCS-specific hazard zones, 

and social vulnerability was measured using social, and demographic characteristics. The 

interchange of the two gives us the overall place vulnerability, the third outcome 

indicator. 

Zones of Biophysical Vulnerability 

The first step in the creation of the potential hazardscape of Lafourche Parish is to buffer 

each of the OCS-related activities identified in the previous section (Figure 18). As 

stated previously, the buffering distances are dependant on the specific potential hazard 

associated with each activity. Generally, this distance is one-half mile for crude oil and 

one mile for natural gas. The other potential releases associated with OCS-related 

activities are generally non-reactive with the air and thus have protective action distances 

of one-half mile. Following the creation of the buffer zones, the various zones of 

potential impact were overlaid to create the potential hazard zones. 

In examining the modeled hazard zones of Lafourche Parish, we see that OCS-related 

industry and activities are not equally distributed across the parish (Figure 19). As 

expected, industry has clustered along Highway 1, particularly in South Lafourche. Two 

areas stand out as being sites where industry has concentrated, Port Fourchon and Larose. 
60

Figure 18. Distribution of Buffered OCS-Related Activities in Lafourche Parish, 

 Louisiana. 

Data Sources: Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator’s Office, 2002; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 

2002b; U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2002 

Gas Processing Plant Buffers 

Crude Oil Pipeline Buffers 

Pipeline Crossing Buffers 

Natural Gas Pipeline Buffers 

Transportation Buffers 

Shipyard Buffers

Petroleum Bulk Terminal Buffers 

20 0 20 40 
61

Port Fourchon

Larose 

Golden Meadow

Lockport

Grand Bois

Figure 19. Areas of Potential Environmental Concern in Lafourche Parish, 

 Louisiana. 

Data Sources: Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator’s Office, 2002; U.S. Bureau of 

the Census, 2002b; U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001; U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 2002 
62

The geographical location of these two areas plays a large part in the concentration of 

industry found there. 

Port Fourchon is one of the few ports on the Gulf of Mexico equipped to handle the needs 

of deepwater oil and gas development. It is considered to be the most reasonable port for 

many OCS-related industries to since it is closest to much of the deepwater development. 

Most of the other ports in Louisiana are located too far inland, and other ports in the Gulf 

of Mexico region, such as Galveston and Mobile, are considered by many to be too 

distant (Keithly 2001: 8). Port Fourchon also contains the only facility in the world 

where deepwater supply vessels can take on fuel, water, deck cargo, barites, cements, 

liquid muds, and completion fluids efficiently at the same dock. This C-Port facility has 

cut vessel turnaround time by more than 50 percent (Keithly 2001: 9). 

As of May of 1999, more than 100 businesses are operating out of Port Fourchon, the 

vast majority of which are either directly or indirectly involved in supporting OCSactivity (Hughes et al. 2001: 19). This includes petroleum production firms, oilfield 

pipeline laying companies, and independent drilling companies. Several shipbuilding 

firms are also located at Port Fourchon, including one major shipbuilding facility. 

Larose is an unincorporated community located at the junction of Bayou Lafourche and 

the Intracoastal Waterway sixteen miles south of U.S. Highway 90. This community of 

7,306 is home to a number of shipbuilding and repairing industries, including two major 

shipbuilding facilities located along the Intracoastal Waterway, both of which are 

identified by USEPA as large quantity generators as well as Toxic Release Inventory 

sites. In addition, there is a major gas processing plant located one-half mile to the west 

of Larose. The Larose Gas Processing Plant is capable of storing quantities of both 

propane and butane on site, while methane, condensate and natural gas liquid products 

both arrive at and are shipped from the facility via pipeline systems. 

Other communities identified by our model include the incorporated towns of Lockport 

and Golden Meadow, as well as the small community of Grand Bois. Lockport is located 

where route 1 crosses a former channel of the Intracoastal Waterway about 5 miles south 

of U.S. Highway 90. Most of its 2,624 citizens find work in sugar cane farming, paper 

production, oil and gas exploration, shipbuilding, and fishing. The fishing town of 

Golden Meadow is the southernmost town in Lafourche Parish, located at the edge of the 

levee system on land two feet above sea level. According to the DNR, there is a small 

Houma Indian community on the northern shore of Catfish Lake, just to the west of 

Golden Meadow. This community consists of five families that hunt and trap the area for 

a living. 

The community of Grand Bois is unique among the sites identified by our model in that it 

is not located along the Highway 1 corridor. The community of Grand Bois is located 

along the Intracoastal Waterway near the border of Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes. 

Most of the approximately 300 residents alternate between growing and harvesting food 

and working as laborers in the shipyards or on the oil rigs (Austin 2001: 163). In addition 

to an oilfield waste facility, the community is also home to a large shipyard listed as a 
63

Toxic Release Inventory site. As stated earlier, Grand Bois and the surrounding area are 

located within the Bayou Pointe-au-Chien Environmental Management Unit. The 

marshlands of this area are ideal for production of waterfowl food and waterfowl game 

species and fur-bearing animals both thrive throughout this area. In addition, both 

brackish and freshwater fishing are excellent throughout the unit. Wherever OCS-related 

activity has the potential to affect fish, vegetation, or wildlife, that activity may also 

affect subsistence patterns of consumption and indicate the potential for 

disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on lowincome populations, minority populations, and Indian tribes (CEQ 1997: 3). 

Zones of Social Vulnerability 

Our model reveals some very clear minority population clustering in Lafourche Parish 

(Figure 20). For the most part, the African-American population clusters in North 

Lafourche, especially around Thibodaux. The Native American population is 

concentrated along Highway 1 in south Lafourche, between Larose and Golden Meadow. 

Also, some concentrations exist along the Lafourche-Terrebonne border, in the area of 

Houma and Bayou Pointe-Au-Chien. Both the Asian and Hispanic populations are 

geographically dispersed, living along the Highway 1 corridor, and into Thibodaux. 

In addition to the geographic distribution of the various minority populations, an 

additional environmental justice concern may exist if there is more than one minority 

group present where the minority percentage meets the parish threshold values. This 

allows us to see areas within the parish where there are clusters of census blocks of high 

minority populations. What this model reveals is that there is a great deal of minority 

clustering occurring in and around the area of Larose extending southward towards 

Cutoff. There are also a number of smaller minority clusters found in and around 

Thibodaux. 

Low-income populations tend to be dispersed across the parish, at least at the block group 

level (Figure 21). Again, following USEPA guidelines, U.S. Census defined parameters 

were used to measure income and poverty (USEPA 1999). The 2000 census defines a 

person as poor if his or her income fell below $8,501 in 1999. The average poverty 

threshold for a family of four persons was $17,029 in 1999. In Louisiana, an estimated 

15.8 percent of families and 19.6 percent of individuals have incomes below these 

thresholds. This is in contrast to Lafourche Parish, where only 13.2 percent of families 

and 16.5 percent of individuals have incomes below these levels. 

Geographically, census block groups where residents earn, on average, 20 percent or 

more beneath the parish average are located in the marshlands of Lafourche south of 

Golden Meadow, as well as in and around Thibodaux. The population along the LA 1 

corridor for the most part is not low-income, although Lockport does have areas of very 

low-income levels. When other economic factors are examined, a similar dispersed 

pattern is found. Areas of low median contract rent, for example, are found in the 

marshlands of south Lafourche, along the LA 1 corridor, and around Thibodaux (Figure 
64

22). Contract rent is defined by the U.S. Bureau of Census as the monthly rent agreed to 

or contracted for, regardless of furnishings, utilities, fees, meals, or services that may be 

included. Finally, median house values have a similar pattern, although house values tend 

to be higher in developed areas (Figure 23). The marshlands below Golden Meadow and 

the farmland to along the U.S. 90 corridor to the east of Bayou Lafourche have the lowest 

median house values, with other smaller clusters located in Thibodaux, Raceland, and 

Lockport. It is important to recognize that the block group aggregation of data and lack 

of current information on income levels may fail to reveal certain relevant characteristics 

about the population, such as “pockets” of low-income individuals that exists among the 

larger general population (USEPA 1999). In order to determine if block group lowincome patterns hold at the block level, we examined 1990 median house value data, 

which was available at the block level. Although the growth of the oil industry 

throughout the 1990s would have altered much of the economic landscape of Lafourche 

Parish, an examination of this data reveals a similar pattern to that found at the block 

group level in 2000 (Figure 24). The marshlands below Golden Meadow and the area to 

the east of Thibodaux contain a number of census blocks with low-value housing. The 

area around Grand Bois appears in the 1990 census as an area with extremely low 

property values. 

Zones of Place Vulnerability 

The overlap of the physical hazards model and the social vulnerability model produce 

place vulnerability. This represents those areas of Lafourche Parish that are home to high 

minority populations as well as a number of OCS-related industries and activities. 

Overall, large numbers of minority residents reside in and around Thibodaux, particularly 

African-American, Asian, and Hispanic. In addition, our social vulnerability model 

shows a large clustering of minorities around the junction of Bayou Lafourche and the 

Intracoastal Waterway in Larose. Our physical hazards model revealed two areas that are 

of particular concern with regards to potential environmental hazards, Port Fourchon and 

Larose. 

Most of the land surrounding Port Fourchon is in a semialtered natural state, while 

developers have drained and filled the wetlands immediately around Port Fourchon and 

Fourchon Island for industrial and marine support facilities. While the areas around Port 

Fourchon, such as Fourchon Beach, are highly fished areas, the area is not prime habitat 

for many common game or fur-bearing animals (Figures 8 and 9). There are very few 

permanent habitations found around Port Fourchon, and none of these areas are home to 

significant minority populations. 

This stands in stark contrast to the demographics of the population in and around Larose. 

Although at or above the parish average in terms of economic conditions, Larose is home 

to sizable concentrations of African-American, Native American, Asian, and Hispanic 

populations. Larose and the immediate vicinity is not prime habitat for many common 

game animals (Figure 10), although fur-bearing mammal habitat is more common (Figure 
65

Figure 20. Areas of Potential Social Vulnerability in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

Larose

Cut Off Thibodaux 

Concentration of 

Minority Population 
66

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2000a, Summary File 3 (SF-3) Sample Data

Figure 21. Median Family Income by Census Block Group in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, 

 2000. 

Poverty Rate 

Is $17,603 

Median Family Income 

 9,375-17553 

 17,554-30,789 

 30,790-39,055 

 39,056-58,036 

 58,037-102,264 

20 0 20 Miles 
67

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a, Summary File 3 (SF-3) Sample Data 

Figure 22. Median Contract Rent by Census Block Group in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, 

 2000. 

Median Contract Rent 

 40% Or More Below Parish Average 

 20% Below Parish Average 

 Up To 20% Below Parish Average 

 At or Above Parish Average 

20 0 20 40 Miles 
68

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a, Summary File 3 (SF-3) Sample Data 

Figure 23. Median House Value by Census Block Group in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, 

 2000. 

Median House Value 

 40% Or More Below Parish Average 

 20% Below Parish Average 

 Up To 20% Below Parish Average 

 At or Above Parish Average 

 20 0 20 40 Miles 
69

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1990, Summary Tape Files (STF-1A and B) CDROM

Figure 24. Median House Value by Census Block in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, 1990. 

House Values 

 40% Or More Below Parish Average 

 20% Below Parish Average 

 Up To 20% Below Parish Average

20 0 20 40 Miles 
70

9). In terms of the overall vulnerability of place in Lafourche Parish, Larose stands out as 

an area of particular interest. 

When economic conditions are considered along with minority population, a different 

pattern emerges (Figure 25). When census blocks with a higher than average proportion 

of minority population are examined in tandem with census block groups with incomes 

20 percent or more below the parish level, the majority of the LA 1 corridor does not 

stand out. There are areas of concern located in and around Golden Meadow and in 

Lockport. Other locations are found along the Lafourche-Terrebonne border once again, 

and in Thibodaux. Other areas of high minority and low income population may be 

masked by the usage of the coarse block group level, such as the area around Grand Bois, 

which appeared as an area of concern in terms of the 1990 census data. 

The areas examined and analyzed here are important for a number of reasons. Larose, for 

example is home to the largest concentration of facilities outside of Port Fourchon, and is 

also home to high proportions of all examined minority groups. Lockport and Golden 

Meadow both have multiple facilities as well, though not to the same scale as Larose. 

Both of these areas have a greater proportion of low-income residents than Larose, 

however, increasing the vulnerability of those populations residing there. 

 

 
71

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a, Summary File 3 (SF-3) Sample Data and 

Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary Data 

Figure 25. Communities of High Environmental Justice Concern in Lafourche Parish, 

 Louisiana. 

Census blocks with a higher than 

average number of people 

indicating minority status, located 

in census block groups with per 

capita income at least 20% below 

the parish average 

20 0 20 40 Miles 

High Minority and Low Income Populations 
73

CHAPTER 5: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 

Contingency Analysis 

To begin the analysis, we examine the overall proximity of minority populations to each 

of the OCS-related activities used in this study. The chi-square test is used in order to test 

each of the racial and ethnic categories, including Black, Asian, Native American and 

Hispanic in order to see if there is any relationship between the racial categories and 

proximity to OCS-related facilities. The chi-square measures were used to test the 

hypothesis that the row and column variables in a crosstabulation are independent. In 

this instance, a low significance value would indicate that there might be some 

relationship between minority population and proximity to the specified activity. While 

the chi-square test may indicate that a relationship exists, it does not indicate 

directionality. For this, we used the odds ratio and the relative risk estimate. The output 

of all statistical tests is given in Appendix 1. 

First, we examined the transportation corridor, the census blocks located within a onehalf mile buffer around Louisiana Highway 1 and U.S. Highway 90. The chi-square test 

indicates that there is a relationship between minority population and proximity to the 

transportation corridor (Table 8). The odds ratio (Figure 26) refers to the odds of living 

in the transportation corridor if you are a non-minority relative to the odds of living in the 

transportation corridor if you are a minority. According to this analysis, when total 

minority population is examined, we see that a non-minority is 3.258 times more likely to 

live along the south Lafourche transportation corridor than is a minority (Appendix 1). 

Similarly, the odds of living within one-half mile of the transportation route if you are a 

minority are 0.27. This means that a minority person is only one-quarter as likely to live 

along transportation corridor than anywhere else in the parish. Furthermore, the risk of 

living in this same area if you are a minority is .2106. This says that 21.06 percent of the 

minority population lives within one-half mile of the transportation corridor. Similarly, 

the relative risk of living within this corridor if you are not a minority is .4649 or 46.49 

percent. If we take the risk of living within the transportation corridor for a minority 

person and divide that by the risk of living in this same area for a non-minority, we obtain 

the relative risk of living in the transportation corridor for a minority person. This risk 

ratio in this case is .453, meaning that a minority is only 45.3 percent as likely to live in 

the transportation corridor as a non-minority, while being one and a half times more 

likely to live anywhere else in the parish (Figure 26). This shows that overall minority 

population does not follow the distribution of the industry. The relative risk of a minority 

person living along this transportation corridor is only one-third of the risk of living 

outside the corridor. Thus, for minority population in general, we see that the 

relationship shown by the chi-square test would have a negative directionality. 

If we examine the data further, however, we see that these results may be greatly skewed 

by the distribution of the African-American population in the parish, thereby skewing our 

results. Of the 15,298 minority persons classified, 11,349 of these are African-American. 
74

Transportation Corridor

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 91.24 76.73 82.90 .000

Black 2.24 20.18 12.60 .000

Native American 3.67 1.30 2.30 .000

Asian 0.90 0.49 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.68 1.24 1.40 .000

Shipyards

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 88.78 82.04 82.90 .000

Black 2.71 13.97 12.60 .000

Native American 5.01 1.92 2.30 .000

Asian 1.30 0.58 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.42 1.43 1.40 .926

Pipelines

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 86.71 75.52 82.90 .000

Black 7.70 21.96 12.60 .000

Native American 3.03 0.90 2.30 .000

Asian 0.78 0.44 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.55 1.20 1.40 .000

Petroleum Bulk Terminals

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 82.51 82.86 82.90 .671

Black 15.09 12.56 12.60 .001

Native American 0.37 2.34 2.30 .000

Asian 1.06 0.66 0.70 .022

Hispanic 1.62 1.42 1.40 .455

Gas Processing Plants

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 82.76 82.85 82.90 .952

Black 0.00 12.71 12.60 .000

Native American 12.93 2.22 2.30 .000

Asian 1.19 0.66 0.70 .094

Hispanic 2.08 1.42 1.40 .152

Table 8

Comparison of Population Proportions for Selected OCS-Related Infrastructure

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

Transportation Corridor

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 91.24 76.73 82.90 .000

Black 2.24 20.18 12.60 .000

Native American 3.67 1.30 2.30 .000

Asian 0.90 0.49 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.68 1.24 1.40 .000

Shipyards

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 88.78 82.04 82.90 .000

Black 2.71 13.97 12.60 .000

Native American 5.01 1.92 2.30 .000

Asian 1.30 0.58 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.42 1.43 1.40 .926

Pipelines

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 86.71 75.52 82.90 .000

Black 7.70 21.96 12.60 .000

Native American 3.03 0.90 2.30 .000

Asian 0.78 0.44 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.55 1.20 1.40 .000

Petroleum Bulk Terminals

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 82.51 82.86 82.90 .671

Black 15.09 12.56 12.60 .001

Native American 0.37 2.34 2.30 .000

Asian 1.06 0.66 0.70 .022

Hispanic 1.62 1.42 1.40 .455

Gas Processing Plants

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 82.76 82.85 82.90 .952

Black 0.00 12.71 12.60 .000

Native American 12.93 2.22 2.30 .000

Asian 1.19 0.66 0.70 .094

Hispanic 2.08 1.42 1.40 .152

Transportation Corridor

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 91.24 76.73 82.90 .000

Black 2.24 20.18 12.60 .000

Native American 3.67 1.30 2.30 .000

Asian 0.90 0.49 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.68 1.24 1.40 .000

Shipyards

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 88.78 82.04 82.90 .000

Black 2.71 13.97 12.60 .000

Native American 5.01 1.92 2.30 .000

Asian 1.30 0.58 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.42 1.43 1.40 .926

Pipelines

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 86.71 75.52 82.90 .000

Black 7.70 21.96 12.60 .000

Native American 3.03 0.90 2.30 .000

Asian 0.78 0.44 0.70 .000

Hispanic 1.55 1.20 1.40 .000

Petroleum Bulk Terminals

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 82.51 82.86 82.90 .671

Black 15.09 12.56 12.60 .001

Native American 0.37 2.34 2.30 .000

Asian 1.06 0.66 0.70 .022

Hispanic 1.62 1.42 1.40 .455

Gas Processing Plants

Proximate Not Proximate Parish Chi-Square Signif.

White 82.76 82.85 82.90 .952

Black 0.00 12.71 12.60 .000

Native American 12.93 2.22 2.30 .000

Asian 1.19 0.66 0.70 .094

Hispanic 2.08 1.42 1.40 .152

Table 8

Comparison of Population Proportions for Selected OCS-Related Infrastructure

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a
75

Given the large African-American population of Louisiana, this is not a surprising 

finding. In fact, the proportion of African-Americans in Lafourche Parish is lower than 

the state average. However, 33 percent of this population resides in Thibodaux, which is 

outside of the analyzed portion of the transportation corridor. Following the procedures 

used above, we are able to compute both the chi-square and risk estimate statistic for the 

African-American population. The results are quite similar to those obtained for the 

overall minority population. In fact, with the effects of other minority racial categories 

removed from the crosstabulation, we see that African-Americans are even less likely to 

live along the transportation corridor than are minorities in general. 

The odds ratio for a non-African-American relative to an African-American reveals that a 

non-African-American is more than eleven times as likely to live along the south 

Lafourche transportation corridor than is an African-American. Taking the inverse, an 

African-American is only one-tenth as likely to live within a half mile of the 

transportation route. Similarly, the odds of living within one-half mile of the 

transportation route if you are African-American are .08. This means that a minority 

person is only 8 percent as likely to live along the LA1-US90 transportation corridor than 

anywhere else in the parish. The relative risk of living in this same area for an AfricanAmerican is even lower, calculated at 7.6 percent, compared to 47.2 percent for nonAfrican-Americans. This risk ratio calculated for an African-American to live within the 

transportation corridor is .158, compared with a ratio of 1.752 for living outside of the 

corridor. 

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 26. Transportation Route Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 26. Transportation Route Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a
76

The fact that African-Americans are eleven times as likely to live outside of the 

transportation corridor, while the overall risk for minorities was calculated to be just over 

three times as likely would suggest that other minority groups might possibly exhibit a 

positive directionality within the area of analysis. 

Using another approach, we examine the minority population with the next highest 

population count in Lafourche Parish, in this case Native American. Again, we used the 

chi-square measures to test the hypothesis that the row and column variables in the 

crosstabulation are independent of one another. The low significance value derived from 

the Pearson chi-square test indicates that there in fact may be some relationship between 

Native American population and proximity to the transportation corridor. Next we turn 

to the odds ratio and the relative risk estimate in order to try and determine the 

directionality of this relationship. 

This time the odds ratio reveals a positive directionality. The odds of living within onehalf mile of the transportation route for a Native American are 2.06. This means that a 

Native American is more than twice as likely to live along the transportation corridor 

than anywhere else in the parish. Furthermore, the risk of living in this same area if you 

are Native American is .6732. This says that 67.32 percent of the Native American 

population lives within one-half mile of the transportation corridor. Similarly, the 

relative risk of living within this corridor if you are not Native American is .4158 or 

41.58 percent. If we take the risk of living within the transportation corridor for a Native 

American and divide that by the risk of living in this same area for a non-Native 

American, we obtain the relative risk of living in the transportation corridor for a Native 

American. This risk ratio in this case is 1.619, meaning that a Native American is 1.6 

times more likely to live in the transportation corridor than a non-Native American, while 

being just over half as likely to live anywhere else in the parish. The relative risk of a 

Native American living along this transportation corridor is almost three times as great as 

living outside the corridor. 

Similar analysis was run on both the Hispanic population and the Asian population, 

although these groups represent only 1.4 and 0.7 percent of the total parish population, 

respectively. The crosstabulation tables for both groups show a significant relationship 

between race and proximity to the transportation corridor. An Hispanic individual is 1.36 

times more likely to live along the transportation corridor. However, the odds of living 

within the transportation corridor for a Hispanic individual are close to even, with an 

associated value of 0.99. The risk value for a Hispanic individual is 49.77 percent, while 

for a non-Hispanic individual, the associated risk value is calculated as 42.06 percent. 

The relative risk for an Hispanic to live within the transportation corridor is thus 

calculated to be 1.183, compared with a risk value of .867 to live outside the corridor. 

The Asian population also shows a tendency to live within the one-half mile buffer of the 

transportation route, being 1.85 times more likely to live within the buffer, compared to 

being just over half as likely for a non-Asian individual. The odds of an Asian person 

living along the transportation corridor are 1.34 greater than living anywhere outside of 

the corridor. Similarly, the risk value of an Asian living within the transportation 

corridor is .5726, or 57.26 percent. 
77

These procedures enabled a calculation of the odds ratios for the proportion of minority 

population in the blocks within a half-mile buffer around each of the eleven shipyards in 

Lafourche Parish, as well as one bordering Lafourche Parish, but on the Terrebonne 

Parish side (Figure 27). Odds ratios were also constructed for the populations living in 

the proximity of oil and natural gas pipelines (Figure 28), petroleum bulk storage 

facilities (Figure 29), and gas processing plants (Figure 30). Although there is only one 

major gas processing plant servicing the OCS industry in Lafourche Parish, there are two 

facilities located in Terrbonne Parish in close proximity to Lafourche Parish. As we can 

see from the following charts, the same pattern of racial and ethnic distribution exists for 

all of these facilities. The most equitable distribution is seen around the pipelines of the 

parish, yet even the pipeline locations follow a similar pattern. The only exception to this 

general pattern is in the distribution of minorities around the petroleum bulk storage 

facilities. Here we see that Native Americans are the least likely to live in close 

proximity, while an African-American is more likely to live in proximity to the facility. 

This reversal is due in part to the location of a storage facility in Thibodaux, where the 

majority of African-Americans reside. 

Discriminant Analysis 

Discriminant analysis is a multivariate statistical method of data classification that allows 

researches to predict group membership from a given set of predictors. Discriminant 

analysis is used to investigate the differences between groups that reside in and around 

areas with high potential hazards and groups that do not. In doing this, the analysis is 

intended to identify and discard those factors that do not help to distinguish between 

more and less hazardous locations. 

For this study, group membership is represented by the hazardousness of place rating. 

The predictors include race and ethnicity at the block level and race, ethnicity, and 

economic factors at the block group level. Discriminant analysis uses the formulation of 

linear combinations of independent variables as the basis of separating the variables into 

groups. The basic linear discriminant equation is given as follows: 

D = B0 + B1X1 + B2X2 = ... BpXp

This linear equation is used to derive the specific equations for both the block and block 

group analysis. 

Block Level Analysis 

The block level analysis examined five factors, the percentages each of the white, black, 

Native American, Asian, and Hispanic, to see if any of these factors could successfully 

discriminate the hazardousness of place rating. The ANOVA test (Table 9) determines 

the significance for each independent variable. The smaller the Wilk’s lambda, the more 
78

Indian

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

White Black American Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 27. Shipyard Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 28. Pipeline Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

Indian

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

White Black American Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 27. Shipyard Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

Indian

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

White Black American Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Indian

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

White Black American Asian Hispanic Total Minority

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

White Black American Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 27. Shipyard Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 28. Pipeline Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 28. Pipeline Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a
79

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 29. Petroleum Bulk Storage Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 30. Gas Processing Plants Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 29. Petroleum Bulk Storage Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 29. Petroleum Bulk Storage Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 30. Gas Processing Plants Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

White Black American

Indian

Asian Hispanic Total Minority

Figure 30. Gas Processing Plants Odds Ratios.

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a
80

significant the variable to the discriminant function. Wilk’s lambda is significant by the 

f-test for the percentage white, black, and Native American. In our model, the percentage 

Asian and Hispanic do not help to distinguish between the more and less hazardous areas 

in Lafourche Parish. 

The following linear equations indicate the relative importance of the independent 

variables in predicting the dependant variable, using both the direct and stepwise 

methods: 

Stepwise: D1 = -.123 + 0.029X1 – 0.115X2

where X1 = percentage black and X2= percentage Native American 

1 

Direct: D1 = -2.643 + 0.025X1 + 0.053X2 - 0.088X3 + 0.052X4 + 0.042X5

where X1 = percentage white, X2= percentage black, X3 = percentage Native 

American, X4 = percentage Asian, and X5 = percentage Hispanic 

These equations indicate that in the stepwise and direct discriminant analyses, the 

percentage African-American and Native American are the strongest predictors of the 

hazardousness of place at the block level. 

Table 10 is used to assess how well the discriminant function actually works in predicting 

group membership and if the discriminant function works equally well for all hazard 

zones. In this analysis there were 871 areas with no potential hazards. The model 

correctly predicted 240 of these. Similarly, there were 12 areas with the maximum 

Table 9

Tests of Equality of Group Means for Block Analysis

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

Table 9

Tests of Equality of Group Means for Block Analysis

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

%_White .966 8.507 6 1465 .000

%_Black .956 11.241 6 1465 .000

%_American_Indian .957 10.908 6 1465 .000

%_Asian .998 .569 6 1465 .755

%_Hispanic .998 .450 6 1465 .845

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a
81

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Table 9

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Table 9

Table 10

Classification Results for Block Analysis

Data Sources: Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator’s Office, 2002; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002a; U.S. 

Department of Transportation, 2001; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Table 9

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Table 9

Table 10

Classification Results for Block Analysis

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Table 9

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Predicted Group Membership

Classification Results for Block Analysis

HAZARD_RAT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 240 459 21 18 37 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 98 11 3 15 21 25 182

3 11 56 4 3 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 1 3 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 2 3 12

0 27.6 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.2 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 53.8 6.0 1.6 8.2 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 10.5 53.3 3.8 2.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 6.3 18.8 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 .0 .0 26.7 .0 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 16.7 25.0 100.0

0 239 459 21 18 38 43 53 871

1 45 161 10 5 19 14 17 271

2 9 99 9 3 16 21 25 182

3 12 56 4 2 5 19 7 105

4 0 8 2 2 2 2 0 16

5 0 11 0 1 0 2 1 15

Count

6 0 5 0 1 1 3 2 12

0 27.4 52.7 2.4 2.1 4.4 4.9 6.1 100.0

1 16.6 59.4 3.7 1.8 7.0 5.2 6.3 100.0

2 4.9 54.4 4.9 1.6 8.8 11.5 13.7 100.0

3 11.4 53.3 3.8 1.9 4.8 18.1 6.7 100.0

4 .0 50.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 .0 100.0

5 .0 73.3 .0 6.7 .0 13.3 6.7 100.0

Cross-validated(a)

%

6 .0 41.7 .0 8.3 8.3 25.0 16.7 100.0

a Cross validation is done only for those cases in the analysis. In cross validation, each case is 

classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case.

b 28.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

c 28.3% of cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified.

Table 9

Table 10

Classification Results for Block Analysis

Data Sources: Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator’s Office, 2002; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002a; U.S. 

Department of Transportation, 2001; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002
82

number of potential hazards and the model correctly predicted 3 of these. In total, at the 

block level, the discriminant function correctly classified about 28.9 percent of the 

original grouped cases. Using the stepwise method increases the number of correctly 

classified cases to 30.9 percent. 

Block Group Level Analysis 

The block group analysis examined percentages white, black, Native American, Asian, 

and Hispanic, as in the block level analysis. In addition, economic factors such as mean 

household income, median contract rent, and median house value were include in the 

discriminant analysis, as well as percentage elderly, another potentially vulnerable 

population. The ANOVA results (Table 11) reveal that the most significant group 

differences using the stepwise method are found in the percentage of the population that 

is African-American, followed by the percentage that is Native American, meaning that 

these variables are best at discriminating between groups, followed by the percentage 

white and percentage Asian. Percentage elderly and Hispanic, as well as median contract 

rent do not help to distinguish between hazardous areas at the block group level. Mean 

household income and median house value are intermediary, although income is the more 

significant of the two. 

The discriminant equations for the block group analysis are given as follows 

Stepwise: D1 = -22.851 + 0.271X1 + 0.233X2

where X1 = percentage black and X2= percentage white 

Direct: D1 = -1.913 + 0.034X1 – 0.013X2 + 0.260X3 + 0.415X4 + 0.211X5 – 0.028X6 –

0.002X8

where X1 = percentage white, X2 = percentage black, X3 = percentage Native 

American, X4 = percentage Asian, X5 = percentage Hispanic X6 = percentage 

elderly, and X8 = median contract rent 

Finally, the classification results reveal that the block group discriminant analysis 

correctly classified 60.0 percent of the cases using the direct method (Table 12). Possible 

explanations for the differences in this model’s predictive capability include the fact that 

the 2000 census did not collect economic data at the block level. Although the economic 

data had only marginal impact on the discriminant model, it is possible that these impacts 

would have been more pronounced at the block level. Also, 1,472 blocks were used in 

the discriminant analysis, compared to only 70 block groups. It is possible that the 

coarser block group level masked significant differences in racial distribution. Finally, it 

is possible that the data at the block level departs sufficiently enough from a normal 

distribution that the results become questionable. 
83

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

PCT_WHIT .690 4.709 6 63 .001

PCT_BLK .625 6.313 6 63 .000

PCT_IND .637 5.994 6 63 .000

PCT_ASIA .758 3.356 6 63 .006

PCT_HISP .896 1.223 6 63 .307

PCT_ELDE .945 .607 6 63 .724

mean_household_income .806 2.530 6 63 .029

Median_Contract_Rent .932 .763 6 63 .602

Median_value .869 1.581 6 63 .167

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

PCT_WHIT .690 4.709 6 63 .001

PCT_BLK .625 6.313 6 63 .000

PCT_IND .637 5.994 6 63 .000

PCT_ASIA .758 3.356 6 63 .006

PCT_HISP .896 1.223 6 63 .307

PCT_ELDE .945 .607 6 63 .724

mean_household_income .806 2.530 6 63 .029

Median_Contract_Rent .932 .763 6 63 .602

Median_value .869 1.581 6 63 .167

Table 11

Tests of Equality of Group Means for Block Group Analysis

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

PCT_WHIT .690 4.709 6 63 .001

PCT_BLK .625 6.313 6 63 .000

PCT_IND .637 5.994 6 63 .000

PCT_ASIA .758 3.356 6 63 .006

PCT_HISP .896 1.223 6 63 .307

PCT_ELDE .945 .607 6 63 .724

mean_household_income .806 2.530 6 63 .029

Median_Contract_Rent .932 .763 6 63 .602

Median_value .869 1.581 6 63 .167

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

PCT_WHIT .690 4.709 6 63 .001

PCT_BLK .625 6.313 6 63 .000

PCT_IND .637 5.994 6 63 .000

PCT_ASIA .758 3.356 6 63 .006

PCT_HISP .896 1.223 6 63 .307

PCT_ELDE .945 .607 6 63 .724

mean_household_income .806 2.530 6 63 .029

Median_Contract_Rent .932 .763 6 63 .602

Median_value .869 1.581 6 63 .167

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

PCT_WHIT .690 4.709 6 63 .001

PCT_BLK .625 6.313 6 63 .000

PCT_IND .637 5.994 6 63 .000

PCT_ASIA .758 3.356 6 63 .006

PCT_HISP .896 1.223 6 63 .307

PCT_ELDE .945 .607 6 63 .724

mean_household_income .806 2.530 6 63 .029

Median_Contract_Rent .932 .763 6 63 .602

Median_value .869 1.581 6 63 .167

Table 11

Tests of Equality of Group Means for Block Group Analysis

Wilks' Lambda F df1 df2 Sig.

PCT_WHIT .690 4.709 6 63 .001

PCT_BLK .625 6.313 6 63 .000

PCT_IND .637 5.994 6 63 .000

PCT_ASIA .758 3.356 6 63 .006

PCT_HISP .896 1.223 6 63 .307

PCT_ELDE .945 .607 6 63 .724

mean_household_income .806 2.530 6 63 .029

Median_Contract_Rent .932 .763 6 63 .602

Median_value .869 1.581 6 63 .167

Data Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 2002a
84

Classification Results for Block Group Analysis

Predicted Group Membership

HAZARDS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 9 1 0 2 0 0 0 12

1 4 15 2 2 0 1 0 24

2 0 2 6 2 3 0 0 13

3 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 10

4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3

5 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 6

Count

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

0 75.0 8.3 .0 16.7 .0 .0 .0 100.0

1 16.7 62.5 8.3 8.3 .0 4.2 .0 100.0

2 .0 15.4 46.2 15.4 23.1 .0 .0 100.0

3 10.0 10.0 .0 60.0 10.0 .0 10.0 100.0

4 .0 .0 33.3 .0 66.7 .0 .0 100.0

5 .0 16.7 16.7 .0 .0 50.0 16.7 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 50.0 50.0 100.0

a 60.0% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

Table11

Classification Results for Block Group Analysis

Predicted Group Membership

HAZARDS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 9 1 0 2 0 0 0 12

1 4 15 2 2 0 1 0 24

2 0 2 6 2 3 0 0 13

3 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 10

4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3

5 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 6

Count

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

0 75.0 8.3 .0 16.7 .0 .0 .0 100.0

1 16.7 62.5 8.3 8.3 .0 4.2 .0 100.0

2 .0 15.4 46.2 15.4 23.1 .0 .0 100.0

3 10.0 10.0 .0 60.0 10.0 .0 10.0 100.0

4 .0 .0 33.3 .0 66.7 .0 .0 100.0

5 .0 16.7 16.7 .0 .0 50.0 16.7 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 50.0 50.0 100.0

a 60.0% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

Table11

Table 12

Classification Results for Block Group Analysis

Data Sources: Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator’s Office, 2002; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002a; 

U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002

Classification Results for Block Group Analysis

Predicted Group Membership

HAZARDS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 9 1 0 2 0 0 0 12

1 4 15 2 2 0 1 0 24

2 0 2 6 2 3 0 0 13

3 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 10

4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3

5 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 6

Count

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

0 75.0 8.3 .0 16.7 .0 .0 .0 100.0

1 16.7 62.5 8.3 8.3 .0 4.2 .0 100.0

2 .0 15.4 46.2 15.4 23.1 .0 .0 100.0

3 10.0 10.0 .0 60.0 10.0 .0 10.0 100.0

4 .0 .0 33.3 .0 66.7 .0 .0 100.0

5 .0 16.7 16.7 .0 .0 50.0 16.7 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 50.0 50.0 100.0

a 60.0% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

Table11

Classification Results for Block Group Analysis

Predicted Group Membership

HAZARDS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Total

0 9 1 0 2 0 0 0 12

1 4 15 2 2 0 1 0 24

2 0 2 6 2 3 0 0 13

3 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 10

4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 3

5 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 6

Count

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

0 75.0 8.3 .0 16.7 .0 .0 .0 100.0

1 16.7 62.5 8.3 8.3 .0 4.2 .0 100.0

2 .0 15.4 46.2 15.4 23.1 .0 .0 100.0

3 10.0 10.0 .0 60.0 10.0 .0 10.0 100.0

4 .0 .0 33.3 .0 66.7 .0 .0 100.0

5 .0 16.7 16.7 .0 .0 50.0 16.7 100.0

Original

%

6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 50.0 50.0 100.0

a 60.0% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

Table11

Table 12

Classification Results for Block Group Analysis

Data Sources: Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator’s Office, 2002; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002a; 

U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002
85

Multiple Regression Analysis 

An initial evaluation of the Pearson Product Moment Correlations between each 

independent variable and their individual effects upon the dependant variable at the block 

group level reveal that the percentage Native American is most heavily influenced by the 

hazards-of-place model, with a positive linear correlation of 0.564. However, the 

analysis also reveals that there is a strong negative correlation of –0.473 between the 

percentage African-American and the hazards-of-place model. Both of these correlations 

are significant at the .01 level. In addition, slightly weaker positive correlations were 

detected between the hazardousness model and the percentage Asian and Hispanic (0.277 

and 0.229, respectively). Both of these values are still significant however, with the 

percentage Asian correlated at the .01 level and percentage Hispanic at the .05 level. 

Very weak negative correlations existed for the percentage elderly (-0.177) and two of 

our economic variables, median house value and median contract rent (-0.007 and –

0.076, respectively). None of these correlations were found to be significant. 

Interestingly, our third economic variable, mean household income, showed a slight 

positive correlation of 0.165. This value was found to be significant, but only to the .10 

level. It should be noted that the Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient does not 

attempt to explain causality, but rather the degree of correlations among the variables, 

whether positive, negative, or none. 

By using the stepwise multivariate analysis, the following estimated regression model 

was formulated using the unstandardized coefficients: 

y = 1.524 + 0.233x2 – 0.024 x3 + 0.428 x4 + 0.253

where X2 = percentage Native American, X3 = percentage black, and X4 = 

percentage Asian 

This equation indicates that the degree of hazardousness of a census block group can best 

be estimated based upon the percentage Native American, the percentage AfricanAmerican, and the percentage Asian. All of these variables had an absolute t-value of 

greater than two. This allows us to rank the relative importance of each variable in the 

model. Variables were included or excluded from the model based upon a significance 

level of 0.05. Percentage Native American (.000), percentage African-American (.002), 

and percentage Asian (.021) all fell below the limit, while percentage Hispanic (.516), 

percentage elderly (.384), and mean household income (.549) were all well beyond the 

limit. Median contract rent (.050) and median house value (.076) were marginal and thus 

also excluded from the model. 

Based upon this model, an adjusted R2 of 0.429 was reached with the inclusion of Native 

American, African-American, and Asian percentage. This represents the amount of 

variability in the hazardousness model that is explained by these variables. This 

variability would appear to coincide with the findings for both the contingency and 

discriminant analysis. 
87

CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 

Summary of Findings 

This study provides a characterization of environmental justice and the potential hazards 

and impacts of outer continental shelf oil and gas extraction in Lafourche Parish, 

Louisiana, a principal land-based supply center for the majority of the offshore oil and 

gas activity occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. Using GIS techniques to integrate OCSrelated activities, census data, and TIGER files, the potential geographic and 

demographic impacts of OCS-related hazards on minority and low-income populations 

have been identified. Based on this information, a hazards-of-place model was created to 

compare various OCS-related hazards and identify high risk areas. 

OCS-Related Impacts 

Five different classes of OCS-related activities were identified as being potentially 

hazardous to nearby communities. Transportations corridors, oil and natural gas 

pipelines, petroleum bulk storage facilities, shipyards, and a natural gas processing plant 

are all located in Lafourche Parish. Some hazardous chemicals have low vulnerability 

zones and thus pose relatively less risk than other chemicals. The vulnerability zones for 

the facilities modeled range from one-half mile for transportation corridors, crude oil 

pipelines, petroleum bulk storage facilities, and shipyards to one mile for the natural gas 

processing plant and natural gas pipelines. These distances represent the distance 

emergency response workers would need to evacuate in case of a fire involving the 

specific substances at each site. 

Of the facilities identified in Lafourche Parish, only the natural gas processing plant has 

not had a recent release or spill of any sort. Of the twenty-seven hazardous releases 

reported to the toxic release inventory in the last decade, twenty-five occurred in the 

shipbuilding and repairing industry, with the other two occurring at petroleum bulk 

terminals. Nineteen of the toxic releases have occurred in either Larose or Lockport, with 

the remainder occurring at a single shipyard located near the small community of Grand 

Bois. Pipeline leaks and spills along roadways are much more frequent, though not of the 

same magnitude as toxic releases from stationary facilities. Pipelines carry the greatest 

quantity of oil and natural gas and have the potential to impact the largest geographical 

area of all activities examined in the study. However, these are located primarily in rural 

areas, thus limiting the potential impact on local populations. 

The patterns of racial and ethnic distributions around these facilities all show a similar 

pattern. The most equitable distribution is found around the pipelines. This is most 

likely due to the large geographical area that the pipelines cover in Lafourche Parish. 

Each of the other facilities shows particular patterns of racial and ethnic inequities. 

These patterns are most pronounced in the case of the Houma Indian population around 

each facility. All of the facilities located in south Lafourche show a statistically 
88

significant disproportionately high Native American population around them. The only 

exception to this is the petroleum bulk storage facility located in Thibodaux. Very few 

Houma Indians live around this facility. In fact, this research shows that the Houma 

Indian population is clustered in south Lafourche, while the African American population 

is clustered in north Lafourche. With the majority of OCS-related infrastructure located 

in south Lafourche as well, the Houma Indian population is exposed to a disproportionate 

amount of potential impacts. 

This analysis also reveals that minority population is a more important factor than income 

in determining the degree of environmental inequity in Lafourche Parish. Discriminant 

analysis and multiple regression analysis each show that economic factors are not 

statistically significant when examining the number of OCS-related facilities in each 

block group. Income tends to be much more dispersed throughout the parish. Minority 

population, on the other hand, tends to exhibit much more clustering. In fact, the only 

minority group that is truly dispersed throughout the entire parish is the Hispanic 

population. 

When economic conditions were considered in tandem with ethnic factors, a slightly 

different pattern emerged. The economic factors had to be examined at the much coarser 

block group level, which may have masked small-scale pockets of low-income 

population. Despite this, when combined with block-level racial and ethnic data, we see 

a shift in environmental justice areas of concern. The economic conditions in Larose are 

slightly better than the parish average, and the low-income areas are displaced north to 

Lockport and south to Golden Meadow. Both of these communities have a number of 

minority residents. Golden Meadow is home to a sizable Houma Indian population, 

while Lockport contains some of the highest concentrations of African-Americans in 

south Lafourche. Both of these communities have multiple OCS-related facilities as well, 

though not to the same scale as Larose. 

Two other areas stand out as having a high proportion of low-income residents as well as 

a high proportion of minorities. One of these is the city of Thibodaux and the other is the 

small rural community of Grand Bois. Grand Bois is a small community with a high 

proportion of Houma Indians. There is a major shipbuilding and repairing yard located in 

this community, making it an area of potential concern. Thibodaux, as the largest urban 

center in the parish, is also home to much of the parish’s low-income persons. OCSrelated facilities are not ubiquitous in Thibodaux, however, though it is home to a large 

petroleum bulk storage faculty and pipelines do cross the surrounding area. 

 

One final area of environmental justice concern is the role of fishing, hunting, and 

gathering in Lafourche Parish. Marine fisheries make up 86 percent of the total gross fish 

and wildlife production in Lafourche Parish. This number has been found to increase 

with expanding OCS activity, as the breakup of marshland has been found to be 

beneficial to many juvenile fish species. This is the opposite of what is found for 

terrestrial animals. When the zones of terrestrial natural resource collection were 

examined, we found that the area around Grand Bois, located near the LafourcheTerrebonne border, represents a prime location for both commonly trapped mammals and 
89

common game animals. This area has also been identified by the Louisiana Department 

of Natural Resources as being prime hunting and trapping grounds. Human habitation in 

this area tends to be dispersed, though the few communities in the area have a higher than 

average proportion of Houma. 

Analysis of High Risk Areas 

The hazards-of-place model developed in this study identifies potentially high risk areas 

in Lafourche Parish. The four areas receiving the highest ranking were Larose, Lockport, 

Grand Bois, and Port Fourchon. Of these four, only Port Fourchon has not had a facility 

report a toxic release to the USEPA. As an intermodal port, Port Fourchon is the site of a 

number of potential hazards. In addition to transferring supplies offshore, wastes brought 

onshore must be transferred from ship to either barge or truck and transported out of the 

parish. The area around Port Fourchon is sparsely populated. So, despite the potential 

hazards associated with the port, the area does not qualify as an area of environmental 

justice concern. 

Similarly, Larose hosts the greatest number of hazardous chemical routes, including 

Louisiana Highway 1, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, and Bayou Lafourche, and is 

home to two large shipyards and a gas processing plant. Larose is relatively highly 

populated, and is thus the most vulnerable area in the region. Larose is also home to 

higher than average populations of Houma Indians, African-Americans, Asians, and 

Hispanics. For this reason, Larose represents an area of particular environmental justice 

concern. 

One other area identified by the hazards-of-place model is Golden Meadow, which is 

home to a fairly sizable Houma Indian population. The Louisiana Department of Natural 

Resources has also singled out the wetland areas just to the west of Golden Meadow as 

being home to a Houma Indian community that hunts and traps the land extensively. 

 

Conclusion 

The analysis presented in this report applies only to those activities related to outer 

continental shelf oil activities within Lafourche Parish. Many other environmental 

hazards exist in Lafourche that fall outside of the scope of this study, such as those 

related to paper milling and sugar refining. In fact, in terms of overall hazardousness, 

these other industries present a potentially greater risk to the people of Lafourche Parish 

than do those OCS-related activities examined here. Similarly, many OCS-related 

environmental hazards, such as platform fabrication and pipeline coating, are found in 

many Louisiana coastal parishes, though not in Lafourche Parish. The findings presented 

here are thus not generalizable beyond this case study. 

Several important findings come out of our research. Our results demonstrate that there 

are significant inequities in the distributions of OCS-related infrastructure and minority 
90

populations in Lafourche Parish. Other socio-economic factors, such as income and 

percent elderly, as well as median rent and house values, were not as significant as race 

and ethnicity in predicting the location of OCS-related infrastructure. There are clear 

distributional variations found across the parish, primarily between the northern and 

southern portions. In terms of OCS-related infrastructure, much of the onshore support 

infrastructure, such as shipyards, supply bases and ports, are located in south Lafourche, 

where there is easy access to water transport systems. On the other hand, the onshore 

support infrastructure supported by OCS activities, such as pipelines, gas processing 

plants, and petroleum storage facilities, are much more dispersed geographically, as the 

extracted gas and oil is transported further inland for processing and refining and the 

eventual transportation to the market. 

The racial distribution of the population in Lafourche parish also varies geographically in 

regards to the north-south divide. South Lafourche, in addition to housing most of the 

OCS-related onshore infrastructure, is home to most of the parish’s Houma Indian 

population. This population historically settled in south Lafourche because of the easy 

access to waterways and open land for hunting, fishing, and trapping. Today, south 

Lafourche still provides valuable habitat land for many of the animal species that hunters 

and trappers rely on for subsistence. These lands and waterways are also vital pathways 

for OCS-related industries. Conversely, north Lafourche is much more developed and 

densely populated. Thibodaux, the largest urbanized center in Lafourche Parish, is home 

to a large portion of the parish’s African-American population. This population has 

historically not settled in the wetlands and bayous of south Lafourche, opting instead to 

locate around various agricultural regions and urban centers. Asians and Hispanics, 

unlike both the Native American and African-American populations tend to be much 

more dispersed geographically, though largely concentrated along the Highway 1 

transportation corridor and in the city of Thibodaux. 

In conclusion, it is important to note that this analysis presents only a snapshot in time of 

Lafourche Parish in the year 2000. Though inequities are indeed present, we are able to 

make no conclusion as to how or why this situation has arisen. In other words, we have 

attempted to establish the relationship between infrastructure location and socioeconomic conditions, and not establish causality. Nonetheless, this research does provide 

MMS and other agencies involved in the planning process with valuable information as 

to the potential impacts of increasing OCS activity on various socio-economic groups. 

Though minority groups may not be targeted by any OCS-related industry, they are 

disproportionately affected. For this reason, it becomes even more important that federal 

agencies such as MMS ensure that environmental regulations are uniformly enforced, 

regardless of race or class in order to ensure that risk to these communities is minimized. 
91

CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES 

Aiken, C.S. 2001. Blacks in the plantation south: Unique homelands. In: Estaville, L.E. 

and R.L. Nostrand, editors. Homelands: A geography of place and culture across 

America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Austin, D. 2001. Oilfield waste, coastal erosion, and development in Louisiana. In: 

Austin, D. and T. McGuire, editors. Exploring environmental values and policy in 

the United States: Case studies in Arizona and Louisiana. Tucson, AZ: University 

of Arizona Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology. 

Baldwin, P.L. and M.F. Baldwin. 1975. Onshore planning for offshore oil: Lessons from 

Scotland. Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation. 

Bankston, C.L., III. 1996. Southeast Asians in Louisiana. In: Brasseaux, C.A., editor. A 

refuge for all ages. Lafayette, LA: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of 

Southwestern Louisiana. 

Bernard, S.K. 2002. M'sieu Ned's rat? Reconsidering the origin of nutria in Louisiana: 

The E.A. McIlhenny Collection, Avery Island, Louisiana. Louisiana History 

43:281-293. 

Biwer, B.M. and J.P. Butler. 1999. Vehicle emission unit risk factors for transportation 

risk assessments. Risk Analysis 19(6):1157-1171. 

Bolen, E.G. and W.L. Robinson. 1995. Wildlife ecology and management. Upper Saddle 

River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 

Brassieur, R., C.E. Colten and J. Edwards. 2000. Atchafalaya Trace Heritage Area: 

Historic & cultural resources analysis. Baton Rouge, LA: Atchafalaya Trace 

Commission. 

Bullard, R.D. 1994. Unequal protection: Environmental justice and communities of color. 

San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 

Burby, R. 1995. Through their eyes: Survey results of lower income residents in the 

Louisiana industrial corridor. New Orleans: University of New Orleans Research 

Center. 

Burke, L.M. 1993. Environmental equity in Los Angeles. Santa Barbara, CA: National 

Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. 93-6. 

CADGIS Research Laboratory. 2002. Atlas: The Louisiana statewide GIS. Louisiana 

State University, CADGIS Research Laboratory [cited 13 December 2002]. 

Available from <http://www.atlas.lsu.edu>. 
92

Caffey, R.H. and M. Schexnayder. 2002. Fisheries implications of freshwater reintroductions. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Agriculture Center. 

Chakraborty, J. 2001. Acute exposure to extremely hazardous substances: An analysis of 

environmental equity. Risk Analysis 21(5):883-895. 

Colten, C.E. 2001. Environmental justice in the Big Easy? The Agriculture Street landfill. 

Environmental Practice 3(1):19-26. 

Colten, C.E. 2002. Basin Street blues: Drainage and race in New Orleans. Journal of 

Historical Geography 28:237-257. 

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). 1997. Environmental justice: Guidance under 

the National Environmental Policy Act. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the 

President, Council on Environmental Quality. 

Cutter, S.L. 1995. Race, class and environmental justice. Progress in Human Geography 

19(1):111-122. 

Cutter, S.L. 2001. The changing nature of risks and hazards. In: Cutter, S.L., editor. 

American hazardscapes: The regionalization of hazards and disasters. 

Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. 

Cutter, S.L., J.T. Mitchell and M.S. Scott. 2000. Revealing the vulnerability of people 

and places: A case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Annals of the 

Association of American Geographers 90(4):713-737. 

Davis, D.W. and J.L. Place. 1983. The oil and gas industry of coastal Louisiana and its 

effect on land use and socioeconomic patterns. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of 

the Interior, Geological Survey. 

Donato, K.M., C.L. Bankston, III and D.T. Robinson. 2001. Immigration and the 

organization of the onshore oil industry: Southern Louisiana in the late 1990s. In: 

Angrosino, M.V., editor. Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. Athens, 

GA: The University of Georgia Press. 

Duchon, D.A. and A.D. Murphy. 2001. From patrones and caciques to good ole boys. In: 

Angrosino, M.V., editor. Latino Workers in the Contemporary South. Athens, 

GA: The University of Georgia Press. 

Estaville, L.E. 2001. Nouvelle Acadie: The Cajun homeland. In: Estaville, L.E. and R.L. 

Nostrand, editors. Homelands: A Geography of Culture and Place Across 

America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. 
93

Glickman, T.S. and R. Hersh. 1995. Evaluating environmental equity: The impacts of 

industrial hazards on selected social groups in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. 

Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. Discussion Paper 95-13. 

Guo, J., D.W. Hughes and W.R. Keithly. 1998. An analysis of Louisiana Highway 1 in 

relation to expanding oil and gas activities in the Central Gulf of Mexico. In: 

Lafourche Parish and Port Fourchon, Louisiana: Effects of the Outer Continental 

Shelf Petroleum Industry on the Economy and Public Services, Part 1. New 

Orleans: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of 

Mexico OCS Region. OCS Study MMS 2001-019. 

