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U.S. Department of Justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Measuring Crime 

We have all grown accustomed to seeing 

reports about crime rates in the newspapers 

and on television. But where do these 

statistics come from? Most probably they are a count of the number of crimes 

reported to local law enforcement agencies 

and sent to the Uniform Crime Reports 

(UCR) program. The UCR program has bee'V 

developing national statistics on crime from 

local police records since 1930. These 

statistics are published annually in Crime in 

the United States and receive much 

attention in the media because of the 

concern each of us has about crime and its 

effect on our lives. 

You may have also seen articles that 

present statistics on victims of crime and 

discuss victimization rates for the 

United States. These statistics come not 

from police agencies but directly from the 

victims themselves and provide another way 

of looking at crime and its consequences. 

Since 1973,victimization data have been 

collected from households across the Nation 

through the National Crime Survey (NCS). 

Both programs, the UCR operated by the 

FBI and the NCS operated by the Bureau of 

Justice Statistics, are located within the 

Department of Justice. 

Using ,two programs to measure crime is 

not redu.ndant. The National Crime Survey 

was developed in response to the growing 

recognition that police statistics, for all ] 

their importance, have inherent limitations. 

The most obvious is that police cannot 

report crimes that do not come to their 

attention. Crime victims, however, can 

describe what happened to them, whether 

they hav',! reported the crime to the police or not. On the other hand, obtaining 

separate crime statistics for the thousands 

of local communities across the country 

through a victimization survey is impractical because it would require almost a complete census costing billions. This kind 

of geographical detail is available through 

the Uniform Crime Reports. Thus, the 

National Crime Survey and the Uniform 

Crime Reports both supplement and 

complement each other in ways that 

enhance our understanding of crime. 

Crimes meas:lred 

Seven crimes were originally designated, 

on the basis of their seriousness and 

With this issue, the Bureau of Justice 

Statistics begins a monthly publication 

series of issues and facts in crime and 

justice statistics aimed at deGisionmakers. Although Bureau of Justice 

Statistics Bulletins will deal with a 

variety of topics, the intent of the series 

is to make available objective 

information, in nontechnical language, 

about the state of the Nation with 

re.spect to its problems of crime and the 

administration of justice. The Bureau 

welcomes comment on the Bulletins, 

particularly suggestions for topics to be 

treated. All inquiries should be sent to 

the Director, Bureau of Justice 

Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20531. 

Harry A. Scarr 

Director 

frequency, to compose the Uniform Crime 

Reports Crime Index) They are murder 

and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcI5Ie J 

rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, 

larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. 

Arson was added to the Crime Index by 

congressional mandate in 1978. These 

crimes are known as the index offenses but 

are often called Part I crimes because at one time they were reported to the FBI in 

the first part of a two-part reporting 

form.2 The Crime Index is a single 

number obtained by adding together all the 

incidents of each of these crimes. Its 

year-to-year fIuctua.tions have been used to 

measure trends in the volume of crime. 

If more than one index offense occurs during a) single incident, only the most 

serious is reported in the UCR program and 

included in the Crime Index total. The 

seriousness of index offenses is shown by the 

order in which they are listed above. For 

example, if a man breaks into a house, 

I Uniform Cri;ne Reporting Handbook, Federal 

Bureau of Investigation, U.s. Department of Justice, 

p.2. 

2Although the terms "Part I" and "Crime Index" 

are often used interchangeably, they are not 

identical: Part I crimes include negligent 

manSlaughter; the Crime Index does not. Part II 

crimes are, in general, less serious crimes for which 

only arrest data are reported. 

encounters a woman wh'om he rapes and robs 

at gunpoint, and then steals her car to make 

his getaway, he has committed the index 

offenses of burglary, forcible rape, robbery, 

and motor vehicle theft. Only the highest 

ranking offense, the rape, is reported to the 

UCR program and included in the Crime 

Index total. Arson is the only index offense 

for which this rule does not apply; that is, an arson is always reported even if other index 

offenses occur during the same incident. 

Similarly, the National Crime Survey 

classifies each incident by the most serious 

offense that occurred, using a seriousness 

ranking corresponding to that for UCR index 

offenses. Information on other offenses 

t11at occurred at the same time, however, is 

collected in the NCS and presented in some 

reports. 

