I 

# CALIFORNIA CLEANAIRACT GUIDANCE

CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCY 

# 8-AirResourcesBoard
RACTIBARCTState of California AIR RESOURCES BOARD



### DETERMINATION OF REASONABLYAVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY AND BEST AVAILABLE RETROFIT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR OR6ANIC SOLVENT CLEANING AND DEGREASING OPERATIONS

Prepared 

### by Criteria Pollutants Branch Stationary Source Division and the Solvents Comnittee

Approved 

### by The Technical Review Group of the California Air PollutionControl Officers Association



### July 18, 1991

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This determination was prepared by theAir Resources Board staff in cooperationwith the CaliforniaAir PollutionControl Officers Association's Technical Review Group Solvents Committee. We would liketo particularlythank:

Clerical Sup~ort Marline Hicks Theresa Dade Technical Review Grow Solvents Committee Eric Skelton, Chairman BillDavis Laki Tisopulos Wayne Kino Don Price NatalieZlotin Don Ames Dean Simeroth Tom Evashenk Sacramento MetropolitanAQMD U.S. EPA South Coast AQMD BayArea AQMD Ventura CountyAPCD San Diego County APCD ARB ARB ARB



## . . rinci~al Author BillRiddell

Peter 

### D. Venturini, Chief, StationarySource Division RonaldA. Friesen, Assistant Chief, Stationary Source Division Dean C. Simeroth, Chief, Criteria Pollutants Branch Gary 

### M. Yee, Manager, Industrial Section

## Contents 

# Paae

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY


# ............................................. 1



# ...................................... I


# . RACT/BARCT RECOMMENDATION 3

I1


# . CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 

# ........................................ 7 A


## . Equipment Controls

# ..................................... 7



# ........................................ B

# . Operational Controls 9



### 111


# . COST EFFECTIVENESS

# ........................................... 11



# ........................................................ IV


# . IMPACTS 12



# ............................................ A

# . Economic Impacts 12 B


# . Emission Reductions

# ......................................... 13 C


# . Other Impacts


# ............................................... 13



# ..................................................... V


## . REFERENCES 14

APPENDICES A


# . RACT/BARCT DETERMINATION B


# . SIGNIFICANT COMMENTS AND RESPONSES AT MAY 20. 1991

### WORKSHOP

### RACTIBARCT DETERMINATION FOR ORGANIC SOLVENT CLEANING AND DEGREASING OPERATIONS

INTRODUCTIONAND SUMMARY

This report presents the determination of reasonably available control technology (RACT) and best available retrofitcontrol technology (BARCT) for controlling volatile organic compound 

### (VOC) emissions from solvent cleaning and degreasing operations. This report also discusses the basis for the determination, the overview of the control technology and costeffectiveness, and economic and other impacts. This determination is applicable toallorganic solvent cleaning and degreasing operations.

Solvent cleaning isa term used for the cleaning of oil, grease and other material from surfaces by dissolving or dispersing them inorganic solvents which do not adhere tothe surface being cleaned. Solvent cleaning isdone prior tooperations such as assembly, coating, platingand repair. The three basic types of solvent cleaning processes are cold solvent cleaning, solvent vapor cleaning and conveyorized solvent cleaning. Cold cleaning isthe imnersion of the material tobe cleaned ina solvent tank or the use of a fluidflow into a remote reservoir inwhich the solvent may be heated but not to itsboiling point. Solvent vapor cleaning involves boilingthe organic solvent and placing the material tobe cleaned inthe solvent vapors above the liquidsolvent. Inthis case, cooling coils are placed near the top of the cleaner (the solvent cleaning tank) to condense the solvent vapors and reduce the amount of evaporation intothe atmosphere. Conveyorized solvent cleaners use a conveyor system tomove material intoand out of cold cleaners or vapor cleaners ina continuous process.

Most VOC emissions occur from solvent cleaning operations when solvents are exposed tothe atmosphere both during active cleaning andidling. VOC emissions also occur from equipment leaks and waste solvent disposal. The staff estimates that VOC emissions from solvent cleaning operations inCaliforniawere approximately 58 tons per day in1987.

The development of the RACTIBARCT determination for solvent cleaning and degreasing operations consisted of reviewingthe solvent cleaning rules of several air pollution control districts (districts). Inaddition, the Air Resources Board (ARB) model rulefor solvent cleaning and documents from the Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) that assess methods to control volatile organic emissions from solvent cleaningwere reviewed. From the review of district rules, the degreasing rules of the South Coast Air QualityManagement District (SCAQMD), the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD), the Ventura County Air PollutionControl District (APCD), the San Diego County APCD and the Santa Barbara County APCD were selected tomake afinal comparative evaluation to identify the most effective standards for the determination of RACT and BARCT. The development of the determination of RACT and BARCT was also made in cooperation with the Solvents Cornittee of the Technical Review Group.

