U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Prepared in cooperation with the

Missouri Department of Natural Resources and the City of Moberly, Missouri

Scientific Investigations Map 3431

Bathymetric Contour Map, Surface Area and Capacity Table, and Bathymetric Change Map for Sugar Creek Lake near Moberly, Missouri, 2018

By 

Joseph M. Richards, Richard J. Huizinga, and Jarrett T. Ellis

2019

Introduction

Managers of water-supply lakes need an accurate estimate of the lake capacity to ensure 

that enough water is available for uses such as: providing consistent recreation pool levels, 

preserving downstream aquatic habitat, flood abatement, water supply, and power generation. 

Lake capacity is particularly important for managers of water-supply lakes during periods of 

drought, unexpected population growth, or exceptionally high water use in the area supplied 

by the lake. Sedimentation, primarily from runoff into the lake, will cause a loss of storage 

capacity as a lake ages; as a result, the capacity table for the lake (if one exists) will overestimate the actual capacity. Lake bathymetric changes can be demonstrated through periodic 

surveying, and rates of sediment accumulation can be calculated so that managers can better 

regulate the water supply.

In cooperation with several Federal, State, and local agencies, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed bathymetric surveys of several water-supply lakes in Missouri in the 

early 2000s (Richards, 2013) to determine the capacity of the lakes. The USGS, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, completed one such survey of Sugar 

Creek Lake in December 2003 using a boat-mounted survey-grade singlebeam echosounder 

and differentially corrected global positioning system equipment. Sugar Creek Lake (fig. 1), 

constructed in 1922, is about 4 miles northwest of Moberly, Missouri, in Randolph County 

and has a surface area of about 330 acres at the spillway elevation of 746.8 feet (ft) above 

North American Vertical Datum of 1988. Additional construction details of the lake and dam 

were provided in Wilson and Richards (2006). The lake primarily is used for recreation and 

drinking-water supply for the town of Moberly, Mo.

In September 2018, the USGS, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural 

Resources and the City of Moberly, Mo., surveyed the bathymetry of Sugar Creek Lake to 

prepare an updated bathymetric map and a surface area and capacity table. The 2003 survey 

was compared with the 2018 survey to document the changes in the bathymetric surface of the 

lake and produce a bathymetric change map.

Methods

A bathymetric survey was done from September 4 to 6, 2018, at Sugar Creek Lake 

using similar methods to the previous survey completed in 2003 (Wilson and Richards, 2006; 

Richards, 2013). The average water-surface elevation of the lake during the 2018 survey was 

745.75 ft and was 746.8 ft during the 2003 survey. A bathymetric surface, a bathymetric contour map, and a bathymetric change map were created from the survey data.

Bathymetric Data Collection

Bathymetric data (water depths and positions) were collected (fig. 2) using a highresolution multibeam mapping system (MBMS). The various components of the MBMS 

used for this study are described in more detail in reports about studies on the Missouri and 

Mississippi Rivers in Missouri (for example, see Huizinga, 2010, 2017; Huizinga and others, 

2010), and for the City of Cameron water-supply lakes (Huizinga, 2014). The survey methods used to obtain the data for Sugar Creek Lake were similar to these other studies, as were 

the methods used to ensure data quality. A brief description of the equipment and methods 

follows.

An MBMS is an integration of several individual components: the multibeam echosounder (MBES), an inertial navigation system (INS), and a data-collection and data-processing computer. The INS (Applanix OceanMaster) provides position in three-dimensional 

space and measures the heave, pitch, roll, and heading of the vessel (and, thereby, the 

MBES) to accurately position the data received by the MBES. The MBES that was used is 

the Norbit iWBMSh, operated at a frequency of 400 kilohertz. The iWBMSh is similar in 

operation to the MBES systems used in other previous studies in Missouri. The iWBMSh 

has a curved receiver array that enables bathymetric data to be collected throughout a swath 

range of 210 degrees. Optimum data usually are collected in a swath of less than 160 degrees 

(80 degrees on each side of nadir, or straight down below the MBES); nevertheless, the swath 

can be electronically rotated to either side of nadir, enabling data to be captured along sloping 

banks up to a depth just below the water surface.