Six c~imes are measured in the National 

Crime Survey: raee, robbery, assault, v 

household burglary, personal and household 

l~r~en:t:; and motor vehicle theft} The 

Similarity between these crimes and the 

UCR Index crimes is intentional and is even closer than may first appear. Of the two 

crimes totally missing from the National J 

Crime Survey, murder cannot be measured 

through surveys of victims because 

obviously the victim is dead, and arson / 

cannot be measured well through such 

surveys because the presumed victim (the 

property owner) may in fact be the 

perpetrator, particularly if collection of 

insurance is the motive for the crime. 

Professional expertise is often needed to 

determine that a suspicious fire is indeed 

arson and therefore a crime, another factor 

complicating its measurement. Both UCR 

and NCS count as crimes all attempts as ...,J 

well as successfully completed crimes. The 

NCS collects these separately so that totals 

are available for both actual offenses and ,../ 

attempted offenses, whereas the UCR does 

not. 

Rape (NCS) and forcible rape (UCR) are 

defined in the same manner in both series. 

Both involve force or the threat of force. 

The term "forcible" in the UCR is used in 

contrast to "statutory" rape where sexual 

union is consensual but the female is under 

the leg'al age of consent. Neither NCS nor 

3From 1973 through 1976 robberies and 

burglaries of bUsiness establishments were also 

measured in the National Crime Survey. 

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UCR include statutory rape in reporting 

offenses. The NCS definition of rape does 

not specify the sex of the victim; the UCR 

definition requires that the victim be 

female. 

Robbery involves theft directly from a 

person by force or threat of force. Because 

the National Crime Survey is limited to 

household members, robbery of banks and 

commercial establishments is not included 

in the NCS count, whereas such robberies 

are included in the UCR. Both the National 

Crime Survey and the Uniform Crime 

Reports divide robbery into armed robbery 

and strong-arm robbery. 

Assault (NCS) is div~ded into simple e.nd 

aggravated with the latter corresponding to 

the UCR index offense aggravated assault. 

Aggravated assault is a physical attack with 

a weapon or one that re~mlts in serious 

bodily injury. Simple assault occurs when a 

physical attack produces minor injury or 

when injury is only threatened. 

Household bur lar (NCS) and burglary 

(UCR both involve unlawful entry-with or 

without force-usually, but not necessarily, 

to commit a theft. The UCR definition is 

broader because it includes burglaries that 

occur in business establishments, public 

buildings, and other nonresidential structures. People often confuse burglary, 

larceny, and robbery. Household burglary 

(NCS) always requires unlawful entry. If an 

item is taken from your household by 

someone with the right to be there (for 

example, a repairman or a babysitter), the 

crime would be classified as a household 

larceny. If a person unlawfully enters your 

home while you are away, your home has 

been burglarized. However, if you return 

home before the offender leaves and there 

is a personal confrontation, the crime is 

defined as robbery. 

Personal and household larcen (NCS) and 

larceny-theft (UCR both cover the taking 

of property without force. They both 

include pocket picking and purse snatching. 

The UCR definition is broader because it 

covers shoplifting and other thefts from 

business or public buildings. In both the 

National Crime Survey and the Uniform 

Crime Reports a pocket picking or a purse 

snatching is defined as a robbery if force is 

used to overcome victim resistance. The 

distinction between personal larceny and 

household larceny is based upon where the 

item was stolen-whether it was taken from a person without force (personal larceny) or 

from a home (household larceny). For 

example, if you put your briefcase down on 

the bus and someone takes it, a personal 

larceny has occurred. If you leave it on 

your fl'ont porch and it is taken, the crime is 

classified as household larceny. 

Motor vehicle theft is the stealing or 

unlawful use of a motor vehicle. The UCR 

counts theft of motor vehicles owned by 

businesses or other organizations, but the 

NCS counts only those owned by private 

individuals. The National Crime Survey 

includes under "motor vehicle" any 

motorized vehicle allowed on public roads 

and highways, including automobiles, trucks, 

buses, and motorcycles. The UCR definition 

is broader, including snowmobiles and golf 

carts. Neither program includes airplanes 

or motorboats. In both NCS and UCR 

something taken from the inside or outside 

of a motor vehicle-including the motor-is 

a larceny. 