There are 27 districtswith existing solvent cleaning rules and 14 districts without such rules. Most existing rules are similar tothe determination's major requirements. For districtswithout rules, many facilities already meet most ofthe requirements since solvent cleaning equipment manufacturers supply the same equipment tothese districts as supplied to regulateddistricts. Staff estimates that full implementation of the determination's requirements could achieve between a 

### 2 to 10 percent reduction (about 

### 1to6 tons per day) inthe statewide emission inventory for this source category. Although this emission reduction issmall, staff believes that the development ofthe determination isnecessary toprovide districts with guidance for developing rules that are uniformas required by the California Clean Air Act.

### I. RACT AND 

### BARCT RECOMMENDATION

Staff recormends that the determination (See Appendix A) be defined as RACT and BARCT for organic solvent cleaning and degreasing operations. For the purpose ofthis determination, RACT and BARCT are considered the same level of control. The determination requires equipment and operating criteria for general solvent cleaning, cold cleaning, vapor cleaning, and conveyorized cleaning as summarized inTable 

### 1. The following isa brief discussion of the main elements of the determination.

RACTIBARCT Discussion

The RACTIBARCT determination is structured according toequipment and operating requirements for several solvent cleaning categories. Equipment requirements include criteriathat are specific tothe design of the equipment such as freeboard ratios, refrigerated chillers, covers, and emission collection and control systems that reduce or control emissions. For example, cold cleaners must have a freeboard not less than 6 inches for cleaners usingonly low volatility solvents as defined inthe determination. For cold cleaners using high volatility solvents and for vapor cleaners, a minimum freeboard ratioof 0.75 isrequired unless an alternative control system isprovided. For conveyorized cleaners, a freeboard chiller or alternative control device may be used, in lieuof a minimum freeboard ratioof 0.75, when the freeboard ratio isnot physically verifiable.

The determination includes c r i t e r i a f o r operating requirements to minimize leaks and solvent carry-out, specified ventilation rates, and disposal ofwaste solvent residues. Another requirement includes limits on work load areas tominimize VOC emissions during use and standby. The determination exempts emulsions or solutions which containtwo percent or less of volatileorganic compounds. The compliance schedule requires full compliance within one year after the date of adoption of the determination.Table 

### 1 Solvent Cleaning, Degreasing Operation RACT/BARCT Sumnary


### Standards Equipment Standards:

o All cleaners shall be equipped withthe followingequipment:



# - A cover where appropriate,


## - A label specifying operating instructions

o Cold cleaners shall be equipped with:



# - At least a 6 inchfreeboard for low volatility solvents. 

# - At least a 0.75 freeboard ratiofor all other solvents, or 

# - Awater cover, if solvent is insoluble inand heavier than water

o Batch-loaded vapor cleaners shall be equipped with: Ifthe surface area ofthe air-vapor interface is less than 

### 1square meter,



## - A primary condenser. 

# - A vapor level control thermostat. 

# - A condenser flow switch.


## - A spray safety switch. 

# - A freeboard ratio at least 

### 0.75. Ifthe surface area ofthe air-vapor interface isgreater than or equal to 

### 1square meter,



## - A primarycondenser. 

# - A vapor level control thermostat. 

# - A condenser flow switch.


## - A spray safety switch. 

# - A freeboard ratio at least 

### 0.75. 

# - A refrigeratedfreeboard chiller.

o Conveyorized cold cleaners shall be equipped with:



# - A rotatingbasket.


## - An average clearance less than 10 centimeters or less than 10% ofthe opening width. 

# - A physicallyverifiablefreeboard ratio at least 0.75 or a refrigeratedfreeboard chiller.

continuedTable 

### 1f~ontinued) o Conveyorized vapor cleaners shall be equipped with:



# - An enclosed dryingtunnel or rotatingbasket. 

# - An average clearance less than 10 centimeters or less than 10% of the opening width. 

# - A primary condenser. 

# - A condenser flow switch. 

# - A spray safety switch. 

# - Avapor level control thermostat. 

# - A physicallyverifiable freeboard ratio at least 0.75, or a refrigerated freeboard chiller.
A1 ternativeControl Standard:

Alternatively, a collection and control system that can achieve at least 85%overall efficiency can be used inlieuof the freeboard ratioand chiller requirements. Operating Standards: o Maintain equipment ina no leak condition.

o Cover container when not inuse.

o Do not clean porous or absorbing materials such as cloth, leather, wood or rope.

o Spray as a fluidstream and prevent splashes outside of container.

o No visible solvents inthewater exitingfromwater separator.

o Rack parts for drainage.

o Vertical hoist speed does not exceed 

### 3.3 m/m (11 fpm). o Retainworkload belowthe air-vapor interface until condensation ceases, as applicable.

o Tip out any pool of solvent and do not remove any part until 

### it is visually dried. o Follow start-up and shut down sequences.

o Maintain the area occupied by thework load at 50%or less of the evaporative surface area of container.

o All solvents and wipe cleaningmaterials containing solvent shall be stored inclosed containers.

o Solvents, residues, and cleaning materials containing solvent shall be disposed of properly. continued -5-

### New lip exhaust, unless it is vented to a control device. tiona

o Cleaning operations using emulsions or solutions that contain no more than 2% of VOC (wt) in the solvent as determined by EPA Method 24.

o Cold cleanerswith less than 

### 1 square foot of exposed solvent surface area. liancs Schedule


### Be in full compliance one year from the date of adoption.

o ASTM 0-1078-86 for the determination of the initial boiling point of solvent.

o ASTM 0-4457-85 for analyzing exempt compounds.

o EPA Capture Efficiency Testing Document for the determination of the capture efficiency of collection devices.

o EPA Method 25 for the determination of the control efficiency of control device.

o EPA Methods 2, 2A, 2C, 2D for the determination of volumetric flowrate of the collection system.

o EPA Method 24for the determination of VOC content.