RANDOLPH

COUNTY

MISSOURI

Sugar Creek Lake

Base from OpenStreetMap, 2019

Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, zone 15

North American Datum of 1983

SUGAR CREEK LAKE DAM

0 1 MILE

0 1 KILOMETER

92°28' 92°26' 92°24'

39°28'

39°26'

Figure 1. Location of Sugar Creek Lake near Moberly, Missouri.

92°28'30"

39°29'30"

39°28'30" 39°28'30"

92°28'30"

92°27'30"

39°28'30"

720

730

730

740

746.8

746.8

746.8

746.8

740

S

S

RM4

759.19

RM1

754.92

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 MILE

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 KILOMETER

SUGAR CREEK LAKE DAM

Area of resurvey for point to point quality-assurance 

data collection

Spillway elevation contour—Shows approximate 

water-surface elevation of the spillway (746.8 feet, 

table 1). Datum is North American Vertical Datum 

of 1988 using the geoid model GEOID12b

Bathymetric contour—Shows elevation of the lake 

bottom. Principal contour interval 10 feet. Supplemental contour (grey) interval 2 feet. Datum is 

North American Vertical Datum of 1988 using the 

geoid model GEOID12b

Area of multibeam survey data collection

EXPLANATION

S

RM1

754.92

Reference mark—Shows identifier and elevation. 

Datum is North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

using the geoid model GEOID12b

720

Figure 2. Bathymetric contours for Sugar Creek Lake near Moberly, Missouri, resulting from a survey done September 4–6, 2018.

Real-time navigation during the survey used a differential global positioning system 

solution; however, the navigation information from the Sugar Creek Lake survey was postprocessed using the POS-Pac Mobile Mapping Suite (MMS) software (Applanix Corporation, 2009) to mitigate the effects of the degraded positional accuracy of the vessel from the 

differential global positioning system solution. POS-Pac MMS provides tools to identify and 

compensate for sensor and environmental errors and computes an optimally blended navigation solution from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and inertial-measurement 

unit raw data from the INS. The location solution was further enhanced by collecting static 

GNSS data with a GNSS base receiver set up over a temporary reference mark near the lake; 

the coordinates for which were determined using techniques detailed in Rydlund and Densmore (2012). The blended navigation solution (called a “smoothed best estimate of trajectory” 

or “SBET” file) generated by postprocessing the daily navigation data was applied to the corresponding daily survey data.

Most of the bathymetric survey data within Sugar Creek Lake (fig. 2) were collected with 

the swath range limited to 140 degrees, 70 degrees on each side of nadir. Along the banks 

and in the shallow areas at the upstream ends of the lake arms, however, the swath range 

was widened to 160 degrees to cover a wider swath of the bottom. In these areas the receiver 

array also was electronically tilted to port or starboard as needed to enhance acquisition of 

bathymetric data in the shallow areas near the banks, in coves, and in the upper reaches of the 

lake arms. The electronically tilted swath generally was about 120 degrees wide, extending 

from about 10 degrees above horizontal on the bankward side of the survey vessel to about 

20 degrees past nadir below the vessel.

The bathymetric data were collected along transect lines oriented longitudinally in the 

main lake area. In the main body of the lake, the transect lines were spaced to create about 

10- to 25-percent overlap of the survey swaths to attempt to ensure complete coverage of the 

lake bottom and minimize sonic shadows. Data along the shoreline were collected by navigating the boat parallel to the shore while overlapping the data collected in the main body of the 

lake. Cove data were collected by navigating into a cove along the approximate centerline of 

the cove as far as practical (usually, the point at which forward progress was blocked by vegetation, or water depth decreased to less than about 3 ft), pivoting the boat 180 degrees, and 

egressing the cove along the ingress line.

In a lake, it is not unusual for the speed of sound in the water to change over time and 

to vary spatially. The speed of sound also can vary over the water column because of water 

temperature variations with depth. Although sound velocity data are collected at the MBES 

head throughout the survey to mitigate these variations near the water surface, the changes in 

the speed of sound with depth needs to be known to accurately determine the depths acquired 

by the MBES. Sound velocity profiles, therefore, were measured with a sound velocity probe 

at various locations throughout each survey day and applied during postprocessing in the 

HYPACK/HYSWEEP software.

