In th e S u p re m e Co u rt o f Ge o rg ia

De c id e d: Ja n ua ry 1 9 , 2 0 1 6

S 1 5 A1 5 1 1 . HAYES v . THE S TATE.

B L ACKW EL L , Ju stic e

.

D a v i d O

. Ha y e s wa s trie d b y a Co bb Co u n ty ju ry a nd c o n v ic te d o f th e

m u rd e r o f Ju stin Bro wn , a m on g o th e r c rim e s. Ha y e s a pp e a ls, c o n te n d in g o n ly

th a t t h e e v id e n c e is le ga lly in su ffic ie n t to su sta in h is c on v ic tio n s. Up o n o u r

re v ie w o f th e re c o rd a n d b rie fs, we se e n o e rro r, a n d we a ffirm

. 1

1 The c rim es were com m itted on August 2, 2007. Along with Milton Bl a c k l e d g e , Miracle Nwakanm a , Louis Francis, and Muham m ed Abdus-Salaam

, Hay es was indicted on Decem ber 21, 2007, and all f

ive m en w e r e c h a r g e d with m alice m urder, t hree counts of
f elony m urder, o ne c ount of conspiracy to com m it arm ed r obbery

, f our counts of aggravated assault, o ne count of violation of the G eorgia Street G ang Terrorism and Prevention Act, and

one count of unlawf

ul possession of a f

irearm during the com m i ssion of a crim e

. In addition, Hay es and Nwakanm a were charged w ith unlawf ul possession o f a f

irearm by a c onvicted
f elon and f elony m urder predicated on unlawf ul possession of a f

irearm by a convicted f

elon.
Francis also was charged with possession of cocaine a n d possession of l ess than one ounce of m arijuana, but those charges were later put on the dead docket. The prosecution elected not to proceed with the case against Abdus-Salaam until a subsequent date, a n d the trial of
the rem a ining f

our co-def

e n d a n t s com m enced on May 4, 2009. The trial court directed a verdict of acquittal f

or each def

endant o n t h e c harge of aggravated a ssault upon Charles

Ream s , and the jury returned its verdict on May 20, 2009, f inding each def

endant n ot guilty
of m alice m

urder a nd guilty on all the other rem a i ning counts. H a y e s , Nwakanm a, and

Franc i s e a c h was sentenced to i m prisonm ent f

or lif e f or the f elony m urder of Brown predicated on the aggravated assault upon him

, a concurrent term of im prisonm ent f

or ten

y ears f or conspiracy to c om m it arm ed robbery

, a consecutive term o f im prisonm ent f

orHa y e s cl a i ms t h a t th e e v id e n c e is le ga lly in su ffic ie n t to su sta in h is

c o n v ic tio n s fo r fe lo ny m

u rd e r in th e c o m m issio n o f a n a gg ra v a te d a ssa u lt u p o n

Bro w n , th e a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lts o f S c o tt Ke lle r a n d Jo sh Wa sh i n g t o n , a n d

v io la tio n o f th e Ge o rg ia S tre e t Ga ng Te rro rism a nd Pre v e n tio n Ac t, OCGA §

1 6 -1 5 -1 e t se q

. 2 V ie we d in th e lig h t m o st fa v o ra b le to th e v e rd ic t, th e e v id e n c e

twenty y ears f

or aggravated assault upon Scott K eller, a consecutive term of i m prisonm ent
f or ten y ears f

or aggravat e d a s s a u l t u pon Josh W ashington, a concurrent term of
im p risonm en t f

o r f if teen y ears f

or violation of the Georgia Street Gang Terrorism and

Prev e n t ion Act, and a consecutive term of im prisonm e n t f

or f ive y ears f

or unlawf

ul possession o f a f

irearm during the com m ission of a crim e. Hay es and Nwakanm a were sentenced to a n a d d i tional concurrent term of im prisonm ent f

or f ive y ears f

or unlawf ul possession of a f

i rearm by a c onvicted f

elon. The verdict as to the o t her c ounts of f elony

m urder was vacated by

operation of

law, Malcolm

v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 371-372 (4) (434
SE2d 479) ( 1993), and t h e r e ma i n i ng a ggravated assault (upon B rown) m erged with the
f elony m urder (of B rown). It appears f rom the record t hat Blackledge was sentenced in the

s a me w a y as Francis, and Abdus-Salaam later pled g uilty to reduced charges and w a s sentenced to a total of thirty y ears, with f if teen to be served in c ustody

. H a y es tim ely f iled

a m otion f or new t rial on June 24, 2009, and he am ended it on March 5, 2 012. The trial court denied his m otion on M ay 8, 2013, and Hay es tim ely f iled a notice of appeal o n June 6, 2013.
The case was dock e t e d i n t h i s Court f or the Septem

ber 2015 term and was s ubm itted f or decision on the brief

s.