Helfand, G.E. and L.J. Peyton. 1999. A conceptual model of environmental justice. 

Social Science Quarterly 80(1):68-83. 

Hill, A.A. and S.L. Cutter. 2001. Methods for determining disaster proneness. In: Cutter, 

S.L., editor. American hazardscapes: The regionalization of hazards and disasters. 

Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. 

Hohenemser, C., R.E. Kasperson and R.W. Kates. 1982. Causal structure: A framework 

for policy formulation. In: Hohenemser, C. and J.X. Kasperson, editors. Risk in 

the technical society. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 

Hughes, D.W., J.M. Fannin, W. Keithly, W. Olatubi and J. Guo. 2001. Lafourche Parish 

and Port Fourchon, Louisiana: Effects of the outer continental shelf petroleum 

industry on the economy and public services, part 2. New Orleans: U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Region. OCS Study MMS 2001-020. 

Kates, R.W. and J.X. Kasperson. 1983. Comparitive risk analysis of technological 

hazards (a review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 

80:7027-7038. 

Keithly, D.C. 2001. Lafourche Parish and Port Fourchon, Louisiana: Effects of the outer 

continental shelf petroleum industry on the economy and public services, part 1. 

New Orleans: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, 

Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. OCS Study MMS 2001-019. 

Kitchin, R.M. and N.J. Tate. 2000. Conducting research into human geography: Theory, 

methodology and practice. Harlow, UK: Prentice Hall. 

Kniffen, F.B. and S.B. Hilliard. 1988. Louisiana: Its land and people, revised edition. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Original edition, 1968. 

Kniffen, F.B. 1994. The historic Indian tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the present. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Original edition 1965. 
94

LA 1 Coalition. 2002. Energy facts and estimates. LA 1 Coalition [cited 13 December 

2002]. Available from <http://www.la1coalition.org/facts.html>. 

Louis Berger Group Inc. 2002. Deepwater program: OCS-related infrastructure in the 

Gulf of Mexico fact book. New Orleans: U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. 

Louisiana Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. 1993. The Battle 

for Environmental Justice in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Advisory 

Committee. 

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. 2002. Lafourche Parish. Louisiana 

Department of Natural Resources, Office of Coastal Restoration and 

Management, Coastal Management Division [cited 13 December 2002]. 

Available from <http://www.dnr.state.la.us./crm/coastmgt/interagencyaff/lcp/ 

Parish/lafourche.htm.>. 

Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office. 2002. The LOSCO data catalog. Louisiana Oil 

Spill Coordinator's Office [cited 13 December 2002]. Available from 

<http://www.lagic.lsu.edu/loscoweb/>. 

Louisiana State University (LSU) Agriculture Center. 2002. 2000 Summary: Agriculture 

and Natural Resources. Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Research 

and Extension [cited 13 December 2002]. Available from 

<http://www.agctr.lsu.edu/Communications/agsum/2000agsum.htm>. 

Lowery, G.H. 1974. The mammals of Louisiana and its adjacent waters. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University Press. 

Luke, R.T., E.S. Schubert, G. Olsson and F.L. Leistritz. 2002. Socioeconomic baseline 

and projection model for selected Florida Panhandle communities; Volume I: 

Final report. New Orleans: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. OCS Study MMS 2002-024. 

Maresca, J.W. 1990. Volumetric leak detection methods for underground storage tanks. 

Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp. 

Neumann, C.M., D.L. Forman and J.E. Rothlein. 1998. Hazard screening of chemical 

releases and environmental equity analysis of populations proximate to toxic 

release inventory facilities in Oregon. Environmental Health Perspectives 

106(4):217-226. 

Rehder, J.B. 1999. Delta sugar: Louisiana's vanishing plantation landscape. Baltimore, 

MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 
95

Sheskin, D.J. 1997. Handbook of parametric and nonparametric procedures. Boca Raton, 

FL: CRC Press. 

Steinberg, T. 2000. Acts of God: The unnatural history of natural disasters in America. 

New York: Oxford University Press. 

Stretesky, P. and M.J. Hogan. 1998. Environmental justice: An analysis of Superfund 

sites in Florida. Social Problems 45(2):268-288. 

Thomas, D.S.K. 2001. Data, data everywhere, but can we really use them? In: Cutter, 

S.L., editor. American hazardscapes: The regionalization of hazards and disasters. 

Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. 

U.S. Bureau of Census. 1990. U.S. Census of Population and Housing [CD-ROM]: U.S. 

Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 

U.S. Bureau of Census. 2002a. Census 2000 (online). U.S. Department of Commerce, 

Bureau of Census, Updated November 2002 [cited 13 December 2002]. Available 

from <http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000html>. 

U.S. Bureau of Census. 2002b. Census 2000 TIGER/Line Files (online). U.S. Department 

of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Updated November 2002 [cited 13 December 

2002]. Available from 

<http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tiger2k/tgr2000.html>. 

U.S. Coast Guard. 2002. Emergency Response Notification System - Database of oil and 

hazardous substances spill reports. U.S. Coast Guard, National Response Center 

[cited 5 May 2003]. Available from <http://www.nrc.uscg.mil/foia.html>. 

U.S. Department of Transportation. 2001. Pipeline integrity managment mapping 

application (online). U.S. Department of Transportation, National Pipeline 

Mapping System [cited 13 December 2002]. Available from 

<http://www.npms.rspa.dot.gov>. 

U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. 

Environmental assessment of the proposed Longhorn pipeline system. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special 

Programs Administration and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. EPA Office of Compliance sector 

notebook project: Profile of the petroleum refining industry. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and Compliance 

Assurance, Office of Compliance. EPA/310-R-95-013. 
96

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. EPA Office of Compliance sector 

notebook project: Profile of the shipbuilding and repair industry. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and 

Compliance Assurance, Office of Compliance. EPA/310-R-97-008. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. National guidance for conducting 

environmental justice analyses. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Office of Environmental Justice. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999a. Final guidance for consideration of 

environmental justice in Clean Air Act 309 reviews. Washington DC: U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Federal Activities. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999b. Highlighting success: The Region 9 

environmental justice small grant program. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency. 909-R-99-002. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000a. Technical support document: Control of 

emissions of hazardous air pollutants from motor vehicles and motor vehicle 

fuels. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division. EPA420-R00-023. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000b. EPA Office of Compliance sector 

notebook project: Profile of the oil and gas extraction industry. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Enforcement and Compliance 

Assurance, Office of Compliance. EPA/310-R-99-006. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Envirofacts data warehouse (online). U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency [cited 13 December 2002]. Available from 

<http://www.epa.gov/enviro/>. 

U.S. Geological Survey. 2002. National GAP analysis program (online). U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division [cited 13 

December 2002]. Available from <http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/>. 

Wallace, B., J. Kirkley, T. McGuire, D. Austin and D. Goldfield. 2001. Assessment of 

the historical, social, and economic impacts of OCS development on Gulf Coast 

communities; Volume II: Narrative report. New Orleans: U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. OCS Study 

MMS 2001-027. 
97

Wicker, K.M., R.E. Emmer, D. Roberts and J. Van Beek. 1989. Pipelines, navigation 

channels, and facilities in sensitive coastal habitats: An analysis of outer 

continental shelf impacts; Volume I: Technical narrative. New Orleans: U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS 

Region. OCS Study MMS 89-0051. 

Wright, B.H., P. Bryant and R.D. Bullard. 1994. Coping with poisons in Cancer Alley. 

 In: Bullard, R.D., editor. Unequal protection: Environmental justice and 

 communities of color. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 
Appendix 1 

Cross Tabulation Statistical Output 

for Minority Groups 

and 

OCS-Related Activities 
1-2

This set of appendices provides the contingency tables and methods used in creating the 

odds ratios shown in Chapter 5. To begin the analysis, we examine the overall minority 

population in terms of proximity to the transportation corridor (Appendix 1-A). For this, 

we examine the chi-square results for the total minority population. For this research, 

this includes a combination of racial and ethnic categories, including Black, Asian, 

Native American and Hispanic. The chi-square measures used test the hypothesis that 

the row and column variables in a crosstabulation are independent. In this instance, the 

low significance value indicates that there in fact may be some relationship between 

minority population and proximity to the LA 1-US 90 transportation corridor. While the 

chi-square test does indicate that a relationship exists, it does not indicate directionality. 

For this, we turn to the odds ratio and the relative risk estimate. 

The odds ratio refers to the odds of living in the transportation corridor if you are a nonminority relative to the odds of living in the transportation corridor if you are a minority. 

According to this analysis, when total minority population is examined, we see that a 

non-minority is 3.258 times more likely to live along the south Lafourche transportation 

corridor than is a minority. 

Similarly, the odds of living within one-half mile of the transportation route if you are a 

minority are 3221/12077 = 0.27. This means that a minority person is only one-quarter 

as likely to live along the LA1-US90 transportation corridor than anywhere else in the 

parish. Furthermore, the risk of living in this same area if you are Native American is 

3221/(12077+3221) = 3221/15298 = .2106. This says that 21.06% of the minority 

population lives within one-half mile of the transportation corridor. Similarly, the 

relative risk of living within this corridor if you are not a minority 34719/(39957+34719) 

= 34719/74676 = .4649 or 46.49%. If we take the risk of living within the transportation 

corridor for a minority person and divide that by the risk of living in this same area for a 

non-minority, we obtain the relative risk of living in the transportation corridor for a 

minority person. This risk ratio in this case is .453, meaning that a minority is only 45.3 

percent as likely to live in the transportation corridor than a non-minority, while being 

one and a half times more likely to live anywhere else in the parish. The relative risk of a 

minority person living along this transportation corridor is only one-third of the risk of 

living outside the corridor. Thus, for minority population in general, we see that the 

relationship shown by the chi-square test would have a negative directionality. 

If we examine the data further, however, we see that these results may be greatly skewed 

by the distribution of the African-American population in the parish, thereby skewing our 

results. Of the 15,298 minority persons classified, 11,349 of these are classed as AfricanAmerican. Given the large African-American population of Louisiana, this is not a 

surprising finding. In fact, the proportion of African-Americans in Lafourche Parish is 

lower than the state average. However, 4,872 of this population resides in the city of 

Thibodaux, which is outside of the analyzed portion of the transportation corridor. 

Following the above procedures, we are able to compute both the chi-square and risk 

estimate statistic for the African-American population. As we can see, the results are 

quite similar to those obtained for the overall minority population. In fact, with the 

effects of other minority racial categories removed from the crosstabulation, we see that 
1-3

African Americans are even less likely to live along the transportation corridor than are 

minorities in general. 

The odds ratio for a non-African American relative to an African American reveals that a 

non-African American is more than eleven times as likely to live along the south 

Lafourche transportation corridor than is an African American. Taking the inverse, an 

African American is only one-tenth as likely to live within a half mile of the 

transportation route. Similarly, the odds of living within one-half mile of the 

transportation route if you are African American are found to be .08. This means that a 

minority person is only 8 percent as likely to live along the LA 1-US 90 transportation 

corridor than anywhere else in the parish. The relative risk of living in this same area for 

an African American is even lower, calculated at 7.6 percent, compared to 47.2 percent 

for a non-African American. This risk ratio calculated for an African American to live 

within the transportation corridor is .158, compared with a ratio of 1.752 for living 

outside of the corridor. 

The fact that African Americans are eleven times as likely to live outside of the 

transportation corridor, while the overall risk for minorities was calculated to be just over 

three times as likely would suggest that other minority groups may possibly exhibit a 

positive directionality within the area of analysis. 

This time we examine the minority population with the next highest population count in 

Lafourche Parish, in this case Native American. Again, we used the chi-square measures 

to test the hypothesis that the row and column variables in the crosstabulation are 

independent of one another. The low significance value derived from the Pearson chisquare test indicates that there in fact may be some relationship between Native 

American population and proximity to the LA 1-US 90 transportation corridor. Next we 

turn to the odds ratio and the relative risk estimate in order to try and determine the 

directionality of this relationship. 

This time the odds ratio does reveal a positive directionality. In fact, a Native American 

is 2.9 times more likely to live in the corridor, compared with being just over a third as 

likely to live in the transportation corridor for a non-Native American. 

The odds of living within one-half mile of the transportation route for Native Americans 

are 2.06. This means that a Native American is more than twice as likely to live along 

the LA 1-US 90 transportation corridor than anywhere else in the parish. Furthermore, 

the risk of living in this same area if you are Native American is .6732. This says that 

67.32 percent of the Native American population lives within one-half mile of the 

transportation corridor. Similarly, the relative risk of living within this corridor if you are 

not Native American is .4158 or 41.58 percent. If we take the risk of living within the 

transportation corridor for a Native American and divide that by the risk of living in this 

same area for a non-Native American, we obtain the relative risk of living in the 

transportation corridor for a Native American. This risk ratio in this case is 1.619, 

meaning that a Native American is 1.6 times more likely to live in the transportation 

corridor than a non-Native American, while being just over half as likely to live 
1-4

anywhere else in the parish. The relative risk of a Native American living along this 

transportation corridor is almost three times as great as living outside the 

Similar analysis was run on both the Hispanic population and the Asian population, 

although these groups represent only 1.4 and 0.7 percent of the total population, 

respectively. The crosstabulation tables for both groups show a significant relationship 

between certain minority populations and proximity to the transportation corridor. An 

Hispanic individual is 1.36 times more likely to live along the transportation corridor. 

However, the odds of living within the transportation corridor for a Hispanic individual 

are close to even, with an associated value of 0.99. The risk value for an Hispanic 

individual is 49.77 percent, while for a non-Hispanic individual, the associated risk value 

is calculated as 42.06 percent. The relative risk for an Hispanic to live within the 

transportation corridor is thus calculated to be 1.183, compared with a risk value of .867 

to live outside the corridor. 

The Asian population also shows a tendency to live within the one-half mile buffer of the 

transportation route, being 1.85 times more likely to live within the buffer, compared to 

being just over half as likely for a non-Asian individual. The odds of an Asian person 

living along the transportation corridor are 1.34 greater than living anywhere outside of 

the corridor. Similarly, the risk value of an Asian living within the transportation 

corridor is .5726, or 57.26 percent. 

The described methodology was used to create the odds ratios for shipyards (Appendix 1-

B), Pipelines (Appendix 1-C), Petroleum Bulk Storage Terminals (Appendix 1-D), and 

Gas Processing Plants (Appendix 1-E). 

 
1-5

Appendix 1-A 

Transportation Corridor
1-6

White

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

not_white 12107 3323 15430

RACE 

white 39927 34617 74544

Total 52034 37940 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 3250.818(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 3249.797 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 3475.023 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6506.48. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (not_white / white ) 3.159 3.032 3.291 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.465 1.449 1.481 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .464 .450 .478 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-7

Native American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

american_indian 675 1391 2066 

RACE 

not_american_indian 51359 36549 87908

Total 52034 37940 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 548.914(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 547.859 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 543.488 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 871.19. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (american_indian / not_american_indian ) .345 .315 .379 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .559 .526 .595 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.619 1.570 1.670 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-8

Hispanic 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

hispanic 645 639 1284 

RACE 

not_hispanic 51389 37301 88690

Total 52034 37940 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 30.841(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 30.526 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 30.472 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 541.43. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (hispanic / not_hispanic ) .733 .656 .818 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .867 .821 .916 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.183 1.119 1.251 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-9

African-American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

black 10501 848 11349

RACE 

not_black 41533 37092 78625

Total 52034 37940 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 6410.843(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 6409.215 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 7736.725 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4785.62. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value 

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (black / not_black ) 11.059 10.297 11.877 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.752 1.737 1.766 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .158 .148 .169 

N of Valid Cases 89974 
1-10

Asian 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

asian 256 343 599 

RACE 

not_asian 51778 37597 89375

Total 52034 37940 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 56.339(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 55.717 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 55.420 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 252.58. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (asian / not_asian ) .542 .461 .638 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .738 .672 .809 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.361 1.270 1.459 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-11

Total Minority 

PROXIMIT * RACE Crosstabulation 

Count 

RACE 

minority non-minority Total 

Not Proximate 12077 39957 52034

PROXIMIT 

Proximate 3221 34719 37940

Total 15298 74676 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 3369.051(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 3368.008 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 3611.063 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6450.82. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for PROXIMIT (Not Proximate / Proximate ) 3.258 3.126 3.396 

For cohort RACE = minority 2.734 2.636 2.836 

For cohort RACE = non-minority .839 .834 .844 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-12

Appendix 1-B 

Shipyards 
1-13

Total Minority 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

minority 14158 1140 15298

RACE 

not_minority 64949 9727 74676

Total 79107 10867 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 371.439(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 370.914 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 412.726 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1847.68. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (minority / not_minority ) 1.860 1.745 1.983 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.064 1.058 1.070 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .572 .539 .607 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-14

White 

Case Processing Summary 

Cases 

Valid Missing Total 

N Percent N Percent N Percent 

RACE * PROXIMIT 89974 100.0% 0 .0% 89974 100.0% 

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 306.099(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 305.625 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 335.945 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1863.63. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (not_white / white ) 1.733 1.629 1.845 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.058 1.052 1.064 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .610 .577 .646 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-15

African American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

black 11055 294 11349

RACE 

not_black 68052 10573 78625

Total 79107 10867 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 1100.823(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 1099.801 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 1495.006 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1370.72. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (black / not_black ) 5.842 5.194 6.571 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.125 1.121 1.130 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .193 .172 .216 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-16

Native American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

native_american 1515 551 2066 

RACE 

not_native_american 77592 10316 87908

Total 79107 10867 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 423.990(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 422.585 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 332.888 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 249.53. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (native_american / not_native_american ) .366 .331 .404 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .831 .809 .853 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 2.273 2.111 2.447 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-17

Asian 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

asian 458 141 599 

RACE 

not_asian 78649 10726 89375

Total 79107 10867 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 74.594(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 73.512 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 60.732 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 72.35. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (asian / not_asian ) .443 .366 .536 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .869 .831 .908 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.961 1.696 2.268 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-18

Hispanic 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

hispanic 1130 154 1284 

RACE 

not_hispanic 77977 10713 88690

Total 79107 10867 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .009(b) 1 .926 

Continuity Correction(a) .003 1 .960 

Likelihood Ratio .009 1 .926 

Fisher's Exact Test .961 .480 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 155.08. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (hispanic / not_hispanic ) 1.008 .851 1.194 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.001 .981 1.022 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .993 .855 1.153 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-19

Appendix 1-C 

Pipelines
1-20

Total Minority 

Case Processing Summary 

Cases 

Valid Missing Total 

N Percent N Percent N Percent 

RACE * PROXIMIT 89974 100.0% 0 .0% 89974 100.0% 

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 1885.362(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 1884.551 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 1813.398 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 5275.42. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (minority / not_minority ) 2.160 2.086 2.238 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.584 1.554 1.614 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .733 .721 .745 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-21

White 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

not_white 7594 7836 15430

RACE 

white 23433 51111 74544

Total 31027 58947 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 1788.921(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 1788.135 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 1722.167 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 5320.94. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (not_white / white ) 2.114 2.041 2.189 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.566 1.536 1.596 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .741 .729 .753 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-22

African American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

black 6812 4537 11349

RACE 

not_black 24215 54410 78625

Total 31027 58947 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 3749.190(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 3747.896 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 3549.896 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3913.64. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (black / not_black ) 3.374 3.240 3.513 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.949 1.914 1.985 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .578 .565 .591 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-23

Native American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

amerind 280 1786 2066 

RACE 

not_amerind 30747 57161 87908

Total 31027 58947 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 410.070(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 409.123 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 476.725 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 712.45. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (amerind / not_amerind ) .291 .257 .331 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .387 .347 .432 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.329 1.306 1.353 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-24

Asian 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

asian 138 461 599 

RACE 

not_asian 30889 58486 89375

Total 31027 58947 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 34.968(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 34.460 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 37.369 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 206.56. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (asian / not_asian ) .567 .468 .686 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .667 .576 .772 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.176 1.125 1.229 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-25

Hispanic 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

hispanic 371 913 1284 

RACE 

not_hispanic 30656 58034 88690

Total 31027 58947 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 18.018(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 17.768 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 18.536 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 442.78. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (hispanic / not_hispanic ) .769 .681 .869 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .836 .767 .911 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.087 1.049 1.126 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-26

Appendix 1-D 

Petroleum Bulk Storage
1-27

Total Minority 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

minority 14908 390 15298

RACE 

not_minority 72899 1777 74676

Total 87807 2167 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 1.556(b) 1 .212 

Continuity Correction(a) 1.485 1 .223 

Likelihood Ratio 1.534 1 .216 

Fisher's Exact Test .213 .111 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 368.45. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (minority / not_minority ) .932 .834 1.041 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .998 .995 1.001 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.071 .961 1.194 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-28

White 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

not_white 15051 379 15430

RACE 

white 72756 1788 74544

Total 87807 2167 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .181(b) 1 .671 

Continuity Correction(a) .157 1 .692 

Likelihood Ratio .180 1 .671 

Fisher's Exact Test .667 .346 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 371.63. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (not_white / white ) .976 .872 1.092 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .999 .997 1.002 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.024 .918 1.143 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-29

African American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

black 11025 324 11349

RACE 

not_black 76782 1843 78625

Total 87807 2167 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 11.011(b) 1 .001 

Continuity Correction(a) 10.794 1 .001 

Likelihood Ratio 10.492 1 .001 

Fisher's Exact Test .001 .001 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 273.34. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (black / not_black ) .817 .725 .921 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .995 .991 .998 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.218 1.084 1.368 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-30

Native American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

native 2058 8 2066 

RACE 

not_native 85749 2159 87908

Total 87807 2167 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 36.754(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 35.879 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 55.972 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 49.76. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (native / not_native ) 6.477 3.231 12.986 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.021 1.018 1.024 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .158 .079 .315 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-31

Asian 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

asian 576 23 599 

RACE 

not_asian 87231 2144 89375

Total 87807 2167 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 5.255(b) 1 .022 

Continuity Correction(a) 4.660 1 .031 

Likelihood Ratio 4.470 1 .035 

Fisher's Exact Test .031 .021 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.43. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (asian / not_asian ) .616 .405 .936 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .985 .970 1.001 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.601 1.070 2.395 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-32

Hispanic 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

hispanic 1249 35 1284 

RACE 

not_hispanic 86558 2132 88690

Total 87807 2167 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .558(b) 1 .455 

Continuity Correction(a) .430 1 .512 

Likelihood Ratio .536 1 .464 

Fisher's Exact Test .467 .256 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 30.92. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (hispanic / not_hispanic ) .879 .626 1.233 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .997 .988 1.006 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.134 .816 1.576 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-33

Appendix 1-E 

Gas Processing Plants
1-34

Total Minority 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

minority 15189 109 15298

RACE 

not_minority 74112 564 74676

Total 89301 673 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .313(b) 1 .576 

Continuity Correction(a) .258 1 .612 

Likelihood Ratio .317 1 .574 

Fisher's Exact Test .604 .306 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 114.43. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (minority / not_minority ) 1.060 .863 1.303 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.000 .999 1.002 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate .943 .769 1.157 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-35

White 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

not_white 15314 116 15430

RACE 

white 73987 557 74544

Total 89301 673 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .004(b) 1 .952 

Continuity Correction(a) .000 1 .993 

Likelihood Ratio .004 1 .952 

Fisher's Exact Test .963 .497 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 115.42. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (not_white / white ) .994 .813 1.215 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.000 .998 1.001 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.006 .824 1.228 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-36

Black 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

black 11349 11349

RACE 

not_black 77952 673 78625

Total 89301 673 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 97.875(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 96.726 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 182.213 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 84.89. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate 1.009 1.008 1.009 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-37

Native American 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

indian 1979 87 2066 

RACE 

not_indian 87322 586 87908

Total 89301 673 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 341.584(b) 1 .000 

Continuity Correction(a) 336.826 1 .000 

Likelihood Ratio 168.259 1 .000 

Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 15.45. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (indian / not_indian ) .153 .121 .192 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .964 .956 .973 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 6.317 5.065 7.879 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-38

Asian 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

asian 591 8 599 

RACE 

not_asian 88710 665 89375

Total 89301 673 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 2.804(b) 1 .094 

Continuity Correction(a) 2.064 1 .151 

Likelihood Ratio 2.276 1 .131 

Fisher's Exact Test .095 .084 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 1 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.48. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (asian / not_asian ) .554 .275 1.117 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .994 .985 1.003 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.795 .898 3.587 

N of Valid Cases 89974
1-39

Hispanic 

RACE * PROXIMIT Crosstabulation 

Count 

PROXIMIT 

Not Proximate Proximate Total 

hispanic 1270 14 1284 

RACE 

not_hispanic 88031 659 88690

Total 89301 673 89974

Chi-Square Tests 

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 2.056(b) 1 .152 

Continuity Correction(a) 1.615 1 .204 

Likelihood Ratio 1.805 1 .179 

Fisher's Exact Test .142 .106 

N of Valid Cases 89974 

a Computed only for a 2x2 table 

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 9.60. 

Risk Estimate 

95% Confidence Interval Value

Lower Upper 

Odds Ratio for RACE (hispanic / not_hispanic ) .679 .399 1.156 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Not Proximate .997 .991 1.002 

For cohort PROXIMIT = Proximate 1.467 .867 2.484 

N of Valid Cases 89974
2-1

Appendix 2 

Minority and Low-Income Groups 

in the 

Counties/Parishes 

along the 

Gulf of Mexico 

Natalie Bodin 

Craig E. Colten, Principal Investigator 

Scott A. Hemmerling, Cartographic Analysis 

Louisiana State University 

Department of Geography and Anthropology 

Prepared for 

Minerals Management Service 

Contract Number 1435-01-99-CA-30951 

August 2003
2-2

Table of Contents 

Acknowledgments............................................................................................................2-3 

Objectives.........................................................................................................................2-4 

Methods............................................................................................................................2-4 

Results..............................................................................................................................2-7 

Appendix 2-A: Mini-Atlas of Minority/Low-Income Populations along the Gulf of 

Mexico, 2000..................................................................................................................2-31 

Appendix 2-B: Bibliography of Secondary Literature on Minority/Low-Income 

Populations along the Gulf of Mexico............................................................................2-53 
2-3

Acknowledgments 

 The research team is indebted to the kind librarians and reference staff at libraries 

and archives in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 
2-4

Objectives

This research project had two main objectives. The first objective was to compile 

information on the distribution of minority and low-income populations above the state 

average in the counties/parishes that border the Gulf of Mexico, from Cameron County, 

Texas to Miami-Dade County, Florida. This zone is the area most likely to be effected by 

the oil and natural gas extraction activity on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The 

groups of interest were identified by: (1) reviewing recent census data (2000) at censustract level and (2) reviewing secondary literature to find minority groups identified by the 

census and those overlooked and untabulated by the census. 

The census data was analyzed and for countywide low-income population percentages, 

with threshold levels based upon federal poverty statistics. Any county with higher than 

the state average percentage was identified as an area of a higher than average 

impoverished population. Similarly, minority population was analyzed for countywide 

high minority percentages, with the state values identified as the threshold level. 

Searches for Native American, African American, Asian, Hispanic, and other identifiable 

minority groups were conducted at the census tract level to identify groups with higher 

than state average concentrations of minority groups. 

The secondary literature research identified minority groups that the census data did not 

reveal or did not specifically identify. Ethnographic accounts, cultural resource studies, 

sociological surveys, cultural geographic treatments, and other regional or local studies 

that focus on single or multiple ethnic/minority groups were examined. 

The second objective was to create a bibliography of the literature to be used for future 

research. This bibliography includes citations of both the areas with a large concentration 

of minority groups and also areas with impoverished population. 

Methods 

Maps were created using Arcview version 3.2. Each state was mapped showing the 

census tract level information for both minorities and low-income groups. Scott 

Hemmerling created the maps. 

The secondary literature research was divided among three workers. Robin Breeland 

analyzed Louisiana parishes. Satomi Fukutomi analyzed Florida counties. Natalie Bodin 

analyzed Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama counties. The bibliographic entries were then 

entered into Endnotes version 5. The workers found literature by searching: 

• Electronic Databases 

o Examples 

 JSTOR 

 Infotrac 

 Silverplatter 

 Academic Universe 
2-5

• University Catalogues 

• State Libraries 

• Bibliographies of pertinent resources of relevant sources 

• Keyword searches 

o Examples 

 Minority 

 Poverty 

 African American and Mobile, Alabama 

 Seminole and Florida 

 Asian and Fishing 

 Gulf of Mexico and Fishing 

 Shrimping 

 Shrimper 

 Chinese and Mississippi 

 Asian and Mississippi 

 Mississippi and Fishermen 

 Black and Gulf 

 Biloxi 

 Mississippi and Choctaw 

 Louisiana and Working Class 

 Louisiana and Gulf Coast 

 Louisiana and Terrebonne Parish 

 Louisiana and Creole 

 Gulf Coast and Fishermen 

 Kingsville 

 Brownsville 

 Corpus Christi 

 Beaumont and Texas 

 Harlingen 

 Friendswood 

 Willacy 

 Cameron and Texas 

 Vietnamese and Texas 

 Harrison County 

 Indian and Mississippi 

 Native American and Mississippi 

 Mobile and Alabama 

 Chickasaw and Alabama 

 Chickasaw 

 Brookley Field 

 Bayou La Batre 

 Axis and Alabama 

The Census data was found on the U.S Census Bureau website, www.census.gov. The 

data was analyzed at the census tract level. Both minority groups and low-income groups 

were identified at this level by comparison to the state average. Any census tract level 
2-6

that had a higher percentage than the state average was identified as important for our 

research. 

The data for low-income groups has not been released at the census tract level. It was 

scheduled for summer release but has been delayed. Maps indicating the low-income 

groups in the counties/parishes will follow as soon as the data becomes available. For 

purposes of the bibliographic research, we assume poverty existed in all countries. 

The following chart is the federal poverty guidelines for 2002 that was used to identify 

poverty thresholds in this research. This chart was obtained from the website: 

http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/poverty/02fedreg.htm. 

 

2002 Poverty Guidelines for the 48 Contiguous States and the District of 

Columbia 

------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

 Poverty 

 Size of family unit guideline 

------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

1.......................................................... $8,860 

2.......................................................... 11,940 

3.......................................................... 15,020 

4.......................................................... 18,100 

5.......................................................... 21,180 

6.......................................................... 24,260 

7.......................................................... 27,340 

8.......................................................... 30,420 

------------------------------------------------------------------------ 

For family units with more than 8 members, add $3,080 for each 

additional member. (The same increment applies to smaller family sizes 

also, as can be seen in the figures above.) 

Several repositories were visited over the course of the summer to utilize their holdings. 

The following in a list of the repositories visited: 

• Florida State University – Tallahassee, Florida 

o Robert Manning Strozier Library 

o Special Collections 

o Claude Pepper Library 

• State Library of Florida – Tallahassee, Florida 

• Florida State Archives – Tallahassee, Florida 

• University of South Alabama – Mobile, Alabama 

• Alabama State Library – Montgomery, Alabama 

• Troy State University – Montgomery, Alabama 

o Rosa Parks Library 

• Alabama State Archives – Montgomery, Alabama 

• Mississippi State University – Starkville, Mississippi 
2-7

o Mitchell Memorial Library 

• Jackson State University – Jackson, Mississippi 

• University of Southern Mississippi – Hattiesburg, Mississippi 

o Cook Library 

o McCain Library 

• Louisiana State University – Baton Rouge, Louisiana 

o Middleton Library 

o Special Collections 

• University of Texas – Austin, Texas 

o Benson Latin American Collection 

o Center for American History 

o Perry-Castañeda Library 

o Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 

• State Library of Texas – Austin, Texas 

• University of Houston – Houston, Texas 

o M.D. Anderson Library 

o Special Collections 

• Texas Southern University – Houston, Texas 

o Robert James Terry Library 

Results 

The census data shows the minority groups and poverty status for each county/parish 

bordering the Gulf of Mexico as followed: 

• Texas 

o State Census Data 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 11.5% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

o Asian – 2.7% 

 Asian Indian – 0.6% 

 Chinese – 0.5% 

 Filipino – 0.3% 

 Japanese – 0.1% 

 Korean – 0.2% 

 Vietnamese – 0.6% 

 Other Asian – 0.3% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.1% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 32% 

 Mexican – 24.3% 

 Puerto Rican – 0.3% 

 Cuban – 0.1% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 7.2% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 12% 
2-8

o Individuals – 15.4% 

o Aransas County 

• Minority 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

o Asian – 2.8% 

 Japanese – 0.1% 

 Vietnamese – 1.9% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 15.5% 

o Individuals – 19.9% 

o Brazoria County 

• Minority 

 Other Asian – 0.4% 

• Poverty 

o None 

o Calhoun County 

• Minority 

o Asian – 3.3% 

 Chinese – 1.8% 

 Vietnamese – 1.1% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 40.9% 

 Mexican – 30.3% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 10.3% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 12.7% 

o Individuals – 16.4% 

o Cameron County 

• Minority 

o Hispanic or Latino – 84.3% 

 Mexican – 67.6% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 16.4% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 28.2% 

o Individuals – 33.1% 

o Chambers County 

• Minority 

o None 

• Poverty 

o None 

o Galveston County 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 15.4% 

• Poverty 

o None 

o Jefferson County 

• Minority 
2-9

o Black or African American – 33.7% 

o Asian – 2.9% 

 Vietnamese – 1.7% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 14.6% 

o Individuals – 17.4% 

o Kenedy County 

• Minority 

 Other Asian – 0.5% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.7% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 79% 

 Mexican – 57.2% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 21.7% 

• Poverty 

o None 

o Kleberg County 

• Minority 

 Filipino – 0.4% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.1% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.2% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 65.4% 

 Mexican – 45.5% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 21.2% 

o Individuals – 26.7% 

o Matagorda County 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 12.7% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.7% 

 Vietnamese – 1.9% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 7.9% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 14.9% 

o Individuals – 18.5% 

o Nueces County 

• Minority 

 Filipino – 0.5% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.1% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.2% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 55.8% 

 Mexican – 36.1% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 19.3% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 14.7% 

o Individuals – 18.2% 

o San Patricio County 
2-10

• Minority 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.7% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.2% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 49.4% 

 Mexican – 30.5% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 18.6% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 14.6% 

o Individuals – 18% 

o Willacy County 

• Minority 

o Hispanic or Latino – 85.7% 

 Mexican – 63.4% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 22.2% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 29.2% 

o Individuals – 33.2% 

• Louisiana 

o State Census Data 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 32.5% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

o Asian – 1.2% 

 Asian Indian – 0.2% 

 Chinese – 0.2% 

 Filipino – 0.1% 

 Japanese – - 

 Korean – 0.1% 

 Vietnamese – 0.5% 

 Other Asian – 0.1% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – - 

o Hispanic or Latino – 2.4% 

 Mexican – 0.7% 

 Puerto Rican – 0.2% 

 Cuban – 0.2% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 1.3% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 15.8% 

o Individuals – 19.6% 

o Cameron Parish 

 Minority 

o Mexican – 1.5% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Iberia Parish 

 Minority 
2-11

• Asian – 1.9% 

o Other Asian – 1.3% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 20.2% 

• Individual – 23.6% 

o Jefferson Parish 

 Minority 

• Asian – 3.1% 

o Asian Indian – 0.4% 

o Chinese – 0.5% 

o Filipino – 0.3% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Korean – 0.2% 

o Vietnamese – 1.4% 

o Other Asian – 0.3% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 7.1% 

o Mexican – 1.1% 

o Puerto Rican – 0.4% 

o Cuban – 0.7% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 5% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Plaquemines Parish 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 2.1% 

• Asian – 2.6% 

o Vietnamese – 1.8% 

o Other Asian – 0.4% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o St. Bernard Parish 

 Minority 

• Asian – 1.3% 

o Asian Indian – 0.3% 

o Filipino – 0.4% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 5.1% 

o Mexican – 0.8% 

o Cuban – 0.3% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 3.8% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o St. Mary Parish 

 Minority 

o Mexican – 0.9% 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.4% 
2-12

• Asian – 1.6% 

o Vietnamese – 1.4% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 20.6% 

• Individuals – 23.6% 

o Terrebonne Parish 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 5.3% 

o Mexican – 0.8% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Vermilion Parish 

 Minority 

• Asian – 1.8% 

o Vietnamese – 1.6% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 17.4% 

• Individuals – 22.1% 

• Mississippi 

o State Census Data 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 36.3% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.4% 

o Asian – 0.7% 

 Asian Indian – 0.1% 

 Chinese – 0.1% 

 Filipino – 0.1% 

 Japanese – - 

 Korean – - 

 Vietnamese – 0.2% 

 Other Asian – 0.1% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – - 

o Hispanic or Latino – 1.4% 

 Mexican – 0.8% 

 Puerto Rican – 0.1% 

 Cuban – 0.1% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 0.5% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 16% 

o Individuals – 19.9% 

o Hancock County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

• Asian – 0.9% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Vietnamese – 0.4% 
2-13

• Hispanic or Latino – 1.8% 

o Puerto Rican – 0.2% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 0.9% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Harrison County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.5% 

• Asian – 2.6% 

o Filipino – 0.5% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Korean – 0.1% 

o Vietnamese – 1.5% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 2.6% 

o Mexican – 1% 

o Puerto Rican – 0.5% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 1% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Jackson County 

 Minority 

• Asian – 1.6% 

o Filipino – 0.2% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Korean – 0.1% 

o Vietnamese – 0.9% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 2.1% 

o Mexican – 1.1% 

o Puerto Rican – 0.3% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 0.7% 

 Poverty 

• None 

• Alabama 

o State Census Data 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 26% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.5% 

o Asian – 0.7% 

 Asian Indian – 0.2% 

 Chinese – 0.1% 

 Filipino – 0.1% 

 Japanese – - 

 Korean – 0.1% 

 Vietnamese – 0.1% 

 Other Asian – 0.1% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – - 
2-14

o Hispanic or Latino – 1.7% 

 Mexican – 1.0% 

 Puerto Rican – 0.1% 

 Cuban – 0.1% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 0.5% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 12.5% 

o Individuals– 1.61% 

o Baldwin County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 1.8% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Mobile County 

 Minority 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 0.6% 

• Black or African American – 33.4% 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.7% 

• Asian – 1.4% 

o Vietnamese – 0.6% 

o Other Asian – 0.3% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 15.6% 

• Individuals – 18.5% 

• Florida 

o State Census Data 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 14.6% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.3% 

o Asian – 1.7% 

 Asian Indian – 0.4% 

 Chinese – 0.3% 

 Filipino – 0.3% 

 Japanese – 0.1% 

 Korean – 0.1% 

 Vietnamese – 0.2% 

 Other Asian – 0.2% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.1% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 16.8% 

 Mexican – 2.3% 

 Puerto Rican – 3% 

 Cuban – 5.2% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 6.3% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 9% 
2-15

o Individuals – 12.5% 

o Bay County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.8% 

o Filipino – 0.4% 

o Korean – 0.2% 

o Vietnamese – 0.5% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 9.8% 

• Individuals – 13% 

o Charlotte County 

 Minority 

• None 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Citrus County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.9% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Collier County 

 Minority 

• Hispanic or Latino – 19.6% 

o Mexican – 11.3% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Dixie County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 14.5% 

• Individuals – 19.1% 

o Escambia County 

 Minority 

• Black or African American – 21.4% 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.9% 

• Asian – 2.2% 

o Filipino – 0.9% 

o Vietnamese – 0.6% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 12.1% 

• Individuals – 15.4% 

o Franklin County 

 Minority 

• Black or African American – 16.3% 
2-16

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.5% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 11.8% 

• Individuals – 17.7% 

o Gulf County 

 Minority 

• Black or African American – 17.4% 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.5% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 13.7% 

• Individuals – 16.7% 

o Hernando County 

 Minority 

• None 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Jefferson County 

 Minority 

• Black or African American – 38.3% 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.4% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 13.3% 

• Individuals – 17.1% 

o Lee County 

 Minority 

o Mexican – 3.6% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Levy County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.2% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 15% 

• Individuals – 18.6% 

o Manatee County 

 Minority 

• None 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Miami-Dade County 

 Minority 

o Chinese – 0.4% 

• Black or African American – 20.3% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 57.3% 

o Puerto Rican – 3.6% 
2-17

o Cuban – 28.9% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 23.2% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 14.5% 

• Individuals – 18% 

o Monroe County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.4% 

o Cuban – 9% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Okaloosa County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

• Asian – 2.5% 

o Filipino – 0.9% 

o Japanese – 0.2% 

o Korean – 0.4% 

o Other Asian – 0.5% 

• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.3% 

o Native Hawaiian – 0.1% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Pasco County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.4% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Pinellas County 

 Minority 

• Asian – 2.1% 

o Vietnamese – 0.5% 

o Other Asian – 0.4% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Santa Rosa County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1% 

o Filipino – 0.7% 

 Poverty 

• None 

o Sarasota County 

 Minority 

• None 

 Poverty 
2-18

• None 

o Taylor County 

 Minority 

• Black or African American – 19% 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 14.5% 

• Individuals – 18% 

o Wakulla County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 9.3% 

o Walton County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.3% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 11.6% 

• Individuals – 14.4% 

The areas of particular interest, based on census data, are: 

• Texas 

o Aransas County 

• Minority 

 Vietnamese – 1.9% 

o Brazoria County 

• Minority 

 Other Asian – 0.4% 

o Calhoun County 

• Minority 

 Chinese – 1.8% 

 Vietnamese – 1.1% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 10.3% 

o Cameron County 

• Minority 

o Hispanic or Latino – 84.3% 

 Mexican – 67.6% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 16.4% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 28.2% 

o Individuals – 33.1% 

o Jefferson County 

• Minority 

o Black or African American – 33.7% 
2-19

 Vietnamese – 1.7% 

o Kenedy County 

• Minority 

 Other Asian – 0.5% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 79% 

 Mexican – 57.2% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 21.7% 

o Kleberg County 

• Minority 

 Filipino – 0.4% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.1% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.2% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 65.4% 

 Mexican – 45.5% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 21.2% 

o Individuals – 26.7% 

o Matagorda County 

• Minority 

 Vietnamese – 1.9% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 7.9% 

o Nueces County 

• Minority 

 Filipino – 0.5% 

o American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.1% 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.2% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 55.8% 

 Mexican – 36.1% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 19.3% 

o San Patricio County 

• Minority 

o Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.2% 

o Hispanic or Latino – 49.4% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 18.6% 

o Willacy County 

• Minority 

o Hispanic or Latino – 85.7% 

 Mexican – 63.4% 

 Other Hispanic or Latino – 22.2% 

• Poverty 

o Families – 29.2% 

o Individuals – 33.2% 

• Louisiana 

o Cameron Parish 

 Minority 

o Mexican – 1.5% 
2-20

o Iberia Parish 

 Minority 

• Asian – 1.9% 

o Jefferson Parish 

 Minority 

• Asian – 3.1% 

o Asian Indian – 0.4% 

o Chinese – 0.5% 

o Filipino – 0.3% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Korean – 0.2% 

o Vietnamese – 1.4% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 7.1% 

o Mexican – 1.1% 

o Puerto Rican – 0.4% 

o Cuban – 0.7% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 5% 

o Plaquemines Parish 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 2.1% 

• Asian – 2.6% 

o Vietnamese – 1.8% 

o Other Asian – 0.4% 

o St. Bernard Parish 

 Minority 

o Asian Indian – 0.3% 

o Filipino – 0.4% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 5.1% 

o Cuban – 0.3% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 3.8% 

o St. Mary Parish 

 Minority 

o Vietnamese – 1.4% 

o Terrebonne Parish 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 5.3% 

o Vermilion Parish 

 Minority 

• Asian – 1.8% 

o Vietnamese – 1.6% 

• Mississippi 

o Hancock County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Vietnamese – 0.4% 
2-21

o Puerto Rican – 0.2% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 0.9% 

o Harrison County 

 Minority 

• Asian – 2.6% 

o Filipino – 0.5% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Korean – 0.1% 

o Vietnamese – 1.5% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 2.6% 

o Puerto Rican – 0.5% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 1% 

o Jackson County 

 Minority 

• Asian – 1.6% 

o Filipino – 0.2% 

o Japanese – 0.1% 

o Korean – 0.1% 

o Vietnamese – 0.9% 

• Hispanic or Latino – 2.1% 

o Puerto Rican – 0.3% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 0.7% 

• Alabama 

o Baldwin County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

o Mobile County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.7% 

• Asian – 1.4% 

o Vietnamese – 0.6% 

o Other Asian – 0.3% 

• Florida 

o Bay County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.8% 

o Korean – 0.2% 

o Vietnamese – 0.5% 

o Citrus County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.9% 

o Collier County 

 Minority 

• Hispanic or Latino – 19.6% 

o Mexican – 11.3% 

o Dixie County 
2-22

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 14.5% 

• Individuals – 19.1% 

o Escambia County 

 Minority 

• Black or African American – 21.4% 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.9% 

o Filipino – 0.9% 

o Vietnamese – 0.6% 

o Franklin County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.5% 

 Poverty 

• Individuals – 17.7% 

o Gulf County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.5% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 13.7% 

o Jefferson County 

 Minority 

• Black or African American – 38.3% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 13.3% 

o Lee County 

 Minority 

o Mexican – 3.6% 

o Levy County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.2% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 15% 

• Individuals – 18.6% 

o Miami-Dade County 

 Minority 

• Hispanic or Latino – 57.3% 

o Puerto Rican – 3.6% 

o Cuban – 28.9% 

o Other Hispanic or Latino – 23.2% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 14.5% 

• Individuals – 18% 

o Monroe County 
2-23

 Minority 

o Cuban – 9% 

o Okaloosa County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

• Asian – 2.5% 

o Filipino – 0.9% 

o Japanese – 0.2% 

o Korean – 0.4% 

o Other Asian – 0.5% 

• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – 0.3% 

o Native Hawaiian – 0.1% 

o Pinellas County 

 Minority 

o Vietnamese – 0.5% 

o Other Asian – 0.4% 

o Santa Rosa County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1% 

o Filipino – 0.7% 

o Taylor County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1% 

 Poverty 

• Families – 14.5% 

• Individuals – 18% 

o Wakulla County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 0.6% 

o Walton County 

 Minority 

• American Indian and Alaska Native – 1.3% 

The literature review indicates the locations and minority groups of special 

interest listed below. These were identified through analyzing published data. Some 

minorities mentioned are not identified by the census. The locations and groups listed are 

(1) places with significant concentrations of minority populations or (2) groups which 

have been extensively researched and are easily studied in published sources. 

• Texas 

o General 

 Black or African American 

 Asian 

• Vietnamese 

• Chinese 

• Japanese 
2-24

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

o Cameron County 

 Brownsville, Port Isabel, South Padre Island and Harlingen 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

 Central American 

 Black or African American 

 Jewish 

 Honduran 

 Indochinese 

 Vietnamese 

 Poverty 

o Willacy County 

 Raymondville and Lyford 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

o Kenedy County 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

o Kleberg County 

 Corpus Christi 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

 Filipino 

 Vietnamese 

 Black or African American 

 Greek 

o Nueces County 

 Corpus Christi, Driscoll, Aransas Pass, Robstown and Portland 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

 Indochinese 

 Filipino 

 Vietnamese 

 Black or African American 

 Greek 

o San Patricio County 

 Corpus Christi, Odem, Edroy, Gregory and Sinton 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

 Indochinese 

 Filipino 

 Vietnamese 

 Black or African American 

 Greek 
2-25

o Aransas County 

 Hispanic 

o Calhoun County 

 Seadrift 

 Vietnamese 

 Poverty 

o Matagorda County 

 Bay City 

 Hispanic 

 Vietnamese 

o Brazoria County 

 Angleton and Freeport 

 Black or African American 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

 Honduran 

 Indochinese 

 Vietnamese 

o Galveston County 

 Galveston, Texas City and Hitchcock 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

 Black or African American 

 Vietnamese 

 Poverty 

o Chambers County 

 Baytown 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

o Jefferson County 

 Beaumont and Port Arthur 

 Black or African American 

 Japanese 

 Hispanic 

 Syrian-Lebanese 

 Indochinese 

 Vietnamese 

 Honduran 

 Poverty 

• Louisiana 

o General 

 Native American 

• Houma 

• Chitimacha 

 Cajun/Acadian 

 Hispanic 
2-26

• Haitian 

 Asian 

• Vietnamese 

 Creole 

o Vermilion Parish 

 Abbeville and Erath 

 Cajun/Acadian 

 Vietnamese 

 Poverty 

o Iberia Parish 

 New Iberia and Avery Island 

 Black or African America 

o St Mary Parish 

 Franklin, Patterson and Morgan City 

 Poverty 

o Terrebonne Parish 

 Chauvin, Dulac and Houma 

 Cajun/Acadian 

 Native American 

• Chitimacha 

• Houma 

o Jefferson Parish 

 Metairie, Kenner and Grand Isle 

 Black or African American 

 Native American 

• Choctaw 

o Plaquemines Parish 

 Asian 

o St Bernard Parish 

 Cajun/Acadian 

• Mississippi 

o General 

 Black or African American 

 Asian 

• East Indian 

• Chinese 

• Vietnamese 

• Indochinese 

 Hispanic 

 Creole 

 Native American 

• Choctaw 

o Hancock County 

 Waveland 

 Black or African American 

 Chinese 
2-27

 Lebanese 

 Mexican American 

o Harrison County 

 Biloxi, Gulfport and Long Beach 

 Vietnamese 

 Black or African American 

 Poverty 

o Jackson County 

 Ocean Springs and Pascagoula 

 Native American 

• Choctaw 

 Hispanic 

 Asian 

• Vietnamese 

• Cambodian 

• Laotian 

• Alabama 

o General 

 Black or African American 

 Cajun/Acadian 

 Creole 

 Asian 

• Vietnamese 

• Cambodian 

• Laotian 

 Native American 

• Creek 

• Choctaw 

o Mobile County 

 Bayou La Batre, Dauphin Island, Irvington and Brookley Field 

 Creole 

 Asian 

• Indochinese 

• Vietnamese 

 Black or African American 

 Poverty 

o Baldwin County 

 Perdido and Prichard 

 Vietnamese 

 Black or African American 

 Poverty 

• Florida 

o General 

 Native American 

• Seminole 

• Miccosukee 
2-28

 Black or African American 

 Jewish 

 Lebanese 

 Hispanic 

• Puerto Rican 

• Cuban 

• Mayan 

o Bay County 

 Panama City 

 Black or African American 

 Vietnamese 

o Charlotte County 

 Hispanic 

o Citrus County 

 Cuban 

o Collier County 

 Immokalee and Naples 

 Hispanic 

 Native American 

• Miccosukee 

• Seminole 

 Haitian 

o Escambia County 

 Pensacola 

 Greek 

 Cuban 

 Black or African American 

o Franklin County 

 Apalachicola 

 Native American 

o Hernando County 

 Hispanic 

• Puerto Rican 

• Cuban 

o Lee County 

 Fort Myers and Cape Coral 

 Hispanic 

 Native American 

• Seminole 

o Manatee County 

 Bradenton and Manasota 

 Greek 

 Hispanic 

• Puerto Rican 

• Mexican 

• Cuban 
2-29

 Poverty 

o Miami-Dade County 

 Miami, Hialeah and Opa-locka 

 Black or African American 

 Jewish 

 Jamaican 

 Nicaraguan 

 Asian Indian 

 Iranian 

 Native American 

• Mikasuki 

• Miccosukee 

• Seminole 

 Hispanic 

• Cuban 

• Puerto Rican 

• Haitian 

 Poverty 

o Monroe County 

 Key West 

 Poverty 

o Pasco County 

 Tarpon Springs 

 Hispanic 

• Mexican 

 Pakistan 

 Greek 

 Native American 

 Central American 

 South American 

 Asian 

• Asian Indian 

• Filipino 

• Vietnamese 

 Black or African American 

o Pinellas County 

 Tarpon Springs, Tampa, St Petersburg and Clearwater 

 Black or African American 

 Hispanic 

• Haitian 

 Greek 

 Seminole 

o Santa Rosa County 

 Pensacola Beach 

 Greek 

 Creole 
2-30

 Cuban 

o Wakulla County 

 Black or African American 

o Walton County 

 Native American 

• Muscogee 

 
2-31

Appendix 2-A 

Mini-Atlas of Minority/Low-Income Populations 

along the 

Gulf of Mexico, 2000 

Scott A. Hemmerling 

Louisiana State University 

Department of Geography and Anthropology 

September 2002 
2-33

Texas Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*

People indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 200 Miles

61.6-96.9 40.2-61.521.5-40.17.3-21.40.0-7.2

Texas percent is 11.5

Texas Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*

People indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 200 Miles

61.6-96.9 40.2-61.521.5-40.17.3-21.40.0-7.2

Texas percent is 11.5
2-34

Texas Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract

1.0-1.70.8-0.90.6-0.70.3-0.50.0-0.2

Texas percent is 0.6

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 200 Miles

Texas Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract

1.0-1.70.8-0.90.6-0.70.3-0.50.0-0.2

Texas percent is 0.6

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 200 Miles
2-35

Texas Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*

People indicating exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

9.6-17.8 5.3-9.5 2.3-5.2 0.9-2.2 0.0-0.8

Texas percent is 2.7

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

Texas Coastal Counties

100 0 100 200 Miles

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*

People indicating exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

9.6-17.8 5.3-9.5 2.3-5.2 0.9-2.2 0.0-0.8

Texas percent is 2.7

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 200 Miles
2-36

Texas Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*

All races Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract

81.3-99.255.8-81.234.2-55.716.6-34.10.0-16.5

Texas percent is 32.0

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 200 Miles

Texas Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*

All races Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract

81.3-99.255.8-81.234.2-55.716.6-34.10.0-16.5

Texas percent is 32.0

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 200 Miles
2-37

Texas Coastal Counties

Household Poverty by Census Tract

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract

0-11.711.8-20.820.9-30.931.0-43.743.8-69.5

Texas percent is 14.0

*As defined by the U.S. Census BureauData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF3) Sample Data

100 0 100 200

Texas Coastal Counties

Household Poverty by Census Tract

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract

0-11.711.8-20.820.9-30.931.0-43.743.8-69.5

Texas percent is 14.0

*As defined by the U.S. Census BureauData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF3) Sample Data

100 0 100 200
2-38People indicating 

exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

66.9-98.638.9-66.820.2-38.87.6-20.10.0-7.5

Louisiana percent is 32.5

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*

People indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

66.9-98.638.9-66.820.2-38.87.6-20.10.0-7.5

Louisiana percent is 32.5

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*
2-39

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

9.4-28.65.8-9.42.1-5.80.8-2.10.0-0.8 Louisiana percent is 0.6

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

9.4-28.65.8-9.42.1-5.80.8-2.10.0-0.8 Louisiana percent is 0.6

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*
2-40People indicating 

exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

8.1-18.44.3-8.02.6-4.21.1-2.50.0-1.0

Louisiana percent is 1.2

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*

People indicating exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

8.1-18.44.3-8.02.6-4.21.1-2.50.0-1.0

Louisiana percent is 1.2

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*
2-41All races 

Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

13.8-30.37.9-13.74.5-7.82.3-4.40-2.2

Louisiana percent is 2.4

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*

All races Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

100 0 100 Miles 

13.8-30.37.9-13.74.5-7.82.3-4.40-2.2

Louisiana percent is 2.4

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*
2-42

*As defined by the U.S. Census BureauData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF3) Sample Data

100 0 100 Miles 

0.0-8.18.2-14.114.2-21.521.6-31.831.9-45.7

Louisiana percent is 19.1

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Household Poverty by Census Tract

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract

*As defined by the U.S. Census BureauData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF3) Sample Data

100 0 100 Miles 

0.0-8.18.2-14.114.2-21.521.6-31.831.9-45.7

Louisiana percent is 19.1

Louisiana Coastal Parishes

Household Poverty by Census Tract

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract
2-43

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*

People indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

61.6-96.9 40.2-61.521.5-40.17.3-21.40.0-7.2

Mississippi percent is 36.3Alabama percent is 26.0

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*

People indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

61.6-96.9 40.2-61.521.5-40.17.3-21.40.0-7.2

Mississippi percent is 36.3Alabama percent is 26.0
2-44

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

2.6-16.01.3-2.50.7-1.20.4-0.60.0-0.3

Mississippi percent is 0.4Alabama percent is 0.5

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

2.6-16.01.3-2.50.7-1.20.4-0.60.0-0.3

Mississippi percent is 0.4Alabama percent is 0.5

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract
2-45

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*

People indicating exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

20.8-37.210.1-20.73.7-10.01.4-3.60.0-1.3

Mississippi percent is 0.7Alabama percent is 0.7

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*

People indicating exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

20.8-37.210.1-20.73.7-10.01.4-3.60.0-1.3

Mississippi percent is 0.7Alabama percent is 0.7
2-46

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

4.8-8.32.7-4.71.6-2.61.0-1.50.0-0.9

Alabama percent is 1.7

All races Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract

Mississippi percent is 1.4

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

50 0 50 Miles

4.8-8.32.7-4.71.6-2.61.0-1.50.0-0.9

Alabama percent is 1.7

All races Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract

Mississippi percent is 1.4
2-47

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

*As defined by the U.S. Census BureauData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF3) Sample Data

50 0 50 Miles

0.0-9.19.2-16.716.8-27.627.7-44.544.6-77.5

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract

Alabama percent is 16.7

Mississippi percent is 19.7

Mississippi and Alabama Coastal Counties

Household Poverty by Census Tract

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

*As defined by the U.S. Census BureauData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF3) Sample Data

50 0 50 Miles

0.0-9.19.2-16.716.8-27.627.7-44.544.6-77.5

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract

Alabama percent is 16.7

Mississippi percent is 19.7
2-48

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*

People indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

200 0 200 Miles

75.5-98.546.4-75.423.3-46.37.3-23.20.0-7.2

Florida percent is 14.6

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Black or African American*

People indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

200 0 200 Miles

75.5-98.546.4-75.423.3-46.37.3-23.20.0-7.2

Florida percent is 14.6
2-49

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

200 0 200 Miles

2.0-3.71.0-1.90.6-0.90.3-0.50.0-0.2

Florida percent is 0.3

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:American Indianand Alaska Native*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File

200 0 200 Miles

2.0-3.71.0-1.90.6-0.90.3-0.50.0-0.2

Florida percent is 0.3

People indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by census tract
2-50

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*

People indicating exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File 200 0 200 Miles

6.6-14.73.7-6.52.2-3.61.0-2.10.0-0.9

Florida percent is 1.7

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000One Race:Asian*

People indicating exactly one race, Asian, as a percent of total population by census tract

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File 200 0 200 Miles

6.6-14.73.7-6.52.2-3.61.0-2.10.0-0.9

Florida percent is 1.7
2-51

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File 200 0 200 Miles

71.6-95.444.9-71.524.1-44.810.0-24.00.0-9.9

Florida percent is 16.8

All races Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract

Florida Coastal Counties

Minority Population by Census Tract

Percent of Population, 2000Hispanic or Latino OriginAll Races*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File 200 0 200 Miles

71.6-95.444.9-71.524.1-44.810.0-24.00.0-9.9

Florida percent is 16.8

All races Hispanic or Latino population, as a percent of total population by census tract
2-52

Florida Coastal Counties

Household Poverty by Census Tract

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File 200 0 200 Miles

0.0-7.98.0-14.514.6-23.623.7-37.637.7-70.8

Florida percent is 11.7

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract

Florida Coastal Counties

Household Poverty by Census Tract

Percent of Total Households, 2000Households with Income Below the Poverty Level*

*Racial and ethnic categories follow U.S. Census Bureau nomenclatureData Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File 200 0 200 Miles

0.0-7.98.0-14.514.6-23.623.7-37.637.7-70.8

Florida percent is 11.7

Household income below poverty level as a percent of total households by census tract
2-53

Appendix 2-B 

Bibliography 

of Secondary Literature 

on 

Minority/Low-Income Populations 

along the 

Gulf of Mexico 

Natalie Bodin 

Robin Breeland 

Satomi Fukutomi 

Researchers 

Craig E. Colten, Principal Investigator 

Louisiana State University 

Department of Geography and Anthropology 

September 2002
2-54

2,700 members leaving United Houma Nation. 1996. November 15. The Advocate; 1E. 

