Seamounts and Ferromanganese Crusts Within and Near 

the U.S. EEZ Off California−

Data for RV Farnella Cruise F7-87-SC 

By James R. Hein, Jane A. Reid, Tracey A. Conrad, Rachel E. Dunham, David A. Clague, 

Marjorie S. Schulz, and Alicé S. Davis

Open-File Report 2010–1069

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
ii

U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010

For product and ordering information:

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth,

its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment:

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

Suggested citation:

Hein, J.R., Reid, J.A., Conrad, T.A., Dunham, R.E., Clague, D.A., Schulz, M.S., and Davis, A.S., 2010, Seamounts

and ferromanganese crusts within and near the U.S. EEZ off California--Data for RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1069, 124 p. [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1069/]. 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual 

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.

Cover: Photograph of cut sample from Ben Seamount; porphyritic basalt with 15-mm-thick Fe-Mn crust 

(from figure 59 A) 
iii

Contents

Conversion Factors....................................................................................................................................................... vii

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Ship-Board Operations .................................................................................................................................................. 1

Shore-Based Analyses .................................................................................................................................................. 1

Data Organization.......................................................................................................................................................... 2

Data Description ............................................................................................................................................................ 2

Rodriguez Seamount ................................................................................................................................................. 2

San Marcos Seamount............................................................................................................................................... 3

Adam and Hoss Seamounts ...................................................................................................................................... 3

Little Joe Seamount ................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ben Seamount ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Jasper and Flint Seamounts ...................................................................................................................................... 4

Rock Mineralogy and Geochemistry .......................................................................................................................... 4

Fe-Mn Crust Mineralogy and Geochemistry............................................................................................................... 5

Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

References Cited........................................................................................................................................................... 7

 

Figures

Figure 1. Map showing islands (green) and seamounts within the Southern California Borderland. 

Seamounts pertaining to this study are in bold type; the 200 nmi U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 

boundary is shown in red ................................................................................................................................... 64

Figure 2. Map showing Rodriguez Seamount bathymetry. D, dredge; DSC, deep-sea camera; and R, 

geophysical line locations; contour interval is 100 m.......................................................................................... 65

Figure 3. Map showing Rodriguez Seamount ETOPO bathymetry. D, dredges in red; DSC, deep-sea 

camera in purple; and R, geophysical lines in black; contour interval is 100 m.................................................. 66

Figure 4. Seabed photos of Rodriguez Seamount courtesy of MBARI, collected during the 2004 and 2003 

cruises aboard the RV Western Flyer. A, Bedded volcaniclastic sandstone at 664 m water depth, dive 

T628. B, Cross section of bedded volcaniclastic sandstone at 681 m showing evidence of beach 

deposition, dive T631 (Paduan and others, 2009). C, An eroded volcaniclastic ridge approximately 0.25 

m high at 838 m that has trapped basalt talus, dive T661. D, Outcrop and perhaps a vent at the summit 

of a volcanic cone at 755 m, dive T630. E, Pitted and eroded pavement typical of volcaniclastic material 

at 999 m, dive T661. F, Ferromanganese crusts on lava flow at 1,694 m, with a pink mushroom coral 

(Anthomastus ritteri), dive T629. ........................................................................................................................ 67

Figure 5. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R1; VE, vertical exaggeration. .................................... 68

Figure 6. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R2; VE, vertical exaggeration. .................................... 69

Figure 7. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R3; VE, vertical exaggeration. .................................... 70

Figure 8. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R4; VE, vertical exaggeration. .................................... 71

Figure 9. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R5 with D, dredges 1-4; NR, No Recovery; LB, 

Lost Bag; VE, vertical exaggeration. .................................................................................................................. 72

Figure 10. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry. DSC1, deep-sea camera line 1. ....................................... 73

Figure 11. Map showing San Marcos Seamount bathymetry. D, dredge; and SM, geophysical line locations 

for San Marcos Seamount; contour interval is 100 m......................................................................................... 74
iv

Figure 12. Seabed photos of San Marcos Seamount courtesy of MBARI, collected during a 2004 cruise 

aboard the RV Western Flyer; all photos from dive T669. A, pillow lava at 2,334 m. B, volcaniclastic 

deposit of coarse-grained spatter at 2,347 m, with a sea worm, Aphroditidae. C, outcrop at 2,029 m 

thought to be welded volcaniclastic spatter. D, light colored probably pelagic sediment pockets with 

ferromanganese encrusted volcaniclastic spatter at 2,343 m............................................................................. 75

Figure 13. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM1 with D, dredge; VE, vertical exaggeration........ 76

Figure 14. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM2; VE, vertical exaggeration................................ 77

Figure 15. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM3; VE, vertical exaggeration................................ 78

Figure 16. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM4; VE, vertical exaggeration................................ 79

Figure 17. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM5; VE, vertical exaggeration................................ 80

Figure 18. Maps showing A, Adam Seamount; and B, Hoss Seamount; bathymetry and D, dredge 

locations; contour interval for both seamounts is 100 m..................................................................................... 81

Figure 19. Map showing Little Joe Seamount bathymetry, D, dredge; and LJ, geophysical line locations; 

contour interval is 100 m. ................................................................................................................................... 82

Figure 20. Seabed photos of Little Joe Seamount courtesy of MBARI, collected during a 2004 cruise 

aboard the RV Western Flyer; all photos from dive T668. A, Pillow basalt at 2,161 m. B, A stalked 

mushroom coral (Anthomastus ritteri) on pillow basalt at 2,247 m. C, Truncated pillow lava showing 

cross section of radial jointing due to contraction of the lava during cooling at 2,353 m. D, Talus of pillow 

lava fragments at 2,597 m. E, Slabs of volcaniclastic rock and pockets of pelagic sediment at 2,385 m. 

F, Small mound vent or hornito at 2,335 m. ....................................................................................................... 83

Figure 21. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ1 with D, dredges 12-14; NR, No Recovery; VE, 

vertical exaggeration.......................................................................................................................................... 84

Figure 22. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ2; VE, vertical exaggeration...................................... 85

Figure 23. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ3; VE, vertical exaggeration...................................... 86

Figure 24. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ4; VE, vertical exaggeration...................................... 87

Figure 25. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ5; VE, vertical exaggeration...................................... 88

Figure 26. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ6; VE, vertical exaggeration...................................... 89

Figure 27. Map showing Ben Seamount bathymetry, D, dredge; and B, geophysical line locations; contour 

interval is 100 m.............................................................................................................................................. 90

Figure 28. Map showing Ben Seamount bathymetry, D, dredges in red; and B, geophysical lines in black; 

contour interval is 100 m. ................................................................................................................................... 91

Figure 29. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B1; VE, vertical exaggeration. .............................................. 92

Figure 30. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B2......................................................................................... 93

Figure 31. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B3; VE, vertical exaggeration. .............................................. 94

Figure 32. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B4........................................................................................ 95

Figure 33. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B5; VE, vertical exaggeration. .............................................. 96

Figure 34. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B6......................................................................................... 97

Figure 35. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B7 with D, dredges 15-17; NR, No Recovery; LB, Lost 

Bag; VE, vertical exaggeration........................................................................................................................... 98

Figure 36. Map showing Jasper and Flint Seamounts bathymetry. D, dredge; DSC, deep-sea camera; and 

JF, geophysical line locations; contour interval is 100 m; see Figure 37 for close-up of Flint Seamount. .......... 99

Figure 37. Maps showing Jasper and Flint Seamounts bathymetry. D, dredges in red; DSC, deep-sea 

camera in purple; and JF, geophysical line locations in black; contour interval is 200 m for the seamount 

map and 100 m for the close-up of Flint Seamount.......................................................................................... 100

Figure 38. Jasper Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF1; VE, vertical exaggeration. ...................................... 101

Figure 39. Jasper Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF1; VE, vertical exaggeration. ............................. 102

Figure 40. Jasper Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF2. ................................................................................ 103
v

Figure 41. Jasper Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF2; VE, vertical exaggeration. ............................. 104

Figure 42. Jasper Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF3; VE, vertical exaggeration. ...................................... 105

Figure 43. Jasper Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF3; VE, vertical exaggeration. ............................. 106

Figure 44. Jasper and Flint Seamounts 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF4; VE, vertical exaggeration....................... 107

Figure 45. Jasper and Flint Seamounts single-channel water-gun line JF4; VE, vertical exaggeration.............. 108

Figure 46. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF5; VE, vertical exaggeration. .......................................... 109

Figure 47. Flint Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF5; VE, vertical exaggeration. ................................. 110

Figure 48. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF6 with D, dredges 18-22; NR, No Recovery, LB, Lost 

Bag; VE, vertical exaggeration......................................................................................................................... 111

Figure 49. Flint Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF6 with D, dredges 18-22; NR, No Recovery, LB, 

Lost Bag; VE, vertical exaggeration. ................................................................................................................ 112

Figure 50. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF7 with D, dredges 23 and 24; VE, vertical 

exaggeration. ................................................................................................................................................... 113

Figure 51. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry DSC2, deep-sea camera line 2................................................. 114

Figure 52. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry DSC3, deep-sea camera line 3................................................. 115

Figure 53. Photographs of dredge hauls. A, Dredge D7, Adam Seamount, showing mudstone and Fe-Mn 

crusts. B, Close-up of large center sample from dredge D7 (in A) showing Fe-Mn crust coated in places 

with calcareous mud. C, Dredge D8, Adam Seamount, with small rounded Fe-Mn nodules (right half) and 

basalt with Fe-Mn crust. D-H, Dredge D23, Flint Seamount, primarily basalt including pillow fragments 

with thick Fe-Mn crust, smoothed in places by bottom currents, such as in E; the Fe-Mn crust is coated in 

places with silty mud. ....................................................................................................................................... 116

Figure 54. Sample photos from Rodriguez (A) and San Marcos Seamounts (B-E). A, D4-1 vesicular basalt 

with common vesicles. B, D5-3B fractured basalt with alteration rims along the fractures, encrusted by 

cement supported phosphatized carbonate breccia. C, D6-32 breccia with vesicular basalt in a 

phosphate matrix. D, D6-30 breccia. E, D5-17 basalt with a glass rim........................................................... 117

Figure 55. Photographs of cut samples from Adam Seamount. A, D8-5, Fe-Mn nodule with a fracture filled 

with sediment. B, D9-25, spherical Fe-Mn nodule with old nodule fragment nucleus and zeolites. C, D9-

23, nodule with granular Fe-Mn nucleus. D, D9-3, volcanic tuff or hyaloclastite mixed with phillipsitecemented basalt-clast microbreccia; laminated dark-brown Fe-Mn crust averages about 22 mm thick. E, 

D9-9E, 30-mm thick layered Fe-Mn crust on altered hyaloclastite. F, D9-9B, 35-mm thick layered Fe-Mn 

crust on hyaloclastite; a thinner crust occurs on the underside of the sample. G, D9-1, crudely bedded, 

extensively bioturbated, altered (to phillipsite and smectite) volcanic tuff or hyaloclastite................................ 118

Figure 56. Photographs of cut samples from Hoss (A-D) and Little Joe (E,F) Seamounts. A, D10-3, 25- to 

52-mm thick Fe-Mn crust fragment with zeolitic hyaloclastite inclusions. B, D10-4, massive 20-mm thick 

Fe-Mn crust with clasts of hyaloclastite phillipsite and breccia, resting on an altered breccia with Mn 

cement. C, D11-1, laminated and bored calcareous porcellanite. D, D11-7, 35- to 55-mm thick Fe-Mn 

crust with hyaloclastite clasts. E, D14-2, massive brown dolomitic mudstone with local dendritic Mn-oxide 

lining burrows; Fe-Mn crust averages 10 mm thick. F, D14-3, phosphorite breccia with a 10-mm thick 

black Fe-Mn crust............................................................................................................................................. 119

Figure 57. Photographs of cut samples from Ben (A-C) and Flint (D) Seamounts. A, D17-9, porphyritic 

basalt with 15-mm thick Fe-Mn crust. B, D17-14, massive basalt with 16-mm thick Fe-Mn crust. C, D17-

13, massive basalt with 23- to 35-mm thick Fe-Mn crust. D, D23-3C, large massive pillow-basalt 

fragment with glass rind and 10- to 40-mm thick Fe-Mn crust.......................................................................... 120

Figure 58. REE plots of 2 B, bulk crusts and 2 L, crust layers from dredges D5 and D6, San Marcos 

Seamount: A, Chondrite (Anders and Ebihare 1982) normalized and B, PAAS (McLennan 1989) 

normalized; interval in mm. ............................................................................................................................. 121
vi

Figure 59. REE plots of B, bulk crusts from dredges D11, Hoss Seamount; D14, Little Joe Seamount; D17, 

Ben Seamount; and D21, Flint Seamount; A, Chondrite (Anders and Ebihare 1982) normalized, and B, 

PAAS (McLennan 1989) normalized; intervals in mm. ..................................................................................... 122

Figure 60. REE plots of B, bulk crust and L, crust layer samples from dredges D7, D8, and D9, Adam 

Seamount; A, Chondrite (Anders and Ebihare 1982) normalized, and B, PAAS (McLennan 1989) 

normalized; BN, bulk nodule; interval in mm. .................................................................................................. 123

Figure 61. Ternary diagram showing A, diagenetic; B, hydrogenetic; and C, hydrothermal fields...................... 124

Tables

Table 1. Scientific personnel on RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC. ................................................................................. 8

Table 2. Station locations and operations for cruise F7-87-SC.................................................................................. 9

Table 3. Bathymetry/geophysics lines, RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC, U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, California. . 10

Table 4. Deep-sea camera locations for RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC.................................................................... 11

Table 5. Dredge locations and major rock types for RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC.................................................. 12

Table 6. Location and description of dredge hauls, cruise F7-87-SC....................................................................... 13

Table 7. Foraminifer and calcareous nannofossil ages of sediments and sedimentary rocks.................................. 19

Table 8. X-ray diffraction mineralogy of substrate rocks. ......................................................................................... 20

Table 9. Whole-rock chemical composition (weight percent) of substrate rocks on six seamounts. ........................ 21

Table 10. X-ray diffraction mineralogy of ferromanganese deposits. ....................................................................... 22

Table 11. Chemical composition of Fe-Mn crusts and nodules................................................................................ 24

Table 12. Hygroscopic water-free chemical composition (data in Table 11 normalized to 0% H2O-

). ...................... 35

Table 13. Rare-earth element concentrations (in ppm) of Fe-Mn crust and nodule samples from six seamounts, 

 normalized to 0% H2O-. ...................................................................................................................................... 43

Table 14. Statistics for all crust and nodule data from Tables 12 and 13................................................................. 45

Table 15. Statistics for 60 bulk crusts and nodules from Tables 12 and 13. ............................................................ 46

Table 16. Statistics for crust layer data from Tables 12 and 13. .............................................................................. 47

Table 17. Statistics for nodule data from Adam Seamount from Table 12. .............................................................. 48

Table 18. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Rodriguez Seamount from Table 12................................................ 49

Table 19. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from San Marcos Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13. ............................. 50

Table 20. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Adam Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13. ....................................... 51

Table 21. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Hoss Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13. ........................................ 52

Table 22. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Little Joe Seamount, from Table 12................................................. 53

Table 23. Statistics for 6 Fe-Mn bulk crusts, Ben Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13.............................................. 54

Table 24. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Flint Seamount, from Table 12. ....................................................... 55

Table 25. Correlation matrix for bulk crusts; data from Tables 12 and 13................................................................ 56

Table 26. Correlation matrix for crust layers; original data in Tables 12 and 13....................................................... 59

Table 27. Correlation matrix for 7 nodules from Adam Seamount, original data in Table 12. .................................. 62
vii

Conversion Factors

Multiply By To obtain

Length

millimeter (mm) 25.4 inch (in)

meter (m) 0.3048 foot (ft)

meter (m) 0.9144 yard (yd) 

kilometer (km) 1.852 mile, nautical (nmi)

Kilometer (km) 0.6214 Mile (mi)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32

Abbreviations and Acronyms

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

RV Research Vessel

m Meters

mm Millimeters

Ma Mega-annum (one million years)

kHz Kilohertz

s Second

D Dredge

REE Rare-Earth Element
1

Seamounts and Ferromanganese Crusts Within and Near 

the U.S. EEZ Off California−Data for RV Farnella Cruise 

F7-87-SC

By James R. Hein1, Jane A. Reid2, Tracey A. Conrad1, Rachel E. Dunham3, David A. Clague4, Marjorie S. Schulz1, 

and Alicé S. Davis4

Introduction 

The purpose of this report is to present and briefly describe ship-board and laboratory data for a 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research cruise aboard the RV Farnella that took place December 3-21, 

1987 (cruise F7-87-SC; tables 1 and 2, fig. 1). The purpose of the cruise was to survey seamounts and 

ferromanganese crusts within and near the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) off California. Eight 

seamounts were studied−Rodriguez, San Marcos, Adam, Hoss, Little Joe, Ben, Flint, and Jasper. A 

geophysical survey of Jasper Seamount took place, but that seamount was not sampled; whereas Adam 

and Hoss Seamounts were sampled, but not surveyed with geophysics lines. 

Ship-Board Operations 

The two main types of navigation used were RhoRho, which is the name of a software program 

developed at the USGS to do direct ranging on Loran C stations (Gann, 1988), and partial coverage by 

the U.S. Navy’s Global Positioning System. Ship-board geophysical operations consisted of analog 3.5 

kHz and 10 kHz bathymetric surveys and an analog single-channel water-gun survey on Jasper and Flint 

Seamounts (table 3), which were surveyed together. The 10 kHz system had technical difficulties, and 

those data are not presented. Bathymetric lines typically crossed each seamount at least twice at nearly 

right angles, and dredge and camera stations were chosen based on those geophysical records. 

Geophysical lines were not run on Adam and Hoss Seamounts. A deep-towed camera sled took port 

and starboard 35 mm still photos at 10-s intervals and continuous 70 mm video. One camera tow was 

on Rodriguez Seamount, and two camera tows were on Flint Seamount (table 4). Because of rough 

weather, the camera sled was often too far above bottom to get good photographs. Consequently, the 

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) kindly allowed us to reproduce several bottom 

photos from Rodriguez, San Marcos, and Little Joe Seamounts that were taken in 2003 and 2004 using 

their ROV Tiburon. Samples were collected using a 1-m circular chain-bag dredge (tables 5-7). Most 

dredged samples were cut, described, photographed, and subsampled in the ship’s laboratory. 

1U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.

2U.S. Geological Survey, Santa Cruz, Calif.

3Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash.

4Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Calif.
2

Shore-Based Analyses 

Mineralogy was determined with x-ray diffraction on powdered samples using CuKα radiation 

and a carbon monochromator on a Philips diffractometer (tables 8 and 10). The abundances of major 

oxides of substrate rocks were determined by x-ray fluorescence and H2O and CO2 by wet-chemical 

techniques; loss on ignition was at 900o Celsius (table 9; Taggart and others, 1987). For 

ferromanganese oxides, most major and minor elements were determined by inductively coupled 

plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP) on air-dried samples (table 10; Aruscavage and others, 

1989). Potassium, Zn, and Pb were determined by flame atomic-absorption (FAA) and As, Cd, Co, and 

Cr were determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption (GFAA). Platinum-group elements (PGEs) 

were determined by fire assay (FA) and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), rare-earth elements (REEs) 

were determined by ICP-MS, and Au was determined by FA and GFAA (tables 10-24; Lichte and 

others, 1987a,b). 

Data Organization 

The data are organized by first showing a bathymetric map for each seamount [figs. 2 

(Rodriguez), 11 (San Marcos), 18 (Adam-Hoss), 19 (Little Joe), 27 (Ben), and 36 (Jasper-Flint)] that 

displays the locations of operations. Three seamounts (Rodriguez, Ben, Jasper-Flint) have an ETOPO1 

(satellite-based digital bathymetry) bathymetric map (figs. 3, 28 and 37, respectively; Amante and 

Eakins, 2009) in addition to the map that was used originally during the cruise. Those original maps 

were modified from the Chase and Menard (1973) atlas. Following the maps are bottom photographs 

for Rodriguez (fig. 4), San Marcos (fig. 12), and Little Joe (fig. 20) Seamounts. Otherwise, the 3.5 kHz 

lines follow the maps (figs. 5-10, 13-17, 21-26, and 29-35). Water-gun lines follow respective 3.5 kHz 

lines for the Jasper-Flint Seamounts pair (figs. 38-52). Photographs of examples of the dredge hauls 

and cut-rock samples are shown in figures 53-57. REE plots are shown in figures 58-60 and a ternary 

diagram of chemical composition is shown in figure 61. Rock mineralogy and chemistry data are 

presented in tables 8 and 9, and Fe-Mn crust mineralogy data is presented in table 10. Fe-Mn crust data 

chemistry is in tables 11 through 27. 

Data Description 

Rodriguez Seamount

Rodriguez Seamount sits on the continental slope at the northern boundary of the borderland. 

Five geophysical lines crossed the seamount, and one camera survey was completed up the northwest 

flank (figs. 2 and 3; tables 2-4). The shallowest point crossed is at about 615 m, and the seamount shows 

a central peak with a gently sloping terrace to the southwest. The 3.5 kHz lines show little sediment 

cover on the seamount and thin sediment layers at the base of the seamount and off structure. The 

seamount may be partly surrounded by a moat. Seabed photographs (fig. 4) and dredged samples (table 

6) show bedded volcaniclastic deposits, lava flows, and lava spatter. 

Recent analysis of geomorphology indicates a broadly domed, smooth, sediment-draped summit 

platform that contains evidence of subaerial exposure (Paduan and others, 2009). Bedded clastic 

deposits are common along the summit (fig. 4A, B). 

Four dredging attempts resulted in two recoveries (table 5). Less than 20 percent of the rocks, 

mostly breccia and basalt (for example, fig. 54A), are coated with Fe-Mn crusts, which are generally 

thin (maximum 22 mm; table 6). The deeper water dredge haul had the thickest crusts. Most rocks 
3

contained only a Fe-Mn oxide patina. The thin Fe-Mn crusts are consistent with a relatively young age 

of the seamount, about 9.4 Ma, possibly as old as 12 Ma (Davis and others, 1995, 2002). 

San Marcos Seamount

This seamount rises from a depth of about 4,000 m to about 1,900 m based on the Chase and 

Menard (1973) bathymetric map (fig. 11), but 3.5 kHz line SM3 (fig. 15) shows the seamount to be 

much shallower, about 1,350 m. San Marcos is elongate NE-SW and has several small deep-water 

volcanic edifices located just off structure. The geophysical lines (figs. 13-17) show that little sediment 

occurs on this seamount, but that well-bedded abyssal sediments occur adjacent to the southeast flank. 

Slump deposits also characterize the lower flanks. Seabed photographs (fig. 12) and dredged samples 

(table 6) show well-developed pillow flows and bedded volcaniclastic deposits and lava spatter (fig. 

54B-E).

Two dredging attempts both recovered samples (table 5). Less than 15 percent of the rocks are 

coated with Fe-Mn crusts, which are generally moderately thick (maximum 50 mm; table 6). The 

shallower water dredge haul, D4, had the thickest crusts, which occur mostly on basalt. Most rocks 

contained only a Fe-Mn oxide patina. These thin to moderately thick crusts are consistent with a 

seamount age of between 11 and 16 Ma (Davis and others, 1995) 

Adam and Hoss Seamounts

This pair of adjacent small seamounts (fig. 1) rises from a depth of about 4,000 m to 2,200 m for 

Adam and 2,500 m for Hoss. Both seamounts are roughly conical. Geophysical lines were not run 

across these volcanic edifices. 

Three dredging attempts all recovered samples on Adam Seamount, predominantly 

hyaloclastite/volcaniclastic rocks, mudstone, and basalt (table 6; fig. 53A-C). The mudstone is 

hyaloclastite or volcanic ash altered to zeolites and smectite (fig. 55D, G). Some kelp-rafted exotic 

rocks were recovered, such as dolostone in dredge D9 (see Paduan and others, 2007 for discussion of 

exotic rocks on California margin seamounts). Fe-Mn nodules were collected in dredges D8 and D9 

(fig. 55A-C). Fe-Mn oxides encrusted all the rocks in D8 and D9 and 25 percent of the rocks in D7 (for 

example, fig. 55D-G). The Fe-Mn crusts are among the thickest collected during cruise F7-87-SC, up to 

120 mm (table 6). The thick crusts are consistent with a seamount age of about 17 Ma (Davis and 

others, 1995), but suggest that the seamount may be as old as the oceanic crust on which it sits, about 22 

Ma. 

Two dredging attempts both recovered samples on Hoss Seamount, predominantly breccia, 

limestone, and basalt (table 6). Some kelp-rafted exotic rocks were recovered, such as porcellanite in 

dredge D11 (fig. 56C) of Miocene age (table 7). Fe-Mn oxides encrusted 95-100 percent of the rocks. 

The Fe-Mn crusts are also among the thickest collected during cruise F7-87-SC, up to 83 mm (table 6; 

fig. 56A, 56B, 56D). Rocks from Hoss Seamount have not been dated, but the thick crusts suggest an 

age similar to that of Adam Seamount. 

Little Joe Seamount

This northeast-southwest elongate seamount occurs just west of the Patton Escarpment and rises 

from about 3,600 m water depth to a summit near 2,400 m (fig. 19). However, the 3.5 kHz lines show 

that the summit is near 2,160 m water depth (figs. 21 and 25). The geophysical lines (figs. 21-26) show 

that little sediment occurs on this seamount or around its base, but that a thin sediment layer occurs 

adjacent to the east flank (figs. 24 and 25). Slump deposits occur along the lower flanks. Seabed 

photographs (fig. 20) and dredged samples (table 6) indicate predominantly well-developed pillow and 
4

massive lava flows and volcaniclastic breccia. Phosphorite breccia and mudstone are minor rock types 

(fig. 56E, 56F). 