Preparation for the bathymetric survey was done in HYPACK/HYSWEEP software 

(HYPACK, Inc., 2015). To collect the survey data, a computer onboard the survey vessel ran 

HYPACK/HYSWEEP data acquisition software. After completing the survey, the acquired 

depth data were processed further to apply sound velocity profiles and to remove data spikes 

and other spurious points, often caused by fish and submerged woody debris, in the MBES 

swath trace. The data were georeferenced using the navigation and position solution data from 

the SBET file from POS-Pac MMS and visualized in HYPACK/HYSWEEP as a triangulated 

irregular network (TIN) surface or a point cloud. The georeferenced data were output to a 

comma-delimited file that was filtered and reduced to a 1.64-ft data resolution.

Bathymetric Surface and Contour Map Creation

About 4,500,000 data points, spaced 1.64-ft horizontally, were exported from the raw data 

collected in the 2018 survey and are available as a USGS data release (Richards and Huizinga, 

2019). The vertical datum for the survey was the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

using the geoid model GEOID12b, and the horizontal datum was the North American Datum 

of 1983. Geographic information system (GIS) software was used to filter the 1.64-ft spaced 

bathymetric data points so that the points would be no closer than about 3.28 ft apart. The data 

reduction retained about 1,100,000 surveyed data points from the 2018 MBES survey.

Data outside the MBES survey extent (fig. 2) and greater than 745 ft in elevation 

were obtained from 1/9 arc-second National Elevation Dataset data that were derived from 

data collected in 2012 using light detection and ranging (lidar) equipment (https://viewer.

nationalmap.gov/basic/). These data points were resampled to a linear distance of about 

3.28 ft (576,135 points) using GIS software and define the upland areas of the lake.

Using the linear enforcement techniques described in Wilson and Richards (2006), about 

1,700 points were created based on surrounding 2018 data values and were used as additional data 

in bathymetric surface creation. These data were added to anchor the bathymetric surface in areas of 

sparse data in the upper ends of coves where the water was too shallow for the MBES equipment.

Data outside the MBES survey extent, but below 745 ft in elevation in the upper ends of 

the main and east arms of the lake, where the water was too shallow for the MBES equipment 

(fig. 2), were obtained from a 3.28-ft grid of points (46,310 points) interpolated from the 2003 

bathymetric surface. These data were adjusted by adding 1 ft to the 2003 elevation value to 

account for the approximate vertical difference observed between the 2003 and 2018 bathymetric surfaces in the nearby areas where the surfaces were coincident.

The preceding point datasets were used to produce a three-dimensional TIN surface of 

the lake-bottom elevations. A surface area and capacity table was produced from the threedimensional TIN surface showing surface area and capacity at specified lake water-surface 

elevations (table 1). The surface was contoured at a 2-ft interval using GIS software, and the 

contours were cartographically smoothed and edited to create a bathymetric contour map 

(fig. 2) using the techniques of Wilson and Richards (2006).

Table 1. Surface area and capacity at 

specified water surface elevations for Sugar 

Creek Lake near Moberly, Missouri, September 

4–6, 2018.

[Spillway elevation is about 746.8 feet (fig. 2); the 

average water-surface elevation during the survey was 

745.75 feet]

Water surface 

elevation1, 

in feet

Surface area, 

in acres

Capacity2, 

in acre-feet

716.0 0.00 0.00

718.0 1.51 0.37

720.0 18.2 18.0

722.0 48.3 86.3

724.0 77.5 211

726.0 104 393

728.0 129 627

730.0 155 910

732.0 181 1,250

734.0 206 1,630

736.0 227 2,070

738.0 243 2,540

740.0 257 3,040

742.0 275 3,570

744.0 294 4,140

746.0 325 4,750

746.8 332 5,020

1

Elevations are referenced to the North American 

Vertical Datum of 1988 using geoid model GEOID12b.

2

Capacities were calculated from surface testing at 

0.12-foot vertical accuracy at a 95-percent confidence 

level. An explanation of the vertical accuracy calculation can be found in the “Bathymetric Surface, Contour, 

and Bathymetric Change Quality Assurance” section of 

this report.