Abbady, T. 2002. March 30. Immigrant physician assistants are poised to lose licenses. 

Associated Press. 

Abbott, C. 1987. New urban America: Growth and politics in Sunbelt cities. Chapel Hill: 

University of North Carolina Press. 

Abbott, S. 2000. Federal perspective: Interpretations of Mexican American communities. 

Prologue 32(1): 36-45. 

Abella, R. 1976. The cultural presence of the Cuban exile in Miami. In: Balseiro, J., 

editor. The Hispanic presence in Florida: E A Seemann Publishing, Inc. 

Abresch, J. 1993. Neighborhood change in North Tampa: Suitcase city from 1960 to 

1990. Unpublished Paper. 

Abresch, J. 1996. Economic restructuring and the Latino community in Tampa, Florida 

[MA]. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Acadiana Planning & Development District. 1976. The comprehensive plan for the 

Chitimacha tribe of Louisiana. Lafayette, LA: Acadiana Planning & Development 

District. 

Acevedo, G. 2000. The effects of geographic density, human capital, and individual 

characteristics on the earnings of Cubans and Puerto Ricans [PhD]. Bryn Mawr, 

PA: Bryn Mawr College. 

Acheson, J. 1981. Anthropology of fishing. Annual Review of Anthropology 10:275-316. 

Acosta, S. 1980. An investigation of the stages of concern toward bilingual education in 

selected south Texas independent school districts [EdD]. Kingsville, TX: Texas 

A&I University. 

Adam, L. 2000. Terrebonne Farms, Louisiana: An anthropogeographic study of a new 

deal resettlement [PhD]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Adams, A. 1972. Black-white occupational differentials in southern metropolitan 

employment. Journal of Human Resources 7(4): 500-517. 

Adams, D. 1999. April 29. A clash of cultures could split county. St Petersburg Times; 1. 

Adams, W. and A. Knapp. 1997. Portrait of a border city: Brownsville Texas. Austin: 

Eakin Press. 

Adeola, F.O. 1999. Minority occupational structure and poverty: Empirical evidence 

from Louisiana Parishes. Sociological Spectrum 19(2): 37. 
2-55

Adkins, G. 1972. Study of the blue crab fishery in Louisiana. Louisiana Wildlife and 

Fisheries Commission. 

Adkins, G. 1993. A comprehensive assessment of bycatch in the Louisiana shrimp 

fishery. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 

Agency issues tough new rules to save turtles from shrimp nets. 1993. International 

Wildlife 23:29. 

Aguirre, B.E., K. Schwirian and A. LaGreca. 1980. The residential patterning of Latin 

American and other ethnic populations in metropolitan Miami. Latin American 

Research Review 5:35-64. 

Ahn, B. 1999. Regional tourism development: An investigation of resident attitudes 

toward community, tourism development and potential for change within the lac 

framework [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 

Aiken, C. 1985. New settlement pattern of rural blacks in the American south. 

Geographical Review 75(4): 383-404. 

Aiken, C. 1990. A new type of black ghetto in the plantation south. Annals of the 

Association of American Geographers 80(2): 223-246. 

Aiken, C. 1990. Race as a factor in municipal underbounding. Annals of the Association 

of American Geographers 77(4): 564-579. 

Airriess, C. and D. Clawson. 1991. Versailles: A Vietnamese enclave in New Orleans, 

Louisiana. Journal of Cultural Geography 12:1-15. 

Airriess, C. and D. Clawson. 1994. Vietnamese market gardens in New Orleans. 

Geographical Review 84(1): 16-31. 

Akers, D. 1999. Removing the heart of the Choctaw people: Indian removal from a 

Native perspective. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 23(3): 63. 

Alabama Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1996. 

Burning of African American churches in Alabama and perceptions of race 

relations. Boligee, AL: Alabama Advisory Committee to the United States 

Commission on Civil Rights. 

Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs. 1983. Guide to the 1980 

census of population and housing: Alabama reports and other related studies. 

Montgomery: Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, State 

Planning and Federal Programs Division, and Alabama Development Office. 

Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. 1981-1982. Alabama Indian advocate. 

Montgomery, AL: Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. 
2-56

Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. 1995. Administrative code, chapter 475-x-3: 

Procedures and criteria for the recognition of Indian tribes, bands, groups and 

associations. Montgomery, AL: Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. 

Alabama State Employment Service; Community Services Section. 1976. Manpower 

resources report: Baldwin County, Alabama. Montgomery, AL: Alabama 

Department of Industrial Relations. 

al-Aseer, A. 1991. Tampa bay's Islamic communities. Tampa: National Conference of 

Christians and Jews. 3. 

Alba, R. and J. Logan. 1993. Minority proximity to whites in suburbs: An individuallevel analysis of segregation. American Journal of Sociology 98(6): 1388-1427. 

Alba, R., J. Logan and B. Stults. 2000. The changing neighborhood contexts of the 

immigrant metropolis. Social Forces 79(2): 587-621. 

Alduino, F.W. 1989. The "noble experiment" in Tampa: A study of prohibition in urban 

America [PhD]. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Allain, M. 1978. Twentieth-century Acadians. In: Conrad, G., editor. The Cajuns: Essays 

on their history and culture. Lafayette: University of Louisiana at Lafayette. 

Allen, C. 1981. Gulf shrimping and technology: Texas A & M University. 

Allen, J. 1951. A sociological analysis of a Hungarian American community [MA]. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Allen, J. 1977. Recent immigration from the Philippines and Filipino communities in the 

United States. Geographical Review 67(2): 195-208. 

Allen, W. and S. Taylor. 1997. Aransas: The life of a Texas coastal city. Austin: Eakin 

Press. 

Alligator wrestler puts a little bite into his show. 1998. January 2. Orlando Sentinel. 

Almendarez, A. 1992. Profile of a school dropout in the Odem-Edroy independent school 

district [EdD]: Texas A&M University. 

Aloglah, O. 1995. A comparative study of self-esteem between low-income Hispanic 

bilingual and monolingual urban elementary students. Dissertation-Abstracts 

International 56. 

Alonso, G. 2001. Nuestra America in America: Immigrants struggling for power in the 

shadow of the state [Phd]. Berkeley: University of California. 

Alonzo, A. and J.R. Chavez. 1999. Tejano legacy (book review). Agricultural History 

73(1): 99-100. 
2-57

Alvarez, J., C. Andrew and F. Prochaska. 1977. Economic structure of the Florida shrimp 

processing industry. Gainesville: Food and Resource Economics Department, 

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 

Alvarez, S. 2001. Getting a head start on assimilation: An analysis of Cuban American 

women in a head start program [PhD]: Kansas State University. 

Amaya, D. 1983. Bottom of bottoms: The chemical dependent Mariel entrant in Miami. 

Alcohol Health and Research World 7:47-48. 

Ammidown, M. 1981. The Seminole tribe, inc.: Winning and losing at the white man's 

game. Florida Anthropologist 34:238-242. 

Ancelet, B. 1996. Zydeco/zarico: The term and the tradition. In: Dormon, J., editor. 

Creoles of color in the Gulf South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 

Ancelet, B., J. Edwards and G. Pitre, editors. 1991. Cajun country. Jackson, MS: 

University Press of Mississippi. 

And all in 20 years. 1998. The Economist 348(8079): 26. 

Andersen, R., S.Z. Lewis, A. Giachello, L.A. Aday and G. Chiu. 1981. Access to medical 

care among the Hispanic population of the southwestern United States. Journal of 

Health and Social Behavior 22(1): 78-89. 

Anderson, J., editor. 1983. A Choctaw anthology. Washington, DC: Office of Elementary 

and Secondary Education. 

Anderson, J. and N. Zachary, editors. 1984. A Choctaw anthology ii. Washington, DC: 

Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. 

Anderson, J. and N. Zachary, editors. 1985. A Choctaw anthology iii. Washington, DC: 

Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. 

Andolsek, K. 1997. Firearms as a major cause of morbidity and morality. American 

Family Physician 55:691-692. 

Andrews, E. 1999. The effects of a self-improvement program on the self-esteem of 

single college mothers. Dissertation-Abstracts International 60. 

Andryszewski, T. 1995. The Seminoles: People of the southeast. Brookfield: Millbrook 

Press. 

Andryusky, L. 1989. March 10. Hispanics bring their culture to community. St 

Petersburg Times; 1. 

Angers, T. 1990. The truth about the Cajuns. Lafayette, LA: Acadian House Publishing. 
2-58

Anthony, O. 1972. Black Tampa: The roots of a people. Tampa: Hillsborough County 

Museum. 

Aransas County-Rockport Centennial Inc. 1970. A glimpse of our past...On the occasion 

of the one hundredth anniversary of the incorporation of Rockport, 1870, and the 

establishment of Aransas County, 1871. Corpus Christi: Coastal Printing. 

Aransas Pass Chamber of Commerce. 1976. Aransas pass, Texas. Aransas Pass: 

Biography Press. 

Arden, H. 1981. Troubled odyssey of Vietnamese fishermen. National Geographic: 378-

395. 

Arevalo, G. 1985. A comparative investigation of the attitudes of administrators, teachers 

and parents toward bilingual education in the Rio Grande valley [EdD]: Texas 

A&I University. 

Arias, A. 1990. Changing Indian identity: Guatemala's violent transition to modernity. In: 

Smith, C., editor. Guatemalan Indians and the state: 1540-1988. Austin: 

University of Texas Press. 

Arias, E. 1998. The demography of assimilation: The case of Cubans in the United States 

(immigrants, socioeconomic party, family structure, marriage, fertility) [PhD]. 

Madison: University of Wisconsin. 

Armistead, S. 1992. The Spanish tradition in Louisiana. Newark: Juan de la CuestaHispanic Monographs. 

Arp, W.B.I. 1997. Religiosity: A source of black environmentalism and empowerment? 

Journal of Black Studies 28(2): 255-267. 

Arreola, D. 1987. The Mexican American cultural capital. Geographical Review 77:17-

34. 

Arreola, D. 1992. Plaza towns of south Texas. Geographical Review 82(1): 56-73. 

Arreola, D. 1993. Texas. In: Cayton, M., E. Gorn and P. Williams, editors. Encyclopedia 

of American social history. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 

Arreola, D. 1993. The Texas-Mexican homeland. Journal of Cultural Geography 13:61-

74. 

Arreola, D. 1995. Urban ethnic landscape identity. Geographical Review 85(4): 518-534. 

Arreola, D. 1995. Mexican Texas: A distinctive borderland. In: Petersen, J. and J. 

Tuason, editors. A geographic glimpse of central Texas and the borderlands: 

Images and encounters. Indiana: National Council for Geographic Education. 
2-59

Arreola, D. 2000. Mexican Americans. In: McKee, J., editor. Ethnicity in contemporary 

America: Geographical essays. Lahman: Rowman and Littlefield. 

Arreola, D. 2001. La Tierra Tejana: A south Texas homeland. In: Nostrand, R. and L. 

Estaville, editors. Homelands in the United States: A geography of culture and 

place across America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Arreola, D. 2002. Tejano south Texas: A Mexican American cultural province. Austin: 

University of Texas Press. 

Arreola, D. and J. Curtis. 1993. The Mexican border cities: Landscape anatomy and place 

personality. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 

Arrieta, M., F. Walker and T. Mason. 1998. A profile of demographic, occupational, and 

health related characteristics of the migrant and settled (seasonal) hired 

farmworker population of Florida. Tampa: College of Public Health. 

Arsenault, R. and G. Mormino. 1988. From Dixie to dreamland: Demographic and 

cultural change in Florida, 1880-1980. In: Miller, R. and G. Pozzetta, editors. 

Shades of the Sunbelt: Essays on ethnicity, race, and the urban south. Westport: 

Greenwood Publishing Group. 

Arturo, R.J. 1994. In purgatory: Mayan immigrants in Indiantown and West Palm Beach, 

south Florida: University of Florida. 

Ashton, K. Conflicts in the blue crab fishery - a processor's perspective; 1995; Orlando, 

Florida. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, TCC Crab Subcommittee. 

Aspen Systems Corporation. 1997. Building partnerships for better communities: Success 

stories from Indian country. Washington, DC: Office of Native American 

Programs. 

Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs. 1984. Anthropological report on the Poarch band of 

Creeks. Proposed finding for federal acknowledgment of the Poarch band of 

Creeks. Washington, DC: Federal Register. 

Assistant Secretary Indian Affairs. 1984. Final determination for federal acknowledgment 

of the Poarch band of Creeks. Washington, DC: Federal Register. 

Aten, L.E. 1979. Indians of the upper Texas coast: Ethnohistoric and archeological 

frameworks [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Aten, L.E. 1983. Indians of the upper Texas coast. New York: Academic Press. 

Athens, W. 1991. Cultural resources investigations of Larose to Golden Meadow 

hurricane protection project levee section d-north Lafourche Parish, Louisiana. 

New Orleans: R, Christopher Goodwin & Associates. 
2-60

Atkinson, C. 1992. A discriminant study of the characteristics and nutritional risk factors 

associated with low-income women participating in supplemental food programs 

in Louisiana [PhD]: Cornell University. 

Atkinson, M. 1977. Creolism & racism on the Gulf Coast. Houston: Roots. 

Ayala-Schueneman, M.D.J. 1998. A study of library services provided to students in 

bilingual education programs by elementary school library media centers in south 

Texas [EdD]. Kingsville: Texas A&M University. 

Ayers plaintiffs irked; Legislators warned about slow pace of desegregation. 1999. Black 

Issues in Higher Education 16(4): 11. 

Azan, A. 1989. The MMPI version Hispana: A standardization and cross cultural 

personality study with a population of Cuban refugees [PhD]: University of 

Minnesota. 

Bach, R. Pre-Mariel Cuban refugees and the Mariel group: A comprehensive view; 1980; 

Miami. Florida International University. 

Bachmura, F.T. 1956. Migration and factor adjustment in lower Mississippi valley 

agriculture, 1940-1950. Journal of Farm Economics 38:1024-1042. 

Bacon, R. 1975. The factorial ecology of the Mexican American barrio [PhD]. Boulder: 

University of Colorado. 

Badlato, M. 2000. Miskitu discourse [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Baez, J.A. 1997. Self-concept and academic achievement, controlling acculturation, in 

Mexican American and Anglo elementary students from Texas [PsyD]: Central 

Michigan University. 

Bagchi, S. 1985. An analysis of Asian Indian immigration to the United States. 

Hattiesburg: University of Southern Mississippi. 

Bagley, S. 1948. The Latin clubs of Tampa, Florida [MA]: Duke University. 

Bahr, H. and J. Gibbs. 1967. Racial differentiation in American metropolitan areas. 

Social Forces 45(4): 521-532. 

Baker, P. 1994. Our multicultural/multiethnic wealth: A Miami Dade County perspective. 

A handbook for instructors [PhD]: The Union Institute. 

Baldwin County Alabama Rural Areas Development Committee and Technical Action 

Panel. 1965. Overall economic development program for Baldwin County, 

Alabama. Auburn: Cooperative Extension Service with USDA and RAD 

committees. 
2-61

Balseiro, J., editor. 1976. The Hispanic presence in Florida. Miami, FL: E A Seemann 

Publishing, Inc. 

Bane, G. 1985. Background information for a Cuban American cooperative fisheries 

program. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, Center for Wetland 

Resources, Coastal Fisheries Institute. 

Bankston, C.I. Vietnamese ethnicity and adolescent substance abuse: Evidence for a 

community-level approach. Deviant Behavior 16:59-79. 

Bankston, C.I. 1998. Sibling cooperation and scholastic performance among Vietnamese 

American secondary school students: An ethnic social relations theory. 

Sociological Perspective 41(1): 167-184. 

Bankston, C.I. 1999. Louisiana Cajun ethnicity: Symbolic or structural? Sociological 

Spectrum 19(2): 26. 

Bankston, C.I. 2000. Spectacles of ethnicity: Festivals and the commodification of ethnic 

culture among Louisiana Cajuns. Sociological Spectrum 20(4): 31. 

Bankston, C.I. and J. Henry. 1998. The socioeconomic position of the Louisiana Creoles: 

An examination of racial and ethnic stratification. Social Thought and Research 

21:253-277. 

Bankston, C.I. and J. Henry. 1998. The silence of the gators: Cajun ethnicity and the 

intergenerational transmission of Louisiana French. Journal of Multilingual and 

Multicultural Development 19:19-23. 

Bankston, C.I. and J. Henry. 1999. Endogamy among Louisiana Cajuns: A social class 

explanation. Social Forces 75(4): 1317-1338. 

Bankston, C.I. and M. Zhou. 1995. Effects of minority language literacy on the academic 

achievement of Vietnamese youths in New Orleans. Sociology of Education 68:1-

17. 

Bankston, C.I. and M. Zhou. 1996. Go fish: The Louisiana Vietnamese and ethnic 

entrepreneurship in an extractive industry. National Journal of Sociology 10(1): 

37-55. 

Bankston, R. 1982. Culture as a determinant of victim-offender relationships: A further 

test of the southern culture of violence hypothesis. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 

University Press. 

Bankston, W., H.D. Allen and D. Cunningham. 1983. Religion and suicide: A research 

note on sociology's 'one law'. Social Forces 62:521-528. 

Banta, B.M. 1972. The regulation and conservation of Louisiana’s petroleum resources, 

1906-1920 [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 
2-62

Barber, B. 2001. March 8, 2001. Library program will explore Native American issues, 

culture. Times- Picayune; 9. 

Barnes, A. 2000. Black education in Bay County, Florida. Tallahassee: Florida State 

University. 

Baron, A., editor. 1991. Work engendered. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 

Barr, A. 1973. Black Texans: A history of African Americans in Texas 1528-1995. 

Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 

Barriers are removed in New Orleans dispute. (Divided racial neighborhoods). 1987. 

February 23, 1987. The New York Times; 8 & 12. 

Barringer, H., R. Gardner and M. Levine. 1993. Asian and Pacific islanders in the United 

States. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. 

Barringer, H., D. Takeuchi and P. Xenos. 1990. Education, occupational prestige, and 

income of Asian Americans. Sociology of Education 63(1): 27-43. 

Barrouquere, B. 1999. February 9. INS detainees could mean more money: The INS 

could pay the county between $63,875 and $81,515 weekly to house immigrants 

at the jail. Sarasota Herald-Tribune; 1. 

Barsh, R.L. 1980. Dialogue on federal acknowledgment of Indian tribes: A 

 challenge to anthropologists. Practicing Anthropology 10(2): 20-21. 

Bartel, A. 1989. Where do the new immigrants live? Journal of Labor Economics 7(4): 

371-391. 

Bartlett, E. 1983. February 22. Wrestler's peril in pit pays off. Miami Herald. 

Barton, DC1930. Petroleum potentialities of Gulf Coast petroleum province of Texas and 

Louisiana. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 14. 

Bastida, E. 2001. Kinship ties of Mexican migrant women on the United States/Mexico 

border. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 32(4): 549-569. 

Bauman, K. and J.R. Udry. 1973. The difference in unwanted births between blacks and 

whites. Demography 10(3): 315-328. 

Bayor, R. 1990. Models of ethnic and racial politics in the urban Sunbelt south. In: Mohl, 

R., editor. Searching for the Sunbelt. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 

Bazet, R.A. 1934. Houma-an historical sketch. Houma, LA. 
2-63

Bean, F. 1994. The immigration reform and control act and the wages of Mexican 

workers: Evidence from current population surveys. Social Sciences Quarterly 

75:1-17. 

Bean, F., R. Chanove, R. Cushing, R. de la Garza, G. Freeman, C. Haynes and D. 

Spenner. 1994. Illegal Mexican migration and the United States/Mexico border: 

The effects of operation hold the line on El Paso/Juarez. Austin: University of 

Texas, Population Research Center. 

Bean, F., E. Telles and B.L. Lowell. 1987. Undocumented migration to the United States: 

Perceptions and evidence. Population and Development Review 13(4): 671-690. 

Bean, F. and M. Tienda. 1987. The Hispanic population of the United States. New York: 

Russell Sage Foundation. 

Bearak, B. 1990. July 8, 1990. Ethnic relations in Miami unravel. Los Angeles Times; 

A21. 

Beariss, E. 1984. Historic resource study: Ship island. Denver: Gulf Island National 

Seashore, Harrison County, Mississippi. 

Beaulieu, L.J., editor. 1988. The rural south in crisis. Boulder/London: Westview. 

Beauvais, F.B. 1996. Trends in drug use among American Indian students and dropouts, 

1975 to 1994. American Journal of Public Health 86(11): 1594-1598. 

Beauvais, F.B., E.R. Oetting and R.W. Edwards. 1985. Trends in the use of inhalants 

among American Indian adolescents. White Cloud Journal 3(4): 3-11. 

Beauvais, F.B., E.R. Oetting, W. Wolf and R.W. Edwards. 1989. American Indian youth 

and drugs, 1976-1987: A continuing problem. American Journal of Public Health 

79(634-636). 

Beckley, G. Dependency and self-reliance in rural Mississippi; 1988; Wye, Maryland. 

Aspen Institute Rural Poverty Conference. 

Beebe, V. and W. Mackey. 1990. Bilingual schooling and the Miami experience. Coral 

Gables: GSIS. 

Beech, F. 1996. Distress among commercial fishermen [Master]. Mobile: University of 

South Alabama. 

Beegle, J.A., H. Goldsmith and C. Loomis. 1960. Demographic characteristics of the 

United States-Mexican border. Rural Sociology 25:106-162. 

Beeth, H. and C. Wintz, editors. 1992. Black Dixie: Afro-Texan history and culture in 

Houston. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 
2-64

Bellande, D. 1982. Ethnic and religious diversity in a south Louisiana community. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Bencnel, T. 1962. A history of the Louisiana shrimp industry, 1867-1961 [Master]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Bender, L. 1980. The Cuban exiles: An analytical sketch. In: Cortes, C., editor. Cuban 

exiles in the United States. New York: Arno Press. 

Bender, M. 1996. Reading culture: The Cherokee syllabary and the eastern Cherokees, 

1993-1995 [PhD]: University of Chicago. 

Bennett, P.R. 1995. Racial subordination in the South: Regional differences in residential 

segregation in the United States. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Bergeron, M. 1978. Language maintenance and shift in a bayou community [MA]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Bernard, R. and B. Rice, editors. 1983. Sunbelt cities: Politics and growth since World 

War II. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Bernard, R. and B. Rice, editors. 1983. Sunbelt cities: Metropolitan growth and political 

change since world war two. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Bernstein, B. 1986. Migration, health, and nutrition: Haitians in Immokalee, a south 

Florida farmworker town [PhD]: University of Connecticut. 

Bertrand, A. 1955. The many Louisianas. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 

Agricultural Experimental Station. 

Bertrand, J. 1952. Oil and population in southern Louisiana, 1901-1935. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University. 

Besecker, K.C.K. 1992. Immigrant use of political media in the United States: A case 

study of the Maronite Lebanese of south Florida: University of Miami. 

Bettinger-López, C. 2000. Cuban-Jewish journeys. Searching for identity, home, and 

history in Miami. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 

Bial, R. 2000. The Seminole. New York: Benchmark Books. 

Biddulph, G. 1989. January 20. Blacks feel left out as refugees get jobs. Miami Herald. 

Billings, D.B. 1988. The rural south in crisis: A historical perspective. Boulder: 

Westview Press. 

Billings, R. 2001. How student support programs, services and activities affect retention 

rates among community college minority students [EdD]: University of Central 

Florida. 
2-65

Black, C. 1999. The perception of Mississippi by Mississippians: University of Southern 

Mississippi. 

Blackard, D. 1990. Patchwork and palmettos. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Fort Lauderdale 

Historical Society. 

Blakwell, V.L. 1973. A black institution pioneering adult education: Tuskegee institute 

past and present (1881-1973). Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Blanchard, K. 1981. The Mississippi Choctaws at play: The serious side of leisure. 

Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 

Blanchard, K. 2001. American Indian life and the 21st-century university: The "playful 

worldview" and its lessons for leadership in higher education. In: Bonney, R. and 

J.A. Paredes, editors. Anthropologists and Indians in the new south. Tuscaloosa: 

University of Alabama Press. 

Blazer, D., B.J. Crowell and L. George. 1987. Alcohol abuse and dependence in the rural 

south. Archives in General Psychiatry 44:736-740. 

Bleiweis, P.R., R.C. Reynolds, L.D. Cohen and N.A. Butler. 1977. Health care 

characteristics of migrant agriculture workers in three northern Florida counties. 

Journal of Community Health 3:32-43. 

Blejer, M., H. Johnson and A. Prozecanski. 1978. An analysis of the economic 

determinants of legal and illegal Mexican migration to the United States. 

Research in Population Economics 1:217-231. 

Block, W.T. 1976. A history of Jefferson County, Texas: From wilderness to 

reconstruction. Nederland: Nederland Publishing Co. 

Blomo, V., J. Nichols, W. Griffin and W. Grant. 1982. Dynamic modeling of the eastern 

Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 

64:475-482. 

Blue-Banning, M. 1997. The transition of Hispanic adolescents with disabilities to 

adulthood: Parent and professional perspectives [PhD]: University of Kansas. 

Blunt, W. 1980. Economic development adjustment program to assist Mobile and 

Baldwin Counties, Alabama, in their economic recovery following Hurricane 

Frederic. Washington, DC: Economic Development Administration. 

Boglino, T. 2002. Chasco fiesta: The legend continues... [cited 1 July 2002]. Available 

from www.chascofiesta.com. 

Bohon, S. 2001. Latinos in ethnic enclaves: Immigrant workers and the competition for 

jobs. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 
2-66

Bond, H.M. 1931. Two racial islands in Alabama. American Journal of Sociology 36(4): 

552-567. 

Boney, J.D., C. Dunn and T. Bass. 1971. An analysis of the participation of racially 

integrated guidance groups of culturally different children in elementary school. 

Journal of Negro Education 40(4): 390-393. 

Bonney, R. and J.A. Paredes, editors. 2001. Anthropologists and Indians in the new 

south. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Bookout, T. 1987. Traditional basketmakers in the southeastern and south central United 

States [PhD]. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Bordelon, M. 1936. Study of a small town in rural Louisiana. New Orleans: Tulane 

University. 

Borjas, G.J., R.B. Freeman and K. Lang. 1991. Undocumented born-born workers in the 

United States: How many, how permanent? In: Abowd, J.M. and R.B. Freeman, 

editors. Immigration, trade and the labor market. Chicago: University of Chicago 

Press. 

Borris, E. and J. Becker, editors. 1998. Peacocks and palmetto fans: Southern craft and 

American identity. Columbia: McKissick Museum, University of South Carolina. 

Boswell, T. 1975. Inferences concerning the distribution of the Mexican American 

population: 1910 to 1970. Revista Geografica 83:67-86. 

Boswell, T. 1976. Residential patterns of Puerto Ricans living in the United States. 

Geographical Review 66:92-94. 

Boswell, T. 1984. Cuban-Americans. In: McKee, J., editor. Ethnic minorities. Dubuque: 

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co. 

Boswell, T. 1985. Demographic characteristics of pre-Mariel Cubans living in the United 

States, 1980. Coral Gables, FL: Research Institute for Cuban Studies, Graduate 

School of International Studies, University of Miami. 

Boswell, T. Racial and ethnic change and Hispanic residential segregation patterns in 

metropolitan Miami: 1980; 1987 June; Miami. Florida International University. 

Boswell, T. 1993. Racial and ethnic segregation patterns in metropolitan Miami, Florida. 

Southeastern Geographer 32(1): 82-109. 

Boswell, T. 1994. The Cubanization and Hispanicization of metropolitan Miami. Miami: 

Cuban-American National Council. 

Boswell, T. 1996. Residential segregation by socioeconomic class in metropolitan Miami. 

Miami: Cuban-American National Council. 
2-67

Boswell, T., A.D. Cruz-Baez and P. Zijlstra. 1996. Attitudes of blacks toward housing 

discrimination in metropolitan Miami. Miami: Cuban-American National 

Council. 

Boswell, T. and J. Curtis. 1984. The Cuban American experience: Culture, images, and 

perspectives. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 

Boswell, T. and E. Skop. 1995. Hispanic national groups in metropolitan Miami. Miami: 

Cuban-American National Council. 

Boteler-Mock, S. and M. Davis. 1997. Seminole black culture on the Texas frontier. 

CRM 20(2): 8-10. 

Botifoll, L. How Miami’s new image was created; 1984; University of Miami. Institute of 

InterAmerican Studies. 

Bottom, J. 1980. Research increases profits for shrimp industry. Sea Grant Today 10:304. 

Boudville, L. 2001. Relationship between cognitive performance and sociocultural and 

linguistic variables in bilingual Mexican American children [MA]. Pan American: 

University of Texas. 

Bounds, T. 1958. The story of the Mississippi Choctaws. Washington, DC: U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Branch of Education. 

Bounds, T. 1961. Meet our Choctaw friends; an Indian tribe of Mississippi. New York: 

Exposition Press. 

Bourbon, J. 1998. April 9, 1998. Houma Indians work on unity. Times-Picayune; 1G. 

Bourgeois, H. 1938. Four decades of education in Terrebonne Parish [MA]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Bourgeois, W. 1996. The impact of peer tutoring and lecture methods in urban college 

developmental mathematics courses on student academic performance. 

Dissertation-Abstracts International 56. 

Bowie, H. 1935. Bayou Lafourche [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Bowman, P., G. Adkins and J. Tarver. 1977. A profile of the commercial finfishermen in 

coastal Louisiana. New Orleans: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 

Seafood Division. 

Boyd, R. 1985. Gulf coast tenants fight for housing, peace. Southern Exposure 13:28-36. 

Boynton, S. 1982. Mikasuki grammar in outline. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Brabant, S. 1977. The Acadian family: Anachronism or paradigm? Attakapas Gazette 

24(4): 201-208. 
2-68

Brabant, S. and R. Grambling. The impact of economic crisis on women: The Louisiana 

oil and gas boom/bust scenario; 1990. International Sociological Association. 

Brabant, S. and R. Grambling. The impact of a boom/bust economy on poverty; 1991. 

American Sociological Association. 

Bradshaw, B. 1976. Potential labor force supply, replacement and migration of Mexican 

American and other males in the Texas-Mexico border region. International 

Migration Review 10(1): 29-45. 

Bradshaw, B. and E.J. Fonner. 1978. The mortality of Spanish-surnamed persons in 

Texas, 1969-1971. In: Bean, F. and W.P. Frisbie, editors. The demography of 

racial and ethnic groups. New York: Academic Press. 

Bradshaw, B. and W.P. Frisbie. 1983. Potential labor force supply and replacement in 

Mexico and the states of Mexican cession and Texas: 1980-2000. International 

Migration Review 17:394-409. 

Bragg, R. 2001. August 16, 2001. Reported to be vanishing, Cajuns give a sharp 'non'. 

The New York Times; 1. 

Brain, J. and J.A.R. Paredes. 1992. The Tunica-Biloxi (book review). The American 

Indian Quarterly 16:92-94. 

Brainard, J. 1994. September 16. Cuban detainees won't get cells in citrus, for now. St 

Petersburg Times; 1. 

Brainard, J. 1997. June 17. Two physicians revive farm workers' clinic. St Petersburg 

Times; 1. 

Branch, K. 1989. May 25, 1989. Nicaraguan culture: Alive and growing in Dade. Miami 

Herald; 20. 

Branch, K. 1989. July 1, 1989. Nicaraguan exile groups unite in appeal to Mack. Miami 

Herald; 3B. 

Branch, K. 1989. June 4, 1989. Nicaraguans try to help their own. Miami Herald; 10. 

Branch, K. 1989. May 25, 1989. Nicaraguan culture: Alive and growing in Dade. Miami 

Herald; 20. 

Branda, E.S., editor. 1976. The handbook of Texas. Austin: Texas State Historical 

Association. 

Brandt, A. 1998. Separation of stocks of king mackerel scomberomorus: Florida Atlantic 

University. 
2-69

Branley, E. 1995. On being Creole [cited 1 August 2002]. Available from 

www.gatewayno.com/Culture/Being_Creole.html. 

Branstetter, S. 1997. Status of research leading to the reduction of unwanted bycatch in 

the shrimp fishery of the southeastern United States. In: Rawson, M., editor. 

Fisheries bycatch: Consequences and management. Fairbanks, AK: University of 

Alaska Press. 

Brasseaux, C. 1978. Acadian education: From cultural isolation to mainstream America. 

In: Conrad, G., editor. The Cajuns: Essays on their history and culture. Lafayette, 

LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette. 

Brasseaux, C. 1989. Four hundred years of Acadian life in North America. Journal of 

Popular Culture 23(1): 3 (20). 

Brasseaux, C. 1996. A refuge for all ages: Immigration in Louisiana history. Lafayette, 

LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette. 

Brasseaux, C., K. Fontenot and C. Oubre. 1994. Creoles of color in the bayou country. 

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 

Brassieur, C. 1982. The modern Atchafalaya culture: Results of the ethnographic survey. 

In: Gibson, J., editor. Archeology and ethnology on the edges of the Atchafalaya 

basin, south central Louisiana. Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at 

Lafayette. 

Brattin, T. 1993. The impact of mandatory placement and remediation on persistence and 

academic achievement: A study of the Texas academic skills program at a state 

technical college [EdD]: University of Houston. 

Brenden, M. 2000. Work matters: The educational, cultural and economic ecology of two 

gulf-coast communities [PhD]: The University Of Arizona. 

Briceno, C. 1985. February 5, 1985. Nicaraguan plea for 'sanctuary' doubles in year. 

Miami Herald; 1D. 

Briggs, V.J. 1971. Negro employment in the south: The Houston labor market. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

Briggs, V.J. 1972. The emergency employment act of 1971: The Texas experience. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. 

Briggs, V.J. 1972. Texas. Washington, DC: National Manpower Policy Task Force. 

Briggs, V.J. 1973. Chicanos and rural poverty. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University 

Press. 
2-70

Briggs, V.J. 1974. The Mexico-United States border: Public policy and Chicano 

economic welfare. Studies in Human Resource Development. Austin. 

Bright, B. 1994. Mexican American low riders: An anthropological approach to popular 

culture [PhD]: Rice University. 

Briody, E. 1987. Patterns of household immigration into south Texas. International 

Migration Review 21(1): 27-47. 

Briody, E. 1987. Household labor patterns among Mexican Americans in south Texas: 

Buscando trabajo seguro. New York: AMS Press. 

Briones, E. 1995. Self-esteem and leadership aspiration of registered nurses in the Rio 

Grande valley [EdD]: University of Houston. 

Brischetto, R. and A. Avina. 1986. Trends in ethnic voting in Texas state elections, 1978-

1986. San Antonio: Southwest Voter Research Institute. 

Briscoe, E. 1947. Pershing's Chinese refugees: An odyssey of the southwest [MA]. San 

Antonio: St Mary's University. 

Briscoe, E. 1959. Pershing's Chinese refugees in Texas. Southwest Historical Quarterly 

62(4): 467-488. 

Brissette, L. 1987. A cross-cultural study of personality integration, health locus-ofcontrol, health value, and health behavior [PhD]: Vanderbilt University. 

Brister, E. 1948. A history of Pineville, Louisiana [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 

University. 

Brooks, B. 1989. The Seminole. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke. 

Brookshire, M. 1954. The industrial pattern of Mexican-American employment in 

Nueces County, Texas [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Brown, A.L. 1988. Women and ritual authority in afro-American Baptist churches of 

rural Florida. Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly 13(1): 2-10. 

Brown, D. and G. Fuguitt. 1972. Percent nonwhite and racial disparity in 

nonmetropolitian cities in the south. Social Sciences Quarterly 53:573-582. 

Brown, K. 1990. February 14. Marie verret : Making cast nets is more than just a craft for 

Houma Indian in south Louisiana. State Times and Morning Advocate; 12-13, 18, 

23. 

Brown, K.L. 1980. Archaeology, history and the Wallisville townsite: Professional 

neglect in action. Newsletter of the Houston Archeological Society 67:26-29. 
2-71

Brown, L. 1953. A study of post high school careers of graduates of two negro high 

schools (Mobile County Training School and Central High School) Mobile, 

Alabama, 1947-1952: Alabama State University. 

Brown, L.K. and K. Mussell, editors. 1984. Ethnic and regional food ways in the United 

States: The performance of group identity. Knoxville: University of Tennessee 

Press. 

Brown, M. 1986. The relationship between the degree of bureaucratic structure and 

faculty morale in selected Bureau of Indian Affairs schools in Mississippi [EdD]: 

Mississippi State University. 

Brown, M. External evaluation of the Mississippi band of Choctaw Indians' osap high 

risk youth demonstration program -- year two; 1993 November; New Orleans. 

Mid-South Educational Research Association. 

Brown, M. and S. Erie. 1981. Blacks and the legacy of the great society: The economic 

and political impact of federal social policy. Public Policy 29:299-330. 

Brown, R. 1973. Social distance perception as a function of Mexican-American and other 

ethnic identity. Sociology and Social Research 57(3): 273-287. 

Brown, T.M., K.L. Killen, H. Simons and V. Wulfkuhle. 1982. Resource protection 

planning process of Texas. Austin: Texas Historical Commission. 

Brown, T.M. and H. Simons. 1982. The greater Houston area pilot project for cultural 

resource preservation planning. Austin: Texas Historical Commission. 

Browning, E.S. 1994. February 25, 1994. French companies pour into United States 

waterworks market; Moces of two big firms spark criticism, disturb American 

competitors. The Wall Street Journal; 3-4. 

Browning, H. and R. de la Garza, editors. 1986. Mexican immigrants and Mexican 

Americans: An evolving relation. Austin: Center for Mexican American Studies. 

Browning, H.L. and D.S. McLemore. 1964. A statistical profile of the Spanish-surname 

population of Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Brozo, W., P. Valerio and M. Salazar. 1996. A walk through Gracie’s garden: Literacy 

and cultural explorations in a Mexican American junior high school. Journal of 

Adolescent and Adult Literacy 40:164-170. 

Bruce, G. 1906. Japanese colony in Texas. Farm and Ranch. 

Bruhn, J.G. 1974. Health manpower needs among Mexican Americans in Texas. Texas 

Reports on Biology and Medicine 32:633-647. 
2-72

Bryan, L. 1996. A comparison of the sing, spell, read and write program and the 

traditional approach to reading instruction [EdD]: Mississippi State University. 

Bryant, J. 1968. Some effects of racial integration of high school students on standardized 

achievement test scores, teacher grades, and dropout rates in Angleton, Texas 

[EdD]: University of Houston. 

Buckner, U.B. 1929. A study of the lower Rio Grande valley as a culture area [MA]. 

Austin: University of Texas. 

Buckson, B. Conflicts in the blue crab fishery - an enforcement perspective; 1995; 

Orlando, Florida. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, TCC Crab 

Subcommittee. 

Buenger, W. and R. Calvert, editors. 1991. Texas through time: Evolving interpretations. 

College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

Bullard, R. 1987. The black experience in boom and bust. College Station: Texas A&M 

University Press. 

Bullard, R., editor. 1989. In search of the new south: The black urban experience in the 

1970s and 1980s. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. 

Buras, J. 1996. Way down yonder in Plaquemines. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Co. 

Burby, R. and D. Strong. 1997. Coping with chemicals: Blacks, whites, planners, and 

industrial pollution. Journal of the American Planning Association 63:469-480. 

Burdick, J. 1984. The role of Italian, Cuban, and Spanish immigrants in Tampa politics 

[MA]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Bureau of Business Research and Bureau of Educational Research. 1949. Mobile, an 

economic appraisal. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama, Bureau of Business 

Research, School of Commerce and Business Administration. 

Bureau of Employment Security. 1943. Labor market development reports for Mobile, 

Alabama. Washington, DC: Bureau of Employment Security, Social Security 

Board, Federal Security Agency. 

Bureau of Indian Affairs. 1956. Seminole Indians of Florida. Riverside: Sherman Institute 

Press. 

Bureau of State Health Data and Policy Analysis. 1995. Texas' healthy people 2000 

health status indicators, 1980-1993, by race and ethnicity. Austin: Texas 

Department of Health. 

Burkett, E. and S. Andrews. 1990. June 29, 1990. Rhythms of African pride pulsate in 

Miami streets. Miami Herald; 13A. 
2-73

Burkholz, H. 1980. September 21. The Latinization of Miami. New York Times 

Magazine. 

Burman, B.L. 1959. Florida's first families-the Seminoles. Reader's Digest 75(425): 196-

204. 

Burns, A. 1989. The Maya of Florida. Migration World 19(3/4): 20-26. 

Burns, A. 1989. Internal and external identity among Kanjobal refugees in Florida. In: 

Gonzalez, N. and C. McCommon, editors. Conflict, migration, and the expression 

of ethnicity. Boulder: Westview Press. 

Burns, A. 1990. Immigration, ethnicity, and work in Indiantown, Florida. Gainesville: 

University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies. 

Burns, A. 1993. Maya in exile: Guatemalans in Florida. Philadelphia: Temple University 

Press. 

Burns, A. 1994. Everyone's a critic: Video production with Mayan immigrants. In: 

Rollwagen, J., editor. Anthropological film and video in the 1990s. Brockport: 

The Institute. 

Burns, A. 2001. The newest Indians in the south: The Maya of Florida. In: Bonney, R. 

and J.A. Paredes, editors. Anthropologists and Indians in the new south. 

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Burns, A. and J. Camposeco. El pueblo de Los Indios: Indiantown, Florida; 1991; 

Washington, DC. 

Burr, J. and J. Muchler. 1992. The living arrangements of unmarried elderly Hispanic 

females. Demography 29(1): 93-112. 

Burrus, J. 1974. Composition of the population of the coastal counties: An analysis of the 

population of Jackson, Harrison, and Hancock Counties, Mississippi by age, sex, 

race and residence. Hattiesburg: University of Southern Mississippi. 

Bustamante, J. 1983. The Mexicans are coming: From ideology to labor relations. 

International Migration Review 17(2): 323-341. 

Buswell, J. 1972. Florida Seminole religious ritual: Resistance and change [PhD]. Ann 

Arbor: St Louis University. 

Butler, J.J. 2001. Surface similarities: A comparative analysis of civil rights struggles in 

Harrison County, Mississippi and Escambia County, Florida [PhD]: University of 

Mississippi. 

Butler, J.J. 2002. The Mississippi state sovereignty commission and beach integration, 

1959-1963: A cotton-patch Gestapo? Journal of Southern History 68(1): 107-148. 
2-74

Buxbaun, E. 1967. The Greek-American group of tarpon springs, Florida: A study of 

ethnic identification and acculturation [PhD]: University of Pennsylvania. 

Buxton, L. 1999. The political realities of Rio Grande valley women [MA]. Pan 

American: University of Texas. 

Byrd, M. 1999. A study of the differences among African-American, Hispanic, and 

Anglo women in public school administration [EDD]: Florida International 

University. 

Cables, G. 1884. The Creoles of Louisiana. New York: Scribner. 

Cadena, M.A. and M.C. Trevino. Utilization barriers to maternal child health care 

programs of the urban, low income Mexican American family: Implications for a 

national health policy; 1977. American Public Health Association. 

Caffey, R.H., D.D. Culley and K.J. Roberts. 1993. The Louisiana soft-shelled crab 

industry. Louisiana State University, Sea Grant Program. Publication LSU-G-9-

001. 

Cahoon, D. 1994. Recent accretion in two managed marsh impounds in coastal 

Louisiana. Ecological Applications 4(1): 166-176. 

Calder, D.R., P.J. Eldridge and E.B. Joseph, editors. 1974. The shrimp fishery of the 

southeastern United States: A management profile. Charleston: South Carolina 

Marine Resources Center. 

Calhoun County Historical Commission. 1981. The shifting sands of Calhoun County, 

Texas. Port Lavaca: Calhoun County Historical Commission. 

Calhoun, M. 1985. Vietnamese health/illness attitudes and behaviors [MA]. Galveston: 

University of Texas. 

Calhoun, M. 1986. The Vietnamese woman: Health/illness attitudes and behaviors. In: 

Stern, P., editor. Women, health, and culture. Halifax: Dalhousie University, 

School of Nursing. 

Calvert, R. 1980. The civil rights movement in Texas. In: Procter, B. and A. McDonald, 

editors. The Texas heritage. St Louis: Forum Press. 

Camayd-Frexias, Y. 1988. Crisis in Miami. Boston: Urban Research and Development 

Group. 

Cameron, K. 2000. The illness narratives of Hispanic American women with coronary 

heart disease (CHD): An ethnographic approach [DSN]. Houston: University of 

Texas. 
2-75

Cameron, T. 1992. Combining contingent valuation and travel cost data for the valuation 

of nonmarket goods. Land Economics 68:302-317. 

Campbell, L. and M. Mithun, editors. 1979. The languages of Native America: A 

comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Campbell, S. 1939. The cigar industry of Tampa, fl. Gainesville: University of Florida 

Press. 

Campbell, T. 1988. The Indians of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Austin: 

Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas. 

Campbell, T. 1988. The Coahuiltecans and their neighbors. In: Campbell, T., editor. The 

Indians of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Austin: University of Texas. 

Canfield, D.L. 1951. Tampa Spanish: Three characteristics in search of a pronunciation. 

Hispania 35:95-98. 

Canis, W. 1985. Living with the Alabama-Mississippi shore. Durham: Duke University 

Press. 

Cantu, N. 1999. La quinceanera: Towards an ethnographic analysis of a life-cycle ritual. 

Southern Folklore 56(1): 73-101. 

Canty, A. 1985. Effecting work value and aspirational change in Mississippi Choctaw 

Indians: A social learning experience approach [PhD]: University of Mississippi. 

Capron, L. 1953. The medicine bundles of the Florida Seminoles and the green corn 

dance. Bureau of American Ethnology 151:155-210. 

Capron, L. 1956. Florida's wild Indians, the Seminole. National Geographic. 

Capron, L. 1969. Florida's emerging Seminole. National Geographic. 

Carageorge, T. 1979. The Greeks of Pensacola. In: Shofner, J. and L. Ellsworth, editors. 

Ethnic minorities in Gulf Coast society. Pensacola, FL: Gulf Coast History and 

Humanities Conference. 

Carballo, M. 1970. A sociopsychological study of acculturation/ assimilation: Cubans in 

New Orleans. Dissertation-Abstracts International 31. 

Carballo, M. 1970. A socio-psychological study of acculturation/assimilation: Cubans in 

New Orleans [PhD]. New Orleans: Tulane University. 

Cardenas, J. and A. Cortez. 1986. The impact of Plyler v. Doe upon Texas public schools. 

Journal of Law and Education 15(1): 1-17. 
2-76

Cardenas-Amparo, A.G. 1981. Mexican American and Anglo-American attitudes towards 

Spanish and English as a function of social factors in south Texas [PhD]. Austin: 

University of Texas. 

Cardoch, L., J.W. Day, J.M. Rybczyk and G.P. Kemp. 2000. An economic analysis of 

using wetlands for treatment of shrimp processing wastewater - a case study in 

Dulac, LA. Ecological Economics 33(1): 9. 

Careers in higher education. 1997. Black Issues in Higher Education 14:19-32. 

Carleton, D. 1985. Red scare!: Right-wing hysteria, fifties fanaticism, and their legacy in 

Texas. Austin: Texas Monthly Press. 

Carleton, D. and T. Kreneck. 1979. Houston: Back where we started. Houston: de Menil 

Publications. 

Carney, J. 1946. Population growth in Miami and Dade County, Florida. Tequesta: 

Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida 2(6): 53. 

