and Irrigation Paper No. Ill Series 0, Underground Waters, 29 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

SITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

PRELIMINARY REPORT

ON THE

IROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON

BY

HENRY LA1STDES

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1905
PUBLICATIONS OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

^ The publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports; (2) 

graphs; (3) Professional Papers; (4) Bulletins; (5) Mineral Resources; (6) Water-Supply and Irri, 

Papers; (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States, folios and separate sheets thereof; (8) Ge 

Atlas of the United States, folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of 

cation; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on applica

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, ai 

total number Issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A 

nomic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrog 

and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, ] 

tion; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic inv< 

tions; N, Water power; O, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports.

Tb ' " wing Water-Supply Papers are out of stock, and can no longer be supplied: Nos 

" , 2 ., -J, -v-34,36, 39,40, 43, 46, 57-65,75. Complete lists of papers relating to water supply and 

fnitytfts luilow. (PP= Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper.)

SERIES I IRRIGATION.

\V!L 'i \' Ugation near Phoenix, Ariz., by A. P. Davis. 1897. 98 pp., 31 pis. and maps. 

VB 5. Irrigation practice on the Great Plains, by E. B. Cowgill. 1897. 39 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 9 Irrigation near Greeley, Colo., by David Boyd. 1897. 90 pp., 21 pis. 

WS iu Irrigation in Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, by F. C. Barker. 1898. 51 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 13. Irrigation systems in Texas, by W. F. Hutson. 1898. 68 pp., 10 pis. 

WV " Irrigation near Bakersfleld, Cal., by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 96 pp., 16 pis. 

V. 'rriift.tion near Fresno, Cal., by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 94 pp., 14 pis. 

11 Irrigation near Merced, Cal., by C. E. Grunsky. 1899. 59pp., 11 pis. 

 £. V'/ak: "-right problems of Bighorn Mountains, by Elwood Mead. 1899. 62 pp., 7 pis. 

v« K.. *Vater resources of Porto Rico, by H. M. Wilson. 1899. 48 pp., 17 pis. and maps. 

AS 4?. Conveyance of water in irrigation canals, flumes, and pipes, by Samuel Fortier. 190 

15 pis.

jy and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles, Wyomir 

Adams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pis.

W M 71. IrnK'ition systems of Texas, by T. U. Taylor. 1902. 137 pp., 9 pis. 

W.J V». W-jter resources of the State of Colorado, by A. L. Fellows. 1902. 151 pp., 14 pis. 

Wt, SV. Irririiitfon in India (second edition), by H. M. Wilson. 1903. 238 pp., 27 pis. 

TV* IK- I roceedings of first conference of engineers of the reclamation service, with accompai

papers, compiled by F. H. Newell, chief engineer. 1904. 361 pp.

Tn^ f> I lowing papers also relate especially to irrigation: Irrigation in India, by H. M. Wils( 

~ Ar.nual, Pt. II; two papers on Irrigation engineering, by H. M. Wilson, In Thirti 

Pt.DI.

SERIES J WATER STORAOE

---- '----- ~ " --ini > &. 1900. 98pp., 33pis. 

jpls.

',dler. 1901. 48pp., 10 pis. 

. H. Olmsted, and Reconnaissan 

 7 pp., 8 pis.

 -i '^ . ji .-. atu- on Jviiigs Kiyer, California, by J. B. Lippincott. 1902. 100 pp., 32 pis. 

WS 68. Water storage in Truekee Basin, California-Nevada, by L. H. Taylor. 1902. 90 pp., 8 pis 

WS 73. Water storage on Salt River, Arizona, by A. P. Davis. 1902. 54 pp., 25 pis. 

WS 86. Storage reservoirs on Stony Creek, California, by Burt Cole. 1903. 62 pp., 16 pis. 

WS 89. Water resources of Salinas Valley, California, by Homer Hamlin. 1904. 91 pp., 12 pis. 

WS 93. Proceedings of first conference of engineers of the reclamation service, with accompar

papers, compiled by F. H. Newell, chief engineer. 1904. 361 pp.

The following paper also should be noted under this heading: Reservoirs for irrigation, by 

Schuyler, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV.

[Continued on third page of cover.] 