2 Hay es does n o t dispute the legal suf f iciency o f t h e e v idence as to c onspiracy to

com m it arm ed robbery

, unlawf ul possession of a f

irearm during the com m ission of a crim e,

or unlawf ul possession of a f

irearm by a convicted f

elon. W e i ndependently have reviewed
the e vidence t hat pertains to those crim es, and we are satisf ied that the evidence is suf f icient

to sustai n t h o s e c o n v i ctions. See Jackson v. Virginia, 4 43 U. S

. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 L E2d 5 60) (1979). Hay es does com p lain that the evidence is i nsuf f icient to sustain

any conviction f

or f elony m urder in the com m ission of conspiracy to com m it arm ed robbery

, f elony m urder in the com m i ssion of a vio l a t i on of the G eorgia Crim inal S treet Gang
Terrorism and Prevention A ct, f elony m urder i n the com m ission of unlawf ul possession of

a f irearm by a convicted f

elon, and the separate count o f a ggravated a ssault upon B rown. But Hay es w as not sentenced f or any of these crim e s, and no j udgm e n t of conviction a s to these

2sh o ws th a t o n th e e v e n in g o f Au gu st 1

, 2 00 7, Ha y e s, Mira c le Nwa k an m a , Lo u is

F ra n c is, Mu ha m m a d Ab d u s-S a la a m , a nd Milto n Bla c kle d g e m a d e p la ns to ro b

Dy la n W a tte c a m

p s. Ea rly o n th e m o rn in g o f Au g u st 2

, Ha y e s g a v e Nwa k a nm a

a .3 8 0 c a lib e r p isto l (wh ic h Nwa k a nm a la te r ga v e to F ra n c is), a nd Bla c k le d g e

d ro v e Nwa k a n m a , F ra n c is, a n d Ab d u s-S a la a m to th e g a te d a p a rtm e n t c o m

p le x

in wh ic h Wa tte c a m

p s liv e d

. Ha y e s d ro v e th e re se p a ra t e l y i n h is p ic k up tru c k

,

a rra n ge d e n try fo r th e o th e r fo u r m e n th ro u g h a re sid e n t h e k n e w, p a rk e d h is

tru c k a c ro ss th e stre e t f

ro m th e e n try g a te

, a n d wa ite d th e re wh ile th e o th e rs

e n te re d th e a

p a rtm e n t c o m

ple x

.

Wa tt e c a m

p s wa s h a vin g a p a rty in h is th ird -flo o r a pa rtm e n t, a n d a s

Bl a c kle d g e a n d h is th re e p a sse n g e rs we re p re p a rin g to e nte r th e a p a rtm e n t, a

g u e st c a m e o u t, a n d Bla c k le d g e hit h im in th e fa c e

. Th e fo u r m e n th e n ra n d o wn

th e sta irs a n d th ro u g h th e p a rk in g lo t, p u rsu e d by Wa tte c a m ps a nd se v e ra l o f h is

g u e sts. Bro wn , Ke lle r, a nd Wa sh in g to n , w h o h a d ju st p a rk e d a n d we re wa lk in g

crim es was entered against him

, inasm uch as the trial court f

o und that the verdicts on these
three f elony m urder counts w ere vacated by operation o f law and that the separate count of aggravated assault upon Brown m erged with the f elony m urder f or which H ay es was sentenced. See note 1, supra. Accordingly

, his claim s that the evidence is legally insuf f icient

to s ustain a c o n v i c t i o n f

or these other crim es are m oot. S ee Threatt v. State, 293 Ga. 549, 549-550, n. 2 (1) (748 SE2d 400) (2013).