Carpenter, B., editor. 1992. Ethnic heritage in Mississippi. Jackson: Mississippi 

Humanities Council. 

Carr, M. 1998. July 19, 1998. $350,000-a-year ferry runs for seven families. TimesPicayune; 16. 

Carriuolo, N., A. Rodgers and C.M. Stout. 2002. Valuing and building from strengths of 

Hispanic students: An interview with Juliet Garcia. Journal of Developmental 

Education 25(3): 20-24. 

Cartwright, G. 1998. Galveston: A history of the island. Fort Worth: TCU Press. 

Casal, L. 1979. Cubans in the United States: Their impact on U.S.-Cuban relations. In: 

Weinstein, M., editor. Revolutionary Cuba in the world arena. Philadelphia: ISHI. 

Caselli, R. 1974-75. The minority experience. Santa Rosa: Sonoma County Office of 

Education. 

Casey, R.J. 1950. The Texas border and some borderlands: A chronicle and a guide. 

Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill and Co. 

Casstevens, M.A. 1997. The institution of the Spanish Mexican ranch and its culture in 

south Texas [MA]. Kingsville: Texas A&M University. 

Castellanos, I. 1993. Consejos pensamientos y notas de Lydia e. Pinban. Miami: 

Ediciones Universal. 

Castellanos, J. and I. Castellanos. 1992. Cultural AfroCubanan 3: Las religiones y las 

lenguas. Miami: Ediciones Universal. 
2-77

Castillo, J. 1986. Preference for and utilization of health care services by Mexican 

Americans in south Texas [EdD]: University of Houston. 

Castillo, T. 2000. Big city days: Race and labor in early Miami, 1914--1925 [MA]: 

Florida International University. 

Castro, M. 1992. The politics of language in Miami. In: Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, 

editors. Miami now! Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. Gainesville: 

University of Florida Press. 

Castro, M. 1998. Screening low-income preschoolers for risk for developing emotional 

disturbance [PhD]: University of Miami. 

Castro, M., M. Haun and A. Roca. 1990. The official English movement in Florida. In: 

Adams, K.L. and D.T. Brink, editors. Perspectives on official English. Berlin and 

New York: Mouton de Gruyte. 

Castro, M. and T. Yeaney. 1989. Documenting Dade’s diversity: An ethnic audit of Dade 

County. Miami: Greater Miami United. 

Castroverde-Carrion, I.DC1990. An attitudinal study of Japanese business practices: A 

survey of Beaumont-Port Arthur MSA managers [MBA]. Beaumont: Lamar 

University. 

Catacalos, R. 1995. Borderline: Brownsville/Matamoras. Southwest Review 80:445. 

Cayton, M., E. Gorn and P. Williams, editors. 1993. Encyclopedia of American social 

history. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 

Cazares, R., E. Murguia and W.P. Frisbie. 1984. Mexican American intermarriage in a 

nonmetropolitan context. Social Sciences Quarterly 65(2). 

Cedeno-Zamor, P. 1999. Adaptation among Haitian immigrant/refugee women in the 

United States [PhD]: Boston College. 

Centaur Associates Inc. 1984. Commercial fishing cost return profiles for Gulf Coast 

areas. Mobile: Report to the Army Corps of Engineers. DACWO1-84-C-0111. 

Center for Advanced International Studies. 1967. The Cuban immigration 1959-1966 and 

its impact on Miami Dade County, Florida: A study for the department of health, 

education and welfare, United States government. Coral Gables: University of 

Miami. 

Center for Wetland Resources. 1979. Draft environmental impact statement and fishery 

management plan for the shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, United States 

water. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 
2-78

Chafetz, M., M.R. Esman and M. Manuel. 1982. A quantitative analysis of Cajun 

identity. Lafayette: University of Southwestern Louisiana. 

Chambers, W. 1931. The gulf port city region of Texas. Economic Geography 7(1): 69-

83. 

Champagne, D. 1983. Social structure, revitalization movements and state building: 

Social change in four Native American societies. American Sociological Review 

48(6): 754-763. 

Champagne, D., editor. 1994. The Native North American almanac. Detroit: Gale 

Research. 

Chan, K-M.L. 1969. Assimilation of the Chinese Americans in the Mississippi delta 

[MA]. Starkville: Mississippi State University. 

Chang, C.C. 1999. Analysis of recurrent failure times: A time-dependent yule process 

approach [PhD]. Houston: University of Texas. 

Charney, J. 1981. The delimitation of lateral seaward boundaries between states in a 

domestic context. American Journal of International Law 75(1): 28-68. 

Chatfield, W. 1959. The twin cities, Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoras, Mexico. 

Brownsville: Lower Rio Grande Valley Historical Society. 

Che, W-K. 1966. The young American Chinese in New Orleans in the 1960s 

[Unpublished Thesis]: Mississippi College. 

Chen, E. 1987. September 18. The history of Houston's Chinese: Organizations caca. 

U.S. Asia News. 

Chen, E. 1990. The Chinese. In: Von der Hehden, F., editor. Ethnic groups of Houston. 

Houston: Rice University Press. 

Chen, E. and F. von der Mehden. 1982. Chinese in Houston. Houston: Houston Center 

for Humanities, National Endowment for the Humanities. 

Cherfils, M. 2000. January 15. Haitians protest immigration policy; ethnic politics. 

Associated Press. 

Cherry, W. 1999. Tales of Galveston: An anthology. Galveston: Cherry. 

Chik, D.S.C. 1989. Factors influencing the immigration plans of East and Southeast 

Asian students in the United States: The case of Alabama [MA]: University of 

South Alabama. 

Chism, M. and J. Satcher. 1998. African American students' perceptions toward faculty at 

historically black colleges. College Student Journal 32(2): 315-320. 
2-79

Choldin, H. 1986. Statistics and politics: The "Hispanic issue" in the 1980 census. 

Demography 23(3): 403-418. 

Chow, G. 1973. Yellow in a black and white world: A delta Chinese looks at a history of 

the delta Chinese. The Reflector 85(28): 3. 

Christmas, J. and D. Etzold. 1977. The shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico: A regional 

management plan. Ocean Springs: Gulf Coast Research Lab Technical Report. 

City of Miami. 1985. Affirmative action annual report. Miami: Department of Internal 

Audits and Reviews, Affirmative Action Division. 

Clark, J. 1955. The Texas Gulf Coast: Its history and development. New York: Lewis 

Historical Publishing Company. 

Clark, J. 1975. The exodus from revolutionary Cuba (1950-1974). A sociological analysis 

[PhD]. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 

Clark, J. 1977. The Cuban exodus: Why? Cuban Exile Union. Miami. 

Clark, M. 1959. Health in the Mexican American culture. Berkeley: University of 

California. 

Clarke, C. 1985. Religion and regional culture - the changing pattern of religious 

affiliation in the Cajun region of southwest Louisiana. Journal For The Scientific 

Study Of Religion 24(4): 12. 

Clarke, C. 1988. Assimilationist views of an ethnic region: The Cajun French experience 

in southwest Louisiana. Social Sciences Quarterly 62:433-451. 

Clifford, R. 1986. The Rio Grande flood: A comparative study of border communities in 

disaster. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research 

Council. 

Clinchy, E.J. 1974. Equality of opportunity for Latin-Americans in Texas. New York: 

Arno Press. 

Cline, H. 1952. Mexican community studies. The Hispanic American Historical Review 

32(2): 212-242. 

Cline, H. 1974. Florida Indians. New York: Garland Publishing. 

Clyburn, T.W. 1999. Factors causing the repetition of juvenile delinquency and crime 

among selected inner city adolescent African-American males: Walden 

University. 

Cobb, J. 1982. The selling of the south: The southern crusade for industrial development, 

1936-1980. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 
2-80

Cobbs, W.J. 1999. Ethnicity and adolescent substance use behaviors: A longitudinal 

analysis of American blacks, Haitians, and other Caribbean blacks: University of 

Miami. 

Cody, T.J., T. Wagner, C.E. Bryan, L.W. McEachron, R. Rayburn, B. Bowling and J.M. 

Mambretti. 1992. Texas blue crab fishery management plan. Texas Parks and 

Wildlife Department, Fisheries Management Plan Series. 

Cohen, H. 1974. Flood plain and coastal area land use control. Montgomery: Alabama 

Development Office. 

Cohen, H. 1981. Water law, water conversation and the development of energy resources 

in the coastal, offshore and flood plain areas of Alabama. Tuscaloosa, AL: 

University of Alabama. 

Colburn, D. and J. Landers, editors. 1995. The African American heritage of Florida. 

Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Colclough, G. 1988. Uneven development and racial composition in the Deep South. 

Rural Sociology 53:73-86. 

Colemen, A.L. and L. Hall. 1979. Black farm operators and farm population, 1900-1970: 

Alabama and Kentucky. Phylon 40(4): 387-402. 

Collard, C. 1975. The Cajun family: Adjustment to modern trends. In: Del Sesto, S. and 

J. Gibson, editors. The culture of Acadiana: Tradition and change in south 

Louisiana. Lafayette, LA: University of Southwestern Louisiana. 

Colmenero, J. 1985. Issues and problems of Cuban identity and acculturation [EdD]. 

Greensboro: University of North Carolina. 

Colon, Y. 1984. December 26, 1984. State-ins plan aims to take away aliens' incentives 

to stay. Miami Herald; 1D. 

Commission continues hearings on racial and ethnic tensions [Miami, F. 1996. Civil 

Rights Update 1(2): 1, 3, 5. 

Committee on Ethnicity in New Orleans. 1980. The Vietnamese in New Orleans: A 

preliminary report. New Orleans. 

Comprehensive Planning Associates. 1985. Housing condition and needs analysis, town 

of Patterson, Louisiana. Franklin: Comprehensive Planning Associates. 

Condon, K. 2000. Health care utilization behavior of elders in a multicultural urban 

environment [PhD]. Miami: Florida International University. 

Connery, R. and R. Leach. 1964. Southern metropolis: Challenge to government. Journal 

of Politics 26(1): 60-81. 
2-81

Conoly, K. 1986. The effects of second language instruction on cognition as measured by 

standardized achievement tests [EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Convington, J. 1993. The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Cooper, C. 1989. Gulf shrimpers attack teds. National Fisherman 70:2-4. 

Cooper, C. 1989. How did the shrimping industry get teds? National Fisherman 70:18-19. 

Cooper, C. 1990. Gulf and Atlantic shrimpers face bycatch issue. National Fisherman 

71:13-15. 

Cordero, E. 1982. The Afro-American community in Tampa, Florida [MA]. Tampa: 

University of South Florida. 

Cordill, C. 1992. Parental income, race, gender, and personality characteristics of 

retained and nonretained students: University of Florida. 

Corley, A. 2000. The Mobile Bacon and Alabama Citizen: An advocate for its 

community for fifty years. Hattiesburg, MS: University of Southern Mississippi. 

Cornelius, W. 1982. Interviewing undocumented immigrants: Methodological reflections 

based on fieldwork in Mexico and the U.S. San Diego: University of California. 

Correl, F. 1984. A case study: The Houma Indians of southern Louisiana: Some 

considerations related to development. Washington DC: Foreign Services 

Institute, United States Department of State. 

Cortes, C., editor. 1980. Cuban exiles in the United States. New York: Arno Press. 

Corwin, A. 1973. Mexican emigration history, 1900-1970: Literature and research. Latin 

American Research Review 8(2): 3-24. 

Cosse-Bell, C. 2002. Creole: The history and legacy of Louisiana's free people of color 

(review). Journal of Southern History 68(2): 444 (2). 

Cotter, D., J. DeFiore, J. Hermsen, B. Marsteller Kowalewski and R. Vanneman. 1998. 

The demand for female labor. American Journal of Sociology 103(6): 1673-1712. 

Cotter, D., J. Hermsen and R. Vanneman. 1999. Systems of gender, race, and class 

inequality: Multilevel analyses. Social Forces 78(2): 433-460. 

Coughlin, E. 1993. Miami a unique sociological laboratory, researchers on immigration 

find. Chronicle of Higher Education: A6-A7, A10-A11. 

Coughlin, S.S. 1998. Implementing breast and cervical cancer prevention programs 

among the Houma Indians of southern Louisiana: Cultural and ethical 

considerations. Journal Of Health Care For The Poor And Underserved 9(1): 30-

41. 
2-82

Covington, J. 1966. An episode in the third Seminole war. Florida Historical Journal 

45(1): 45-59. 

Covington, J. 1979. Trail Indians of Florida. Florida Historical Quarterly 58. 

Covington, J. 1992. Tampa bay's Native American religions. Tampa: National 

Conference of Christians and Jews. 8. 

Covington, J. 1993. The Seminole of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Cowles, C. 1999. In the cradle of culture. CRM. 

Cox, B. 1977. The economic impact of commercial fisheries on Cameron County. 

Unpublished Paper. 

Craft, B.C. 1936. Oil and gas development in Louisiana. 

Craig, A. and D. McJunkin. 1971. Stranahan's: Last of the Seminole trading posts. 

Florida Anthropologist 24:45-50. 

Crane, N.T. and N.R. Green. 1980. Food habits and food preference of Vietnamese 

refugees living in northern Florida. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 

76:591-593. 

Crawford, J. 1975. Southeastern Indian languages. In: Crawford, J., editor. Studies in 

southeastern Indian languages. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 

Crawford, J. 1978. The Mobilian trade language. Knoxville: University of Tennessee 

Press. 

Creighton, J. 1975. A narrative history of Brazoria County. Brazoria: Brazoria County 

Historical Commission. 

Crispell, D. 1997. Centers of wealth. American Demographics 19. 

Crockett, K. and S. Dibble. 1990. July 3, 1990. New tensions seizing Dade: Haitians vent 

long-still anger. Miami Herald; 1B, 2B. 

Crompton, J., D. Beardsley and R. Ditton. 1976. Marinas on the Texas Gulf Coast. 

College Station: Texas A & M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 

Cronk, L. 1989. Low socioeconomic status and female-biased parental investment: The 

mukogodo example. American Anthropologist 91(2): 414-429. 

Crouch, B. 1989. Mexican shrimp, Texas shrimpers, and maritime conflict: The creation 

of a white collar crime. Deviant Behavior 10(3): 211-232. 
2-83

Crouch, B. and M. Miller. 1987. Lacey act enforcement in the Texas gulf: A sociological 

analysis. In: Jarman, M.C. and D.K. Conners, editors. Proceedings of the 

conference on Gulf and South Atlantic fisheries: Law and policy. New Orleans: 

Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Program 87-O13. 

Crum, S. 1994. Native America: Portrait of the peoples. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. 

Cruz, A. and J. Suchliki. 1990. The impact of Nicaraguans in Miami. Coral Gables, FL: 

University of Miami, Institute of International Studies. 

Cruz, R. 1990. The industry composition of production and the distribution of income by 

race and ethnicity in Miami. Miami: Florida International University. 

Cuban American National Council Inc. 1996. Study examines Hispanic Jews living in 

Dade. The Council Letter ii (3): 3. 

Cuban American Policy Center. 1988. Miami's Latin business. Miami: Cuban American 

National Planning Council. 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel. 1981. Balnearios. Circulo 

Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-1981: 20 aniversario. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew 

Congregation of Miami. 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel. 1981. Comite de 

actividades religiosas. Circulo Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-1981: 20 

aniversario. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel1981. Actividades juveniles. 

Circulo Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-1981: 20 aniversario. Miami: CubanHebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel. 1981. Historia de la casa 

de la hebrea de Cuba en Miami. Circulo Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-1981: 20 

aniversario. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel. 1981. Vandalismo o 

terrorismo. Circulo Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-1981: 20 aniversario. Miami: 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel. 1981. Circulo Cubanohebreo de Miami, 1961-1981: 20 aniversario. Miami: Cuban Hebrew 

Congregation of Miami. 

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel. 1986. Circulo Cubanohebreo de Miami, 1961-1986: 25 aniversario. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew 

Congregation of Miami. 
2-84

Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami/Temple Beth Shmuel. 1997. 1961-1997: 

Celebrating thirty-six years. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Cuellar, I. and F. Paniagua, editors. 2000. Handbook of multicultural mental health. 

Edinburg: University of Texas-Pan American. 

Cuellar, R. 1974. A social and political history of the Mexican-American population of 

Texas, 1929-1963. San Francisco: R and E Research Associates. 

Cumberland, C. 1960. The United States-Mexican border: A selective guide to the 

literature of the region. Rural Sociology 25(2): 223. 

Cumley, J. 1986. Hamlet stability in the Florida Parishes of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University. 

Cummins, A.B. 1953. The physical and cultural geography of parts of San Patricio and 

Aransas Counties, Texas [MA]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Curley, S., editor. 1989. Living on the edge: Collected essays on coastal Texas. 

Galveston: Texas A & M University. 

Curley, S. 1990. Texas coastal plan: Analysis of a failure. Coastal Management 18:1-4. 

Curry, J. 1979. A history of the Houma Indians and their story of federal nonrecognition. 

Washington, DC: Institute For The Development Of Indian Law. 

Cusic, D. 1999. Latin America and country music. Journal of Popular Culture 33(3): 39-

47. 

Cusick, J. 2000. Creolization and the borderlands. Historical Archaeology 34(3): 46-55. 

Cypress, B. 1997. The role of archaeology in the Seminole tribe of Florida. In: Swidler, 

N., K. Dongoske and R. Anyon, editors. Native Americans and archaeologists: 

Stepping stones to a common ground. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. 

Cypress, B. 1998. January 4. Miccosukee leader: Our houses won't harm ecology. Miami 

Herald. 

Dabney, T.E. 1934. South Louisiana produces 60 per cent more oil than northern section 

of state. Louisiana Conservation Review 4. 

Dahle, W. 2000. January 3. Preparing for the census: Counting all of Manatee County's 

migrant population will help communities get funds for education, health and 

other services. Sarasota Herald-Tribune; 1. 

Danner, T. 2000. The criminal career of the Ybor city historical district: A longitudinal 

case study of changing routine activities in an urban setting [PhD]. Gainesville: 

University of Florida. 
2-85

D'Antoni, B. 1986. Chahta-ima and St. Tammany's Choctaws. Mandeville: St. Tammany 

Historical Society. 

Davidson, E. 1973. Education and black cities: Demographic background. Journal of 

Negro Education 42(3): 233-260. 

Davies, C. 1986. Life at the edge: Urban and industrial evolution of Texas, frontier 

wilderness - frontier space, 1836-1986. Southwestern Historical Quarterly 

LXXXIX. 

Davis, A. 1995. The environment: Why blacks should be green. Emerge 6(9): 64. 

Davis, A., B.B. Gardner and M.R. Gardner. 1941. Deep south: A social anthropological 

study of caste and class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 

Davis, D. 1973. Louisiana canals and their influence on wetland development [PhD]. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Davis, D. 2001. A case of identity: Ethnogenesis of the new Houma Indians. 

Ethnohistory 48(3): 473-494. 

Davis, G.J. 2000. To create, develop and organize a collection of historical information 

centered on the multiculturalism of the dominant cultures represented in south 

Florida [PhD]: The Union Institute. 

Davis, M. 1994. Native America in the twentieth century. New York: Garland 

Publishing. 

Davis, T.F. 1979. Persistent low-income counties in nonmetro America. Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Dept. Agric. Econ. Res. Serv. Rep. No. 12. 

Davison, S. 1989. Access barriers to health care of Hispanic migrant farmworkers with 

diabetes [MA]. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Dawdy, S. 2000. Understanding cultural change through vernacular: Creolization in 

Louisiana. Historical Archaeology 34(3): 107 (17). 

Day, D.W., J. Laurens-Day and E.R. Prewitt. 1981. Cultural resources surveys and 

assessments in portions of Hidalgo and Willacy Counties, Texas. Austin: Prewitt 

and Associates. 

de la Garza, R. 1988. The impact of relations between Mexicans and the origin-origin 

people of the United States on the U.S.-Mexico relations. University of San 

Diego. 

de la Garza, R. 1992. Latino voices: Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban perspectives on 

American politics. Boulder: Westview Press. 
2-86

de la Garza, R., F. Bean, C. Bonjean, R. Romo and R. Alvarez. 1985. The MexicanAmerican experience: An interdisciplinary anthology. Austin: University of Texas 

Press. 

de la Garza, R. and K. Schmitt. 1986. Texas land grants and Chicano - Mexican relations: 

A case study. Latin American Research Review 21(1): 123-138. 

de la Rosa, R. 1999. Development and the environment: A case study about the first 

attempted creation of a Texas coastal conservation district [MPA]. Pan American: 

University of Texas. 

de Leon, A. 1982. The Tejano community. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. 

de Leon, A. 1989. Ethnicity in the Sunbelt: A history of Mexican Americans in Houston. 

Houston: Mexican American Studies Program, University of Houston. 

de Leon, A. 1991. Texas Mexicans: Twentieth-century interpretations. In: Buenger, W. 

and R. Calvert, editors. Texas through time: Evolving interpretations. College 

Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

de Leon, A. 1993. Mexican Americans in Texas. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc. 

de Leon, A. 2001. Ethnicity in the Sunbelt: Mexican Americans in Houston. College 

Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

De Russe, J.J. 1999. The effect of staff development training and the use of cooperative 

learning methods on the academic achievement of third through sixth grade 

Mexican-American students [EdD]. Kingsville: Texas A&M University. 

De Santis, J. 1992. August 30, 1992. For Houmas Indians, a poignant trip 'home' 

(speaking-speaking Indians evacuated in Louisiana). The Washington Post; 19. 

de Silva, J., R. Condrey, K. Anglin and J. Rester. 1997. Bycatch in the United States Gulf 

of Mexico menhaden fishery. In: Rawson, M., editor. Fisheries bycatch: 

Consequences and management: University of Alaska. 

Debo, A. 1941. The road to disappearance. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 

Decker, I. 1942. Corpus Christi and the Latin Americans. Kingsville: Texas College of 

Arts and Industries. 

DeFrange, M.E. 1992. Saint Joseph Abbey: A study in German ethnic assimilation and 

monastic adaptation to the cultural milieu of southern Louisiana. 

Del Valle, J. 1986. A comparative study of test anxiety and auditory memory for learning 

disabled adolescents: Florida Institute of Technology. 
2-87

Densmore, F. 1934. A study of Indian music in the Gulf States. American Anthropologist 

36:386-388. 

Densmore, F. 1956. Seminole music. Washington, D C: Bureau of American Ethnology 

Bulletin 161. 

Denton, N. and D. Massey. 1989. Racial identity among Caribbean Hispanics: The effect 

of double minority status on residential segregation. American Sociological 

Review 54(5): 790-808. 

Desbarats, J. 1985. Indochinese resettlement in the United States. Annals of the 

Association of American Geographers 75(4): 522-538. 

Deseran, F. 1979. An assessment of housing of Indian, white, and black residents in two 

rural Louisiana communities. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, Center 

for Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development. 

Detres, M. 2001. Promoting health among farmworker women: A facilitator's guide for 

breast and cervical cancer prevention [MA]. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Diaz, A. 2000. September 22, 2000. Museum preserves Islenos culture; doors are 

scheduled to open in the fall. Times-Picayune; 1. 

Diaz de Leon, E. 1986. Code-switching as a strategy for communication by third-grade 

students in bilingual classrooms [EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Diaz-Briquets, S. 1984. Cuban-owned businesses in the United States. Cuban Studies 

14(2): 57-68. 

Dibble, S. 1985. December 5, 1985. Latin listeners open hearts to airwave appeals. 

Miami Herald; 1A. 

Dibble, S. 1985. June 14, 1985. Nicaraguan cardinal brings peace message. Miami 

Herald; 1A. 

Dibble, S. 1986. April 11, 1986. Ins halts deportation of Nicaraguan aliens. Miami 

Herald; 1A. 

Dibble, S. 1988. December 22, 1988. Immigration debate erupts. Miami Herald; 1C. 

Diblin, C. 1997. Acculturation of the Vietnamese: A comparison of the degree of 

acculturation among first and second generation Vietnamese in the greater New 

Orleans area. Hattiesburg: University of Southern Mississippi. 

Didion, J. 1987. Miami. New York: Simon and Schuster. 
2-88

Die, A.H. and W.C. Seelbach. 1988. Problems, sources of assistance, and knowledge of 

services among elderly Vietnamese immigrants. The Gerontologist 28(4): 448-

452. 

Dietrich, T.S. 1978. The urbanization of Florida's population. Gainesville: University of 

Florida Press. 

Dijour, I. 1962. Jewish immigration to the United States. New York: American Jewish 

Committee and Jewish Publication Society of New York. 

Dillin, J. 1986. Illegal aliens flood across U.S. Border. Christian Science Monitor. 

Dillman, C. 1968. The functions of Brownsville, Texas and Matamoras, Tamaulipas: 

Twin cities of the lower Rio Grande [PhD]: University of Michigan. 

Din, G. 1988. The canary islanders of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 

University Press. 

Ditton, R. and A. Fedler. 1983. A statewide survey of boatowners in Texas and their 

saltwater fishing activity. College Station: Texas A & M University. 

Ditton, R., A. Fedler and R. Christian. 1991. The evolution of recreational fisheries 

management in Texas. 

Ditton, R., R. Harman and S. Woods. 1978. An analysis of the charter boat fishing 

industry on the Texas Gulf Coast. Marine Fisheries Review: 1-7. 

Ditton, R. and S. Holland. 1984. Understanding involved fishermen: A survey of 

members of the Gulf Coast conservation association. College Station: Texas 

A&M University. 

Ditton, R., T. Mertens and M. Schwartz. 1978. Characteristics, participation, and 

motivations of Texas charter boat fishermen. Marine Fisheries Review: 8-13. 

Dobyns, H. 1983. Their number became thinned: Native American population dynamics 

in eastern North America. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 

Dodson, J. 1960. Minority group housing in two Texas cities. In: Glazer, N. and D. 

McEntire, editors. Studies in housing and minority groups. Berkeley: University 

of California. 

Doeren, S. 1978. The social integrative effect of fairs and festivals on local communities: 

A study of the Shrimp and Petroleum Festival in Morgan City [PhD]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Dohoney, J. 199? Alabama poverty project: The picture of poverty. Birmingham: 

Alabama Poverty Project. 
2-89

Dollard, J. 1937. Caste and class in a southern town. New Haven: Yale University Press. 

Domengeaux, J. 1986. Native-born Acadians and the equality ideas. Louisiana Law 

Review 46:1151-1195. 

Dominguez, V. 1979. Behind the semantic curtain: Social classification in Creole 

Louisiana [PhD]: Yale University. 

Dominguez, V. 1986. White by definition: Social classification in Creole Louisiana. New 

Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 

Dominguez, V. 1987. White by definition-social classification in Creole Louisiana. 

American Anthropologist 89(2): 483-484. 

Donato, K., C.I. Bankston and D. Robinson. 2001. Immigration and the oil industry. In: 

Murphy, A., C. Blanchard and J. Hill, editors. Latino workers in the contemporary 

south. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press. 

Dorman, S. 1986. Applied anthropology with Haitian immigrants. Gainesville: University 

of Florida. 

Dormon, J. 1980. Ethnic groups and ethnicity: Some theoretical considerations. Journal 

of Ethnic Studies 7(4): 23-36. 

Dormon, J. 1983. The people called Cajuns: An introduction to an ethnohistory: Center 

for Louisiana Studies. 

Dormon, J. 1984. Louisiana's Cajuns: A case study in ethnic group revitalization. Social 

Sciences Quarterly 65:1054. 

Dormon, J. 1992. Louisiana's "Creoles of color": Ethnicity, marginality and identity. 

Social Sciences Quarterly 73:615-626. 

Dormon, J., editor. 1996. Creoles of color of the Gulf South. Knoxville: University of 

Tennessee Press. 

Dornet, C. 2000. A century of Acadian culture: The development of a Cajun community: 

Erath. Erath: The Acadian Heritage and Culture Foundation 

Dow, J.K. 1970. Impact of mechanical harvesting on the demand for labor in the Florida 

citrus industry. Gainesville: Food and Resource Economics Department, 

University of Florida. 

Downey, S. 1996. Damage control: A case study of Miami, Florida, and its utilization of 

public relations to combat losses in tourism [MMC]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana 

State University. 
2-90

Downing, M. and T.J. Ozuna. 1996. Testing the reliability of the benefit function transfer 

approach. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 30:316-322. 

Downs, D. 1981. Coppinger's tropical gardens: The first commercial Indian village in 

Florida. Florida Anthropologist 34:225-231. 

Downs, D. 1982. Miccosukee arts and crafts. Miami: Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of 

Florida. 

Downs, D. 1995. Art of the Florida Seminole and Miccosukee Indians. Gainesville: 

University Press of Florida. 

Drechsel, E. 2001. Mobilian jargon in southeastern Indian anthropology. In: Bonney, R. 

and J.A. Paredes, editors. Anthropologists and Indians in the new south. 

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Drechsel, E. and T. Makuakane-Drechsel. 1982. An ethnohistory of nineteenth century 

Louisiana Indians: University of Oklahoma Anthropology Department: National 

Park Service. 

Dubois, S. and M. Melancon. 1996. Cajun is dead: Long live Cajun. Shifting from a 

linguistic to a cultural community. Journal of Sociolinguistics 1:63-93. 

Dubois, S. and M. Melancon. 2000. Creole is, Creole ain't: Diachronic and synchronic 

attitudes toward Creole identity in southern Louisiana. Language in Society 29(2): 

237 (22). 

Dudai, S. 1996. From the rabbi's desk. Bulletin of Temple Beth Shmuel-Cuban Hebrew 

Congregation of Miami 4. 

Dudley, W. 1998. Native Americans opposing viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 

Inc. 

Dulac Community Center. The story of the Houma Indians, socio-cultural history, and 

evolution of a mission. Dulac Community Center, Various Reports and 

Publications. 

Dumenigo, M. and J. Gonzalez. 1990. Dade school desegregation. Miami: Florida 

International University, Psychology Department. 

Dunbar, C. 1932. Some publications dealing with the oil and gas fields of Louisiana. 

Louisiana Conservation Review 2. 

Dunbar, L., editor. 1984. Minority report: What has happened to blacks, Hispanics, 

American Indians and other minorities in the eighties. New York: Pantheon. 

Duncan, S. 1998. Everyday isn't Sunday: The Houma of southeastern Louisiana [MA]. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 
2-91

Dunlap, J. 1979. May 16. Blacks gain, lose in Ybor. Tampa Tribune. 

Dunn, M. 1992. Blacks in Miami. In: Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, editors. Miami now! 

Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. Gainesville: University Press of 

Florida. 

Dunn, M. 1997. Black Miami in the twentieth century. Gainesville: University Press of 

Florida 

Dunning, B. 1982. A systematic survey of the social, psychological and economic 

adaptation of Vietnamese refugees representing five entry cohorts, 1975-1979. 

Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc. 0335-10. 

Duong, D., A. Bohannon and M.C. Ross. 2001. A descriptive study of hypertension in 

Vietnamese Americans. Journal of Community Health Nursing 18(1): 1-11. 

Durand, J. and D. Massey. 1992. Mexican migration to the United States: A critical 

review. Latin American Research Review 27(2): 3-42. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1988. Shrimpers and turtles on the Gulf Coast: The formation of 

fisheries policy in the United States. Maritime Anthropological Studies 1:196-

214. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1990. A fishing town survives: Biloxi, Mississippi, faces challenges 

other than the physical perils of fishing. The World & I: 626-635. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1990. Policy, power, and science: The implementation of turtle 

excluder device regulations in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Maritime 

Anthropological Studies 3:69-86. 

Durrenberger, E.P. Psychology, unions, and the law: Folk models and the history of 

shrimpers' unions in Mississippi; 1991; Charleston, South Carolina. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1992. Psychology, unions, and the law: Folk models and the history 

of shrimpers' unions in Mississippi. Human Organization 51:151-154. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1992. It's all politics: South Alabama's seafood industry. Urbana: 

University of Illinois Press. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1994. Shrimpers, processors, and common property in Mississippi. 

Human Organization 53(1): 74-82. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1996. Gulf coast soundings: People and policy in the Mississippi 

shrimp industry. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 

Durrenberger, E.P. 1997. Fisheries management models: Assumptions and realities or, 

why shrimpers in Mississippi are not firms. Human Organization 56:158-166. 
2-92

Duthu, B. 1997. The Houma Indians of Louisiana: The intersection of law and history in 

the federal acknowledgment process. Louisiana History XXXVIII: 409-436. 

Duthu, B. and H. Ojibway. 1985. Future light or feu follet?: Louisiana Indian and federal 

recognition. Southern Exposure XIII (6): 24-32. 

Dworkin, A. and R. Dworkin. 1988. Interethnic stereotypes of acculturating Asian 

Indians in the United States. Plural Societies 18:61-70. 

Dyer, C. 1994. Protection versus reaction: Integrating applied anthropology into fishery 

management. Human Organization 53:83-88. 

Dyer, C. and M. Moberg. 1992. The "moral economy" of resistance: Turtle excluder 

devices and Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishermen. Maritime Anthropological Studies 

5(1): 18-35. 

Eacker, S. 1994. Mullet, mangoes, and midwives: Gender and community in a west coast 

Florida fishing village [PhD]: Miami University. 

East, L. 1961. History and progress of Jefferson County. Dallas: Royal Publishing Co. 

Eberhart, G. 1999. Three plans for shared-use libraries in the works. American Libraries 

30(1): 21. 

Ecun, O. 1990. Orisha: Methodology of the Yoruba religion. Miami: Oba Ecun Books. 

Ecun, O. 1994. Orisha: Methodologia de la religion Yoruba. Miami: Obaecun Book. 

Edelstein, J. 1996. Art auction at Temple Beth Shmuel. Bulletin of Temple Beth ShmuelCuban Hebrew Congregation of Miami 4:5. 

Edwards, J. 1991. Family organization. In: Ancelet, B., J. Edwards and G. Pitre, editors. 

Cajun country: University Press of Mississippi. 

Edwards-Simpson, R. 1996. Sicilian immigration to New Orleans, 1870-1910: Ethnicity, 

race and social position in the new south [PhD]: University of Minnesota. 

Eflin, J. and J. Wysong. 1990. Dynamics of management and planning policy. 

Geographical Review 80(2): 141-154. 

Eichelberger, F.P. 1974. The Cubans in Miami: Residential movements and ethnic group 

differentiation [MA]: University of Cincinnati. 

Ellis, A. 1999. May 25. Group helps refugees settle into new home. St Petersburg Times; 

3. 

Ellison, C., J. Burr and P. McCall. 1997. Religious homogeneity and metropolitan suicide 

rates. Social Forces 76(1): 273-299. 
2-93

Ellsworth, L. and J. Dysart. 1981. West Florida's forgotten people: The creek Indians 

from 1830 until 1970. Florida Historical Quarterly 59:422-439. 

Emerson, R., N. Chunkasut, S. Moon and L. Polopolus. 1990. Prevailing wage and 

practices: Florida Valencia oranges. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Emerson, R., N. Chunkasut and L. Polopolus. 1991. Florida orange harvesters: Selected 

employer and worker survey results. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Emerson, R., N. Chunkasut and L. Polopolus. 1992. Early and midseason oranges: 

Prevailing wage summary results, 1991-92. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Emptier nets. 1998. The Economist 348(8082): 23. 

Engelhardt, J. 2001. May 10. Nation's Mexican population jumps 53 percent. Palm Beach 

Post; 

Epstein, G. 1991. September 29, 1991. Contracts still scarce for blacks. Miami Herald; 

1B, 3B. 

Epstein, S. 1981. The Cuban Sephardic community of Miami, Florida: History and 

Judezmo language [MA]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Ericson, A.-S. 1970. The impact of commuters on the Mexican-American border area. 

Monthly Labor Review 93(8). 

Escambia County Fl - Fast food restaurants, N. 1993. Occupational Compensation 

Survey: Pay Only: 2-3. 

Esman, M. 1982. Celebration, conflict, and identity: Louisiana Cajuns and the crawfish 

festival. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Esman, M. 1985. Henderson, Louisiana: Cultural adaptations in a Cajun community. 

New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 

Espenshade, T. 1995. Unauthorized immigration to the United States. Annual Review of 

Sociology 21:195-216. 

Espenshade, T., M. White and F. Bean. 1991. Patterns of recent illegal migration to the 

United States. In: Lutz, W., editor. Future demographic trends in Europe and 

North America. London: Academic Press. 

Estaville, L. 1986. Mapping the Cajuns. Southern Studies 25(2): 163-171. 

Evans, D.A. 1974. A study of relative quality of life in selected Louisiana Parishes. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Everett, D. and R.N.R. Mathis. 1992. The Texas Cherokees (book review). Journal of 

Southern History 58:339-340. 
2-94

Ewers, J.C. 1973. The influence of epidemics on the Indian populations and cultures of 

Texas. Plains Anthropologist 18(60): 104-115. 

Ezell, J. 1952. Mississippi's search for oil. Journal of Southern History 18(3): 320-342. 

Facett, J., F. Arnold and U. Minocha. Asian immigrants to the United States: Flows and 

process; 1984 September 20-25; Honolulu. Asian-Pacific Immigration to the 

United States. 

Fagen, R. and R. Brody. 1964. Cubans in exile: A demographic analysis. Social Problems 

11(4): 389-401. 

Faine, J. 1986. The Apache-Choctaw of Ebarb: An assessment of the status of a 

Louisiana tribe. Baton Rouge: Institute For Indian Development. 

Fairbanks, C. 1973. The Florida Seminole people. Phoenix: Indian Tribal Series. 

Fairbanks, C. 1974. Florida Indians iii. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 

Fairchild, G. 1975. Socioeconomic dimensions of Florida citrus harvesting labor. 

Gainesville: Economic Research Department, Florida Department of Citrus, 

University of Florida. 

Farley, R. Racial trends and differences in the United States 30 years after the civil rights 

decade. Social Sciences Research 26:235-262. 

Farley, R. 1970. The changing distribution of negroes within metropolitan areas: The 

emergence of black suburbs. American Journal of Sociology 75(4): 512-529. 

Farley, R. 1977. Residential segregation in urbanized areas of the United States in 1970: 

An analysis of social class and racial differences. Demography 14(4): 497-518. 

Farley, R. and W. Frey. 1994. Changes in the segregation of whites from blacks during 

the 1980s: Small steps toward a more integrated society. American Sociological 

Review 59(1): 23-45. 

Farrington, B. 2001. August 18. In Miami, flood of Latin Americans diluting Cuban 

dominance. Associated Press. 

Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1991. Miami's ethnic sharing program [police training]. 

FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 60(8): 8-9. 

Federal Register Notices. 1984. Technical reports regarding the Poarch band of Creeks of 

Atmore, Alabama. 

Felder, M.R. 1960. The politics of the Texas Gulf Coast, 1945-1960 [MA]. Austin: 

University of Texas. 
2-95

Feldstein Soto, L. 1987. July 5, 1987. Nicaraguan influx strains schools, services. Miami 

Herald; 2B. 

Fenerty, M.J. 1981. An attitudinal survey of southern Choctaws on traditional 

Amerindian music in early childhood education [PhD]: University of Mississippi. 

Fenton, J. and K. Vines. 1957. Negro registration in Louisiana. American Political 

Science Review 51:704-713. 

Ferguson, G. 1976. The Weekiwachee site, Hernando County, Florida. Florida 

Anthropologist 29(1): 69-83. 

Ferguson, H. 1976. The port of Brownsville. Brownsville: Springman King Press. 

Ferguson, M.O. 1986. Characteristics of red drum and spotted seatrout commercial 

fishermen in Texas. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:344-358. 

Fernandes, E. 1996. Comparison of selected social and economic characteristics between 

Asians, Hawaiians, Pacific islanders and American Indians (including Alaskan 

natives). Washington D.C.: United States Bureau Of The Census; Population 

Division. 

Fernandez, A. 1990. Dade blacks in sports. Miami: Florida International University, 

Psychology Department. 

Fernandez, D. 1974. "The hill": Mexican Americans in Corpus Christi, 1900-1950. 

Kingsville: Texas A&I University. 

Fernandez, D., editor. 1992. Cuban studies since the revolution. Gainesville: University 

Press of Florida. 

Fernandez, E. and H. Beltran. 1977. The Ybor City story, 1885-1954. Tampa. 

Fernandez-Kelly, M.P. 1990. Power surrendered, power restored: The politics of work 

and family among Hispanic garment workers in California and Florida. In: Tilly, 

L. and P. Guerin, editors. Women and politics in America. New York: Russell 

Sage Foundation. 

Fernandez-Kelly, M.P. and A. Garcia. 1989. Power surrendered, power restored: The 

politics of home and work among Hispanic women in southern California and 

southern Florida. In: Tilly, L. and P. Guerin, editors. Women and politics in 

America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 

Fernandez-Kelly, M.P. and A. Garcia. 1989. Informalization at the core: Hispanic 

women, home work and the advanced capitalist state. In: Portes, A., M. Castells 

and L. Benton, editors. Informal economy: Studies in advanced and less 

developed countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 
2-96

Fernandez-Kelly, M.P. and S. Sassen. 1991. A collaborative study of Hispanic women in 

the garment and electronics industries: Final report presented to the Ford, Revson, 

and Tinker Foundations. New York: Center for Latin American and Caribbean 

Studies, New York University. 

Ferrera, P. 1998. The Choctaw revolution: Lesson for federal Indian policy. Washington, 

D.C.: Americans for Tax Reform Foundation. 

Fingerhut, L., C. Jones and D. Makuc. 1994. Firearm and motor vehicle injury mortalityvariations by state, race and ethnicity: United States, 1990-91. Advanced Data on 

Vital and Health Statistics 242:1-12. 

Finnan, C. 1982. Community influences on the occupational adaptation of Vietnamese 

refugees. Anthropological Quarterly 55(3): 161-169. 

First legal Vietnamese arrives in New Orleans to meet family. 1980. May 31. Times 

Picayune; 18. 

Fisher, M. and D. Massey. 2000. Residential segregation and ethnic enterprise in U.S. 

Metropolitan areas. Social Problems 47:408. 

Fitzgerald, T., editor. Social and cultural identity: Problems of persistence and change. 

Athens: University of Georgia Press. 

Fix, M. and J.S. Passel. 1994. Immigration and immigrants: Setting the record straight. 

Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. 

Flanagan, S.J. 2000. Gender identity development in self-disclosed gay men in Hidalgo 

County, Texas [MS]. Pan American: University of Texas. 

Fletcher, O.L.R. 1997. Creoles of color of the Gulf South (book review). Journal of 

Negro History 82(3): 349-352. 

Flint, R.W. 1983. Computer-accessible annotated bibliography of the Corpus Christi bay 

estuary. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. 

Flint, R.W. and N. Rabalais. 1981. Gulf of Mexico shrimp production: A food web 

hypothesis. Fishery Bulletin 79(4): 737-748. 

Flippin, L. 1979. The Indochinese situation: America's newest wave of immigrants. 

Austin: Center for Asian Studies, University of Texas. 

Flocks, J. 1988. Haitians and African Americans in a small Florida town. Gainesville: 

University of Florida. 

Flores, E.T. 1984. Research on undocumented immigrants and public policy: A study of 

the Texas school case. International Migration Review 18(3): 505-523. 
2-97

Flores, V. 1978. Affective variables and oral English proficiency of Mexican American 

migrant students [PhD]. Houston: University of Houston. 

Flores-Feist, M. 1995. A comparative study of learning styles of Hispanic and Anglo 

chemistry students [EdD]: Texas Tech University. 

Florida Department of Children & Families. 1998. The geography of welfare reform in 

Miami-Dade County: April 1998 wages statistics. Florida Department of Children 

& Families, District 11 (Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties). 

Florida Department of Children & Families. 1998. Food stamps: A life zone 

neighborhood indicators update. Florida Department of Children & Families, 

District 11 (Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties). 

Florida Dept. of Labor and Employment Security. Florida industry and occupational 

employment projections, 1996-2006: Workforce development region... Florida 

Dept. of Labor and Employment Security, Division of Jobs and Benefits, Bureau 

of Labor Market Information. 

Florida State Board of Health. 1964. Health of Florida's Indians. Florida Health Notes 56. 

Florida Writers' Project. 1941. Seminole Indians in Florida. Tallahassee: Florida State 

Department of Agriculture. 

Flory, J. 1988. A comparison of traditional health beliefs among culturally cohesive and 

enculturated Vietnamese females. Hattiesburg: University of Southern 

Mississippi. 

Floyt, A. 1987. Bibliography of the Chickasaw Choctaw. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. 

Flude, J.W. 1936. Exploring in marsh and water areas of Louisiana and Texas Gulf 

Coast. Oil and Gas Journal 34. 

Flynt, W. 1979. Gulf coast ethnics: A commentary. In: Shofner, J. and L. Ellsworth, 

editors. Ethnic minorities in Gulf Coast society: Gulf Coast History and 

Humanities Conference. 

Flynt, W. 1996. Rural poverty in Louisiana. National Forum 76(3): 32 (4). 

Fogel, W. 1966. The effect of low educational attainment on incomes: A comparative 

study of selected ethnic groups. Journal of Human Resources 1(2): 22-40. 

Fogel, W. 1982. Twentieth-century Mexican migration to the United States. In: Chiswick, 

B.R., editor. The gateway: U.S. Immigration issues and policies. Washington, 

D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. 

Fogelson, R. 1962. The Cherokee ball game: A study in southeastern ethnology [PhD]: 

University of Pennsylvania. 
2-98

Folb, E. 1980. Runnin' down some lines: The language and culture of black teenagers. 

Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 

Foley, D., C. Mota, D. Post and I. Lozano. 1977. From peones to politicos: Ethnic 

relations in a south Texas town 1900-1977. Austin: Center for Mexican-American 

Studies, University of Texas-Austin. 

Foley, N. 1990. The new south in the southwest: Anglos, blacks, and Mexicans in central 

Texas, 1880-1930 [PhD]: University of Michigan. 

Foley, N. 1996. Mexicans, mechanization and the growth of corporate cotton culture in 

south Texas: The Taft Ranch, 1900-1930. Journal of Southern History 62(2): 275-

302. 

Forbus, P.R., J.S. Thomas, W. Hosking, J. Maes and S. Chang. 1989. The commercial 

seafood industry in Alabama. Coastal Research and Development Institute, 

University of South Alabama Research Report. 

Ford, T. 1948. Maplewood, a planned community in the industrial south: A study of 

social structure and organization [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University. 

Foreman, G. 1977. The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, creek, 

Seminole. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 

Foret, M.J. 1995. Louisiana Indian studies : A selected bibliography. Lafayette: Center 

For Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. 

Formichella, C. 1987. Personal characteristics of economic change. Mobile: University of 

Southern Alabama. 

Formichella, C. and J.S. Thomas. 1987. Personal ties between shrimpers and buyers in a 

Gulf Coast fishing community. Sociology and Social Research 71(4): 271-274. 

Formichella, C. and J.S. Thomas. 1987. Equilibrating relations between shrimp fishermen 

and buyers in a Gulf Coast community: A preliminary report. Sociology and 

Social Research (in press). 

Fort Myers-Cape Coral Florida metropolitan area; December 1993. 1994. Occupational 

Compensation Survey: Pay Only. 

Fortune, J. and J. Williams. External evaluation of the Mississippi band of Choctaw 

Indians' osap high risk youth demonstration program; 1991 13 November; 

Lexington, KY. Mid-South Educational Research Association. 

Foster, L.H. 1961. Race relations in the south, 1960. Journal of Negro Education 30(2): 

198-149. 
2-99

Fournier, H.H. 1977. An in-service program to resolve the issues related to desegregation 

and sex discrimination in the Mobile County public schools: Alabama State 

University. 

Fox, A.A., W.D. Day and L. Highley. 1980. Archaeological and historical investigations 

at Wallisville Lake, Chambers and Liberty Counties, Texas. San Antonio: Center 

for Archaeology Research, University of Texas. 

Fox, G. 1996. Hispanic nation: Culture, politics and the constructing of identity. Toronto: 

Carol Publishing Group. 

Franke, K. 1993. January 21. Tore up thumbs. Mangled toes. What drives a man to get in 

a scrap with a gator? Naples Daily News. 

Frankel, N. and N. Dye, editors. 1991. Gender, class, race and reform in the progressive 

era. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 

Franks, M.E. A profile of a dropout population in a Native American high school: A local 

perspective; 1990 April 16-20; Boston, MA. American Education Research 

Association. 

Frazer, W.J. 2002. Business conditions, logging, and sharecropping: A south Alabama 

trade area with European and Birmingham connections. Montgomery: Uchee 

Publications. 

Frazier, M. 1996. An evaluation of an educational partnership: The special friends 

scholarship program [EdD]: University of Houston. 

Freeman, E.C. 1944. The Seminole woman of the big cypress and her influence in 

modern life. American Indigena 5. 

Freeman, E.C. 1944-1945. Our unique Indians: The Seminoles of Florida. American 

Indian 2:14-28. 

Freeman, E.C. 1960. Cultural stability and change among the Seminoles of Florida. In: 

Wallace, A., editor. Man and cultures: Selected papers of the fifth international 

congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences, Philadelphia, September 1-

9, 1956. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 

French, L.A. MMPI cultural profiles of Anglos, Mexican-Americans, and American 

Indians in the U.S. Southwest; 1996; Montreal. 

French, L.A. 2000. Addictions and Native Americans. Westport: Praeger. 

Freudedburg, W. and R. Grambling. 1992. Community impacts of technological change: 

Toward a longitudinal perspective. Social Forces 70(4): 937-955. 

Frey, W. 1994. The new white flight. American Demographics 16. 
2-100

Frey, W. 1996. Immigration, domestic migration and demographic balkanization in 

America: New evidence for the 1990s. Population and Development Review 

22(4): 741-763. 

Frey, W. and R. Farley. 1996. Latino, Asian and black segregation in U.S. Metropolitan 

areas: Are multi-ethnic metros different? Demography 33(1): 35-50. 

Friend, J. Land reuse and marketability: Central Texas street urban renewal area, Mobile, 

Alabama. Mobile: Economic and Marketing Research. 

Friend, J. 1969. The shape of the future: An economic and population study of Mobile, 

Baldwin and Escambia Counties, Alabama. Mobile: J H Friend. 

Fries, E. 2001. Leadership skills possessed and attitudes toward individual or groupcentered leadership as perceived by Hispanic women with limited resources in the 

lower Rio Grande valley of Texas [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 

Frisbie, P. 1975. Illegal migration from Mexico to the United States. International 

Migration Review 9(1): 3-13. 

Frisbie, W.P. and L. Neidert. 1977. Inequality and the relative size of minority 

populations: A comparative analysis. American Journal of Sociology 82(5): 1007-

1030. 

Fritchey, R. 1990. Net ban: How have Texans adapted? National Fisherman 71:24-27. 

Froelicher, V. 2001. Physical activity reduces CHD risks. The Physician and 

Sportsmedicine 29(5): 21-22. 

Frost, S., editor. 1982. Texas coastal legislation. 5 ed. Austin: Texas Coastal and Marine 

Council. 

Fuchs, L. 1990. The American kaleidoscope: Race, ethnicity and the civic culture. 

Middleton: Wesleyan. 

Fullen, W. 1983. A model for designing programs to conserve cultural resources [EdD]: 

University of Houston. 

Gallager, P. 1982. March 1. Indian grapples with alligator and white man's way. 

Vanishing Florida. St Petersburg Times. 

Gallagher, T. 1997. Tourism folks have wild swamp party. Hollywood: Seminole 

Communications, Seminole Tribe of Florida. 

Galloway, P. 1987. Talking with Indians: Interpreters and diplomacy in French 

Louisiana. In: Jordan, W. and S. Skemp, editors. Race and family in the colonial 

south. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 
2-101

Gamio, M. 1971. Mexican immigration to the U.S.: A study of human migration and 

adjustment. New York: Dover Publications. 

Gannet Fleming Engineers and Planners. 1987. Pinellas County fixed guideway 

alternatives. Pinellas County Metropolitan Planning Organization. 

Gannon, M., editor. 1995. The new history of Florida. Gainesville. 

Garbarino, M. 1972. Big cypress: A changing Seminole community. New York: Holt, 

Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 

Garbarino, M. 1980. Independence and dependency among the Seminole of Florida. In: 

Schusky, E., editor. Political organization of Native North Americans. 

Washington, D C: University Press of America. 

Garbarino, M. 1986. Big cypress: A changing Seminole community. Prospect Heights: 

Waveland Press. 

Garbarino, M. 1989. The Seminole. New York: Chelsea House. 

Garcia, C., editor. 1974. La causa politica: A Chicano politics reader. Notre Dame: 

University of Notre Dame. 

Garcia, G. 1958. Accomplishments of Mexican-Americans in Texas. Fort Worth: 

Unpublished Paper. 

Garcia, J. 1976. The regional vocabulary of Brownsville, Texas [PhD]. Austin: 

University of Texas. 

Garcia, M. 1990. Cuban exiles and Cuban-Americans: A history of an immigrant 

community in south Florida, 1959-1989 [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Garcia, M. 1996. Havana USA: Cuban exiles and Cuban Americans in south Florida, 

1959-1994. Berkeley: University of California Press. 

Garcia, S. 1996. Bilingual special education: A comparison of the perceptions between 

bilingual and special education directors [MA]. Pan American: University of 

Texas. 

Gardner, M. and J.R. Kushner. 1995. Boat people (book review). The Literary Review 

39:123-127. 

Garfield, N. 1991. Perceptions of the Texas state and federal closures among inshore 

shrimpers in Galveston: University of Rhode Island. 

Garza, E. 1961. LULAC (League of United Latin-American Citizens) [MA]. San Marcos: 

Southwest Texas State Teachers College. 
2-102

Garza, E. and J. Okerman. A case study of adolescent Mexican-American students in the 

lower Rio Grande valley of Texas; 1977; Austin. Southwest Educational Research 

Association Conference. 

Gatewood, W. 1979. Strangers and the southern Eden: Ideologies of race and ethnicity in 

the south. In: Shofner, J. and L. Ellsworth, editors. Ethnic minorities in Gulf 

Coast society: Gulf Coast History and Humanities Conference. 

