In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: January 19, 2016

S15A1511. HAYES v. THE STATE.

BLACKWELL, Justice.

David O. Hayes was tried by a Cobb County jury and convicted of the

murder of Justin Brown, among other crimes. Hayes appeals, contending only

that the evidence is legally insufficient to sustain his convictions. Upon our

review of the record and briefs, we see no error, and we affirm.

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1 The crimes were committed on August 2, 2007. Along with Milton Blackledge,

Miracle Nwakanma, Louis Francis, and Muhammed Abdus-Salaam, Hayes was indicted on

December 21, 2007, and all five men were charged with malice murder, three counts of

felony murder, one count of conspiracy to commit armed robbery, four counts of aggravated

assault, one count of violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act, and

one count of unlawful possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. In addition,

Hayes and Nwakanma were charged with unlawful possession of a firearm by a convicted

felon and felonymurder predicated on unlawful possession of a firearmby a convicted felon.

Francis also was charged with possession of cocaine and possession of less than one ounce

of marijuana, but those charges were later put on the dead docket. The prosecution elected

not to proceed with the case against Abdus-Salaam until a subsequent date, and the trial of

the remaining four co-defendants commenced on May 4, 2009. The trial court directed a

verdict of acquittal for each defendant on the charge of aggravated assault upon Charles

Reams, and the jury returned its verdict on May 20, 2009, finding each defendant not guilty

of malice murder and guilty on all the other remaining counts. Hayes, Nwakanma, and

Francis each was sentenced to imprisonment for life for the felony murder of Brown

predicated on the aggravated assault upon him, a concurrent term of imprisonment for ten

years for conspiracy to commit armed robbery, a consecutive term of imprisonment for
Hayes claims that the evidence is legally insufficient to sustain his

convictions for felony murder in the commission of an aggravated assault upon

Brown, the aggravated assaults of Scott Keller and Josh Washington, and

violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act, OCGA §

16-15-1 et seq.

2 Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence

twenty years for aggravated assault upon Scott Keller, a consecutive term of imprisonment

for ten years for aggravated assault upon Josh Washington, a concurrent term of

imprisonment for fifteen years for violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and

Prevention Act, and a consecutive term of imprisonment for five years for unlawful

possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. Hayes and Nwakanma were

sentenced to an additional concurrent term of imprisonment for five years for unlawful

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. The verdict as to the other counts of felony

murder was vacated by operation of law, Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 371-372 (4) (434

SE2d 479) (1993), and the remaining aggravated assault (upon Brown) merged with the

felony murder (of Brown). It appears from the record that Blackledge was sentenced in the

same way as Francis, and Abdus-Salaam later pled guilty to reduced charges and was

sentenced to a total of thirty years, with fifteen to be served in custody. Hayes timely filed

a motion for new trial on June 24, 2009, and he amended it on March 5, 2012. The trial court

denied his motion on May 8, 2013, and Hayes timely filed a notice of appeal on June 6, 2013.

The case was docketed in this Court for the September 2015 term and was submitted for

decision on the briefs.

2 Hayes does not dispute the legal sufficiency of the evidence as to conspiracy to

commit armed robbery, unlawful possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime,

or unlawful possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. We independently have reviewed

the evidence that pertains to those crimes, and we are satisfied that the evidence is sufficient

to sustain those convictions. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt

2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). Hayes does complain that the evidence is insufficient to sustain

any conviction for felonymurder in the commission of conspiracy to commit armed robbery,

felony murder in the commission of a violation of the Georgia Criminal Street Gang

Terrorism and Prevention Act, felony murder in the commission of unlawful possession of

a firearm by a convicted felon, and the separate count of aggravated assault upon Brown. But

Hayes was not sentenced for any of these crimes, and no judgment of conviction as to these

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shows that on the evening of August 1, 2007, Hayes, Miracle Nwakanma, Louis

Francis, Muhammad Abdus-Salaam, and Milton Blackledge made plans to rob

Dylan Wattecamps. Early on the morning of August 2, Hayes gave Nwakanma

a .380 caliber pistol (which Nwakanma later gave to Francis), and Blackledge

drove Nwakanma, Francis, and Abdus-Salaam to the gated apartment complex

in which Wattecamps lived. Hayes drove there separately in his pickup truck,

arranged entry for the other four men through a resident he knew, parked his

truck across the street from the entry gate, and waited there while the others

entered the apartment complex.