Test methods are specified for the determination of initial boiling point, the analysis of samples, capture and control efficiency, volumetric flowrate and exempt compounds. Record-keeping requirements are also included.

The determination does not discuss the control of exempt compounds or toxic compounds. Decisions regarding these compounds are left to the districts.

### 11. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

Control technology refers toboth equipment and operating control
measures. Equipment controls are equipment specific and reduce the evaporation of solvent from cleaning tanks and associated equipment by design. Operational controls relatetooperational techniques tominimize solvent evaporation. Various control measures and associated control efficiencies are shown inTable 

### 2.

A. Equipment Controls.



### 1. Solvent Tank Evaporation Controls.

These controls includefreeboard ratios, coveys, remote reservoirs, freeboard chillers, refrigerated freeboard chillers, and equipment toprovide solvent drainage. Freeboard ratio isa number which indicates how high above the liquidsolvent or the solvent vapor-air interface the cleaner walls must extend. Increasingthe ratioor the height of the cleaner wall above the liquidor solvent/vapor interfaceminimizes solvent evaporation. Covers 

### are designed toprevent emissions from openings inthe cleaner tank above the liquid level.

Remote reservoirs are solvent containers connected toa sink by
a small opening. The small opening reduces the size of the surface
area available for solvent evaporation and significantly reduces the effect of drafts (air flow) on the rateof evaporation. During cleaning, the solvent ispumped tothe sink and then falls through the hole back intothe reservoir.

Freeboard chillers and refrigerated freeboard chillers prevent evaporation by loweringthe air temperature at the solvent vaporlair interface, causing the vapor tocondense. Refrigerated chillers can achieve control efficiencies up to40 percent.Table 

### 2

Control Equipment and Control Efficiencies

VOC Control EaCold Cleaner (low volatility)

o cover o mechanically assisted cover and spray and agitation control Cold Cleaner (high volatility)



### o cover o mechanically assisted covers and spray and agitation controls Batch-loaded Vapor Cleaner

o cover o mechanically assisted covers and spray and agitation controls Conveyorized Vapor Cleaner

o cover o mechanically assisted covers and spray and agitation controls Carbon Adsorbers Refrigerated Chillers Higher Freeboard Ratio Use of Non-VOC Solvents

A typical value isabout 

### 40 percent. For a batch-loaded vapor cleaner. Based on a baselinefreeboard ratioof 

### 0.5 for batch-loaded vapor cleaners. Increasingthe ratiofrom 

### 0.5 to

### 0.75 and 1.0 results in about 

### 25 and 50 percent emission reduction, respectively.

Sources: References 1and 

### 2.

### 2. Carry-out Emission Controls.
Carry-out emissions are those from the solvent remaining on material when 

### it isremoved from a cleaner. Those emissions can be reduced by a variety of methods which keep more of the solvent inside the cleaner. These methods include rotating baskets, open racks or baskets tohold parts, and rack or basket holders inside the solvent container. Drying$nnels are used with some conveyorized vapor cleaners.

3. Enclosure and Add-on Controls.

Enclosures and associated collection/control devices collect solvent emissions and reduce the amount of emissions tothe atmosphere. Enclosures with minimized entrance and exit openings reduce the amount of surface area availablefor evaporation. Enclosures with collection/add-on devices can achieve overall control efficiencies between 40-95 percent.



### B. 

### Operational Controls.

1. Proper Use of Equipment.



### A conspicuous label providing proper equipment operating instructions should be attached tosolvent cleaning equipment. The instructions are designed tominimize solvent evaporation byoperator education.



### 2. Minimize Disturbance of theAir-vapor Interface.

Disturbanceof the air-vapor interface can affect solvent evaporation. Minimizingdisturbances can be accomplished by reducing the work-load of vapor cleaners, controlling spraying and solvent agitationtechniques, minimizing fan speeds and exposure todrafts,establishing maximum operating temperatures for the refrigerated freeboard chiller, and reducing the vertical speed of a hoist or conveyor when moving or removing clean parts.