1KB 111 2
Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. Ill Series 0, Underground Waters, 29

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DiBECTOK

Geological Survey,

w ON THE Box 3106, Capitol Station

^ " Oklahoma Ciiy, Ok!a,

UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON > ' in

HENRY LANDES

WASHINGTON

111 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE £**

1905 t
CONTENTS.

ILLUSTRATION.

Letter of transmittal.......,............_................................. 5

Introduction............................................................. 7

Adams County........................................................... 7

Asotin County ........................................................... 9

Chehalis County ......................................................... 10

Chelan County............. .............................................. 12

Clallam County .......................................................... 13

Clarke County ........................................................... 15

Columbia County......................................................... 16

Cowlitz County .......................................................... 16

Douglas County .......................................................... 17

Franklin County ......................................................... 20

Jefferson County ......................................................... 21

King County.............................................................. 22

Kitsap County ........................................................... 27

Kittitas County .......................................................... 28

Klickitat County......................................................... 30

Lewis County ............................................................ 32

Lincoln County .......................................................... 33

Mason County............................................................ 35

Okanogan County ........................................................ 36

Pacific County............................................................ 37

Pierce County............................................................ 38

San Juan County .........................................^............... 41

Skagit County............................................................ 42

Skamania County ........................................................ 44

Snohomish County....................................................... 45

Spokane County.......................................................... 47

Stevens County........................................................... 50

Thurston County......................................................... 52

Wallawalla County....................................................... 53

Whatcom County......................................................... 55

Whitman County......................................................... 57

Yakima County .......................................................... 60

Tables of deep wells, municipal water supplies, and representative springs ... 65

Index ................................................................... 83

Page. 

PLATE I. Chart showing mean annual precipitation in Washington .......... 7

3
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. (?., May 4, 1904-

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication in the 

series of Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, a preliminary report 

descriptive of the underground waters in the State of Washington, 

prepared by Mr. Henry Landes under the direction of Mr. N. H. 

Darton, geologist in charge of the western section of hydrology.

It is believed that the report is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the water resources of the State.

Very respectfully, F. H. NEWELL,

Hydrographer in charge. 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Director United States Geological Survey.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. Ill PL. I

 Mean total precipitation MAP OF WASHINGTON

SHOWING MEAN TOTAL PH KCIPITATFON

(Corrected to December, 1898)

1O III) 3O K>

BY HENUYI,AXJJJiS 

Scale
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE UNDERGROUND 

WATERS OF WASHINGTON.

By HENRY LANDES.

INTRODUCTION.

This report contains a brief account of the water resources of Washington as represented by municipal supplies, deep wells, and springs. 

For each county a general statement is made, giving the location, rainfall, and most striking features of topography and geology. Following 

this are detailed statements which give data concerning the municipal 

systems, deep wells, and springs, and which have been secured entirely 

by correspondence. The blanks sent to the clerks or other officials of 

the cities and towns regarding municipal water supplies were practically all filled out and returned, so that this information is complete to 

the present time. The blanks for the deep wells were not returned as 

generally as was desired, but almost every section of the State where 

such wells occur is represented, and those described may be taken as 

types of their kind in each county. Springs occur so very generally 

throughout the State that only a small fraction of them may be said 

to be represented in the blanks filled out and returned, but, as in the 

case of the wells, those mentioned are typical of their class, and it is 

only necessary to recall that the number given in every county may be 

multiplied many times. Every effort has been made to eliminate 

inaccuracies.

No general statements are made concerning the rainfall, topography, 

and geology of the State as a whole, since these are given for each 

county. A rainfall map is included in order to show at a glance what 

the precipitation is in any section, also-the contrasts between one part 

of the State and another.

ADAMS COUNTY.

General statement. Adams County lies south and east of the central part of the State, on the line of the Northern Pacific Kailway, 

between Columbia River and Spokane. The topography is that of a 

gently sloping plain, descending from a height of 1,900 feet in the

7
8 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

northeast corner to 700 or 800 feet in the southwestern part as 

Columbia River is approached. The plain-like character of the surface is modified by occasional valleys locally known as "coulees." 

The drainage is to the south and the southwest, toward Snake and 

Columbia rivers. Cow Creek is the principal stream', the other 

streams as a rule are intermittent and are active only in the late winter 

and spring months.