Wattecamps was having a party in his third-floor apartment, and as

Blackledge and his three passengers were preparing to enter the apartment, a

guest came out, and Blackledge hit him in the face. The four men then ran down

the stairs and through the parking lot, pursued by Wattecamps and several of his

guests. Brown, Keller, and Washington, who had just parked and were walking

crimes was entered against him, inasmuch as the trial court found that the verdicts on these

three felony murder counts were vacated by operation of law and that the separate count of

aggravated assault upon Brown merged with the felony murder for which Hayes was

sentenced. See note 1, supra. Accordingly, his claims that the evidence is legally insufficient

to sustain a conviction for these other crimes are moot. See Threatt v. State, 293 Ga. 549,

549-550, n. 2 (1) (748 SE2d 400) (2013).

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to the party, heard Wattecamps yell “get them,” and began to chase the four

men. Blackledge and Francis then fired several shots at their pursuers, one of

which fatallywoundedBrown in the chest. Nwakanma,Francis, Blackledge, and

Abdus-Salaam climbed over the apartment complex fence and hurried into

Hayes’s truck. Both Francis and Blackledge claimed to have shot Brown, and

Hayes drove everyone to Abdus-Salaam’s apartment. Six matching .380 caliber

shell casings and three .380 caliber projectiles, including the one that entered

Brown’s chest, were recovered. All of the shell casings came fromthe same gun,

and two of the projectiles, including the one that killed Brown, were fired from

the same pistol. We previously considered the evidence in this case when we

heard appeals by Nwankanma and Francis, whose convictions were affirmed.

See Nwakanma v. State, 296 Ga. 493, 494-495 (1) (768 SE2d 503) (2015). We

now consider this evidence anew with respect to Hayes.

(a) Hayes first argues that the evidence does not demonstrate that “MPRC

300” was a “criminal street gang,” as alleged in the count of the indictment that

charged a violation of the Street Gang Act. In Nwakanma, we indicated that the

evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, shows that

Hayes and his four co-defendants were associated with “a criminal street gang

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known as ‘MPRC 300.’”3

296 Ga. at 494 (1). And our current review of the

evidence, viewed in the same light, confirms that “MPRC 300” was a “criminal

street gang.” The term “criminal street gang” is defined in OCGA § 16-15-3 (2)

as “any organization, association, or group of three or more persons associated

in fact, whether formal or informal, which engages in criminal gang activity as

defined in paragraph (1) of this Code section,” which includes “the commission,

attempted commission, conspiracy to commit, or solicitation, coercion, or

intimidation of another person to commit . . . [a]ny criminal offense in the State

of Georgia . . . that involves violence, possession of a weapon, or use of a

weapon . . . .” OCGA § 16-15-3 (1) (J).

Hayes claims that the only association among him and his co-defendants

was their participation in the underlying crimes and that there is no evidence that

any three or more of them had engaged in any other criminal gang activity. But

as the Street Gang Act indicates, evidence of their conspiracy to commit armed

3 This determination does not amount to the “law of the case,” as that principle applies

only if the same issue was decided in a prior proceeding “between the same parties.” Foster

v. State, 290 Ga. 599, 601-602 (3) (723 SE2d 663) (2012) (citations omitted). Nevertheless,

that prior determination in Nwakanma and our affirmance of Nwakanma’s and Francis’s

convictions for violation of the Street Gang Act do have precedential value for our

consideration of Hayes’s conviction of the same felony. See Taylor v. State, 331 Ga. App.

577, 582 (2) (c) (771 SE2d 224) (2015). 

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robbery was proof of their existing, ongoing criminal activity. See Rodriguez v.

State, 284 Ga. 803, 806 (1) (671 SE2d 497) (2009) (“the phrase ‘criminal gang

activity’ is itself broader than the commission of an enumerated offense and

includes the unlawful procurement of the offense”); id. at 809 (2) (“although the

‘criminal street gang’ may have existed for a short time, its ‘criminal gang

activity’ or plans for continuation of that activity must be ongoing at the time

of the defendant’s commission of an enumerated offense”); State v. Hood, 307

Ga. App. 439, 442-443 (1) (706 SE2d 566) (2010). And the evidence in this

case, including expert testimony about gangs,

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shows that the abbreviation

“MPRC 300” stood for “Money Power Respect Click” and for the first three

digits of ZIP codes in the Smyrna area in which MPRC 300 had a presence.

MPRC 300 was a hybrid gang, meaning that it was less tightly knit than

traditional gangs, covered a broader area, and included persons who had

relocated, were also members of different gangs, or were less closely associated

with the gang than others were, participating only in some crimes and sometimes

4 Expert testimony by a qualified law enforcement officer regarding gang activity and

culture is admissible and relevant to establish that a certain named organization is in fact a

“criminal street gang.” See Morris v. State, 294 Ga. 45, 49 (3) (751 SE2d 74) (2013);

Burgess v. State, 292 Ga. 821, 822-823 (2) (742 SE2d 464) (2013).