Gayoso, J. 1987. February 8, 1987. Battle unites Nicaraguan refugees. Miami Herald; 3. 

Gayoso, J. 1987. January 18, 1987. Nicaraguan flights for refugees' aid. Miami Herald; 

16. 

Gehrke, D. 1997. July 22. Miccosukees seek support for homes, festival becomes forum 

for tribe. Miami Herald. 

Geiser, C. 1983. Needs assessment of Cuban and Haitian refugees in Tampa [MA]. 

Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Geological Survey of Alabama. 1978. Geologic and hydrologic environmental atlas of 

Mobile and Baldwin Counties, Alabama: University of Alabama: Geological 

Survey of Alabama. 

George, P. 1988. An enduring covenant: Temple Emanu-el of greater Miami 1938-1988. 

Event of the decade, temple Emanu-el of greater Miami tribute album. Miami. 

George, P. and T. Petersen. 1988. Liberty square, 1933-1987: The origin and evolution of 

a public housing project. Tequesta: Journal of the Historical Association of 

Southern Florida 48:53-68. 

Gershanik, A. 1996. October 24, 1996. Louisiana Hispanics face high risk of cancer. 

Times- Picayune; 3A. 

Gesick, E.J. 1996. The Texas Kickapoo: Keepers of tradition. El Paso: University of 

Texas. 

Ghelfi, L. 1986. Poverty among black families in the nonmetro south. Washington, D.C.: 

U.S. Dept. Agric. Econ. Res. Serv. Rep. No. 62. 

Gibson, J.S. 1941. The Alabama black belt: Its geographic status. Economic Geography 

17(1): 1-23. 

Gilbert, G., editor. 1970. Texas studies in bilingualism. Berlin: de Gruyter. 

Gilbert, W.H.J. 1946. Memorandum concerning the characteristics of the larger mixedblood racial islands of the eastern United States. Social Forces 24(4): 438-447. 
2-103

Gilder, G. 1976. Areas of population change. Montgomery: Alabama Development 

Office. 

Gilfarb, Y. 1981. We must continue. Circulo Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-1981: 20 

aniversario. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Gillespie, W., J. Hite and J. Lytle. 1969. An econometric analysis of the U.S. Shrimp 

industry. Clemson: Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, 

South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson University. 

Gillory, V. 1998. A survey of the recreational blue crab fishery in Terrebonne Parish, 

Louisiana. Journal of Shellfish Research 17(2): 4543-4550. 

Gillory, V. 1998. A profile of 1996 Louisiana commercial blue crab fishermen. Louisiana 

Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 

Gillory, V., H. Perry and S. Vanderkooy, editors. 2001. The blue crab fishery of the Gulf 

of Mexico, United States: A regional management plan. Ocean Springs: Gulf 

States Marine Fisheries Commission. 

Gilmore, H.W. 1933-1934. Social isolation of the French speaking people of rural 

Louisiana. Social Forces 12:78-84. 

Gilmore, H.W. 1936. Family-capitalism in a community of rural Louisiana. Social Forces 

15(1): 71-75. 

Glasgow, K. 2001. December 13. Multiple district disorder: Divide North Miami and you 

also divide a burgeoning American-American voting bloc. Was that the plan? 

Miami News Times. 

Glasrud, B. 1969. Black Texans, 1900-1930: A history [PhD]: Texas Technological 

College. 

Glazer-Herzfeld, S. 2001. Jefferson Parish stories (television program looks at history of 

suburb). New Orleans Magazine 35(11): 140. 

Glenn, J. 1982. My work among the Florida Seminole. Gainesville: University Presses of 

Florida. 

Glenn, N. 1967. Negro population concentration and negro status. Journal of Negro 

Education 36(4): 353-361. 

Glotzer, R.S. 1984. Higher education in the American south 1660-1984: Class and race in 

institutional development [PhD]. Madison: University of Wisconsin. 

Glover, S., A. Pumariega, C.I. Holzer, B. Wise and M. Rodriguez. 1999. Anxiety 

symptomatology in Mexican-American adolescents. Journal of Child and Family 

Studies 8(1): 47-57. 
2-104

Goddard, I. 1979. The languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande. In: Campbell, 

L. and M. Mithun, editors. The languages of Native America: A comparative 

assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Goff, D.J. 1992. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary events in 

a biethnic Texas community, 1985-1990 [PhD]. Houston: University of Texas. 

Goggin, J. 1959. Source materials for the study of the Florida Seminole Indians. 

Gainesville: Anthropology Department, University of Florida. 

Gold, G. 1980. The changing criteria of social networks in a Cajun community. Ethnos 

6:60-81. 

Goldfield, D. 1997. Religion, race, and cities: Interpreting the urban south. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University Press. 

Goldsmith, S.S. 1996. May 12. The Chitimacha: Taking advantage of casinos, crafts and 

tourism, Louisiana's only indigenous tribe finds opportunities to prosper. The 

Advocate; 16. 

Goldsteen, J.B. 1995. Danger all around - waste storage crisis on the Texas and Louisiana 

Gulf Coast. Society & Natural Resources 8(1): 75-75. 

Gonzalez, D. 1979. Cuban exiles in the U.S.: Women, sex role conflicts and psychoactive 

drug use [MA]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Gonzalez, D. 1980. More on Cuban immigration. Human Sociologist 5(4): 12-14. 

Gonzalez, D. and C. McCoy. Policy and research: Cuban immigration to the U.S.; 1980; 

Louisville. Humanistic Sociology. 

Gonzalez, J. 1930. Social life in Cameron, Starr, and Zapata Counties [MA]. Austin: 

University of Texas. 

Gonzalez, L. 1989. Characteristics and stress levels of Hispanic and non-Hispanic 

caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease patients [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 

Gonzalez, M. 2000. Mexican American college women's beliefs, attitudes and practices 

related to weight loss [EdD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Gonzalez-Baker, M. 1983. A comparison of state and trait anxiety of teachers in bilingual 

and regular classrooms: "the RISD stress study" [EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Good, J., G. Halpin and G. Halpin. 2000. A promising prospect for minority retention: 

Students becoming peer mentors. Journal of Negro Education 69(4): 375-383. 
2-105

Gooden, C. 1991. A study of the cognitive style preferences and selected personal and 

family characteristics of high-risk African-American college students enrolled in 

an urban, historically black, open admissions university in southeast Texas. 

Dissertation-Abstracts International 52. 

Goodman, M. 1971. The Mexican American population of Houston: A survey in the 

field, 1965-1970. Houston: Rice University Studies. 

Goodman, M. and D. des Jarlais. 1968. The Spanish surname population of Houston: A 

demographic sketch. Houston: Rice University. 

Goodwill, D.J. 1938. South Louisiana continues advance in oil production. Louisiana 

Conservation Review 7. 

Goodwyn, L. 1971. Populist dreams and negro rights: East Texas as a case study. 

American Historical Review 76(5): 1435-1456. 

Gordon, B. 1991. The rhetoric of community ritual: The blessing of the shrimp fleet at 

Chauvin, Louisiana [PhD]: Louisiana State University. 

Gordon, J. and K. Clayton. 1978. Wakulla County, Florida, information for rural 

development: Population, housing, economy, labor force, public sector. 

Gainesville: Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 

Gordy, J. 1994. Chinese in south Florida, 1900-1992 [MA]: Florida Atlantic University. 

Gorfinkel, E. 1996. Women's league of Temple Beth Shmuel. Bulletin of Temple Beth 

Shmuel-Cuban Hebrew Congregation of Miami 4:4. 

Gossman, G. 1998. Understanding tribal organization: How does the federal recognition 

process affect a Native American community? Mobile: University of Southern 

Alabama. 

Gottlieb, A.S. 1995. La saguesera: The dilemma of the Cuban political culture in Miami: 

Florida International University. 

Gowanloch, J.N. 1952. The Louisiana crab fishery. Louisiana Conservationist 4(9-10): 6-

9. 

Graham, G. and J. Buckner. 1980. Hangs and bottom obstructions of the Texas/Louisiana 

gulf: Loran-c. College Station: Marine Information Service, Sea Grant College 

Program, Texas A&M University. 

Grambling, R., C. Forsyth and L. Mooney. 1986. The protestant ethic and the spirit of 

Cajunism. Journal of Ethnic Studies 15:33-46. 

Gramling, R. and W. Freudenburg. 1990. A closer look at "local control": Communities, 

commodities, and the collapse of the coast. Rural Sociology 55:541-558. 
2-106

Granda, J.O.J. 1995. A materialist view of Santeria and the expenses associated with the 

initiation [MA]. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Granner, M., D. Abood and D. Black. 2001. Racial differences in eating disorder 

attitudes, cigarette, and alcohol use. American Journal of Health Behavior 25(2): 

83-99. 

Grant, W. and W. Griffin. 1979. A bioeconomic model of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp 

fishery. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108:1-13. 

Greater Miami United. 1989. Ethnic audit: Documenting Dade's diversity. Miami: 

Greater Miami United. 

Grebler, L., J. Moore and R. Guzman. 1970. The Mexican-American people: The nation's 

second-largest minority. New York: Free Press. 

Green, C. 1941. Some factors influencing Cajun education in Washington County, 

Alabama [Unpublished Thesis]: University of Alabama. 

Green, G. 1979. The good neighbor commission and the Texas Chicanos. In: Shofner, J. 

and L. Ellsworth, editors. Ethnic minorities in Gulf Coast society: Gulf Coast 

History and Humanities Conference. 

Green, H. and M. Zerivitz. 1991. Jewish life in Florida: A documentary exhibit from 

1763 to the present. Coral Gables: Mosaic, Inc. 

Green, M. 1982. The politics of Indian removal: Creek government and society in crisis. 

Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 

Greenbaum, P. 1983. Nonverbal communications between American Indian children and 

their teachers. Final report. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education. 

Greenbaum, S. 1985. Afro-Cubans in exile: Tampa, Florida, 1886-1984. Cuban Studies 

15(1): 59-73. 

Greenbaum, S. 1986. Afro-Cubans in Ybor city: A centennial history. Tampa: Tampa 

Printing. 

Greenbaum, S. 1990. Marketing Ybor city: Race, ethnicity and historic preservation in 

the Sunbelt. City and Society 4(10): 58-76. 

Greenbaum, S. 1991. What's in a label? Identity problems of southern Indian tribes. 

Journal of Ethnic Studies 19(2): 107-126. 

Greene, H.R., H. Kersey and T.D. Prutsman. 1973. A cross-sectional study of intelligence 

and achievement in a Seminole Indian reservation school. Florida Journal of 

Educational Research 15:37-45. 
2-107

Greene, H.R. and H.A. Kersey. 1975. Upgrading Indian education: A case study of the 

Seminoles. School Review 83(2): 345-361. 

Greenlee, R. 1942. Ceremonial practices of the modern Seminoles. Tequesta: Journal of 

the Historical Association of Southern Florida 1:25-33. 

Greenlee, R. 1944. Medicine and curing practices of the modern Florida Seminoles. 

American Anthropologist 46(3): 317-327. 

Greenlee, R. 1952. Aspects of social organization and material culture of the Seminoles 

of big cypress swamp. Florida Anthropologist 5(3-4): 25-31. 

Gregory, H.F. 1992. The Louisiana tribes: Entering hard times. In: Paredes, J.A., editor. 

Indians of the southeastern United States in the later 20th century. Tuscaloosa: 

The University of Alabama Press. 

Grenier, G. 1991. Latinos in the 1990 elections project: The case of Miami: Miami Latino 

National Policy Survey. 

Grenier, G. 1992. The emerging voice of the working class: Ethnic solidarity and the 

Cuban-American labor movement in Dade County. In: Grenier, G. and A. 

Stepick, editors. Miami now! Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 

Grenier, G. 1992. The Cuban-American labor movement in Dade County: An emerging 

immigrant working class. In: Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, editors. Miami now! 

Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. Gainesville: University Press of 

Florida. 

Grenier, G., H. Gladwin and D. McLaughen. 1991. Views on policy options toward Cuba 

held by Cuban-American residents of Dade County, Florida: The results of the 

second 1991 Cuba poll. Miami: Cuban Research Institute, Florida International 

University. 

Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, editors. 1992. Miami now! Immigration, ethnicity, and social 

change. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Gridley, M. 1974. American Indian women. New York: Hawthorn Books. 

Griessman, B.E. 1976. The Tukabatchi pow wow and the spirit of Tecumseh: Or, how to 

hold a pow wow without Indians. Phylon 37(2): 172-173. 

Griessman, B.E. and C.J. Henson. 1975. The history and social topography of an ethnic 

island in Alabama. Phylon 36(2): 97-112. 

Griffin, W. 1976. Economic and financial analysis of increasing costs in the gulf shrimp 

fleet. Fishery Bulletin 74:301-309. 
2-108

Griffin, W. 1977. Time trends in the harvesting section of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp 

industry. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experimental Station. 

Griffin, W. 1977. Effect of extended jurisdiction on landings and value of landings for 

the five Gulf States. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 

Griffin, W. and B. Beattie. 1978. Economic impact of Mexico's 200-mile offshore fishing 

zone on the United States Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Land Economics 54:27-

38. 

Griffin, W., M. Cross and G. Ryan. 1974. Seasonal movement patterns in the Gulf of 

Mexico shrimp fishery. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 

Department Technical Report No. 74-4. 

Griffin, W., R. Lacewell and J. Nichols. 1976. Optimum effort and rent distribution in the 

Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 

58:644-652. 

Griffin, W. and J. Nicholas. 1976. An analysis of increasing costs to Gulf of Mexico 

shrimp vessel owners: 1971-75. Marine Fisheries Review 38(3): 8-12. 

Griffin, W., J. Nichols, W. Grant and J. Warren. 1981. Analysis of management 

alternatives for the Texas shrimp fishery. College Station: Texas A&M 

University. 

Griffin, W., J. Ward and J. Nance. 1997. A bioeconomic analysis of management 

alternatives to control sea turtle mortality in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. 

In: Rawson, M., editor. Fisheries bycatch: Consequences and management: 

University of Alaska. 

Griffith, D. 2001. Changing ethnic landscapes in south Florida. In: Murphy, A., C. 

Blanchard and J. Hill, editors. Latino workers in the contemporary south. Athens 

and London: University of Georgia Press. 

Grimes, R., editor. 1968. Three hundred years in Victoria County. Victoria: Victoria 

Advocate Publishing Company. 

Grimshaw, A. 1958. Relationships between agricultural and economic indices and rural 

migration. Rural Sociology 23:397-400. 

Grismer, K. 1950. A history of the city of Tampa and the Tampa bay region of Florida. St 

Petersburg: St Petersburg Printing Company. 

Gross, A. 1951. July 5, 1951. Shell ready to complete weeks island record oil well. Daily 

Advertiser; 19. 

Grosse, R. The economic impact of international banking in Florida; 1988 March; Coral 

Gables. University of Miami. 
2-109

Grosse, R. 1990. The economic impact of Andean cocaine traffic on Florida (in the drug 

trade revisited). Journal of InterAmerican Studies and World Affairs 32(4): 137-

159. 

Grosse, R. The economic impact of international banking in Florida: 4th survey; 1990 

June; Coral Gables. University of Miami. 

Grunbaum, J.A., K. Basen-Engquist and D. Pandey. 1998. Association between violent 

behaviors and substance use among Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white 

high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health 23(3): 153-159. 

Grunbaum, W. 1964. Desegregation in Texas: Voting and action patterns. Public Opinion 

Quarterly 28(4): 604-614. 

Guerra, R. 1969. Political fragmentation in a Mexican American community: The case of 

Houston, Texas [MA]. Houston: University of Houston. 

Guerrero, G. 1982. A study of Mexican American and Anglo parents' relationships with 

schools [EdD]: Harvard University. 

Guest, W. 1958. The Texas shrimp fishery. Austin: Marine Laboratory, Texas Game and 

Fish Commission. 

Guevin, B. 1983. The ethno-archaeology of the Houma Indians. Baton Rouge: Louisiana 

State University. 

Guffey, R. 1997. Targeting and economic development in Florida [MA]: Florida Atlantic 

University. 

Guidry, E. 2001. Journal: New Zealand journalist visits the south, September 7, 2001 

[cited 2002]. 

Guidry, S. 1981. Land of the Houmas. 

Guillermo, T.-L., G. Glober, R. Villarreal, G. Palos and A. Linares. 1996. Screening 

practices and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about cancer among Hispanic and 

non-Hispanic white women 35 years old and older in Nueces County, Texas. 

Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs 18:49-56. 

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. 1979. Draft environmental impact 

statement and fishery management plan for the shrimp fishery of the Gulf of 

Mexico, United States water. Baton Rouge: Center for Wetland Resources, 

Louisiana State University. 

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. 1981. Fishery management plan for the 

shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, United States waters. Tampa. 
2-110

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. 1981. Fishery management plan for the 

shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, U.S. Waters. Tampa: Gulf of Mexico 

Fishery Management Council. 

Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. 1995. Conflicts in the Gulf of Mexico blue 

crab fishery - a symposium. Orlando: Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. 

Gust-Thomason, S. and J. Yantis. 1998. Assessment of team leader effectiveness within 

self-managed teams. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 22(2): 

159-167. 

Guthrie, K. 1986. The history of San Patricio County. Austin: Nortex Press. 

Guthrie, K. 1988. Texas forgotten ports. Austin: Eakin Press. 

Gutierrez, B. 1983. August 1, 1983. Cubans hold marathon to raise money for 

Nicaraguan guerrillas. Miami Herald; 3B. 

Gutierrez, B. 1983. June 26, 1983. Supplies to be ferried to refugees. Miami Herald; 4B. 

Gutierrez, B. 1984. February 5, 1984. We're 'invisible' exiles, Nicaraguans say. Miami 

Herald; 1B. 

Guzman, A. and D. Johnson. 1984. The responses of Mexican American children to 

cognitive demands in a testing situation. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 

6(3): 261-275. 

Gwartney, J. and J. Long. 1978. The relative earnings of blacks and other minorities. 

Industrial and Labor Relations Review 31(3): 336-346. 

Haas, M.R. 1975. What is Mobilian? In: Crawford, J.M., editor. Studies in southeastern 

Indian languages. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 

Haas, S. 1999. Environmental perceptions and natural resource use on the Mississippi 

band of Choctaw Indian reservation [MS]: Mississippi State University. 

Hagan, J. and N. Rodriguez. 1992. Recent economic restructuring and evolving 

intergroup relations in Houston. In: Lamphere, L., editor. Structuring diversity: 

Ethnographic perspectives on the new immigration. Chicago: University of 

Chicago Press. 

Haines, D.W. 1982. Southeast Asian refugees in the U.S.: The interaction of kinship and 

public policy. Anthropological Quarterly 55(3): 170-181. 

Hall, G.M. 1992. Africans in colonial Louisiana: The development of afro-Creole culture 

in New Orleans. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 
2-111

Halpert, M. 1958. The Jews of Brownsville, 1880-1925: Demographic, economic, sociocultural study [DHL]: Yeshiva University. 

Haltkrantz, A. 1979. The religions of the American Indians. Berkeley: University of 

California Press. 

Hamburger, S. 1994. "And they're off": The development of the horse racing industry in 

Florida [PhD]. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Hamilton, J. 1994. All you can stomach? Sierra 79:36-38. 

Hammer and Company Associates. 1961. Hillsborough County: Economic base report. 

Atlanta: Hammer and Company Associates. 

Hammerschmidt, P., T. Wagner and G. Lewis. 1998. Status and trends in the Texas blue 

crab fishery. Journal of Shellfish Research 17(2): 405-412. 

Hammond, R. 1993. The Apalachicola bay area of critical state concern: Facilitation 

fishermen participation in a resource planning and management program [PhD]. 

Philadelphia: Temple University. 

Hancock County Chamber of Commerce. 1962. Comprehensive overall economic 

development program. Bay St Louis: Hancock County Chamber of Commerce. 

Hancock, D. 1988. December 15, 1988. Us denies policy shift on handling Nicaraguans. 

Miami Herald; 1D. 

Hancock, D., S. Dibble and K. Crockett. 1990. July 22, 1990. Haitians: We want respect 

in s Florida. Miami Herald; 1A, 17A. 

Hancock, D. and J. O'Neill. 1991. November 17, 1991. 5,000 to us: Back Aristide, take 

refugees. Miami Herald; 1B, 2B. 

Handman, M. 1926. The Mexican immigrant in Texas. Southwestern Political and Social 

Science Quarterly 7:33-41. 

Hanley, L. 1964. The public school system of Lafourche Parish 1932-1962 [MA]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Hanson, W.S. and R.C. Liddle. 1936. Seminole (commercial) camps on the Miami trail 

going from Fort Myers to Miami. Washington, D.C.: National Anthropological 

Archives, Smithsonian Institution. 

Hanton, C. 1936. Governor Sholtz makes pact with the Seminoles at a pow wow in the 

Everglades he comforts Indians who fear they'll lose villages. Daytona Beach 

News Journal. 
2-112

Harbinger, T. 2000. Counting the homeless: A night-time adventure through the streets of 

Mobile [cited 2002]. Available from 

http://www.theharbinger.org/xix/001128/towngown.html. 

Harbinger, T. 2000. How do racism, poverty, and inequality impact housing issues? 

[cited 2002]. Available from 

http://www.theharbinger.org/xix/001003/lauderdale.html. 

Hargrove, J. 1983. Bilingual education in palmetto city: A case study [PhD]. Urbana 

Champaign: University of Illinois. 

Harney, T. 1991. Seminole artifacts link to surviving Native American culture. 

Smithsonian Institution Research Reports 101(64): 3. 

Harrigan, S. 1980. Aransas. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 

Harrison, D. 1998. The role of lender identity in low-income lending: University of 

Florida. 

Harry, J.H. 1981. A history of Chambers County. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Co. 

Hart, J. 1960. The changing distribution of the American negro. Annals of the 

Association of American Geographers 50(3): 242-266. 

Hartley, K. and M. Martinez. 1990. Black businesses in Dade County. Miami: Florida 

International University, Psychology Department. 

Hartshorn, T. 1971. The spatial structure of socioeconomic development in the southeast, 

1950-1960. Geographical Review 61(2): 265-283. 

Hasselmo, J. 1970. Code switching and modes of speaking. In: Gilbert, G., editor. Texas 

studies in bilingualism. Berlin: de Gruyter. 

Hautman, M.A. 1983. An exploratory study of self-care respiratory illness among 

Vietnamese residing in Texas. Dissertation-Abstracts International 44:1060-1061. 

Hawes, L. 1993. Sunday, May 23, 1993. The Seminole struggle. Tampa Tribune; 4. 

Hay, F. 1985. The legacy of plantation America: Formation and growth of an Haitian 

community [PhD]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Hayes, C. 1974. Galveston: History of the island and the city. Austin: Jenkins Garrett 

Press. 

Hays, F. 1949. Anglo-Spanish speech in Tampa. Hispania 32:48-52. 

Hazel, F. 1985. Black, white, and 'other': The struggle for recognition. Southern Exposure 

XIII (6): 34-37. 
2-113

Heath, S. 1998. Blue crab fishery in Alabama. Journal of Shellfish Research 17(2): 435-

440. 

Hein, S. and P. Meier. 1995. Skimmers: Their development and use in coastal Louisiana. 

Marine Fisheries Review 57(1): 17(8). 

Heinrich, M.K. 1995. New study traces Padre Island trash to shrimpers. National Parks 

69:21-23. 

Helm, J., editor. 1968. Spanish speaking people in the United States. Seattle: University 

of Washington Press. 

Hemphill, P. 2000. The ballad of Little River: A tale of race and unrest in the rural south. 

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Hemphill, P. 2000. The ballad of Little River: A tale of race and restless youth in the 

rural south. New York: Free Press. 

Hendley, J.A. History of Pasco County, Florida. Dade City. 

Hendricks, K., J.S. Simpson and R. Larsen. 1999. Neural tube defects along the TexasMexico border, 1993-1995. American Journal of Epidemiology 149(12): 1119-

1127. 

Henkin, A. and L.T. Nguyen. 1981. Between two cultures: The Vietnamese in America. 

Saratoga: Century Twenty-One Publishing. 

Henry, J. 1983. Le mouvement Louisianais de renouveau francophone: Vers une nouvelle 

identite cadjine [Doctoral]: Universite Paris V-Rene Descartes. 

Henry, J. 1998. From 'acadien' to 'Cajun' to 'cadien' : Ethnic labelization and construction. 

Journal of American Ethnic History 17(4): 29 (34). 

Henry, J. and C.I. Bankston. 1998. Propositions for a structuralist analysis of Creolism. 

Current Anthropology 39(4): 558-566. 

Henry, J. and C.I. Bankston. 1999. Louisiana Cajun ethnicity: Symbolic or cultural? 

Sociological Spectrum 19:223-248. 

Henry, J. and C.I. Bankston. 2001. Ethnic self-identification and symbolic stereotyping: 

The portrayal of Louisiana Cajuns. Ethnic and Racial Studies 24(6): 1020 (1). 

Hernandez-Peck, M. 1980. Frail elderly Cubans: Decision making for their long-term 

care [PhD]: University of Denver. 

Herrington, D. 1993. Barriers, influences, and leadership challenges of selected Mexican 

American administrators in south Texas higher education from 1970 to 1990 

(volumes i and ii) [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 
2-114

Hewitt, N. 1985. Women in Ybor city: An interview with a woman cigar worker. Tampa 

Bay History 7(3): 161-165. 

Hewitt, N. 1990. Varieties of voluntarism: Class ethnicity, and women's activism in 

Tampa. In: Tilley, L. and P. Gurin, editors. Women, politics and change. New 

York: Russell Sage Foundation. 

Hewitt, N. 1991. Workers' culture and women's culture: Class and gender in Ybor city. 

In: Wilson, M., editor. Florida labor studies. Miami: Florida International 

University Press. 

Hewitt, N. 1991. The voice of virile labor: Labor militancy, community, solidarity, and 

gender identity among Tampa's Latin workers. In: Baron, A., editor. Work 

engendered. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 

Hewitt, N. 1991. Politicizing domesticity: Anglo, black, and Latin women in Tampa's 

progressive movements. In: Frankel, N. and N. Dye, editors. Gender, class, race 

and reform in the progressive era. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 

Higginbothand, J. 1967. The Pascagoula Indians. Mobile: Colonial Books. 

Higgins, J. and R. Dwyer, editors. 1972. The Florida migratory children's compensatory 

program (pre-kindergarten). Tampa. 

Hilderbrand, W.W. 1950. The history of Cameron County, Texas: North Texas State 

College. 

Hill, L.B. Rhetoric of self identity: The case of the Mississippi Choctaw; 1978 June 

30,1978; New Orleans. Rhetoric of the Contemporary South. 

Hill, L.B. and P. Lujan. 1983. The Mississippi Choctaw: A case study of intercultural 

games. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 7(3): 29-42. 

Hilliard, S. 1969. Pork in the ante-bellum south: The geography of self-sufficiency. 

Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59(3): 461-480. 

Hinks, S. 1993. Cultural resource survey of Carrollton bend revetment, Mississippi river 

m-105.7 to 101.7, Jefferson and Orleans Parishes, Louisiana. New Orleans: R. 

Christopher Goodwin & Associates. 

Hinojosa, G. 1984. Texas-Mexico border: A turbulent history. Texas Humanist 6(4): 6-9. 

Hintze, J. and L. Oukada. 1977. The lexical item Creole in Louisiana. Journal of the 

Linguistic Association of the Southwest 2:143-161. 
2-115

Hirsch, A. 1992. Simply a matter of black and white: The transformation of race and 

politics in twentieth century New Orleans. In: Hirsch, A. and J. Logsdon, editors. 

Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 

University Press. 

Hirsch, A. and J. Logsdon. 1992. Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Hirsch, A. and R. Mohl, editors. 1993. Urban policy in twentieth-century America. New 

Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 

Hirsch, A.R. 1997. Creoles of color of the Gulf South (book review). Journal of Southern 

History 63:455-456. 

Hispanic-owned businesses growing. 1991. Greater Baton Rouge Business Report 10(1): 

62. 

Historical Records Survey; Texas. Inventory of the county archives of Texas. 

Hitt, H. 1957. Migration between the south and other regions, 1949 to 1950. Social 

Forces 36(1): 9-16. 

Hitt, H. and T.L. Smith. 1942. Population redistribution in Louisiana. Social Forces 

20(4): 437-444. 

Hochman, D. 1994. Rabbi search committee report. Bulletin of Temple Beth ShmuelCuban Hebrew Congregation of Miami: 4. 

Hochman, D. 1996. What is Jewish generation x (j/x)? Bulletin of Temple Beth ShmuelCuban Hebrew Congregation of Miami 4:9. 

Hodges, D.J. 1972. The Cajun culture of southwestern Louisiana: A study of cultural 

isolation and role adaptation as factors in the fusion of black African and French 

Acadian culture traits [PhD]: New York University. 

Hodges, E. 2001. May 3, 2001. Club works to keep Cajun culture alive. Times-Picayune; 

3. 

Hodgin, R. 1982. A cost-benefit analysis for seafood processing training sessions in the 

Galveston bay area. Austin: Texas Education Agency. 

Hogner, DC1936. South to padre. Boston, New York: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard 

Company. 

Holbert, J. 1984. Rural/urban conflict over water control in the lower Rio Grande valley 

of Texas [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 
2-116

Holden, C. 1993. Are foreigners squeezing minorities out? Science 262(5136): 1109-

1111. 

Holl, S. 1993. April 9, 1993. Choice facts on local culture. Times-Picayune; L4. 

Hollinger, J. 2001. A study of parental involvement at a blue ribbon elementary school on 

the Texas-Mexico border [EdD]. Pan American: University of Texas. 

Holmes, M.R. 1988. Sources of income in Alabama counties. Montgomery: Alabama 

Department of Economic and Community Affairs. 

Holmes, O.J. 1949. Trends in Alabama's negro health as shown by Jefferson, Mobile, and 

Montgomery Counties: Alabama State University. 

Holt, J. 1951. History of Mardi Gras in the Gulf Coast cities including Mobile, New 

Orleans and Pensacola with implications for education: Alabama State University. 

Honks, L. and Y. Alex-Assensol, editors. 2000. Black and multiracial politics in 

America. New York: New York University Press. 

Hoover, H. 1975. The Chitimacha people. Phoenix: Indian Tribal Series 

Hoppe, R.A. 1985. Economic structure and change in persistently low-income nonmetro 

counties. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. Agric. Econ. Res. Serv. Rep. No. 50. 

Horton, R.P. 1995. Employers' and teachers' views of an on-the-job vocational training 

program for non-English-speaking adults: University of Miami. 

Houma Indians denied federal tribe recognition. 1994. December 15. The Advocate; 14 

C. 

Houma Nation splinter group seeking status. 1996. October 16. The Advocate. 

Houma Today. 2002. Fewer French citizens in Louisiana. The Courier, June 9, 2002 

[cited June 17, 2002]. 

Houston, S. 1969. A sociological consideration of the black English of children in 

northern Florida. Language 45:599-607. 

Howe, H. and J. McGuirt. 1935. Salt domes of Cameron and Vermilion Parishes. 

Louisiana Department of Conservation, Geological Bulletin. 

Hoxie, F., editor. 1996. Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton 

Mifflin. 

Hu, S. 1997. A study of the impact of cigarette advertising on adolescent susceptibility to 

smoking among 5th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade students in Hempstead and Hitchcock 

independent school districts [DRPH]. Houston: University of Texas. 
2-117

Hudson, C. 1976. The southeastern Indians. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 

Hughey, E.A.A. 1936. The legend and history of the place-names of Assumption Parish 

[MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Hunt, K.M. and R. Ditton. 2001. Perceived benefits of recreational fishing to HispanicAmerican and Anglo anglers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 6:153- 172. 

Hunt, K.M. and R. Ditton. 2002. Freshwater fishing participation patterns of racial and 

ethnic groups in Texas. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22:52 - 

65. 

Hunt, R.D. 1987. Indian agriculture in America: Prehistory to the present. Lawrence: 

University of Kansas Press. 

Huson, H. 1994. Hobard husan: A Texas coastal bend trilogy. Austin: Eakin Press. 

Hutchison, E.J. 1984. Black suburbanization: A history of social change in a working 

class suburb [PhD]: University of Chicago. 

Hutt, K. 1997. August 28. Gold from green, tourism firms are working to meet travelers' 

demand to see Florida's natural side. Sun Sentinel. 

Hutt, K. 1997. December 8. Broward promoting ship-to-shore tourism. Sun Sentinel. 

Hwang, S.-S. 1983. Suburbanization as a sociocultural and ecological process: A 

theoretical synthesis and empirical investigation [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 

Hwang, S.-S., S. Murdock, B. Parpia and R. Hamm. 1985. The effects of race and 

socioeconomic status on residential segregation in Texas, 1970-80. Social Forces 

63(3): 732-747. 

Iberia Field is states biggest. 1951. July 1, 1951. Sunday Enterprise. 

Idyll, C.P. and R.F. Sisson. 1957. Shrimpers strike gold in the gulf. National Geographic 

111:699-707. 

Indian Association of Mississippi. 1984. Directory of the Indian association of 

Mississippi. Jackson: Indian Association of Mississippi. 

Indians' profits go politicking: The Seminoles cashing in on sovereignty. 1983. May 30. 

Miami Herald. 

Indochinese Resettlement Task Force. 1979. Impact analysis of Indochinese resettlement 

in the New Orleans metropolitan area: A task force study. New Orleans, LA: 

Mayor's Office of Policy Planning. 
2-118

Ingalls, R. 1981. Radicals and vigilantes: The 1931 strike of Tampa cigarworkers. In: 

Fink, G. and M. Mreed, editors. Southern workers and their unions, 1880-1975. 

Westport: Greenwood Press. 

Ingalls, R. 1984. General joseph b. Wall and lynch law in Tampa. Florida Historical 

Quarterly 62(July):51-71. 

Inouye, M. 1990. Providing for federal recognition of the mowa band of Choctaw Indians 

of Alabama. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. 

Institute for the Development of Indian Law. 1976. The Houma Indians: Two decades in 

a history of struggle. Washington, DC: Institute For The Development Of Indian 

Law. 

Intercultural Development Research Associates. 1979. Education of undocumented 

children in Texas: A status report. San Antonio: Intercultural Development 

Research Associates. 

Irwin, R. 1967. Art on the lives of migrant children. Florida Art Education. 

Is there a future and can it work? 1998. The Economist (UK) 248(8075): 50 (3). 

Isaza-Suarez, M. 1982. Kinship network support and community adjustment of Cuban 

refugees [MA]. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Isphording, W.C. and G.C. Flowers. 1987. Mobile bay: The right estuary in the wrong 

place! In: Lowery, T.A., editor. Symposium on the natural resources of the 

Mobile bay estuary. Mobile: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. 

Jackson, C., K.P. Derose, J. Chiesa and J. Escarce. 2002. Hospital care for the uninsured 

in Miami-Dade County. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Health. 

Jacobson, D. Alabama and Coushatta settlements in Louisiana. Southern Studies XXVI 

(2): 137-153. 

Jacobson, D. 1960. The origins of the Koasati community of Louisiana. Ethnohistory 

7:97-120. 

Jacobson, D., H. Martin and R.H. Marsh. 1974. (Creek) Indians: Alabama-Coushatta. 

New York. 

Jacobson, L. 1999. Head start on a fresh track. National Journal 31(12): 742. 

Jacoway, E. and D. Colburn, editors. 1982. Southern businessmen and desegregation. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Jaffe, A.J., R. Cullen and T. Boswell. 1980. The changing demography of Spanish 

Americans. New York: Academic Press. 
2-119

Jaimes, M.A., editor. 1992. The state of Native America. Boston: South End Press. 

Jarvis, N. 1935. Fishery for red snappers and groupers in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Washington, D C: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, 

Investigational. 26. 

Jawroski, E. 1971. Decline of the soft-shell blue crab fishery in Louisiana. Texas A&M 

University, Environmental Quality Note 4. 

Jawroski, E. 1972. The blue crab fishery, Barataria Estuary. Baton Rouge: Louisiana 

State University, Center for Wetland Resources Publication LSU-SG-72-01. 

Jawroski, E. 1982. History and status of Louisiana's soft-shell blue crab fishery. In: Perry, 

H.M. and W.A. Van Engel, editors. Proceedings of the blue crab colloquium: Gulf 

States Marine Fisheries Commission. 

Jazayeri, M. 1991. Assessment of symphysis-fundal height growth patterns in MexicanAmerican women [MSN]. Galveston: University of Texas. 

Jenkins, J.C. 1977. Push/pull in recent Mexican migration to the U.S. International 

Migration Review 11(2): 178-189. 

Jensen, L. and A. Portes. 1992. The enclave and the entrants: Patterns of ethnic enterprise 

in Miami before and after Mariel. American Sociological Review 57(3): 411-414. 

Jepson, M., J.S. Thomas and M. Robbins. 1987. The "skipper effect" among Gulf Coast 

shrimp fishermen. Sociology and Social Research 72:20-24. 

Jessel, P. 2001. A disaster: Hurricane Andrew and the Miccosukee. In: Bonney, R. and 

J.A. Paredes, editors. Anthropologists and Indians in the new south. Tuscaloosa: 

University of Alabama Press. 

Jesus-Flynn, M. 1992. A study of wife abuse in the Mexican migrant worker population 

[MS]. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Jewban, E.N. 1970. Year book. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami, Inc. 

Jewban, E.N. 1998. Cuban-Hebrew congregation of Miami, Inc. 

Jewish Floridian. 1979. Miami's Cuban Jews: 20 years after the revolution. Federation 

Magazine of the Jewish Floridian: 14-18. 

Jim, B. 1998. The Mississippi band of Choctaw Indians: Mississippi Oral History 

Program. 

Johnson, B. 1968. Origin of the partido revolucionario Cubano in Tampa: Marti and the 

tobacco workers [MA]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 
2-120

Johnson, F. and M. Linder. 1934. Shrimp industry of the south Atlantic and Gulf States. 

Washington, D C: U S Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. 21. 

Johnson, G. 1989. Labor handbilling after Edward j. Debartolo Corp. V. Florida Gulf 

Coast building & construction trades council. Detroit College of Law Review 

1989(5): 931-952. 

Johnson, G.D., C. Formichella and J.S. Thomas. 1998. Stress and distress among Gulf of 

Mexico shrimp fishermen. Human Organization 57(4): 404-413. 

Johnson, G.D., C. Riordan, J.S. Thomas and C. Formichella. 1996. Occupational 

stressors, social support, and perceived stress among shrimp fishermen of the 

northern Gulf of Mexico. Sociological Spectrum 16(4): 401-420. 

Johnson, G.D., J.S. Thomas and C. Riordan. 1994. Job stress, social support and health 

amongst shrimp fishermen. Work and Stress 8(4): 343-354. 

Johnson, H. 1988. Bahamian labor migration to Florida in the late nineteenth and early 

twentieth centuries. International Migration Review 22(1): 84-103. 

Johnson, R. and G. Libecap. Regulatory arrangements and fishing rights in the Texas bay 

shrimp fishery. Unpublished Paper. 

Johnston, M. 2000. Urban renewal and the African-American community in Mobile, 

Alabama: A study of the central Texas street urban renewal project, 1968-1974 

[MA]: University of South Alabama. 

Joiner, C.L. 1968, c1969. An analysis of the employment patterns of minority groups in 

the Alabama economy, 1940-1960. 

Joiner, E.E. 1972. A history of Florida Baptists. Jacksonville: Florida Baptist Convention. 

Jones, J. 1950. The people of Frilot Cove: A study of a racial hybrid community in rural 

south central Louisiana [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Jones, J.I. and J. Kodras. 1990. Restructured regions and families: The feminization of 

poverty in the U.S. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80(2): 

163-183. 

Jones, K. 1997. Cultural resources survey of the Westwego to Harvey Canal hurricane 

protection project, Lake Cataouatche area, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana: Final 

report. New Orleans: Earth Search. 

Jones, L. 1965. Mexican American labor problems in Texas [PhD Dissertation]. Austin: 

University of Texas. 

Jones, L. 1970. Alien commuters in United States labor markets. International Migration 

Review 4(3): 65-89. 
2-121

Jones, L. 1978. Impact of commercial shrimp landings on the economy of Texas and 

coastal regions. College Station: Sea Grant College Program, Texas A&M 

University. 

Jones, L., J. Adams, W. Griffin and J. Allen. 1974. Impact of commercial shrimp 

landings on the economy of Texas and coastal regions. College Station: Texas 

A&M University. 

Jones, L.W. 1975. Demography of disadvantage in Alabama: Tuskegee Institute, Center 

For Rural Development. 

Jones, R. 1982. Undocumented migration from Mexico: Some geographical questions. 

Annals of the Association of American Geographers 72(1): 77-87. 

Jones, R. 1984. Changing patterns of undocumented Mexican migration to south Texas. 

Social Sciences Quarterly 65:465-481. 

Joos, S.K. 1984. Economic, social, and cultural factors in the analysis of disease: Dietary 

change and diabetes mellitus among the Florida Seminole Indians. In: Brown, 

L.K. and K. Mussell, editors. Ethnic and regional food ways in the United States: 

The performance of group identity. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 

Jordan, T. 1969. The origin of Anglo-American cattle ranching in Texas: A 

documentation of diffusion from the lower south. Economic Geography 45(1): 

63-87. 

Jordan, T. 1986. A century and a half of ethnic change in Texas, 1836-1986. 

Southwestern Historical Quarterly 89:385-422. 

Jordan, T.G. 1969. Population origins in Texas, 1850. Geographical Review 59(1): 83-

103. 

Jorge, A. 1976. Characteristics and consequences of the Hispanic economy in Miami 

before and after the Cuban communist revolution. In: Balseiro, J., editor. The 

Hispanic presence in Florida: E A Seemann Publishing, Inc. 

Jorge, A. 1987. The political economy of Cubans in south Florida. Coral Gables: Institute 

of InterAmerican Studies, Graduate School of International Studies, University of 

Miami. 

Jorge, A. and R. Moncarz. The future of Hispanic market: The Cuban entrepreneur and 

the economic development of the Miami SMSA; 1982; Florida International 

University. International Banking Center. 

Joseph, J.D. 1980. A report on the status of women and men students and employees in 

vocational education programs. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Department of 

Education. 
2-122

Josephy, A.J., editor. 1971. Red power: The American Indians' fight for freedom. New 

York: American Heritage Press. 

Josephy, A.J. 1982. Now that the buffalo's gone: A study of today's American Indians. 

New York: Knopf. 

Jrade, M. 1996. Mensaje del presidente del sephardic congregation of Florida. Sephardic 

Congregation of Florida-Torat Moshe: 2. 

Judson, K., editor. 2000. Native American legends of the great lakes and the Mississippi 

valley. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 

Juneau, C. 1981. A survey of the recreational shrimp and finfish harvests of the vermilion 

bay area and their impact on commercial fishery resources. New Orleans: 

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 

Juvelis, J.A. 1998. Access to primary health care for HIV + African-Americans: Politics, 

economics, and "race": University of South Florida. 

Kaczor, B. 2002. Monday, August 5,2002. Muscogees seek federal recognition. The 

Advocate; 4. 

Kalmbach, F. 1990. April 6. Houmas struggle to keep culture form washing away. The 

Advocate; 1A &6A. 

Kaplan, B. 1981. Race, income, and ethnicity: Residential change in a Houston 

community. Houston Review III. 

Kaplan, B. 1983. Houston: The golden buckle of the Sunbelt. In: Bernard, R. and B. Rice, 

editors. Sunbelt cities: Politics and growth since World War II. Austin: University 

of Texas Press. 

Kariouk, N. 2000. Historical ethnology: A Louisiana reconnection two-hundred years 

later [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Kasee, C. 1988. Yakitisee: The Florida Seminoles. An ethnology for first year American 

Indian studies students [PhD]: The Union for Experimenting Colleges and 

Universities. 

Kaslow, A. 1981. Oppression and adaptation: The social organization and expressive 

culture of an afro-American community in New Orleans, Louisiana [PhD]: 

Columbia University. 

Kasper, J., S. Gupta and P. Tran. 2000. Hunger in legal immigrants in California, Texas, 

and Illinois. American Journal of Public Health 90(10): 1629-1633. 

Kavasch, E.B. 1999. Seminole children and elders talk together. New York: PowerKids 

Press. 
2-123

Kearney, M., editor. 1986. Studies in Brownsville history. Brownsville: Pan University. 

Kearney, M. 1986. Integration of the mixteca and the western U.S.-Mexico region via 

migratory wage labor. In: Rosenthal-Urey, I., editor. Regional impacts of U.S.-

Mexican relations. La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies. 

Kearney, M., editor. 1989. More studies in Brownsville history. Brownsville: Pan 

American University at Brownsville. 

Kearney, M., editor. 1991. Still more studies in Brownsville history. Brownsville: 

University of Texas at Brownsville. 

Kearney, M., editor. 1997. Studies in Matamoras and Cameron County history. 

Brownsville: University of Texas at Brownsville. 

Kearney, M. and A. Knopp. 1991. Boom and bust: The historical cycles of Matamoras 

and Brownsville. Austin: Eakin Press. 

Keating, B. 1966 Cajunland. Louisiana's French speaking coast. National Geographic: 

355. 

Kein, S. 2000. Creole: The history and legacy of Louisiana's free people of color. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Keller, R. and M. Turek. 1998. American Indians and national parks. Fayetteville: 

University of Arkansas Press. 

Kell-Munoz-Wigodsky, A. Mestizo regionalism: Cultural activism in the built 

environment along the Texas-Mexico border. San Antonio: Kell-MunozWigodsky. 

Kelly, G.P. 1977. From Vietnamese to America: A chronicle of Vietnamese immigration 

to the United States. Boulder: Westview Press. 

Kelton, A. 1981. Mensaje de nuestro presidente. Circulo Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-

1981: 20 aniversario. Miami: Cuban-Hebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Kender, C.M. 2000. State historic site (16lf38), Lafourche Parish, Louisiana [MA]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Kersey, H.J. 1969. Economic prospects of Florida's Seminole Indians. Florida Planning 

and Development 20. 

Kersey, H.J. 1970. Educating the Seminole Indians of Florida, 1879-1970. Florida 

Historical Quarterly 49:16-35. 

Kersey, H.J. 1970. The Ahfachkee Day School. Teachers College Record 77. 
2-124

Kersey, H.J. 1974. A history of the Seminole and Miccosukee tribes, 1950-1970. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical 

Information Service PB 233 052. 

Kersey, H.J. 1975. The case of tom tiger's horse: An early foray into Indian rights. 

Florida Historical Quarterly 53:306-318. 

Kersey, H.J. 1975. Pelts, plumes, and hides: White traders among the Seminole Indians, 

1870-1930. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Kersey, H.J. 1978. Private societies and the maintenance of Seminole tribal integrity, 

1899-1957. Florida Historical Quarterly 61:297-316. 

Kersey, H.J. 1979. Those left behind: The Seminole Indians of Florida. In: Williams, W., 

editor. Southeastern Indians since the removal era. Athens: University of Georgia 

Press. 

Kersey, H.J. 1987. The Seminole and Miccosukee tribes: A critical bibliography. 

Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 

Kersey, H.J. 1989. The Florida Seminoles and the new deal, 1933-1942. Boca Raton: 

Florida Atlantic University Press. 

Kersey, H.J. 1991. The east big cypress case, 1948-1987: Environmental politics, law and 

Florida Seminole tribal sovereignty. Florida Historical Quarterly 69. 

Kersey, H.J. 1992. Seminoles and Miccosukees: A century in retrospective. In: Paredes, 

J.A., editor. Indians of the southeastern United States in the late 20th century. 

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Kersey, H.J. 1992. The Miccosukees: Florida's oldest 'new tribe'. Forum: The Magazine 

of the Florida Humanities Council. 

Kersey, H.J. 1993. The Florida Seminole land claims case, 1950-1990. Florida Historical 

Quarterly 62. 

Kersey, H.J. 1996. An assumption of sovereignty, social and political transformation 

among the Florida Seminoles, 1953-1979. Lincoln/London: University of 

Nebraska Press. 

Kersey, H.J. and H. Bannan. 1995. Patchwork and politics: The evolving roles of Florida 

Seminole women in the twentieth century. In: Shoemaker, N., editor. Negotiators 

of change: Historical perspectives on Native American women. New York. 

Kersey, H.J. and D.R. Fixico. 1997. An assumption of sovereignty (book review). Pacific 

Historical Review 66:631-632. 
2-125

Khan, S. 2000. Factor analysis of the hazuda acculturation scale: How good is it in 

predicting mammography screening among older Mexican American women 

from southeast Texas? [MS]. Galveston: University of Texas. 

Kibbe, P. 1946. Latin Americans of Texas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico 

Press. 

Killough, D.P. 1977. A case study of the impact of students from Mexico upon a typical 

Texas border school district. Austin: Texas Education Agency. 

King, C. 1985. Is the west bank the best bank? New Orleans Magazine 19:53 (4). 

King, G. 1921. Creole families in New Orleans. New York: MacMillan. 

King, R. 1976. Clan affiliation and leadership among the 20th century Florida Indians. 

Florida Historical Quarterly 55:138-152. 

King, R. 2001. April 6, 2001. New Orleans loses woman-owned firms; but Jefferson’s 

gains outpace state, U.S. Times-Picayune; 1. 

King, R.T. 1978. The Florida Seminole polity, 1858-1978 [PhD]. Gainesville: University 

of Florida. 

Klima, E. 1984. Review of the 1983 Texas closure of the shrimp fishery off Texas and 

Louisiana. Galveston: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast 

Fisheries Center, Galveston Laboratory. 

Klima, E. 1987. Review of the 1986 Texas closure for the shrimp fishery of Texas and 

Louisiana. Galveston: Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries 

Services, NOAA, US Department of Commerce. 

Klima, E. 1988. Approaches to research and management of U.S. Fisheries for penaeid 

shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Fisheries for Penaeid Shrimp in the Gulf of 

Mexico. 

Klineberg, S. 1996. Houston's ethnic communities. Houston: Rice University, 

Department of Sociology. 

Kniffen, F. and S. Bowers-Hillard. 1988. Louisiana: It's land and people. Revised edition. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Kniffen, F.B., H.F. Gregory and G.A. Stokes. 1987. The historic Indian tribes of 

Louisiana: From 1542 to the present. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University 

Press. 
2-126

Knight, J. 1979. The effects of the curriculum on students from disadvantaged 

backgrounds from Theodore High School, Mobile, Alabama, 1978-1979 school 

term: Alabama State University. 

Knouse, S., P. Rosenfeld and A. Culbertson, editors. 1992. Hispanics in the workplace. 

Newbury Park: Sage Publications. 

Knox, W. 1976. The need to reinforce ability to work in a low-income population. 

Newsletter for Research in Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences 18(2): 28-31. 

Kollmorgen, W. 1941. A reconnaissance of some cultural-agricultural islands in the 

south. Economic Geography 17(4): 409-430. 

Kollmorgen, W. 1943. Agricultural-cultural island in the south - part ii. Economic 

Geography 19(2): 110-117. 

Kollmorgen, W. and R. Harrison. 1946. French-speaking farmers of southern Louisiana. 

Economic Geography 22(3): 153-160. 

Komins, B.J. 1998. A reading of cultural diversity: The island of New Orleans [PhD]: 

Harvard University. 

Konovitch, B. 1986. Cuban American Jews take pride in rich heritage 30 years later. 

Circulo Cubano-hebreo de Miami, 1961-1986: 25 aniversario. Miami: CubanHebrew Congregation of Miami. 

Koos, E.L. 1957. They follow the sun. Jacksonville: Bureau of Material and Child 

Health, Florida State Board of Health. 

Koslow, P. 1994. The Seminole Indians. New York: Chelsea Juniors. 

Kossoudji, S.A. 1992. Playing cat and mouse at the U.S.-Mexico border. Demography 

29(2): 159-180. 

Krauthamer, J., W. Grant and W. Griffin. 1986. Characteristics of the Texas shrimp fleet, 

1979-82. Marine Fisheries Review 46(2): 53-59. 

Krauthamer, J., W. Grant and W. Griffin. 1987. A sociobioeconomic model: The Texas 

inshore shrimp fishery. Ecological Modeling 35:275-307. 

Kreneck, T. 1989. Del pueblo: A pictorial history of Houston's Hispanic community. 

Houston: Houston International University. 

Kreneck, T. 2001. Mexican American odyssey. College Station: Texas A&M University 

Press. 

Krupat, A. and B. Swann, editors. 2000. Here first: Autobiographical essays by Native 

American writers. Toronto: Random House. 
2-127

Kruszewski, Z.A. 1982. Territorial minorities: Some sociopolitical and international 

aspects and their possible implications. In: Kruszewski, Z.A., R. Hough and J. 

Ornstein-Galicia, editors. Politics and society in the southwest: Ethnicity and 

Chicano pluralism. Boulder: Westview Press. 

Kruszewski, Z.A., R. Hough and J. Ornstein-Galicia, editors. 1982. Politics and society in 

the southwest: Ethnicity and Chicano pluralism. Boulder: Westview Press. 

Kunitz, S.J., J.E. Levy, C.L. Odoroff and J. Bollinger. 1979. The epidemiology of 

alcoholic cirrhosis in two southwestern Indian tribes. In: Marshall, M., editor. 

Beliefs, behaviors, & alcoholic beverages: A cross-cultural survey. Ann Arbor: 

University of Michigan Press. 

Kuntonbutr, C. 1998. A comparative study between Thai and America subordinates' 

perception of managerial values in the banking industry [DBA]: University of 

Sarasota. 

Kurosawa, K. 1964. Seito saibara's diary of planting a Japanese colony in Texas. 

Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Sciences 2(1): 54-80. 

Kurtz, C. 1990. Changes in dietary behaviors of Greeks and creek-American living in 

tarpon springs, Florida [PhD]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Kurtz, S. 1999. Without women: Masculinities, gay male sexual culture and sexual 

behaviors in Miami, Florida: Florida International University. 