This county lies within the dry region of central Washington, where 

the precipitation is light and is confined to the winter and spring 

months. In the western half of the county the average yearly rainfall 

is 10 inches or a little less, while in the eastern half it is from 10 to 15 

inches. There is a regular increase in the amount of rainfall with the 

increase in elevation, and hence the precipitation is greater in the 

northeastern part of the county than in the southwestern portion, and 

there is more rain in uplands than in the valleys.

The Columbia River lava, or basalt, is the principal rock in Adams 

County. It forms the bed rock everywhere except in the southwest 

corner, where the Ellensburg beds, composed of sands and clays, appear. 

As a rule the rocks are covered with a thick coating of soil, the 

exceptions being the valley sides and occasionally the valley bottoms. 

The soil is fine grained, of good quality, and very productive when 

supplied with the proper amount of moisture. Grazing and wheat 

raising are carried on very successfully in nearly all parts of the 

county.

Despite the small rainfall, there is little or no difficulty in securing 

a good supply of water for domestic purposes. At depths of from 

300 to 500 feet wells yield large quantities of good water. The 

water-bearing strata are usually layers of very porous or cellular 

basalt. Wherever such layers outcrop along the border of a valley, 

springs are commonly found.

Municipal systems. Ritzville is the only town in the county reported 

as having a water-supply system. The water is obtained from a well 

having a depth of 385 feet. In this way a supply of good water is 

secured. The water level in the well does not vary during the day or 

year and is not affected by pumping. The water is pumped into reservoirs and is distributed by gravity throughout the town. Besides 

serving as a domestic supply, the water is used in irrigating the lawns 

and gardens.

Deep wells. Besides the well which supplies Ritzville, another deep 

well has been drilled at the same place by the Northern Pacific Railway 

Company. This well has a diameter of 8 inches and a depth of 355 

feet. The water column stands at a height of about 240 feet. There 

is no variation in the water level during the day or year, and it is 

affected slightly by pumping. It is used by the railway to obtain 

water for locomotives.
LANDES.] ASOTEST COUNTY. 9

At Cunningham a well has been drilled by Thomas and James 

O'Hair. This well has a diameter of 6 inches and a depth of 426 feet. 

The water column stands at a height of 356 feet and remains stationary throughout the year. This well was drilled at a cost of $1,066. 

A wind pump was erected at a cost of $290. The above wells serve 

as a type for those of Adams County.

Springs. As a type of the springs found in Adams County, the one 

owned by G. W. Bassett, near Washtucna, may be noted. The water 

issues as a stream from the honeycombed or porous basalt, and varies 

but little in quantity during the year. It is sufficient to supply the 

town of Washtucna, and some of it is used for irrigating purposes 

as well. The water is soft, carries no sediment, and has no unpleasant 

taste.

Along Cow Creek, a tributary of Palouse River, in the eastern part 

of the county, there are a number of good springs.

ASOTIN COUNTY.

General statement. Asotin County lies in the extreme southeast 

corner of the State. It is in the main a plateau region, deeply dissected 

by canyons. The higher parts of the plateau have an elevation of 

about 5,000 feet above sea. The canyon of the Snake, along the eastern and a part of the northern boundaries of the county, has a depth 

of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Leading into the larger canyon from the 

southwest are the smaller canyons of Grande Ronde River and Asotin 

Creek.

The average rainfall is 25 inches and is sufficient to afford an ample 

water supply. On the higher parts of the plateau the precipitation is 

sufficient to produce a forest growth of firs, pines, and other coniferous 

trees. On the lower parts of the plateau bunch grass grows luxuriantly 

and it is only in the deep valleys that irrigation is necessary.

The bed rock is basalt, except in occasional instances where the 

streams have cut through the lava and exposed the underlying granites 

and other crystalline rocks. The soil is very thick and, since it is of 

basaltic origin, is of good quality.

Only in the valleys has the county been settled to any degree. In 

the deeper valleys, as that of the Snake, irrigation is necessary in 

order to produce fruit, vegetables, and other products, but for this 

purpose there is an ample supply of water at hand. Water from 

Asotin Creek is used to irrigate a large area of flat land at Clarkston, 

and a sagebrush plain has been converted into an oasis of alfalfa 

meadows, fruit orchards, and vegetable gardens. In the gravels and 

sands of the valleys good water may be had from wells that vary in 

depth from 20 to 50 feet.