These definitions of NCS find UCR 

crimes, while accurate, are not the formal, 

technically detailed definitions used in their 

respective programs. Those definitions are 

longer and more complicated to ensure the 

proper classifications of even the m.ost 

ambiguous cases. Nonetheless, the close 

correspondence of NCS and UCR crimes 

means that each type of crime can be 

studied from two distinctly different 

vantage points-that of the victim and that 

of the law enforcement agency. 

Learning about crime from victims 

The survey 

Information about criminal victimization 

is collected through the National Crime 

Survey conducted by the Bureau of J'lstice 

Statistics.4 During each 6-month per:od, 

surveyors interview nearly 132,000 members 

of 60,000 households throughout the United 

Staten. In each household all persons over 

13 years old are interviewed directly, and 

information on 12- and l3-year-olds is 

obtained from an older household member. 

The victimization survey not only 

provides information about the crimeS 

defined earlier, but also data about the 

characteristics of the victim, the crime 

itself, and in some cases offenders. It 

includes demographic characteristics of the 

victim such as age, race, sex, educational 

level, and income. Information on the 

characteristics of the crime includes where 

and when it occurred, the extent of injury 

and economic loss suffered by the victim, 

the relationship between the victim and the 

person committing the criroe, the characteristics of the person committing the crime 

as perceived by the victim, and whether or 

not someone reported the crime to the 

police. 

The survey also asks why crimes were not 

reported to the police. Recently, to develop 

a better understanding of why some people 

report crimes l;r,; the police and others don't, 

questions have been addGd to the survey 

asking why crimes were l;eDorted. 

Although the NCS does not provide data 

on the specific cities and counties where 

crimes occur, data are available on the 

characteristics of urban victims, suburban 

victims, and rural victims; victims living 

inside and outside Standard Metropolitan 

Statistical Areas (SMSA's)j and are 

potentially available for victims in each of 

the four major geographic regions.5 

An advantage of the survey is the 

possibility of periodically adding questions 

4The Bureau of Justice Statistics, like many 

other Federal agencies, e.g. the Public Health 

Service and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, contracts with the U.S. Bureau of the Census to collect and 

compile the survey data. 

5 An SMSA, generally, is made up of a core city 

or cities with a combined population of 50,000 or more inhabitants and the surrounding county or 

counties that share certain metropolitan 

characteristics. The four major geographic regions are: Northeast (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 

2 

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for both victims and nonvictims when 

policy makers need information on particular 

topics related to crime and the administration of justice. 

The infol-mation from the survey produces an extensive series of statistical tables and 

charts and provides a wealth of data about 

criminal victimization in the United States: 

For example, one table will show the 

number of persons 65 years and older who 

were robbed; another table, the freql\ency " 

with which rape victims used different types 

of self-protective measures; and still 

another, the percentage of crimes 

committed by strangers, acquaintances, and 

relatives. The tables and charts provide the 

basis for a number of statistical publications 

of the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The 

data are also processed on computer data 

tapes, which are available to research 

scientists who wic;h to analyze them in more 

detail. 

The full utility of these data has not yet 

been realized, because the techniques 

involved in their collection and analysis 

have been developed so recently. To date, 

these data have been used. to estimate the 

costs of victim compensation programs to 

determine whether such programs are 

economically feasible. to determine the 

kinds of special programs needed for elderly 

victims of crimes (since victimization rates 

for this group are low, although fear of 

crime is quite high among the elderly), and 

• to analyze the circumstances connected 

with rape in order to I.)!..!tter inform women 

about this crime. 

It is expected that as these and similar 

survey findings become better known, they 

will advanGe our knowledge and understanding about who the victims of crime 

are, in order to define the national crime 

problem more accurately. Eventually, we 

will be able to answer the question: what 

proportion of the population bears what 

proportion of the burden of crime? 

The questionnaire 

Each person interviewed in the survey is 

asked a series of screening questions. These 

questions, worded in everyday, nontechnical 

language, allow the interviewer to 

determine if the person has been a victim of 

a crime measured by the survey during the 

past 6-month period. It is necessary to ask 

a series of questions, because each specifiC 

question may trigger the memory,gf an 

event the person had forgotten. 