Three dredging attempts resulted in two recoveries of samples (table 5). All of the rocks are 

coated with Fe-Mn crusts, which are generally moderately thick (maximum 65 mm; table 6). The 

thicker crusts collected are not consistent with the poorly constrained seamount age of <7±3 Ma (Davis 

and others, 1995). 

Ben Seamount

This northeast-southwest elongate seamount occurs west of Little Joe Seamount and rises from 

about 3,800 m water depth to a summit near 2,700 m (figs. 27 and 28). The 3.5 kHz lines show only 

slightly shallower depths, near 2,600 m (fig. 29). The geophysical lines (figs. 29-35) show that little 

sediment occurs on this seamount, but well-bedded sediment layers occur adjacent to the north flank 

(fig. 30). Slump deposits occur along the lower flanks. Dredged samples (table 6) indicate 

predominantly massive and pillow lavas with abundant glass (fig. 57A-C) and lesser amounts of 

volcaniclastic breccia, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone, and minor phosphorite. 

Three dredging attempts resulted in one recovery of samples (table 5). All of the rocks are 

coated with Fe-Mn crusts, which are generally thin to moderately thick (maximum 42 mm; table 6). The 

Fe-Mn crusts are generally thin considering a seamount age of about 20 Ma (Davis and others, 1995). 

Nannofossils from sample D17-3 indicate a questionable Miocene age (table 7). 

Jasper and Flint Seamounts

These two seamounts were surveyed together, but only Flint was sampled because dredging 

proved to be difficult and, therefore, time consuming, leaving no time to sample Jasper (figs. 36 and 37). 

The seamounts occur just west of the U.S. EEZ (fig. 1) and rise from a base of about 4,000 m to a 

summit at about 1,700 m for Flint and 600 m for Jasper. The shallowest depths on the 3.5 kHz records 

are 1,380 m for Flint (fig. 48) and 853 m for Jasper (fig. 42). Both seamounts are nearly conical, and 

smaller volcanic edifices surround Jasper. The geophysical lines (figs. 38-52) show that little sediment 

occurs on Jasper seamount, but well-bedded sediment layers occur in the trough between Jasper 

Seamount and the volcanic edifice to the south (figs. 42 and 44) and possibly to the northwest, of Flint 

Seamount (fig. 46). Slump deposits occur along the lower flanks. Dredged samples from Flint 

Seamount (table 6; fig. 53D-H) indicate predominantly massive and pillow lavas with moderate 

amounts of glass (fig. 57A-C).

Seven dredging attempts on Flint Seamount resulted in two with recoveries of rock samples, and 

one with solely biota (table 5). All of the rocks are coated with Fe-Mn crusts, which are generally thin to 

somewhat moderately thick (maximum 40 mm; table 6). The Fe-Mn crusts are generally in agreement 

with a seamount age of ≤11 Ma (Pringle and others, 1991, assuming that Flint is of a similar age as 

Jasper. Mud from sample D23-1 on Flint Seamount has an age of late Pleistocene or younger (table 7). 

Rock Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Detailed mineralogy, petrography, petrology, major-and minor-element chemistry, isotopes, and 

age dating of the basalts collected during this cruise is reported by Davis and others (1995). Davis and 

others dealt with the least altered rocks, and here we present data on altered basalts, as well as other 

rock types. Exotic rocks brought to the seamounts by kelp rafting include dolostone (D3-11, D9-33, 

D9-34, and D14-2), porcellanite (D11-1), and quartzite (D17-30) (tables 8 and 9). Those rocks will not 

be further discussed. 

The main rock types include basalt, breccia, altered hyaloclastite, pyroclastic rocks, and finegrained (siltstone, mudstone) pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rocks. The primary minerals include 
5

predominantly plagioclase and pyroxene, and the volcanogenic rocks are invariably altered to phillipsite 

and smectite, which replace grains and provide cement for clastic rocks (table 8). Other alteration 

products and cements include calcite, carbonate fluorapatite (CFA), todorokite, birnessite, δ-MnO2, and 

rarely zeolites other than phillipsite (natrolite, erionite). Quartz, illite, and chlorite are most likely 

detrital, but quartz may also be in part an alteration product. CFA forms both a cement and clasts for 

some breccia samples (for example, D14-3A) thereby producing a nearly pure phosphorite (table 9); the 

low total oxides for that sample and for D17-8 are due to the absence of F, Cl, and S in those totals, 

which are typically high in marine phosphorite but were not analyzed here. Barite occurs in at least one 

sample (D10-4; table 8) and accounts for the low total oxides in that sample (table 9). 

Fe-Mn Crust Mineralogy and Geochemistry

All Fe-Mn crust and nodule samples are composed predominantly of δ-MnO2, 61-98 percent 

(table 10). Sample D13-1B, a Mn-oxide cemented breccia, is made up predominantly of goethite 

ironstone and volcanogenic clasts. Ironstones have been found on many seamounts throughout the 

central Pacific (Hein and others, 1994), but this is the first example from a continental-margin 

seamount. Sample D13-2A has a similar chemical composition as D13-1B (table 12), but a much 

different mineralogy because the Fe phase is x-ray amorphous; therefore it is not included in table 10. 

Todorokite and, to a lesser extent, birnessite occur in many samples (table 10). These Mn oxides occur 

only rarely (<2 percent of samples) in open-ocean Fe-Mn crusts (Hein and others, 2000), which 

emphasize a fundamental difference with continental-margin deposits (49 percent of samples; table 10). 

This difference indicates either a diagenetic input, or more likely, lower oxygen conditions under which 

the continental-margin crusts formed. None of the Fe-Mn crusts contain CFA, which is common in the 

older parts of thick crusts from the open ocean (Hein and others, 2000). Another major phase is x-ray

amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide, which crystallized to goethite in 18 percent of the samples; this contrasts 

with only 6 percent of open-ocean Pacific Fe-Mn crusts containing goethite (Hein and others, 2000). 

Three crust samples (D10-3, D10-4A, and D13-2C) contain significant barite (table 10), which is 

reflected in the highest three Ba concentrations (table 12). Detrital plagioclase, quartz, phillipsite, 

smectite, dolomite, and illite occur in many of the crust samples. 

Chemical data are presented in two ways−table 11 gives the raw data, which includes sorbed 

(hygroscopic) water content, and tables 12 and 13 present the data on a hygroscopic water-free basis. 

Hydroscopic water can vary up to 32 weight percent and thereby affects the concentrations of all other 

elements. Compositions normalized to 0 percent H2O- (hygroscopic water) can be more meaningfully 

compared and also more closely represent the grade of the potential ore. All analyses of the chemical 

data are made on the water-free data set. The Fe/Mn ratios vary widely from 0.4 to 11, with a mean of 

1.6 (table 14). These Fe-Mn crusts are generally Fe rich compared to open-ocean crusts, where Fe/Mn 

ratios are typically less than 1. Some samples are very rich in detrital material with Si contents up to 25 

percent and Al contents up to about 5 percent. Si is enriched relative to Al compared to the detrital 

component in many samples, especially samples D9-21A-C, indicating a nondetrital source for some of 

the Si, probably biogenic. Other indicators of biogenic input include Ba and P concentrations. Ba is 

greater than 0.5 percent in some samples from San Marcos (to 0.56 percent), Adam (to 0.66 percent), 

Hoss (to 2.4 percent), and Little Joe (to 6.6 percent) Seamounts, the latter of which may also have a 

hydrothermal component (see below). Although none of the samples are phosphatized, the P contents, 

especially of Rodriguez Seamount samples, are quite high, to 0.89 percent. The mean Pb content is 

highest for Fe-Mn crusts from Rodriguez Seamount (table 18), the seamount closest to the continentalmargin zone of upwelling and high biological productivity. This high Pb content may reflect the high 
6

biological input as should the As contents. High Cr concentrations (up to 180 ppm) in Rodriguez 

Seamount crusts likely reflect input from the nearby continental margin. 

Individual samples may have high Co (up to 1.05 percent), Ni (up to 0.91 percent), or Cu (up to 

0.38 percent) contents, the elements generally considered of most economic interest, but the mean 

values for the entire data set are relatively low (0.28 percent, 0.31 percent, and 0.08 percent, 

respectively) compared to open-ocean Fe-Mn crusts (Hein and others, 2000). Our limited data sets for 

Ben (table 23) and Flint (table 24) Seamounts suggest that additional sampling to determine resource 

potential is warranted. Fe-Mn nodules generally have higher mean Cu and Ni contents (table 17) than 

do the Fe-Mn crusts, and this may indicate a diagenetic contribution to the nodules. REEs are also of 

economic interest, and total REEs (up to 0.29 percent for bulk crusts; table 13) and Ce concentrations 

(up to 0.20 percent; tables 12 and 13) indicate that further studies are warranted for this potential 

resource on Ben, Flint, and possibly Rodriguez and San Marcos Seamounts. PGEs are low in all 

samples compared to open-ocean Fe-Mn crusts, with a maximum Pt concentration of 141 ppb, which is 

for a bulk crust from Flint Seamount. 

The REE concentrations normalized to mean chondrite and shale compositions and plotted in 

figures 58-60 generally show patterns typical of hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts. For example, all samples 

show a positive Ce* anomaly, albeit that for sample D8-3D is very small (table 13, fig. 60). All samples 

also show light REE enrichments on chondrite-normalized plots. For the two crusts in which layers 

were analyzed (D8-3 and D9-16) the Ce* anomaly increases with time, such as from the oldest layers to 

the youngest layers. This may indicate that the redox potential of the bottom waters and/or growth rates 

of the crusts changed consistently during the past approximately 10 Ma, becoming more oxidizing. 

A ternary plot of (Co+Cu+Ni)x10:Mn:Fe is shown in figure 61. About half of the data fall within 

field B, which is typical of hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts. The other half defines a trend toward more Ferich compositions, and several samples plot near the hydrothermal C field. Since field B is defined by 

open-ocean Fe-Mn crusts, the continental-margin crust hydrogenetic field likely includes much of the 

data to the lower left of the field B. However, several samples may have a hydrothermal component, 

especially the D13 group of samples from Little Joe Seamount, which include the 4 points closest to the 

Fe apex. The next two sample points closest to the Fe apex are from Rodriguez Seamount, with high 

aluminosilicate fractions that dilute the metals, especially the Mn, Ni, and Cu contents. 

A correlation coefficient matrix for bulk samples (table 25) shows that Fe has positive 

correlations with Pb, As, P, V, Y, and the REEs (except Ce), and we interpret those elements to be part 

of the FeOOH phase. Mn has positive correlations with Mo, Ca, Cd, Ni, Pt, Co, Zn, Y, and V, and we 

interpret those elements to be part of the δ-MnO2 phase. V and Y are partitioned between both phases, 

which are consistent with sequential leaching studies of open-ocean Fe-Mn crusts (Koschinsky and 

Hein, 2003). Cu and the middle REEs increase in crusts with increasing water depth of occurrence, 

whereas P, Pb, As, Cr, and V decrease with increasing water depth of crust occurrence (table 25). 

Correlation coefficients for crust layers and nodules show similar relationships with only minor 

variations (tables 26, 27). 

Acknowledgments

We thank the Captain and crew of the RV Farnella cruise F7-87-CP. We thank Paula 

Quinterno, USGS retired, for the micropaleontology ages and Mike Torresan, USGS, and Jennifer 

Paduan, MBARI, for helpful reviews of this open-file report.
7

References Cited

Amante, C. and Eakins, B.W., 2009, ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model−Procedures, data 

sources and analysis: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Technical 

Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, 19 p. 

Anders, E., and Ebihare, M., 1982, Solar-system abundances of the elements: Geochimica et 

Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 2363-2380. 

Aruscavage, P.J., Kirschenbaum, H., and Brown, F., 1989, Analytical methods−The determination of 27 

elements in ferromanganese materials, in Manheim, F.T. and Lane-Bostwick, C.M., eds. 

Chemical composition of ferromanganese crusts in the world ocean−A review and 

comprehensive database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-020, 200 p., 3 

appendices. 

Chase, T.E., and Menard, H.W., compilers, 1973, Bathymetric atlas of the north Pacific Ocean: 

Washington, D.C., U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Publication 1301-2-3. 

Cook, H.E., Johnson, P.D., Matti, J.C., and Zemmels, I., 1975, Methods of sample preparation and xray diffraction data analysis (x-ray mineralogy laboratory, Deep Sea Drilling Project, University 

of California Riverside), in Hays, D.E., Frakes, L.A., and others, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea 

Drilling Project: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, v. 28, p. 999-1007. 

Davis, A.S., Gunn, S.H., Bohrson, W.A., Gray, L-B., and Hein, J.R., 1995, Chemically diverse, sporadic 

volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California: Geological Society America 

Bulletin, v. 107, p. 554-570. 

Davis, A.S., Clague, D.A., Bohrson, W.A., Dalrymple, G.B., and Greene, H.G., 2002, Seamounts at the 

continental margin of California−A different kind of oceanic intraplate volcanism: Geological 

Society America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 316-333. 

Gann, J.T., 1988, Integrated GPS, range-range and hyperbolic Loran C marine navigation system for use 

on IBM AT or compatible microcomputer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-562. 

Hein, J.R., Schwab, W.C., and Davis, A.S., 1988, Cobalt- and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and 

associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands: Marine Geology, v. 78, p. 255-283. 

Hein, J.R., Yeh, H.-W., Gunn, S.H., Gibbs, A.E., and Wang, C.-H., 1994, Composition and origin of 

hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific seamounts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 

58, p. 179-189. 

Hein, J.R., Koschinsky, A., Bau, M., Manheim, F.T., Kang, J.-K., and Roberts, L., 2000, Cobalt-rich 

ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific, in Cronan, D.S., ed., Handbook of marine mineral 

deposits: Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, p. 239-279. 

Koschinsky, A., and Hein, J.R., 2003, Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese 

crusts−Solid-phase associations and seawater speciation: Marine Geology, v. 198, p. 331-351. 

Lichte, F.E., Golightly, D.W., and Lamothe, P.J., 1987a, Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 

spectrometry, in Baedecker, P.A., ed., Methods for geochemical analysis: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1770, p. B1-B10. 

 Lichte, F.E., Meier, A.L., and Crock, J.G., 1987b, Determination of rare earth elements in geological 

materials by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 59, p. 

1150-1157. 

McLennan, S.M., 1989, Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and 

sedimentary processes, in Lipin, B.R., and McKay, G.A., Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare 

earth elements: Mineralogical Society of America’s Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 21, p. 169-200. 

Paduan, J.B., Clague, D.A., and Davis, A.S., 2007, Erratic continental rocks on volcanic seamounts off 

the U.S. west coast: Marine Geology, v. 246, p. 1-8. 
8

Paduan, J.B., Clague, D.A., and Davis, A.S., 2009, Evidence that three seamounts off southern 

California were ancient islands: Marine Geology, v. 265, p. 146-156. 

Pringle, M.S., Staudigel, H., and Gee, J., 1991, Jasper Seamount−Seven million years of volcanism: 

Geology, v. 19, p. 364-368. 

Taggart, J.E., Lindsay, J.R., Scott, B.A., Vivit, D.V., Bartel, A.J., and Stewart, K.C., 1987, Analysis of 

geologic materials by wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, in Baedecker, 

P.A., ed., Methods for geochemical analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1770, p. E1-E19. 

Table 1. Scientific personnel on RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC.

Name Position

James R. Hein

John Barber

Laura M. Benninger

Hank Chezar

Walt Friesen

Marjorie Morrison (Schulz)

Kevin O’Toole

Corky (Ward) Ozanne

Leda Beth Gray Pickthorn

Byron Ruppel

Barbara Seekins

Joe Thomas

Mike Torresan

Jim Vaughan

Chief Scientist

Geologist

Geologist

Camera Technician

Geologist

Geologist

Marine Technician

Marine Technician

Geologist

Navigator

Watch Stander

Electronics Technician

Geologist

Electronics Technician
9

Table 2. Station locations and operations for cruise F7-87-SC.

[D, dredge; DSC, deep-sea camera]

Station Location Operation

01 Rodriguez Seamount D1

02 Rodriguez Seamount D2

02 Rodriguez Seamount D3

03 Rodriguez Seamount D4

04 Rodriguez Seamount DSC1

05 San Marcos Seamount D5

06 San Marcos Seamount D6

07 Adam Seamount D7

08 Adam Seamount D8

09 Adam Seamount D9

10 Hoss Seamount D10

11 Hoss Seamount D11

12 Little Joe Seamount D12

13 Little Joe Seamount D13

14 Little Joe Seamount D14

15 Ben Seamount D15

16 Ben Seamount D16

16 Ben Seamount D17

17 Flint Seamount D18

18 Flint Seamount D19

19 Flint Seamount D20

20 Flint Seamount DSC2

21 Flint Seamount D21

22 Flint Seamount D22

23 Flint Seamount D23

24 Flint Seamount D24

25 Flint Seamount DSC3
10

Table 3. Bathymetry/geophysics lines, RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC, U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, California. 

[no., number; OD, ordinal day; GMT, Greenwich mean time; °N, degrees north; °W, degrees west; nmi, nautical miles; km, 

kilometers; kHz, kilohertz; SCWG, single-channel water gun]

--------------------START------------------ ------------------------END---------------- --------Comments--------

Line 

no.

Day Time

(OD) (GMT)

Latitude

(°N)

Longitude

(°W)

Day Time

(OD) (GMT)

Latitude

(°N)

Longitude

(°W)

 Length

(nmi) (km)

Type

(kHz) 

Rodriguez Seamount

R1 338 1716 34°08.13’ 121°07.10’ 338 1826 34°02.02’ 120°59.56’ 11 20 3.5, 10

R2 338 1830 34°01.80’ 120°59.68’ 338 1921 34°02.90’ 121°07.50’ 7 13 3.5, 10

R3 338 1924 34°02.80’ 121°07.65’ 338 2010 33°57.50’ 121°04.75’ 6 11 3.5

R4 338 2012 33°57.50’ 121°04.65’ 338 2039 34°02.30’ 121°03.37’ 5 9 3.5

R5 338 2043 34°02.30’ 121°03.17’ 338 2117 33°59.24’ 121°00.50’ 4 7 3.5

Transit to San Marcos Seamount

TRAN 339 2319 33°57.58’ 121°10.78’ 340 0934 32°41.96’ 121°41.17’

San Marcos Seamount

SM1 340 0934 32°41.70’ 121°40.90’ 340 1124 32°31.17’ 121°27.82’ 16 30 3.5, 10

SM 2 340 1138 32°31.15’ 121°28.64’ 340 1315 32°31.40’ 121°36.92’ 4 7 3.5, 10

SM 3 340 1321 32°31.63’ 121°36.85’ 340 1806 32°46.10’ 121°22.82’ 20 37 3.5, 10

SM 4 340 1817 32°46.60’ 121°22.36’ 340 1927 32°45.16’ 121°27.54’ 5 9 3.5, 10

SM 5 340 1929 32°45.05’ 121°27.61’ 340 2223 32°31.26’ 121°27.78’ 15 28 3.5, 10

Transit to Hoss Seamount

TRAN 342 0910 32°05.22’ 121°17.51’ 342 1030 31°59.84’ 121°27.99’

Transit to Little Joe Seamount

TRAN 342 1957 31°59.59’ 121°28.48’ 343 0230 31°54.28’ 120°01.70’

Little Joe Seamount

LJ1 343 0257 31°56.53’ 120°05.89’ 343 0402 31°53.41’ 119°59.83’ 5 9 3.5, 10

LJ2 343 0406 31°53.11’ 119°59.83’ 343 0513 31°49.83’ 120°05.23’ 5 9 3.5, 10

LJ3 343 0516 31°50.20’ 120°05.50’ 343 0716 32°00.00’ 120°00.00’ 11 20 3.5, 10

LJ4 343 0720 32°00.00’ 120°00.00’ 343 0824 31°56.20’ 119°55.90’ 6 11 3.5, 10

LJ5 343 0832 31°56.20’ 119°55.90’ 343 1049 31°53.90’ 120°07.20’ 9 17 3.5, 10

LJ6 343 1053 31°53.90’ 120°07.20’ 343 1236 31°53.35’ 119°59.55’ 6 11 3.5, 10

Transit to Ben Seamount

TRAN 344 0530 31°54.63’ 120°02.44’ 344 0902 31°46.71’ 120°39.49’

Ben Seamount

B1 344 0910 31°45.67’ 120°42.26’ 344 1215 31°40.80’ 120°54.82’ 13 24 3.5, 10

B2 344 1219 31°40.89’ 120°55.01’ 344 1321 31°46.26’ 120°53.50’ 5 9 3.5, 10

B3 344 1325 31°46.14’ 120°53.31’ 344 1513 31°39.55’ 120°49.55’ 7 13 3.5, 10

B4 344 1517 31°39.55’ 120°49.55’ 344 1542 31°40.68’ 120°47.02’ 2 4 3.5, 10

B5 344 1543 31°40.75’ 120°47.05’ 344 1701 31°45.35’ 120°49.53’ 5 9 3.5, 10

B6 344 1706 31°45.67’ 120°49.04’ 344 1742 31°46.83’ 120°45.75’ 3 6 3.5, 10

B7 344 1747 31°46.83’ 120°45.75’ 344 1903 31°42.61’ 120°43.19’ 4 7 3.5, 10

Transit to Jasper/Flint Seamounts

TRAN 345 1400 31°43.38’ 120°46.31’ 346 0400 30°51.44’ 121°57.85’

Jasper/Flint Seamounts

JF1 346 0425 30°37.40’ 122°24.50’ 346 0915 30°19.70’ 122°54.20’ 29 54 3.5, 10, SCWG

JF2 346 1000 30°19.46’ 122°54.70’ 346 1301 30°34.01’ 122°46.18’ 16 30 3.5, 10, SCWG

JF3 346 1305 30°33.87’ 122°46.00’ 346 1950 30°05.97’ 122°43.95’ 27 50 3.5, 10, SCWG

JF4 346 2006 30°05.50’ 122°43.55’ 347 0621 30°45.40’ 123°18.94’ 62 115 3.5, 10, SCWG

JF5 347 0630 30°45.70’ 123°19.27’ 347 0715 30°41.37’ 123°20.04’ 3 6 3.5, 10, SCWG

JF6 347 0719 30°40.96’ 123°19.90’ 347 1021 30°34.97’ 123°06.28’ 16 30 3.5, 10, SCWG

JF7 349 1254 30°36.50’ 123°13.00’ 349 1428 30°33.00’ 123°11.50’ 4 7 3.5, 10, SCWG
11

Table 4. Deep-sea camera locations for RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC.

[DSC1, Rodriguez Seamount; DSC2, 3, Flint Seamount; °N, degrees north; °W, degrees west; hrs, hours; s, seconds; DSC, 

deep sea camera; m, meters; ft, feet; mm, millimeter; --, no data; ~, approximately; ‘, feet]

DSC 

number

Station 

number

Latitude

(°N)

Longitude

(°W)

Water depth,

in meters

Video Still pictures

port

Still pictures

starboard

DSC1 4 34°02.6’ 121°03.8’ 650 4.5 hrs 6 hrs 37 min., 35mm format, 10 s 

interval

31°05.8’ 121°07.1’ 2,028 3-7 m off 

bottom

~250' exposed 

film

~300’exposed 

film

100' developed 

film

100 ft 

developed film

DSC2 20 30°37.08’ 123°13.26’ 1,340 4.5 hrs 6 hrs 30 min., 35mm format, 10 s 

interval

30°39.32’ 123°14.63’ 2,195 3-7 m off 

bottom

~300' exposed 

film

288' exposed 

film

100' developed 

film

50' developed 

film

DSC3 25 30°37.15’ 123°13.08’ 1,345 4.5 hrs 6 hrs with DSC2, 35mm format, 8 s 

interval

-- -- 2,830 3-7 m off 

bottom

~150' exposed 

film,

135' exposed 

film

45' developed 

film

90' developed 

film
12

Table 5. Dredge locations and major rock types for RV Farnella cruise F7-87-SC.

[

O N, degrees north; O W, degrees west.]