Bathymetric Change Map Creation

The bathymetric change map (fig. 3) was generated from the difference between the 2003 

and 2018 bathymetric survey data points where they were coincident. The data points between 

the two surveys were considered coincident if a 2018 raw survey data point was within a 

horizontal distance of 0.16 ft from a 2003 survey data point. Of the possible 258,865 survey 

points collected along transects spaced about 49 ft apart in 2003 (Richards, 2013), there were 

147,051 coincident locations found in the survey points collected in 2018. A bathymetric 

change TIN was generated using the coincident point data. The TIN was converted to a raster 

surface with a spacing of 3.28 ft for use in further analysis and creation of the map. The 

bathymetric change map was limited to the intersection of the 2003 and 2018 MBES survey 

extents so that only data that were surveyed by the MBES were compared. In areas of steeper 

slope, observed in figure 2 as areas where the contours are closely spaced, raster cells that had 

a 2018 slope greater than 6 degrees were removed from the bathymetric change raster because 

sediment deposition was assumed to be relatively minor in these areas.

Bathymetric Data Collection Quality Assurance

For the MBMS, the principal quality-assurance measures were assessed in real time during the survey. The MBMS operator continuously assessed the quality of the data collected 

during the survey by making observations of across-track swaths (such as convex, concave, 

or skewed bed returns in flat, smooth bottoms), noting data-quality flags and alarms from the 

MBES and the INS, and inspecting comparisons between adjacent overlapping swaths. In 

addition to the real-time quality-assurance assessments during the survey, beam-angle checks 

and a suite of patch tests were done on September 5 during the survey to ensure quality data 

were acquired from the MBMS. These tests were completed in the deepest part of the lake 

near the dam (fig. 2).

Beam-Angle Check

A beam-angle check is used to determine the accuracy of the depth readings obtained 

by the outer beams (greater than 25 degrees from nadir [vertical]) of the MBES (U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers, 2013), which may change with time because of inaccurate sound velocities, physical configuration changes, and water depth. A beam-angle check was done on 

September 5, and the results were within the recommended performance standards used by 

the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for hydrographic surveys for all the representative angles 

below 70 degrees (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2013), permitting the use of the central 

140 degrees of the sound navigation and ranging (sonar) swath with confidence.

Patch Tests

Patch tests are a series of dynamic calibration tests that are used to check for subtle 

variations in the orientation and timing of the MBES with respect to the INS and real-world 

coordinates. The patch tests are used to determine timing offsets caused by latency between 

the MBES and the INS, and angular offsets to roll, pitch, and yaw caused by the alignment 

of the transducer head (Huizinga, 2017). These offsets have been observed to be essentially 

constant for a given survey, barring an event that causes the mount to change such as striking 

a floating or submerged object (see Huizinga, 2017). The offsets determined in the patch test 

are applied when processing the data collected during a survey. Patch tests were completed 

on September 5, at Sugar Creek Lake, and angular offsets were updated in the data collection 

software as appropriate. For this study, there was no measured timing offset, which is consistent with latency test results for this boat and similar equipment configurations used in other 

surveys (Huizinga, 2010, 2017; Huizinga and others, 2010).

Uncertainty Estimation

Similar to the previous studies of bathymetry in Missouri (Huizinga, 2010, 2017), uncertainty in the survey was estimated by computing the total propagated uncertainty (TPU) for 

each 1.64-ft survey-grid cell in the surveyed area using the Combined Uncertainty and Bathymetric Estimator (CUBE) method (Calder and Mayer, 2003). The CUBE method allows all 

random system component uncertainties and resolution effects to be combined and propagated 

through the data processing steps, which provides a robust estimate of the spatial distribution of possible uncertainty within the survey area (Czuba and others, 2011). Thus, the TPU 

of a point is a measure of the accuracy to be expected for such a point when all relevant error 

sources are considered (Czuba and others, 2011).

Most of the TPU values (more than 95 percent) were less than 0.20 ft, which is within 

the specifications for a “Special Order” survey, the most-stringent survey standard of the 

International Hydrographic Organization (International Hydrographic Organization, 2008). 