Before victimization surveys were begun, 

many people thought that becoming a victim 

of crime would be so memorable that every 

member of the family would know about the 

event and the victim would have no 

difficulty recalling it. However, careful 

analysis of data collected from victims has 

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 

York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania), North Central 

(Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsm, 

Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South 

Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas), South (Delaware, 

Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West 

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 

Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, 

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas), and West 

(Mont{lna, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexrco, 

Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, 

California, Alaska, Hawaii). 

.. .. 

demonstrated that this assumption is not 

always true. When all members of a 

household w'e interviewed, more incidents 

of crime are reported than if only one 

member is asked to report about everyone in 

the family. Screening questions are 

carefully designed to remind people about 

forgotten events, since more carefully 

worded questions produce more reports of 

crime. 

Any person who answers yes to one or 

more screening questions is asked a detailed 

series of questions about the characteristics 

of each of the crime incidents reported. 

From answers to these questions, it is 

possible to classify the event into a cri,me 

category and to develop detailed information about the characteristics of criminal 

victimization in the United States. 

The sample 

The NCS uses a data collection method 

called sampling, where parts of a group are randomly selected to represent that group. 

The households chosen for the NCS sample 

are n~ientifically selected by the same 

ma'."ematical principles applied in selecting 

the sample used by the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics to determine unemployment 

rates. Each household in the United 

States-whether urban or rural, whether 

living in a detached single-family house or 

an efficiency apartment, whether consisting 

of a family or of unrelated individuals-has 

a chance to be selected for the survey. If 

you have not been selected and have never 

known anyone selected, it helps to 

remember that only 60,000 households out 

of the more than approximately 80 million 

households in the United States represents 

rather long odds. 

Each household chosen stays in the N CS 

sample for 3 years, in contrast to most 

public opinion polls, which interview each 

person only once. Interviews are conducted 

in each home once every 6 months. This 

6-month period was chosen on the basis of 

research in which several different time 

intervals were tested. Shorter intervals 

proved to be too costly. Longer intervals 

(called reference periods) reduce survey 

costs, but if the interval is too long, people 

forget events that have happened to them. 

Interviews are conducted during the first 

10 days of each month with the households 

to be interviewed that month (one-sixth of 

all the households in the total sample is 

interviewed each month). After staying in 

the sample for a 3-year period, each 

household is replaced with a new one. This 

process is an ongoing one; that is, some 

households are always coming into the 

sample while others are leaving.6 

Because the NCS is a sample survey, the 

accuracy of the data depend on the quality 

of the sample chosen and the reliability of 

the information given by respondents. It is 

important in any sample survey to try to 

obtain answers from all of the persons who 

GIn addition, if the household members living at an address in the sample move during the 3-year 

period that the address is included in the sample, the new occupants at thet address enter the sample. No 

attempt is made to follow occupants who move to new addresses. 

are included in the sample. This avoids 

systematic biases in the data that would 

occur if people who refused, or were unable 

to answer questions, were different in some 

special way from people who did answer the 

questions (e.g, more often victimized}. The 

1.Iterviewers conducting the survey 

consistently are able to interview a very 

high proportion (usually 95 percent or more) 

of the sample. This rate of success is higher 

than that usually obtained in many 

commercial surveys. 

To assure continuously high-quality data, 

quality control procedures are carried out at 

all stages of data collection and processing. 

Interviewers are carefully supervised 

through field offices. Supervisors and senior 

interviewers re-interview some individuals 

each month to determine whether the same 

information is given the second time and to 

check both the accuracy of the original 

interviewer and the reliability of the 

questionnaire. When the questionnaires are 

processed, the answers are checked for 

logical consistency, and any inconsistencies 

in the answers are verified and reconciled. 

Samples are used to estimate facts about 

the population as a whole. The larger the 

sample is, the more precisely these facts 

can be estimated. Because crime is a 

relatively rare event, a large sample must 

be surveyed to estimate the facts about 

crime accurately. For this reason, the NCS 

has an unusually large sample: 132,000 

people in 60,000 households.7 Thus we 

can make estimates of crime precise enough 

to be of use to decision makers, and we can 

tell with great precision which of the 

changes in victimization rates are 

statistically significant and which are not. 

In this way we can scientifically separate 

more reliable from less reliable differences. 