Dredge 

number

Latitude 

(°N)

Longitude 

(°W)

Water depth, 

in meters 

Seamount Major rock types 

D1 33°59.32’

34°00.58’

120°59.97’

121°01.36’

2,095-1,500 Rodriguez No recovery

D2 34°00.22’

34°00.90’

121°00.70’

121°02.30’

1,060-1,015 Rodriguez Lost bag 

D3 34°00.3'

34°00.9'

121°01.7'

121°02.3'

1,150-1,050 Rodriguez Volcaniclastic breccia, basalt

D4 34°01.4'

34°01.6'

121°02.7'

121°02.7'

900-860 Rodriguez Fe-Mn crusts, basalt, volcaniclastic 

breccia

D5 32°33.21'

32°32.9'

121°30.39'

121°30.2'

3,435-3,385 San Marcos Fe-Mn crusts, olivine basalt, 

volcaniclastic breccia

D6 32°34.30'

32°34.66'

121°31.76'

121°32.20'

2,250-2,155 San Marcos Vesicular basalt, volcanic breccia, 

mudstone

D7 32°02.68'

32°02.87'

121°13.72'

121°13.96'

3,775-3,610 Adam Fe-Mn crusts, mudstone, basalt, 

volcaniclastic breccia

D8 32°03.42'

32°03.27'

121°14.44'

121°15.02'

3,270-3,250 Adam Fe-Mn crusts and nodules, vesicular 

basalt

D9 32°06.06'

32°05.09'

121°16.06'

121°16.66'

2,300-2,235 Adam Fe-Mn crusts, hyaloclastite, dolomite, 

vesicular basalt

D10 31°59.1'

31°58.8'

121°28.8’

121°28.7'

2,850-2,790 Hoss Fe-Mn crusts, breccia, phosphorite

D11 31°59.4'

31°59.39'

121°28.5'

121°28.6'

2,560-2,540 Hoss Fe-Mn crusts, laminated porcellanite, 

basalt

D12 31°53.60’

31°53.96’

120°00.19’

120°00.79’

3,250-2,675 Little Joe No Recovery

D13 31°54.38'

31°54.27'

120°01.73'

120°01.49'

2,580-2,520 Little Joe Fe-Mn crusts, breccia

D14 31°54.63'

31°54.47'

120°02.21'

120°01.89'

2,445-2,225 Little Joe Fe-Mn crusts, basalt, dolomitic 

mudstone, phosphorite breccia

D15 31°43.29’

31°42.95’

120°43.11’

120°43.38’

3,445-3,400 Ben No Recovery

D16 31°44.50’

31°44.75’

120°44.30’

120°45.19’

2,950-2,895 Ben Lost 540 meter wire and bag

D17 31°44.20'

31°44.54'

120°44.12'

120°44.17'

2,925-2,875 Ben Fe-Mn crusts, basalt, volcaniclastic 

breccia, mudstone

D18 30°36.47’

30°36.56’

123°14.00’

123°14.01’

1,700-1,570 Flint Lost Bag

D19 30°36.55’

30°36.29’

123°13.33’

123°13.01’

1,450-1,325 Flint No Recovery

D20 30°37.06’

30°37.33’

123°13.52’

123°13.71’

1,450-1,325 Flint Lost Bag 

D21 30°36.57'

30°36.51'

123°13.12'

123°13.11'

1,470-1,455 Flint Fe-Mn crusts, basalt

D22 30°36.53'

30°36.52'

123°13.17'

123°12.23'

1,470-1,450 Flint All biology

D23 30°33.56'

30°33.67'

123°11.27'

123°10.91'

2,890-2,855 Flint Fe-Mn crusts, basalt

D24 30°34.99’

30°34.30’

123°11.71’

123°11.50’

2,670-2,411 Flint No recovery
13

Table 6. Location and description of dredge hauls, cruise F7-87-SC.

[CFA, carbonate fluorapatite; kg, kilogram; %, percent; --, no data; mm, millimeter]

Dredge Total 

(kg)

% from 

Outcrop

% 

Talus

%

Encrusted

Ferromanganese oxides Substrate rocks

D1 0 -- -- -- No recovery --

D2 0 -- -- -- Lost bag --

D3 150 50 50 80 patina Botryoidal, smooth to granular 

surface textures; most rocks with 

a patina, brown to black: layering 

in the thicker crusts with thin 

CFA layers between crust and 

substrate;

maximum thickness: 22 mm

average thickness: 8 mm 

74% volcaniclastic breccia 

with olive-green and 

black, subrounded, cobble 

to sand size, vesicular 

basalt clasts in yellowochre CFA cement and 

fine-grained volcanic 

debris matrix; minor 

poorly consolidated, 

highly altered breccia with 

CFA cement; 25% black 

vesicular basalt: some 

vesicles filled with 

sediment; <1% brown 

dolostone with burrows 

and borings; encrusting 

forams on rocks

D4 80 5 95 75 patina

5 crust

Smooth and lizard skin botryoids

maximum thickness: 6 mm

average thickness: 3 mm

75% dark blue-gray basalt, 

aphanitic, vesicular to 

amygdaloidal, boulder to 

cobble sizes; 24% 

volcaniclastic breccia: 

boulders to pebbles, with 

blocky basalt clasts, small 

altered rounded clasts in 

orange-yellow zeolite 

cement and altered sandsized grains; encrusting 

organisms on upper and 

lower surfaces

D5 255 5 95 85 patina

15 crust

Dominantly smooth surface 

texture, subdued botryoids, 

granular on the sides; laminated 

black to brown massive outer 

layer; porous, Fe stained between 

crust layers;

maximum thickness: 35 mm

average thickness: 8 mm

98% grayish blue and 

beige, massive olivine 

basalt cobbles; some 

vesicular, one small 

boulder with a black glass 

rind, pale-brown mud in 

fractures and fractured 

surfaces of some basalts; 

1% volcaniclastic breccia: 

gray basalt clasts and few 

basaltic glass clasts in a 

zeolite matrix; encrusting 

forams on surface
14

Table 6 continued

Dredge Total 

(kg)

% from 

Outcrop

% 

Talus

%

Encrusted

 Ferromanganese Oxides Substrate Rocks

D6 500 10 90 95 patina Minor small sized botryoids, 

smooth to granular, few with 

eroded surface, 2 to 4 layers: 

1) outer, brown laminated, 

porous, some with inclusions 

of vesicular basalt clasts and 

dolostone, vugs, and/or Fe 

staining; 2) black, or metallic 

gray-black laminated or wavy 

laminated, massive, porous, 

occasional Fe stained and 

carbonate lenses; 3) black, 

massive with volcanic clasts, 

some altered clasts; 4) inner, 

thin carbonate layer

maximum thickness: 50 mm

average thickness: 8 mm

75% gray vesicular basalt; 

carbonate and/or mud in 

vesicles, chill rinds on cobbles 

and boulders with Mn cement, 

few altered basalt; 24% 

volcanic breccia; subangular to 

subrounded, poorly sorted, 

cobble- to sand-sized vesicular 

basalt clasts with zeolite or Mn 

cement or in a orange-yellow 

or green-gray sand matrix; 

alteration rim of palagonite in 

large clasts; <1% sandstone 

and mudstone; burrows in 

mudstone filled with Mn 

oxides 

D7 80 95 5 25 Botryoidal, granular, smooth 

surface textures; black, 

brown, yellow-brown; 

massive to laminated; 

occasional inclusions of tiny 

basalt fragments with yellow 

iron-oxide rims

maximum thickness: 30 mm

average thickness: 15 mm

93% yellowish-white or 

greenish-brown mudstone; 

yellowish-white mudstone has 

many borings lined with black 

Mn oxides and filled with 

brown mud; some small green 

grains; some borings in the 

greenish-brown mudstone; 2% 

gray basalt: sparsely vesicular, 

few blebs of carbonate; 2% 

volcaniclastic breccia; poorly 

sorted, dark-gray vesicular 

basalt clasts, some with Mn or 

Mn-Fe oxide rims; 2% 

encrusting forams, worm tubes, 

glass sponges on top crust; 

<1% trachyte

D8 20 100 0 100 Smooth, modified botryoids, 

lizard skin and granular 

surfaces; few crusts without 

substrate; 2 to 3 layers: 1) 

outer, laminated brown, 

massive; 2) black, wavy 

laminated with carbonate 

blebs and laminae, massive; 

and/or 3) inner, massive 

brown with carbonate filling 

fractures and between basalt 

fragments; 58% nodules: 

lobate and spherical, 

combination of layer 1 and 2, 

also with carbonate in 

fractures

maximum thickness: 68 mm

average thickness: 18 mm

65% finely vesicular basalt, 

mudstone layer between crust 

and basalt; 35% 

nodules−nuclei vary from 

angular old crust fragments, 

volcaniclastic fragments, 

sandstone, hyaloclastite, and 

carbonate; carbonate blebs 

common in volcaniclastic 

sandstone and hyaloclastite; 

Mn and/or zeolite cement 

common
15

Table 6 continued

Dredge Total 

(kg)

% from 

Outcrop

% 

Talus

%

Encrusted

 Ferromanganese Oxides Substrate Rocks

D9 150 90 10 100 Large bulbous botryoids, 

smooth and lizard skin; some 

granular on sides and bottom; 

many small crust and nodule 

fragments without substrate; 

1 to 5 layers: 1) outer, 

massive to laminated layers or 

wavy laminated; 2) reddish 

brown to gray; 3) inner layers, 

submetallic gray to gray, 

common fracturing in inner 

crust; 4) innermost, some with 

disseminated carbonate ± 

basalt fragments; 20% 

nodules

maximum thickness: 120 mm

average thickness: 45 mm

60% hyaloclastite; pale-brown, 

soft poorly indurated, extensive 

burrows filled with hyaloclastite; 

some mixed with carbonatecemented microbreccia and 

angular clasts of sand-sized 

basalt in zeolite cement; Mn 

impregnations and in fractures; 

15% dolostone, large burrows 

exposed at surface; 1-3 cm 

infilled by Mn and some filled 

with cream mud; 10% altered 

vesicular basalt; 6% gray crossbedded sandstone; 5% burrowed 

mudstone, Mn dendrites and 

burrow fill; 4% nodules, nuclei 

mainly carbonate, few old crust 

fragments, hyaloclastite, and 

chert

D10 2.5 90 10 100 Smooth to granular, 

botryoidal surfaces, one with 

high-relief botryoids; some 

crusts with no substrate; 2 to 3 

layers: 1) outer, reddishbrown, massive to laminated, 

some with thin outer crust; 2) 

inner, black, laminated to 

massive and fractured; 3) 

innermost, barite and altered 

volcanic rock fragments in 

Mn cement

maximum thickness: 52 mm

average thickness: 20 mm

58% breccia; angular clasts, 

granules to very coarse sand, 

made up of crust fragments, 

volcaniclastic and sedimentary 

rocks; Mn-oxide cement; 38% 

carbonates with abundant Mn 

dendrites; 2% old crust 

fragments; 1% hyaloclastite; 1%-

one rounded quartz-feldspathic 

sandstone with hematite grains; 

clean, moderately well sorted; 

encrusting forams on surface

D11 20 100 0 95 Surfaces mostly smooth, 

botryoidal, and some granular 

on sides and bottom; most 

without substrate; 2 to 3 

layers: 1) outer, thin, porous, 

laminated reddish-brown Festained layer or laminated 

brown; 2) black massive or 

laminated to wavy laminated, 

some with fractures; 3) inner, 

brown laminated to massive; 

1, massive to granular and 

disrupted layer; few with 

carbonate rounded to angular 

clasts and dendrites

maximum thickness: 83 mm

average thickness: 30 mm

75%-one slab of bored, brown, 

laminated porcellanite; 25%-2 

basalt cobbles; pale-brown and 

gray, chill rind on some margins; 

encrusting forams on surface

D12 0 -- -- -- No recovery --
16

Table 6 continued

Dredge Total 

(kg)

% from 

Outcrop

% 

Talus

%

Encrusted

Ferromanganese Oxides Substrate Rocks

D13 3 100 0 100 Smooth, subtly botryoidal, 

granular on sides and bottom, 

some crust fragments without 

substrate; 2 to 3 layers: 1) 

outer, laminated to massive 

red-brown or black; 2) inner, 

black, massive, one laced with 

barite; middle, laminated 

pale-brown; 3) inner, massive 

to laminated dark brown

maximum thickness: 26 mm

average thickness: 18 mm

100% breccia, 2 cobbles; clasts 

of tabular basalt, old crusts, and 

carbonate in Mn-Fe oxide 

cement; aligned tabular basalt 

clasts, fractures filled with 

carbonate; encrusting forams on 

surface 

D14 25 100 0 100 Smooth, subtly bulbous 

botryoids, granular on bottom 

and/or sides, some with lizard 

skin; 2 layers: 1) outer, brown 

to black laminated to massive; 

2) inner, gray-black or 

submetallic black, massive to 

occasionally laminated; one 

cobble with alternating layers 

of submetallic black and 

matte black

maximum thickness: 65 mm

average thickness: 18 mm

85% blue-gray porphyritic basalt 

with common phenocrysts of 

pyroxene and feldspar, a chill 

margin with a thin, dark-colored, 

glassy aphanitic outer edge; 9% 

massive pale-brown dolomitic 

mudstone, many filled burrows, 

Mn dendrites around burrows and 

infilled with Mn or mud; 4% 

phosphorite breccia: pale-brown, 

extremely poorly sorted, 

subangular to subrounded 

phosphorite clasts and minor 

basalt fragments in grainsupported CFA cement, 

undulatory layers; 2% laminated 

crust on basalt pebbles

D15 0 -- -- -- No recovery --

D16 0 -- -- -- Lost bag --
17

Table 6 continued

Dredge Total 

(kg)

% from 

Outcrop

% 

Talus

%

Encrusted

 Ferromanganese Oxides Substrate Rocks

D17 900 50 50 100 Dominantly smooth, granular, 

some small, bulbous or 

angular botryoids and lizard 

skin surfaces; 2 to 3 layers: 1) 

outer, mostly massive, black 

to brown, few laminated with 

or without carbonate; 2) 

middle, black to brown, 

laminated or massive; and/or 

3) inner, carbonate lenses, 

laminae ± minor clasts 

maximum thickness: 42 mm

average thickness: 8 mm

90% basalt, 2 main types: 1) 

blue-gray aphanitic basalt with 1 

to 2 chill rinds, brown to glassy 

black, some altered yellowish 

basalt and chill rinds, minor vugs 

and fractures filled with CFA and 

Mn; 2) blue-gray to brown basalt 

with phenocrysts of feldspar +

pyroxene, some altered 

phenocrysts, minor CFA in 

fractures; some flow structures, 

pillows and sheets; one large, 

boulder-size massive flow basalt 

with hyaloclastite layer 

containing oriented tabular basalt 

and glass fragments mixed with 

white CFA; 2 large boulders, one 

massive with a glass rim, the

other massive, brown, heavily 

fractured; 7% volcaniclastic 

breccia; basalt clasts cemented by 

CFA; basalt and hyaloclastite 

clasts in Mn cement, and basaltic 

glass clasts in a hyaloclastite 

matrix; 2% sandstone and 

mudstone; one very hard, bluegray quartzite, one slab of 

graded, cross-bedded 

volcaniclastic siltstone to 

sandstone; minor cross-bedded 

sandstone abundant glass chips; 

<1% breccia clast-supported 

phosphorite in CFA cement

D18 0 -- -- -- Lost bag --

D19 0 -- -- -- No recovery --

D20 0 -- -- -- Lost bag --

D21 2.5 100 0 100 Botryoidal, granular, vitreous, 

4 crust fragments without 

substrate, 1 layer: black, 

massive

maximum thickness: 15 mm

average thickness: 8 mm

100% basalt: 2 cobbles, 1) 

vesicular to scoriaceous, vesicles 

filled with mud or alteration 

minerals; 2) olivine-feldspathic 

basalt, vesicles with glassy 

margin

D22 2 2 0 0 None All Biology: 7-10 large brittle 

stars; 3 wrapped around coral 

stems; 3 types of corals: golden, 

gorgonian and unknown; 1 small 

spiderlike crab, corals are 

opalescent
18

Table 6 continued

Dredge Total 

(kg)

% from 

Outcrop

% 

Talus

%

Encrusted

 Ferromanganese Oxides Substrate Rocks

D23 150 100 0 100 Botryoidal, granular on sides 

and bottom, smooth, and 

lizard skin surfaces; one 

boulder with 2 crust layers: 1) 

laminated dark brown; 2) 

massive dark brown; two 

boulders with one crust layer: 

one with carbonate and basalt 

clasts in the crust

maximum thickness: 40 mm

average thickness: 20 mm

99% basalt - 3 boulders: 1) 66%: 

four large pieces of basalt 

including 2 pillow fragments 

with a small granitic erratic in 

Mn cement; 2) 23% olivine 

basalt, some alteration of olivine 

to iddingsite; vugs and fractures; 

3) 10% a large basalt cobble; 

<1% greenish-brown silty 

hemipelagic mud, scraped off the

bottom of a basalt sample

D24 0 -- -- -- No recovery --
19

Table 7. Foraminifer and calcareous nannofossil ages of sediments and sedimentary rocks. 

[Identifications by Paula Quinterno; EDAX, energy dispersive analysis by x-rays attachment to scanning electron 

microscope; --, no data]

Sample Lithology Microfossils Age Comments

Adam Seamount

D7-1 Mudstone Barren -- --

D7-2A Mudstone Barren -- --

D7-2B Mud filling

boring

Barren -- --

D9-1A Tuff Barren -- --

Hoss Seamount

D11-1 Porcellanite Cyclicargolithus floridanus 

Dictyococcites scrippsae?? 

Discoaster spp. 

Helicosphaera acissura 

Reticulofenestra sp. Sphenolithus

sp. 

Probably Miocene sparse flora, poorly 

preserved (EDAX shows 

nannos are probably 

replaced by apatite)

 Little Joe Seamount

D14-2G Mud from

burrows

Barren -- --

 Ben Seamount

D17-3B Hyaloclastite Discoaster sp. aff.

D. kugleri

Discoaster sp.

Very questionably 

Miocene

Nannos are sparse and very 

poorly preserved

D17-5B Mudstone Barren -- --

 Flint Seamount

D23-1 Mud Ceratolithus cristatus

C. simplez 

C. telesmus 

Coccolithus pelagicus 

Calcidiscus leptoporus 

Emiliania huzleyi 

Gephyrocapsa spp. 

Helicosphaera hyalina?? 

Rhabdosphaera sp. aff. 

R. claviger

Late Pleistocene 

or younger

Nannos are abundant, but 

poorly preserved
20

Table 8. X-ray diffraction mineralogy of substrate rocks.

[Major >25%, Moderate 5% - 25%, Minor <5%; All breccias are sedimentary, and most are volcaniclastic; CFA, carbonate 

fluorapatite; --, no data; δ, delta] 

Sample Rock/Sediment Major Moderate Minor/Trace

D3-5B Breccia Plagioclase, quartz Illite, ilmenite --

D3-11 Dolostone Dolomite CFA Smectite, plagioclase, quartz

D4-3B Breccia matrix Phillipsite, plagioclase Smectite --

D4-4 Basalt Plagioclase Pyroxene Smectite

D5-1D Basalt Plagioclase Pyroxene --

D5-3C Breccia matrix Phillipsite -- Smectite

D5-17B Altered basalt Smectite Phillipsite, plagioclase --

D7-1 Mudstone Plagioclase Quartz, smectite, illite Phillipsite

D7-2A Mudstone Phillipsite Smectite, quartz --

D7-2B Brown mud infilling Quartz, illite Phillipsite, smectite --

D8-1B Basalt Plagioclase Pyroxene --

D8-9 Altered vesicular

basalt

Amorphous, 

plagioclase, quartz Smectite, amphibole Pyroxene

D9-1A Altered volcanic tuff Phillipsite, smectite K-feldspar, quartz --

D9-1B Mn-impregnated 

hyaloclastite δ-MnO2

Todorokite, plagioclase, 

birnessite, smectite K-feldspar

D9-3 Altered hyaloclastite Phillipsite Smectite Plagioclase, erionite(?)

D9-8C Altered hyaloclastite Phillipsite, calcite Smectite --

D9-8D Cross-bedded 

sandstone Plagioclase, quartz Phillipsite, illite Smectite, natrolite

D9-9D Altered hyaloclastite Smectite, phillipsite -- Todorokite, birnessite

D9-33A Dolostone Dolomite -- Plagioclase, quartz, illite, 

chlorite

D9-33B Burrow mud infill Illite Smectite, plagioclase, 

quartz, chlorite --

D9-34B Dolostone Dolomite -- Phillipsite, quartz

D10-4B Mn-cemented breccia Phillipsite Illite, todorokite, barite, 

smectite Quartz

D11-1 Laminated calcareous 

porcellanite Opal-CT Calcite Halite, quartz, plagioclase, smectite

D13-2B Altered basalt Phillipsite, plagioclase Goethite, smectite, 

quartz --

D14-2A Dolomitic mudstone Quartz, plagioclase Dolomite, phillipsite Illite, smectite

D14-3A Phosphorite (breccia) CFA -- Quartz, plagioclase

D17-3B CFA-cemented 

hyaloclastite Phillipsite CFA, smectite --

D17-5B Mudstone Phillipsite, smectite Plagioclase --

D17-5C Fine-grained 

hyaloclastite Phillipsite, smectite -- Plagioclase

D17-5D Coarse-grained 

hyaloclastite Phillipsite, plagioclase Smectite --

D17-5E Mn-rich hyaloclastite Phillipsite Plagioclase, smectite Todorokite

D17-7 Hyaloclastite Phillipsite, smectite -- --

D17-8 Phosphorite (breccia) CFA -- Smectite, quartz

D17-25 Basalt Plagioclase Pyroxene --
21

Table 8 continued

Sample Rock/Sediment Major Moderate Minor/Trace

D17-29 Basalt Plagioclase -- Pyroxene

D17-30 Quartzite Quartz -- --

D23-1 Foraminiferal mud Calcite Quartz Phillipsite, illite, smectite

Table 9. Whole-rock chemical composition (weight percent) of substrate rocks on six seamounts.

[Chemical composition determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF); LOI, Loss on ignition at 900 ̊C; --, no data]

Rodriguez San Marcos Adam 

D3-5B D4-4 D5-1D D6-19 D7-1 D8-1B D9-1A D9-9D D9-33A

Breccia Vesicular 

basalt

Basalt Vesicular 

basalt

Mudstone Vesicular 

basalt

Altered 

tuff

Altered 

hyaloclastite

Dolostone

SiO2 41.9 46.1 46.4 46.7 50.6 49.8 46.3 45.4 7.79

Al2O3 13.9 17.8 17.2 17.3 11.3 15.9 12.4 13.6 2.00

Fe2O3 6.31 3.76 5.89 5.37 6.85 3.35 9.25 8.43 3.13

FeO 4.14 4.48 4.53 4.44 .11 4.76 .11 -- .72

TiO2 2.12 2.67 2.80 2.82 .59 1.69 1.60 1.33 .10

Na2O 3.04 3.29 3.68 3.92 3.79 3.03 2.81 2.61 .46

MgO 7.26 5.74 4.42 4.00 3.87 6.44 4.28 4.12 16.7

K2O 1.47 1.52 1.73 1.76 2.07 .41 1.77 1.66 .29

CaO 5.77 8.07 8.63 9.65 2.46 12.7 .82 1.82 27.4

P2O5 .31 1.10 .86 .94 .44 .24 .11 .11 .27

MnO .49 .13 .17 .26 .52 .14 .23 3.37 .62

LOI 12.3 4.83 3.27 2.37 15.3 1.55 19.5 17.0 40.6

Total 99.0 99.5 99.6 99.5 97.9 100.0 99.2 96.8 100.1

H2O+ 2.79 .72 1.68 1.93 1.45 .47 5.14 5.16 1.52

H2O- 8.59 3.84 1.81 .79 8.69 .70 12.6 10.6 .75

CO2 .14 .06 .02 <.01 .60 .57 .05 .08 --

Adam Hoss Little Joe Ben 

D9-34B D10-4B D11-1 D14-2A D14-3A D17-7 D17-8 D17-25 D17-29

Dolostone Mncemented

breccia

Calcareous

porcellanite

Dolomitic

mudstone

Phosphorite 

(breccia)

HyaloclastitePhosphorite 

(breccia)

Basalt Basalt

SiO2 9.84 41.6 69.8 68.4 2.92 46.8 8.95 50.3 46.6

Al2O3 2.66 11.4 4.26 8.93 .58 12.3 1.68 15.2 18.9

Fe2O3 2.70 9.10 .98 2.86 .31 10.4 1.58 3.36 7.59

FeO .44 -- 1.09 1.19 .21 -- .57 5.43 3.52

TiO2 .13 1.26 .25 .51 <.02 1.25 .04 1.41 1.03

Na2O .53 2.56 1.30 1.68 1.44 2.86 1.50 2.74 2.52

MgO 16.5 4.92 1.08 2.58 1.00 4.17 1.25 6.77 3.02

K2O .43 1.44 .84 1.63 .13 2.63 .60 0.11 .25

CaO 26.0 4.11 7.29 3.07 48.3 1.85 4.6 13.7 14.1

P2O5 .36 .15 .26 .91 30.2 .06 26.6 0.13 .41

MnO .14 6.93 <.02 .07 <.02 1.19 <0.02 0.16 .11

LOI 40.1 12.5 11.8 7.51 10.6 16.2 11.1 .90 2.16

Total 99.8 93.5 99.0 99.3 95.7 99.2 96.5 100.2 100.2

H2O+ 1.90 4.83 3.38 2.52 3.22 6.16 2.49 .32 1.44

H2O- .71 6.69 3.02 2.41 1.86 9.87 3.00 .34 .85

CO2 38.9 .06 8.75 3.17 7.26 .05 7.59 .23 .16
22

Table 10. X-ray diffraction mineralogy of ferromanganese deposits.

[Intervals measured from the outer surface of crusts and nodules. B, bulk crust; BS, bulk side crust, usually granular texture; 

BU, bulk underside crust; L, crust layer; LU, layer from underside crust; BN, bulk nodule; NN, nodule nucleus; MB, 

manganiferous breccia. Percentages were determined by using the following weighting factors relative to quartz set at 1: δMnO2 70; todorokite 10; birnessite 12 (Hein and others, 1988); plagioclase 2.8; calcite 1.65; smectite 3.0; goethite 7.0; 

phillipsite 17.0; illite 6.0; halite 2.0 (From Cook and others, 1975). The limit of detection for each mineral falls between 0.2 

and 1.0 percent, except the manganese minerals, which are greater, perhaps as much as 10 percent for δ-MnO2. mm, 

millimeters; %, percent; δ, delta.]

Sample Type and interval 

(mm)

δ-MnO2

(%)

Others 

(%)

D3-4A B (0-10) 82 12-Plagioclase, 6-quartz

D3-5A B (0-10) 87 7-Plagioclase, 6-quartz, <1-smectite

D3-7A B (0-4) 87 7-Plagioclase, 6-quartz

D4-1A B (0-3) 95 3-Plagioclase, 2-quartz

D4-3A B (0-4) 92 5-Quartz, 3-plagioclase

D5-1A B (0-25) 93 4-Plagioclase, 3-quartz

D5-1B L (0-15) 91 6-Plagioclase, 3-quartz

D5-1C L (15-21) 96 3-Plagioclase, 1-quartz

D5-2A B (0-10) 88 6-Plagioclase, 6-quartz

D5-3A B (0-16) 88 7-Plagioclase, 5-quartz

D5-3E BS 96 3-Plagioclase, 1-quartz

D5-6 B (0-15) 86 9-Plagioclase, 5-quartz

D5-16A BS (0-6) 94 4-Plagioclase, 1-quartz, 1-chabezite(?)