Kuthuhn, J. 1962. Gulf of Mexico commercial shrimp populations: Trends and 

characteristics, 1956-1959. Fishery Bulletin 212(62): 307-312. 

La Vere, D. 1998. Life among the Texas Indians: The WPA narratives. College Station: 

Texas A&M University Press. 

Laborde, E. 1981. In search of a local Latino community. New Orleans Magazine 16:78 

(6). 

Lache pas la patate: Although many of the French-speaking Cajuns of Southern 

Louisiana are poor they are much too ebullient to regard themselves as under 

privileged. 1991. July 6, 1991. The Economist; 31. 

Laguerre, M. 1998. Diasporic citizenship: Haitian Americans in transnational America. 

New York: St Martin's Press. 

Laible, J.C. 1995. Educating muchachas de la frontera: Educational practices that 

promote the success of Mexican-American females in Texas/Mexico border 

schools [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 
2-128

Lamphere, L., A. Stepick and G. Grenier, editors. 1994. Newcomers in the workplace: 

Immigrants and the restructuring of the U.S. Economy. Philadelphia: Temple 

University Press. 

Lampl, L. 1987. Feeding the people from generation to generation: An ethnography of 

the fishermen of pine island. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Landry, R., R. Allard and J. Henry. 1996. French in south Louisiana: Toward language 

loss. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 17:442-468. 

Langberg, M. and R. Farley. 1985. Residential segregation of Asian Americans in 1980. 

Sociology and Social Research 70:71-75. 

Langford, E. 1953. A study of the educational development of the Choctaw Indians of 

Mississippi [MA]. Hattiesburg: University of Southern Mississippi. 

Lantz, P., L. Dupuis, D. Reding, M. Krauska and K. Lappe. 1994. Peer discussion of 

cancer among Hispanic migrant farm workers. Public Health Reports 109(4): 512-

520. 

Lantz, R. 1994. Seminole Indians of Florida. Bowie: Heritage Books. 

Lauck, W.J. 1912. Japanese farmers in Texas. The Texas Magazine 6(5): 355-363. 

Laurent, E.A. 1974. Description of industry: Economics. In: Calder, D.R., editor. The 

shrimp fishery of the southeastern United States: A management planning profile. 

Charleston: South Carolina Marine Resources Center. 

Lavender, A., editor. 1977. A coat of many colors: Jewish subcommunities in the United 

States. Westport: Greenwood Press. 

Lawson, S. 1982. From sit-in to race riot: Businessmen, blacks, and the pursuit of 

moderation in Tampa, 1960-67. In: Jacoway, E. and D. Colburn, editors. Southern 

businessmen and desegregation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Lazo, R. 1985. December 23, 1985. Nicaraguans in Miami: Living in limbo, most 

refugees denied work permits, welfare. Miami Herald; 1A. 

Lazo, R. 1985. August 15, 1985. Nicaraguans lobbying to stay in us legally. Miami 

Herald; 2D. 

Lazo, R. 1986. February 10, 1986. Nicaraguan exiles find homes in little Havana. Miami 

Herald; 2B. 

Lazo, R. 1989. December 25, 1989. A year later, panacea turns to struggle for 

Nicaraguans. Miami Herald; 1D. 
2-129

Leclere, F., L. Jensen and A. Biddlecom. 1994. Health care utilization, family context, 

and adaptation among immigrants to the United States. Journal of Health and 

Social Behavior 35(4): 370-384. 

Lederer, C.A. 1999. Geographic specific tactical response plan: A practical guide for oil 

spill management and response [PhD]: Union Institute. 

Lee County clears way for housing. 1996. August 30. Tampa Tribune; 7. 

Lee, E. and A. Lee. 1960. Internal migration statistics for the United States. Journal of the 

American Statistical Association 55(292): 664-697. 

Lee, E.M. 1990. Vietnamese Catholics: Making places in Baton Rouge [MA]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Lee, J. 1993. November 12. Caught in NAFTA's crossfire/in Louisiana both sides have a 

stake. USA Today; 4A. 

Lee, M. 1989. The Seminoles. New York: Franklin Watts. 

Lefler, L. 2001. Issues in alcohol-related problems among southeastern Indians: 

Anthropological approaches. In: Bonney, R. and J.A. Paredes, editors. 

Anthropologists and Indians in the new south. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama 

Press. 

Lefley, H. 1974. Effects of a cultural heritage program on the self-concept of Miccosukee 

Indian children. Journal of Educational Research 67. 

Lefley, H. 1975. Differential self-concept in American Indian children as a function of 

language and examiner. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31(1): 36-

41. 

Lefley, H. 1976. Acculturation, child rearing, and self-esteem in two North American 

Indian tribes. Ethos 4. 

Leftwich, R. 1970. Arts and crafts of the Cherokee. Cullowhee: Land-of-the-Sky Press. 

Leitch, B. 1997. A concise dictionary of Indian tribes of North America. Algonac: 

Reference Publications. 

Leon, J. 1962. The cigar industry and cigar leaf tobacco in Florida [MA]. Tallahassee: 

Florida State University. 

Lepthien, E. 1985. The Seminole. Chicago: Childrens Press. 

Levenhagen, L. 2001. An analytical perspective of the neglected majority: University of 

Central Florida. 
2-130

Levey, D. 1991 November 11, 1991. Raise high the roof beam (home renovation projects 

in four corners, Louisiana). Time: 28 (2). 

Levin, J. 1991. Religious involvement among Hispanic and black mothers of newborns. 

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 13(4): 436-447. 

Levine, R. 2000. Cuban Miami. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 

Levine, V. 1990. Choctaw Indian musical cultures in the twentieth century [PhD]. Urbana 

Champaign: University of Illinois. 

Lewis, M.A. 1999. African-American student code-switching in freshman English 

composition [EdD]: University of San Francisco. 

Lichter, D. 1988. Race and underemployment: Black employment hardship in the rural 

south. Boulder/London: Westview. 

Lichter, D. 1989. Race, employment hardship, and inequality in the American 

nonmetropolitan south. American Sociological Review 54(3): 436-446. 

Liebman, S. 1977. Cuban Jewish community in south Florida. In: Lavender, A., editor. A 

coat of many colors: Jewish subcommunities in the United States. Westport: 

Greenwood Press. 

Liepman, K. 1985. 10 March. Southland firm develops Chinatown near Houston. Los 

Angeles Times. 

Light, I.H. 1972. Ethnic enterprise in America: Business welfare among Chinese, 

Japanese and blacks. Berkeley: University of California Press. 

Limoge, L. 1979. The ecological and economic impact of dredge and fill on Tampa bay, 

Florida [Dissertation]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Lindahl, C. 2001. A note on the festive, cultural, and geographic range of southwestern 

Louisiana Mardi Gras tradition. Journal of American Folklore 114(452): 140-143. 

Lineback, N. 1972. The map abstract of population and housing: Alabama, 1970. 

Montgomery: Alabama Development Office. 

Linnes, K. 1993. Contrasting patterns in the code-mixing of African-American bilectals 

and German-English bilinguals in Texas [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Lipski, J. 1987. Language contact phenomena in Louisiana Isleno Spanish. American 

Speech 62:320-331. 

Liu, W.T., M. Lamanna and A.K. Muratta. 1979. Transition to nowhere: Vietnamese 

refugees in America. Nashville: Charter House Publishers. 
2-131

Liu Wu, D.T. 1997. Asian Pacific Americans in the workplace. Walnut Creek, London, 

New Delhi: Altamira Press. 

Lloyd, J. 1990. Yankees of the orient: Yamato and Japanese immigration to America: 

Florida Atlantic University. 

Loewen, J. 1968. The Mississippi Chinese [PhD]. Cambridge: Harvard University. 

Loewen, J. 1971. The Mississippi Chinese. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 

Loewen, J. 1988. The Mississippi Chinese: Between black and white. Prospect Heights: 

Waveland Press, Inc. 

Loewen, J. and R.R. Blauner. 1973. The Mississippi Chinese (book review). American 

Journal of Sociology 79(2): 486-487. 

Loewenstein, G. and L. Sanders. 1987. Bloc voting, rainbow coalitions and the Jackson 

presidential candidacy: A view from southeast Texas. Journal of Black Studies 

18(1): 86-96. 

Logan, J. 1933. Tabular history of Gulf Coast oil fields, salt domes, and prospects. Oil 

Weekly 74. 

Logan, J. 1934. Ten new fields opened on Gulf Coast during past 16 months. Oil Weekly 

74. 

Logan, J., R. Alba and S.-Y. Leung. 1996. Minority access to white suburbs: A 

multiregional comparison. Social Forces 74(3): 851-881. 

Logan, J., R. Alba and T. McNulty. 1994. Ethnic economies in metropolitan regions: 

Miami and beyond. Social Forces 72(3): 691-724. 

Logan, J. and M. Schneider. 1984. Racial segregation and racial change in American 

suburbs, 1970-1980. American Journal of Sociology 89(4): 874-888. 

Logan, M. 1990. "My great grandma was a Cherokee Indian princess": Ethnic forgery or 

Darwinian reality? Tennessee Anthropologist 15(1): 34-43. 

Logsdon, J. and C.C. Bell. 1992. The Americanization of black New Orleans. In: Hirsch, 

A. and J. Logsdon, editors. Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Long, D. 1965. La resistencia: Tampa's immigrant labor union. Labor History 6:193-214. 

Long, D. 1971. The making of modern Tampa. Florida Historical Quarterly 49:333-45. 

Lopez Blanco, M., P. Montiel and L. Suarez. 1968. A study of attitudes of Cuban 

refugees toward assimilation: Selected attitudes of Cuban refugees in the Miami 

area [MSW]. Miami: Barry College. 
2-132

Lopez-Miro, S. 1990. February 1, 1990. Where the 'Cuban' ends and the 'American' 

begins. Miami Herald; 19A. 

Lott, J.T. 1997. Asian Americans: From racial category to multiple identities. Walnut 

Creek: AltaMira Press. 

Louisiana Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1993. 

The battle for environmental justice in Louisiana: Government, industry, and the 

people. Louisiana Advisory Committee. 

Louisiana Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1993. 

Louisiana sac report finds minority areas short changed environmentally. 

Louisiana links blacks to their French roots: The state has recruited French teachers from 

the Caribbean and Africa to promote Creole heritage. 2000. The Christian Science 

Monitor: 3. 

Louisiana Office of Indian Affairs. 1975. The elderly Indians of Louisiana and their 

needs: A report from the office of Indian affairs. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Health 

and Human Resources Administration, Division of Human Services, Office of 

Indian Affairs. 

Louisiana Office of Public Health. 1994. Public health assessment for Gulf Coast vacuum 

services, Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Office of Public 

Health. 

Louisiana State University (LSU) Ports and Waterways Institute. 1989. Assessment of 

opportunities for commercial/recreational fishing facilities at Cameron, Louisiana. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University (LSU) Ports and Waterways Institute. 

Louisiana State University (LSU) Sea Grant College. 1990. A progress report on tourism 

development in Cameron Parish. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Sea Grant College 

Program. 

Louisiana State University (LSU) Sea Grant College. 1997. Cameron Parish: Challenges 

and opportunities: An economic development assessment. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, Louisiana State University. 

Louisiana to spend millions to upgrade black colleges. 1981 September 17, 1981. Jet: 26. 

Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission. 1966. Freshwater fishing a declining 

industry. Louisiana conservationist. New Orleans. 

Lovett, L. 1998. African and Cherokee by choice: Race and resistance under legalized 

segregation. American Indian Quarterly 22(1-2): 203-226. 

Lowery, T.A., editor. 1987. Symposium on the natural resources of the Mobile bay 

estuary. Mobile: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium. 
2-133

Lowry, M.I. 1970. Race and socioeconomic well-being: A geographical analysis of the 

Mississippi case. Geographical Review 60:511-528. 

Lowry, M.I. 1971. Population and race in Mississippi, 1940-1960. Annals of the 

Association of American Geographers 61(3): 576-588. 

Loyacano, H.J. and J.P. Smith, editors. 1979. Symposium on the natural resources of the 

Mobile estuary, Alabama, may, 1979. Mobile: US Army Corps of Engineers. 

Lozano, P. 1993. An exploratory investigation into variables that contribute to 

codeswitching among limited English proficient students along the TexasMexican border [EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Luer, G. and M. Almy. 1981. Temple mounds of the Tampa bay area. Florida 

Anthropologist 34. 

Lujan, P. and L.B. Hill. 1980. The Mississippi Choctaw: A case study of tribal identity 

problems. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 4(3): 37-53. 

Lund, B. 1997. The Seminole Indians. Mankato: Bridgestone Books. 

Lunn, J. and H. Perry. 1993. Justifying affirmative action: Highway construction in 

Louisiana. Industrial And Labor Relations Review 46(3): 464-479. 

Luvene, J. 1998. Knowing the real score: Football vs Mississippi education. Black Issues 

in Higher Education 15(22):80. 

Luytjes, J. 1982. The economic impact of refugees in Dade County. Miami: Bureau of 

Business Research and Manpower Planning and Development Center, School of 

Business and Organizational Sciences, Florida International University. 

Luytjes, J. and A. Yuhasz. 1979. Black entrepreneurship in Dade County: An exercise in 

understanding. Economics of South Florida. Miami: Florida International 

University, School of Business and Organizational Sciences. 

Lyman, S.M., editor. 1977. The Asians in North America. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. 

Lynch, P. 1993. Basic education in the lower Rio Grande valley: Human capital 

development or a colonial system? Washington, D.C.: Educational Resources 

Information Center. 

Lyson, T.A. 1989. Two sides to the Sunbelt: The growing divergence between the rural 

and urban south. New York: Praeger. 

Maas, E. 1973. The Jews of Houston: An ethnographic study [PhD]. Houston: Rice 

University. 
2-134

Maass, H. 1991. October 6, 1991. 'We’re not going to stop,' Haitians cry in 6th protest. 

Miami Herald; 1B, 2B. 

MacCauley, C. 1992. The Seminole Indians of Florida. Washington D C: Smithsonian 

Institution, Bureau of Ethnology. 

MacCuish, D. 1990. A comparison of the results yielded by several models for the 

determination of dropout rates in Florida [Edd]: University of Central Florida. 

Machado, M. 1982. The Mexican American: A problem in cross-cultural identity. In: 

Kruszewski, Z.A., R. Hough and J. Ornstein-Galicia, editors. Politics and society 

in the southwest: Ethnicity and Chicano pluralism. Boulder: Westview Press. 

MacMahon, D. 1996. Cultural partnerships: Our Florida Indian consultants. Florida 

Museum Associates Quarterly: 14-17. 

MacNeil, W. 2000. Mississippi colleges file suit to block university's expansion. Black 

Issues in Higher Education 16(24): 19. 

Madera, M. 1971. The barrios: Mexican Americans in Houston. Houston: Rice 

University. 

Madigan, L. 1959. The most independent people-a field report on Indians in Florida. 

Indian Affairs 31:1-9. 

Madigan, L. 1960. U.S. And Florida act on Miccosukee lands. Indian Affairs 38. 

Madsen, W. 1964. The Mexican-Americans of south Texas. New York: Holt, Rinehart 

and Winston. 

Madsen, W. 1973. Mexican-Americans of south Texas. New York: Holt, Rinehart and 

Winston. 

Maestri, R. 1936. Oil and gas fields, south Louisiana. Department of Conservation. 

Mahan, H. and J. Newman. 1982. The future of public education in Mobile. Mobile: The 

South Alabama Review. 

Mahnken, J. 2000. A validation study for self-reported data of recent mammography use 

among older Mexican-American women in southeast Texas [MS]. Galveston: 

University of Texas. 

Maingot, A. 1992. Immigration from the Caribbean basin. In: Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, 

editors. Miami now! Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. Gainesville: 

University Press of Florida. 

Maingot, A. 1994. Laundering the gains of the drug trade: Miami and Caribbean tax 

havens. Journal of InterAmerican Studies and World Affairs 30(2/3): 49-74. 
2-135

Malina, R., A. Zavaleta and B. Little. 1987. Body size, fatness, and leanness of Mexican 

American children in Brownsville, Texas: Changes between 1972 and 1983. 

American Journal of Public Health 77:573-577. 

Mallory, M. 1971. October 16. Human wave of Mexicans splashes across border. 

National Observer; 1. 

Mallouf, R.J., B.J. Baskin and K.L. Killen. 1977. A predictive assessment of cultural 

resources in Hidalgo and Willacy Counties, Texas. Austin: Texas Historical 

Commission. Office of the State Archaeologist Survey Report 23. 

Malone, B. 1979. The migrant education program in Polk County, Florida [PhD]: Indiana 

University. 

Malone, J. 1985. Hispanics in electoral process of Dade County Florida: The coming of 

age. 

Malone, J. 1988. The second half of the 1980s: Voters and votes: Emphasis on Hispanic 

influence 1985-1987. Metro-Dade Elections Department. 

Malsch, B. 1988. Indianola: The mother of western Texas. Austin: State House Press. 

Manuel, H.T. 1935. The Mexican population of Texas. Southwestern Social Science 

Quarterly XV. 

Maranto, G. 1988. Caught in conflict: Managers trapped in fisheries dilemma. Sea 

Frontiers 34:144-151. 

Marcus, F.F. 1986. December 4, 1986. Louisiana sheriff rescinds an order on halting 

blacks. The New York Times; 32. 

Marcus, F.F. 1988. September 20, 1988. After 22 years, the girls are where the boys are 

(Chalmette, Louisiana ends high school sexual segregation). The New York 

Times; 8, 14. 

Margavio, A. and C. Forsyth. 1996. Caught in the net: The conflict between shrimpers 

and conservationists. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

Maril, A.F. Women and shrimping: The Texas way; 1993; San Antonio, Texas. Society 

for Applied Anthropology. 

Maril, R.L. Shrimping in south Texas: Social and economic marginality fishing for a 

luxury commodity; 1979; Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Association for Humanist 

Sociology. 

Maril, R.L. Continuity and change in a Texas fishing community; 1982 December; 

Washington, D C. American Anthropological Association. 
2-136

Maril, R.L. 1983. Texas shrimpers: Community, capitalism, and the sea. College Station: 

Texas A&M Press. 

Maril, R.L. 1983. Condos and the poor: The Texas coast in the 1990s: Texas Southmost 

College. 

Maril, R.L. 1986. Cannibals and condos: Texans and Texas along the Gulf Coast. College 

Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

Maril, R.L. 1989. Poorest of Americans: The Mexican Americans of the lower Rio 

Grande valley of Texas. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 

Maril, R.L. 1992. Living on the edge of America: At home on the Texas-Mexico border. 

College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

Maril, R.L. 1995. The bay shrimpers of Texas: Rural fishermen in a global economy. 

Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 

Maril, R.L. and A. Zavaleta. 1979. Drinking patterns of low-income Mexican-American 

women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 40:480-484. 

Marquis, C. 1988. October 23, 1988. Dade unprepared for refugee influx. Miami Herald; 

1A. 

Marquis, C. 1988. December 15, 1988. Miami grapples with influx of Nicaraguans. 

Miami Herald; 1A. 

Marquis, C. 1989. April 3, 1989. Many Nicaraguans reject call to go home. Miami 

Herald; 1B. 

Marquis, C. 1989. July 16, 1989. Nicaraguan exile community forges new life in s. 

Florida. Miami Herald; 1A. 

Marquis, C. 1989. January 22, 1989. Refugees find exiles thriving. Miami Herald; 1B. 

Marquis, C. and F. Cerabino. 1989. January 14, 1989. Dade on edge over Nicaraguans. 

Miami Herald; 1A. 

Marquis, C. and A. Viglucci. 1987. November 21, 1987. Some Cuban exiles decry plan 

to deport detainees. Miami Herald; 1A, 22A. 

Marrocco, M.A.W. 1972. The Spanish of Corpus Christi, Texas [PhD]. Urbana 

Champaign: University of Illinois. 

Marshall, M., editor. 1979. Beliefs, behaviors, & alcoholic beverages: A cross-cultural 

survey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 

Marshall, P. 1971. From migrant stream to mainstream. Manpower 3(7): 11-17. 
2-137

Marshall, R. 1971. Policy and program issues in rural manpower development. Austin: 

Center for Study of Human Resources. 

Marshall, R. and L. Godwin. 1971. Cooperatives and rural poverty in the south. 

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Martinello, M. and W. Field. 1979. Who are the Chinese Texans? San Antonio: 

University of Texas, Institute of Texan Cultures. 

Martinez, B. 1988. Minorities share Florida's growth. Journal of State Government. 

Martinez, R.J. and M. Lee. 2000. Comparing the context of immigrant homicides in 

Miami: Haitians, Jamaicans and Mariels. International Migration Review 34(3): 

794-812. 

Maruggi, V. 1983. Population projections to the year 2000 for Louisiana and Louisiana 

planning districts, metropolitan areas and Parishes by race, sex and age. New 

Orleans: University of New Orleans' Division of Business and Economic 

Research. 

Marx, W. 1990. Citizens and the Gulf of Mexico. EPA Journal 16(6): 9-12. 

Masden, W.M. 1964. The Mexican Americans of south Texas. New York: Holt, Rinehart, 

and Winston. 

Massey, D. 1986. The settlement process among Mexican migrants to the United States. 

American Sociological Review 51:670-684. 

Massey, D. and N. Denton. 1987. Trends in the residential segregation of blacks, 

Hispanics, and Asians: 1970-1980. American Sociological Review 52(6): 802-

825. 

Massey, D. and K. Schnabel. 1983. Recent trends in Hispanic immigration to the United 

States. International Migration Review 17(2): 212-244. 

Mastenbrook, J. 1980. Child, environmental, and cultural characteristics as correlates of 

adaptive behavior in normal children [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Matherne, A. Louisiana blue crab industry- conflicts with other natural resource user 

groups; 1995; Orlando, Florida. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, TCC 

Crab Subcommittee. 

May, C. 1987. Vietnamese join U.S. Shrimp fishermen in protest. The New York Times; 

22. 

May, K. 1996. African Americans and Native Americans in the creek and Cherokee 

nations, 1830's to 1920's: Collision and collusion. New York: Garland Publishing. 
2-138

Maygarden, B. 1995. Cultural resources investigations on Grand Terre Island, Jefferson 

Parish, Louisiana. New Orleans: Earth Search. 

McBride, D.C. and J.B. Page. 1978. Final report: Drug abuse demonstration project of the 

Seminole tribe of Florida center for social research on drug abuse. Miami: 

University of Miami, Division of Addiction Sciences, Department of Psychiatry. 

McCampbell, C. 1934. Saga of a frontier seaport. Dallas: Southwest Press. 

McCarthy, K. 1995. Black Florida. New York: Hippocrene Books. 

McCleskey, C. and B. Merrill. 1973. Mexican-American political behavior in Texas. 

Social Sciences Quarterly 53:785-799. 

McCleskey, C. and B. Merrill. 1974. Mexican American political behavior in Texas. In: 

Garcia, C., editor. La causa politica: A Chicano politics reader. Notre Dame: 

University of Notre Dame. 

McCleskey, C. and D. Nimmo. 1973. Differences between potential, registered, and 

actual voters: The Houston metropolitan area in 1964. Social Sciences Quarterly 

54:103-114. 

McCloy, C. and D. Gonzalez. 1985. Cuban immigration and immigrants in Florida and 

the United States. Gainesville: University of Florida, Bureau of Economic and 

Business Research. 

McCollom, S. 1994. Hispanic immigrant attitudes towards African Americans: A study 

of intergroup contact [MA]. Houston: University of Houston. 

McCoy, C. 1980. Policy implications of immigration to Florida. Florida's migration and 

redistribution patterns. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

McCoy, C. 1985. Cuban immigration and immigrants in Florida and the United States: 

Implications for immigration policy. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

McCoy, C. and D. Gonzalez. 1982. Florida's foreign-born population: A growing 

influence on our economy. Dimensions 18:25-36. 

McCoy, C. and D. Gonzalez. 1985. Immigration and immigrants in Florida and the 

United States: Implications for immigration policy. Gainesville: University of 

Florida. 

McCoy, C., J.B. Page and D. Gonzalez. 1980. Cuban and other Latin immigration to 

Florida. Florida Outlook 4(2): 77-82. 

McCready, S. 1994. The science of saving rafters. Sea Frontiers 40:14-15. 
2-139

McDonald, J. 1993. Following the harvest: Migrant workers in Texas and the new deal 

[MA]: Stephen F Austin State University. 

McDonald, J. and T. Lazewski, editors. 1976. Geographical perspectives on Native 

Americans: Topics and resources. Publication no. 1. Washington, DC: 

Association of American Geographers. 

McElroy, R. 1971. The hired farm working force of 1970: A statistical report. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 

McIntire, D. 1994. A model to estimate certain demographic characteristics for census 

tracts in the Beaumont-Port Arthur MSA [MBA]. Beaumont: Lamar University. 

McKay, R.R. 1982. Texas Mexican repatriation during the great depression [PhD]: 

University of Oklahoma. 

McKee, J. 1971. The Choctaw Indians: A geographical study in cultural change. Southern 

Quarterly 9:107-141. 

McKee, J., editor. 1984. Ethnic minorities. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co. 

McKee, J. 1987. The Choctaw: Self-determination and socioeconomic development. In: 

Ross, T. and T. Moore, editors. 

McKee, J. 1989. The Choctaw. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 

McKee, J., editor. 2000. Ethnicity in contemporary America: Geographical essays. 

Lahman: Rowman and Littlefield. 

McKee, J. and S. Murray. 1986. Economics progress and development of the Choctaw 

since 1945. In: Wells, S. and R. Tubby, editors. After removal: The Choctaw in 

Mississippi. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 

McKee, J. and R. Norris. 1976. A geographical analysis of demographic and economic 

characteristics of the Choctaw Indian in Oklahoma and Mississippi. Geographical 

Perspectives on Native American Topics and Resources 1:89-102. 

McKee, J. and R. Norris. A geographical analysis of demographic and economic 

characteristics of the Choctaw Indian in Oklahoma and Mississippi; 1976. 

Association of American Geographers Meeting. 

McKee, J. and J. Schlenker. 1980. The Choctaw: Cultural evolution of the Native 

American tribe. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 

McKenzie, L. 1995. Land use and socioeconomic status and trends in the BaratariaTerrebonne estuarine system. Thibodaux: Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary 

Program. 
2-140

McKenzie, W. 1990. E. A. McIlhenny's black spiritual collection from Avery Island, 

Louisiana. American Music 8:95-110. 

McKinney, J. and L.B. Bourque. 1971. The changing south: National incorporation of a 

region. American Sociological Review 36(3): 399-412. 

McLaurin, M. and M. Thomason. 1981. Mobile, the life and times of a great southern 

city. Woodland Hills: Windsor Publications, Inc. 

McManus, B., D. Lavergne and F. Niami. 1995. Economic impact study: Wetlands 

restoration projects, Cameron, Lafourche, St. Charles, Terrebonne, and Vermilion 

Parishes, Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and 

Fisheries. 

McMurry, D. 1917. Recent historical activities in the south and trans-Mississippi 

southwest. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3(4): 478-512. 

McNeese State University. 1987. Southwest Louisiana economic indicators and business 

report. Lake Charles: McNeese State University. 

McQueen, C. 2000. Black churches in Texas. A guide to historic congregations. College 

Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

McQuaid, J. 2001. May 27,2001. Industries lose civil-rights case; minorities get tool to 

fight pollution. Times-Picayune; 5. 

McQueen, C. 2000. Black churches in Texas. College Station: Texas A&M University 

Press. 

McReynolds, E. 1957. The Seminoles. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 

Mecom, D. 2002. Hispanics and violent crime in the United States: Examining the effect 

of segregation [Master]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Medford, C. 1977. Chitimacha split cane basketry: Weaves and designs. American Indian 

Art Magazine 101:56-61. 

Meier, M. and F. Rivera. 1972. The Chicanos: A history of Mexican Americans. New 

York: Hill and Wang. 

Meigs, P.I. 1941. An ethno-telephonic survey of French Louisiana. Annals of the 

Association of American Geographers 31(4): 243-250. 

Melancon, M. 2000. The sociolinguistic situation of Creoles in south Louisiana: Identity, 

characteristics, attitudes [PhD]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Melendez, E., editor. 1991. Hispanics in the labor force: Issues & policies. New York: 

Plenum Press. 
2-141

Melton, E. 1981. November 4. Election message: 'Cubans dominate now'. Miami Herald; 

1A, 22A. 

Meltzer, M. 1963. Chapters in the struggle for negro rights in Houston: 1944-1962 [MA]. 

Houston: University of Houston. 

Meluza, L. 1985. June 14, 1985. Spanish radio marathon to raise Nicaraguan aid funds. 

Miami Herald; 2C. 

Melville, M. 1982. Mexicans in Houston. Houston: Houston Center for the Humanities. 

Mendez, D. 1986. The negotiation of relationships: An integrative characterization of the 

interactive behavior of Japanese American women [PhD]. Austin: University of 

Texas. 

Menefee, S. 1941. Mexican migratory workers of south Texas. Washington, D.C.: Works 

Progress Administration. 

Mestayer, V. 1951. The history of the New Iberia High School [MA]. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 199? Demographics of black 

Americans in Dade County, 1989, based on 1990 U.S. Census report: Metro-Dade 

County Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1981. Statistical summary of minorityowned business characteristics, Dade County, Florida 1977. Miami: Research 

Division, Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1981. Cuban and Haitian refugees: 

Miami standard metropolitan statistical area-1980. Miami: Research Division, 

Metro-Dade County Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1981. Statistical summary of minorityowned business characteristics, Dade County Florida-1977. Miami: Research 

Division, Metro-Dade County Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1981. Personal income and earnings in 

the Miami metropolitan area, 1959-1979. Miami: Research Division, Metro-Dade 

County Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1983. Dade County characteristics. 

Miami: Department of Human Resources. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1984. Changes in employment and 

occupations: Dade County, Florida: 1980-1987. Miami: Metro-Dade County 

Planning Department. 
2-142

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1984. Profile of the black population. 

Miami: Research Division, Metro-Dade Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1984. Changes in employment and 

occupations: Dade County, Florida: 1980-1987. Miami: Metro-Dade County 

Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1985. Growth and change in the Dade 

economy, 1970-1980. Miami: Research Division, Metro-Dade County Planning 

Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1986. Hispanic profile: Dade County's 

Hispanic origin population 1985. Miami: Research Division, Metro-Dade 

Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1988. Population projections: Race and 

Hispanic origin, Dade County, Florida, 1980-2000. Miami: Metro-Dade County 

Planning Department. 

Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department. 1995. Profile of the black population 

1990. An analysis of income circulation in black Dade County. Miami: MetroDade County Planning Department. 

Metzger, H.A. 1939. The Creole field, off-shore, Cameron Parish Louisiana. Louisiana 

Conservation Review 8:8. 

Meyer, A. 1987. Resort evolution along the Gulf of Mexico littoral: Historical, 

morphological, and environmental aspects [PhD]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 

University. 

Miami-Dade Chamber of Commerce. 1989. Tools for change: The planned process to 

stimulate black economic development in Dade County. Miami. 

Micco, M. 1995. Freedmen and Seminoles: Forging a Seminole nation [PhD]. Berkeley: 

University of California. 

Miccosukee Tribe of Florida. 1997. December 6. Should the national park service be 

allowed to destroy generations of Indian culture? Naples Daily News. 

Middleton, D. 1981. The organization of ethnicity in Tampa. Ethnic Groups 3:281-306. 

Miille, M. 1999. January 28. Gulf coast builders back federal safety effort. Sarasota 

Herald-Tribune; 1. 

Milanich, J. 1998. Florida's Indians from ancient times to the present. Gainesville: 

University Press of Florida. 
2-143

Milanich, J. and S. Proctor, editors. 1994. Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida 

and southeast Georgia during the historic period. Gainesville: University Press of 

Florida. 

Milivojevic, D. 1990. Language maintenance and language shifts among Yugoslavs of 

New Orleans, Louisiana-ten years after. Slavic and East European Journal 34(2): 

208-223. 

Miller, B. and W. Canak. 1991. From "porkchoppers" to "lambchoppers": The passage of 

Florida's public employee relations act. Industrial And Labor Relations Review 

44(2): 349-366. 

Miller, C. and J. Nichols. 1985. Economics of harvesting and market potential for the 

Texas blue crab industry. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 

Miller, H.P. 1966. Income distribution in the United States. Washington, D.C.: 

Government Printing Office. 

Miller, L., J. Polinard and R. Wrinkle. 1985. Attitudes toward undocumented workers: 

The Mexican American perspective. In: de la Garza, R., F. Bean, C. Bonjean, R. 

Romo and R. Alvarez, editors. The Mexican American experience: An 

interdisciplinary anthology. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Miller, M. 1975. Chicano community control in south Texas: Problems and prospects. 

Journal of Ethnic Studies 3:70-89. 

Miller, M. 1981. Economic growth and change along the U.S.-Mexico border: The case 

of Brownsville, Texas [Working Paper]. San Antonio: University of Texas San 

Antonio, Human Resources Management and Development Program. 

Miller, M. 1981. Poverty, development, and quality of life in a Texas border city [PhD]: 

Texas A&M University. 

Miller, M. 1981. Industrial development and an expanding labor force in Brownsville. 

Texas Business Review 55:258-261. 

Miller, M. 1982. Economic growth and change along the US-Mexico border: The case of 

Brownsville, Texas. Austin: Bureau of Business Research. 

Miller, M. and W. Kuvlesky. 1975. The farm labor movement in south Texas: Historical 

development, current status, and implications for change. College Station: 

Department of Rural Society. 

Miller, M. and R.L. Maril. 1978. Poverty in the lower Rio Grande valley of Texas: 

Historical and contemporary dimensions. College Station: Texas Agricultural 

Experiment Station. 
2-144

Miller, R. and G. Pozzetta, editors. 1988. Shades of the Sunbelt: Essays on ethnicity, 

race, and the urban south. Westport. 

Miller, S. A new border for an old use: Seminole Indians at the Rio Grande; 1991 

October 1991; Austin, Texas. Western History Association. 

Miller, S. 1997. Wild cat's bones: Seminole leadership in a Seminole cosmos [PhD]. 

Lincoln: University of Nebraska. 

Miller, S. 1997. Native American cultural center [MA]. Tampa: University of South 

Florida. 

Miller, W. 1933. The history of public education in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana [MA]. 

Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Millon, A. 1989. The changing size and spatial distribution of the Jewish population of 

south Florida [MA]: University of Miami. 

Mills, G. 1977. The forgotten people: Cane river's Creoles of color. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University Press. 

Mills, G. 1981. Miscegenation and the free negro in antebellum "Anglo" Alabama: A 

reexamination of southern race relations. Journal of American History 68(1): 16-

34. 

Mindiola, T.J. 1980. The cost of being a Mexican female worker in the 1970 Houston 

labor market. Aztlan XI. 

Mindiola, T.J. 1981. Core-periphery distinctions in discrimination against Spanish 

surnamed males in Houston, Texas. Borderlands Journal IV. 

Mink, R. 1984. Oil and gas leasing and drilling in Alabama state coastal waters and 

adjacent federal OCS waters, 1951-1983. Tuscaloosa: Geological Survey of 

Alabama for the State Oil and Gas Board. 

Mink, R. 1985. Oil and gas leasing and drilling in Alabama state coastal waters and 

adjacent federal OCS waters, 1951-1984. Tuscaloosa: Geological Survey of 

Alabama for the State Oil and Gas Board. 

Mink, R. 1986. Oil and gas exploration and development in Alabama state coastal waters 

and adjacent federal OCS waters, October 1951-1986. Tuscaloosa: Geological 

Survey of Alabama for the State Oil and Gas Board. 

Minton, J. 1995. Creole community and "mass" communication: Houston zydeco as a 

mediated tradition. Journal of Folklore Research 32:1-19. 

Miralles, M. 1986. Health seeking behaviors of Guatemalan refugees in south Florida 

[MA]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 
2-145

Miralles, M. 1989. A matter of life and death: Health-seeking behavior of Guatemalan 

refugees in south Florida. New York: AMS Press. 

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 1972. Accelerated progress through selfdetermination. Philadelphia: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 1972. Mississippi band of Choctaw Indians: An 

era of change. Philadelphia: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 1981. Chahta hapie hoke: We are Choctaw. 

Philadelphia: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 1982. Demographic survey. Philadelphia: 

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 1984. Choctaw Indian fair. Philadelphia: MBCI. 

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 1992. Choctaw workplace literacy program. Final 

performance report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Vocational and Adult Education. 

Mississippi Department of Archives and History. 1987. Persistence of pattern in 

Mississippi Choctaw culture. Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and 

History. 

Miyayoshi, Y. 1976. The Japanese in Texas. Unpublished Paper: Photocopy at University 

of Texas Institute of Texas Cultures at San Antonio. 

Mladenka, K. 1981. Citizen demands and urban services: The distribution of bureaucratic 

response in Chicago and Houston. American Journal of Political Science 25:693-

714. 

Moberg, M. 2001. Co-opting justice: Transformation of a multiracial coalition in 

southern Alabama. Human Organization 60(2): 166-177. 

Moberg, M. and C. Dyer. 1994. Conservation and forced innovation: Responses to turtle 

excluder devices among Gulf of Mexico shrimpers. Human Organization 53:160-

166. 

Moberg, M. and J.S. Thomas. 1993. Class segmentation and divided labor: Asian workers 

in the Gulf of Mexico seafood industry. Ethnology 32:87-99. 

Mobile County Public Schools. 1982. Special student concern centers: Mobile County 

Public Schools. 

Moffett, A.W. 1967. The shrimp fishery in Texas. Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife 

Department. 

Moffett, D. 2001. March 9. Soon to be the majority minority. Palm Beach Post; 16. 
2-146

Moffett, L. 1996. An evaluation of selected variables of the truancy reduction impact 

program [EdD]. Kingsville: Texas A&M University. 

Mohl, R. Ethnic politics in Miami, 1960-1986. In: Miller, R. and G. Pozzetta, editors. 

Shades of the Sunbelt. Westport. 

Mohl, R. 1983. Miami: The ethnic cauldron. In: Bernard, R. and B. Rice, editors. Sunbelt 

cities: Politics and growth since World War II. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Mohl, R. 1984. Miami's metropolitan government: Retrospect and prospect. Florida 

Historical Quarterly 63:24-50. 

Mohl, R. 1985. An ethnic 'boiling pot': Cubans and Haitians in Miami. Journal of Ethnic 

Studies 13(2): 51-74. 

Mohl, R. 1987. Trouble in paradise: Race and housing in Miami during the new deal era. 

Prologue 8:7-20. 

Mohl, R. 1988. Immigration through the port of Miami. In: Stolarik, M.M., editor. 

Forgotten doors: The other ports of entry to the United States. Philadelphia. 

Mohl, R. 1989. Shadows in the sunshine: Race and ethnicity in Miami. Tequesta: Journal 

of the Historical Association of Southern Florida 49:63-80. 

Mohl, R. 1990. Florida's changing demography: Population growth, urbanization, and 

Latinization. Environmental and Urban Issues 17:23-30. 

Mohl, R. 1990. On the edge: Blacks and Hispanics in metropolitan Miami since 1959. 

Florida Historical Quarterly 63:37-56. 

Mohl, R. 1990. Miami: New immigrant city. In: Mohl, R., editor. Searching for the 

Sunbelt: Historical perspectives on a region. Knoxville: University of Tennessee 

Press. 

Mohl, R., editor. 1990. Searching for the Sunbelt: Historical perspectives on a region. 

Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 

Mohl, R. 1993. Race and space in the modern city: Interstate-95 and the black 

community in Miami. In: Hirsch, A. and R. Mohl, editors. Urban policy in 

twentieth-century America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 

Mohl, R. 1995. Making the second ghetto in metropolitan Miami, 1940-1960. Journal of 

Urban History 21:395-427. 

Mohl, R. 1995. The pattern of race relations in Miami since the 1920s. In: Colburn, D. 

and J. Landers, editors. The African American heritage of Florida. Gainesville: 

University Press of Florida. 
2-147

Mohl, R. 1996. Asian immigration to Florida. Florida Historical Quarterly 74. 

Mohl, R. 1996. City on the edge: The transformation of Miami. Journal of American 

Ethnic History 15(2): 60(19). 

Mohl, R. and G. Pozzetta. 1995. From migration to multiculturalism: Florida's 

immigration history. In: Gannon, M., editor. The new history of Florida. 

Gainesville. 

Mohl, R.A. 1996. City on the edge: The transformation of Miami (book reviews). Journal 

of American Ethnic History 15(2): 60-78. 

Moncarz, R. 1980. A model of professional adaptation of refugees: The Cuban case in the 

U.S., 1959-1970. In: Cortes, C., editor. Cuban exiles in the United States. New 

York: Arno Press. 

Mong, S. A stepwise regression analysis of determinants of suicide in Louisiana; 1977. 

Southwest Sociological Association. 

Monks, V. 1996. Environmental regulations: Who needs them? National Wildlife 34:24-

31. 

Monnay, T. 1991. January 3, 1991. Haitians are still smarting from the effects of blood 

ban stigma. Miami Times; 1A. 

Montalvo, L.J. 1984. A comparative analysis of the attitudes toward bilingual education 

among black principals in the Corpus Christi and San Antonio, Texas, areas 

[EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Montalvo, T. 1987. September 6, 1987. Job permits going fast at INS offices: 10,200 

Nicaraguans processed in 4 days. Miami Herald; 1B. 

Montalvo, T. 1987. September 11, 1987. Nicaraguans are only immigrants benefiting 

from new asylum aid. Miami Herald; 6C. 

MonTejano, D. 1987. Anglos and Mexicans in the making of Texas, 1839-1986. Austin: 

University of Texas Press. 

Montero, D. 1979. Vietnamese refugees in America: Toward a theory of spontaneous 

international migration. International Migration Review 13(4): 624-648. 

Montero, D. 1979. Vietnamese Americans: Patterns of resettlement and socioeconomic 

adaptation in the United States. Boulder: Westview Press. 

Moody, L. and M. Laurent. 1984. Promoting health through the use of storytelling. 

Health Education 15:8-10. 
2-148

Moore, D.D. 1994. To the golden cities: Pursuing the American Jewish dream in Miami. 

New York: The Free Press. 

Moore, J. and R. Pinderhughes, editors. 1993. In the barrios: Latinos and the underclass 

debate. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 

Moore, J.W. 1970. Mexican Americans. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. 

Moore, K.J. 1994. Florida Seminole school dropouts. Journal of Multicultural Counseling 

and Development 22:165-172. 

Moore, P. 1996. Indian gaming remains a gamble: Perception belies reality of Indian 

struggle. Denver Business Journal: 15-21. 

Morales, R. and F. Bonilla, editors. 1993. Latinos in a changing U.S. Economy: 

Comparative perspectives on growing inequality. Newbury Park: Sage 

Publications. 

Moreland, J.K., editor. 1971. The not so solid south: Anthropological studies in a 

regional subculture. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 

Moreno, D. and N. Rae. 1992. Ethnicity and partnership: The eighteenth congressional 

district in Miami. In: Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, editors. Miami now! 

Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. Gainesville: University Press of 

Florida. 

Morgan, C., E. Park and D. Cortes. 1996. Beliefs knowledge, and behavior about cancer 

among urban Hispanic women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 

Monographs 18:57-63. 

Morgan, I. 1977. Factors affecting acculturation of Cuban refugee students in Miami 

[PhD]. Coral Gables: University of Miami. 

Morgan, M. 1994. Language & the social construction of identity in Creole situations. 

Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California. 

Mormino, G. 1982. We worked hard and took care of our own: Oral history and Italians 

in Tampa. Labor History: 395-415. 

Mormino, G. 1982. Tampa and the new urban south. Florida Historical Quarterly 60:337-

56. 

Mormino, G. 1983. Tampa: From hell hole to the good life. In: Bernard, R. and B. Rice, 

editors. Sunbelt cities: Metropolitan growth and political change since world war 

two. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Mormino, G. and A. Pizzo. 1983. Tampa the treasure city. Tulsa: Continental Heritage 

Press, Inc. 
2-149

Mormino, G. and G. Pozzetta. 1985. The cradle of mutual aid: Immigrant cooperative 

societies in Ybor city. Tampa Bay History 7(2): 36-58. 

Mormino, G. and G. Pozzetta. 1985. Concord and discord: Italians and ethnic interactions 

in Tampa, Florida. In: Tomasi, L., editor. Italian Americans: New perspective in 

Italian immigration and ethnicity. New York: Center for Migration Studies. 

Mormino, G. and G. Pozzetta. 1985. The cradle of mutual aid: Immigrant cooperative 

societies in Ybor city. Tampa Bay History 7:36-58. 

Mormino, G. and G. Pozzetta. 1987. The immigrant world of Ybor city: Italians and their 

Latin neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 

Morrill, R. 1993. Development, diversity, and regional demographic variability in the 

U.S. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83(3): 406-433. 

Morrill, R. and O.F. Donaldson. 1972. Geographical perspectives on the history of black 

America. Economic Geography 48(1): 1-23. 

Morris, D.L. 1993. Alabama Coushatta education: A public school perspective [EdD]: 

Texas A&M University. 

Morris, H.L. 1991. Participant attitudes toward adult vocational education for Seminole 

Indians living on Florida reservations [PhD]. Tallahassee: Florida State 

University. 

Morris, O.N. 1992. I hear the song of the Houmas; J'entends la chanson des Houmas. 

Houma: Paupieres Publishing Co. 

Morris, W. 1979. A sense of place and the Americanization of Mississippi. In: McKee, J. 

and P. Prenshaw, editors. Sense of place: Mississippi. Jackson: University Press 

of Mississippi. 

Morrissey, E. 1985. Characteristics of poverty in nonmetro counties. Washington, D.C.: 

U. S. Dept. Agric. Econ. Res. Serv. Rep. No. 52. 

Moses, G. and L. Polopolus. 1970. The impact of extending unemployment insurance to 

agricultural workers in Florida. Gainesville: Department of Food and Resource 

Economics, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Food and 

Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 

Mosher, A., B. Keim and S. Franques. 1995. Downtown dynamics. Geographical Review 

85(4): 497-517. 

Moss, C.G. 1982. The blue crab fishery of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Perry, H.M. and W.A. 

Van Engel, editors. Proceedings of the blue crab colloquium: Gulf States Marine 

Fisheries Commission. 
2-150

Muir, A.F. 1950. The free negro in Jefferson and Orange Counties, Texas. Journal of 

Negro History 35(2): 183-206. 

Mulholland, K. 1982. Missionary work among the immigrants of Tampa. Gainesville: 

University of Florida. 

Mullen, P. 1969. The function of magic folk belief among Texas coastal fishermen. 

Journal of American Folklore 82:214-225. 

Mullen, P. 1978. I heard the old fishermen say: Folklore of the Texas Gulf Coast. Austin: 

University of Texas Press. 

Mullen, P.R. and T.R. Lloyd. 1987. Fishing all my days: Florida shrimping traditions 

(videotape review). Journal of American Folklore 100:335-336. 

Mulroy, K. Either side of a border: The Seminole maroons in Coahuila and Texas; 1991 

October 1991; Austin, Texas. Western History Association. 

Mulroy, K. 1993. Freedom on the border: The Seminole maroons in Florida, the Indian 

Territory, Coahuila, and Texas. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press. 

Muniz, Q. 2000. Profiles of Mexican-American and Anglo school board members along 

the Texas-Mexico border region: Characteristics and factors that influence them 

to seek office [PhD]: New Mexico State University. 

Munro, P. 1984. On the western Muskogean source for Mobilian. International Journal of 

American Linguistics 50:438-450. 

Munroe, K. 1982. A Gulf Coast city. Christian Union 25. 

Munson, G. 1978. Wakulla County, Florida, information for rural development: 

Population, housing, economy, labor force, public sector. Gainesville: Food and 

resource Economics Dept., Florida Cooperative Extension Service and Center for 

Rural Development, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of 

Florida. 

Murphy, A., C. Blanchard and J. Hill, editors. 2001. Latino workers in the contemporary 

south. Athens, London: University of Georgia Press. 

Murphy, L. 1958. A history of negro segregation practices in Texas, 1865-1958 [MA]: 

Southern Methodist University. 

Murray, D.C., J. Brown and W. Knox. 1964. Verbal participation of negro psychotics in 

combined as contrasted to all-negro groups. International Journal of Group 

Psychotherapy 14(2): 221-222. 
2-151

Murray, J. 1997. An analysis of the bycatch information and education program in the 

southeastern shrimp trawl fishery. In: Rawson, M., editor. Fisheries bycatch: 

Consequences and management: University of Alaska. 

Murray, S. 1983. Analysis of the labor market on the Choctaw Indian reservation. 

Starkville: Mississippi State University. 

Nackerud, L. 1991. Seeking understanding of public policy formulation from within a 

community setting: The Central American refugee issue in Brownsville, Texas 

[PhD]: Cornell University. 

Nackerud, L. and B.E.-r. Aguirre. 1995. The Central American refugee issue in 

Brownsville, Texas (book review). International Migration Review 29:270. 

Nagel, J. 1995. American Indian ethnic renewal: Politics and the resurgence of identity. 

American Sociological Review 60:947-965. 

Nagengast, C. and M. Kearney. 1990. Mixtec ethnicity: Social identity, political 

consciousness, and political activism. Latin American Research Review 25(2): 

61-91. 

Nahirny, V. and J. Fishmann. 1965. America immigrant groups. Sociological Review 

13:311-26. 

Nance, J., N. Garfield and J.A. Paredes. 1991. Demographic profile of participants in two 

Gulf of Mexico inshore shrimp fisheries and their response to the Texas closure. 

Marine Fisheries Review 53(1): 10-18. 

Nance, J., N. Garfield and J.A. Paredes. 1994. Studying the social impact of the Texas 

shrimp closure. Human Organization 53:88-92. 

Nance, J. and E. Klima. 1988. Review of the 1987 Texas closure for the shrimp fishery 

off Texas and Louisiana. Galveston: National Marine Fisheries Center, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, US Department of Commerce. 

Nash, R. 1931. Survey of the Seminole Indians of Florida. Washington: Government 

Printing Office. 

Nation, C. 1983. A Choctaw anthology. Philadelphia: Choctaw Heritage Press 

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 1943. Summary of a report 

on the race riots in the Alabama dry dock and shipbuilding company yards in 

Mobile, Alabama. Papers on the National Association for the Advancement of 

Colored People. Washington, DC. 

National Commission on Urban Problems. 1968. More than shelter: Social needs in low 

and moderate-income housing. Washington, DC.: Government Printing Office. 
2-152

Native American tribes of Louisiana. 1996. June 30. The Advocate; 6 Mag. 

Natsis, J. 1999. Legislation and language: The politics of speaking French in Louisiana. 

The French Review 73(2): 325-331. 

Nazario, S. 1983. June 7, 1983. After a long holdout, Cubans in Miami take a role in 

Miami politics; economic success spurs steps to assimilate. Wall Street Journal; 

1,23. 

Neill, W. 1952. Florida's Seminole Indians. Silver Springs: Ross Allen's Reptile Institute. 

Neill, W. 1953. Dugouts of the Mikasuki Seminole. Florida Anthropologist 6(3): 77-84. 

Neill, W. 1964. Florida's Seminole Indians. St Petersburg: Great Outdoors Association. 

Neill, W. 1976. Florida's Seminole Indians. St Petersburg: Great Outdoors Association. 

Nelson, B. 1993. Organized labor and the struggle for black equality in Mobile during 

World War II. Journal of American History 80(3): 952-988. 

Nelson, R. 2001. August 16, 2001. Westwego councilman is VP of black caucus; green 

vows to fight for minority issues. Times-Picayune; 1. 

New Orleans groups commemorate the fall of Indochinese with services. 1980. May 5. 

Times Picayune; 11. 

New Orleans persons attend talks on adopting Vietnam children. 1975. April 3, 1975. 

Times Picayune; 3. 

Newcomb, W.J. 1984. The Indians of Texas: From prehistoric to modern times. Austin: 

University of Texas Press. 

Newman, P. 1994. An ethnohistorical analysis of the political economy of ethnicity 

among African Americans in St. Petersburg, Florida [PhD]. Tampa: University of 

South Florida. 

Ng, F., editor. 1997. Asian Americans reconceptualizing culture, history, politics. New 

York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 

Nicaraguan exiles seek overall leader. 1989. September 12, 1989. Miami Herald; 3B. 

Nicaraguan refugees: How the community feels. 1989. January 20, 1989. Miami Herald; 

24A. 

Nicholas, J. 1974. Recommendations concerning employment, income and educational 

opportunities for the Seminole and Miccosukee tribes in Florida. Springfield: 

Department of the Interior, National Information Service. 
2-153

Nicholls, K. 1993. The non-partisan voters' league of Mobile, Alabama: Its founding and 

major accomplishments. Gulf Coast Historical Review 8(2): 75-88. 

Nichols, J., W. Griffin and V. Blomo. 1978. Economics and production aspects of the 

Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. In: Kaul, P.K. and C.J. Sindermann, editors. 

Drugs and food from the sea. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 

Nichols, W.W.J. 1974. The evolution of an all black town: The case of Roosevelt City, 

Alabama. Professional Geographer 26:298-302. 

Nielsen, M. and R. Silverman, editors. 1996. Native Americans, crime, and justice. 

Boulder: Westview Press. 

Niska, K. 1996. Adaptation to parenthood of Mexican-American first-time mothers and 

fathers [PhD]: University of Minnesota. 

Noboa-Polanco, J. 1991. They come to learn: Hispanic immigrant students in Texas. San 

Antonio: Tomas Rivera Center. 

Nolan, C.E. 1976. Metairie-tongue of land to pasture-account of development of faith 

community in East Jefferson - Deanery commemorating 50th anniversary of St. 

Francis Xavier Parish, Metairie, Louisiana. Catholic Historical review 62(3): 2. 

North, D. 1970. The border crossers: People who live in Mexico and work in the United 

States. Washington, DC: Trans Century Corporation. 