### 3. Use ofAlternative Solvents.

Alternative solvents have been and are currently used as a means tocomply with regulations that control VOCs. Alternative solvents include halogenated compounds, aqueous-based detergents, nonhalogenated emulsions (such as terpene-based solutions), and partially hydrogenated or blends of partiallyhydrogenated chlorofluorocarbons with nonhalogenated solvents. These solvents have comparable or better cleaning characteristics over conventional solvents. However, these solvents can have disadvantages which include: 1) increased space requirements, 

### 2) higher energy usage (especially with aqueous systems), 3) longer drying times or the need of a separate dryer, and 

### 4) increased wastewater discharge.
Presently, the continued use of alternative solvents is questionable, since many of these solvents can cause toxic health. effects, or may impact global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. Inresponse tothese adverse impacts, many regulatory entities are restrictingthe use of these solvents. For example, the 1990 amendments tothe Federal Clean AirAct requirethat the production of l,l,l-trichloroethane be terminated by January 

### 1, 2002.

InCalifornia, many local districts have developed policies to regulate the use of halogenated solvents and toxic compounds. Some districts already regulate halogenated compounds. Also, districts are required to regulatetoxic compounds as specified inChapter 

### 3.5 of the California Health and Safety Code, which delineates California's identification and control program for toxic air contaminants. Presently, solvents such as methylene chloride and percholorethylene are being considered inthis process.4. General Housekeeping and Maintenance.
General housekeeping and maintenance consists of the following:

o Proper disposal and containment of contaminated material,
o Proper disposal ofwaste solvents and residual,
o Maintenance and repair.



### 111. COST-EFFECTIVENESS

The cost of implementing the determination isdependent on the degree of compliance a facilitymust make tomeet the requirements of the determination. EPA estimates (Reference 

### 1) indicatethat cost savings can occur when covers are used or solvent distillation ispracticed. Additionally, complyingwith operational requirements should result in minimal costs. However, costs for some equipment retrofitsmay be significant.

ARB staff has estimated the cost-effectiveness of retrofittinga batch-loaded vapor cleaner with a refrigeratedfreeboard chiller. The cost-effectiveness ranges from $2.00 per pound for a cleaner with aworking
area of 0.42 square meters (4.5 square feet) to$1.00 per pound for a cleaner with aworking area of 1.5 square meters (16 square feet). The cost-effectiveness for retrofittinga freeboard chiller on a conveyorized cleaner can result ina cost savings. These estimates are based on data obtained from the EPA (Reference 

### 6). Inaddition tothis, staff has obtained the following cost-effectiveness estimates from the SCAQMD (Reference 4). Raisingthe freeboard ratioof batch-loaded vapor cleaners from 0.75 to 1.0 would result ina cost-effectiveness of $0.10 per pound of VOC reduced.The cost of hoods and add-on control systems can be significant for most batch-loaded vapor cleaners. Staff estimates that the costeffectiveness for batch-loaded vapor cleaners equipped with carbon absorbers torange from $2 per pound to

### $14 per pound. However, for most conveyorized vapor cleaners add-on control systems are more cost-effective. EPA estimates (Reference 

### 6) the cost-effectiveness of a carbon absorber on a conveyorized vapor cleaner tobe $0.70 per pound.



## IV. IMPACTS



## A. Economic Impacts. There are 27 districtswith existingsolvent cleaning rules that will require upgrading tosome extent. Additionally, there
are 14 districts that do not have solvent cleaning rules. As mentioned before, staff believes that most facilities located in districts with or without rules are incompliance with most ofthe determination's requirements. Therefore, staff estimates that the economic impact tomost facilities, including small businesses, will be minimal.

For facilitiesthat may need toretrofittheir equipment to complywiththe determination's requirements, significant economic impacts may result. Staff estimates that the cost-effectiveness for retrofittingexistingequipment withthe anticipated controls will range from $1.00 to$2.00 per pound of emissions reduced. These cost-effectiveness values arewithin acceptable limits contained inmany past control measures.



### B. 

### Emission Reductions. Emissions from solvent cleaners can be reduced by 10 to 100 percent, depending on thetype and sizeoftheequipment, and the type of controls applied. Staff estimates that the net emission reductions achieved by the implementation of the determination'srequirements tobe nominal; about 1to6 tons per day, statewide. This nominal reduction inemissions isdue tothe current compliance status of facilities. Staff estimates that many facilities are incompliance with most of the requirements of the determination.

C. 

### Other 

### Impacts. Staff has identifiedno adverse environmental impacts associated with the implementation of the 

### RACT/BARCT standards with respect toglobal warming, plant and animal life, noise levels, waste disposal, land use or natural resources.

### V. REFERENCES

1. Alternate Control Technoloav Document

# - loaenated Solvent Cleaners, United States Environmental ProtectionAgency, Office of Air and Waste Management, OfficeofAir QualityPlanning and Standards, Emissions Standards Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, EPA-450/33-89-030, August 1989.

2. California Clean Air Act Guidance. Determination of Reasonablv Available Control Technoloav and BestAvailable Retrofit Control Jechnoloay, State of CaliforniaAir Resources Board, Stationary Source Division, April 1990.

3. Consideration of a Proposed Model Rule for the Control of YolatileOraanic Cempsund Em1ssIons from Oraanic Solvent 

## . 

## . Deareasina Ooerations, State of CaliforniaAir Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, August 1978.



### 4. Control of Volatile Oraanic Emissions from Solvent Metal 

## . . Cleaning, United States Environmental ProtectionAgency, Off ice of Air and Waste Management, Office ofAir QualityPlanning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, November 1977.