Municipal systems. Asotin, the county seat, is situated on Snake 

Eiver at the mouth of Asotin Creek. The water supply of the town
JO UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

comes primarily from Asotin Creek, but some dependence is placed on 

wells and cisterns. The creek rises in the Blue Mountains and carries 

pure, clear water without any contamination. Besides serving as a 

domestic supply the water is used for the irrigation of lawns and gardens. The supply is sufficient for the present and in all probability 

for all future needs.

Clarkston, on Snake River opposite Lewiston, also gets its supply 

of water from Asotin Creek. The water is carried by a flume' 16 miles 

in length to a point on the hillside immediately above the town and 

from there is distributed by pipe lines. At present this forms the sole 

supply for the town, but a deep well is being bored as a possible additional source of supply. An analysis of the water of Asotin Creek 

made by Professor Fulmer at Pullman on January 29, 1903, showed 

6.18 grains of solid matter in each gallon of water. The solid matter 

was found to be wholly free from objectionable qualities.

Along Snake River, especially in the vicinity of Asotin, are a number 

of wells which range in depth from 20 to 35 feet. The water is 

obtained from gravel and sand and is of good quality. This water 

supply is intimatety connected with the river, as the water in the wells 

and in the river is always at the same level.

CHEHALIS COUNTY.

General statement. Chehalis County lies on the western border of 

the State, fronting the Pacific Ocean. The coast line here is irregular, 

the most marked indentation being Grays Harbor. From the narrow 

b< of sand dunes along the coast the surface rises by irregular hills 

uutil the low mountains of the Coast Range are encountered on the 

eastern border of the county. Chehalis and Queniult rivers flow in 

broad valleys from east to west across the county. The region between 

these streams is drained by Humptulips River, which flows southwest and empties into Grays Harbor.

Along the coast the yearly rainfall averages about 90 inches, but 

inland it decreases gradually, dropping to 65 inches at the extreme 

eastern edge of the county. Practically the whole county is covered 

with a luxuriant growth of vegetation, the only exceptions being the 

small areas of outwash glacial gravels, commonly known as " prairies," 

where but few trees have yet begun to grow.

The rocks of Chehalis County as far as known are of Tertiary age. 

Marine Eocene fossils have been identified at Porter and Elma, in the 

eastern part of the county, and marine Pliocene fossils have been 

found at Granville, at the mouth of Queniult River. The Tertiary 

rocks are chiefly clastic, consisting of beds of clay, sand, and gravel. 

Occasionally they contain a small igneous dike, usually of basalt. 

Nearly all of the county north of Grays Harbor and Chehalis River
LANDES.] CHEHALIS COUNTY. 11

has been glaciated, and the glacial till, with layers of sand and gravel, 

is very thick.

The very heavy rainfall yields an abundant supply of water for 

every purpose. The lakes and the deep porous soil are great storage 

reservoirs, which feed the streams at all seasons and give them an 

even now. The only contamination is due to the decay of vegetal 

matter in the streams and lakes. In the glacial sediments and in the 

gravels and sands of the river valleys excellent water may be had 

from wells of moderate depth. It is not likely that deep wells will 

ever be necessary in order to afford a supply of water in any part of 

the county. Since the sedimentary rocks above mentioned are known 

to be folded, it is possible that artesian basins have been formed, within 

which flowing wells may be secured by drilling.

Municipal systems. Aberdeen, at the head of Grays Harbor, gets 

its supply of water from a creek. The quantity obtained in this way 

is hardly sufficient for present needs, and water from another creek 

near by will soon be used. The system of waterworks used is that of 

direct pressure. As a rule the wells do not yield good water, since 

in digging them marine deposits of mud and sand are penetrated.

A sanitary analysis of the Aberdeen city water was made April, 14, 

1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, with the 

following result:

Analysis of water from city well at Aberdeen.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids .........................................^................... 75.69

Volatile solids ........................................................... 12.50

Nonvolatile solids....................................................... 63.19

Nitrogen as nitrites......-._..-.......--.......-.._-.._-.--.-....-.-..--. None.