North, D. and M.F. Houstoun. 1976. The characteristics and role of illegal aliens in the 

U.S. Labor market: An exploratory study. Washington, DC: Linton and Co. 

North, J. and S. Grodsky. 1979. Immigration literature: Abstracts of demographic, 

economic and policy studies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 

Immigration and Naturalization Service. 

Nostrand, R. 1970. The Hispanic-American borderland: Delimitation of an American 

culture region. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60(4): 638-

661. 

Nostrand, R. and L. Estaville, editors. 2001. Homelands in the United States: A 

geography of culture and place across America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins 

University Press. 

Nuby, J. 1995. A comparative analysis of the learning styles of Native-Americans and 

African-Americans secondary students in grades nine through twelve [EdD]: 

University of Alabama. 

Nueces County Historical Society. 1972. The history of Nueces County. Austin: Jenkins 

Publishing Co. 
2-154

Obadele, S.E. 1996. The road to Jericho: Black workers, the fair employment practice 

commission, and the struggle for racial equality on the upper Texas Gulf Coast, 

1941-1947 [PhD]. Houston: University of Houston. 

O'Brien, R. 1941. Status of the Chinese in the Mississippi delta. Social Forces 19:386-

390. 

O'Brien, S. 1989. American Indian tribal governments. Norman: University of Oklahoma 

Press. 

Ochiai, H. 1970. Japanese farmers in east Texas. Unpublished Paper: Photocopy at 

University of Texas Institute of Texas Cultures at San Antonio. 

O'Donnell-Rosales, J. 1992. Canaries in Cajun country. Hispanic 5(6): 46 (2). 

O'Hara, T. 2000. February 6. Alliance gives migrant workers a voice. Sarasota HeraldTribune; 1. 

O'Hare, W. 1988. The rise of poverty in rural America. Washington, D.C.: Popul. Ref. 

Bur. 

Ojeda de la Cruz, J. 1985. Mexican and black Americans' sex role stereotyping in the 

school's socialization process [EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Olia, S. 1980. State housing finance agency: One approach to provide financing for low 

and moderate income families. Montgomery: Office of State Planning and Federal 

Programs. 

Oliveira, V.J. 1986. Distribution of rural employment growth by race: A case study. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. Agric. Econ. Res. Serv. Rep. No. 54 

Olson, J. and J. Olson. 1995. Cuban Americans: From trauma to triumph. New York: 

Twayne Publishers. 

Olson, J. and R. Wilson. 1984. Native Americans in the 20th century. Urbana: University 

of Illinois Press. 

Olson, J. and R. Wilson. 1984. Native Americans in the twentieth century. Provo, UT: 

Brigham Young University Press. 

Onebane, D. 1999. Voices of point noire: A study of place and identity [PhD]. Lafayette: 

University of Southwestern Louisiana. 

Ong, A. 1996. Cultural citizenship as subject-making: Immigrants negotiate racial and 

cultural boundaries in the United States. Current Anthropology 37(5): 737-762. 
2-155

Orabona- Burke, J. 1989. The concerns of bilingual and monolingual teachers during 

interactive teaching [EdD]: Wayne State University. 

Orii, K. and H. Conroy. 1981. Japanese socialist in Texas: Sen Katayama. Amerasia 

Journal 8(2): 163-170. 

Orozco, C. 1992. The origins of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) 

and the Mexican American civil rights movement in Texas with an analysis of 

women's political participation in a gendered context, 1910-1929 [PhD]. Los 

Angeles: University of California. 

Orozco, C.R. 1994. Hispanic Texas (book review). Southwestern Historical Quarterly 

97:565-566. 

Orth, F. 1981. Minority participation in the fisheries of the gulf and south Atlantic. 

Tampa: Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation. 

Ortwell, W.S., J.C. Cato and J.G. Halusky. 1980. Development of a soft crab fishery in 

Florida. University of Florida. Sea Grant Report Number 31. 

Osburn, H., D. Trimm, G. Matlock and K. Tran. 1990. Characteristics of Indochinese 

seafood dealers and commercial fishermen in Texas. Austin: Texas Parks and 

Wildlife Department. 

Osburn, H.R., W.D. Quast and C.L. Hamilton. 1987. Trends in Texas commercial fishery 

landings, 1977-1986. Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 

O'Sullivan, C.Y., L. Jerry, N. Ballator and F. Herr. 1997. NAEP 1996 science state report 

for Texas. Findings from the national assessment of educational progress. 

Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics. 

Oukada, L. 1978. The territory and population of speaking-speaking Louisiana. Revuede 

Louisiane/Louisiana Review 7:5-34. 

Overbey, M.M. 1985. Fishery management in a multiple-use conflict: The stone crab and 

shrimp fisheries conflict of the Gulf Coast of Florida. Florida Sea Grant. 

Padgett, C. 2000. Schooled in invisibility: The desegregation of spring hill college, 

Mobile, Alabama, 1948-1963 [PhD]: University of Georgia. 

Padgett, C. 2001. "Without hysteria or unnecessary disturbance": Desegregation at spring 

hill college, Mobile, Alabama, 1948-1954. History of Education Quarterly 41(2): 

167-188. 

Padgett, H. 1963. The sea fisheries of the southern United States. Geographical Review 

53(1): 22-39. 
2-156

Padgett, H. 1966. Some physical and biological relationships to the fisheries of the 

Louisiana coast. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 56(3): 423-

439. 

Padgett, H. 1969. Physical and cultural associations on the Louisiana coast. Annals of the 

Association of American Geographers 59(3): 481-493. 

Page one comment - Miami run by Cuban Mafia. 1990. December 20, 1990. Miami 

Times; 1. 

Pain, J. 2002. January 30. Hundreds of Hispanics protest sheriff's request for INS data. 

Associated Press. 

Paine, H.J. 1977. Attitudes and patterns of alcohol use among Mexican Americans: 

Implications for service delivery. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 38:544-553. 

Paredes, A. 1993. Folklore and culture on the Texas-Mexican border. Austin: Center for 

Mexican American Studies. 

Paredes, E. 1950. Origen de las familias en matamoros y Brownsville. Matamoros: 

Tamps Imprenta Gallardo. 

Paredes, J.A. The emergence of contemporary eastern creek Indian identity. In: 

Fitzgerald, T., editor. Social and cultural identity: Problems of persistence and 

change. Athens: University of Georgia Press. 

Paredes, J.A. 1979. Back from disappearance: The Alabama creek Indian community. In: 

Williams, W., editor. Southeastern Indians since the removal era. Athens: 

University of Georgia Press. 

Paredes, J.A., editor. 1992. Indians of the southeastern United States in the late 20th 

century. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Paredes, J.A., J. Sabella and M. Hepburn. 1977. Human factors in the economic 

development of a northwestern Florida Gulf Coast fishing community. 

Unpublished Paper. 

Paredes, J.A., J. Sabella and M. Hepburn. 1977. Human factors in the economic 

development of a northwest Florida Gulf Coast fishing community. Gainesville: 

State University System of Florida Sea Grant College Program. R/AS-1. 

Parenton, V. 1938. Notes on the social organization of a French village in south 

Louisiana. Social Forces 17(1): 73-82. 

Parenton, V. and R. Pellegrin. 1950. The "Sabines": A study of racial hybrids in a 

Louisiana coastal Parish. Social Forces 29(2): 148-154. 
2-157

Parenton, V. and R. Pellegrin. 1956. Social structure and the leadership factor in a negro 

community in south Louisiana. Phylon 17(1): 74-78. 

Parks, A. 1981. Miami the magic city. Tulsa: Continental Heritage Press, Inc. 

Parrish, C. 1960. Minority politics in a southern city: Tampa, Florida, 1950-60 [MA]. 

Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Parsons, J.J. 1950. Recent industrial development in the Gulf South. Geographical 

Review 40(1): 67-83. 

Passel, J. and K.A. Woodrow. 1984. Geographic distribution of undocumented 

immigrants: Estimates of undocumented aliens counted in the 1980 census by 

state. International Migration Review 18(3): 642-671. 

Passel, J. and K.A. Woodrow. 1987. Change in the undocumented alien population in the 

United States: 1979-1983. International Migration Review 21(4): 1304-1334. 

Patel, S. 1993. Perceived family adjustment, family strengths, and alienation among 

homeless persons in a metropolitan city of Louisiana [DNS]: Louisiana State 

University Medical Center In New Orleans School Of Nursing. 

Patterson, L.W. 1980. Regional research planning on the Texas coast. Newsletter of the 

Houston Archeological Society 68:1-4. 

Paul, J. 1997. Latin women of Tampa, Florida: Oral history project [MA]. Tampa: 

University of South Florida. 

Pearce, J. 1967. Human resources in transition: Rural Alabama since World War II. 

Pearson, D.W. 2001. Shadow riders of the subterranean circuit: A contemporary analysis 

of the nuances of black rodeo in the Texas Gulf Coast region. Research Quarterly 

for Exercise and Sport 72(1): A94-A94. 

Peary, J. 1983. A study of the relationship of information sources and public confidence 

in schools in Mobile, Alabama, and other selected urban-suburban school districts 

[EdD]. Auburn: Auburn University. 

Pedraza, S. 1992. Cubans in exile, 1959-1989: The state of the research. In: Fernandez, 

D., editor. Cuban studies since the revolution. Gainesville: University Press of 

Florida. 

Pedraza, S. 1996. Cuba's refugees: Manifold migrations. In: Pedraza, S. and R. Rumbaut, 

editors. Origins and destinies: Immigration, race, and ethnicity in America. 

Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 

Pedraza, S. and R. Rumbaut. 1996. Origins and destinies: Immigration, race, and 

ethnicity in America. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 
2-158

Pedraza-Bailey, S. 1982. Cubans and Mexicans in the United States: The functions of 

political and economic migration. Cuban Studies 11:79-193. 

Pedraza-Bailey, S. 1985. Cuba's exiles: Portrait of a refugee migration. International 

Migration Review 19(1): 4-34. 

Pedraza-Bailey, S. 1985. Political and economic migrants in America: Cubans and 

Mexicans. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Pellegrin, L.O. 1960. An analysis of the growth and development of the Calcasieu Parish 

school system, 1930 to 1955 [PhD]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Pena, M. 1985. The Texas-Mexican conjunto: History of a working class music. Austin: 

University of Texas Press. 

Penalosa, F. and E. McDonagh. 1966. Social mobility in a Mexican-American 

community. Special Forces 44(4): 498-505. 

Penalosa, F. and E. McDonagh. 1968. Education, economic status, and social-class 

awareness of Mexican-Americans. Phylon 29(2): 119-126. 

Perez, L. 1985. Reminiscences of a lector: Cuban cigar workers in Tampa. Tampa Bay 

History 7:135-140. 

Perez, L. 1992. Cuban Miami. In: Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, editors. Miami now: 

Immigration, ethnicity and social change. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Perez-Stable, M. and M. Uriarite. 1993. Cubans and the changing economy of Miami. In: 

Morales, R. and F. Bonilla, editors. Latinos in a changing U.S. Economy: 

Comparative perspective on a growing inequality. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 

Perlstein, M. 1988. Vietnamese fishermen are accepted presence in gulf. National 

Fisherman 68(9): 8 (3). 

Perlstein, M. 1997. July 30, 1997. Deal may give Louisiana immigrants victory in battle 

for benefits. Times-Picayune; 4A. 

Permaloff, A. and C. Grafton. 1995. Political power in Alabama: The more things 

change... Athens: University of Georgia. 

Perry, H.M. 1975. The blue crab fishery in Mississippi. Gulf Research Reports 5(1): 39-

57. 

Perry, H.M., G. Adkins, R. Condrey, P.C. Hammerschmidt, S. Heath, J.R. Herring, C. 

Moss, G. Perkins and P. Steele. 1984. A profile of the blue crab fishery of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Publication Number 

9. 
2-159

Perry, H.M., J. Warren, C. Trigg and T. Van Devender. 1998. The blue crab fishery of 

Mississippi. Journal of Shellfish Research 17(2): 425-433. 

Persky, J. and J. Kain. 1970. Migration, employment and race in the Deep South. 

Southern Economic Journal 36:268-276. 

Pesson, L.L. 1974. The coastal fishermen of Louisiana: Their characteristics, attitudes, 

practices, and responses to change. Baton Rouge: Cooperative Extension Service, 

Center for Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Louisiana State 

University. 

Petersen, J. and J. Tuason, editors. 1995. A geographical glimpse of central Texas and the 

borderlands: Images and encounters. Indiana: National Council for Geographic 

Education. 

Peterson, B., editor. 1990. Blacks in Miami, 1896-1990. Miami: Florida International 

University, History Department. 

Peterson, J. 1987. Mexican American and black teenage mothers: Social support and kin 

networks [MA]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Peterson, J.J. 1970. Socioeconomic characteristics of Mississippi Choctaw Indians. 

Starkville: Mississippi State University Social Science Research Center. 

Peterson, J.J. 1970. The Mississippi band of Choctaw Indians: Their recent history and 

current social relations [PhD]: University of Georgia. 

Peterson, J.J. 1971. The Indian in the old south. In: Hudson, C., editor. Red, white and 

black: Symposium on Indians in the old south. Athens: Southern Anthropological 

Society Proceedings. 

Peterson, J.J. 1979. Three efforts at development among the Choctaws of Mississippi. In: 

Williams, W., editor. Southeastern Indians since the removal era. Athens: 

University of Georgia Press. 

Peterson, J.J. 1992. Choctaw self-determination in the 1980s. In: Paredes, J.A., editor. 

Indians of the southeastern United States in the late 20th century. Tuscaloosa: 

University of Alabama Press. 

Peterson, R.A. and G. Kozmetsky. 1982. Public opinion regarding illegal aliens in Texas. 

Texas Business Review: 118-121. 

Peterson, T., S. Gilbertz and K. Groenendyk. 2001. Reconfiguring borders: Health-care 

providers and practical environmentalism in Cameron County, Texas. Women's 

Studies Quarterly 29(1/2): 51-63. 
2-160

Petitjean, A. 1993. Put your hand in mine: Church and the black community: A case 

study of oak knoll primitive Baptist church [Master]. Tallahassee: Florida State 

University. 

Petrow, S. 1979. November 11, 1979. What did the Haitians do? St Petersburg Times; 8. 

Philip, K. 1977. Turmoil at big cypress: Seminole deer and the Florida cattle tick 

controversy. Florida Historical Quarterly 56:29-44. 

Philip, K., editor. 1986. Indian self-rule: First-hand accounts of Indian-white relations 

from Roosevelt to Reagan. Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers. 

Phillips, E. 2001. Doing more than heads: African American women healing, resisting, 

and uplifting others in St Petersburg, Florida. Frontiers 22(2): 25(19). 

Pichardo, E. 1984. Oduduwa, obatala. Miami: St. Babalu Aye. 

Pierce, J.A. 1989. Sociolinguistic relationships in attitudes toward Anglo and MexicanAmerican varieties of English in Corpus Christi, Texas [PhD]. Austin: University 

of Texas. 

Pierron, W.J. 1942. A sociological study of the speaking-speaking people in Chauvin a 

line village in Terrebonne Parish. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Pietrzak, B. 1982. Seminole tribal government: The formative years, 1957-1982 [MA]: 

Florida Atlantic University. 

Pitre, G. 1995. The Chitimacha. Cut Off, LA: Cote Blanche Productions. 

Plas, J. and S. Lewis. 1996. Environmental factors and sense of community in a planned 

town. American Journal of Community Psychology 24(1): 109(35). 

Plight of South Vietnam refugees. 1975. March 29. Times Picayune; 1. 

Polinard, J., R. Wrinkle and R. de la Garza. 1984. Attitudes of Mexican Americans 

toward irregular Mexican immigration. International Migration Review 18(3): 

782-799. 

Polinard, J., R. Wrinkle and K. Meier. 1995. The influence of educational and political 

resources on minority students' success. Journal of Negro Education 64(4): 463-

474. 

Pollitzer, W., K. Namboodiri, W. Coleman, W. Finley, W. Leyshon, G. Jennings and W. 

Brown. 1977. The Cajuns of southern Alabama: Morphology and serology. 

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 47:1-6. 

Pollitzer, W., D. Rucknagel and R. Tashian. 1970. The Seminole Indians of Florida: 

Morphology and serology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32:65-81. 
2-161

Polopolus, L. and R. Emerson. 1973. Florida agricultural employers and workers and the 

impact of extending unemployment insurance to agriculture. Gainesville: Food 

and Resource Economics Department, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations, 

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 

Polopolus, L. and R. Emerson. 1991. Entrepreneurship, sanctions, and labor contracting. 

Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 23:57-68. 

Polopolus, L. and R. Emerson. 1991. Immigration and employment policy impacts: The 

Florida citrus case. Choices Fourth Quarter. 

Polopolus, L. and R. Emerson. 1992. Wage rates and labor practices in harvesting Florida 

citrus. Gainesville: Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food 

and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 

Porter, B. and M. Dunn. 1984. The Miami riot of 1980: Crossing the bounds. Lexington: 

Lexington Books. 

Porter, B. and M. Dunn. 1985. The Miami riot of 1980. Lexington: Health 

Porter, J.R. and R.E. Washington. 1993. Minority identity and self-esteem. Annual 

Review of Sociology 19:139-161. 

Porter, K. 1932. Relations between negroes and Indians within the present limits of the 

United States- relations in the south. Journal Of Negro History 17(3): 321-350. 

Porter, K.W. and W.R. Byrne. 1997. The black Seminoles (book review). Journal of 

Southern History 63:872-873. 

Portes, A. 1978. Immigrant aspirations. Sociology of Education 51:241-260. 

Portes, A. 1984. The rise of ethnicity: Determinants of ethnic perceptions among Cuban 

exiles in Miami. American Sociological Review 49(3): 383-397. 

Portes, A. 1987. The social origins of the Cuban enclave economy of Miami. 

Sociological Perspective 30:340-372. 

Portes, A. 1998. Morning in Miami: A new era for Cuban-American politics. PLAS 

Bulletin: 1-2. 

Portes, A. and R. Bach. 1980. Immigrant earnings: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the 

United States. International Migration Review 14(3): 315-341. 

Portes, A. and R. Bach. 1985. The Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the 

United States. University of California Press. 
2-162

Portes, A., M. Castells and L. Benton, editors. 1989. The informal economy: Studies in 

advanced and less developed countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University 

Press. 

Portes, A., J. Clark and R. Bach. 1977. The new wave: A statistical profile of recent 

Cuban exiles to the U.S. Cuban Studies 7(1): 1-32. 

Portes, A., J. Clark and R. Manning. 1985. After Mariel: A survey of the resettlement 

experiences of Cuban refugees in Miami. Cuban Studies 15:35-59. 

Portes, A. and L. Jensen. 1989. The enclave and the entrants: Patterns of ethnic enterprise 

in Miami before and after Mariel. American Sociological Review 54(6): 929-949. 

Portes, A., D. Kyle and W. Eaton. 1992. Mental illness and help-seeking behavior among 

Mariel Cubans and Haitian refugees in south Florida. Journal of Health and Social 

Behavior 33:283-298. 

Portes, A. and D. MacLeod. 1996. Educational progress of children of immigrants: The 

roles of class, ethnicity, and school context. Sociology of Education 69(4): 255-

275. 

Portes, A. and R. Rumbaut. 1990. Immigrant America: A portrait. Berkeley: University 

of California Press. 

Portes, A. and A. Stepick. 1986. Unwelcome immigrants: The labor market experiences 

of 1980 Cuban and Haitian refugees in south Florida. American Sociological 

Review 50:493-514. 

Portes, A. and A. Stepick. Haitian refugees in south Florida, 1983-1986; 1987 February; 

Miami. Latin American and Caribbean Center; Florida International University. 

Portes, A. and A. Stepick. 1994. City on the edge: The transformation of Miami. 

Berkeley: University of California Press. 

Portes, A., A. Stepick and C. Truelove. 1986. Three years later: The adaptation process of 

1980 (Mariel) Cuban and Haitian refugees in south Florida. Population Research 

and Policy Review 5:83-94. 

Post, L.C. 1962. Cajun sketches. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Potter, L. 1996. A blue print for elementary literacy reform - a Mobile County, Alabama 

public education approach. Reading Improvement 33:38-40. 

Poyo, G. 1985. Tampa cigarworkers and the struggle for Cuban independence. Tampa 

Bay History 7(2): 94-103. 
2-163

Poyo, G. and G. Hinojosa. 1988. Spanish Texas and borderlands historiography in 

transition: Implications for United States history. Journal of American History 

75(2): 393-416. 

Pozzetta, G. 1978. An immigrant library: The Tampa Italian club collection. Ex Libris 

1:10-12. 

Pozzetta, G. 1979. Immigrants and the southern mind: A Tampa case. In: Shofner, J. and 

L. Ellsworth, editors. Ethnic minorities in Gulf Coast society: Gulf Coast History 

and Humanities Conference. 

Pozzetta, G. 1981. !Alberta tabaqueros! Tampa's striking cigar workers. Tampa Bay 

History 3(2): 19-29. 

Pozzetta, G. and H.J. Kersey. 1976. Yamato colony: A Japanese presence in south 

Florida. Tequesta: Journal of the Historical Association of Southern Florida 

36:66-77. 

Pritzer, B. 1998. Native American: An encyclopedia of history, culture, and peoples. 

Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 

Pritzer, B. 1999. Native America today. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, Inc. 

Prochaska, F. 1976. Florida commercial marine fisheries: Growth, relative importance, 

and input trends. Gainesville: Florida Sea Grant Program. 11. 

Prochaska, F. and J. Cato. 1977. An economic profile of Florida commercial fishing 

firms: Fishermen, commercial activities, and financial considerations. Gainesville: 

Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural 

Sciences, University of Florida. 

Puglisi, J. 1952. Ybor city: A study of an Hispanic heritage [MA]. Tallahassee: Florida 

State University. 

Puig, M.E. 1997. Perceived social support, subject well-being, and the practice of 

Santeria among four immigrant waves: A comparative study of Cuban-American 

in Dade County, Florida [PhD]: Barry University. 

Pumarejo, F.J. 1987. Educational attainment and organizational perceptions of MexicanAmerican supervisors [PhD]: Michigan State University. 

Pumariega, A., S. Glover, C. Holzer and H. Nguyen. 1998. Utilization of mental health 

services in a tri-ethnic sample of adolescents. Community Mental Health Journal 

34(2): 145-156. 

Quan, C.A. and S. O'Bryan. 1982. Library service to the Vietnamese. Panama City: Bay 

County Public Library. 
2-164

Quan, R. 1978. A temporal ethnography of the Mississippi Chinese: The 

maintenance/dissolution of an enclave [PhD]: Mississippi State University. 

Quan, R. 1981. The creation, maintenance, and dissolution of Mississippi delta Chinese 

identities. Bulletin, Chinese Historical Society of America 16(3,4,5,6). 

Quan, R.S. and J. Roebuck. 1982. Lotus among the magnolias: The Mississippi Chinese. 

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 

Quesada, G.M. and P.L. Heller. 1977. Sociocultural barriers to medical care among 

Mexican-Americans in Texas: A summary report of research conducted by the 

southwest medical sociology ad hoc committee. Medical Care 15(5 Supplement): 

93-101. 

Quinn, J. 1983. Nuns in Ybor city: The sisters of St Joseph and the immigrant 

community. Tampa Bay History 5:24-43. 

Quintanales, M. 1987. The political radicalization of Cuban youth in exile: A study of 

identity change in bicultural context [PhD]: Ohio State University. 

Raajpoot, U. 2000. Multicultural demographic developments: Current and future trends. 

In: Cuellar, I. and F. Paniagua, editors. Handbook of multicultural mental health. 

Edinburg: University of Texas-Pan American. 

Race riots in St. Petersburg Florida. 1996-1997. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 

(14): 35-37. 

Racine, M. 2000. July 16, 2000. Creole by nature: A back roads adventure along scenic 

byway unveils mysteries and natural wonders of southwestern Louisiana. The 

Houston Chronicle; 1. 

Raitz, K. 1979. Themes in the cultural geography of European ethnic groups in the 

United States. Geographical Review 69(1): 79-94. 

Ramirez, A., R. Villarreal, A. McAlister, K. Gallion, L. Suarez and P. Gomez. 1999. 

Advancing the role of participatory communication in the diffusion of cancer 

screening among Hispanics. Journal of Health Communication 4(1): 31-36. 

Ramirez, E. 1990. Footlights across the border: A history of Spanish language 

professional theater on the Texas stage. New York: P Lang. 

Ramos, N. 1984. The utilization of computer technology in a bilingual classroom [EdD]: 

Texas A&I University. 

Randle, J. 1994. The nouveau black middle class of Houston: Social arenas and selfidentity [MA]. Houston: University of Houston. 
2-165

Rankin, W.G. 1938. Significant aspects of Louisiana oil developments. Louisiana 

Conservation Review 7. 

Raper, A. 1927. A study of negro life in Tampa. Tampa: Tampa Urban League. 

Read, W. 1931. Louisiana French. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Ready, T. 1981. An investigation of biological, psychosocial and sociocultural influences 

upon the blood pressures of adolescents in Corpus Christi, Texas [PhD]: Michigan 

State University. 

Reddy, M., editor. 1993. Statistical record of Native North Americans. Detroit: Gale 

Research. 

Redondo, C.J.P. 1983. Migration as a critical transition: A comparison of the experience 

of Puerto Rican and Cuban adolescents [PhD]: Clark University. 

Reed, J. 1972. Percent black and lynching: A test of Blalocks theory. Social Forces 

50:356-360. 

Reed, M. 1980. FEPC and the federal agencies in the South. Journal of Negro History 

65(1): 43-56. 

Reese, M. and V. Coppola. 1981 A Cuban ritual disturbs Miami. Newsweek: 44. 

Reese, S., W. Danielson, P. Shoemaker, T.-K. Chang and H.-L. Hsu. 1986. Ethnicity-ofinterviewer effects among Mexican-Americans and Anglos. Public Opinion 

Quarterly 50(4): 563-572. 

Reeves, C. and B. Brescia. 1982. By the work of our hands: Choctaw material culture. 

Teacher's guide. Washington, DC: Office of Elementary and Secondary 

Education. 

Refugee Resettlement Project. 1982. Refugee resettlement resource directory: A guide to 

Florida programs and federal support projects to assist in refugee resettlement. 

Tallahassee: Refugee Resettlement Project. 

Reich, S. 1996. Soldiers of democracy: Black Texans and the fight for citizenship, 1917-

1921. Journal of American History 82(4): 1478-1504. 

Reid, A. 2000. February 10. Fish farm proponents go back to the drawing board. Tampa 

Tribune; 1. 

Report of the Florida Migratory Child Survey Center. 1969. Migrant children in Florida. 

Miami: University of Miami, Florida State Department of Education. 
2-166

Research Institute for Cuba and the Caribbean. 1967. The Cuban immigration, 1959-

1966, and its impact on Miami-Dade County, Florida: A study for the department 

of health, education and welfare, United States government. Coral Gables: 

Research Institute for Cuba and the Caribbean, Center for Advanced International 

Studies, University of Miami. 

Resendiz, R. 1996. International auto theft: An exploratory research of the property 

offender and the organizational crime process in the United States/Mexico border 

[MA]: University of North Texas. 

Rhi, P.P. 1989. A cross cultural study of attitudes toward advertising and consumer brand 

choice strategies among Mexicans, Mexican-Americans and Anglos [PhD]. 

Austin: University of Texas. 

Rhoads, E. 1977. The Chinese in Texas. Southwest Historical Quarterly 81(1): 1-38. 

Richards, H.J. 1978. An identification of American Indian students enrolled at selected 

institutions of higher education in the state of Florida during the 1976-77 

academic year: A study of their characteristics, aspirations, needs and attitudes 

[PhD]. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Richards, S. 1987. Rural-urban fringe--continuum or dichotomy? A study of the 

highgrowth area, Seminole County, Florida [PhD]. Gainesville: University of 

Florida. 

Richardson, J.M. 1973. The negro in the reconstruction of Florida. Tampa: Trend House. 

Richmond, M. 1973. Immigrant adaptation and family structure among Cubans in Miami, 

Florida [PhD]. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Ricklis, R. 1990. A historical cultural ecology of the Karankawan Indians of the central 

Texas coast: A case study in the roots of adaptive change. 

Ricklis, R. 1990. A historical cultural ecology of the Karankawan Indians of the Texas 

coast: A case study in the roots of adaptive change [PhD]. Austin: University of 

Texas. 

Ricklis, R. 1991. The traditional roots of Native American response to the Spanish 

missions: The case of the Karankawans of the Texas coastal zone. Austin: 

Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas. 

Ricklis, R. 1996. The Karankawa Indians of Texas: An ecological study of cultural 

tradition and change. Austin: University of Texas. 

Rieff, D. 1987. Going to Miami: Exiles, tourists, and refugees in the new America. New 

York: Penguin Books. 

Rieff, D. 1993. The exile: Cuba in the heart of Miami. New York: Simon & Schuster. 
2-167

Rieff, D. 1995. From exiles to immigrants. Foreign Affairs 74:76-89. 

Rillero, A. 1999. Helping kemp's ridley escape the dragnet. National Wildlife 37(4): 45. 

Rips, G. 1990. Hispanics for a better Texas in the 1990's. San Antonio: Tomas Rivera 

Center. 

Risen, J. 1981. May 18. Sweatshops pervasive in Miami. Miami Herald; 6-7. 

Rister, C.C. 1950. The oilman's frontier. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 37(1): 3-

16. 

Ritter, M.C. 1991. Sport fishery management in east Matagorda Bay: An analysis of 

decision making: Texas A&M University. 

Robbins, S. 1979. Delinquency among Seminole Indian youth [DSW]. New Orleans: 

Tulane University. 

Robbins, S. 1984. Anglo concepts and Indian reality: A study of juvenile delinquency. 

Social Casework 65(4): 235-241. 

Roberts, C. 1986. The second Choctaw removal. In: Wells, S. and R. Tubby, editors. 

After removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi. Jackson: University of Mississippi 

Press. 

Roberts, K.J. and M.E. Sass. 1979. Commercial fishing industry licenses in Louisiana in 

1978. Baton Rouge: Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University. 

Roberts, K.J. and M.E. Sass. 1979. Financial aspects of Louisiana shrimp vessels. Baton 

Rouge: Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University. 

Robinson, E. 1928. History of Hillsborough County Florida. St Augustine: Record 

Company Printers. 

Robinson, P. 1993. Isolated deprivation in Tampa, Florida [MA]. Tampa: University of 

South Florida. 

Rocha, R. 1984. The Tejanos of Texas. In: Whisenhunt, D., editor. Texas: A 

sesquicentennial celebration. Austin: Eakin. 

Rochell-Konigssmark, A. 1999. June 9, 1999. Sad ending ahead in ferry tale?; cut-off: 

Island families may have to move after legislation to end the $521,000-a-year 

service. The Atlanta Constitution; 14A. 

Rockwood, C. 1973. Social and community organization of Franklin County and its 

oyster industry. A management program for the oyster resource in Apalachicola 

Bay, Florida. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 
2-168

Rodrigue, J. 1998. Ethnicity in Louisiana: Cajuns and free people of color. Journal of 

American Ethnic History 17(4): 95 (3). 

Rodriguez, A., M. Casanova, C. Arias and L. Duran. 1990. History of Miami: The stirrup 

family in coconut grove. In: Peterson, B., editor. Blacks in Miami, 1896-1990. 

Miami: Florida International University, History Department. 

Rodriguez, I. 1992. Depression and support systems among the elderly widowed: A 

comparison of Hispanics and non-Hispanics utilizing the geriatric depression 

scale and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support [PsyD]: Miami 

Institution Of Psychology of the Caribbean Center for Advanced Studies. 

Rodriguez, J.M. 2001. Tracing the cultural memory in the Rio Grande valley: MexicanAmerican dichos, proverbs interpreted through art [MFA]. Pan American: 

University of Texas. 

Rodriguez, N. 1987. Undocumented central Americans in Houston: Diverse populations. 

International Migration Review 21(1): 4-26. 

Rodriguez, N. 1993. Economic restructuring and Latino growth in Houston. In: Moore, J. 

and R. Pinderhughes, editors. In the barrios: Latinos and the underclass debate. 

New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 

Rodriguez, N. and J. Hagan. Beyond the workplace: Immigrant workers and housing 

struggles in Houston; 1993 August; Miami. ASA. 

Rodriguez, N. and X. Urrutia-Rojas. 1990. Undocumented and unaccompanied: A mental 

health study of unaccompanied, immigrant children from central America. 

Houston: Institute for Higher Education Law and Governance, University of 

Houston. 

Rogers, T. 1976. The extent and distribution of poverty in Mississippi. Jackson: Office of 

Human Resources. 

Rogers, T. 1977. Poverty in Mississippi: A statistical analysis. Jackson: Office of Human 

Resources. 

Rogers, T. 1979. A demographic analysis of poverty in Mississippi. Jackson: Office of 

Human Resources. 

Rogers, W.W. 1994. Alabama the history of a deep south state. Tuscaloosa: University of 

Alabama Press. 

Roher, J. 1987. The development of a program of evangelism in a Quaker congregation 

[DMIN]: Drew University. 

Roland, C. 1982. The ever-vanishing south. Journal Of Southern History 48(1): 3-20. 
2-169

Romero, M., P. Hondagneu-Sotelo and V. Ortiz, editors. 1997. Challenging fronteras: 

Structuring Latina and Latino lives in the U.S.: An anthology of readings. New 

York: Routledge. 

Romo, H. 1986. Contrasting perceptions of schooling among the Mexican origin 

population. In: Browning, H. and R. de la Garza, editors. Mexican immigrants and 

Mexican Americans: An evolving relation. Austin: Center for Mexican American 

Studies. 

Roof, W.C., T.L. Van Valey and D. Spain. 1976. Racial segregation in southern cities: 

1970. Social Forces 55:59-71. 

Rosales, F. 1981. Mexicans in Houston: The struggle to survive, 1908-1975. Houston 

Review III. 

Rosales, F. 1983. The Mexican immigrant experience in Chicago, Houston, and Tucson: 

Comparisons and contrasts. In: Rosales, F. and B. Kaplan, editors. Houston: A 

twentieth century urban frontier. Port Washington: Associated Faculty Press, Inc. 

Rosales, F. 1985. Shifting self-perceptions and ethnic consciousness among Mexicans in 

Houston, 1908-1946. Aztlan XVI. 

Rosales, F. and B. Kaplan, editors. 1983. Houston: A twentieth century urban frontier. 

Port Washington: Associated Faculty Press, Inc. 

Rosales, S. 1980. A study of the relationship between oral language proficiency and 

reading readiness/achievement of selected Mexican American children in Corpus 

Christi, Texas [EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Rose, H. 1964. Metropolitan Miami's changing negro population, 1950-1960. Economic 

Geography 40:221-238. 

Rosedale, D. and J. Mamer. 1974. Labor management for seasonal farm workers: A case 

study. Berkeley: Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, University of 

California. 

Rosen, H. 2001. September 3. Retired boutique owner worked at migrant clinic. Sarasota 

Herald-Tribune; BC4. 

Rosendahl, B., T. Lee and C. Rooth. 1993. Roulette in the straits of Florida. Sea Frontiers 

39:8-9. 

Rosenstiel, A. 1983. Red and white: Indian views of the white man, 1492-1982. New 

York: Universe Books. 

Rosenthiel, T. 1987. March 30. Miami herald: Struggling to keep up with city's ethnic 

shift. Los Angeles Times. 
2-170

Rosenwaike, I. 1987. Mortality differentials among persons born in Cuba, Mexico, and 

Puerto Rico residing in the United States, 1979-81. American Journal of Public 

Health 77:603-606. 

Rosenwaike, I. 1988. Cancer mortality among Mexican immigrants in the United States. 

Public Health Reports 103(2): 195-201. 

Ross, S., editor. 1978. Views across the border: The United States and Mexico. 

Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 

Ross, T. and T. Moore, editors. 1987. A cultural geography of North American Indians. 

Boulder: Westview Press. 

Roth, G. 1992. Overview of southeastern Indian tribes today. In: Paredes, J.A., editor. 

Indians of southeastern United States in the late 20th century. Tuscaloosa: 

University of Alabama Press. 

Roth, G. 2001. Federal tribal recognition in the south. In: Bonney, R. and J.A. Paredes, 

editors. Anthropologists and Indians in the new south. Tuscaloosa: University of 

Alabama Press. 

Rothchild, J. 1985. Miami, Florida, Miami melting pot high. Esquire: 184-188. 

Rothman, M., B. Dunlop and K. Condon. 1994. The elders of Dade County: A needs 

assessment of persons 60 and over. Miami: Florida International University. 

Rottet, K. 1995. Language shift and language death in the speaking-speaking 

communities of Terrebonne and Lafourche Parishes, Louisiana. 

Roy, E. 1959. The Indians of Dulac: A descriptive study of a racial hybrid community in 

Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Rubel, A. 1966. Across the tracks: Mexican Americans in a Texas city. Austin: 

University of Texas Press. 

Rudloe, J. Controversial aspects of net fishing in Florida. Tallahassee: The Southeastern 

Fisheries Association. 

Rudloe, J. and A. Rudloe. 1989. Shrimpers and lawmakers collide over a move to save 

the sea turtles. Smithsonian: 45-54. 

Rummel, G.I. 1966. The delta Chinese: An exploratory study in assimilation [MA]. 

Oxford: University of Mississippi. 

Rummel, G.I. and B. Price. 1965. A vanishing culture. Mississippi Magazine: 14-16. 

Rungeling, B., L.H. Smith, V.M.J. Briggs and J.F. Adams. 1977. Employment, income, 

and welfare in the rural south. New York: Praeger. 
2-171

Rushton, W.F. 1979. The Cajuns from Acadia to Louisiana. New York: Farrar Strauss 

Giroux. 

Russell, D. 1943. Problems of Mexican children in the southwest. Journal of Educational 

Sociology 17(4): 216-222. 

Rust, D. 1971. Socioeconomic status and intelligence quotients as measured by tests of 

general ability in a Florida county. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Rutlege, P. 1985. The role of religion in ethnic self-identity: A Vietnamese community. 

New York: University Press of America. 

Salinas, M. 1990. Indians of the Rio Grande delta. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Salter, P. and R. Mings. 1969. A geographic aspect of the 1968 Miami racial disturbance: 

A preliminary investigation. Professional Geographer 21:79-86. 

Salter, P. and R. Mings. 1972. The projected impact of Cuban settlement on voting 

patterns in metropolitan Miami, Florida. Professional Geographer 24:123-131. 

Saltzman, L. 1941. A study and survey of community resources of Gueydan, Louisiana, 

that can be used to enrich the elementary social studies curriculum. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University. 

San Martin, N. 1991. October 5, 1991. Miami's Haitians not all of one mind on the 

Aristide presidency. Miami Herald; 2B. 

San Martin, N. and X. Alvarez-Alfonso. 1990. October 14, 1990. Haitian families are 

moving out to the suburbs. Miami Herald; 20, 21. 

San Martin, N. and K. Branch. 1991. October 3, 1991. Miami Haitians march. Miami 

Herald; 18A. 

San Miguel, G.J. 1979. Endless pursuits: The Chicano educational experience in Corpus 

Christi, Texas, 1880-1960 [PhD]: Stanford University. 

San Miguel, G.J. 1982. Mexican American organizations and the changing politics of 

school desegregation in Texas, 1945-1980. Social Sciences Quarterly LXIII. 

San Miguel, G.J. 1983. The struggle against separate and unequal schools: Middle class 

Mexican Americans and the desegregation campaign in Texas, 1929-1957. 

History of Education Quarterly 23(3): 343-359. 

San Miguel, G.J. 1987. "Let all of them take heed": Mexican Americans and the 

campaign for educational equality in Texas, 1910-1981. Austin: University of 

Texas Press. 
2-172

Sance, M.J. 1975. The Texians and Texans. San Antonio: University of Texas, Institute 

of Texan Cultures. 

Sanderfur, G. and W. Scott. 1984. A sociological analysis of white, black, and American 

Indian male labor force activities. Madison: Inst. Res. Poverty Discussion Pap. 

Sanders, J. and V. Nee. 1987. Limits of ethnic solidarity in the enclave economy. 

American Sociological Review 52(6): 745-773. 

Sanders, L. and O. Leonard. 1951. The wetback in the lower Rio Grande valley of Texas. 

Inter-American Education Occasional Papers 7. 

Sanford, W. 1994. Osceola: Seminole warrior. Hillside: Enslow. 

Sankey, C. 1996. Profiles of selected black women administrators in education in the 

state of Alabama: Mobile County, Montgomery County, and Wilcox County: 

Alabama State University. 

Santana, M. 1993. August 21. Cuban exiles in Miami give the exile critical reviews. 

Miami Herald. 

Santiago, B. 1980. Oral-aural communication skills in English among adult immigrants 

and exiles [PhD]: University of Michigan. 

Sapnas, K. 1999. Assessing the reliability and validity of the driving practices 

questionnaire in a sample of Hispanic south Florida drivers [PhD]: University of 

Miami. 

Sass, M.E. and K.J. Roberts. 1979. Characteristics of the Louisiana shrimp fleet, 1978. 

Baton Rouge: Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University. 

Sassen, S. and A. Portes. 1993. Miami: A new global city? Contemporary Sociology 

22(4): 471-477. 

Satterfield, D. 1987. January 19. Growth is on rise: Focus is in Dade. Miami Herald; 29-

31. 

Satz, R. 1986. The Mississippi Choctaw: From removal treaty to federal agency. In: 

Wells, S. and R. Tubby, editors. After removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi. 

Jackson: University of Mississippi Press. 

Saunders, L. and O. Leonard. 1976. The wetback in the lower Rio Grande valley of 

Texas. Mexican migration to the United States. New York: Arno Press. 

Save Beach Planning Team. 1986. Master plan for shorefront protection and sterilization. 

Long Beach: Mississippi Department of Wildlife Conservation. 
2-173

Save Beach Planning Team. 1986. Save beach master plan, Harrison County. Long 

Beach: Mississippi Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 

Savells, J. 1993. The "Cajun" subculture: Micro trends for the 1990's. International 

Journal of Comparative Sociology 34(1-2): 113 (9). 

Saxe, J. 2001. Communicative practices of Yiddish-speaking Jewish elders on south 

Miami beach [PhD]. Amherst: University of Massachusetts. 

Scallan, M. 2001. March 28, 2001. Jefferson community gains people; boundary move 

threw off count. Times-Picayune; 1. 

Scallan, M. 2002. June 5,2002. Many in Louisiana still living in poverty; census data put 

state among worst. Times-Picayune; 1. 

Scanland, F. 1970. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of two methods of 

instruction, including computer-assisted instruction, as techniques for changing 

the parent attitudes of negro adults. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Schacht, R. 1993. A needs assessment of American Indians with disabilities in the 

Houston metropolitan area and adjacent rural counties. Final report, phase i. 

Flagstaff: National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. 

Scherberger, T. 1985. October 14. Tampa's neglected Latin quarter. Orlando Sentinel. 

Schilit, J. and G. Nimnicht. 1992. The Florida survey of newly legalized persons. Florida 

Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services. 

Schleifstein, M. 1995. March 14, 1995. Three from Louisiana talk of strain from 

environmental acts; panel hears shrimpers, farmers. Times-Picayune; A5. 

Schlenker, J. 1974. An historical analysis of the social and cultural life of the Choctaw 

Indians with emphasis upon the family life [MA]. Hattiesburg: University of 

Southern Mississippi. 

Schmich, M. 1988. May 31, 1988. Minority status for Louisiana Cajuns? The 

Washington Post; 8. 

Schnore, L. and P. Evenson. 1966. Segregation in southern cities. American Journal of 

Sociology: 58-67. 

Schnore, L. and J. Pinkerton. 1966. Residential redistribution of socioeconomic strata in 

metropolitan areas. Demography 3(2): 491-499. 

Schott, K.T. 1997. Place making in south Louisiana : French immersion programs and 

their role in cultural preservation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 
2-174

Schroeder, E. 1987. Testing local level labor forces and unemployment projections. 

Demography 24(4): 649-661. 

Schweninger, L. 1990. Prosperous blacks in the south, 1790-1880. The American 

Historical Review 95(1): 31-56. 

Scott, A. 1967. Twenty-five years of opinion on integration in Texas. Southwestern 

Social Science Quarterly XLVIII: 155-163. 

Scott, C. 1974. Health and healing practices among five ethnic groups in Miami, Florida. 

Public Health Reports 89:525-532. 

Scrimshaw, S. and E. Burleigh. 1978. The potential for the integration of indigenous and 

western medicines in Latin America and Hispanic populations in the United 

States. In: Veliminovic, B., editor. Modern medicine in the United StatesMexican border population: PAHO Scientific Publication 359. 

Scurfield, R. and D. Mackey. 2001. Racism, trauma and positive aspects of exposure to 

race-related experiences: Assessment and treatment implications. Journal of 

Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work 10(1): 23-47. 

Sea turtle salvation. 1993. Environment 35:23-24. 

Segura, C. 1986. The Islands of St. Bernard-orphans of history. New Orleans Magazine 

20:46 (3). 

Sekaly, J.C.G. 1987. The Syrian Lebanese immigration into southeast Texas and their 

progeny [MA]. Beaumont: Lamar University. 

Selcraig, B. 1994. Border patrol. Sierra 79:58-64. 

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 1982. Seminole tribe celebrates twenty-five years of 

organization. Hollywood: Seminole Tribe of Florida. 

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 1982. 25th anniversary 1957-1982: Seminole tribe of Florida, 

inc. Hollywood: Seminole Tribe of Florida. 

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 1988. Seminole tribal comprehensive education plan. 

Hollywood: Seminole Tribe of Florida. 

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 1988. Survival of the Florida Seminole (a brief history). 

Hollywood: Seminole Tribe of Florida. 

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 1991. Amended constitution and bylaws of the Seminole tribe 

of Florida: Mimeographed. 

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 1991. Amended corporate charter of the Seminole tribe of 

Florida: Mimeographed. 
2-175

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 1996. The unconquered Seminoles [cited 2002]. Available 

from www.Seminoletribe.com. 

Seminole Tribe of Florida. 2002. Seminole tribe of Florida [cited 2002]. Available from 

www.Seminoletribe.com. 

Seminoles Open Doors with Hotels. 1987. February 5. Orlando Sentinel. 

Seminoles ready to wrestle state over 'gator farm. 1982. June 6. Miami Herald. 

Serrano, C. 1996. Inter-rater reliability of aggression among three ethnic groups. 

Dissertation-Abstracts International 57. 

Severo, R. 1970 March. The lost tribe of Alabama. Scanlan's Magazine I: 81-88. 

Sexton, R. 1990. Passing a good time in southwest Louisiana: An ethnohistoric and 

humanistic approach to the study of Cajun bars/clubs as place [MA]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Seydlitz, R., P. Jenkins and S. Hampton. 1995. Economic-impacts of energy 

development. Society & Natural Resources 8(4): 17. 

Seydlitz, R., S. Lasks and D. Spain. 1993. Development and social problems: The impact 

of the offshore oil industry on suicide and homicide rates. Rural Sociology 58:93-

110. 

Shabazz, A. 1990. The desegregation of Lamar State College of Technology: An analysis 

of race and education in southeast Texas [MA]. Beaumont: Lamar University. 

Shaedel, R.P. 1949. The Karankawa of the Texas Gulf Coast. Southwestern Journal of 

Anthropology 5(2): 117-137. 

Shai, D., I. Rosenwaike and R. Rogers. 1991. Mortality by violence among Mexican 

immigrants and Mexican Americans in California and Texas. In: Rosenwaike, I., 

editor. Mortality of Hispanic populations: Mexican, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans in 

the United States and in their home countries: Greenwood Press. 

Shanaa, R. 1988. A study of the characteristics of beneficiaries of eleemosynary and 

other nonprofit housing programs [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 

Shannon, M.L. 1974. A comparison of selected aspects of poverty: Alabama, the south, 

and the nation: University of Alabama, Center for Business and Economic 

Research. 

Shapiro, I. 1989. Laboring for less: Working but poor in rural America. Washington, DC: 

Ctr. Budget Policy Priorities. 
2-176

Sharpe, K. 1988. The drug war: Going after supply: A commentary. Journal of 

InterAmerican Studies and World Affairs 30(2/3): 77-85. 

Shaver, J.M. 1998. Do foreign-owned and U.S.-owned establishments exhibit the same 

pattern in U.S. Manufacturing industries? Journal of International Business 

Studies 29(3): 469(23). 

Shaw, M. 1992. The Jews of greater Miami: An historical perspective [MA]: Florida 

Atlantic University. 

Sheffield, D. and D. Nicovich. 1979. When Biloxi was the seafood capital of the world. 

Biloxi: City of Biloxi. 

Shell discovers oil & gas of deep pay zone in Iberia Parish field. 1948. December 16, 

1948. Times Picayune; 34. 

Shelley, S. 1980. An analysis of the Coles Creek period settlement system on Louisiana's 

chenier coastal plain. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Shelton, B., N. Rodriguez, J. Feagin, R. Bullard and R. Thomas. 1989. Houston: Growth 

and decline in a sunbelt boomtown. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 

Shelton, E. 1974. Political conditions among Texas Mexicans along the Rio Grande. San 

Francisco: R and E Research Associates. 

Shelton, R.S. 2001. Waterfront workers of Galveston, Texas, 1838-1920 [PhD]: Rice 

University. 

Shepard, B. 1988? Disease and native Louisianan population change: Belinda Shepard. 

Sheridan, F.C. 1954. Galveston island, or, a few months off the coast of Texas. Austin. 

Sherrill, R. 1987 Can Miami save itself? New York Times. 

Sheskin, I. 1990. The changing geographic distribution of the Jewish population in Dade 

County. In: Sheskin, I., editor. Florida Jewish demography. 

Sheskin, I. 1992. The Miami ethnic archipelago. Florida Geographer 26:40-57. 

Sheskin, I. 1994. 1994 Jewish demographic study of Dade County. Miami: Greater 

Miami Jewish Federation. 

Shihadeh, E. 1997. Serious crime in urban neighborhoods: Is there a race effect? Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana Population and Data Center. 

Shin, E.-H. and Y.H. Lee. 1990. Relative size of the black population and occupational 

differentiation in metropolitan areas. Journal of Black Studies 21(1): 52-71. 
2-177

Shoemaker, N., editor. 1995. Negotiators of change: Historical perspectives on Native 

American women. New York. 

Shofner, J. 1974. Nor is it over yet: Florida in the era of reconstruction. Gainesville: 

University of Florida Press. 

Shofner, J. 1977. Custom, law, and history: The enduring influence of Florida's 'black 

code'. Florida Historical Quarterly 45:277-98. 

Shofner, J. 1979. Smuggling along the Gulf Coast of Florida during reconstruction. 

Journal of the Tampa Historical Society 5:14-18. 

Shofner, J. and L. Ellsworth, editors. 1979. Ethnic minorities in Gulf Coast society: Gulf 

Coast History and Humanities Conference. 

Shopes, R. 2002. April 15. Latin business is headed west: Southwest Florida has always 

taken a back seat to Miami and Fort Lauderdale; when it comes to Hispanicowned businesses. Now the region is starting to catch up as Hispanic 

professionals move in. Sarasota Herald-Tribune; 10. 

Shore, J. and J. Straus. 1990. The Seminole water rights compact and the Seminole 

Indian land claims settlement act of 1987. Journal of Land Use and 

Environmental Law 6. 

Shroder, T. and G.S. Chapman. 1981. Florida's Indians: A question of survival. Fort 

Myers: Fort Myers News-Press. 

Shryock, H.J. 1951. Redistribution of population: 1940 to 1950. Journal of the American 

Statistical Association 46(256): 417-437. 

Shu, T. 1984. Attitudes toward one's own ethnic language: The Chinese in Houston 

[PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Shuster, P. 1934. An American-Mexican frontier: Nueces County, Texas. Chapel Hill: 

University of North Carolina Press. 

Sibley, M. 1968. The port of Houston: A history. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Siegel, P., L. Deeb, L. Wolfe, D. Wilcox and J. Marks. 1993. Stroke mortality and its 

socioeconomic, racial, and behavioral correlates in Florida. Public Health Reports 

108(4): 454-458. 

Siegmund, S. User conflict in the blue crab fishery - a fisherman's perspective; 1995; 

Orlando, Florida. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, TCC Crab 

Subcommittee. 

Sillery, B. 1993. Hidden nation: The story of the Houmas, Louisiana's largest Native 

American tribe: Keepsake Productions. 
2-178

Silver, J. 1963. Mississippi: The closed society. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. 

Simmons, O. 1952. Americans and Mexican Americans in south Texas [Unpublished 

PhD Dissertation]: Harvard University. 

Simmons, O. 1952. Anglo Americans and Mexicans in south Texas: A study in 

dominant-subordinate group relations [PhD]: Harvard University. 

Simpson, T. 1996. Contesting community: Memory, place, and culture in Ybor city, 

Florida. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Simpson, V. 2001. A classroom study of students' attitudes toward their interactions with 

literature and their responses to culturally responsive literature [PhD]: University 

of Southern Mississippi. 

Singleton, F.L. 1936. Flank production at New Iberia climaxes 20 years of effort. Oil and 

Gas Journal 35. 

Singleton, F.L. 1937. 26 oil and gas fields are added to coastal Texas-Louisiana. Oil and 

Gas Journal 35. 

Singleton, F.L. 1937. Exploration on the Gulf Coast centering in Louisiana area. Oil and 

Gas Journal 35. 

Sivad, D. 1984. The black Seminole Indians of Texas. Boston: American Press. 

Sivad, D. 1986. The black Seminole Indians of Texas: Sivad Group. 

Skinner, R. 1997. The effects of second language instruction upon the English verbal 

performance of secondary students as measured by the Texas assessment of 

academic skills [EdD]. Kingsville: Texas A&M University. 