D5-17A B (0-12) 82 10-Plagioclase, 6-quartz, 2-todorokite

D6-1A B (0-15) 69 18-Plagioclase, 9-quartz, 3-todorokite, 1-smectite

D6-1B B (0-10) 88 5-Plagioclase, 4-quartz, 3-todorokite

D6-2 B (0-15) 77 8-Todorokite, 6-dolomite, 5-plagioclase, 4-quartz 

D6-10 B (0-30) 80 10-Todorokite, 6-plagioclase, 4-quartz

D6-34A L (0-6) 81 8-Todorokite, 6-quartz, 5-plagioclase

D6-34B L (6-18) 95 3-Plagioclase, 1-quartz, 1-todorokite

D6-37 B (0-15) 86 7-Plagioclase, 6-quartz, 1-smectite

D7-2C B (0-10) 85 10-Plagioclase, 5-quartz

D7-5 B (0-15) 63 23-Todorokite, 7-quartz, 7-plagioclase

D7-8 B (0-24) 94 3-Plagioclase, 3-quartz

D8-1A B (0-18) 81 12-Plagioclase, 6-quartz, 1-todorokite

D8-2B L (0-12) 85 9-Plagioclase, 6-quartz

D8-2C L (12-37) 86 5-Todorokite, 6-plagioclase, 3-quartz

D8-2D L (37-65) 89 6-Plagioclase, 2-goethite, 3-quartz

D8-3B L (0-5) 86 9-Plagioclase, 5-quartz

D8-3C L (5-17) 90 4-Plagioclase, 3-quartz, 3-todorokite

D8-3D L (17- 36) 86 9-Plagioclase, 5-quartz

D8-5 BN (0-25) 78 9-Todorokite, 7-quartz, 6-plagioclase

D8-10 NN 53 19-Plagioclase, 11-todorokite, 10-dolomite, 6-quartz, 1-smectite

D9-9A B (0-35) 85 9-Todorokite, 3-plagioclase, 3-quartz

D9-14A B (0-7) 90 5-Todorokite, 3-plagioclase, 2-quartz
23

Table 10 continued

Sample Type and interval 

(mm)

δ-MnO2

(%)

Others 

(%)

D9-14B L (0-30) 91 4-Todorokite, 3-plagioclase, 2-quartz

D9-14C L (0-20) 85 8-Todorokite, 3-plagioclase, 3-quartz, 1-smectite

D9-16A B (0-55) 87 9-Todorokite, 2-plagioclase, 2-quartz, <1-smectite

D9-16B L (0-10) 80 10-Todorokite, 3-quartz, 3-plagioclase, 3-birnessite

D9-16C L (10-55) 87 7-Todorokite, 2-plagioclase, 2-birnessite, 1-quartz, 1-smectite

D9-21A B (0-50) 88 5-Todorokite, 3-birnessite(?), 2-plagioclase, 2-quartz

D9-21B L (0-4) 98 1-Illite(?), 1-plagioclase(?)

D9-21C L (4-29) 97 1-Plagioclase, 1-quartz, 1-smectite

D9-21D L (29-54) 90 5-Todorokite, 3-plagioclase, 2-quartz

D9-23 BN (0-55) 86 7-Todorokite, 3-plagioclase, 3-quartz, 1-smectite

D9-29 B (0-55) 88 7-Todorokite, 3-plagioclase, 2-quartz

D9-31 B (0-4) 90 6-Quartz, 4-plagioclase

D9-34A B (0-12) 91 5-Quartz, 4-plagioclase

D9-41 B (0-40) 96 2-Plagioclase, 2-quartz

D10-3 B (0-40) 63 17-Todorokite, 6-phillipsite, 5-barite, 4-illite, 3-quartz, 2-smectite

D10-4A B (0-20) 71 12-Todorokite, 6-plagioclase, 3-barite, 3-quartz, 2-illite, 2-

phillipsite, 1-smectite

D10-6 B (0-40) 88 5-Plagioclase, 5-todorokite, 2-quartz

D10-7A B (0-25) 93 4-Plagioclase, 3-quartz

D10-7B L (0-3) 72 15-Plagioclase, 13-quartz

D10-7C L (3-25) 97 2-Plagioclase, 1-quartz

D11-4A L (0-8) 79 13-Plagioclase, 8-quartz

D11-4B L (8-27) 91 4-Todorokite, 2-plagioclase, 2-goethite, 1-quartz

D11-4C L (27-33) 92 3-Goethite, 2-plagioclase, 2-todorokite, 1-quartz

D11-6 B (0-50) 88 6-Plagioclase, 3-quartz, 3-todorokite

D11-7 B (0-45) 84 7-Quartz, 6-plagioclase, 3-todorokite

D11-11A B (0-70) 92 3-Plagioclase, 3-quartz, 2-todorokite

D13-1A B (0-12) 75 17-Plagioclase, 8-quartz

D13-1B MB 17 57-Goethite, 18-plagioclase, 8-quartz

D13-1C BU (0-4) 72 11-Todorokite, 8-phillipsite, 3-quartz , 2-plagioclase, <1-smectite

D13-2A B (0-12) 77 8-Plagioclase, 9-birnessite, 4-todorokite, 2-quartz

D13-2C BU (0-10) 63 11- Barite, 9-todorokite, 8-plag, 4-birnessite, 3-quartz , 2-smectite

D13-3A B (0-27) 77 7-Plagioclase, 6-todorokite, 5-goethite, 5-quartz

D14-1A B (0-40) 88 6-Plagioclase, 4-quartz

D14-1C BU (0-15) 71 15-Todorokite, 5-birnessite, 3-plag, 3-goethite, 2-quartz, 1-smectite

D14-2C B (0-6) 87 7-Plagioclase, 6-quartz

D14-2D LU (0-5) 82 7-Todorokite, 6-plagioclase, 5-quartz

D14-2E LU (5-11) 81 8-Plagioclase, 7-quartz, 4-todorokite

D14-3 B (0-9) 86 8-Quartz, 6-plagioclase

D14-4 B (0-40) 94 3-Quartz 3-plagioclase

D17-1 B (0-18) 91 4-Plagioclase, 3-quartz, 2-goethite

D17-3A B (0-10) 90 5-Plagioclase, 5-quartz

D17-4 B (0-25) 91 5-Quartz, 3-plagioclase, 1-goethite

D17-6A B (0-18) 93 3-Plagioclase, 2-quartz, 2-goethite

D17-6B B (0-10) 95 4-Plagioclase, 1-quartz, 1-calcite

D17-22 B (0-25) 94 2-Plagioclase, 2-quartz, 2-goethite

D21-1A B (0-15) 98 1-Plagioclase, 1-quartz

D23-2B B (0-18) 88 5-Plagioclase, 3-quartz, 3-birnessite, 1-smectite

D23-2C B (0-20) 85 7-Plagioclase, 5-quartz, 3-todorokite

D23-3 B (0-18) 92 3-Plagioclase, 3-quartz, 1-smectite, 1-goethite
24

Table 11. Chemical composition of Fe-Mn crusts and nodules.

[--, not analyzed; ICP, inductively coupled plasma; ICPMS, ICP/mass spectrometry; ICPMS/FA, ICPMS/fire assay; XRF, xray fluorescence spectrometry; NAA, neutron activation analysis; AA, atomic absorption; FAA, flame AA; WET, wet 

chemistry; LECO, induction furnace; GFAA/FA, graphite furnace AA/Fire assay; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per 

billion; ppm, parts per million. Intervals measured in millimeters from the outer surface of crusts and nodules; L, crust layer; 

B, bulk crust; LU, underside of crust layer; BN, bulk nodule; BS, side of bulk crust; BU, underside bulk crust; MB, 

manganiferous breccia. 1D13-2C was analyzed by LECO for total sulfur, which is 1.49 weight percent; gold was analyzed by 

GFAA/FA for samples that Pd, Pt, and Rh were analyzed and is <20 ppb for all samples.]

Rodriguez Seamount San Marcos Seamount

 D3-4A D3-5A D3-7A D4-1A D4-3A D5-1A D5-1B D5-1C

B (0-10) B (0-10) B (0-4) B (0-3) B (0-4) B (0-25) L (0-15) L (15-21)

Fe wt% ICP 17.6 16.9 19.3 21.4 20.0 15.1 15.0 14.6

Mn ICP 6.30 5.70 9.90 12.3 11.8 13.8 12.9 16.0

Fe/Mn -- 2.8 3.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.2 .9

Si ICP 16.1 16.3 10.7 5.00 6.92 6.03 7.48 4.39

Na ICP 1.71 1.80 1.48 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.40 1.25

Al ICP 2.73 3.10 1.85 .81 1.12 1.25 1.54 .96

K FAA .86 .93 .60 .34 .42 .51 .59 .43

Mg ICP .71 1.00 .67 .78 .73 .76 .74 .80

Ca ICP 1.25 1.36 1.44 1.59 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.66

Ti ICP .32 .44 .29 .44 .31 .48 .39 .49

P ICP .42 .39 .57 .72 .70 .27 .27 .27

H2O+ WET 6.0 5.9 7.1 7.4 6.9 7.5 6.7 8.1

H2O- WET 11.0 10.9 13.9 19.2 18.0 24.7 23.0 24.7

CO2 WET .20 .19 .33 .35 .40 .46 1.3 .45

As ppm GFAA 240 220 350 470 440 210 210 220

Ba ICP 780 660 920 970 1,000 1,100 1,000 1,200

Cd GFAA .70 .60 1.3 .95 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.9

Ce ICP 1,000 970 1,300 1,500 1,500 930 810 900

Co GFAA 1,400 1,400 2,100 4,500 3,000 1,400 1,100 1,600

Cr GFAA 120 160 83 34 40 8.5 9.5 7.0

Cu ICP 42 40 56 39 39 460 500 620

Mo ICP 120 81 260 370 350 320 310 430

Ni ICP 400 410 620 650 730 1,800 1,500 2,400

Pb FAA 1,300 1,200 1,800 2,300 2,200 780 720 760

Sr ICP 740 680 1,000 1,300 1,300 1,000 950 1,100

V ICP 510 470 680 800 840 440 450 480

Y ICP 100 93 140 170 170 160 150 190

Zn FAA 310 290 360 350 400 420 400 460

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- 3.5 3.2 4.5

Pt ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- 54 44 52

Rh ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- 5.2 4.8 5.1
25

Table 11 continued

San Marcos Seamount

D5-2A D5-3A D5-3E D5-6 D5-16A D5-17A D6-1A D6-1B

B (0-10) B (0-16) BS B (0-15) BS (0-6) B (0-12) B (0-15) B (0-10)

Fe wt% ICP 14.9 13.7 13.0 14.5 13.0 13.1 9.5 15.7

Mn ICP 11.8 10.0 16.3 10.1 15.0 9.30 4.00 13.2

Fe/Mn -- 1.3 1.4 .8 1.4 .9 1.4 2.4 1.2

Si ICP 9.82 13.0 4.39 11.9 5.47 13.2 23.0 8.56

Na ICP 1.51 1.78 1.52 1.76 1.16 1.77 2.45 1.49

Al ICP 2.05 2.40 .96 2.34 1.23 2.67 4.50 1.59

K FAA .69 .80 .49 .78 .52 .86 1.36 .65

Mg ICP .77 .72 .85 .72 .80 .91 .69 .83

Ca ICP 1.57 1.50 1.62 1.51 1.60 1.19 1.26 1.41

Ti ICP .41 .35 .72 .35 .69 .42 .24 .43

P ICP .27 .25 .27 .27 .26 .19 .14 .30

H2O+ WET 4.2 7.5 6.3 6.5 8.2 5.3 4.6 7.6

H2O- WET 18.8 16.9 25.6 16.5 24.5 16.5 8.0 17.3

CO2 WET .31 .28 .32 .26 .38 .11 .11 .26

As ppm GFAA 200 170 190 190 190 98 90 200

Ba ICP 1,000 1,000 900 980 920 1,700 1,100 1,500

Cd GFAA 1.0 .90 2.0 .78 1.9 .73 .35 3.1

Ce ICP 750 740 1,300 740 1,300 710 380 880

Co ICP 1,100 1,100 4,100 1,100 3,600 1,200 700 2,700

Cr GFAA 14 18 9.8 16 12 18 40 14

Cu ICP 510 420 400 400 380 1100 210 510

Mo ICP 270 180 220 200 220 14 42 260

Ni ICP 1,300 1,200 3,100 1,100 2,700 1,800 780 2,800

Pb FAA 730 650 920 720 940 650 360 1,000

Sr ICP 960 860 980 880 960 830 520 1,100

V ICP 440 380 400 410 390 290 200 490

Y ICP 140 120 140 120 140 96 52 130

Zn FAA 400 380 420 380 400 470 240 570

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Pt ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Rh ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
26

Table 11 continued

San Marcos Seamount Adam Seamount

D6-2 D6-10 D6-34A D6-34B D6-37 D7-2C D7-5 D7-8

B (0-15) B (0-30) L (0-6) L (6-18) B (0-15) B (0-10) B (0-15) B (0-24)

Fe wt% ICP 14.9 12.3 14.3 16.5 15.6 12.5 7.7 16.9

Mn ICP 15.2 17.0 14.7 16.9 11.1 11.7 20.9 14.9

Fe/Mn -- 1.0 .7 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 .4 1.1

Si ICP 8.60 9.30 7.85 5.05 11.7 13.0 10.1 8.23

Na ICP 1.58 1.66 1.51 1.30 1.77 1.90 1.85 1.60

Al ICP 1.65 2.16 1.52 .94 2.05 3.10 2.85 1.85

K FAA .91 .95 .62 .46 .71 1.12 1.09 .70

Mg ICP 1.49 1.60 .92 .86 .70 1.08 1.45 .92

Ca ICP 1.58 1.71 1.44 1.67 1.54 1.46 1.26 1.69

Ti ICP .31 .51 .41 .51 .40 .36 .26 .59

P ICP .23 .20 .26 .33 .30 .22 .15 .26

H2O+ WET 7.5 9.3 8.9 7.0 8.9 6.6 8.2 10.0

H2O- WET 13.6 10.7 19.3 21.2 15.5 10.9 8.5 14.5

CO2 WET .65 .24 .43 .28 .29 .28 .14 .35

As ppm GFAA 160 130 190 230 210 150 88 210

Ba ICP 1,600 5,000 1,300 1,700 1,100 1,100 2,300 1,200

Cd GFAA 8.3 7.4 4.2 2.8 1.0 2.0 9.1 1.8

Ce ICP 300 580 750 940 870 680 340 1,100

Co ICP 1,700 2,100 2,300 3,400 1,900 1,000 490 1,400

Cr GFAA 53 45 10 8.0 18 21 27 12

Cu ICP 850 950 620 350 240 1,200 3,500 760

Mo ICP 250 290 240 390 260 160 270 260

Ni ICP 6,300 5,600 4,000 2,100 1,100 2,900 6,300 2,200

Pb FAA 400 650 970 1,400 1,100 510 380 790

Sr ICP 650 1,000 900 1,200 980 740 560 1,000

V ICP 440 370 420 520 450 340 320 420

Y ICP 76 91 120 160 140 105 66 150

Zn FAA 870 750 620 510 420 480 920 450

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- 3.7 2.5 7.3 -- -- -- 2.5

Pt ICPMS/FA -- 72 72 69 -- -- -- 76

Rh ICPMS/FA -- 5.2 5.3 4.3 -- -- -- 6.0
27

Table 11 continued

Adam Seamount

D8-1A D8-2A D8-2B D8-2C D8-2D D8-3A D8-3B D8-3C

B (0-18) B (0-65) L (0-12) L (12-37) L (37-65) B (0-36) L (0-5) L (5-17)

Fe wt% ICP 13.8 17.3 15.7 15.3 19.5 17.7 16.1 17.9

Mn ICP 8.40 10.5 10.4 13.1 8.70 8.10 8.40 10.3

Fe/Mn -- 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7

Si ICP 11.5 8.32 12.9 7.48 8.32 9.26 10.2 6.68

Na ICP 1.54 1.34 1.82 1.27 1.36 1.39 1.48 1.17

Al ICP 2.31 1.79 2.59 1.53 1.96 2.10 1.95 1.35

K FAA .71 .58 .82 .57 .58 .73 .65 .46

Mg ICP .77 .86 .87 1.05 .77 1.02 .78 1.00

Ca ICP 1.18 1.25 1.50 1.21 1.20 1.00 1.20 .92

Ti ICP .40 .43 .40 .49 .37 .55 0.47 .59

P ICP .22 .25 .28 .24 .24 .22 .26 .24

H2O+ WET 5.5 8.9 9.0 9.3 6.5 6.4 6.2 7.0

H2O- WET 22.2 21.9 10.9 21.9 21.5 22.8 22.0 25.1

CO2 WET .21 .14 .23 .16 .20 .17 .22 .19

As ppm GFAA 150 190 190 150 190 150 200 150

Ba ICP 1,200 2,100 1,300 4,100 2,000 1,600 1,100 2,300

Cd GFAA .80 1.5 1.5 2.2 1.3 .95 .85 .95

Ce ICP 790 730 860 860 530 780 1,000 980

Co ICP 1,400 1,400 1,400 2,000 920 1,700 1,600 2,100

Cr GFAA 16 11 15 8.5 13 20 14 10

Cu ICP 710 1,400 970 2,100 1,400 880 640 1,400

Mo ICP 100 190 180 170 190 48 100 50

Ni ICP 1,600 ,1600 1,600 2,700 1,200 1,900 1,200 2,200

Pb FAA 710 750 800 740 580 760 880 900

Sr ICP 800 950 950 1,100 910 720 840 940

V ICP 320 430 420 400 470 340 360 380

Y ICP 97 130 120 135 120 90 110 115

Zn FAA 420 580 440 620 680 500 400 620

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- 3.2 1.7 6.5 3.2 4.7 2.0 2.7

Pt ICPMS/FA -- 56 46 97 64 29 49 86

Rh ICPMS/FA -- 5.2 2.8 5.7 4.3 2.3 4.6 6.1
28

Table 11 continued

Adam Seamount

D8-3D D8-5 D9-9A D9-14A D9-14B D9-14C D9-16A D9-16B

L (17-36) BN (0-25) B (0-35) B (0-7) L (0-30) L (0-20) B (0-55) L (0-10)

Fe wt% ICP 21.0 16.2 14.0 16.9 17.2 14.6 12.1 12.2

Mn ICP 7.70 10.5 20.6 15.6 16.1 17.7 21.2 18.7

Fe/Mn -- 2.7 1.5 .7 1.1 1.1 .8 .6 .7

Si ICP 11.8 12.9 4.91 5.05 5.56 6.26 5.33 5.38

Na ICP 1.64 1.78 1.51 1.28 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.47

Al ICP 3.00 2.62 .98 .85 .89 .86 1.03 1.13

K FAA .78 .87 .63 .50 .54 .74 .71 .61

Mg ICP 1.34 1.35 1.18 .97 .96 1.09 1.20 1.07

Ca ICP 1.70 1.10 1.53 1.35 1.41 1.16 1.42 1.41

Ti ICP .55 .50 .33 .38 .38 .12 .27 .33

P ICP .24 .20 .28 .32 .31 .23 .24 .26

H2O+ WET 10.3 11.0 8.7 8.4 9.8 8.8 9.4 7.5

H2O- WET 8.0 9.0 15.5 20.7 18.2 19.6 17.1 21.4

CO2 WET .21 .18 .30 .28 .30 .23 .24 .24

As ppm GFAA 170 120 200 220 230 170 170 180

Ba ICP 2,100 2,100 2,000 2,400 2,200 2,000 4,000 2,000

Cd GFAA .90 1.3 8.1 5.1 5.8 12 11 7.8

Ce ICP 600 830 640 770 770 260 540 640

Co ICP 1,200 2,300 2,700 2,800 2,800 2,000 2,300 2,500

Cr GFAA 40 22 14 9.0 8.5 12 12 10

Cu ICP 1,100 1,900 810 600 520 510 1,000 780

Mo ICP 52 < 5 400 350 330 290 400 330

Ni ICP 1,800 3,900 6,900 3,300 3,300 4,500 7,100 6,100

Pb FAA 650 910 890 1,100 1,100 300 660 840

Sr ICP 780 860 1,000 1,100 1,100 760 1,000 940

V ICP 420 340 510 560 550 470 470 440

Y ICP 98 79 120 120 120 82 100 100

Zn FAA 660 640 850 700 740 920 910 770

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA 3.2 3.7 -- 3.0 3.2 4.7 4.2 3.5

Pt ICPMS/FA 99 79 -- 64 64 29 89 62

Rh ICPMS/FA 6.0 5.3 -- 3.1 4.3 2.3 5.1 4.9
29

Table 11 continued

Adam Seamount

D9-16C D9-21A D9-21B D9-21C D9-21D D9-23 D9-29 D9-31

L (10-55) B (0-50) L (0-4) L (4-29) L (29-54) BN (0-55) B (0-55) B (0-4)

Fe wt% ICP 11.8 15.0 15.9 15.6 13.8 13.7 13.7 19.1

Mn ICP 19.5 17.7 19.0 17.7 17.8 15.6 18.3 11.6

Fe/Mn -- .6 .8 .8 .9 .8 .9 .7 1.6

Si ICP 3.93 3.83 2.85 2.81 5.05 6.31 5.98 7.62

Na ICP 1.28 1.26 1.18 1.19 1.41 1.36 1.43 1.41

Al ICP .88 .51 .29 .32 .84 1.26 .93 1.14

K FAA .61 .48 .35 .37 .61 .63 .71 .47

Mg ICP 1.16 .85 .79 .77 .98 1.15 1.22 .70

Ca ICP 1.37 1.58 1.92 1.80 1.35 1.15 1.43 1.51

Ti ICP .32 .32 .45 .43 .19 .35 .32 .41

P ICP .23 .31 .37 .36 .25 .24 .26 .41

H2O+ WET 7.0 8.5 9.2 10.5 7.4 10.6 9.1 9.1

H2O- WET 22.7 23.4 21.4 24.9 22.7 18.1 16.9 18.5

CO2 WET .22 .32 .37 .33 .20 .21 .30 .39

As ppm GFAA 170 240 270 260 200 160 190 280

Ba ICP 5,100 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,700 3,000 4,600 1,200

Cd GFAA 9.0 5.8 2.2 2.4 9.7 4.5 5.9 0.80

Ce ICP 560 640 920 850 330 660 570 990

Co ICP 2,300 2,600 3,400 2,900 2,100 2,500 2,300 2,000

Cr GFAA 11 5.5 5.5 2.8 8.0 16 16 18

Cu ICP 1,200 390 440 270 550 750 930 160

Mo ICP 390 510 720 620 350 220 410 260

Ni ICP 7,000 3,500 2,500 2,400 5,400 5,100 6,300 850

Pb FAA 810 950 1,400 1,300 430 890 810 1,400

Sr ICP 1,100 1,100 1,400 1,300 780 920 1,100 1,100

V ICP 450 610 700 650 490 390 490 600

Y ICP 110 150 200 190 95 84 120 160

Zn FAA 800 670 600 510 920 660 760 490

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA 5.3 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.8 -- -- --

Pt ICPMS/FA 72 44 51 21 31 -- -- --

Rh ICPMS/FA 5.4 3.0 5.1 4.0 3.5 -- -- --
30

Table 11 continued

Adam Seamount Hoss Seamount

D9-34A D9-41 D10-3 D10-4A D10-6 D10-7A D10-7B D10-7C

B (0-12) B (0-40) B (0-40) B (0-20) B (0-40) B (0-25) L (0-3) L (3-25)

Fe wt% ICP 18.3 16.0 14.0 13.1 18.9 15.8 11.0 16.5

Mn ICP 15.2 16.4 13.7 10.7 8.30 11.8 5.50 13.1

Fe/Mn -- 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.3 1.3 2.0 1.3

Si ICP 7.06 3.97 11.4 12.3 9.30 8.93 19.8 4.58

Na ICP 1.54 1.25 1.48 1.53 1.35 1.46 2.30 1.22

Al ICP 1.19 .49 1.90 2.43 1.50 1.08 3.90 .68

K FAA .61 .37 1.10 1.08 .58 .47 1.12 .38

Mg ICP .95 .72 1.81 1.43 .83 .70 .60 .77

Ca ICP 1.53 1.77 .91 1.65 .95 1.34 1.52 1.34

Ti ICP .39 .42 .19 .38 .50 .42 .26 .53

P ICP .36 .37 .16 .35 .27 .28 .21 .31

H2O+ WET 9.9 8.4 8.6 7.5 8.2 7.8 6.4 8.5

H2O- WET 13.0 24.3 8.8 13.3 19.8 24.2 9.8 25.8

CO2 WET .36 .51 .17 .36 .20 .29 .36 .29

As ppm GFAA 260 270 84 84 170 190 130 220

Ba ICP 2,000 1,300 2,2100 8,200 2,100 1,900 940 2,500

Cd GFAA 3.0 1.3 3.4 1.4 .50 1.2 .38 1.2

Ce ICP 810 900 270 480 930 850 550 1,000

Co ICP 2,600 2,800 2,200 2,200 2,600 2,600 900 3,500

Cr GFAA 18 8.3 24 49 44 24 32 7.5

Cu ICP 420 220 1,300 1,100 530 470 160 630

Mo ICP 350 560 75 47 < 5 270 54 330

Ni ICP 2,700 1,900 4,600 3,100 1,700 1,300 460 1,700

Pb FAA 1,200 1,400 420 600 1,200 1,200 600 1,400

Sr ICP 1,200 1,300 1,700 1,000 940 1,100 680 1,300

V ICP 600 620 300 310 460 470 290 520

Y ICP 150 190 49 73 110 130 77 150

Zn FAA 630 470 760 580 530 490 270 550

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Pt ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Rh ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
31