The median TPU value of the data was about 0.07 ft. The largest TPU in this survey was 

about 15.9 ft; however, TPU values of this magnitude typically are near high-relief features, 

such as near vertical surfaces such as bridge abutments or submerged cliffs that may exist 

on some parts of the lake (fig. 2). The TPU values were larger near moderate-relief features 

(steep banks and submerged channels and ridges; fig. 2). The TPU values also were sometimes larger in the outermost beam extents of the MBES swath in the overlap with an adjacent 

swath, particularly when the swath was tilted for the survey lines along the banks or widened 

in the upper extent of the lake (fig. 4).

Bathymetric Surface, Contour, and Bathymetric Change 

Quality Assurance

Accuracy of the bathymetric surface and contours is a function of the survey data accuracy, density of the survey data, and the processing steps involved in the surface and contour 

creation. The process of data reduction done to obtain the 1.64-ft gridded dataset from the 

raw survey data likely degraded the accuracy of the 1.64-ft gridded dataset relative to the 

raw data. Four areas of the lake were surveyed twice (fig. 2) to collect a dataset that could be 

used to estimate the accuracy of the 1.64-ft gridded dataset used to produce the bathymetric 

surface. The four areas had a combined total of about 8,680,000 raw survey points (Richards 

and Huizinga, 2019). Raw points that were within a horizontal distance of 0.16 ft of a 1.64-ft 

gridded point were selected as quality-assurance data points, and the elevation values of these 

points were compared to the 1.64-ft gridded points. The 59,903 selected raw points were 

compared to 1.64-ft gridded points, and the data tested at a vertical accuracy of 0.25 ft at a 

95-percent confidence level; the median absolute vertical error was about 0.09 ft.

The quality-assurance dataset used to evaluate the bathymetric surface included about 

179,580 data points selected at random from the about 4,500,000, 1.64-ft data points. Points 

that were used to create the bathymetric surface were not included as quality-assurance points. 

The three-dimensional bathymetric surface was tested against the quality-assurance dataset to 

determine the vertical accuracy of the surface using methods described in Wilson and Richards (2006). The surface tested at a vertical accuracy of 0.12 ft at the 95-percent confidence 

level; the median absolute vertical error was about 0.02 ft. A map of the vertical accuracy of 

the bathymetric surface is shown in figure 5. The three-dimensional bathymetric surface was 

used as the source for the computation of the surface area and capacity values in table 1, the 

source for the development of the bathymetric contour map (fig. 2), and the source for the 

bathymetric change map (fig. 3).

The process of smoothing and cartographic editing of the bathymetric contours to produce an aesthetic map degrades the positional and vertical accuracy of the contours; however, 

the contours are used primarily for visualization of the surface in an illustration, so some 

accuracy degradation is expected. The bathymetric contours (fig. 2) were tested with the same 

quality-assurance dataset used to evaluate the bathymetric surface. A point was considered a 

contour elevation evaluation point if it was within a horizontal distance of 0.33 ft of a given 

contour line. Of the about 179,580 quality-assurance points, 2,693 points were selected as 

evaluation points for the contour lines, and the contour vertical accuracy was computed to be 

0.35 ft at the 95-percent confidence level; the median absolute vertical error was about 0.03 ft.

Quality assurance data (21,647 points) that were used to evaluate the bathymetric surface 

accuracy of the 2003 survey (Wilson and Richards, 2006) were used to estimate the accuracy 

of the bathymetric change raster. The differences between the elevations of the 2003 qualityassurance data points and the 2018 raw bathymetric points at coincident locations, as defined 

in the “Bathymetric Change Map Creation” section, were compared at 10,041 locations 

(fig. 3). The bathymetric change raster tested at 0.55-ft accuracy at the 95-percent confidence 

level; the median absolute error was 0.16 ft.