3to th e p a rty

, h e a rd Wa tte c a m p s y e ll “ g e t th e m, ” a n d b e g a n to c h a se th e fo u r

m e n

. Bla c k le d g e a n d Fra nc is th e n fire d se v e ra l sh ots a t t h e ir p ursu e rs, o n e o f

wh ic h f a t a l l y w o u n d e d B r o wn in th e c h e st. Nwa k a n m a , F ra n c is, Bla c k le dg e , a n d

Ab d us-S a la a m c lim

b e d o v e r th e a p a r t m e n t c o m p le x fe n c e a n d hu rrie d in to

Ha y e s’s tru c k

. Bo th F ra n c is a n d Bla c k le d g e c la im e d t o h a v e s h o t Bro wn , a n d

Ha y e s d ro v e e v e ry o n e to Ab d u s-S a la a m ’s a p a rtm e nt. S ix m a tc h in g .3 8 0 c a lib e r

sh e ll c a sin g s a

n d th re e

. 38 0 c a lib e r p ro

je c tile s, in c lu d in g th e o ne th a t e n te re d

Bro w n ’s c h e st, we re re c o v e re d

. All o f th e sh e ll c a sin g s c a m e fro m th e sa m e g u n ,

a n d two o f th e pro

je c tile s, in c lu d in g th e on e th a t k ille d Bro wn , we re fire d fro m

th e sa m e p isto l. We pre v io usly c o n sid e re d th e e v id e n c e in th is c a s e w h e n we

h e a rd a pp e a l s b y Nwan k a n m a a n d F ra n c is, wh o se c o nv ic tio n s we re a ffirm e d

.

S e e Nwa k a n m a v. S ta te

, 2 9 6 Ga

. 4 9 3

, 4 9 4 -4 95 (1 ) (7 6 8 S E2 d 5 03 ) (2 01 5 ). We

n o w c o n sid e r th is e vid e n c e a n e w with re sp e c t to Hay e s.

(a ) Ha y e s first a rg u e s th a t th e e v id e n c e d o e s n o t de m o nstra te th a t “ MP RC

3 0 0 ” w a s a “ c rim in a l stre e t g a n g,” a s a lle g e d in th e c o un t o f th e in d ic tm e n t th a t

c h a rg e d a v io la tio n o f th e S tre e t Ga n g Ac t. In Nwa k an m a , w e in d ic a te d th a t th e

e v id e n c e , wh e n v ie we d i n th e lig h t m o st fa v o ra b le to th e v e rd ic t, sh o ws th a t

Ha y e s a n d h is fo u r c o -d e fe n d a n ts we re a sso c ia te d with “ a c rim in a l stre e t g a n g

4k n o w n a s ‘MP RC 30 0 .’” 3 2 9 6 Ga

. a t 4 9 4 (1 ). A n d o u r c u rre n t re v ie w o f th e

e v id e n c e , v ie we d in th e sa m e lig h t, c on firm s th a t “ MP RC 3 0 0 ” wa s a “c rim in a l

stre e t g a ng .” Th e te rm “c rim in a l stre e t g a ng ” is d e fin e d in O CGA § 16 -1 5 -3 (2 )

a s “ a n y o rg a n iz a tio n , a sso c ia tio n , o r g ro u p o f th re e o r m o re p e rso n s a sso c ia te d

in fa c t, w h e th e r fo rm a l o r in fo rm a l, wh ic h e n g a g e s in c rim in a l g a n g a c tiv ity a s

d e fin e d in p a

ra g ra ph (1 ) o f th is Co d e se c tio n ,” wh ic h in c lu d e s “ th e c o m m issio n ,

a tte m p te d c o m m is s i o n , c o n sp ira c y to c om m it, o r so lic ita tio n , c o e rc io n , o r

in tim id a tio n o f a n o th e r p e rso n to c o m m it

. . . [a ] ny c rim in a l offe n se in th e S ta te

o f Ge o rg ia

. . . th a t i n v o lv e s v io le n c e , p o sse ssio n o f a we a p o n , o r u se o f a

we a p on . . . .” OCGA § 1 6-1 5 -3 (1 ) (J).

Ha y e s c la im s th a t th e o n ly a sso c ia tio n a m o ng him an d h is c o -d e fe n d a n ts

wa s th e ir p a rtic ip a tio n in th e u n d e rly in g c rim e s a n d th a t th e re is n o e v id e n c e th a t

a n y th re e o r m o re of th e m h a d e n g a g e d in a n y o th e r c rim in a l g a n g a c tiv ity

. Bu t

a s th e S tre e t Ga n g Ac t in d ic a te s, e v id e nc e o f th e ir c o n sp ira c y to c o m m it a rm e d

3 This determ ination does not am o unt t o t he “ l aw of the case,” as that principle applies only if t he sam e issue was d ecided in a prior proceeding “between t he sam e parties.” Foster

v. State, 290 Ga. 599, 601-602 (3) (723 SE2d 663) ( 2012) ( citations om itted). Nevertheless,
that p rior determ ination in Nwakanm a and our af f irma n c e o f N w akanm a ’s and Francis’s
convictions f

o r v iolation of the Street Gang Act do have precedential value f or our consideration of Hay es’s c onviction of the sam e f elony

. See Tay lor v. State, 3 31 Ga. App. 577, 582 (2) (c) (771 SE2d 224) (2015).