Table 11 continued

Hoss Seamount Little Joe Seamount 

D11-4A D11-4B D11-4C D11-4D D11-6 D11-7 D11-11A D13-1A

L (0-8) L (8-27) L (27-33) B (0-36) B (0-50) B (0-45) B (0-70) B (0-12)

Fe wt% ICP 13.0 15.9 20.5 16.5 14.2 13.7 15.4 13.3

Mn ICP 7.30 15.3 13.5 13.9 12.4 11.1 14.2 4.00

Fe/Mn -- 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 3.3

Si ICP 16.4 4.49 4.35 6.26 7.48 9.21 5.19 17.9

Na ICP 2.12 1.28 1.19 1.31 1.40 1.52 1.32 1.91

Al ICP 3.10 .67 .82 .99 1.52 1.83 .98 3.40

K FAA .98 .42 .37 .46 .58 .65 .46 .94

Mg ICP .63 .73 .80 .73 .75 .70 .72 .62

Ca ICP 1.41 1.64 1.46 1.57 1.45 1.51 1.62 1.23

Ti ICP .37 .48 .52 .47 .41 .42 .50 .36

P ICP .23 .33 .33 .30 .27 .27 .31 .21

H2O+ WET 7.4 9.6 10.3 8.6 7.2 8.3 8.0 5.4

H2O- WET 14.4 24.0 19.6 23.1 23.3 22.7 24.2 15.1

CO2 WET .23 .45 .33 .25 .27 .29 .31 .19

As ppm GFAA 170 250 250 240 180 180 240 150

Ba ICP 960 1,700 2,000 1,700 5,200 1,900 1,300 990

Cd GFAA .35 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 .25

Ce ICP 720 940 810 840 730 790 940 640

Co ICP 1,400 2,700 1,900 2,200 1,700 1,900 2,700 730

Cr GFAA 24 8.0 13 8.0 16 17 7.0 36

Cu ICP 200 420 650 410 1,100 600 280 220

Mo ICP 130 530 510 450 350 330 420 16

Ni ICP 650 2,200 2,300 1,900 2,500 1,600 1,900 570

Pb FAA 780 1,300 1,300 1,100 880 960 1,100 980

Sr ICP 770 1,300 1,300 1,200 1,200 1,000 1,100 590

V ICP 330 600 690 570 480 450 520 310

Y ICP 100 185 170 160 150 150 170 69

Zn FAA 310 510 740 540 570 440 450 310

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- -- -- 2.2 -- -- 2.5 --

Pt ICPMS/FA -- -- -- 33 -- -- 35 --

Rh ICPMS/FA -- -- -- 5.4 -- -- 5.5 --
32

Table 11 continued

Little Joe Seamount

D13-1B D13-1C D13-2A D13-2C D13-3A D14-1A D14-1C D14-2C

MB BU (0-4) B (0-12) BU(0-10) B (0-27) B (0-40) BU(0-15) B (0-6)

Fe wt% ICP 21.1 15.2 27.7 11.8 25.6 16.9 16.4 16.4

Mn ICP 2.47 10.9 2.59 5.00 5.60 14.9 19.5 12.4

Fe/Mn -- 8.5 1.4 11 2.4 4.6 1.1 .8 1.3

Si ICP 8.09 8.27 8.74 13.5 9.68 6.55 5.80 8.74

Na ICP 1.12 1.43 1.27 1.45 1.61 1.46 1.48 1.57

Al ICP 1.56 1.92 1.75 2.53 1.96 1.07 .80 1.48

K FAA .49 .77 .44 1.37 .54 .47 .76 .55

Mg ICP .85 1.21 .77 1.75 .97 .77 1.27 .74

Ca ICP .61 1.04 .62 .59 .95 1.76 1.29 1.62

Ti ICP .71 .52 .67 .41 .66 .45 .19 .48

P ICP .27 .24 .34 .12 .38 .38 .23 .36

H2O+ WET 5.7 8.1 9.9 6.4 7.3 7.0 5.9 7.4

H2O- WET 31.6 20.9 17.7 14.7 12.8 18.2 15.2 17.8

CO2 WET .10 .28 .11 .10 .20 .42 .26 .40

As ppm GFAA 190 170 220 55 280 250 180 220

Ba ICP 1,100 1,800 990 56,000 1,100 1,300 3,200 1,100

Cd GFAA < .10 2.0 < .10 .28 1.6 1.2 11 1.3

Ce ICP 860 810 790 290 960 980 300 960

Co ICP 500 3,000 440 1,500 740 2,500 2,200 2,700

Cr GFAA 39 42 30 47 68 10 21 18

Cu ICP 410 830 490 1,000 550 230 770 210

Mo ICP < 5 110 < 5 < 5 69 490 390 270

Ni ICP 1,200 4,200 940 3,000 2,100 1,700 5,700 1,500

Pb FAA 1,200 920 1,700 420 1,400 1,300 440 1,100

Sr ICP 370 700 430 3,600 540 1,200 910 1,100

V ICP 390 380 480 180 540 550 510 440

Y ICP 89 87 91 78 78 190 94 140

Zn FAA 490 600 580 560 610 470 880 420

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Pt ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Rh ICPMS/FA -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
33

Table 11 continued

Little Joe Seamount Ben Seamount

D14-2D D14-2E D14-3B D14-4 D17-1 D17-3A D17-4 D17-6A

LU (0-5) LU (5-11) B (0-9) B (0-40) B (0-18) B (0-10) B (0-25) B (0-18)

Fe wt% ICP 15.5 16.4 16.4 15.9 17.3 16.7 15.9 16.2

Mn ICP 16.2 13.9 11.3 13.5 14.9 14.3 14.0 14.8

Fe/Mn -- 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

Si ICP 6.64 8.79 9.23 6.31 5.00 5.89 5.38 4.44

Na ICP 1.51 1.57 1.63 1.34 1.28 1.34 1.26 1.19

Al ICP 1.21 1.45 1.71 .99 .76 1.08 .92 .65

K FAA .56 .57 .61 .46 .41 .46 .46 .38

Mg ICP .87 .78 .70 .71 .78 .77 .76 .72

Ca ICP 1.61 1.70 1.59 1.61 1.66 1.67 1.54 1.63

Ti ICP .44 .38 .39 .48 .53 .48 .59 .41

P ICP .32 .37 .36 .34 .35 .36 .29 .34

H2O+ WET 6.1 6.4 6.4 9.1 7.0 7.2 9.4 8.8

H2O- WET 17.6 16.3 15.6 23.4 22.3 21.6 24.5 25.2

CO2 WET .39 .46 .40 .31 .52 .44 .31 .33

As ppm GFAA 210 240 230 240 230 230 230 250

Ba ICP 1,400 1,300 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,300 1,200 1,300

Cd GFAA 4.1 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4

Ce ICP 870 860 900 970 1100 970 1100 930

Co ICP 2,700 2,200 1,900 2,700 2,700 2,400 2,900 2,100

Cr GFAA 17 24 19 7.5 11 8.5 8.5 4.3

Cu ICP 410 330 200 210 350 470 390 410

Mo ICP 350 440 260 350 440 400 310 450

Ni ICP 3,900 1,700 1,100 1,600 1,800 1,800 1,900 1,800

Pb FAA 1,000 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,000 1,100

Sr ICP 1,100 1,200 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,200 1,100 1,200

V ICP 480 550 450 510 500 510 470 590

Y ICP 140 150 140 160 190 160 170 190

Zn FAA 620 480 430 430 460 460 430 470

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- -- -- 2.8 -- -- 3.3 1.5

Pt ICPMS/FA -- -- -- 32 -- -- 35 28

Rh ICPMS/FA -- -- -- 4.8 -- -- 5.1 4.4
34

Table 11 continued

Ben Seamount Flint Seamount

D17-6B D17-22 D21-1A D23-2B D23-2C D23-3

B (0-10) B (0-25) B (0-15) B (0-18) B (0-20) B (0-18)

Fe wt% ICP 16.1 15.5 14.4 16.1 16.1 15.7

Mn ICP 16.7 15.4 22.2 13.9 12.8 15.1

Fe/Mn -- 1.0 1.0 .6 1.2 1.3 1.0

Si ICP 4.72 4.21 2.29 6.22 8.65 5.61

Na ICP 1.34 1.32 1.60 1.05 1.54 1.35

Al ICP 1.02 .69 .44 1.52 1.84 .97

K FAA .50 .41 .46 .61 .64 .44

Mg ICP .88 .78 .96 .92 .85 .82

Ca ICP 1.85 1.63 2.04 1.60 1.73 1.59

Ti ICP .84 .58 .78 .81 .61 .59

P ICP .32 .31 .41 .27 .34 .31

H2O+ WET 7.1 7.1 14.3 7.1 6.2 5.8

H2O- WET 19.2 25.6 14.9 22.4 19.2 22.1

CO2 WET .54 .61 .34 .40 .38 .40

As ppm GFAA 210 220 290 160 190 210

Ba ICP 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,400 1,300 1,400

Cd GFAA 1.9 1.5 4.2 2.0 1.8 2.0

Ce ICP 1,600 1,100 1,700 1,400 1,100 1,100

Co ICP 5,100 3,500 8,900 4,300 2,700 3,300

Cr GFAA 8.5 9.0 11 13 14 6.5

Cu ICP 350 360 280 480 440 560

Mo ICP 290 410 540 210 270 360

Ni ICP 2,500 2,400 3,800 2,200 1,900 2,500

Pb FAA 1,300 1,100 1,800 1,100 1,000 1,200

Sr ICP 1,100 1,200 1,400 980 990 1,100

V ICP 430 460 570 330 390 450

Y ICP 170 180 160 160 180 175

Zn FAA 450 440 420 460 440 500

Pd ppb ICPMS/FA -- -- 2.5 -- -- --

Pt ICPMS/FA -- -- 120 -- -- --

Rh ICPMS/FA -- -- 6.6 -- -- --
35

Table 12. Hygroscopic water-free chemical composition (data in Table 11 normalized to 0% H2O-).

[Thickness of intervals measured in millimeters; L, crust layer; B, bulk crust; LU, underside crust layer; BN, bulk nodule; 

BS, side bulk crust; B, underside bulk crust; MB, manganiferous breccia. --, no data; wt%, weight percent; ppm, parts per 

million; ppb, parts per billion. D13-2C was analyzed by Leco induction furnace for total sulfur, which is 1.75 weight 

percent.]

Rodriguez Seamount San Marcos Seamount

D3-4A D3-5A D3-7A D4-1A D4-3A D5-1A D5-1B D5-1C D5-2A D5-3A D5-3E

B(0-10) B(0-10) B(0-4) B(0-3) B(0-4) B(0-25) L(0-15) L(15-21) B(0-10) B(0-16) BS

Fe 

wt% 19.8 19.0 22.4 26.5 24.4 20.1 19.5 19.4 18.3 16.5 17.5

Mn 7.08 6.40 11.5 15.2 14.4 18.3 16.8 21.2 14.5 12.0 21.9

Fe/Mn 2.8 3.0 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.2 .9 1.3 1.4 .8

Si 18.1 18.3 12.4 6.19 8.41 7.97 9.74 5.84 12.1 15.6 5.91

Na 1.92 2.02 1.72 1.65 1.62 1.78 1.82 1.66 1.86 2.14 2.04

Al 3.07 3.48 2.15 1.00 1.37 1.66 2.00 1.27 2.52 2.89 1.29

K .97 1.04 .20 .42 .51 .68 .77 .57 .85 .96 .66

Mg .80 1.12 .78 .97 .89 1.01 .96 1.06 .95 .87 1.14

Ca 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.97 1.90 2.07 2.03 2.20 1.93 1.81 2.18

Ti .36 .49 .34 .55 .38 .64 .51 .65 .51 .42 .97

P .47 .44 .66 .89 .85 .36 .35 .36 .33 .30 .36

H2O+ 6.74 6.62 8.25 9.16 8.41 9.96 8.70 10.8 5.17 9.03 8.47

H2O- 11.0 10.9 13.9 19.2 18.0 24.7 23.0 24.7 18.8 16.9 25.6

CO2 .23 .21 .38 .43 .49 .61 1.69 .60 .38 .34 .43

As 

ppm 270 247 407 582 537 279 273 292 246 205 255

Ba 876 741 1,069 1,200 1,220 1,461 1,299 1,594 1,232 1,203 1,210

Cd .79 .67 1.5 1.2 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.3 1.1 2.7

Ce 1,124 1,089 1,510 1,856 1,829 1,235 1,052 1,195 924 890 1,747

Co 1,573 1,571 2,439 5,569 3,659 1,859 1,429 2,125 1,355 1,324 5,511

Cr 135 180 96 42 49 11 12 9.3 17 22 13

Cu 47 45 65 48 48 611 649 823 628 505 538

Mo 135 91 302 458 427 425 403 571 333 217 296

Ni 449 460 720 804 890 2,390 1,948 3,187 1,601 1,444 4,167

Pb 1,461 1,347 2,091 2,847 2,683 1,036 935 1,009 899 782 1,237

Sr 831 763 1,161 1,609 1,585 1,328 1,234 1,461 1,182 1,035 1,317

V 573 527 790 990 1024 584 584 637 542 457 538

Y 112 104 163 210 207 212 195 252 172 144 188

Zn 348 325 418 433 488 558 519 611 493 457 565

Pd ppb -- -- -- -- -- 4.6 4.2 6.0 -- -- --

Pt -- -- -- -- -- 72 57 69 -- -- --

Rh -- -- -- -- -- 6.9 6.2 6.8 -- -- --
36

Table 12 continued

San Marcos Seamount Adam 

Seamount

D5-6 D5-16A D5-17A D6-1A D6-1B D6-2 D6-10 D6-34A D6-34B D6-37 D7-2C

B(0-15) BS (0-6) B(0-12) B(0-15) B(0-10) B(0-15) B(0-30) L(0-6) L(6-18) B(0-15) B(0-10)

Fe wt% 17.4 17.2 15.7 10.3 19.0 17.2 13.8 17.7 20.9 18.5 14.0

Mn 12.1 19.9 11.1 4.35 16.0 17.6 19.0 18.2 21.4 13.1 13.1

Fe/Mn 1.4 .9 1.4 2.4 1.2 1.0 .7 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1

Si 14.3 7.28 15.8 25.0 10.4 9.95 10.4 9.79 6.35 13.8 14.6

Na 2.11 1.54 2.12 2.66 1.80 1.83 1.86 1.87 1.65 2.09 2.13

Al 2.80 1.63 3.20 4.89 1.92 1.91 2.42 1.88 1.19 2.43 3.48

K .93 .69 1.03 1.48 .79 1.05 1.06 .77 .58 .84 1.26

Mg .86 1.06 1.09 .75 1.00 1.72 1.79 1.14 1.09 .83 1.21

Ca 1.81 2.12 1.43 1.37 1.70 1.83 1.91 1.78 2.12 1.82 1.64

Ti .42 .91 .50 .26 .52 .36 .57 .51 .65 .47 .40

P .32 .34 .23 .15 .36 .27 .22 .32 .42 .36 .25

H2O+ 7.78 10.9 6.35 5.00 9.19 8.68 10.4 11.0 8.88 10.5 7.41

H2O- 16.5 24.5 16.5 8.00 17.3 13.6 10.7 19.3 21.2 15.5 10.9

CO2 .31 .50 .13 .12 .31 .75 .27 .53 .36 .34 .31

As 

ppm 228 252 117 98 242 185 146 235 292 249 168

Ba 1,174 1,219 2,036 1,196 1,814 1,852 5,599 1,611 2,157 1,302 1,235

Cd .93 2.5 .87 .38 3.8 9.6 8.3 5.2 3.6 1.2 2.3

Ce 886 1,722 850 413 1,064 347 649 929 1,193 1,030 763

Co 1,317 4,768 1,437 761 3,265 1,968 2,352 2,850 4,315 2,249 1,122

Cr 19 16 22 44 17 61 50 12 10 21 24

Cu 479 503 1317 228 617 984 1,064 768 444 284 1,347

Mo 240 291 17 46 314 289 325 297 495 308 180

Ni 1,317 3,576 2,156 848 3,386 7,292 6,271 4,957 2,665 1,302 3,255

Pb 862 1,245 778 391 1,209 463 728 1,202 1,777 1,302 572

Sr 1,054 1,272 994 565 1,330 752 1,120 1,115 1,523 1,160 831

V 491 517 347 217 593 509 414 520 660 533 382

Y 144 185 115 56.5 157 88 102 149 203 166 118

Zn 455 530 563 261 689 1007 840 768 647 497 539

Pd ppb -- -- -- -- -- -- 4.1 3.1 9.3 -- --

Pt -- -- -- -- -- -- 81 89 88 -- --

Rh -- -- -- -- -- -- 5.8 6.6 5.5 -- --
37

Table 12 continued

Adam Seamount

D7-5 D7-8 D8-1A D8-2A D8-2B D8-2C D8-2D D8-3A D8-3B D8-3C D8-3D

B(0-15) B(0-24) B(0-18) B(0-65) L(0-12) L(12-37) L(37-65) B(0-36) L(0-5) L(5-17) L(17-36)

Fe wt% 8.4 19.8 17.7 22.2 17.6 19.6 24.8 22.9 20.6 23.9 22.8

Mn 22.8 17.4 10.8 13.4 11.7 16.8 11.1 10.5 10.8 13.8 8.37

Fe/Mn .4 1.1 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 2.7

Si 11.0 9.59 14.8 10.6 14.5 9.60 10.6 12.0 13.1 8.95 12.8

Na 2.02 1.87 1.98 1.72 2.04 1.63 1.73 1.80 1.90 1.56 1.78

Al 3.11 2.16 2.97 2.29 2.91 1.96 2.50 2.72 2.50 1.80 3.26

K 1.19 .82 .91 .74 .92 .73 .74 .95 .83 .61 .85

Mg 1.58 1.08 .99 1.10 .98 1.34 .98 1.32 1.00 1.34 1.46

Ca 1.38 1.98 1.52 1.60 1.68 1.55 1.53 1.30 1.54 1.23 1.85

Ti .28 .69 .51 .55 .45 .63 .47 .71 .60 .79 .60

P .16 .30 .28 .32 .31 .31 .31 .29 .33 .32 .26

H2O+ 8.96 11.7 7.07 11.4 10.1 11.9 8.28 8.29 7.95 9.35 11.2

H2O- 8.50 14.5 22.2 21.9 10.9 21.9 21.5 22.8 22.0 25.1 8.00

CO2 .15 .41 .27 .18 .26 .21 .26 .22 .28 .25 .23

As ppm 96 246 193 243 213 192 242 194 256 200 185

Ba 2,514 1,404 1,542 2,689 1,459 5,250 2,548 2,073 1,410 3,071 2,283

Cd 10 2.1 1.0 1.9 1.6 2.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.3 .98

Ce 372 1,287 1,015 935 965 1,101 675 1,010 1,282 1,308 652

Co 536 1,637 1,799 1,793 1,571 2,561 1,172 2,202 2,051 2,804 1,304

Cr 30 14 21 14 17 11 17 26 18 13 44

Cu 3,825 889 913 1,793 1,089 2,689 1,783 1,140 821 1,869 1,196

Mo 295 304 129 243 202 218 242 62 128 67 57

Ni 6,885 2,573 2,057 2,049 1,796 3,457 1,529 2,461 1,538 2,937 1,957

Pb 415 924 913 960 898 948 739 984 1,128 1,202 707

Sr 612 1,170 1,028 1,216 1,066 1,408 1,159 933 1,077 1,255 848

V 350 491 411 551 471 512 599 440 462 507 457

Y 72.1 175 125 166 135 173 153 117 141 154 107

Zn 1,005 526 540 743 494 794 866 648 513 828 717

Pd ppb -- 2.9 -- 4.1 1.9 8.3 4.1 6.1 2.6 3.6 3.5

Pt -- 89 -- 72 52 124 82 38 63 115 108

Rh -- 7.0 -- 6.7 3.1 7.3 5.5 3.0 5.9 8.1 6.5
38

Table 12 continued

Adam Seamount

D8-5 D9-9A D9-14A D9-14B D9-14C D9-16A D9-16B D9-16C D9-21A D9-21B D9-21C

BN(0-25) B(0-35) B(0-7) L(0-30) L(0-20) B(0-55) L(0-10) L(10-55) B(0-50) L(0-4) L(4-29)

Fe 

wt% 17.8 16.6 21.3 21.0 18.2 14.6 15.5 15.3 19.6 20.2 20.8

Mn 11.5 24.4 19.7 19.7 22.0 25.6 23.8 25.2 23.1 24.2 23.6

Fe/Mn 1.5 .7 1.1 1.1 .8 .6 .7 .6 .8 .8 .9

Si 14.2 5.80 6.31 6.85 7.84 6.39 6.87 5.05 4.96 3.69 3.73

Na 1.96 1.79 1.61 1.67 1.74 1.72 1.87 1.66 1.64 1.50 1.58

Al 2.88 1.16 1.07 1.09 1.07 1.24 1.44 1.14 .67 .37 .43

K .96 .75 .63 .66 .92 .86 .78 .79 .63 .45 .49

Mg 1.48 1.40 1.22 1.17 1.36 1.45 1.36 1.50 1.11 1.01 1.03

Ca 1.21 1.81 1.70 1.72 1.44 1.71 1.79 1.77 2.06 2.44 2.40

Ti .55 .39 .48 .47 .15 .33 .42 .41 .42 .57 .57

P .22 .33 .40 .38 .29 .29 .33 .30 .41 .47 .48

H2O+ 12.1 10.3 10.6 12.0 10.9 11.3 9.54 9.06 11.1 11.7 14.0

H2O- 9.00 15.5 20.7 18.2 19.6 17.1 21.4 22.7 23.4 21.4 24.9

CO2 .20 .36 .35 .37 .29 .29 .31 .29 .42 .47 .44

As 

ppm 132 237 277 281 211 205 229 220 313 344 346

Ba 2,308 2,367 3,026 2,689 2,488 4,825 2,545 6,598 2,219 2,036 1,997

Cd 1.4 9.6 6.4 7.1 15 13 9.9 12 7.6 2.7 3.2

Ce 912 757 971 941 323 651 814 724 836 1,170 1,132

Co 2,527 3,195 3,531 3,423 2,488 2,774 3,181 2,975 3,394 4,326 3,862

Cr 24 17 11 10 15 15 13 14 7.2 7.0 3.7

Cu 2,088 959 757 636 634 1,206 992 1,552 509 560 360

Mo 5 473 441 403 361 483 420 505 666 916 826

Ni 4,286 8,166 4,161 4,034 5,597 8,565 7,761 9,056 4,569 3,181 3,196

Pb 1,000 1,053 1,387 1,345 373 796 1,069 1,048 1,240 1,781 1,731

Sr 945 1,183 1,387 1,345 945 1,206 1,196 1,423 1,436 1,781 1,731

V 374 604 706 672 585 567 560 582 796 891 866

Y 86.8 142 151 147 102 121 127 142 196 254 253

Zn 703 1,006 883 905 1,144 1,098 980 1,035 875 763 679

Pd ppb 4.1 -- 3.8 3.9 5.8 5.1 4.5 6.9 4.8 4.5 4.3

Pt 87 -- 81 78 36 107 79 93 57 65 28

Rh 5.8 -- 3.9 5.3 2.9 6.2 6.2 7.0 3.9 6.5 5.3
39

Table 12 continued

Adam Seamount Hoss Seamount

D9-21D D9-23 D9-29 D9-31 D9-34A D9-41 D10-3 D10-4A D10-6 D10-7A D10-7B

L(29-54) BN(0-55) B(0-55) B(0-4) B(0-40) B(0-40) B(0-40) B(0-20) B(0-40) B(0-25) L(0-3)

Fe 

wt% 17.9 16.7 16.5 23.4 21.0 21.1 15.4 15.1 23.6 20.8 12.2

Mn 23.0 19.0 22.0 14.2 17.5 21.7 15.0 12.3 10.3 15.6 6.10

Fe/Mn .8 .9 .7 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.3 1.3 2.0

Si 6.47 7.69 7.22 9.33 8.16 5.28 12.5 14.2 11.6 11.7 22.0

Na 1.82 1.66 1.72 1.73 1.77 1.65 1.62 1.76 1.68 1.93 2.55

Al 1.09 1.54 1.12 1.40 1.37 .65 2.08 2.80 1.87 1.42 4.32

K .79 .77 .85 .58 .70 .49 1.21 1.25 .72 .62 1.24

Mg 1.27 1.40 1.47 .86 1.09 .95 1.98 1.65 1.03 .92 .67

Ca 1.75 1.40 1.72 1.85 1.76 2.34 1.00 1.90 1.18 1.77 1.69

Ti .25 .43 .39 .50 .45 .56 .21 .44 .62 .55 .29

P .32 .29 .31 .50 .41 .49 .18 .40 .34 .37 .23

H2O+ 9.57 12.9 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.1 9.43 8.65 10.2 10.3 7.10