92°28'30"

39°29'30 

39°28'30" 39°28'30"

92°28'30"

92°27'30"

39°28'30"

EXPLANATION

Spillway elevation contour (elevation 746.8 feet)

Bathymetric difference between the 2003 and 2018 bathymetric 

surfaces—In feet (>, greater than)

Locations of quality-assurance points used to

evaluate the accuracy of the bathymetric change

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 MILE

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 KILOMETER

>0 to 0.50

>0.50 to 1.00

>1.00 to 1.50

>1.50 to 2.00

>2.00 to 2.50

>2.50 to 3.00

>3.00

Erosion—Scour from 

the 2003 surface

Deposition—Sediment accumulation 

from the 2003 surface

>0 to 0.50

>0.50 to 1.00

>1.00 to 1.50

>1.50 to 2.00

>2.00 to 2.50

>2.50 to 3.00

>3.00

Figure 3. Bathymetric change between the 2003 survey and the 2018 survey of Sugar Creek Lake near Moberly, Missouri.

92°28'30" 92°27'30"

39°29'30"

39°28'30"

EXPLANATION

Spillway elevation contour 

(elevation 746.8 feet)

Total propagated uncertainty—

In feet (>, greater than)

0 to 0.10

>0.10 to 0.25

>0.25 to 0.50

>0.50 to 1.00

>1.00 to 3.00

>3.00

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 KILOMETER

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 MILE

Figure 4. Total propagated uncertainty of bathymetric data from the survey of Sugar Creek Lake 

near Moberly, Missouri, 2018.

92°28'30" 92°27'30"

39°29'30"

39°28'30"

< −1.00

>−1.00 to −0.50

>−0.50 to −0.25

>−0.25 to 0

>0 to 0.25

>0.25 to 0.50

>0.5 to 2.00

>2.00

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 KILOMETER

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 MILE

Spillway elevation contour 

(elevation 746.8 feet)

EXPLANATION

Bathymetric surface vertical accuracy—

In feet (<, less than; >, greater than)

Figure 5. Vertical accuracy of the bathymetric surface of Sugar Creek Lake near 

Moberly, Missouri.

Bathymetry, Capacity, and Bathymetric Change

A bathymetric surface was created from the current (2018) surveyed data and used to 

produce a bathymetric contour map (fig. 2). The 2018 bathymetric map is similar to the map 

produced from the 2003 survey (Wilson and Richards, 2006; appendix of Richards, 2013) 

in that evidence of the submerged river channel is still present in some areas (fig. 2), but a 

clearly defined channel is not observed in most of the lake. There is evidence of the river 

channel, although somewhat muted, all the way to Sugar Creek Lake Dam (fig. 2).

A surface area and capacity table (table 1) was computed from the bathymetric surface 

TIN. At the spillway elevation of 746.8 ft, the surface area of the lake is 332 acres, and the 

capacity is 5,020 acre-feet (table 1). The surface area and capacity table is similar to the table 

prepared for the previous 2003 survey (Wilson and Richards, 2006; appendix of Richards, 

2013); however, the capacity is less in the 2018 table compared to the 2003 table for the 50-ft 

transect interval at each corresponding elevation. At the spillway elevation of 746.8 ft, the 

capacity of the lake in 2018 is 230 acre-feet less than the capacity of the lake in 2003, which 

represents a capacity loss of about 4.4-percent during a period of about 14.7 years. The average capacity loss per year is about 15.6 acre-feet for the period between the 2003 and 2018 

surveys.

The bathymetric change map indicates some erosional and depositional areas. Erosion 

seems to have occurred downstream from the bridge opening on the east arm of the lake, 

presumably where the water velocity, and the sediment carrying capacity, increased as water 

flowed through the bridge. Deposition seems to be relatively uniform across the lake area. The 

mean bathymetric change computed from the bathymetric change raster is about 0.96 ft, and 

the surface area of the bathymetric change raster is about 241 acres. Multiplying these values 

gives a total volume of sediment of 231 acre-feet, which is consistent with the change in the 

lake capacity between the 2003 survey and the 2018 survey.

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Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for 

descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Suggested citation:

Richards, J.M., Huizinga, R.J., and Ellis, J.T., 2019, 

Bathymetric contour map, surface area and capacity 

table, and bathymetric change map for Sugar Creek 

Lake near Moberly, Missouri, 2018: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3431, 1 sheet, 

https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3431.

For more information about this publication, 

contact

Director, USGS Central Midwest Water Science 

Center

1400 Independence Road

Rolla, MO 65401

(573) 308–3667

For additional information visit 

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water

ISSN 2329-132X (online)

https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3431