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not tattooed with the gang’s symbols. All of the defendants had tattoos that were

common to members of gangs in general. Hayes had a tattoo on his back of

“MPRC” and “300” with a symbol in-between. The abbreviation “MPRC300”

was on his headband in a photograph posted on his social media webpage and

was part of his and Francis’s user names. Immediately prior to leaving for

Wattecamps’s apartment,the defendants went to Francis’s apartment where they

talked more about the robbery, got “amped up,” and, in an event called a

“jumpoff” or a “freak,” had sex with a woman who had tattoos of “Money

Power Respect Click 300” and “1

st Lady.” See OCGA § 16-15-3 (2) (“The

existence of such organization, association, or group of individuals associated

in fact may be established by evidence of a common name or common

identifying signs, symbols, tattoos, graffiti, or attire or other distinguishing

characteristics, including, but not limited to, common activities, customs, or

behaviors.”). This evidence showed that the defendants at least informally

associated with one another in criminal gang activity by conspiring to commit

armed robbery before they ever left for Wattecamps’s apartment, and the jury

certainly could have interpreted their actions at Francis’s apartment as their way

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of claiming affiliation with “MPRC 300.” See Taylor v. State, 331 Ga. App.

577, 582 (2) (c) (771 SE2d 224) (2015).

The same evidence refutes Hayes’s argument that the planned robbery and

felony murder were not intended to further the interests of the gang rather than

the interests of the individual participants alone. Evidence of Hayes’s

association with the group known as MPRC 300 and his participation in the

group’s activities before and during the crimes charged provide the required

nexus between his criminal acts and the intent to further the gang’s interests. See

Rodriguez, 284 Ga. at 807 (1). That evidence implies that he had the specific

intent of furthering the criminal purposes of MPRC 300 by committing the

violent offenses of conspiracy to commit armed robbery and aggravated assault

in order to obtain money, power, and respect for MPRC 300 and its members in

the Smyrna area. See id. (“Management of or participation with others in that

criminal street gang activity necessarily implies knowledge of the gang’s

criminal activities and a specific intent to further its criminal purposes.”

(Citations omitted.)); Zamudio v. State, 332 Ga. App. 37, 41-43 (2) (b) (771

SE2d 733) (2015). Cf. Jones v. State, 292 Ga. 656, 659-660 (1) (b) (740 SE2d

590) (2013) (conviction reversed where the evidence, even when viewed in the

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light most favorable to the verdict, did not show that the defendant was

associated with the named gang or that his commission of the predicate act

related in any way to the gang’s activities).

(b) Hayes also claims that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his

convictions for the felony murder of Brown and the aggravated assaults upon

Keller and Washington because there was no evidence that any of Hayes’s codefendants did anything that placed Brown, Keller, or Washington in

“reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury.” OCGA §

16-5-20 (a) (2). Although “central to the offense of aggravated assault is that an

assault as defined in OCGA § 16-5-20 be committed on the victim[,] OCGA §

16-5-21 . . . , [Hayes] ignores the fact that a simple assault also occurs when a

person ‘(a)ttempts to commit a violent injury to the person of another.’ OCGA

§ 16-5-20 (a) (1).” Brinson v. State, 272 Ga. 345, 347 (1) (529 SE2d 129)

(2000). Where, as in this case, “the assault at issue consists of an attempt to

commit a violent injury to the person of another, awareness on the part of the

victim is not an essential element of the crime.” Smith v. State, 279 Ga. 423, 423

(614 SE2d 65) (2005) (citations and punctuation omitted). “Intentionally firing

a gun at another, absent justification, [may be] sufficient in and of itself to

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support a conviction of aggravated assault.” Love v. State, 268 Ga. 484, 485 (1)

(490 SE2d 88) (1997) (citation and punctuation omitted). Construing the

evidence most strongly in support of the verdict, the jury was authorized to find

that Blackledge and Francis attempted to commit violent injuries to the persons

of their pursuers, Brown, Keller, and Washington, by intentionally firing guns

at them without justification — striking and killing Brown — and that Hayes

was a party to these aggravated assaults and the felony murder of Brown. See

Tiller v. State, 267 Ga. 888, 890 (3) (485 SE2d 720) (1997). We conclude that

the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact

to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Hayes was guilty of the crimes of which

he was convicted. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt

2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

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