H2O- 22.7 18.1 16.9 18.5 13.0 24.3 8.80 13.3 19.8 24.2 9.80

CO2 .26 .26 .36 .48 .41 .67 .19 .42 .25 .38 .40

As 

ppm 259 195 229 344 299 357 92 97 212 251 144

Ba 2,199 3,663 5,535 1,472 2,299 1,717 24,232 9,458 2,618 2,507 1,042

Cd 13 5.5 7.1 0.98 3.5 1.7 3.7 1.6 .62 1.6 .42

Ce 427 806 686 1,215 931 1,189 296 554 1,160 1,121 610

Co 2,717 3,053 2,768 2,454 2,989 3,699 2,412 2,537 3,242 3,430 998

Cr 10 20 19 22 21 11 26 57 55 32 36

Cu 712 916 1,119 196 483 291 1,425 1,269 661 620 177

Mo 453 269 493 319 402 740 82 54 6.2 356 60

Ni 6,986 6,227 7,581 1,043 3,103 2,510 5,044 3,576 2,120 1,715 510

Pb 556 1,087 975 1,718 1,379 1,849 461 692 1,496 1,583 665

Sr 1,009 1,123 1,324 1,350 1,379 1,717 1,864 1,153 1,172 1,451 754

V 634 476 590 736 690 819 329 358 574 620 322

Y 123 103 144 196 172 251 54 84 137 172 85

Zn 1,190 806 915 601 724 621 833 669 661 646 299

Pd ppb 4.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Pt 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Rh 4.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
40

Table 12 continued

Hoss Seamount Little Joe Seamount

D10-7C D11-4A D11-4B D11-4C D11-4D D11-6 D11-7 D11-11A D13-1A D13-1B D13-1C

L(3-25) L(0-8) L(8-27) L(27-33) B(0-36) B(0-50) B(0-45) B(0-70) B(0-12) MB BU(0-4)

Fe 

wt% 22.2 15.2 20.9 25.5 21.5 18.5 17.7 20.3 15.7 30.8 19.2

Mn 17.7 8.53 20.1 16.8 18.1 16.2 14.4 18.7 4.71 3.61 13.8

Fe/Mn 1.3 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 3.3 8.5 1.4

Si 6.20 19.2 5.92 5.35 8.19 9.78 11.9 6.86 21.1 11.8 10.5

Na 1.64 2.48 1.68 1.48 1.70 1.83 1.97 1.74 2.25 1.64 1.81

Al .92 3.62 .88 1.02 1.29 1.98 2.37 1.29 4.00 2.28 2.43

K .51 1.14 .55 .46 .60 .76 .84 .61 1.11 .72 .97

Mg 1.04 .74 .96 1.00 .95 .98 .91 .95 .73 1.24 1.53

Ca 1.81 1.65 2.16 1.82 2.04 1.89 1.95 2.14 1.45 .89 1.31

Ti .71 .43 .63 .65 .61 .54 .54 .66 .42 1.04 .66

P .42 .27 .43 .41 .39 .35 .35 .41 .25 .40 .30

H2O+ 11.5 8.64 12.6 12.8 11.2 9.39 10.7 10.6 6.36 8.33 10.2

H2O- 25.8 14.4 24.0 19.6 23.1 23.3 22.7 24.2 15.1 31.6 20.9

CO2 .39 .27 .59 .41 .33 .35 .38 .41 .22 .15 .35

As 

ppm 296 199 329 311 312 235 233 317 177 278 215

Ba 3,369 1,121 2,237 2,488 2,211 6,780 2,458 1,715 1,166 1,608 2,276

Cd 1.6 .41 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 .29 .15 2.5

Ce 1,348 841 1,237 1,007 1,092 952 1,022 1,240 754 1,257 1,024

Co 4,717 1,636 3,553 2,363 2,861 2,216 2,458 3,562 860 731 3,793

Cr 10 28 11 16 10 21 22 9.2 42 57 53

Cu 849 234 553 808 533 1,434 776 369 259 599 1,049

Mo 445 152 697 634 585 456 427 554 19 7.3 139

Ni 2,291 759 2,895 2,861 2,471 3,259 2,070 2,507 671 1,754 5,310

Pb 1,887 911 1,711 1,617 1,430 1,147 1,242 1,451 1,154 1,754 1,163

Sr 1,752 900 1,711 1,617 1,560 1,565 1,294 1,451 695 541 885

V 701 386 789 858 741 626 582 686 365 570 480

Y 202 117 243 211 208 196 194 224 81 130 110

Zn 741 362 671 920 702 743 569 594 365 716 759

Pd ppb -- -- -- -- 2.9 -- -- 3.3 -- -- --

Pt -- -- -- -- 43 -- -- 46 -- -- --

Rh -- -- -- -- 7.0 -- -- 7.3 -- -- --
41

Table 12 continued

Little Joe Seamount Ben

D13-2A D13-2C D13-3A D14-1A D14-1C D14-2C D14-2D D14-2E D14-3B D14-4 D17-1

B(0-12) BU(0-10) B(0-27) B(0-40) BU(0-15) B(0-6) LU(0-5) LU(5-11) B(0-9) B(0-40) B(0-18)

Fe 

wt% 33.7 13.8 29.4 20.7 19.3 20.0 18.8 19.6 19.4 20.8 22.3

Mn 3.15 5.86 6.42 18.2 23.0 15.1 19.7 16.6 13.4 17.6 19.2

Fe/Mn 11 2.4 4.6 1.1 .8 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2

Si 10.6 15.8 11.1 7.95 6.84 10.6 8.01 10.5 11.7 8.22 6.44

Na 1.54 1.70 1.85 1.78 1.75 1.91 1.83 1.88 1.93 1.75 1.65

Al 2.13 2.97 2.25 1.31 .94 1.80 1.47 1.73 2.03 1.29 .98

K .54 1.61 .62 .58 .90 .67 .68 .68 .72 .60 .53

Mg .94 2.05 1.11 .94 1.50 .90 1.06 .93 .83 .93 1.00

Ca .75 .69 1.09 2.15 1.52 1.97 1.95 2.03 1.88 2.10 2.14

Ti .81 .48 .76 .55 .22 .58 .53 .45 .46 .63 .68

P .41 .14 .44 .47 .27 .44 .39 .44 .43 .44 .45

H2O+ 12.0 7.50 8.37 8.56 6.96 9.00 7.40 7.65 7.58 11.9 9.01

H2O- 17.7 14.7 12.8 18.2 15.2 17.8 17.6 16.3 15.6 23.4 22.3

CO2 .13 .12 .23 .51 .31 .49 .47 .55 .47 .41 .67

As 

ppm 267 64 321 306 212 268 255 287 273 313 296

Ba 1,203 65,651 1,261 1,589 3,774 1,338 1,699 1,553 1,303 1,567 1,673

Cd .12 .33 1.8 1.4 13 1.6 5.0 2.1 1.6 2.0 2.1

Ce 960 340 1,101 1,198 354 1,168 1,056 1,027 1,066 1,266 1,416

Co 535 1,758 849 3,056 2,594 3,285 3,277 2,628 2,251 3,525 3,475

Cr 37 55 78 12 25 22 21 29 23 9.8 14

Cu 595 1,172 631 281 908 255 498 394 237 274 450

Mo 6.1 5.9 79 599 460 328 425 526 308 457 566

Ni 1,142 3,517 2,408 2,078 6,722 1,825 4,733 2,031 1,303 2,089 2,317

Pb 2,066 492 1,606 1,589 519 1,338 1,214 1,314 1,303 1,436 1,416

Sr 522 4,220 619 1,467 1,073 1,338 1,335 1,434 1,185 1,436 1,544

V 583 211 619 672 601 535 583 657 533 666 644

Y 111 91 89 232 111 170 170 179 166 209 245

Zn 705 657 700 575 1,038 511 752 573 509 561 592

Pd ppb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.7 --

Pt -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 42 --

Rh -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6.3 --
42

Table 12 continued

Ben Seamount Flint Seamount

D17-3A D17-4 D17-6A D17-6B D17-22 D21-1A D23-2B D23-2C D23-3

B(0-10) B(0-25) B(0-18) B(0-10) B(0-25) B(0-15) B(0-18) B(0-20) B(0-18)

Fe wt% 21.3 21.1 21.7 19.9 20.8 16.9 20.7 19.9 20.2

Mn 18.2 18.5 19.8 20.7 20.7 26.1 17.9 15.8 19.4

Fe/Mn 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.2 1.3 1.0

Si 7.53 7.15 5.88 5.82 5.65 2.70 7.99 10.6 7.19

Na 1.71 1.67 1.59 1.66 1.77 1.88 1.35 1.91 1.73

Al 1.38 1.22 .87 1.26 .93 .52 1.96 2.28 1.25

K .59 .61 .51 .62 .55 .54 .79 .79 .57

Mg .98 1.01 .96 1.09 1.05 1.13 1.19 1.05 1.05

Ca 2.13 2.04 2.18 2.29 2.19 2.40 2.06 2.14 2.04

Ti .61 .78 .55 1.04 .78 .92 1.04 .76 .76

P .46 .38 .46 .40 .42 .48 .35 .42 .40

H2O+ 9.18 12.5 11.8 8.79 9.54 16.8 9.15 7.67 7.45

H2O- 21.6 24.5 25.2 19.2 25.6 14.9 22.4 19.2 22.1

CO2 .56 .41 .44 .67 .82 .40 .52 .47 .51

As ppm 293 305 334 260 296 341 206 235 270

Ba 1,658 1,589 1,738 1,485 1,613 1,410 1,804 1,609 1,797

Cd 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.0 4.9 2.6 2.2 2.6

Ce 1,237 1,457 1,243 1,980 1,478 1,998 1,804 1,361 1,412

Co 3,061 3,841 2,807 6,312 4,704 10,458 5,541 3,342 4,236

Cr 11 11 5.8 11 12 13 17 17 8.3

Cu 599 517 548 433 484 329 619 545 719

Mo 510 411 602 359 551 635 271 334 462

Ni 2,296 2,517 2,406 3,094 3,226 4,465 2,835 2,351 3,209

Pb 1,403 1,325 1,471 1,609 1,478 2,115 1,418 1,238 1,540

Sr 1,531 1,457 1,604 1,361 1,613 1,645 1,263 1,225 1,412

V 651 623 789 532 618 670 425 483 578

Y 204 225 254 210 242 188 206 223 225

Zn 587 570 628 557 591 494 593 545 642

Pd ppb -- 4.4 2.0 -- -- 2.9 -- -- --

Pt -- 46 37 -- -- 141 -- -- --

Rh -- 6.8 5.9 -- -- 7.8 -- -- --
43

Table 13. Rare-earth element concentrations (in ppm) of Fe-Mn crust and nodule samples from six seamounts, 

normalized to 0% H2O-. [Rare earth element concentrations determined by inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry

(ICPMS); -- means not analyzed. Ce anomaly calculated from chondrite-normalized values: 

Ce* =2Ce/(La+Pr). Thickness of crust intervals measured in millimeters; L, crust layer; B, bulk

crust; BN, bulk nodule; ∑REE, sum of the rare-earth elements.]

San Marcos Seamount Adam Seamount

D5-1A D5-1B D5-1C D6-10 D7-8 D8-2A D8-3A D8-3B

B(0-25) L(0-15) L(15-21) B(0-30) B(0-24) BN(0-65) B(0-36) L(0-5)

La 393 366 465 168 340 379 352 344

Ce 1,199 1,136 1,250 686 1,228 1,046 1,083 1,385

Pr 105 99.9 127 36.5 92.0 91.7 86.1 88.1

Nd 409 397 513 150 361 366 338 351

Sm 96.1 94.7 119 33.8 87.0 82.1 76.0 80.6

Eu 23.2 22.7 28.7 8.42 20.8 19.5 17.9 18.7

Gd 85.4 86.1 111 33.9 79.5 79.6 67.6 73.3

Tb 13.8 14.2 18.1 5.49 13.1 13.1 10.6 11.6

Dy 80.3 82.2 105 34.2 74.9 74.8 57.9 64.6

Ho 13.7 14.4 18.6 6.65 13.2 13.8 9.65 10.9

Er 36.5 38.4 50.2 18.5 35.1 36.9 25.5 28.6

Tm 5.50 5.73 7.40 2.91 5.26 5.44 3.76 4.15

Yb 34.0 34.8 45.6 18.6 33.3 34.7 23.2 26.5

Lu 4.40 4.51 5.72 2.61 4.30 4.53 3.16 3.50

∑REE 2,499 2,398 2,863 1,206 2,388 2,247 2,155 2,490

Ce* 1.40 1.41 1.22 2.03 1.64 1.32 1.46 1.88

Adam Seamount

D8-3C D8-3D D8-5 D9-16A D9-16B D9-16C D9-21A

L(5-17) L(17-36) BN (0-25) B(0-55) L(0-10) L(10-55) B(0-50)

La 497 260 237 197 235 250 286

Ce 1,455 564 813 729 926 819 880

Pr 118 62.4 56.3 39.7 49.0 47.0 55.2

Nd 467 249 218 164 200 191 227

Sm 105 55.5 48.6 36.1 44.0 41.8 47.8

Eu 24.2 13.0 10.8 8.69 10.4 9.91 11.6

Gd 97.1 50.5 41.4 36.8 44.1 42.7 50.1

Tb 15.4 7.89 6.29 6.02 6.95 6.78 8.15

Dy 82.9 43.5 32.7 36.8 42.1 41.8 50.3

Ho 13.6 7.48 5.60 7.64 8.12 8.46 10.4

Er 34.4 19.2 14.4 21.6 21.6 24.5 29.4

Tm 5.05 2.85 2.04 3.32 3.27 3.69 4.48

Yb 31.4 18.5 13.5 21.7 21.1 23.9 27.9

Lu 4.22 2.49 1.85 3.03 3.00 3.34 3.92

∑REE 2,951 1,356 1,502 1,311 1,615 1,514 1,692

Ce* 1.41 1.04 1.65 1.89 1.99 1.71 1.59
44

Table 13 continued

Hoss Seamount Little Joe Ben Seamount Flint

D11-4D D11-11A D14-4 D17-4 D17-6A D21-1A

B(0-36) B(0-70) B(0-40) B(0-25) B(0-18) B(0-15)

La 378 409 389 437 472 259

Ce 1,143 1,240 1,358 1,536 1,337 1,622

Pr 79.2 -- 84.2 102 109 47.2

Nd 321 369 341 404 440 186

Sm 68.5 -- 73.6 89.7 97.7 38.7

Eu 16.1 20.0 17.8 21.6 23.4 9.14

Gd 68.7 -- 72.3 85.2 93.7 39.5

Tb 11.1 -- 11.7 13.6 15.1 6.43

Dy 66.7 -- 68.1 77.9 87.3 40.2

Ho 13.0 16.0 13.3 14.6 17.0 8.54

Er 35.0 -- 36.3 39.1 44.7 24.3

Tm 5.33 -- 5.30 5.77 6.60 3.78

Yb 32.9 44.0 34.2 36.8 42.2 24.6

Lu 4.56 -- 4.71 4.94 5.71 3.47

∑REE 2,244 2,098 2,509 2,868 2,791 2,312

Ce* 1.52 -- 1.74 1.70 1.37 3.31
45

Table 14. Statistics for all crust and nodule data from Tables 12 and 13.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 86 19.5 3.90 19.6 8.42 33.7

Mn 86 16.0 5.57 16.8 3.15 26.1

Fe/Mn 86 1.6 1.4 1.2 .4 11

Si 86 10.0 4.28 9.60 2.70 25.0

Na 86 1.81 .22 1.77 1.35 2.66

Al 86 1.90 .92 1.80 .37 4.89

K 86 .78 .23 .74 .42 1.61

Mg 86 1.12 .27 1.05 .67 2.05

Ca 86 1.78 .37 1.81 .69 2.44

Ti 86 .55 .19 .54 .15 1.04

P 86 .37 .12 .36 .14 .89

H2O+ 86 9.65 2.02 9.41 5.00 16.8

H2O- 86 18.8 5.09 19.2 8.00 31.6

CO2 86 .39 .20 .36 .12 1.69

As ppm 86 252 81.7 250 64.5 582

Ba 86 3,199 7,356 1,728 741 65,651

Cd 86 3.2 3.4 1.9 .12 15

Ce 86 1,056 379 1,060 296 1,998

Co 86 2,797 1,474 2,673 535 10,458

Cr 86 26 27 17 3.7 180

Cu 86 769 589 619 45 3,825

Mo 86 339 207 330 5.5 916

Ni 86 3,148 2,024 2,513 449 9,056

Pb 86 1,225 475 1,225 373 2,847

Sr 86 1,269 447 1,259 522 4,220

V 86 575 153 580 211 1,024

Y 86 161 52.1 164 54 254

Zn 86 666 196 644 261 1,190

Pd ppb 32 4.4 1.6 4.1 1.9 9.3

Pt 32 72 28 72 28 141

Rh 32 5.9 1.4 6.2 2.9 8.1

La ppm 21 339 94.0 352 168 497

Ce 21 1,116 291 1,143 564 1,622

Pr 20 78.8 27.6 85.2 36.5 127

Nd 21 317 107 341 150 513

Sm 20 70.8 25.9 74.8 33.8 119

Eu 21 17.0 6.08 17.9 8.42 28.7

Gd 20 66.9 23.0 70.5 33.9 111

Tb 20 10.8 3.77 11.3 5.49 18.1

Dy 20 62.2 21.0 65.7 32.7 105

Ho 21 11.6 3.64 13.0 5.60 18.6

Er 20 30.7 9.42 31.9 14.4 50.2

Tm 20 4.58 1.38 4.76 2.04 7.40

Yb 21 29.7 8.79 31.4 13.5 45.6

Lu 20 3.90 1.04 4.07 1.85 5.72
46

Table 15. Statistics for 60 bulk crusts and nodules from Tables 12 and 13.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt.% 60 19.4 3.96 19.7 8.42 33.7

Mn 60 15.9 5.39 16.6 3.15 26.1

Fe/Mn 60 1.5 1.4 1.2 .4 11

Si 60 10.2 4.20 9.75 2.70 25.0

Na 60 1.82 .20 1.78 1.35 2.66

Al 60 1.94 .89 1.89 .52 4.89

K 60 .79 .25 .73 .42 1.61

Mg 60 1.12 .29 1.04 .73 2.05

Ca 60 1.79 .37 1.87 .69 2.40

Ti 60 .56 .19 .54 .21 1.04

P 60 .38 .13 .37 .14 .89

H2O+ 60 9.38 2.01 9.19 5.00 16.8

H2O- 60 18.3 4.80 18.4 8.00 25.6

CO2 60 .38 .15 .38 .12 .82

As ppm 60 254 91 250 65 582

Ba 60 3,549 8,768 1,666 741 65,651

Cd 60 3.0 3.0 1.9 .12 13

Ce 60 1,091 408 1,085 296 1,998

Co 60 2,891 1,623 2,771 535 10,458

Cr 60 30 30 21 5.8 180

Cu 60 702 570 574 45 3,825

Mo 60 331 188 329 5.9 740

Ni 60 3,017 1,949 2,489 449 8,565

Pb 60 1,254 500 1,268 391 2,847

Sr 60 1,281 491 1,283 522 4,220

V 60 571 156 580 211 1,024

Y 60 162 53 169 54 254

Zn 60 634 178 593 261 1,098

Pd ppb 15 4.1 1.3 4.1 2.0 7.2

Pt 15 69 30 72 37 141

Rh 15 6.0 1.4 6.3 3.0 7.8

La ppm 13 343 91.1 378 168 472

Ce 13 1,161 281 1,199 686 1,622

Pr 12 77.3 26.0 85.2 36.5 109

Nd 13 314 98.2 341 150 440

Sm 12 68.9 23.8 74.8 33.8 97.7

Eu 13 16.8 5.52 17.9 8.42 23.4

Gd 12 66.0 20.8 70.5 33.9 93.7

Tb 12 10.7 3.36 11.4 5.49 15.1

Dy 12 62.4 18.2 67.4 34.2 87.3

Ho 13 12.1 3.23 13.2 6.65 17.0

Er 12 31.9 7.92 35.0 18.5 44.7

Tm 12 4.79 1.12 5.28 2.91 6.60

Yb 13 31.4 7.75 33.3 18.6 44.0

Lu 12 4.11 .89 4.35 2.61 5.71
47

Table 16. Statistics for crust layer data from Tables 12 and 13.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 22 19.6 3.28 19.6 12.2 25.5

Mn 22 17.1 5.69 17.2 6.10 25.2

Fe/Mn 22 1.3 .6 1.2 .6 2.7

Si 22 9.28 4.72 8.48 3.69 22.0

Na 22 1.80 .27 1.76 1.48 2.55

Al 22 1.80 1.03 1.60 .37 4.32

K 22 .72 .20 .73 .45 1.24

Mg 22 1.09 .21 1.03 .67 1.50

Ca 22 1.85 .29 1.80 1.23 2.44

Ti 22 .54 .13 .55 .25 .79

P 22 .35 .07 .33 .23 .48

H2O+ 22 9.99 1.91 9.56 7.10 14.0

H2O- 22 19.9 5.08 21.5 8.00 25.8

CO2 22 .43 .31 .37 .21 1.69

As ppm 22 255 54 256 144 346

Ba 22 2,344 1,320 2,096 1,042 6,598

Cd 22 3.4 3.5 2.1 .41 13

Ce 22 1,012 272 1,042 427 1,455

Co 22 2,655 1,072 2,673 998 4,717

Cr 22 16 9.6 13 3.7 44

Cu 22 901 607 788 177 2,689

Mo 22 397 244 422 57 916

Ni 22 3,283 2,197 2,878 510 9,056

Pb 22 1,184 403 1,098 556 1,887

Sr 22 1,309 303 1,295 754 1,781

V 22 602 151 583 322 891

Y 22 171 50.1 162 85 254

Zn 22 715 213 729 299 1,190

Pd ppb 15 4.8 2.1 4.3 1.9 9.3

Pt 15 77 27 79 28 124

Rh 15 6.1 1.2 6.2 3.1 8.1

La ppm 7 345 105 344 235 497

Ce 7 1,076 322 1,136 564 1,455

Pr 7 84.5 32.5 88.1 47.0 127

Nd 7 338 129 351 191 513

Sm 7 77.3 30.8 80.6 41.8 119

Eu 7 18.2 7.33 18.7 9.91 28.7

Gd 7 72.1 27.2 73.3 42.7 111

Tb 7 11.5 4.49 11.6 6.78 18.1

Dy 7 66.1 25.1 64.6 41.8 105

Ho 7 11.7 4.09 10.9 7.48 18.6

Er 7 31.0 10.9 28.6 19.2 50.2

Tm 7 4.59 1.59 4.15 2.85 7.40

Yb 7 28.8 9.29 26.5 18.5 45.6

Lu 7 3.83 1.08 3.50 2.49 5.72
48

Table 17. Statistics for nodule data from Adam Seamount from Table 12.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 7 19.4 2.79 18.2 16.7 24.8

Mn 7 16.0 4.52 16.8 11.1 22.0

Fe/Mn 7 1.3 .5 1.2 .8 2.2

Si 7 10.2 3.10 9.60 6.85 14.5

Na 7 1.78 .16 1.73 1.63 2.04

Al 7 1.99 .79 1.96 1.07 2.91

K 7 .81 .12 .77 .66 .96

Mg 7 1.25 .21 1.34 .98 1.48

Ca 7 1.51 .18 1.53 1.21 1.72

Ti 7 .45 .15 .47 .15 .63

P 7 .30 .05 .31 .22 .38

H2O+ 7 11.2 1.57 11.9 8.28 12.9

H2O- 7 17.0 5.08 18.2 9.00 21.9

CO2 7 .26 .06 .26 .20 .37

As ppm 7 210 46 211 132 281

Ba 7 2,915 1,216 2,548 1,459 5,250

Cd 7 5.0 4.9 2.8 1.4 15

Ce 7 804 252 813 323 1,101

Co 7 2,399 787 2,527 1,172 3,423

Cr 7 16 4.8 17 10 24

Cu 7 1,405 794 1,089 634 2,689

Mo 7 243 128 242 5.0 403

Ni 7 3,847 1,765 4,034 1,529 6,227

Pb 7 913 302 948 373 1,345

Sr 7 1,142 181 1,123 945 1,408

V 7 527 99 512 374 672

Y 7 128 32 135 87 173

Zn 7 816 198 806 494 1,144

Pd ppb 6 4.7 2.2 4.1 1.9 8.3

Pt 6 76 31 80 36 124

Rh 6 5.0 1.7 5.4 2.9 7.3
49

Table 18. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Rodriguez Seamount from Table 12.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 5 22.4 3.14 22.4 19.0 26.5

Mn 5 10.9 4.07 11.5 6.40 15.2

Fe/Mn 5 2.6 .6 2.2 2.1 3.4

Si 5 12.7 5.50 12.43 6.19 18.3

Na 5 1.79 .18 1.72 1.62 2.02

Al 5 2.21 1.06 2.15 1.00 3.48

K 5 .73 .27 .70 .42 1.04

Mg 5 .91 .14 .89 .78 1.12

Ca 5 1.69 .24 1.67 1.40 1.97

Ti 5 .42 .09 .38 .34 .55

P 5 .66 .21 .66 .44 .89

H2O+ 5 17.3 5.36 16.1 12.2 23.8

H2O- 5 7.84 1.11 8.25 6.62 9.16

CO2 5 .35 .12 .38 .21 .49

As ppm 5 408 151 407 247 582

Ba 5 1,021 208 1,069 741 1,220

Cd 5 1.3 .63 1.2 .67 2.3

Ce 5 1,482 369 1,510 1,089 1,856

Co 5 2,962 1,690 2,439 1,571 5,569

Cr 5 100 58 96 42 180

Cu 5 51 8.2 48 45 65

Mo 5 282 166 302 91 458

Ni 5 665 201 720 449 890

Pb 5 2,086 684 2,091 1,347 2,847

Sr 5 1,190 401 1,161 763 1,609

V 5 781 229 790 527 1,024

Y 5 159 50 163 104 210

Zn 5 403 66 418 325 488
50

Table 19. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from San Marcos Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 13 17.0 2.63 17.4 10.3 20.1