### 5. Final Air Oualitv Management Plan. 1989 Revision. Ap~endix 

### IVA. 

## . 

## . - Jier 

### I.Tier 

### 11. and Continwncv Control Measures, South Coast Air QualityManagement District, March 1989.

6. Studv toSupport New Source Performance Standards for Solvent Metal Cleanina O~erations,Final Report, June 30, 1976, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan.

### APPENDIX A

RACTIBARCT DETERMINATION

### DETERMINATION OF REASONABLY AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY AND BEST AVAILABLE RETROFIT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR ORGANIC SOLVENT CLEANING AND DEGREASING OPERATIONS

APPLICABILITY. 

### Except as provided in Section V., this determination shall apply to all volatile organic compound solvent cleaning and degreasing operations. DEFINITIONS 

### A. Air-Vapor Interface

### means the top of the solvent-vapor layer, and the air touching this layer. 0. 

### Batch-loaded 

### means material placed in a nonconveyorized container for cleaning. C. Cold Cleaner

### means any cleaner using solvent which, if heated, is maintained below the initial boiling point temperature. The cleaners include, but are not limited to, remote reservoirs, spray sinks and batch-loaded dip tanks. 

## D. Condenser 

### (or primary condenser) means a device, such as cooling coils, used to condense (liquify) solvent vapor. E. Condenser Flow Switch

### means a safety switch connected to a thermostat which shuts off the sump heater if the condenser coolant is either not circulating or exceeds its designed operating temperature. F. 

### Control Device

### means a device for reducing emissions of VOC to the atmosphere. G. Conveyorized Solvent Cleaner

### means any conveyorized cold or vapor solvent cleaner, including but not limited to gyro, vibra, monorail, cross-rod, mesh, belt and strip cleaners. Strip cleaners clean material by drawing the strip itself through the unit for cleaning prior to coating or other fabrication processes. H. Emulsion

### means a suspension of small droplets of one liquid in a second liquid. I. 

### Evaporation

### means to change into a vapor, normally from a liquid state. J. 

### Evaporative SurfaceArea

### means: (1) 

### Cold Cleaner: (a) The surface area of the top of the solvent. (b) The surface area of the solvent sink or work area for a remote reservoir. (2)

### Vapor Solvent Cleaner: The surface area of the top of the solvent vapor-air interface. (3)

### Conveyorized Solvent Cleaner: (a) Cold Cleaner: The surfacearea of the top of the solvent. (b) 

### Vapor Solvent Cleaner: The surface area of the top of the solvent vapor-air interface. K. 

### ExecutiveOfficer 

### means the Executive Officer or Air Pollution Control Officer, or his or her delegate, of an air quality management district or an air pollution control district.

### L. Freeboard Height

### means: (1) Cold Cleaner: The vertical distance from the top of the solvent, or the solvent drain of a remote reservoir cold cleaner, to the top of the cold cleaner. 

### (2) Batch-loaded Vapor Solvent Cleaner: The vertical distance from the top of the solvent vapor-air interface to the top of the solvent cleaner. (3) 

### Conveyorized Solvent Cleaner: (a) For non-boiling solvent, thevertical distance from the top of the solvent to the bottom of the lowest opening in the solvent cleaner where vapors can escape. (b) 

### For boiling solvent, thevertical distance from the top of the solvent vapor-air interface tothe bottom of the lowest opening in the solvent cleanerwhere vapors can escape. M. Freeboard Ratio

### means the freeboard height divided by the smaller of the inside length or the insidewidth of the solvent cleaner evaporative area. N. Initial Boiling Point

### means the boiling point of a solvent as defined by ASTM D-1078-86. 0. Leak

### means 3 

### or more drops of liquid solvent per minute. P. 

### Lip Exhaust

### means a system which collects solvent vapors escaping from the top of a cleaner and directs them away from personnel using the cleaner. 

## Q. Low VolatilitySolvent

### means a aolventowith an initial boiling point which is greate~ than A20 C (248

## F) and with a temperature as used, at least 100 C (180

### F) below the initial boiling point. R. Make-up Solvent

### means that solvent added to the solvent cleaning operation to replace solvent lost through evaporation or other means. S. Refrigerated Freeboard Chiller

### means a secondary cooling coil mounted above the primary condenser which provides a chilled air blanket above the solvent vapor air-interface to cause the condensation of additional solvent vapor. T. Remote Reservoir

### means a cold cleaner with a tankwhich is completely enclosed except for a solvent return opening no larger than 100 square centimeterswhich allows used solvent todrain into it from a separate solvent sink or work area and which is not accessible for soaking workloads. 

### U. Solvent

### means compoundswhich are used as diluents, thinners, dissolvers, viscosity reducers, cleaning agents or for other similar uses. V. Spray Safety Switch

### means a manually reset switch which shuts off the spray pump if the vapor level drops more than 10 cm (4in). W. 

### Ultrasonics

### means enhancement of the cleaning process by agitation of liquid solventswith high frequency sound wave vibrations. X. 