Nitrogen as nitrates ..................................................... . 090

Nitrogen as free ammonia................................................ None.

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia .....-....--...-..-..-...-...-.......... . 021

Oxygen consumed....................................................... .966

Chlorine................................................................ 6.50

The water supply of Cosmopolis is obtained chiefly from wells, but 

in part from some creeks owned by the Grays Harbor Commercial 

Company. Prom the creeks to the town a gravity system of waterworks has been installed. The water is soft, of good quality, and is 

ample for present needs and probably for all future demands.

Hoquiam, on Grays Harbor, secures its water supply from the 

headwaters of Little Hoquiam River, which affords a supply of good 

water sufficient for present and future needs. The water is pumped 

into a reservoir and then distributed by gravity. Besides serving the 

domestic demands the water is also used as a boiler supply. Practically no wells are used in the city, especially in that part which is situated on the tide flats.

Montesano, the county seat of Chehalis County, obtains its water 

supply from some springs north of the city. The supply is suffi-
12 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

cient for the present, but some other source may be necessary in 

the future. From the springs the water flows into a reservoir and 

is then distributed by gravity. The water is of good quality and 

there are no sources of contamination. In Montesano a few wells 

have been dug, usually about 35 feet in depth. The water-bearing 

stratum is gravel. The water from the wells is good and may be 

obtained in large quantities. The water level varies only in the dry 

summer months, when it falls somewhat.

Ocosta, a town of about 300 inhabitants, on the southwest shore of 

Grays Harbor, obtains a town supply from wells and springs. The 

water is of good quality and ample for present needs. The wells have 

an average depth of 50 feet and the water is obtained from beds of 

sand. The sand is overlain by clay, so that there is no contamination 

from the surface. The water level in the wells is somewhat lower in 

summer than in winter.

CHEI^AN COUNTY.

General statement. Chelan County lies a little north of the center 

of the State, and extends from the summit of the Cascade Mountains 

southeast to Columbia River. The topography is very rugged, since 

it includes some of the most broken parts of the Cascades. From the 

northwestern border of the county, which has an altitude of 7,000 to 

8,000 feet, the surface slopes southeastward to the Columbia, where the 

elevation is only about 700 feet above the sea. The streams flow in 

deep valleys or canyons, and the divides are very sharp and lined with 

rows of peaks. There are three prominent drainage systems, all having northwest-southeast courses. Beginning at the north these are 

Stehekin River and Lake Chelan, Entiat River, and Wenatchee River.

The rocks of Chelan County are mainly granites, gneisses, schists, 

and other crystallines. The principal exception is the sandstone of 

Eocene age in the southern part of the county. The sandstone is of 

lacustrine origin and forms a belt reaching from Wenatchee to Leavenworth in an east-west course and from the southern border of the 

county northward for about 30 miles.

The rainfall is greatest along the extreme western border, or in the 

region of the highest mountains, where it is from 40 to 60 inches a 

year. In the descent eastward it decreases rapidly until in the valley 

of the Columbia it averages but 15 inches yearly. In the mountains 

much of the precipitation is in the form of snow, and along the summit 

of the Cascades are many glaciers. The snow-fed mountain streams 

carry an abundance of the purest water, and in all parts of the county 

is an excellent water supply. On the alluvial fans and terraces along 

Columbia and Wenatchee rivers large tracts are now under successful 

irrigation, the water being supplied by the mountain streams.
LANDES.] CLALLAM COUNTY. 13

Municipal systems. The town of Chelan has obtained its water in 

part from springs and in part from Lake Chelan. A system of waterworks is now being installed whereby the water from the lake will be 

pumped into reservoirs and then be distributed throughout the town 

by gravity. As the water of the lake comes from the snow fields and 

streams of the high mountains, and is not contaminated, it is exceedingly pure and healthful. Besides serving as a domestic supply, a 

large amount of water will be used for irrigation within and about 

the town. Repeated efforts have been made to obtain water from 

wells, but although depths of 100 feet were reached no successful 

wells have been dug on the town site.

Lakeside, at the southern end of Lake Chelan and near the town of 

Chelan, has in the past depended upon wells for its water supply. 

Like the town of Chelan, it has under construction a.system of waterworks which will draw the supply from the lake.