5ro b b e ry wa s p ro o f o f th e ir e x istin g , o n g o in g c rim in a l a c tiv ity

. S e e Ro d rig u e z v

.

S ta te

, 2 8 4 Ga

. 8 0 3

, 8 0 6 (1 ) (6 7 1 S E2 d 4 9 7 ) (2 0 0 9 ) (“ th e ph ra se ‘c rim in a l g a n g

a c tiv i t y ’ i s itse lf bro a d e r th a n th e c o m m issio n o f a n e n u m e ra te d o ffe n se a n d

in c lu de s th e u nla wfu l p ro c u re m e n t o f th e offe n se ” ); id

. a t 8 0 9 (2 ) (“ a lth o u g h th e

‘c rim in a l stre e t ga n g ’ m a y h a v e e x iste d fo r a sh o rt tim e , its ‘ c rim in a l g a n g

a c tiv ity ’ o r p la n s fo r c on tin u a tio n o f th a t a c tiv ity m u st b e o n g o in g a t th e tim e

o f th e d e fe n d a n t’s c o m m issio n o f a n e n um e ra te d o ffe n se ” ); S ta te v

. Ho o d

, 3 0 7

Ga

. Ap p. 4 3 9

, 4 4 2

- 4 43 (1 ) (7 0 6 S E2 d 5 6 6 ) (2 01 0). A n d th e e vid e n c e in th is

c a se , in c lu d in g e x p e rt te stim o n y a b o u t ga n g s , 4 sh ows th a t th e a b bre v ia tio n

“ MP R C 3 0 0 ” sto o d fo r “ Mo n e y P o we r Re sp e c t Clic k ” an d fo r th e first th re e

d ig its o f Z I P c od e s in th e S m y rn a a re a in wh ic h M P RC 3 0 0 ha d a p re se n c e

.

MP RC 30 0 wa s a h ybrid g a n g , m e anin g th a t it wa s le ss tig h tly k n it th a n

tra d itio n a l g a n g s, c o v e re d a b ro a de r a re a , a n d in c lu d e d p e rso n s wh o h a d

re lo c a te d, we re a lso m e m

b e rs o f diffe re n t g a n g s, or we re le ss c lo se ly a sso c ia te d

with th e g a n g th a n oth e rs we re , p a rtic ip a tin g o n ly in so m e c rim e s a n d so m e tim e s

4 Expert testim ony by a qualif ied law enf

orcem ent of

f icer regarding gang activity and
culture is adm issible and relevant to establish that a certain nam ed organization is in f act a

“ c rim inal street gang.” S ee Morris v. State, 2 94 Ga. 45, 49 (3) (751 SE2d 74) (2 0 1 3 ) ; Burgess v. State, 292 Ga. 821, 822-823 (2) (742 SE2d 464) (2013).

6n o t ta tto o e d with th e g a n g ’s sy m b o ls. All o f th e de fe nd an ts h a d ta tto os th a t we re

c o m m o n to m e m

b e rs o f g a n g s i n g en e r a l. Ha y e s h a d a ta tto o on h is b a c k o f

“ MP RC” a n d “ 30 0 ” with a sy m b o l in -b e twe e n. Th e a

b b re v ia tio n “ MP RC3 0 0 ”

wa s o n h is h e a db a nd in a p ho to g ra p h p oste d o n h is so c ia l m e d ia we b pa g e a n d

wa s p art o f h is a nd F ra n c is’s u se r n a m e s. Im m e dia te l y p r i o r to le a v in g fo r

Wa tte c a m

p s’s a p a r t m e n t

, t h e d e f e n d a n ts we n t to F ra n c is’s a p a rtm e n t wh e re th e y

ta lk e d m o re a

b o u t th e ro b b e ry , g o t “ a m p e d u p ,” a n d, in a n ev e n t c a lle d a