Learning about crime from the police 

Compiling the data 

The Uniform Crime Reports program has 

been gathering information from law 

enforcement agencies throughout the 

Nation for more than 50 years. The 

International Association of Chiefs of Police 

(IACP) developed and initiated this 

voluntary national data collection effort in 

1930.li To provide nationwide uniformity 

in the reporting of data, standardized 

definitions have been adopted for all 

offenses. Such standardization is necessary 

to overcome the variations in definitions of 

criminal offenses in different sections of 

the country. 

Uniform classifications of crimes as well 

as uniform prot'edures of reporting are used 

by each of the 15,000 participating local law 

enforcement agencies. Agencies compile 

and submit their crime data through their 

State UCR program to the national UCR (or 

directly to the national UCR in the five 

States that currently do not have State7Byeomparison, most public opinion polls 

interview a sample of 1,500 to 2,000 persons. 

8-rhe Uniform Crime Records Committee of the 

IACP has served in an advisory capacity to the UCR 

since its inception; the Uniform Crime Reporting 

Committee of the National SheriCCs' Association has 

served in the same capacity since 1966. 

3 

level UCR programs). Although the 

participation of law enforcement agencies is 

voluntary, the national UCR program 

currently covers 98 percent of the U.S. 

population. 

Law enforcement agencies report each 

month the number of Crime Index offenses 

that become known to them. The count is 

taken from records of all complaints of 

crime received from victims, from officers .J 

who discovered the offenses, or from other 

sources. Whenever complaints of crime are 

determined through investigation to be 

unfounded or false, they are eliminated 

from the actual count. 

Each month law enforcement agencies 

also report the total number of index crimes J 

cleared. Crimes are cleared in two ways: 

(1) by arrest, when at least one person is 

arrested, charged, and turned over to the 

court for prosecution; or (2) by exceptional 

means, when some element beyond police 

control precludes the physical arrest of an 

offender, such as the suicide or murder of 

the offender prior to arrest or the victim's 

unwillingness to press charges. 

A crime that is cleared by the police is 

considered solved for police purposes 

whether or not the person arrested is 

indicted, tried, or found guilty. For any 

index crime, the number of clearances 

expressed as a percentage of the total 

number known to the police is the clearance 

rate for that crime. 

Arrest data, which include the age, sex, ./ 

race, and ethnic origin of persons arrested, 

as well as the crime for which they are arrested, are also reported monthly f.')r both 

Part I and Part II offenses, by crime 

category. Part II offenses, while excluding 

traffic violations, include all crimes except 

those classified as Part I. Only arrest data 

are available for Part II offenses. Data on law enforcement officers assaulted or killed 

are also collected on a monthly basis. 

Because the Uniform Crime Reporting 

Program is not based on a sample, the data 

are not subject to sampling error, but they 

are subject to error to the extent that there 

are inaccuracies in the administrative 

records upon which they are based. For this 

reason, and because the UCR program 

depends entirely on the accuracy of records 

compiled by local agencies, great effort is J 

made to assure that the data are accurate. 

Each incoming report is examined not only 

for arithmetical accuracy but also, as a 

possible indication of error, for patterns 

differing from those of similar agencies. In 

addition to reviewing individual reports, 

periodic trends for each reporting agency 

are prepared and evaluated. Crime levels 

for each reporting law enforcement unit are 

analyzed five times a year. If there is a 

significant increase or decrease, a special 

inquiry is made to the contributing agency. 

When it is found that changes in crime 

reporting procedures are in part responsible 

for the difference in the level of crime, the 

figures for specific crime categories (or, if 

necessary, totals) are excluded from 

published trend tabulations. 

Although communities that do not submit 

crime reports to the UCR Program 

represent a very small proportion of the 

.1 
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total population (about 2 percent), the UCR 

conducts an ongoing effort to increase 

reporting jurisdictions. 

Geographic data 

UCR statistics are reported for local 

geographical areas, since the local law 

enforcement agency is the basic reporting 

unit. In compiling data by geographical 

region, the UCR Program follows as closely 

as possible the definitions used by the 

Bureau of the Census for geographical 

entities. DataJire included on SMSA's and 

"other cities" (which are identified in UCR 

statistics as those outside SMSA's, most of 

which are incorporated}. For crime 

reporting purposes, rural areas are made up 

of the unincorporated portions of counties 

outside urban places and SMSA's. To 

prevent duplicate reporting of a single 

crime, sheriffs, county police, and State 

police report on crimes committed within 

the limits of the counties but outside cities, 

while local police report only on crimes 

committed within city limits. 