Wenatchee, the county seat of Chelan County, situated on Columbia 

River at the mouth of the Wenatchee, obtains its supply of water 

from a creek which flows out from the Cascade Mountains. This supply is sufficient for present needs, but must be supplemented by something better in the future. Besides its use as a house supply, the 

water is extensively used for irrigating lawns, gardens, and orchards. 

There are no successful wells in the region about Wenatchee.

Springs. In the eastern part of the county a number of springs are 

employed for domestic supply and for irrigation. The spring owned 

by George Brisson, which may be regarded as a typical one, issues 

as a stream from a porous basaltic rock. The water is of good quality, 

carries no sediment, remains constant for the most part, but decreases 

somewhat in flow in the autumn. \

CLALLAM COUNTY.

General statement. Clallam County lies in the extreme northwest corner of the State, and has a frontage on both the Pacific Ocean 

and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It includes the northern half of 

the Olympic Mountains, the highest peak of which, Mount Olympus, 

stands on the southern border of the county. The Olympics are 

rugged, deeply dissected mountains, and reach outward almost to the 

coast, leaving a narrow belt of hills immediately along the shore. 

This belt is much wider along the Pacific coast than along the 

strait. The highest mountain paaks are from 6,000 to 8,000 feet 

above the sea.

The greatest rainfall in the State is at Cape Flattery, where the average for the year reaches 100 inches. From this point eastward 

the precipitation decreases regularly, until at the eastern border of the 

county it is from 20 to 30 inches per year. In the highest mountains
14 UNDEBGBOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

much of the precipitation is in the form of snow, and the snow fields 

and glaciers serve as reservoirs from which the streams are fed during 

the summer months. The great abundance of pure mountain water 

will not only serve as an ample supply for all municipal and domestic 

requirements, but will afford excellent water power. All parts of the 

county except the highest mountains are densely forest clad, and the 

forests are eminently helpful in retarding the run-off and equalizing 

the flow of the streams from season to season.

In a belt varying from 10 to 20 miles in width, extending along both 

the north and west coasts, the rocks are of Tertiary age and represent 

marine sediments. Eocene or Oligocene fossils have been identified 

along the Strait of Juan de Fuca between Twin River and Gettysburg, 

and fossils that are probably of upper Miocene age have been found 

near the mouth of the Quillayute River on the west coast. The Tertiary rocks are all sedimentary, consisting chiefly of conglomerates, 

sandstones, and shales. Within these rocks a good, supply of water 

ma}^ be had from comparatively shallow wells.

To the south and east of the belt of rocks above mentioned, within 

the higher Olympics, the rocks consist of schists, slates, and other 

metamorphics, with great intrusions and extrusions of igneous rocks. 

The age of these rocks and their relations to the sedimentaries above 

described have never been determined. Along the northern border 

of the county the glacial sediments are commonly very heavy, and 

from these it is usually easy to secure good water by means of wells 

from 20 to 40 feet in depth. There are many large lakes within the 

county, such as Ozette and Crescent, which are reservoirs of the purest water. Lake Crescent is a very deep lake, at the border line of 

the high mountains, with water of extraordinary blueness and purity.

Municipal systems. The water supply of Port Angeles, the county 

seat of Clallam County, comes in part from wells, but in the main is 

derived from Frazer Creek, which is a small stream rising in the 

Olympic foothills back of the town and flowing through the town site. 

About one-half of the water of the stream is taken out in pipes and 

distributed by gravity. As the water is often subject to contamination, and is of insufficient quantity for the future, it affords a somewhat unsatisfactory supply. A plan is on foot to secure water from 

Little River, which is within 6 miles of the city. This stream rises 

in the snow fields of the Olympic Mountains and carries a large volume 

of excellent water. The wells that have been dug about Port Angeles 

vary in depth from 12 to 40 feet. The water-bearing strata of sand 

and gravel are overlain by clay, which prevents contamination from 

the surface. The water level is lowered somewhat in the summer 

months, but for domestic uses the wells are never exhausted.