### Vapor Level Control Thermostat 

### means a manually reset safety switch which turns off the sump heater if the thermostat senses the temperature rising above thedesigned operating level at the air-vapor interface.

### Y. 

### Vapor Solvent Cleaner means any solvent cleaner that cleans through the condensation of hot solvent vapor on colder workloads. 

### Z. Volatile Organic Compound means any compound containing at least one atom of carbon, except methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, ammonium carbonate, l,l,l-trichloroethane, methylene chloride, trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-ll), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), trichlorotrifluoroethane

### CFC-113), dichlorotetrafluoroethane 

### (CFC114), chloropentaf luoroethane (CFC-115), dichlorotrifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetraf luoroethane (HCFC-124), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), dichlorof luoroethane (HCFC-14lb), chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC-142b), l,l,l-trifluoroethane (HFC143a), 1,l-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), and the following four classes of perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds: 1) cylic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated a1kanes; 

### 2) cyclic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated ethers with no unsaturations; 3) cylic, branched, or linear, completely fluorinated tertiary amines with no unsaturations; and 4) 

### saturated sulfur containing perfluorocarbons with sulfur bonds only to carbon and fluorine. AA. 

### Volatile Solventmeans any solvent that is not a low volatility solvent. BB. 

### Waste Solvent Residuemeans material which may contain dirt, oil, metal particles, and/or other waste products concentrated after heat distillation of thewaste solvent either in the solvent cleaner itself or after distillation in a separate still. CC. Wipe Cleaningmeans that method of cleaningwhich utilizes a material such as a rag wetted with a solvent, coupled with a physical rubbing process to remove contaminants from surfaces. 

### DD. Workload means the objects put in a cleaner for thepurpose of removing oil, grease, soil, coating, dirt or other undesirable matter from the surface of theobjects. 

### EE. Workload areameans: (1) The plane geometric surface area of the top of the submerged parts basket, or (2) The combined plane geometric surface area(s) displaced by the submerged workload, if no basket is used.
111. 

### STANDARDS. 

## A. Equipment Requirements. (1)All cleaners shall be equipped with the following: (a) An apparatus or cover(s) which reduces solvent evaporation, except as provided in Section III.A.2. (b) A permanent, conspicuous label summarizing the applicable operating requirements contained in Section 1II.C.

### (c) A 

### device for draining cleaned partswhich permits the drained solvent or drag-out tobe returned tothe cleaner solvent tank. 

### (2) Remote Reservoir Cold Cleaners shall be equipped with allof the following: (a) 

### A sink orwork area which is sloped sufficiently towards the draintoprevent pooling of solvent. (b) 

### A single drain hole, not larger than 100 square centimeters (15.5 square inches) inarea, for the solvent toflowfrom the sink intothe enclosed reservoir. (c) Except for cleaners using lowvolatilitysolvents, a drain plugor a cover for placement over the top of the sink, when the equipment isnot inuse. (d) 

### A freeboard height not lessthan 

### 6 inches. 

### (3) Cold Cleaners: (a) Freeboard Requirements: (i) 

### Cold cleaners using only low volatilitysolvents which are not agitated, shall operate with a freeboard height not less than 

### 6 inches. (ii) Cold cleaners (including remote reservoir cold cleanersb usingosolventswhich are agitated, heated above 50 C 

### (120 F) or volatile solvents, shall operate with a freeboard ratioequal toor greater than 0.75. 

### (iii) A water cover may be used as an acceptable control method tomeet the freeboard requirements, if 

### the solvent is insoluble inwater and has a specifie gravitygreater than 1. 

### (b) Cover Requirements: For cold cleaners usingvolatile solvents, a cover that 

### is a sliding, rollingor guillotine (bi-parting) type which is designed toeasily open and close. (c) A 

### permanent, conspicuous mark locatingthe maximum allowable solvent level conforming tothe applicable freeboard requirements. 

### (4) Batch-loaded Vapor Cleaners shall be equipped with the following: (a) 

### A cover that isa sliding, rollingor guillotine (biparting) type which isdesigned toeasilyopen and close without disturbingthe vapor zone. (b) A 

### vapor level control thermostat. (c) 

### A condenser flow switch. (d) A 

### spray safety switch. (e) 

### A freeboard ratiogreater than or equal to0.75. 

### (f)A 

### primary condenser. (g) Inadditiontothe above, cleaners with an evaporative surface area greater than or equal to 1

### square meter, shall be equipped with a refrigerated freebgard chiller for which the chilled air blanket temperature 

### ( F) atthe coldest point on the vertical axis inthe center of the air-vapor interface shall be no g~eater than 30 

### percent of the initial boilingopoint ( 

### F) ofthe solvent used or no greater than 40 F. 

### If the chiller operates below the

### freezing temperature ofwater, 

### it shall be equipped with an automatic defrost. (5) 

### Conveyorized Cold Cleaners shall be equipped with the following: (a) A rotating basket or other method, toprevent cleaned parts from carrying out solvent liquid. (b) Minimized entrance and exit openings which silhouette the work loads such that the average clearance between material and the edges of the cleaner openings is less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) or less than 10%of the opening width. (c) A freeboard ratiogreater than or equal to0.75 which is physicallyverifiable. 