Mn 13 15.4 4.85 16.0 4.35 21.9

Fe/Mn 13 1.5 .4 1.5 .8 2.6

Si 13 12.0 5.09 10.4 5.91 25.0

Na 13 1.97 .28 1.86 1.54 2.66

Al 13 2.38 .96 2.42 1.29 4.89

K 13 .90 .23 .85 .65 1.48

Mg 13 1.09 .32 1.01 .75 1.79

Ca 13 1.85 .24 1.83 1.37 2.18

Ti 13 .55 .20 .51 .26 .97

P 13 .31 .07 .33 .15 .39

H2O+ 13 21.9 7.85 20.3 8.70 34.4

H2O- 13 8.54 1.96 9.03 5.00 10.9

CO2 13 .38 .17 .34 .12 .75

As ppm 13 213 60 242 98 279

Ba 13 1,790 1,191 1,302 1,174 5,599

Cd 13 3.0 2.9 2.1 .38 9.6

Ce 13 992 416 924 347 1747

Co 13 2,461 1,459 1,968 761 5,511

Cr 13 25 16 19 11 61

Cu 13 639 308 552 228 1,317

Mo 13 271 122 296 17 429

Ni 13 3,014 1,978 2,390 848 7,292

Pb 13 963 346 899 391 1,585

Sr 13 1,115 241 1,160 565 1,387

V 13 489 110 517 217 613

Y 13 147 45 157 57 212

Zn 13 585 188 558 261 1,007

Pd ppb 3 5.3 1.6 4.6 4.1 7.2

Pt 3 80 8.2 81 72 88

Rh 3 6.2 .62 5.8 5.8 6.9

La ppm 2 281 159 281 168 393

Ce 2 943 363 943 686 1,199

Pr 2 70.8 48.5 71 36.5 105

Nd 2 280 183 280 150 409

Sm 2 65.0 44.1 65.0 33.8 96.0

Eu 2 15.8 10.48 15.8 8.42 23.2

Gd 2 59.7 36.4 59.7 33.9 85.0

Tb 2 9.6 5.89 9.6 5.49 13.8

Dy 2 57.2 32.7 57.2 34.2 80.0

Ho 2 10.2 4.97 10.2 6.65 13.7

Er 2 27.5 12.8 27.5 18.5 36.5

Tm 2 4.20 1.83 4.20 2.91 5.50

Yb 2 26.3 10.9 26.3 18.6 34.0

Lu 2 3.50 1.26 3.50 2.61 4.40
51

Table 20. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Adam Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 14 18.5 4.18 19.7 8.42 23.4

Mn 14 18.3 5.16 18.6 10.5 25.6

Fe/Mn 14 1.1 .5 1.1 .4 2.2

Si 14 9.01 3.28 8.74 4.96 14.80

Na 14 1.80 0.15 1.75 1.60 2.13

Al 14 1.82 0.95 1.38 0.60 3.48

K 14 .81 .22 .78 .49 1.26

Mg 14 1.20 .22 1.16 .86 1.58

Ca 14 1.74 .27 1.72 1.30 2.34

Ti 14 .48 .12 .46 .28 .71

P 14 .34 .09 .32 .16 .50

H2O+ 14 10.2 1.58 11.0 7.07 11.7

H2O- 14 17.9 4.95 17.8 8.50 24.3

CO2 14 .35 .13 .35 .15 .67

As ppm 14 243 71 240 96 357

Ba 14 2,494 1,260 2,259 1,235 5,535

Cd 14 4.9 4.0 2.9 .98 13

Ce 14 919 241 951 372 1,228

Co 14 2,421 947 2,611 536 3,699

Cr 14 18 6.3 18 7.2 30

Cu 14 1,102 894 936 196 3,825

Mo 14 374 193 361 62 740

Ni 14 4,213 2,532 3,179 1,043 8,565

Pb 14 1,083 400 980 415 1,849

Sr 14 1,198 279 1,211 612 1,717

V 14 581 153 578 350 819

Y 14 153 44 148 72 251

Zn 14 766 196 733 526 1,098

Pd ppb 6 4.5 1.1 4.5 2.9 6.1

Pt 6 74 24 76 38 107

Rh 6 5.1 1.7 5.0 3.0 7.0

La ppm 5 311 72.3 340 197 379

Ce 5 993 193 1,046 729 1,228

Pr 5 73.0 24.0 86.1 39.7 92.0

Nd 5 291 90.9 338 164 366

Sm 5 65.8 22.5 76.0 36.1 87.0

Eu 5 15.7 5.27 17.9 8.69 20.8

Gd 5 62.7 18.9 67.6 36.8 79.6

Tb 5 10.2 3.10 10.6 6.02 13.1

Dy 5 58.9 16.4 57.9 36.8 74.9

Ho 5 10.9 2.57 10.4 7.64 13.8

Er 5 29.7 6.40 29.4 21.6 36.9

Tm 5 4.45 .92 4.48 3.32 5.44

Yb 5 28.2 5.83 27.9 21.7 34.7

Lu 5 3.79 .67 3.92 3.03 4.53
52

Table 21. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Hoss Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million; --, no data]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 8 19.1 2.98 19.4 15.1 23.6

Mn 8 15.1 2.78 15.3 10.3 18.7

Fe/Mn 8 1.3 .4 1.2 1.0 2.3

Si 8 10.8 2.40 11.7 6.86 14.2

Na 8 1.78 .12 1.75 1.62 1.97

Al 8 1.89 .54 1.93 1.29 2.80

K 8 .83 .26 .74 .60 1.25

Mg 8 1.17 .41 .96 .91 1.98

Ca 8 1.73 .42 1.90 1.00 2.14

Ti 8 .52 .14 .55 .21 .66

P 8 .35 .08 .36 .18 .41

H2O+ 8 10.1 .84 10.3 8.65 11.2

H2O- 8 19.9 5.77 22.9 8.80 24.2

CO2 8 .34 .08 .36 .19 .42

As ppm 8 218 85 234 92 317

Ba 8 6,497 7,671 2,563 1,715 24,232

Cd 8 1.8 .87 1.6 .62 3.7

Ce 8 936 334 1,072 296 1,240

Co 8 2,840 513 2,699 2,216 3,562

Cr 8 29 18 24 9.2 57

Cu 8 886 425 719 369 1,434

Mo 8 315 234 392 6.2 585

Ni 8 2,845 1,082 2,489 1,715 5,044

Pb 8 1,188 407 1,336 461 1,583

Sr 8 1,439 235 1451 1,153 1,864

V 8 564 147 601 329 741

Y 8 159 62 183 54 224

Zn 8 677 84 665 569 833

Pd ppb 2 3.1 .31 3.1 2.9 3.3

Pt 2 45 2.3 45 43 46

Rh 2 7.1 .17 7.1 7.0 7.3

La ppm 2 394 21.6 394 378 409

Ce 2 1,192 68.6 1,192 1,143 1,240

Pr 1 79.2 -- 79.2 79.2 79.2

Nd 2 345 33.8 345 321 369

Sm 1 68.5 -- 68.5 68.5 68.5

Eu 2 18.1 2.74 18.1 16.1 20.0

Gd 1 68.7 -- 68.7 68.7 68.7

Tb 1 11.1 -- 11.1 11.1 11.1

Dy 1 66.7 -- 66.7 66.7 66.7

Ho 2 14.5 2.13 14.5 13.0 16.0

Er 1 35.0 -- 35.0 35.0 35.0

Tm 1 5.33 -- 5.33 5.33 5.33

Yb 2 38.4 7.85 38.4 32.9 44.0

Lu 1 4.56 -- 4.56 4.56 4.56
53

Table 22. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Little Joe Seamount, from Table 12.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

N Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 10 21.1 5.97 19.4 13.8 33.7

Mn 10 12.3 6.84 13.6 3.15 23.0

Fe/Mn 10 2.8 3.0 1.4 .8 11

Si 10 11.4 4.22 10.5 6.84 21.1

Na 10 1.82 .18 1.80 1.54 2.25

Al 10 2.10 .90 2.08 .94 4.00

K 10 .83 .33 .70 .54 1.61

Mg 10 1.15 .41 .95 .73 2.05

Ca 10 1.49 .54 1.48 .69 2.15

Ti 10 .55 .17 .54 .22 .81

P 10 .36 .11 .42 .14 .47

H2O+ 10 8.75 1.98 8.21 6.36 12.0

H2O- 10 17.1 3.16 16.4 12.8 23.4

CO2 10 .33 .15 .33 .12 .51

As ppm 10 242 78 268 65 321

Ba 10 8,131 20,225 1,546 1,166 65,651

Cd 10 2.6 3.8 1.7 .10 13

Ce 10 924 341 1,045 340 1,358

Co 10 2,229 1,180 2,423 535 3,793

Cr 10 36 22 31 9.8 78

Cu 10 579 354 487 237 1,172

Mo 10 250 225 224 5.9 599

Ni 10 2,807 1,912 2,249 671 6,722

Pb 10 1,262 480 1,297 492 2,066

Sr 10 1,347 1,066 1,129 522 4,220

V 10 532 145 587 211 672

Y 10 137 54 111 81 232

Zn 10 648 178 633 365 1,038
54

Table 23. Statistics for 6 Fe-Mn bulk crusts, Ben Seamount, from Tables 12 and 13.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 6 21.2 .79 21.2 19.9 22.3

Mn 6 19.5 1.05 19.5 18.2 20.7

Fe/Mn 6 1.1 .1 1.1 1.0 1.2

Si 6 6.41 .78 6.16 5.65 7.53

Na 6 1.67 .06 1.66 1.59 1.77

Al 6 1.11 .21 1.10 .87 1.38

K 6 .57 .05 .57 .51 .62

Mg 6 1.02 .05 1.01 .96 1.09

Ca 6 2.16 .08 2.16 2.04 2.29

Ti 6 .74 .17 .73 .55 1.04

P 6 .43 .03 .43 .38 .46

H2O+ 6 10.1 1.57 9.36 8.79 12.5

H2O- 6 23.1 2.48 23.4 19.2 25.6

CO2 6 .60 .16 .62 .41 .82

As ppm 6 297 24 296 260 334

Ba 6 1,626 86 1,636 1,485 1,738

Cd 6 2.0 .17 2.0 1.9 2.3

Ce 6 1,497 259 1,447 1,237 1,980

Co 6 4,033 1,299 3,658 2,807 6,312

Cr 6 11 2.8 11 5.8 14

Cu 6 505 63 500 433 599

Mo 6 500 95 531 359 602

Ni 6 2,643 410 2,461 2,296 3,226

Pb 6 1,450 96 1,443 1,325 1,609

Sr 6 1,518 96 1,538 1,361 1,613

V 6 643 83 633 532 789

Y 6 230 20 234 204 254

Zn 6 587 24 589 557 628

Pd ppb 2 3.2 1.7 3.2 2.0 4.4

Pt 2 42 6.3 42 37 46

Rh 2 6.3 .62 6.3 5.9 6.8

La ppm 2 455 24.6 455 437 472

Ce 2 1,437 141 1,437 1,337 1,536

Pr 2 106 5.31 106 102 109

Nd 2 422 25.4 422 404 440

Sm 2 93.7 5.70 93.7 89.7 97.7

Eu 2 22.5 1.28 22.5 21.6 23.4

Gd 2 89.4 6.05 89.4 85.2 93.7

Tb 2 14.4 1.04 14.4 13.6 15.1

Dy 2 82.6 6.66 82.6 77.9 87.3

Ho 2 15.8 1.70 15.8 14.6 17.0

Er 2 41.9 3.95 41.9 39.1 44.7

Tm 2 6.19 .59 6.19 5.77 6.60

Yb 2 39.5 3.84 39.5 36.8 42.2

Lu 2 5.32 .54 5.32 4.94 5.71
55

Table 24. Statistics for Fe-Mn crust data from Flint Seamount, from Table 12.

[Std. Dev., Standard deviation; wt%, weight percent; ppb, parts per billion; ppm, parts per million]

Count Mean Std. Dev. Median Minimum Maximum

Fe wt% 4 19.4 1.71 20.0 16.9 20.7

Mn 4 19.8 4.43 18.6 15.8 26.1

Fe/Mn 4 1.0 .3 1.1 .6 1.3

Si 4 7.13 3.30 7.59 2.70 10.6

Na 4 1.72 .26 1.81 1.35 1.91

Al 4 1.50 .78 1.60 .52 2.28

K 4 .67 .14 .68 .54 .79

Mg 4 1.10 .07 1.09 1.05 1.19

Ca 4 2.16 .16 2.10 2.00 2.40

Ti 4 .87 .14 .84 .76 1.04

P 4 .41 .06 .41 .35 .48

H2O+ 4 10.3 4.42 8.41 7.45 16.8

H2O- 4 19.7 3.48 20.7 14.9 22.4

CO2 4 .48 .05 .49 .40 .52

As ppm 4 263 58 252 206 341

Ba 4 1,655 187 1,703 1,410 1,804

Cd 4 3.1 1.3 2.6 2.2 4.9

Ce 4 1,644 308 1,608 1,361 1,998

Co 4 5,894 3,174 4,889 3,342 10,458

Cr 4 14 4.2 15 8.3 17

Cu 4 553 165 582 329 719

Mo 4 425 161 398 271 635

Ni 4 3,215 904 3,022 2,351 4,465

Pb 4 1,578 379 1,479 1,238 2,115

Sr 4 1,386 190 1,337 1,225 1,645

V 4 539 108 530 425 670

Y 4 210 17 214 188 225

Zn 4 568 64 569 494 642
56

Table 25. Correlation matrix for bulk crusts; data from Tables 12 and 13.

[n=60, zero correlation at 99 and 95 percent confidence levels for major, minor elements, volatiles, and Ce1 are |0.329| and 

|0.254|; n=13 (|0.672|, |0.553|) for La, Ce2, Nd, Eu, Ho, Yb; n=12 (|0.696|, |0.575|) for Pr, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Lu, and

n=15 (|0.631|, |0.512|) for PGEs]

Thick Depth Latitude Longitude Fe Mn Fe/Mn Si Na Al

Depth 0.158

Latitude -.246 -.239

Long .095 .092 -.180

Fe -.036 -.244 -.022 -.220

Mn .298 .075 -.278 .276 -.176

Fe/Mn -.173 -.130 .059 -.333 .559 -.671

Si -.259 .029 .310 -.121 -.345 -.836 .317

Na -.139 .129 .231 .000 -.528 -.397 -.009 .714

Al -.252 .181 .260 -.050 -.426 -.761 .283 .946 .711

K -.118 .190 .102 -.028 -.715 -.442 -.013 .744 .535 .800

Mg .122 .112 -.193 .000 -.401 .206 -.193 -.096 -.228 .009

Ca .115 .000 -.113 .338 -.003 .677 -.580 -.587 -.175 -.569

Ti .003 .251 -.326 .236 .392 .166 .120 -.428 -.345 -.320

P -.204 -.616 .260 -.032 .631 .082 .079 -.383 -.385 -.476

H2O+ .340 -.072 -.335 .146 .245 .498 -.065 -.636 -.465 -.619

H2O- .313 .247 -.174 .071 .400 .348 -.151 -.549 -.442 -.564

CO2 -.069 -.010 -.151 .103 .201 .529 -.381 -.592 -.364 -.605

As -.090 -.528 .214 -.068 .670 .211 .033 -.515 -.393 -.600

Ba .011 .017 -.103 -.162 -.261 -.198 .021 .172 -.137 .139

Cd .203 -.085 -.146 .068 -.338 .646 -.356 -.403 -.160 -.325

Ce1 -.137 -.166 .002 .223 .492 .234 -.059 -.483 -.359 -.471

Co -.002 -.243 -.287 .372 .121 .590 -.359 -.664 -.402 -.653

Cr -.285 -.522 .451 -.174 .044 -.570 .348 .532 .192 .462

Cu .225 .497 -.203 .067 -.465 .171 -.170 .030 .044 .223

Mo .296 -.183 -.216 .129 .110 .807 -.491 -.778 -.376 -.804

Ni .300 .106 -.275 .091 -.426 .639 -.384 -.418 -.200 -.299

Pb -.167 -.563 .084 -.005 .726 .045 .252 -.413 -.417 -.503

Sr .082 -.079 -.161 -.039 -.048 .172 -.250 -.268 -.388 -.344

V .066 -.519 .149 -.069 .630 .365 -.050 -.629 -.495 -.733

Y .154 -.010 -.179 .179 .405 .497 -.294 -.663 -.438 -.696

Zn .375 .113 -.324 -.043 -.117 .527 -.186 -.458 -.386 -.385

Pd .059 -.023 .439 -.019 -.050 -.134 .206 .281 -.001 .300

Pt -.252 -.443 -.236 .731 -.653 .618 -.567 -.400 .466 -.176

Rh .102 -.019 -.166 .262 -.228 .269 -.393 -.226 .351 -.182

La -.060 .521 .023 -.454 .874 -.461 .498 .052 -.510 -.114

Ce2 -.461 -.005 -.509 .109 .455 .008 .104 -.385 .007 -.407

Pr -.234 .761 .228 -.482 .838 -.585 .577 .264 -.353 .135

Nd -.085 .723 .212 -.487 .841 -.573 .556 .233 -.388 .098

Sm -.233 .805 .277 -.489 .804 -.590 .561 .299 -.319 .180

Eu -.098 .776 .285 -.480 .788 -.575 .531 .270 -.321 .156

Gd -.198 .755 .220 -.521 .824 -.555 .530 .246 -.403 .105

Tb -.184 .758 .221 -.516 .815 -.544 .513 .242 -.396 .103

Dy -.196 .723 .220 -.503 .797 -.489 .453 .186 -.423 .041

Ho .057 .500 .069 -.450 .736 -.326 .294 -.021 -.521 -.173

Er -.169 .523 .058 -.506 .752 -.298 .287 -.031 -.568 -.203

Tm -.189 .508 .061 -.471 .733 -.263 .249 -.062 -.566 -.231

Yb .132 .378 .003 -.379 .647 -.209 .177 -.130 -.505 -.268

Lu -.195 .377 -.053 -.479 .692 -.172 .176 -.161 -.619 -.342
57

Table 25 continued

K Mg Ca Ti P H2O+ H2O- CO2 As Ba Cd

Mg 0.517

Ca -.582 -.350

Ti -.477 -.183 .378

P -.693 -.466 .396 .151

H2O+ -.491 .044 .312 .326 .175

H2O- -.647 -.334 .500 .554 .253 .323

CO2 -.549 -.172 .763 .365 .404 .178 .475

As -.816 -.534 .463 .207 .933 .306 .386 .441

Ba .512 .602 -.455 -.166 -.320 -.092 -.190 -.283 -.391

Cd .069 .548 .050 -.319 -.235 .193 -.211 .031 -.162 -.033

Ce1 -.725 -.517 .589 .739 .676 .310 .541 .492 .703 -.375 -.365

Co -.514 -.016 .588 .587 .398 .497 .393 .486 .420 -.107 .094

Cr .343 .071 -.448 -.254 .137 -.365 -.516 -.319 -.032 .087 -.150

Cu .442 .596 -.334 -.227 -.564 .005 -.229 -.350 -.581 .228 .426

Mo -.664 -.189 .781 .115 .404 .477 .479 .625 .557 -.264 .332

Ni .180 .746 -.006 -.160 -.409 .254 -.138 .041 -.348 .159 .887

Pb -.779 -.529 .319 .383 .901 .323 .352 .327 .891 -.309 -.328

Sr -.006 .298 .068 .078 .071 .178 .249 .139 .070 .795 -.106

V -.839 -.423 .471 .080 .856 .408 .431 .442 .937 -.375 .030

Y -.800 -.497 .796 .502 .555 .372 .751 .695 .662 -.290 -.221

Zn .020 .665 -.148 -.230 -.320 .297 -.021 -.026 -.249 .152 .827

Pd .328 .311 -.492 -.191 -.346 -.551 .033 -.166 -.439 .184 .237

Pt .109 .371 .177 .101 -.046 .528 -.722 -.011 -.149 .253 .546

Rh -.298 -.336 .637 .413 .214 .571 -.151 .304 .330 -.218 -.210

La -.623 -.836 .150 .279 .501 -.109 .818 .356 .597 -.760 -.845

Ce2 -.713 -.706 .540 .798 .740 .590 .329 .443 .736 -.826 -.656

Pr -.397 -.712 -.019 .261 .252 -.231 .699 .355 .367 -.695 -.843

Nd -.432 -.730 .020 .244 .289 -.250 .725 .358 .404 -.694 -.842

Sm -.343 -.675 -.038 .231 .192 -.264 .654 .362 .313 -.663 -.819

Eu -.361 -.680 .007 .233 .213 -.283 .663 .390 .336 -.663 -.816

Gd -.421 -.726 .013 .199 .262 -.214 .691 .348 .386 -.671 -.818

Tb -.425 -.732 .024 .187 .261 -.199 .675 .349 .389 -.668 -.811

Dy -.478 -.761 .093 .172 .307 -.162 .682 .394 .441 -.675 -.798

Ho -.639 -.828 .280 .143 .484 -.069 .721 .414 .609 -.671 -.742

Er -.667 -.845 .273 .113 .503 .017 .714 .424 .625 -.683 -.717

Tm -.686 -.851 .311 .114 .516 .038 .702 .451 .645 -.684 -.705

Yb -.687 -.828 .375 .141 .543 .010 .682 .434 .662 -.649 -.675

Lu -.755 -.857 .382 .104 .607 .130 .698 .434 .712 -.666 -.654
58

Table 25 continued

Ce1 Co Cr Cu Mo Ni Pb Sr V Y Zn Pd Pt

Co 0.705

Cr -.137 -.293

Cu -.517 -.298 -.154

Mo .361 .506 -.497 -.193

Ni -.392 .155 -.230 .554 .233

Pb .771 .506 .061 -.589 .361 -.446

Sr .084 .305 -.216 -.066 .257 .042 .086

V .549 .388 -.100 -.462 .685 -.161 .804 .101

Y .729 .531 -.485 -.423 .764 -.252 .579 .306 .662

Zn -.464 -.031 -.268 .595 .228 .869 -.340 .046 .008 -.204

Pd -.382 -.175 .188 .238 -.425 .214 -.245 -.504 -.385 -.441 .303

Pt .156 .564 .134 .128 .132 .580 .163 .021 -.217 -.384 .162 .071

Rh .506 .286 -.181 -.208 .325 -.132 .260 .440 .047 .433 -.449 -.467 .297

La .431 -.200 -.623 -.294 .028 -.872 .310 .363 .421 .793 -.617 -.334 -.674

Ce2 .965 .555 -.527 -.580 .225 -.618 .781 .599 .358 .688 -.861 -.477 -.027

Pr .326 -.380 -.481 -.088 -.226 -.860 .053 .110 .152 .640 -.615 -.211 -.602

Nd .315 -.377 -.506 -.134 -.164 -.862 .087 .152 .205 .668 -.607 -.250 -.638

Sm .281 -.430 -.449 -.049 -.258 -.835 -.014 .059 .100 .605 -.596 -.207 -.579

Eu .276 -.424 -.457 -.100 -.210 -.832 .010 .083 .126 .624 -.604 -.228 -.594

Gd .292 -.408 -.506 -.079 -.178 -.847 .040 .146 .197 .670 -.577 -.272 -.609

Tb .288 -.412 -.514 -.068 -.169 -.843 .035 .151 .199 .672 -.572 -.293 -.588

Dy .299 -.390 -.547 -.114 -.093 -.836 .071 .219 .261 .722 -.569 -.342 -.577

Ho .338 -.254 -.646 -.287 .161 -.782 .255 .424 .472 .840 -.536 -.493 -.593

Er .363 -.251 -.676 -.248 .152 -.778 .241 .447 .493 .856 -.516 -.482 -.554

Tm .369 -.235 -.685 -.268 .192 -.766 .258 .479 .518 .873 -.514 -.509 -.531

Yb .362 -.160 -.668 -.354 .270 -.713 .327 .500 .530 .863 -.514 -.542 -.525

Lu .411 -.143 -.713 -.340 .291 -.716 .352 .576 .607 .907 -.487 -.566 -.521

Rh La Ce2 Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb

La .140

Ce2 .457 .626

Pr .093 .950 .525

Nd .124 .960 .522 .999

Sm .100 .921 .481 .996 .993

Eu .139 .920 .481 .994 .992 .999

Gd .125 .952 .498 .993 .996 .992 .991

Tb .149 .944 .492 .989 .992 .989 .988 .999

Dy .192 .946 .500 .978 .983 .977 .977 .994 .996

Ho .308 .943 .533 .918 .917 .906 .896 .950 .955 .972

Er .260 .941 .553 .896 .911 .882 .883 .931 .937 .958 .998

Tm .289 .929 .553 .882 .897 .869 .870 .919 .926 .951 .995 .998

Yb .386 .888 .539 .865 .840 .851 .818 .905 .913 .938 .983 .996 .997

Lu .299 .909 .585 .819 .839 .797 .798 .862 .868 .898 .975 .985 .986 .992
59

Table 26. Correlation matrix for crust layers; original data in Tables 12 and 13.