Port Crescent, located on the Strait of Juan de Fuca, a few miles 

west of Port Angeles, secures its water supply mainly from wells, but
LANDES.] OLARKE COUNTY. 15

to a limited extent from a small lake. The wells range in depth from 

16 to 20 feet. Water is obtained from sandstone, which is overlain 

by a thin layer of soil. The water rises in the wells to within a few 

few feet of the surface, and the level is scarcely affected by pumping.

CLAEKE COUNTY.

General statement. Clarke County is situated on the southwestern 

border line of the State, having Columbia River on its southern and 

western sides, Cowlitz County on the north, and Skamania County on 

the east. From a low plain along the Columbia the surface rises gradually to the foothills of the Cascades until the northeastern part of the 

county is reached, which presents a very broken appearance. The 

principal streams are the North and South forks of Lewis River, 

Salmon River, and Washougal River.

The yearly rainfall of Clarke County varies in passing from west to 

east, but it may be said to average about 50 inches. The precipitation 

is nearly all in the form of rain, the elevation above sea not being 

sufficient to produce snow to any marked degree.

The bed rock is mainly basalt, except in the northeastern portion of 

the county, where the metamorphic and granitic rocks of the Cascades 

prevail. The weathered basalt affords an excellent soil, and agriculture has come to be a very important industry. The soil has formed 

to such a depth that it contains a good water supply, and surface wells 

are therefore in common use. Along Columbia River are broad 

gravel terraces from which large quantities of water are obtained by 

means of springs and wells. The springs are common along the terrace bases and often yield large amounts of water. The wells are 

from 25 to 75 feet in depth, and the water-bearing strata are usually 

overlain by clay, so that surface contamination is at a minimum.

Municipal systems. Vancouver, the county seat, secures its water 

supply from 3 springs and 2 wells. The amount thus obtained is sufficient for present needs, and doubtless will be ample for some time to 

come. There are no sources of contamination, and the water is of 

excellent quality. A gravity system of waterworks is used. The 

wells about Vancouver range in depth from 30 to 75 feet. The water 

is found in a stratum of coarse gravel, which is overlain by clay. 

It rises to within 25 feet of the surface, and verj^ little change in the 

level is noted from season to season. The water level is affected only 

to a slight degree by pumping. Besides its use for domestic purposes, 

the water system is drawn upon for fire protection, boiler supply, etc. 

An analysis of the water showed the total solids per gallon of water to 

be 10.05; organic matter per gallon, 0.60; hardness, 11.30.

Springs. Five miles east of Vancouver are 3 springs owned by the 

Vancouver Waterworks Company. The water flows out in streams
16 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

from a bed of gravel which outcrops upon a hillside. The flow varies 

slightly at different times, but is about 1,750,000 gallons daily. The 

water is soft, has a pleasant taste, and carries no sediment.

COLUMBIA COUNTY.

General statement. Columbia County lies between Walla walla 

County, on the west, and Garfield County, on the east, and reaches from 

the Oregon line northward to Snake Kiver. The southern part of the 

county lies within the broad plateau of the Blue Mountains, and has a 

height of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea. The northern part 

is a region of high, rolling hills and deep ravines. Along the northern 

border Snake River flows in a canyon that has a depth of 1,000 to 

1,500 feet.

The rainfall varies from 15 inches a year along Snake River to 25 

inches in the central and southern parts. In the Blue Mountains it is 

sufficient to produce a forest covering. In the northern part of the 

county the bunch grass which once grew so luxuriantly is fast giving 

way to wheat fields. In agriculture irrigation is necessary only along 

the benches or terraces of the Snake, where there are many fine fruit 

and alfalfa ranches.

As far as known, there are no other rocks in the county save basalt. 

Some parts of the basalt are very vesicular or porous, and are commonly water bearing. In digging wells an ample supply of good 

water is generally found within 50 feet of the surface. On the hillsides, wherever the porous basalt outcrops, springs may occur, and 

they are in common use as domestic water supplies.

Municipal systems. Dayton, the principal town and the county 

seat of Columbia County, obtains its water supply from springs. 

These afford a supply which will doubtless be ample for all time to 

come. A gravity system of waterworks is used. In a few instances 

water is obtained from private wells, which range in depth from 25 to 

50 feet. The water is found in very porous layers of basalt. In the 

wells the water level varies slightly with the seasons, but is not 

affected to any appreciable extent by pumping.