The rich geographic detail of the UCR 

data makes it possible to compare crime 

rates among cities of similar sizes, to study 

urban-rural differences in crime rates in 

different States and sections of the country, 

or to determine the geographic dispersion of 

crime. It provides research scientists with 

the opportunity to look at crime in the 

context of other social and economic 

statistics available at the State or county 

level. 

Analyzing crime \ 

Crime statistics from the National Crime\ 

Survey and from the Uniform Crime Reports 

provide indispensable information for 

policy makers, research scientists, and 

practitioners. They present current trends 

in crimes of violence and theft. They tell us 

who commits the crimes (more precisely, 

who is arrested), who is the victim of crime, 

(lnd where crime occurs. They tell us which 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 

Washing/on, D.C. 20531 

Bulletin 

February 1981 

MJA 

crimes police know about, which crimes 

they don't know about, and why. J 

Frtlquently, the information from both the 

National Crime Survey and the Uniform 

Crime Reports is presented in the form of 

rates. Crime rates are a useful way of 

telling us whether crime is growing faster, 

slower, or at the same pace as the population. NCS rates are generally expressed as 

the number of crimes for every 1,000 people 

(for personal crimes) and the number of 

crimes for every 1,000 households (for 

household crimes). Rates can be 

constructed both for specific crimes and for 

specific groups in the general population. 

For example, the rates for robbery 

victimizations of 15- to 19-year-olds can be 

compared with the rate of robbery 

victimizations of 20- to 24-year-olds, or 

burglary rates for white households can be 

compared to burglary rates for black 

households. The UCR Crime Index rates are 

usually presented as the number of crimes 

per 100,000 people. The UCR regularly 

publishes rates for each index crime as well 

as for the Crime Index total. It is important 

to remember that an increase in the Crime 

Index total can result from any increase in 

any of the crimes in the index, ranging from 

murder to minor theft. 

The analysis of crime can take many 

forms, from simply measuring differences 

among groups or over time tQ testing 

hypotheses or developing theories about 

Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletins 

are prepared and written by the staff of 

the Bureau. The idea was originated by 

Carol B. Kalish, who maintains editorial 

oversight. Marilyn Marbrook, head of 

the Bureau publications unit, administers 

the publication of the Bulletins. 

Although several staff members made 

SUbstantial contributions to this edition 

of the Bulletin, Patsy Klaus is the ' 

principal author. 

Official Business 

Penalty for Private Use $300 

crime. Data from the National Crime 

Survey have been used extensively in the 

simpler forms of analysis, but the realization of their full potential by the application 

of more complex analytic techiques is just 

beginning. Careful analysis of data from 

the National Crime Survey in conjunction 

with data from the Uniform Crime Reports. 

is also producing promising results. 

Whatever the analytic techniques used, it is 

clear that the government's progress in 

measuring crime can only increase our 

ability to understand crime, which is the 

first step in controlling it. 

Further reading 

The concepts, definitions, and 

methodology presented in this bulletin have 

been intentionally simplified and 

abbreviated. The reader who would like 

more information may find these 

publications helpful. The more technical 

presentations of the National Crime Survey 

and the Uniform Crime Reports are 

asterisked. 

An Introduction to the National Crime 

Survey. SD-VAD-4-1977. U.S. Department 

of Justice, 1977. 

Crime in the United States, 1979, Federal 

Bureau of Investigation, 1980. 

Criminal Victimization in the United 

States, 1978. NCJ-66480. Bureau of 

Justice Statistics, December 19&0. 

Criminal Victimization in the United 

States: A Description of Trends from 1973 

to 1978. NCJ-66716. Bureau of Justice 

Statistics, December 1980. 

*Surveying Crime. Panel for the 

Evaluation of Crime Surveys, National 

Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C. 

1976. 

Relationship Between Reported Crime 

Rates and Victimization Survey Results-An 

Empirical and Analytical Study. By J.E. Eck 

and L.J. Riccio. NCJ-67146. Journal of 

Criminal Justice, V 7, N 4 (Winter 1979). 

*Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. 

Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1980. 

Postage and Fees Paid 

U.S. Department of Justice 

Jus 436 

FIRST CLASS 

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