### (6) Conveyorized Vapor Cleaners shall be equippedwith the following: (a) An enclosed dryingtunnel or other method, such as a rotating basket, sufficient toprevent cleaned parts from carrying out solvent liquid. (b) Minimized entrance and exit openings which silhouette the work loads such that the average clearance between material and the edges of the cleaner openings is less than 10 centimeters (4 inches) or less than 10%of the opening width. (c) A primary condenser. (d) A 

### vapor level control thermostat. (e) A 

### condenser flow switch. (f)

### A spray safety switch. (g) A freeboard ratiogreater than or equal to0.75 which is physicallyverifiable, or a refrigerated freeboard chiller forwhich the chilled air blanket temperature ( F) at the coldest point on the vertical axis inthe center of the airvapor interface shall b& no greater than 30 percent of the initialoboiling point 

### ( F) of the solvent used or no greater than 40 F. If

### the chiller operates below'the freezing temperature ofwater, it shall be equippedwith an automatic defrost. 

### B. Alternative Control Requirements. Alternatively, a system tocollect emissions which are vented toa control device may be used tosatisfythe requirements of 

### I11.A. (3)(a), 

### I11.A. 

### (4)(e) and (g), III.A.(S)(c) and III.A.(6)(g), provided that the overall efficiency (the collection efficiency multipliedby the control efficiency) of the total system shall not be less than 85 percent by weight inreducing total non-methane hydrocarbons as determined by EPA Method 25. The collection system shall have a ventilation rate not greater than 20 cubic meters per minute per square meter over the total area of the solvent cleaner openings unless the ratemust be changed tomeet Federal and State Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration requirements. The system must be approved inwriting by the ExecutiveOfficer.

### C. 

### Operating Requirements. (1)A11 

### Cleaners. (a) The solvent cleaning equipment and emission control device shall be operated and maintained in proper working order. (b) 

### Cleaners shall not be operated when leaking. (c) All solvent, including waste solvent and waste solvent residues, shall be stored in closed containers at all times. The containers shall have a label indicating the name of the solventlmaterial they contain. (d) 

### Waste solvent and residues shall be disposed of by one of the followingmethods: (i) A comnercial waste solvent reclamation service licensed by the State of California. (ii) 

### At a facility that is

### federally or state licensed to treat, store or dispose of such waste. (iii) 

### Recycling in conformancewith Section 25143.2 of the California Health and Safety Code. (e) Solvent cleaners, except remote reservoir cold cleaners using low volatility solvent, shall be covered except to process work or toperform maintenance. (f) Solvent carry-out shall be minimized by the following methods: 

### (i) 

### Rack workload for drainage. (ii) Limit thevertical speed of a powered hoist, if one is used, tonot more than 3.3 meters per minute (11 ftlmin). (iii) 

### Retain theworkload below the air-vapor interface until condensation ceases, as applicable. (iv) Formanual operation, tip out any pools of solvent remaining on the cleaned parts before removing them from the cleaner, and (v) Do not remove parts from the solvent cleaner until visually dry and all dripping ceases. This requirement does not apply to emulsion cleaner workload that is rinsed with water'within the cleaner imediatelyafter cleaning. (g) The cleaning of porous or absorbent materials such as cloth, leather, wood or rope is prohibited. (h) Solvent agitation shall be achieved using pump recirculation, amixer, or ultrasonics. Air agitation shall not be allowed. (i) Solvent spray shall only be a continuous fluid stream. An atomized or shower type spray shall not be used. In conveyorized cleaners, a shower type spraymay be allowed provided that the spray is conducted in a totally confined space that is separated from theenvironment. (j) 

### The solvent spray system shall not be used in amanner such that liquid solvent splashes outside the container. (k) For those cleaners equipped with water separators, no solvent shall be visually detectable in thewater exiting thewater separator.

### (1) Wipe cleaning materials containing solvent shall be kept in closed containers at all times, except during use. (m) A cleaner shall not be located where drafts are directed across the cleaner. (n) Drain cleaned material, within the freeboard area, so that thedrained solvent is returned tothe container. (2)

### Batch-loaded and Conveyorized Vapor Cleaners. In addition to the requirements in Section III.C.(l), the operating requirements below shall apply: (a) The following sequence shall be used for start-up and shut-down: (i) 

### When starting the cleaner, the cooling system shall be turned on before, or simultaneously with, the sump heater. (ii) 

### When shutting down the cleaner, the sump heater shall be turned off before, or simultaneously with, the cooling system. (b) The workload area shall not occupymore than half the evaporative surface area of the solvent cleaner. (c) The spraymust be kept below the top of the air-vapor interface.


### IV. PROHIBITION. After thedate of adoption, a lip exhaust system shall not be added toany cleaner, unless it is vented to a control device, as described in Section 1II.B.