“ ju m p o ff” o r a “ fre a k ,” h a d se x w ith a wo m a n wh o h a d ta tto o s o f “ Mo n e y

P o we r Re sp e c t Cl ic k 3 0 0 ” a n d “ 1 st La d y .” S e e OCGA § 1 6 -1 5-3 (2 ) (“ Th e

e x iste nc e o f su c h o rg a n iz a tio n , a sso c ia tio n , o r g ro u p o f in d iv id u a ls a sso c ia te d

in fa c t m a y b e e sta blish e d b y e v i d e n c e o f a c o m m o n n a m e o r c o m m o n

id e n tify in g sig n s, sy m

b o ls, ta tto o s, gra ffiti, o r a ttire o r o th e r d istin g u ish in g

c h a ra c te ristic s, in c lu din g , b u t n o t lim ite d to

, c om m o n a c tiv itie s, c usto m s, o r

b e h a v io rs.” ). Th is e v id e n c e sh o we d t h a t th e de fe n d a n ts a t le a st in fo rm a lly

a sso c ia te d with o n e a no th e r in c rim in a l g a n g a c tiv ity b y c o n sp irin g to c o m m it

a rm e d ro b b e ry be fo re th e y e v e r l e f t f o r Wa tte c a m

p s’s a p artm e n t, a n d th e ju ry

c e rta in ly c o u ld ha v e in te rp re te d th e ir a c tio n s a t F ra n c is’s a pa rtm e n t a s th e ir wa y

7o f c la im in g a ffilia tio n with “ MP RC 30 0.” S e e Ta y lo r v

. S ta te

, 3 3 1 Ga

. Ap p

.

5 7 7

, 5 8 2 (2 ) (c ) (7 7 1 S E2 d 2 2 4 ) (2 0 1 5).

Th e sa m e e vid e n c e re fu te s Ha y e s’s a rg u m e n t th a t th e p la n n e d ro b be ry a n d

fe lo ny m u rd e r we re n o t in te n d e d to fu rth e r th e in te re sts o f th e g an g ra th e r th a n

th e in te re sts of th e in d iv id u a l p a rtic ip a nts a lo n e

. Ev id e n c e o f Ha y e s’s

a sso c ia tio n wi t h t h e g r ou p k n o wn a s MP RC 30 0 a n d h is p a rtic ip a tio n in th e

g ro u p ’s a c tiv itie s be fo re a n d d u rin g th e cr i me s c h a rg e d p ro v id e th e re q u ire d

n e x u s b e twe e n h is c rim in a l a c ts a n d th e in te n t to fu rth e r th e g a n g’s in te re sts. S e e

Ro d rig u e z , 2 8 4 Ga

. a t 8 0 7 (1 ). Th a t e vid e n c e im p lie s th a t he h a d th e sp e c ific

in te nt o f fu rth e rin g th e c rim in a l p u rp o se s of M P RC 3 0 0 b y c o m m ittin g th e

v io le nt offe n se s of c o n sp ira c y to c o m m it a rm e d ro b be ry a nd a g gra v a te d a ssa u lt

in o rd e r to o b ta in m o n e y , p o we r, a n d re sp e c t fo r M P RC 3 0 0 a n d its m e m b e rs in

t h e Smy rn a a re a

. S e e id

. (“ M a n a g e m e n t o f o r pa rtic ip a tio n with o th e rs in t h a t

c rim in a l stre e t g a n g a c tiv ity n e c e s sa rily im p lie s k n o wle d g e o f th e g a n g ’s

c rim in a l a c tiv itie s a

n d a sp e c ific in t e n t to fu rth e r its c rim in a l pu rp o se s.”

(Cita tio n s o m itte d

. )); Za m u d i o v

. S ta te

, 3 3 2 Ga

. Ap p

. 3 7

, 4 1-4 3 (2 ) (b ) (7 7 1

S E2 d 7 3 3 ) (2 0 1 5 ). Cf. Jo n e s v

. S ta te

, 2 9 2 Ga

. 65 6, 6 5 9 -6 6 0 (1 ) (b ) (7 4 0 S E2 d

5 9 0 ) (2 0 1 3 ) (c on v ic tio n re v e rse d wh e re th e e v id e n c e , e v e n wh e n v ie we d in th e

8lig h t m o st fa v o ra b le t o t h e v e r d ic t, d id n ot sh o w th a t th e d e fe n d a n t wa s

a sso c ia te d with th e n a m e d g a n g o r th a t h is c om m issio n o f t he p re d ic a te a c t

re la te d in a n y way to th e g a n g ’s a c tiv itie s).