Skop, E. 2001. Race and place in the adaptation of Mariel exiles. International Migration 

Review 35(2): 449-471. 

Slesinger, D. 1977. Health care needs of a Hispanic population in Dane, Dodge, and 

Jefferson Counties. Public Health Report. 

Smith, B. 1990. The Mississippi emergence. Washington, D C: Smithsonian Institution 

Press. 

Smith, H. 1982. Immigrant women in Tampa's cigar industry. Gainesville: University of 

Florida. 

Smith, L. and H. Hitt. 1952. The people of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 

University Press. 

Smith, L. and V. Parenton. 1938. Acculturation among the Louisiana French. American 

Journal of Sociology 44:355-364. 
2-179

Smith, M.E. 1968. The Spanish speaking population of Florida. In: Helm, J., editor. 

Spanish speaking people in the United States. Seattle: University of Washington 

Press. 

Smith, M.E., editor. 1977. Those who live from the sea. St Paul: West Publishing 

Company. 

Smith, M.E., editor. 1990. Perspectives on the informal economy. Washington, D.C.: 

University Press of America. 

Smith, P. and R. Wait. 1986. Adolescent fertility and childbearing trends among 

Hispanics in Texas. Texas Medicine 82:29-32. 

Smith, S. 1990. Historical black high schools. Miami: Florida International University, 

Psychology Department. 

Smith, S. and F. Sinchich. 1984. Projections of Florida population by county 1985-2020. 

Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Smith, T.L. 1966. The redistribution of the negro population of the United States, 1910-

1960. Journal of Negro History 51(3): 155-173. 

Smith, W. 1966. The history of education in Cameron Parish [MA]. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University. 

Smith-Dewitt, C.I. 1998. Among touram: Community study of Key West, Florida, a 

small city at the marginal heart of American culture [PhD]: University of 

Chicago. 

Sneve, V.D.H. 1994. The Seminoles. New York: Holiday House. 

Snipp, M. and G. Summers. Poverty and American Indians; 1988; Wye, MD. Aspen 

Institution Rural Poverty Meeting. 

Sonnier, C. 1985. April 4. Education is stressed for Houmas: Tribal chairman cites 

problems of illiteracy. The Advocate. 

Soong, I. 1999. April 4, 1999. Group helps families with Chinese adoptees. TimesPicayune; 10F1. 

Soruco, G. 1996. Cubans and the mass media in south Florida. Gainesville: University 

Press of Florida. 

South Alabama Regional Planning Commission. 1969. Study, water and sewer facilities, 

Mobile County. Mobile: South Alabama Regional Planning Commission. 
2-180

South Alabama Regional Planning Commission. 1970. A report on social service 

coordination in Baldwin, Escambia and Mobile Counties, Alabama. South 

Alabama Regional Planning Commission. 

South Alabama Regional Planning Commission. 1972. A report on social service centers 

in Baldwin, Escambia and Mobile Counties, Alabama. South Alabama Regional 

Planning Commission. 

South Alabama Regional Planning Commission. 1977. Land development and policies 

plan: Mobile, Baldwin, and Escambia Counties: South Alabama Regional 

Planning Commission. 

Southwest Florida demographic profile. 1990. Florida Business Southwest 8(7): 47(23). 

Southwick, K., H.M. Guidry and M. Weldon. 1999. An epidemic of congenital syphilis in 

Jefferson County, Texas, 1994-1995: Inadequate prenatal syphilis testing after an 

outbreak in adults. American Journal of Public Health 89(4): 557-560. 

Spears, A. Are black and white vernaculars diverging? Papers from the nw ave xiv panel 

proceedings. American Speech 62:48-55, 71-72. 

Spencer, B., J.J. Peterson and C. Kim. 1975. Choctaw manpower and demographic 

survey. Philadelphia: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. 

Spencer, D. 1995. Entrepreneurship and small-scale enterprise in the Texas border 

region: A sociocultural perspective [PhD Dissertation]. Austin: University of 

Texas. 

Spencer, F. 1948. A study of the educational progress of negro schools in Mobile County 

1937-38: Alabama State University. 

Spicker, J., H. Steiner and M.R. Walden. 1977. A survey of rural Louisiana Indian tribes. 

Baton Rouge: The Inter Tribal Council of Louisiana, Inc. 

Spillman, R. 1977. A historical geography of Mexican American population patterns in 

the south Texas Hispanic borderland [MA]. Hattiesburg: University of Southern 

Mississippi. 

Spitzer, N. 1986. Zydeco and Mardi Gras: Creole identity and performance genres in 

rural French Louisiana [PhD Dissertation]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Spoehr, A. 1941. Camp, clan, and kin among the cow creek Seminoles. Field Museum of 

Natural History, Anthropological Series 33:1-37. 

Spoehr, A. 1944. The Florida Seminole camp. Field Museum of Natural History, 

Anthropological Series 33:117-150. 
2-181

Spoehr, A. 1968. Camp, clan, and kin among the cow creek Seminole of Florida. 

Anthropological Series 33. 

Spoehr, A. 1968. Kinship system of the Seminole. Anthropological Series 33. 

Spoehr, A. 1968. The Florida Seminole camp. Anthropological Series 33. 

Spoehr, A. 1968. Changing kinship systems. Anthropological Series 33. 

Spruce, W. 1985. Indochinese refugees on the central coast of Texas. Washington, DC: 

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Service Institute. 

Staats, E. 1997. December 4. Miccosukee ads highlight park struggle. Naples Daily 

News. 

Staats, E. 1997. December 25. Miccosukee Indians buy 800 acres in Collier County. The 

Indians say they will preserve the land for use in tribal customs. Naples Daily 

News. 

Stack, J.J. and C. Warren. 1992. The reform tradition and ethnic politics: Metropolitan 

Miami confronts the 1990s. In: Grenier, G. and A. Stepick, editors. Miami now! 

Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. Gainesville: University Press of 

Florida. 

Stans, S.E. 1996. The cultures of drinking within a Native American community [PhD]. 

Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Stanton, M. 1971. The Indians in the Grand Caillou-Dulac community [MA]. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Stanton, M. 1979. A remnant Indian community: The Houma Indian community. The not 

so solid south. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 

Stanton, M. 1979. Southern Louisiana survivors: The Houma Indians. In: Williams, W., 

editor. Southeastern Indians: Since the removal era. Athens: University of 

Georgia Press. 

Starita, J. 1989. January 13, 1989. Nicaraguans stream into Miami stadium, an unlikely 

refuge. Miami Herald; 1A. 

Starr, P. 1977. Lebanese fishermen and the dilemma of modernization. In: Smith, M.E., 

editor. Those who live from the sea. St Paul: American Ethnological Society and 

West Publishing Co. 

Starr, P. 1979. Troubled waters: Vietnamese fisherfolk on America's Gulf Coast. 

International Migration Review 13:25-45. 
2-182

Starr, P. 1981. Troubled waters: Vietnamese fisherfolk on America's Gulf Coast. 

International Migration Review 15(1/2): 226-238. 

Starr, P. and A. Roberts. 1982. Community structure and Vietnamese refugee adaptation: 

The significance of context. International Migration Review 16(3): 595-618. 

State of Florida Office of the Governor. 1994. The unfair burden: Immigration's impact 

on Florida. Tallahassee: State of Florida, Office of the Governor. 

Stebor, A.D. 1992. Infant development among Guatemalan refugee families in south 

Florida [PhD]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Steck, R. 1985. Entrepreneurs. B & D Reports 33:19 (3). 

Steffen, B. 1998. Physical activity and survival after a first myocardial infarction: The 

Corpus Christi heart project [PhD]. Houston: University of Texas. 

Stein, B. 1979. Occupational adjustment of refugees: The Vietnamese in the United 

States. International Migration Review 13:25-45. 

Stepick, A. 1982. Haitian boat people: A study in the conflicting forces shaping U.S. 

Refugees in the U.S. Law and Contemporary Problems 45:163-192. 

Stepick, A. 1982. Haitian refugees in the U.S. London: Minority Rights Group 

Publication. 

Stepick, A. 1982. The new Haitian exodus: The flight from terror and poverty. Caribbean 

Review 11:14-17. 

Stepick, A. 1984. Haitian released from krone: Their prospects for adaptation and 

integration in south Florida. Occasional Paper Series Dialogue #24. 

Stepick, A. 1985. Haitians in Miami, an assessment of their background and potential. 

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Florida International University. 

Stepick, A. 1989. Miami's two informal sectors. In: Portes, A., M. Castells and L. 

Benton, editors. The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developed 

countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Stepick, A. 1990. Community growth versus simply surviving: The informal sectors of 

Cubans and Haitians in Miami. In: Smith, M.E., editor. Perspectives on the 

informal economy. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. 

Stepick, A. 1991. The Haitian informal sector in Miami. City and Society 5:10-22. 

Stepick, A. 1992. The refugees nobody wants: Haitians in Miami. In: Grenier, G. and A. 

Stepick, editors. Miami now: Immigration, ethnicity, and social change. 

Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 
2-183

Stepick, A. 2002. Diasporic citizenship: Haitian Americans in transnational American. 

Journal of Latin American Studies 34:208. 

Stepick, A., M. Castro, M. Dunn and G. Grenier. 1989. Newcomers and established 

residents: The case of Miami. Miami: Center for Labor Research and Study, 

Florida International University. 

Stepick, A., M. Castro, M. Dunn and G. Grenier. 1990. Changing relations among 

newcomers and established residents: The case of Miami. Miami: Changing 

Relations Project. 

Stepick, A., G. Grenier, H. Hafidh, S. Chaffee and D. Draznin. 1994. The view from the 

back of the house: Restaurants and hotels in Miami. In: Lamphere, L., A. Stepick 

and G. Grenier, editors. Newcomers in the workplace: Immigrants and the 

restructuring of the U.S. Economy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 

Stepick, A., G. Grenier, S. Morris and D. Draznin. 1994. Brothers in wood. In: 

Lamphere, L., A. Stepick and G. Grenier, editors. Newcomers in the workplace: 

Immigrants and the restructuring of the U.S. Economy. Philadelphia: Temple 

University Press. 

Stepick, A. and G. Guillermo. 1993. Cubans in Miami. In: Morales, R. and F. Bonilla, 

editors. Latinos in a changing U.S. Economy: Comparative perspectives on 

growing inequality. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. 

Stepick, A. and A. Portes. 1986. Flight into despair: A profile of recent Haitian refugees 

in south Florida. International Migration Review 20(2): 329-350. 

Steptoe, R. 1986. The differential influence of an interstate highway on the structure, 

growth and development of low-income minority communities: A comparison 

with majority communities. Washington D.C.: Office Of University Research, 

U.S. Department of Transportation. 

Stewart, W. 1967. Sociolinguistic factors in the history of American negro dialects. 

Florida Fl Reporter 5:11, 22, 24, 26. 

Stewart, W. 1968. Continuity and change in American negro dialects. Florida Fl Reporter 

6:14-16, 18. 

Stickney, R. and J. Davis. 1981. Aquaculture in Texas: A status report and development 

plan. College Station: Sea Grant College Station, Texas A&M University. 

Stimpson, D. 1990. Apalachicola bay-development, overfishing wipe out oysters. 

National Fisherman 70:28-29. 

Stoddard, E. 1969. The US-Mexico border as a research laboratory. Journal of InterAmerican Studies 11(3): 477-488. 
2-184

Stoddard, E. 1976. A conceptual analysis of the "alien invasion": Institutionalized support 

of illegal Mexican aliens in the US. International Migration Review 10(2): 157-

189. 

Stoddard, E. 1978. Patterns of poverty along the us-Mexico border. El Paso: Center for 

Inter-American Studies, University of Texas at El Paso. 

Stolarik, M.M., editor. 1988. Forgotten doors: The other ports of entry to the United 

States. Philadelphia. 

Stolzenberg, R. 1990. Ethnicity, geography and occupational achievement of Hispanic 

men in the United States. American Sociological Review 55(1): 143-154. 

Stowers, G. 1987. Ethnic political development and impact on urban policy: The crucial 

case of Cubans in Miami. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Strasser, F. 1984. May 21,1984. Nicaraguans share fight for freedom at Cubans' rally. 

Miami Herald; 1B. 

Strategy Research Corporation. 1980. The Dade Latin market. Miami: Strategy Research 

Corporation. 

Strategy Research Corporation. 1985. The 1985 south Florida Latin market. Miami: 

Strategy Research Corporation. 

Strategy Research Corporation. 1988. The 1989 south Florida Latin market. Miami: 

Strategy Research Corporation. 

Strategy Research Corporation. 1989. Survey of language use among Hispanics in Dade 

County. Unpublished Paper. 

Stratton, F. 1925. The story of Beaumont. Houston: The Hercules Printing and Book Co. 

Stratton, R. 1939. History of Brazoria County. Angleton, TX. 

Strickland, C. 1989. Toxic politics in Louisiana-something stinks in Morgan City. Nation 

249(13): 4. 

Strobel, A. 1965. Old Oyster Creek and Brazos Plantations. With Mary Nixon Roger’s 

summary history of Brazoria County. Richmond: Price/Ferguson Publishing Co. 

Strock, G.M. 1989. Cultural diversity at Jean Lafitte. CRM. 

Strouse, C. and D. Hancock. 1990. July 1, 1990. 1,000 Haitians trap storeowner. Miami 

Herald; 1B, 2B. 

Stuart, M. 1973. Cuban Jews are alive and well in Miami. National Jewish Monthly: 44-

46. 
2-185

Sturtevant, W. 1954. The medicine bundles and busks of the Florida Seminole. Florida 

Anthropologist 7(2): 31-70. 

Sturtevant, W. 1955. The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical beliefs and practices [PhD]: Yale 

University. 

Sturtevant, W. 1956. A Seminole personal document. Tequesta: Journal of the Historical 

Association of Southern Florida 16:55-75. 

Sturtevant, W. 1971. Creek into Seminole. In: Leacock, E. and N. Lurie, editors. North 

American Indians in historical perspective. New York: Random House. 

Sturtevant, W., editor. 1978. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC: 

Smithsonian Institution. 

Sturtevant, W., editor. 1985. A Seminole sourcebook. New York: Garland Publishing. 

Sturtevant, W., editor. 1987. A Seminole source book. New York, London: Garland 

Publishing, Inc. 

Suarez, L., D. Nichols and C. Brady. 1993. Use of peer role models to increase pap smear 

and mammogram screening in Mexican-American and black women. American 

Journal of Preventive Medicine 9(5): 290-296. 

Suarez, L., D. Nichols and L. Pulley. 1993. Local health departments implement a theorybased model to increase breast and cervical cancer screening. Public Health 

Reports 108:477-482. 

Suchlike, J. and A. Cruz. 1990. The impact of Nicaraguans in Miami: The Nicaraguan 

exodus to Miami under the Sandinistas, and the future outlook following their 

electoral defeat. Miami: City Manager of Miami, Institute of InterAmerican 

Studies. 

Sullivan, T., F. Gillespie, M. Hout and R. Rogers. 1984. Alternate estimates of Mexican 

American mortality in Texas, 1980. Social Sciences Quarterly 65:605-617. 

Sultemeier, B. 1982. Assessing the relationship between Hispanic power structure and 

funding of bilingual education [PhD]: Texas A&M University. 

Summersell, C. 1949. Mobile, history of a seaport town: University of Alabama Press. 

Sunbelt States Show Strong Population Gains Since '80 Census. 1985. D & B Reports 

33(3): 53 (2). 

Surace, S. 1982. Ethnic discrimination - achievement, discrimination and Mexican 

Americans. Comparative Studies in Society and History 24(2): 315-339. 
2-186

Svart, L. 1976. Environmental preference migration: A review. Geographical Review 

66(3): 314-330. 

Swanland, B. 1995. Chinese ethnicity in the Houston primary metropolitan statistical area 

[PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Swanson, W. and W. Breed. 1976. Black suicide in New Orleans. In: Schneidman, E., 

editor. Suicidology: Contemporary developments: Grune & Stratton. 

Swanton, J. 1911. Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi valley and adjacent coast of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 

Swanton, J. 1921. Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi valley and adjacent coast of the 

Gulf of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 43. 

Swanton, J. 1946. The Indians of the southeastern United States. Washington, D.C.: 

Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 137. 

Swanton, J. 1979. The Indians of the southeastern United States. Washington, D.C.: 

Smithsonian Institution. 

Swartz, A.N. and C. Adams. 1979. The economics of Rockport, Texas bay shrimping 

vessels. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M 

University. 

Swingle, H. and E. Hughes. 1976. A review of the oyster fishery of Alabama. Alabama 

Marine Resources Bulletin 11:58-73. 

Syme, R. 1976. Osceola, Seminole leader. New York: Morrow. 

Szapocznik, J. 1977. Role conflict resolution in Cuban mothers [PhD]. Coral Gables: 

University of Miami. 

Tanabe, K. 1956. The Japanese immigrant in the Houston-Harris County area [MA]. 

Houston: Rice University. 

Taylor, E. and L. Barton. 1994. Vietnamese, Laotian, Ethiopian & former soviet union 

refugees in Texas: Findings from the Texas refugee study. Austin: Texas 

Department of Human Services. 

Taylor, E. and L. Spalding. 1994. Southeast Asian refugee English proficiency and 

education: Select analysis from the Texas refugee study. Austin: Texas Office of 

Immigration & Refugee Affairs: Texas Department of Human Services. 

Taylor, P. 1934. An American-Mexican frontier: Nueces County, Texas. Chapel Hill: 

University of North Carolina Press. 

Taylor, P. 1971. An American-Mexican frontier. New York: Russell & Russell. 
2-187

Taylor, P. 1984. December 26,1984. Vietnamese shrimpers alter Texas Gulf Coast towns. 

Washington Post. 

Tebeau, C. 1957. Florida's last frontier: The history of Collier County. Miami: University 

of Miami Press. 

Teller, C.H., editor. 1977. Cuantos somos: A demographic study of the MexicanAmerican population. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Templer, O. 1978. Texas surface water law. Historical Geography 8:11-20. 

Tentchoff, D. 1975. Cajun French and French Creole: Their speakers and the questions of 

identities. In: DelSesto, S. and J. Gibson, editors. The culture of Acadiana: 

Tradition and change in south Louisiana. Lafayette. 

Terzi, F. 2001. "Theleis strawberries?" Greek Americans and their language [PhD]: 

University of Mississippi. 

Tettey, E., C. Pardy, W. Griffin and A.N. Swartz. 1984. Implications of investing under 

different economic conditions on the profitability of Gulf of Mexico shrimp 

vessels operating out of Texas. Fishery Bulletin 82(2): 385-394. 

Texas Coastal and Marine Council. 1983. Texas bay shrimp industry, status report and 

recommendations. Austin: Texas Coastal and Marine Council. 

Texas Coastal and Marine Council. 1987. Hearings on bay shrimpers. Austin: Texas 

Coastal and Marine Council. 

Texas Department of Health. 1996. Cancer incidence and mortality along the TexasMexico border. Austin: Texas Department of Health. 

Texas Department of Health; Centers for Minority Health Iniatives and Cultural 

Competency. 1995. Minority health in Texas: A report to the 74th Texas 

Legislature. 

Texas Diabetes Cost Project. 1995. Direct and indirect costs of diabetes in Texas, 1992: 

Preliminary report to the Texas Diabetes Council. 

Texas Education Agency. 2000. Advanced placement and international baccalaureate 

examination results in Texas, 1996-1997. Austin: Office of Policy Planning and 

Research. GE0060103. 

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1981. The Texas shrimp fishery: A report to the 

governor and the 67th legislature. 

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1985. The Texas shrimp fishery, a report to the 

governor and the 69th legislature. Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 
2-188

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 1987. The Texas shrimp fishery. Austin: Texas 

Parks and Wildlife Department. 

Texas State Advisory Committee. 1977. School desegregation in Corpus Christi: A 

report. Washington: United States Commission on Civil Rights. 

Thibodeaux, R. 2001. July 17, 2001. 'Coonass’ carries baggage some prefer to leave 

behind; is it contemptuous or is it endearing? Times-Picayune; 1. 

Thierry, L.J. 2001. The relationship between religious involvement and health-promotive 

behavior among African-American Catholics in the Diocese of GalvestonHouston [MS]. Galveston: University of Texas. 

Thomas, J. 1929. A study of the social welfare status of the negroes in Houston, Texas. 

Atlanta: National Urban League. 

Thomas, J.S. 1991. Indochinese adjustment and assimilation in an Alabama coastal 

fishing community. Comparative Civilizations Review 24:1-12. 

Thomas, J.S. and C. Formichella. 1987. The shrimp processing industry in Bayou la 

Batre, Alabama. Center for Business and Economic Development (in press): 111. 

Thomas, J.S., C. Formichella, G.D. Johnson and C. Riordan. 1997. Shrimp fishers on the 

eve of bycatch regulations. In: Rawson, M., editor. Fisheries bycatch: 

Consequences and management: University of Alaska. 

Thomas, J.S., G.D. Johnson and C. Riordan. 1995. Independence and collective action - 

reconsidering union activity among commercial fishermen in Mississippi. Human 

Organization 54(2): 143-152. 

Thomas, S. User group conflicts - crab fishermen in Alabama waters; 1995; Orlando, 

Florida. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, TCC Crab Subcommittee. 

Thomason, M. and M. McLaurin. 1975. Mobile: American river city. Mobile: Easter 

Publishing Co. 

Thompson, J. 2001. Black life in Mississippi: Essays on political, social, and cultural 

studies in a deep south state. Lanham: University Press of America. 

Thompson, W. 1996. Native American issues. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 

Tian, S. 1998. Testing the efficacy of an attitudinal process model of the relationship 

between service quality and visitor satisfaction in a tourism context [PhD]: Texas 

A&M University. 

Tickamyer, A. and C. Ducan. 1990. Poverty and opportunity structure in rural America. 

Annual Review of Sociology 16:67-86. 
2-189

Tiger, L. 1997. December 19. Seminole tourism spotlighted at brit world travel market. 

Seminole Tribune. 

Tijerina, A. 1998. Tejano empire: Life on the south Texas ranchos. College Station: 

Texas A&M University Press. 

Tilley, L. and P. Gurin, editors. 1990. Women, politics and change. New York: Russell 

Sage Foundation. 

To, T. 1989. Cultural identity: A New Orleans Vietnamese cultural center. Baton Rouge: 

Louisiana State University Press. 

Tobin, L. 2001. Post-displacement employment in a rural community: Why can't women 

and oil mix? [PhD]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Tolbert, C. 1958. A sociological study of the Choctaw Indians of Mississippi. 

Tomas Rivera Center. 1995. Latinos in Texas: A socio-demographic profile. Austin: 

Tomas Rivera Center. 

Tomasi, L., editor. 1985. Italian Americans: New perspective in Italian immigration and 

ethnicity. New York: Center for Migration Studies. 

Tomlinson, L.M. 1927. The Japanese colony in Orange County. Texas History Teachers' 

Bulletin. 

Torres, M. 1985. Touring the top 10 U.S. Hispanic markets: Rio Grande valley- the 

magic is gone. Advertising Age 56:40-42. 

Torres, M. 2001. July 9, 2001. Census erred in count of local Latinos, some say: 

Sampling suggested a better alternative. Times-Picayune; 1. 

Tran, H. 1990. Assimilation of Vietnamese refugees in the United States [MA]. Austin: 

University of Texas. 

Tran, T. 1991. Sponsorship and employment status among Indochinese refugees in the 

United States. International Migration Review 25(3): 536-550. 

Trans-Century Corporation. 1979. New economic and social opportunities for Americans 

and Indochinese on the Texas Gulf Coast. Washington, DC: Minority Business 

Development Agency. US Department of Commerce. 

Trapido, E.J., R.B. Valdez, J.L. Obeso, N. Strickman-Stein, A. Rotger and E.J. PerezStable. 1995. Epidemiology of cancer among Hispanics in the United States. 

Monographs / National Cancer Institute 18:17-28. 
2-190

Trengle, J. 1992. Creoles and Americans. In: Hirsch, A. and J. Logsdon, editors. Creole 

New Orleans: Race and Americanization. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State 

University Press. 

Trepanier, C. 1989. French Louisiana at the threshold of the twenty-first century. Projet 

Louisiane Monograph 3. 

Trepanier, C. 1991. The Cajunization of French Louisiana: Forging a regional identity. 

Geographical Journal 157(2): 161. 

Trevino, F., J.A. Bruhn and B.I. Harvey. 1979. Utilization of community mental health 

services in a Texas Mexican border city. Social Science and Medicine 13A: 331-

334. 

Turner, F. 1980. Barataria- (region south of New Orleans & west of Mississippi). 

American Heritage 31:65 (11). 

Tveten, J. 1982. Coastal Texas. College Station: Texas A&M University Press 

Tweedie, S. 1985. Viewing the bible belt. In: Carney, G., editor. Fast food, stock cars, 

and rock-n-roll: Place and space in American pop culture. Lanham: Rowman & 

Littlefield. 

Tyler, R., editor. 1996. The new handbook of Texas. Austin: Texas State Historical 

Association. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1974. A study of selected socio-economic characteristics of 

ethnic minorities based on the 1970 census, vol iii. American Indians. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1978. Persons of Spanish origin in the United States: March 

1977. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1979. The social and economic status of the black population 

in the United States: An historical view, 1790-1978. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 

Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1990. Social and economic characteristics: Texas. 

Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1993. Current population reports: Population projections for 

states, by age, sex, race and Hispanic origin 1993-2020. Washington, D.C.: U.S. 

Bureau of the Census. 

U.S. Department of Commerce. Louisiana, Chitimacha Reservation. Economic 

Development Administration [cited June 19, 2002]. 
2-191

U.S. Department of Commerce. 1978. U.S. Spanish origin population now 12 million 

census survey shows. Washington, D.C.: Commerce News. 

U.S. Department of Commerce; Economics and Statistics Administration. 1970. 1970 

census of population and housing for census tracts Tampa-St PetersburgClearwater. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census. 

U.S. Department of Commerce; Economics and Statistics Administration. 1980. 1980 

census of population and housing for census tracts Tampa-St PetersburgClearwater. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census. 

U.S. Department of Commerce; Economics and Statistics Administration. 1990. 1990 

census of population and housing for census tracts Tampa-St PetersburgClearwater. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census. 

U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare. 1980. Health status of minorities and 

low-income groups. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 

U.S. Department of Labor. 1996. Occupational compensation survey-pay and benefits. 

Mobile, al. Mobile. 

U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Arts and Crafts Board. 1979. Arts and crafts of the 

Mississippi band of Choctaw Indians: Indian Arts and Crafts Board, U.S. 

Department of the Interior. 

U.S. International Trade Commission. 1985. Conditions of competition affecting the U.S. 

Gulf and South Atlantic shrimp industry. Washington, D C: U.S. GPO. 

U.S. Office of Education and Florida State Department of Education. A guide and 

curriculum for migrant pre-school children. Cultural Transformation Center. 

U.S. Senate. 1990. Providing for federal recognition of the Mowa band of Choctaw 

Indians of Alabama. U.S. Senate, 101st Congress. 

Ulrich, C. 1986. Choctaw morphophonology [PhD]. Los Angeles: University of 

California. 

United States Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. 1992. Rapid health needs 

assessment following hurricane Andrew-Florida and Louisiana 1992. Morbidity 

and Mortality Weekly Report 41(37): 685 (4). 

United States Centers For Disease Control And Prevention. 1998. Demographic 

characteristics of persons with out a regular source of medical care, selected 

states, 1995. 

United States Congress Select Committee On Children Youth And Families. 1989. 

Caring for young black children at risk in Louisiana. Washington DC. 
2-192

United States Congress; Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. 1993. Seminole tribe of 

Florida v. State of Florida: Hearing before the committee on Indian affairs, United 

States senate, one hundred fourth congress, second session, oversight hearing on 

the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court's resent decision in Seminole tribe of 

Florida v. State of Florida, may 9, 1996, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. 

Government Printing Office: For Sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1996. 

University of Alabama Center for Business and Economic Research. 1976. 

Socioeconomic characteristics of Alabama migrants: A research project. 

Montgomery: Alabama Development Office. 

University of Miami Center for Advance International Studies Research Institute for 

Cuba and the Caribbean. 1967. The Cuban immigration 1959-1966 and its impact 

on Miami, Dade County, Florida. Coral Gables: University of Miami Center for 

Advance International Studies, Research Institute for Cuba and the Caribbean. 

University of South Alabama History Department. 1985. Gulf coast historical review. 

Mobile: History Department of South Alabama. 

University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures at San Antonio. 1978. The Chinese 

Texans. San Antonio: University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures. 

Valburn, M. and S. Andrews. 1991. September 28, 1991. Aristide saw Haitians, us blacks 

as one. Miami Herald; 1B, 4B. 

Valdes, R. 1990. February 15, 1990. American-with Cuban blood. Miami Herald; 26A. 

Valdez, A. 1993. Persistent poverty, crime, and drugs: U.S.-Mexican border region. In: 

Moore, J. and R. Pinderhughes, editors. In the barrios: Latinos and the underclass 

debate. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 

Valdman, A. 1978. Louisiana Creole among new world French Creoles. In: Dormon, J., 

editor. Creoles of color of the Gulf South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee 

Press. 

Valdman, A., editor. 1997. French and Creole in Louisiana. New York: Plenum Press. 

Valencia, H. 1982. Shopping orientations among Hispanics and Anglos in the United 

States [PhD]: Georgia State University. 

Valentine, T. 1997. October 30. C-okee group planning extensive major projects. 

Okeechobee News. 

Van Der Kuip, D. 1995. The use of invasive myocardial revascularization procedures 

following myocardial infarction and the effectiveness of these procedures in the 

biethnic community of Nueces County, Texas, 1988-1991 [PhD]. Houston: 

University of Texas. 
2-193

Van Rheenan, M. 1987. Can you tell me who my people are? Ethnic identity within the 

community of Ebarb, Louisiana [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Vance, R. 1935. Human geography of the south. Chapel Hill: University of North 

Carolina Press 

Vander Zanden, J. 1966. American minority relations: The sociology of race and ethnic 

groups. New York: The Ronald Press Company 

Vanderkooy, S., editor. 2001. The spotted seatrout fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, United 

States: A regional management plan. Ocean Springs: Gulf States Marine Fisheries 

Commission. 

Vanderkooy, S., editor. 2001. The oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico, United States: 

A regional management plan. Ocean Springs: Gulf States Marine Fisheries 

Commission. 

Vanderkooy, S., editor. 2001. The flounder fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico, United 

States: A regional management plan. Ocean Springs: Gulf States Marine Fisheries 

Commission. 

Vasquez, P. 1989. Achievement in mathematics of 7th grade Mexican-American migrant 

and non-migrant students [EdD]: Texas A&I University. 

Veciana-Suarez, A. 1983. March 28, 1983. Nicaraguan exiles begin to climb the ladder. 

Miami Herald; 10BM. 

Veciana-Suarez, A. and S. Dibble. 1987. September 13, 1987. Miami's Nicaraguans: 

Remaking their lives. Miami Herald. 

Vedlitz, A., J. Alston and C. Pinkele. 1980. Politics and the black church in a southern 

community. Journal of Black Studies 10(3): 367-375. 

Veiga, A. 2001. December 2. Hispanics integrating into Florida, blacks remaining 

segregated. Associated Press. 

Veiga, E. 1999. February 11, 1999. Cubans in Miami. New York Times. 

Vent, H. 1954. Some population trends in Mississippi. Journal of Geography 53:141-143. 

Vidaurri, C. 1991. The Mexican-American religious folk art tradition in south Texas 

[MA]: Texas A&I University. 

Villareal, R. 1972. The Mexican-American vaqueros of the Kennedy Ranch: A social 

history [MA]: Texas A&I University. 
2-194

Villarreal, R.E. and R. Gutierrez. Mexican American attitudes toward Mexican migration 

along the United States-Mexico border; 1978; Denver. Western Social Science 

Association Meeting. 

Villas, P. 1998. Texas-Mexico border counties demographics and health statistics: 1998. 

Edinburg: University of Texas System Texas-Mexico Border Health Coordination 

Office. 1, S.R.-N. 

Villemez, W. and J. Beggs. 1984. Black capitalism and black inequality: Some 

sociological considerations. Social Forces 63(1): 117-144. 

Virgilio, J. 1991. The evacuation and resettlement of Indochinese refugees in lower 

southeast Texas, 1975-1980 [MA]. Beaumont: Lamar University. 

Virrick, E.L. 1960. New housing for negros in Dade County, Florida. In: Glazer, N. and 

D. McEntire, editors. Studies in housing and minority groups. Berkeley: 

University of California Press. 

Volbrun, M. 1991. March 17. South Florida's evolving ethnic diversity. Miami Herald; 1, 

25. 

Von der Hehden, F., editor. 1990. Ethnic groups of Houston. Houston: Rice University 

Press. 

Von Drehle, D. and C. Marquis. 1989. January 13, 1989. Nicaraguan stream into Miami; 

many find they must fend for themselves. Miami Herald; 1A. 

Vondruska, J. 1987. The gulf shrimp industry. St Petersburg: National Marine Fisheries 

Service. 

Vondruska, J. 1991. World shrimp situation 1990: Effects on southeast harvesters. 

Galveston: Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine 

Fisheries Service, NOAA, US Department of Commerce. 

Vondruska, J. 1992. Southeast shrimp fishery market conditions, 1991-1992. St 

Petersburg: National Marine Fisheries Service. 

Voss, D.S. 1996. Beyond racial threat: Failure of an old hypothesis in the new south. 

Journal Of Politics 58(4): 1156-1170. 

Vu, N. 1979. At home in America. Nashville: Broadmen Press. 

Vulliamy, E. 1998. Fire in the blood on the bayou (Acadians in Louisiana call for 

apology from British government). The Observer: 11. 

Waddell, J. and O.M. Watson, editors. 1971. The American Indian in urban society. 

Boston: Little, Brown. 
2-195

Waelde, L. 1983. Social meanings of suicide in a southwestern Louisiana Parish. Baton 

Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Waldrop, R.H. and J.G. Bruhn. 1975. Health manpower and health profession education 

in south Texas. Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch. 

Walker, A., editor. 1975. Alabama: A guide to the deep south. New York: Hastings 

House. 

Wallace, R. 1987. August 23, 1987. Nicaraguans jam ins offices for work papers. Miami 

Herald; 1B. 

Wallace, R. 1991. March 6. South Florida grows to a Latin beat. Miami Herald; 1,22. 

Wallace, R. and W. Hosking. 1986. Shrimp in Alabama. Mobile: Mississippi-Alabama 

Sea Grant Consortium. 

Walley, O. 1979. A descriptive study of the Choctaw Indian community in the urban area 

of Pascagoula, Mississippi [MA]. Hattiesburg: University of Southern 

Mississippi. 

Walls, T. 1987. The Japanese Texans. San Antonio: University of Texas, Institute of 

Texan Cultures. 

Walraven, B. 1982. Corpus Christi: The history of a Texas seaport. Woodland Hills: 

Windsor Publications. 

Walton, S. 1994. Flat speech and Cajun ethnic identity in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana 

[PhD]: Tulane University. 

Ward, J.J. 1985. Selected bibliography for the study of southern black literature in the 

twentieth century. Southern Quarterly 23:94-115. 

Wardlow, J. 1969. January 29. Indians, animals long gone, tropical paradise is closing. 

Miami Herald. 

Warner, C. 2001. August 6, 2001. Many Asians drawn to bounty of seafood in waters of 

lower Plaquemines Parish: Influx since 1980's changes landscape. TimesPicayune; 1. 

Warner, C. 2001. June 25, 2001. Young adults find all the need in Elmwood; area packed 

with 25 to 34-year-olds. Times-Picayune; 4. 

Warren, C., J.J. Stack and J. Corbett. Minority mobilization in an international city: 

Rivalry and conflict in Miami. PS 19:626-634. 

Warren, J. 1979. The Texas bay shrimp fishery: A description and management model 

[PhD]. College Station: Texas A&M University. 
2-196

Warren, J. 1980. The Texas bay shrimp fishery: A description and management model 

[PhD]. College Station: Texas A&M University. 

Warren, J. and C. Bryan. 1981. The Texas shrimp fleet: A description. Texas Parks and 

Wildlife Department Management Data Service 18:9. 

Warren, J. and W. Griffin. 1978. Costs and returns trends for Gulf of Mexico shrimp 

vessels. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M 

University. 

Warren, J. and F.W. Twine. 1997. White Americans, the new minority? Non-blacks and 

the ever-expanding boundaries of whiteness. Journal of Black Studies 28(2): 200-

218. 

Warren, R. 1994. Estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population residing in the 

United States, by country of origin and state of residence: October 1992. 

Washington, D.C.: INS Statistical Division. 

Warren, R. and J. Passel. 1987. A count of the uncountable: Estimates of undocumented 

aliens counted in the 1980 census. Demography 24(3): 375-394. 

Washburn, W. 1975. The Indian in America. New York: Harper & Row. 

Washington, S. 1953. An analytical study of the usage of selective types of audio-visual 

aids in the negro high schools of Mobile County, Alabama: Alabama State 

University. 

Watch, A. 1992. Dangerous dialogue: Attacks of freedom of expression in Miami's 

Cuban exile community. Washington, D.C.: Human Rights Watch. 

Watch, A. 1994. Dangerous dialogue revisited: Threats to freedom of expression continue 

in Miami's Cuban exile community. Washington, D.C.: Human Rights Watch. 

Watkins, A.J. and D.C. Perry. 1977. Regional change and the impact of uneven urban 

development. In: Perry, D.C. and A.J. Watkins, editors. Rise of sunbelt cities. 

Beverly Hills: Sage. 

Watkins, A.J. and D.C. Perry, editors. 1977. Rise of the sunbelt cities. Beverly Hills: 

Sage. 

Watson, R.L. 1997. A comparison and study of the "second chance" alternative program 

of the Mobile County public school system: Alabama State University. 

Watt, K. 1999. The impact of catholic schooling on low-income Mexican-American 

students [PhD]. Austin: University of Texas. 

Watt, M. 1986. Federal Indian policy and tribal development in Louisiana: The Jena band 

of Choctaw [PhD]: Pennsylvania State University. 
2-197

Weakliem, D. 1997. Race verses class? Racial composition and class voting, 1936-1992. 

Social Forces 75(3): 939-956. 

Webb, W. and H.B. Carroll, editors. 1952. The handbook of Texas. Austin: Texas State 

Historical Association. 

Weeks, O.D. 1929. The league of united Latin-American citizens: A Texas-Mexican 

civic organization. Southwestern Political and Social Science Quarterly X: 257-

278. 

Weeks, O.D. 1930. The Texas-Mexican and the politics of south Texas. American 

Political Science Review 24:606-627. 

Weinstein, M., editor. 1979. Revolutionary Cuba in the world arena. Philadelphia: ISHI. 

Weinstein, R. 1992. Cultural resources investigations in Terrebonne marsh, south-central 

Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Coastal Environments. 

Weintraub, S. 1984. Illegal immigrants in Texas: Impact on social services and related 

considerations. International Migration Review 28(3): 733-747. 

Weintraub, S. and G. Cardenas. 1984. The use of public services by undocumented aliens 

in Texas: A study of state costs and revenues. Austin: University of Texas Lyndon 

B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Policy Research Project 60. 

Weisman, B. 1989. Like beads on a string: A culture history of the Seminole Indians in 

north peninsular Florida. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Weisman, B. 1996. Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee peoples. In: Gannon, M., editor. 

A new history of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Weisman, B. 1999. Unconquered people: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians. 

Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

Weisman, B. 2000. Archaeological perspectives on Florida Seminole ethnogenesis. In: 

McEwan, B., editor. Indians of the greater southeast. Gainesville: University 

Press of Florida. 

Weiss, N.S., J.A. Katz and L.S. Frankel. 1996. Incidence of childhood and adolescent 

cancer in Texas. Texas Medicine 92(7): 54-60. 

Weiss, S. 1995. Miami bibliography. Miami: Historical Association of Southern Florida. 

Wellmeier, N. 1994. Rituals of resettlement: Identity and resistance among Maya 

refugees in the United States [PhD]: Arizona State University. 

Wells, R.J. 1994. Native American resurgence and renewal. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. 
2-198

Wells, S. and R. Tubby, editors. 1986. After removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi. 

Jackson: University of Mississippi Press. 

West Alabama Planning and Development Council. 1975. Economics atlas of west 

Alabama. Tuscaloosa: West Alabama Planning and Development Council. 

West, P. 1981. The Miami Indian tourist attractions: A history and analysis of a 

transitional mikasuki Seminole environment. Florida Anthropologist 34(4): 200-

224. 

West, P. 1982. Seminole totem poles? New River News 21(2). 

West, P. The woman in Seminole society; 1983; Tallahassee. Florida Anthropological 

Society. 

West, P. 1984. Glade cross mission: An influence on Seminole arts and crafts. American 

Indian Art Magazine 9(4): 58-67. 

West, P. 1986. February 10. Blind pass Seminole village. Seminole Tribune. 

West, P. 1986. March 10. Introduced crafts and totem poles. Seminole Tribune. 

West, P. 1986. July. The Seminole arts and crafts center. Seminole Tribune. 

West, P. 1987. April 6. Doing the boats. Seminole Tribune. 

West, P. 1992. Miami's muck land promotion threatened Seminole sovereignty. South 

Florida History Magazine 19(1): 16-26. 

West, P. 1992. The Seminole old tiger tail and the period of isolation. Florida 

Anthropologist 45(4): 363-368. 

West, P. Seminole warriors in the 20th century; 1993 May 21; Pensacola. Florida 

Historical Society. 

West, P. 1995. March 10. At home on the res. Seminole Tribune. 

West, P. 1998. The enduring Seminole: From alligator wrestling to ecotourism. 

Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 

West, P. 1998. Reviving Florida's 'Native' crafts. In: Borris, E. and J. Becker, editors. 

Peacocks and palmetto fans: Southern craft and American identity. Columbia: 

McKissick Museum, University of South Carolina. 

West, P. and J.R. Carson. 2000. The enduring Seminoles (book review). Ethnohistory 

47(3/4): 777-790. 

West, P. and J.R. Mechling. 1999. The enduring Seminoles (book review). The American 

Indian Quarterly 23(3/4): 201-203. 
2-199

Western, J. 1973. Social groups and activity patterns in Houma, Louisiana. Geographical 

Review 63(3): 301-321. 

Westfall, D.N. and A.L. Rosenbloom. 1971. Diabetes mellitus among the Florida 

Seminoles. HSMHA Health Reports 86:1037-1041. 

Westfall, G. 1985. Latin entrepreneurs and the birth of Ybor city. Tampa Bay History 

7(2): 5-19. 

Westfall, L.G. 1979. Retention of Cuban culture in Tampa. In: Shofner, J. and L. 

Ellsworth, editors. Ethnic minorities in Gulf Coast society: Gulf Coast History 

and Humanities Conference. 

Westmeyer, P. 1953. Tampa, Florida: A geographic interpretation of its development 

[MA]. Gainesville: University of Florida. 

Whisenhunt, D., editor. 1984. Texas: A sesquicentennial celebration. Austin: Eakin. 

White, D. 1977. Social organization and the sea: A Gulf Coast shrimp fishery. Dallas: 

Southern Methodist University. 

White, D. 1977. Environment, technology, and time-use patterns in the Gulf Coast 

shrimp fishery. In: Smith, M.E., editor. Those who live from the sea. St Paul: 

West Publishing Company. 

White, D. Knocking 'em dead: The formation and dispersal of work fleets among 

Alabama shrimp boats; 1988; Mobile, AL. 

White, D. 1989. Sea turtles and resistance to teds among shrimp fishermen of the U.S. 

Gulf coast. Maritime Anthropological Studies 2:69-79. 

White, D. 1989. Knocking 'em dead: The formation and dispersal of work fleets among 

Alabama shrimp boats. Maritime Anthropological Studies 2(1): 69-79. 

White, D. Skipper effect or fleet effect? How Alabama shrimpers find shrimp; 1991; 

Charleston, South Carolina. Society for Applied Anthropology. 

White, D. 1992. Belief in differential skill among U.S. Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishermen. 

American Anthropologist 94(2): 450-452. 

White, J. and Y. Brauner. 2001. From catsup to salsa: A revised vision of 

multiculturalism. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101(4): 396. 

White, M. 2001. Anthropologists and the Eastern Cherokees. In: Bonney, R. and J.A. 

Paredes, editors. Anthropologists and Indians in the new south. Tuscaloosa: 

University of Alabama Press. 

Whitefield, M. 1995. June 13. Hispanics underrepresented on boards. Miami Herald. 
2-200

Wickman, P.R. 1991. Osceola's legacy: University of Alabama Press. 

Wickman, P.R. 1999. The tree that bends discourse, power, and the survival of the 

Maskoki people. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 

Wilber, G.L. and T.W. Rodgers. 1965. Interstate migration of Mississippi population 

1960. Starksville: Mississippi State University; Agriculture Experiment Station. 

Wilkinson, W. 1985. Alcohol drinking patterns in a south Texas Mexican American 

community [PhD]: Sam Houston State University. 

Williams, J.A.J., N. Babchuk and D. Johnson. 1973. Voluntary associations and minority 

status: A comparative analysis of Anglo, black and Mexican Americans. 

American Sociological Review 38(5): 637-646. 

Williams, L. 1951. The people of Tangipahoa Parish: A sociological comparison of two 

ethnic groups [MA]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. 

Williams, L. 1986. An ethnic heritage festival: A feasibility study for the city of Tampa, 

Florida [MA]. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Williams, L. 1995. May 15, 1995. Cajun is voice of gill net way of life. Times-Picayune; 

1B. 

Williams, N. 1932. Eight new pools on Gulf Coast in 1931. Oil and Gas Journal 30. 

Williams, N. 1933. Iowa field becomes the largest in Louisiana and the third largest in 

the Gulf Coast district. Oil and Gas Journal 32. 

Williams, N. 1934. Remarkable development at Leeville is making field one of most 

active on Gulf Coast. Oil and Gas Journal 32. 

Williams, N. 1934. Derrick on specially built barge is solution of drilling on Louisiana 

water locations. Oil and Gas Journal 32. 

Williams, N. 1934. New production record made on Gulf Coast; drilling in 1933 was 

greatest since 1929. Oil and Gas Journal 32. 

Williams, N. 1936. Texas and Louisiana producers enter year with high output. Oil and 

Gas Journal 35. 

Williams, N. 1938. Wildcats indicating two new fields in coastal Louisiana. Oil and Gas 

Journal 36. 

Williams, P. 1997. Grand Bois community health assessment. Baton Rouge: 

Occupational Toxicology Outreach Office 

Williams, T. 1990. The exclusion of sea turtles. Audubon 92:24-26. 
2-201

Williams, W., editor. 1979. Southeastern Indians since the removal era. Athens: 

University of Georgia Press. 

Willie, C. 1997. A place called hope [PhD]: The Union Institute. 

Willmott, K. 1994. Personality characteristics, levels of job satisfaction, and beliefs about 

teaching practices of caregivers in early childhood programs [134]. Tallahassee: 

Florida State University. 

Wilson, C. and W. Ferris. 1989. The encyclopedia of southern culture. Chapel Hill: 

University of North Carolina Press. 

Wilson, K. and W.A. Martin. 1982. Ethnic enclaves: A comparison of the Cuban and 

black economies in Miami. American Journal of Sociology 88(1): 135-160. 

Wilson, K. and A. Portes. 1980. Immigrant enclaves: An analysis of the labor market 

experiences of Cubans in Miami. American Journal of Sociology 86(2): 295-319. 

Wilson, K. and A. Portes. 1980. Enclaves: An analysis of the labor market experiences of 

Cubans in Miami. American Journal of Sociology 86:295-319. 

Wilson, M., editor. 1991. Florida labor studies. Miami: Florida International University 

Press. 

Wilson, P. 1998. School integration and political culture: The busing decision in Mobile 

County, Alabama, 1968-1973 [MA]: University of South Alabama. 

Wineberg, M. 1983. Changing distribution of the black population: Florida cities, 1970-

1980. Urban Affairs Quarterly 18:361-370. 

Winegarten, R. 1996. Black Texas women. Austin: University of Texas Press. 

Wingate, G. 1974. The Kishi colony. In: Abernethy, F., editor. The folklore of Texan 

cultures. Austin: Encino Press. 

Winsberg, M. 1983. Ethnic competition for residential space in Miami, Florida, 1970-

1980. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 42:305-314. 

Winston De Ville, F. 2001. "Cajuns" and neo-ethnicity: Concerns of an AcadianAmerican genealogist. National Genealogical Society Quarterly 89(1): 51-57. 

Wolfe, H. and L. Ziegler. 1961. Citrus growing in Florida. Gainesville: University Press 

of Florida. 

Wolff, T. 1969. The Karankawa Indians: Their conflict with the white man in Texas. 

Ethnohistory 16(1): 1-32. 

Wood, A.K. 1971. Texas coastal bend: People and places. San Antonio: The Naylor Co. 
2-202

Wood, C. West Indian workers in the Florida sugar industry; 1984 April; San Antonio. 

American Sociological Association. 

Wood, C. 1999. The Mississippi band of Choctaw Indians: A case study in economic 

development. Hattiesburg: University of Southern Mississippi. 

Wood, J. 1986. A comparative study of listening comprehension, oral reading 

comprehension, silent reading comprehension, oral reading rate, and silent 

reading rate in English and Spanish of second-, fourth-, and sixth-grade bilingual 

students in selected classrooms of south Texas [EdD]: Texas A&M University. 

Wood, J. 1991. Assessment of the educational needs of rice farmers, Brazoria County, 

Texas [EdD]: Texas A&M University. 

Woods Brown, L. 2001. Ethnographic study of homeless mentally ill persons: Single 

adult homeless and homeless families [PhD]. Tampa: University of South Florida. 

Woofter, T.J. 1967. Migration in the southeast. Demography: 532-552. 

Woolfolk, G. 1965. Turner's safety-valve and free negro westward migration. Journal of 

Negro History 50(3): 185-197. 

Word, R. 2001. November 20. More than half of Miami-Dade residents are foreign born. 

Associated Press. 

Work Projects Administration. General study of the Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi 

with special emphasis upon the Houma and Bayougoula. Baton Rouge: Work 

Projects Administration, Federal Writers' Project. 

Work Projects Administration. 1939. Beaumont: A guide to the city and its environs. 

Houston: Anson Jones Press. 

World Union of Jewish Studies. The Jewish community of south Florida: Proceedings of 

the eleventh world congress of Jewish studies; 1994; Jerusalem. World Union of 

Jewish Studies. 

Worobey, J.L. and R. Angel. 1990. Poverty and health: Older minority women and the 

rise of the female-headed household. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 31(4): 

370-383. 

Wragg, J. 1990. December 30, 1990. The boycott, blacks, and Cubans. Miami Herald; 

2C. 

Wright, G. 1986. Old south, new south: Revolutions in the southern economy since the 

civil war. New York: Basic. 

Wright, J.L.J. Black Seminoles; 1982; Manchester. 
2-203

Wright, J.L.J. 1986. Creeks and Seminoles: The destruction and regeneration of the 

Muscogulge people. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 

Wright, J.L.J. 1987. Creeks and Seminoles: The destruction and regeneration of the 

Muscogulge people. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 

Writer's Round Table. 1950. Padre island, the long Texas coastal stretch that curves 

through the Gulf of Mexico from Corpus Christi to Port Isabel. San Antonio: The 

Naylor Company. 

Wu, D.T.L. 1997. Asian Pacific Americans in the workplace. Walnut Creek: AltaMira 

Press. 

Wynne, L. 1972. Brownsville: The reaction of the negro press. Phylon 33(2): 153-160. 

Xavier, S.M. 1966. Schools in Nueces County. Corpus Christi: Nueces County Historical 

Society. 

Yardley, J. 1996. March 24, 1996. Around the south, troubled waters; gill net restrictions 

threaten to end a way of life in LA. The Atlanta Constitution; 6H. 

Young, A. 1998. Factors associated with African-American women's attitudes toward 

Afrocentric apparel catalogs. Dissertation-Abstracts International 59. 

Young, G. 1992. Chicana college students on the Texas-Mexico border: Tradition and 

transformation. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 14(3): 345-352. 

Youngs, L. 1994. Golf in Palm Beach County: Enduring elite enclaves, 1897-1987 [MA]: 

Florida Atlantic University. 

Zaloudek, M. 2002. February 4. Sizable Greek segment flaunts heritage, cuisine. Sarasota 

Herald-Tribune; E4. 

Zamora, E. 1993. The world of the Mexican worker in Texas. College Station: Texas 

A&M University Press. 

Zamora, E. and J.R. Sandos. 1996. The world of the Mexican worker in Texas (book 

review). The Americas 53:182-183. 

Zamora, E. and A.R. Wells. 1995. The world of the Mexican worker in Texas (book 

review). The Hispanic American Historical Review 75:116-117. 

Zavaleta, A. 1981. Federal assistance and Mexican American health status in Texas. 

Agenda: A Journal of Hispanic Issues: 19-25. 

Zavaleta, A., G. Coray and C. Rubinstein. 1985. Health needs assessment survey for 

Brownsville, Texas: A U.S.-Mexico border community case study 1983-1985. 

Brownsville: City of Brownsville. 
2-204

Zhou, M. and C.I. Bankston. 1994. Social capital and the adaptation of the second 

generation: The case of Vietnamese youth in New Orleans. International 

Migration Review 28(4): 821-845. 

Ziegler, L. 1975. Citrus growing in Florida. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida. 
The Department of the Interior Mission

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility 

for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering 

sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; 

preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; 

and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses 

our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best 

interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. 

The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities 

and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) 

primary responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer 

Continental Shelf (OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian 

lands, and distribute those revenues. 

Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally 

sound exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral 

resources. The MMS Minerals Revenue Management meets its responsibilities by ensuring the 

efficient, timely and accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and 

production due to Indian tribes and allottees, States and the U.S. Treasury. 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially 

affected parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the 

quality of life for all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic 

development and environmental protection.