### V

# . EXEMPTIONS. 

## A. SolventsContaining Less Than 2%

### VOC. Solvent cleaning operations using solvent (including emulsions) containing no more than 2 

### percent of volatile organic compounds (wt) as determined by EPA Method 24 

### shall not be subject to the requirements of this determination. B. 

### Cold Cleanerswith less than 929 

### square centimeters (1 

### square foot) of liquid surface area are exempt from the equipment requirements in Section 1II.A. of this determination, except for the requirements that the cleaners shall be covered when work is not being processed.


### VI. COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE. Any person subject toany of the requirements of this determination, shall comply with thefollowing increments of progress: A. By (30

### days from date of adoption), be in full compliance with theoperating requirements of this determination. B. By (one year after date of rule adoption), be in full compliance with the equipment requirements of this determination.

### VII. TESTMETHODS. 

## A. Initial Boiling Point of Solvent. The initial boiling point of the solvent shall be determined by ASTM D-1078-86. B. Capture Efficiency. Capture efficiency shall be determined by the appropriate method described in the Federal Register, "55 FR 26865, June 29, 1990. C. Control Efficiency. EPA Method 25 shall be used todetermine control efficiency, in combination with the appropriate method in the referencementioned in VI1.B. D. Volumetric Flowate. Volumetric Flowrate shall be determined by EPA Methods 2, 2A, 2C and 2D. E. Exempt Compounds. Determination of exempt compounds, shall be performed in accordance with ASTM D-4457-85 (Solvents and Coatings) and be consistent with theprovisions set forth in the Federal Register (FR, Vol. 56, No. 52, March 18, 1991). F. Volatile Organic Compounds. For thepurposes of this determination, the content of VOCs in solvents shall be determined by the appropriate procedures contained in EPA Method 24.
VIII. ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS. Solvent Records. The following records shall be retained for the previous 24month period and be available at the time of a district inspection: A. Each timewaste solvent orwaste solvent residue is removed from the facility for disposal. B. On a quarterly or shorter basis, record the facility-wide total volume of make-up solvent used for a11 

### cleaners.

### APPENDIX 6

SIGNIFICANT COMMENTS AND RESPONSES AT 

### MAY 20, 1991

### WORKSHOP

### SUMMARY OF COMMENTS 

### AND RESPONSES AT THE MAY 20, 1991

### RACTIBARCT WORKSHOP ON SOLVENT DEGREASING

Included below are the coments presented at the workshop and responses by the Solvents Committee. Comment 

### 1

# - hn Kusz (Safetv

# -Kleen) The provision for air agitation should be excluded, since operators may likelyoverride the air pressure limit of 

### 2 psi. Response We agree that air agitation should be excluded. Comment 

### 2 

# - hn Kusz (Safetv

# -Kleen) Separate the operating standards by cleaner type, as was done for the equipment standards. There should be four types. One of the types would be remote reservoirs. Response
The suggestion isappropriate. The operating requirements were grouped by cleaner type where appropriate. Comment 3 

# - hn Kusz (Safetv

# -Kleen) The requirement for covers on some remote reservoirs may create a fire and safety hazard. Response
Either a cover or a drain plug isacceptable for use with remote reservoirs using volatile solvents. Covers are not requiredfor remote reservoirs using lowvolatilitysolvents. Comment 

### 4 

# - hn KUS~ (Safetv

## -Kleenl
Increasethe size limitfor cleaners allowed tohave hinged covers to perhaps 

### 5 square feet. Exempt cleaners from this requirement, 

### ifthe freeboard ratio isgreater than 

### 2. Response Hinged covers can be used for allcold cleaners which use low volatility solvent, regardless of size. Remote reservoirs using low volatilitysolvent are not requiredtohave a cover.Comment 5 

# - hn KUS~ [Safetv

# -Kleen! Use either vapor pressure or boilingpoint torepresent volatility. Response The initialboiling point of the solvent isused to represent volatility. Because there isno standardized test method for vapor pressure, we prefer touse initial boilingof the solvent as a standardized criterion for volatility. Comment 

### 6 

# - hn Kusz (Safetv

# -Kleen)
Inmulti-constituent solvents, water and exempt solvents may be the firsttoboil; thus, representing the initial boilingpoint. This needs tobe clarified. Response The determination provides methods for analysis of VOC and exempt compounds. The initial boilingpoint of the non-VOC constituents can, therefore, be evaluated. Comment 

### 7

# - ke Neil (Haloaenated Solvents IndustrvAlliand The percent VOC exemption insolvent should be raised toabout 

### 5 to 10 percent, toallow the use of alternative solvents. Response Raisingthe exemption 

### will result inthe increased emissions of VOC, 

### It isnot our intentiontoexempt significant amounts of VOC fromthe determination. Existingdistrict rules, such as the Bay Area Air QualityManagement District Regulation 

### 8, Rule 16 and the South Coast Air QualityManagement District Rule 

### 1122, provide a 

### 1to

### 2 percent 

### VOC exemption.