(b ) Ha y e s a lso c la im s th a t th e e v i d e n c e is in su ffic ie n t to su sta in h is

c o n v ic tio n s fo r th e f

e l o n y m urd e r o f Bro wn a n d th e a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lts u p o n

Ke lle r a n d Wa sh in g to n b e c a u se th e re wa s no e v id e nc e th a t a n y o f Ha y e s’s c o

d e f e n d a n ts d id a n y th in g th a t p la c e d Bro wn , Ke lle r, or Wa sh in g to n in

“ re a so na b le a p p re h e n sio n o f im m e d ia te ly re c e iv in g a vio le n t in ju ry .” OCGA §

1 6 -5 -2 0 (a ) (2 ). Alth o u g h “ c e n tra l to th e o ffe nse o f a gg ra v a te d a ssa ult is th a t a n

a ssa u lt a s d e fin e d in OCGA § 1 6 -5 -2 0 b e c o m m itte d on th e v ic tim [,] O CGA §

1 6 -5 -2 1

. . . , [Ha y e s] ig n ore s th e fa c t th a t a sim p le a ssa u lt a lso o c c u rs wh e n a

p e rso n ‘(a )tte m

p ts to c o m m it a v io le n t in ju ry to th e p e rso n o f a n o th e r.’ OCGA

§ 1 6 -5 -2 0 (a ) (1 ).” Brin so n v

. S t a t e , 2 72 Ga

. 3 4 5

, 3 4 7 (1 ) (5 2 9 S E2 d 1 2 9 )

(2 0 0 0 )

. W h e r e , a s in th is c a se , “th e a ssa u lt a t issu e c on sists o f a n a tte m p t to

c o m m it a v io le n t in

ju ry to th e p e rso n o f a n o th e r, a w a r e n e s s o n th e pa rt o f th e

v ic tim is n o t a n e sse n tia l e le m e n t o f th e c rim e .” S m ith v

. S ta te

, 27 9 Ga

. 4 2 3

, 4 2 3

(6 1 4 S E2 d 6 5 ) (2 0 0 5 ) (c ita tio n s a n d p un c tu a tio n o m itte d ). “ In te n tio n a lly firin g

a g u n a t a n o th e r, a

bse n t ju stific a tio n , [m a y b e ] su ffic ie nt in an d o f itse l f to

9su p p o rt a c o n v ic tio n o f a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lt.” Lo v e v

. S ta te

, 2 6 8 Ga

. 4 8 4

, 4 8 5 (1 )

(4 9 0 S E2 d 8 8 ) (1 9 9 7 ) (c ita tio n a n d p u n c tu a tio n o m i t t e d ). Co n stru in g th e

e v id e n c e m o st stro n g ly in su p p o rt o f th e v e rd ic t, th e ju ry w a s a uth o riz e d to fin d

th a t Bla c k le d g e a n d F ra n c is a tte m p te d to c o m

m it v io le n t in

ju rie s to th e p e rso n s

o f th e ir pu rsu e rs, B ro wn , K e lle r, an d Wa sh in g to n , b y in te n tio n a lly firin g g u n s

a t th e m w ith o u t ju stific a tio n — strik in g a n d killin g Bro wn — an d th a t Ha y e s

wa s a p a rty to th e se a g g ra v a te d a ssa u lts a n d t h e f e l o n y m u rd e r of B ro wn

. S e e

Tille r v

. S ta te

, 2 6 7 G a

. 8 8 8, 8 9 0 (3 ) (4 8 5 S E2 d 7 2 0 ) (1 9 9 7 ). We c o n c lu d e th a t

th e e v id e n c e a d d u c e d a t tria l wa s su ffic ie nt to a u th o riz e a ra t i o n a l trie r o f fa c t

to fin d b e y o n d a re a so n a

b le d o u bt th a t H a y e s w a s g uilty o f th e c rim e s o f wh ic h

h e wa s c o n v ic te d

. Ja c k so n v

. Virg in ia

, 4 4 3 U. S

. 3 07

, 3 1 9 ( I II) (B) (9 9 S Ct

2 7 8 1, 6 1 LE2 d 5 6 0 ) (1 9 7 9 ).

Ju d g m e n t a ffirm e d . All th e Ju stic e s c o n c u r.

1 0