[n=22, zero correlation at 99 and 95 percent confidence levels for major, minor elements, volatiles, and Ce1 are |0.531| and 

|0.422|; n=7 (|0.859|, |0.753|) for REEs; and n=15 (|0.631|, |0.512|) for PGEs]

Thick Depth Latitude Longitude Fe Mn Fe/Mn Si Na Al

Depth -0.004

Latitude -.122 .341

Long .157 .216 .336

Fe .078 .295 -.020 .004

Mn .285 -.583 .190 -.064 -.015

Fe/Mn -.134 .597 -.231 .094 .300 -.912

Si -.325 .353 -.158 .026 -.442 -.883 .662

Na -.322 .039 -.121 -.003 -.716 -.623 .342 .899

Al -.233 .456 -.100 .065 -.363 -.903 .744 .971 .823

K -.093 .187 -.120 .064 -.688 -.660 .435 .905 .923 .898

Mg .532 -.017 -.035 -.013 .159 .402 -.191 -.468 -.535 -.315

Ca -.110 -.418 .307 -.064 -.001 .573 -.494 -.502 -.295 -.552

Ti -.099 .307 .132 .128 .713 .064 .092 -.401 -.634 -.366

P -.113 -.424 .010 -.232 .414 .615 -.516 -.712 -.606 -.810

H2O+ .210 -.085 -.004 .399 .398 .370 -.210 -.546 -.575 -.532

H2O- .316 -.086 .280 .189 .338 .656 -.567 -.740 -.658 -.766

CO2 -.151 .161 .707 .052 -.010 .137 -.225 -.107 -.042 -.126

As -.042 -.351 .174 -.037 .441 .631 -.498 -.748 -.617 -.821

Ba .765 -.048 -.212 .069 .063 .360 -.251 -.395 -.456 -.313

Cd .456 -.536 -.030 -.083 -.381 .673 -.645 -.433 -.158 -.402

Ce1 -.252 .173 .215 .013 .362 .221 -.244 -.362 -.442 -.434

Co .102 -.605 -.159 -.061 .164 .737 -.655 -.726 -.562 -.813

Cr -.232 .190 -.287 -.269 -.197 -.741 .717 .740 .612 .786

Cu .504 .478 -.089 .081 .305 -.052 .156 -.120 -.387 .017

Mo .076 -.547 .118 -.059 .163 .802 -.694 -.782 -.563 -.850

Ni .443 -.513 -.032 -.088 -.280 .739 -.681 -.555 -.321 -.505

Pb -.114 -.423 -.102 .022 .389 .475 -.393 -.596 -.542 -.693

Sr .152 -.303 .037 -.040 .434 .682 -.563 -.812 -.752 -.868

V .116 -.407 .016 -.020 .501 .688 -.494 -.838 -.744 -.877

Y -.033 -.119 .333 .052 .453 .584 -.475 -.722 -.676 -.770

Zn .518 -.328 -.174 -.035 .267 .606 -.389 -.679 -.618 -.589

Pd .341 -.259 .160 .288 -.115 .492 -.428 -.511 -.523 -.429

Pt .103 .237 -.156 -.039 .225 -.300 .317 .225 -.251 .346

Rh .005 .115 .137 .084 .183 .079 .004 -.244 -.587 -.141

La -.483 .689 .446 .415 .585 -.189 .066 -.044 -.574 -.173

Ce2 -.559 .439 .240 .219 .311 -.089 -.115 .021 -.195 -.266

Pr -.583 .803 .598 .564 .582 -.246 .104 .048 -.413 -.079

Nd -.583 .796 .609 .575 .566 -.228 .088 .030 -.413 -.095

Sm -.585 .807 .648 .616 .546 -.222 .075 .036 -.378 -.091

Eu -.578 .801 .685 .654 .515 -.193 .047 .011 -.368 -.110

Gd -.566 .767 .654 .624 .505 -.162 .019 -.029 -.411 -.154

Tb -.556 .763 .686 .658 .479 -.139 -.006 -.046 -.400 -.169

Dy -.529 .723 .748 .724 .389 -.053 -.092 -.118 -.380 -.236

Ho -.464 .640 .805 .788 .258 .081 -.217 -.239 -.382 -.344

Er -.396 .584 .832 .820 .169 .160 -.289 -.307 -.379 -.404

Tm -.380 .566 .845 .834 .146 .185 -.313 -.330 -.380 -.423

Yb -.374 .552 .832 .822 .134 .197 -.321 -.343 -.388 -.436

Lu -.346 .502 .812 .805 .099 .249 -.375 -.395 -.419 -.496
60

Table 26 continued

K Mg Ca Ti P H2O+ H2O- CO2 As Ba Cd Ce1

Mg -0.248

Ca -.493 -.197

Ti -.659 .174 .062

P -.834 -.156 .723 .416

H2O+ -.597 .214 .402 .456 .452

H2O- -.678 .228 .163 .418 .502 .313

CO2 -.125 -.276 .395 .016 .233 -.056 .204

As -.823 -.172 .752 .352 .935 .496 .582 .311

Ba -.213 .687 -.238 .156 -.095 .215 .350 -.306 -.138

Cd -.033 .583 .033 -.487 -.060 -.068 .279 -.133 .000 .431

Ce1 -.568 -.079 .155 .794 .552 .224 .571 .224 .463 .016 -.372

Co -.703 .203 .473 .396 .749 .410 .575 -.097 .638 .266 .276 .494

Cr .655 -.149 -.295 -.293 -.556 -.449 -.856 -.170 -.619 -.252 -.322 -.507

Cu -.086 .634 -.570 .278 -.351 .128 .204 -.310 -.382 .712 .090 .041

Mo -.736 -.057 .837 .129 .857 .521 .501 .250 .894 .057 .241 .259

Ni -.185 .697 .041 -.267 .008 .077 .355 -.142 .038 .558 .947 -.199

Pb -.754 -.130 .539 .609 .863 .503 .462 .074 .766 .051 -.186 .673

Sr -.891 .042 .592 .560 .882 .583 .661 .149 .833 .300 -.006 .618

V -.883 .009 .687 .343 .892 .633 .558 .172 .925 .096 .095 .327

Y -.848 -.132 .726 .569 .860 .594 .616 .350 .886 .000 -.179 .625

Zn -.448 .734 -.093 -.027 .107 .262 .453 -.268 .166 .584 .742 -.213

Pd -.356 .282 .212 .137 .181 .043 .359 -.074 .105 .546 .259 .061

Pt .121 .613 -.516 .476 -.518 -.122 -.149 -.291 -.682 .552 -.153 .078

Rh -.319 .483 -.164 .573 -.119 .059 .381 .072 -.201 .443 -.082 .372

La -.839 -.480 -.169 .837 .531 .015 .541 .193 .351 -.363 -.610 .806

Ce2 -.579 -.643 -.374 .586 .724 -.507 .772 .148 .475 -.365 -.411 1.000

Pr -.773 -.641 .014 .785 .601 .044 .470 .333 .499 -.535 -.705 .770

Nd -.783 -.643 .033 .777 .611 .055 .475 .330 .513 -.533 -.693 .767

Sm -.762 -.680 .074 .745 .634 .039 .476 .382 .552 -.555 -.696 .759

Eu -.765 -.691 .126 .715 .651 .057 .476 .407 .583 -.558 -.679 .739

Gd -.800 -.660 .083 .730 .655 .047 .515 .366 .564 -.519 -.648 .764

Tb -.797 -.675 .120 .701 .672 .046 .521 .401 .590 -.520 -.635 .752

Dy -.804 -.696 .208 .625 .719 .052 .553 .444 .660 -.504 -.573 .726

Ho -.818 -.686 .311 .519 .761 .067 .595 .472 .727 -.442 -.462 .679

Er -.804 -.677 .375 .440 .771 .063 .614 .485 .767 -.384 -.387 .639

Tm -.804 -.669 .394 .416 .774 .068 .618 .501 .771 -.372 -.365 .623

Yb -.810 -.660 .391 .416 .772 .071 .624 .473 .773 -.356 -.351 .625

Lu -.833 -.635 .355 .401 .789 .037 .678 .465 .761 -.309 -.300 .646
61

Table 26 continued

Co Cr Cu Mo Ni Pb Sr V Y Zn Pd Pt

Cr -0.618

Cu -.150 -.141

Mo .661 -.607 -.349

Ni .363 -.380 .208 .295

Pb .829 -.496 -.281 .682 -.049

Sr .783 -.675 -.025 .833 .142 .869

V .660 -.611 -.185 .925 .173 .749 .882

Y .587 -.658 -.155 .828 -.060 .755 .900 .851

Zn .349 -.406 .433 .287 .789 .018 .250 .388 .043

Pd .451 -.304 .208 .288 .271 .254 .487 .229 .305 .241

Pt -.097 .398 .736 -.543 .025 -.137 -.162 -.506 -.324 .150 .347

Rh .135 .041 .426 -.099 .146 .125 .212 -.076 .125 .160 .278 .698

La -.083 -.418 .126 -.092 -.530 .427 .378 .199 .673 -.441 -.102 .003

Ce2 .164 -.659 -.023 -.081 -.380 .780 .382 .089 .494 -.421 -.268 -.294

Pr -.272 -.371 -.107 -.045 -.653 .284 .310 .224 .756 -.625 -.150 -.178

Nd -.265 -.380 -.116 -.023 -.641 .283 .325 .244 .770 -.620 -.131 -.187

Sm -.298 -.387 -.166 .003 -.653 .260 .326 .263 .790 -.652 -.129 -.237

Eu -.309 -.397 -.199 .047 -.640 .236 .346 .304 .818 -.657 -.095 -.266

Gd -.244 -.431 -.146 .051 -.601 .292 .383 .313 .814 -.608 -.074 -.232

Tb -.256 -.444 -.174 .085 -.592 .277 .399 .345 .835 -.615 -.051 -.261

Dy -.243 -.494 -.231 .190 -.538 .264 .464 .436 .889 -.604 .030 -.328

Ho -.195 -.560 -.270 .334 -.433 .257 .564 .560 .946 -.549 .162 -.385

Er -.173 -.590 -.292 .423 -.364 .246 .625 .629 .973 -.518 .252 -.424

Tm -.166 -.600 -.296 .447 -.343 .238 .639 .653 .978 -.502 .274 -.429

Yb -.147 -.605 -.288 .456 -.327 .251 .652 .656 .980 -.490 .290 -.425

Lu -.077 -.659 -.244 .478 -.272 .310 .699 .683 .974 -.434 .319 -.409

Rh La Ce2 Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb

La 0.554

Ce2 .260 .806

Pr .355 .969 .770

Nd .349 .967 .767 1.000

Sm .305 .953 .759 .998 .998

Eu .280 .940 .739 .993 .995 .999

Gd .330 .959 .764 .995 .997 .998 .997

Tb .310 .948 .752 .991 .993 .996 .998 .999

Dy .262 .917 .726 .971 .975 .982 .989 .989 .994

Ho .227 .867 .679 .925 .933 .943 .957 .957 .967 .989

Er .195 .821 .639 .883 .893 .906 .924 .923 .936 .968 .994

Tm .193 .808 .623 .870 .880 .894 .913 .913 .927 .962 .991 .999

Yb .195 .805 .625 .865 .876 .888 .908 .909 .922 .958 .989 .999 .999

Lu .236 .810 .646 .854 .865 .876 .894 .899 .913 .949 .984 .994 .996 .997
62

Table 27. Correlation matrix for 7 nodules from Adam Seamount, original data in Table 12.

[zero correlation at 99 and 95 percent confidence levels are |0.859| and |0.753|, respectively; n=6 for PGEs (|0.903|, |0.813|)]

Thick Fe Mn Fe/Mn Si Na Al K Mg Ca Ti P

Fe -0.118

Mn .336 -.283

Fe/Mn .000 .687 -.876

Si -.539 -.152 -.866 .572

Na -.579 -.315 -.646 .354 .890

Al -.377 .044 -.965 .737 .951 .743

K -.455 -.567 -.270 .003 .655 .780 .452

Mg .399 -.584 .426 -.600 -.205 -.240 -.289 .227

Ca -.277 .340 .124 .006 -.235 -.130 -.221 -.526 -.739

Ti .085 .181 -.553 .385 .365 .012 .519 -.344 -.011 .019

P .019 .382 .362 -.150 -.544 -.416 -.498 -.740 -.556 .925 -.026

H2O+ .505 -.697 .526 -.786 -.311 -.256 -.400 -.051 .801 -.295 .144 -.103

CO2 .064 .228 .529 -.293 -.606 -.269 -.661 -.445 -.343 .636 -.443 .796

As -.008 .574 .312 .024 -.559 -.396 -.497 -.677 -.654 .839 -.227 .931

Ba .424 .008 .349 -.324 -.454 -.757 -.325 -.535 .444 -.065 .420 .076

Cd .025 -.208 .862 -.679 -.664 -.359 -.826 .082 .288 .016 -.867 .167

Ce .033 -.031 -.330 .096 .250 .034 .334 -.394 -.130 .362 .876 .289

Co .497 -.423 .725 -.804 -.605 -.465 -.689 -.307 .656 -.067 -.015 .213

Cr .183 -.369 -.484 .257 .579 .572 .566 .664 .324 -.792 .019 -.836

Cu -.148 .210 -.535 .441 .431 -.012 .556 -.027 .172 -.316 .755 -.422

Mo .147 .228 .745 -.440 -.830 -.595 -.840 -.549 -.270 .647 -.537 .807

Ni .589 -.608 .763 -.829 -.560 -.393 -.658 .083 .825 -.472 -.413 -.215

Pb .403 -.029 -.069 -.075 -.073 -.107 .002 -.525 .030 .250 .652 .382

Sr .171 .403 .170 -.053 -.425 -.624 -.277 -.880 -.198 .608 .562 .701

V -.019 .622 .479 -.065 -.709 -.571 -.662 -.662 -.445 .671 -.343 .819

Y -.220 .618 -.114 -.235 -.152 -.378 -.005 -.690 -.564 .727 .461 .659

Zn .179 .237 .727 -.370 -.771 -.656 -.795 -.220 .298 -.115 -.627 .127

Pd .424 .193 .390 -.235 -.487 -.781 -.374 -.357 .470 -.209 .140 -.080

Pt .574 .349 -.266 .263 -.001 -.439 .203 -.548 .194 -.081 .875 -.010

Rh .088 .371 -.731 .659 .456 .077 .661 -.351 -.415 .213 .869 .075
63

Table 27 continued

H2O+ CO2 As Ba Cd Ce Co Cr Cu Mo Ni Pb

CO2 -0.012

As -.345 .858

Ba .439 -.302 -.115

Cd .187 .516 .267 -.035

Ce .275 -.170 -.009 .368 -.715

Co .897 .377 .039 .379 .407 .146

Cr .070 -.536 -.735 -.398 -.307 -.224 -.206

Cu -.067 -.802 -.519 .525 -.645 .460 -.289 .104

Mo -.036 .836 .847 .084 .681 -.259 .314 -.751 -.667

Ni .783 .113 -.261 .284 .634 -.358 .772 .158 -.367 .210

Pb .494 .245 .172 .171 -.465 .767 .526 -.092 .029 -.046 .003

Sr .131 .232 .507 .660 -.231 .678 .278 -.770 .282 .375 -.222 .552

V -.305 .814 .931 .025 .476 -.212 .121 -.783 -.445 .887 -.102 -.015

Y -.361 .126 .558 .427 -.310 .539 -.226 -.779 .363 .315 -.623 .195

Zn .032 .398 .305 .207 .828 -.707 .321 -.338 -.319 .608 .511 -.432

Pd .207 -.326 -.132 .910 .205 -.026 .199 -.391 .550 .115 .317 -.252

Pt .218 -.437 -.169 .781 -.599 .671 .114 -.175 .851 -.329 -.244 .481

Rh -.269 -.436 -.053 .296 -.924 .774 -.432 .017 .690 -.430 -.825 .447

Sr V Y Zn Pd Pt

V 0.472

Y .853 .507

Zn -.023 .606 -.103

Pd .431 .144 .370 .515

Pt .689 -.138 .577 -.206 .580

Rh .508 -.257 .642 -.707 .032 .716
64

Figure 1. Map showing islands (green) and seamounts within the Southern California Borderland. Seamounts pertaining to this study are in bold 

type; the 200 nmi U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundary is shown in red.
65

Figure 2. Map showing Rodriguez Seamount bathymetry. D, dredge; DSC, deep-sea camera; and R, geophysical 

line locations; contour interval is 100 m. 
66

Figure 3. Map showing Rodriguez Seamount ETOPO bathymetry. D, dredges in red; DSC, deep-sea camera in 

purple; and R, geophysical lines in black; contour interval is 100 m.
67

Figure 4. Seabed photos of Rodriguez Seamount courtesy of MBARI, collected during the 2004 and 2003 cruises 

aboard the RV Western Flyer. A, Bedded volcaniclastic sandstone at 664 m water depth, dive T628. B, Cross 

section of bedded volcaniclastic sandstone at 681 m showing evidence of beach deposition, dive T631 

(Paduan and others, 2009). C, An eroded volcaniclastic ridge approximately 0.25 m high at 838 m that has 

trapped basalt talus, dive T661. D, Outcrop and perhaps a vent at the summit of a volcanic cone at 755 m, 

dive T630. E, Pitted and eroded pavement typical of volcaniclastic material at 999 m, dive T661. F, 

Ferromanganese crusts on lava flow at 1,694 m, with a pink mushroom coral (Anthomastus ritteri), dive T629.
68

Figure 5. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R1; VE, vertical exaggeration.
69

Figure 6. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R2; VE, vertical exaggeration.
70

Figure 7. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R3; VE, vertical exaggeration.
71

Figure 8. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R4; VE, vertical exaggeration.
72

Figure 9. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line R5 with D, dredges 1-4; NR, No Recovery; LB, Lost Bag; 

VE, vertical exaggeration. 
73

Figure 10. Rodriguez Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry. DSC1, deep-sea camera line 1.
74

Figure 11. Map showing San Marcos Seamount bathymetry. D, dredge; and SM, geophysical line locations for San 

Marcos Seamount; contour interval is 100 m.
75

Figure 12. Seabed photos of San Marcos Seamount courtesy of MBARI, collected during a 2004 cruise aboard the 

RV Western Flyer; all photos from dive T669. A, pillow lava at 2,334 m. B, volcaniclastic deposit of coarsegrained spatter at 2,347 m, with a sea worm, Aphroditidae. C, outcrop at 2,029 m thought to be welded 

volcaniclastic spatter. D, light colored probably pelagic sediment pockets with ferromanganese encrusted 

volcaniclastic spatter at 2,343 m.
76

Figure 13. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM1 with D, dredge; VE, vertical exaggeration.
77

Figure 14. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM2; VE, vertical exaggeration. 
78

Figure 15. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM3; VE, vertical exaggeration.
79

Figure 16. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM4; VE, vertical exaggeration.
80

Figure 17. San Marcos Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line SM5; VE, vertical exaggeration.
81

Figure 18. Maps showing A, Adam Seamount; and B, Hoss Seamount; bathymetry and D, dredge locations;

contour interval for both seamounts is 100 m.
82

Figure 19. Map showing Little Joe Seamount bathymetry, D, dredge; and LJ, geophysical line locations; contour 

interval is 100 m.
83

Figure 20. Seabed photos of Little Joe Seamount courtesy of MBARI, collected during a 2004 cruise aboard the 

RV Western Flyer; all photos from dive T668. A, Pillow basalt at 2,161 m. B, A stalked mushroom coral 

(Anthomastus ritteri) on pillow basalt at 2,247 m. C, Truncated pillow lava showing cross section of radial 

jointing due to contraction of the lava during cooling at 2,353 m. D, Talus of pillow lava fragments at 2,597 m. 

E, Slabs of volcaniclastic rock and pockets of pelagic sediment at 2,385 m. F, Small mound vent or hornito at 

2,335 m.
84

Figure 21. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ1 with D, dredges 12-14; NR, No Recovery; VE, vertical 

exaggeration.
85

Figure 22. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ2; VE, vertical exaggeration.
86

Figure 23. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ3; VE, vertical exaggeration.
87

Figure 24. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ4; VE, vertical exaggeration.
88

Figure 25. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ5; VE, vertical exaggeration.
89

Figure 26. Little Joe Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line LJ6; VE, vertical exaggeration.
90

Figure 27. Map showing Ben Seamount bathymetry, D, dredge; and B, geophysical line locations; contour interval is 100 m.
91

Figure 28. Map showing Ben Seamount bathymetry, D, dredges in red; and B, geophysical lines in black; contour interval is 100 m.
92

Figure 29. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B1; VE, vertical exaggeration.
93

Figure 30. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B2.
94

Figure 31. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B3; VE, vertical exaggeration.
95

Figure 32. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B4.
96

Figure 33. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B5; VE, vertical exaggeration.
97

Figure 34. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B6.
98

Figure 35. Ben Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line B7 with D, dredges 15-17; NR, No Recovery; LB, Lost Bag; 

VE, vertical exaggeration.
99

Figure 36. Map showing Jasper and Flint Seamounts bathymetry. D, dredge; DSC, deep-sea camera; and JF, 

geophysical line locations; contour interval is 100 m; see Figure 37 for close-up of Flint Seamount.
100

Figure 37. Maps showing Jasper and Flint Seamounts bathymetry. D, dredges in red; DSC, deep-sea camera in purple; and JF, geophysical line 

locations in black; contour interval is 200 m for the seamount map and 100 m for the close-up of Flint Seamount.
101

Figure 38. Jasper Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF1; VE, vertical exaggeration.
102

Figure 39. Jasper Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF1; VE, vertical exaggeration.
103

Figure 40. Jasper Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF2.
104

Figure 41. Jasper Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF2; VE, vertical exaggeration.
105

Figure 42. Jasper Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF3; VE, vertical exaggeration.
106

Figure 43. Jasper Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF3; VE, vertical exaggeration.
107

Figure 44. Jasper and Flint Seamounts 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF4; VE, vertical exaggeration.
108

Figure 45. Jasper and Flint Seamounts single-channel water-gun line JF4; VE, vertical exaggeration.
109

Figure 46. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF5; VE, vertical exaggeration.
110

Figure 47. Flint Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF5; VE, vertical exaggeration.
111

Figure 48. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF6 with D, dredges 18-22; NR, No Recovery, LB, Lost Bag; 

VE, vertical exaggeration.
112

Figure 49. Flint Seamount single-channel water-gun line JF6 with D, dredges 18-22; NR, No Recovery, LB, Lost Bag; VE, vertical exaggeration.
113

Figure 50. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry line JF7 with D, dredges 23 and 24; VE, vertical exaggeration.
114

Figure 51. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry DSC2, deep-sea camera line 2. 
115

Figure 52. Flint Seamount 3.5 kHz bathymetry DSC3, deep-sea camera line 3.
116

Figure 53. Photographs of dredge hauls. A, Dredge D7, Adam Seamount, showing mudstone and Fe-Mn crusts. 

B, Close-up of large center sample from dredge D7 (in A) showing Fe-Mn crust coated in places with 

calcareous mud. C, Dredge D8, Adam Seamount, with small rounded Fe-Mn nodules (right half) and basalt 

with Fe-Mn crust. D-H, Dredge D23, Flint Seamount, primarily basalt including pillow fragments with thick FeMn crust, smoothed in places by bottom currents, such as in E; the Fe-Mn crust is coated in places with silty 

mud.
117

Figure 54. Sample photos from Rodriguez (A) and San Marcos Seamounts (B-E). A, D4-1 vesicular basalt with 

common vesicles. B, D5-3B fractured basalt with alteration rims along the fractures, encrusted by cement 

supported phosphatized carbonate breccia. C, D6-32 breccia with vesicular basalt in a phosphate matrix. D, 

D6-30 breccia. E, D5-17 basalt with a glass rim.
118

Figure 55. Photographs of cut samples from Adam Seamount. A, D8-5, Fe-Mn nodule with a fracture filled with 

sediment. B, D9-25, spherical Fe-Mn nodule with old nodule fragment nucleus and zeolites. C, D9-23, nodule 

with granular Fe-Mn nucleus. D, D9-3, volcanic tuff or hyaloclastite mixed with phillipsite-cemented basalt-clast 

microbreccia; laminated dark-brown Fe-Mn crust averages about 22 mm thick. E, D9-9E, 30-mm thick layered 

Fe-Mn crust on altered hyaloclastite. F, D9-9B, 35-mm thick layered Fe-Mn crust on hyaloclastite; a thinner 

crust occurs on the underside of the sample. G, D9-1, crudely bedded, extensively bioturbated, altered (to 

phillipsite and smectite) volcanic tuff or hyaloclastite.
119

Figure 56. Photographs of cut samples from Hoss (A-D) and Little Joe (E,F) Seamounts. A, D10-3, 25- to 52-mm 

thick Fe-Mn crust fragment with zeolitic hyaloclastite inclusions. B, D10-4, massive 20-mm thick Fe-Mn crust 

with clasts of hyaloclastite phillipsite and breccia, resting on an altered breccia with Mn cement. C, D11-1, 

laminated and bored calcareous porcellanite. D, D11-7, 35- to 55-mm thick Fe-Mn crust with hyaloclastite 

clasts. E, D14-2, massive brown dolomitic mudstone with local dendritic Mn-oxide lining burrows; Fe-Mn crust 

averages 10 mm thick. F, D14-3, phosphorite breccia with a 10-mm thick black Fe-Mn crust.
120

Figure 57. Photographs of cut samples from Ben (A-C) and Flint (D) Seamounts. A, D17-9, porphyritic basalt with 

15-mm thick Fe-Mn crust. B, D17-14, massive basalt with 16-mm thick Fe-Mn crust. C, D17-13, massive 

basalt with 23- to 35-mm thick Fe-Mn crust. D, D23-3C, large massive pillow-basalt fragment with glass rind 

and 10- to 40-mm thick Fe-Mn crust.
121

Figure 58. REE plots of 2 B, bulk crusts and 2 L, crust layers from dredges D5 and D6, San Marcos Seamount: A, 

Chondrite (Anders and Ebihare 1982) normalized and B, PAAS (McLennan 1989) normalized; interval in mm.
122

Figure 59. REE plots of B, bulk crusts from dredges D11, Hoss Seamount; D14, Little Joe Seamount; D17, Ben 

Seamount; and D21, Flint Seamount; A, Chondrite (Anders and Ebihare 1982) normalized and B, PAAS 

(McLennan 1989) normalized; intervals in mm.
123

Figure 60. REE plots of B, bulk crust and L, crust layer samples from dredges D7, D8, and D9, Adam Seamount; 

A, Chondrite (Anders and Ebihare 1982) normalized and B, PAAS (McLennan 1989) normalized; (BN, bulk 

nodule; interval in mm.
124

Figure 61. Ternary diagram showing A, diagenetic; B, hydrogenetic; and C, hydrothermal fields.