Springs. Near Dayton are the springs from which the city water 

supply is derived. The water seeps out from beds of gravel at the 

base of a hill. The amount of water varies considerably with the 

season, the flow being reduced in the dry summer months. The water 

is soft, and no deposits of mineral matter or sediments are found about 

the springs.

COWUTZ COUNTY.

General statement. Cowlitz County is situated on the southwestern 

boundary of the State, north of Clarke County and Columbia River,
LANDES.] OOWLITZ AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES. 17

The western half of the county is composed of low irregular hills and 

broad stream valleys; the eastern half is very rough and broken, since 

it contains the foothills and outlying spurs of the Cascades. The 

principal streams are Cowlitz, Toutle, and Kalama rivers.

The annual rainfall varies from 65 inches on the western margin to 

60 inches in the eastern part. Every part of the county is therefore 

well watered and heavily forested. There is sufficient water in the 

streams to supply any possible municipal demands. On the terraces 

or benches of the larger streams good water is secured from wells at 

depths between 15 and 50 feet.

In the northern and western parts of the county the prevailing 

rocks are shales and sandstones of Eocene age. Along Cowlitz River 

these rocks are coal bearing, and in the neighborhood of Castle Rock 

and Kelso coal mines have been in operation for some time. The soft 

coal measures have readily decomposed at the surface, and upon them 

is a residual soil many feet in thickness. From the soil or the porous 

rock below water in large quantities is readily obtained by wells of 

moderate depth. In the southeastern part of the county, in the 

vicinity of Kalama, the usual rock is basalt, and from it water is 

secured in wells averaging 25 feet in depth.

Municipal systems. Castle Rock obtains its water supply from a 

stream which rises in the foothills east of the town. This supply is 

sufficient for the present, but must be supplemented in the future by 

water from some other source. The water is brought from the stream 

in pipes and distributed by a gravity system. The wells in the vicinity 

of Castle Rock vary in depth from 15 to 20 feet. The water-bearing 

material is gravel. The height of the water column depends upon the 

stage of water in Cowlitz River near by, rising and falling with the 

river level.

Kalama obtains its water by a gravity system from two creeks. 

The supply will doubtless have to be increased in the future. The 

water is very good, the only contamination being from a small amount 

of decaying vegetation. A few wells are used about Kalama, having 

an average depth of 25 feet. They are sunk in basalt and, as contamination may be entirely prevented, the water is very good.

DOUGLAS COUNTY.

General statement. Douglas County is situated immediately east of 

the central part of the State, within what is commonly known as the 

"Big Bend" of the Columbia. Its surface is that of a plateau, broken 

by the Badger Mountains in the western part and by the Saddle 

Mountains in the southern part, and sloping gently from north to 

south. Along its northern margin the plateau has an elevation of 

about 3,000 feet above sea level, which decreases to less than 1,000

IKK 111 05 2
18 UNDEBGKOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

feet along the southern border of the county. Within the plateau are 

three notable canyons or deep clefts, namely, the present valley of 

the Columbia, and Moses and Grand coulees, the latter doubtless representing a former course of Columbia River. Several small creeks 

which enter Moses Coulee sink in the sand and do not form a main 

stream. In Grand Coulee is a chain of lakes, the largest being Blue 

and Moses lakes. Some of the lakes are fresh, but the majority are 

alkaline.

Douglas County lies within the region of lowest rainfall in the 

State. In the northwestern part the average precipitation for the 

year is 15 inches; in the remainder of the county it is 10 inches or 

less. The precipitation is largely in the form of snow, especially 

where the elevation is greatest. There is no forest growth, and 

prairie conditions wholly prevail. In the highest portions of the 

county the bunch grass grows abundantly, and cattle raising is an 

important industry. Here also wheat may be grown successfully, 

and it has already come to be an important product. In the southern 

part of the county, where the rainfall is least, irrigation must be 

practiced in order to carry on agriculture.

The bed rock is practically all basalt except a narrow fringe of 

granite which is exposed in the canyon walls of the Columbia, and 

some granite outcrops in the northern end of Grand Coulee. A small 

area of early Tertiary sandstone underlies the basalt along Columbia 

River opposite Wenatchee, and late Tertiary lake beds covering a 

considerable area of the basalt in the southern part of the county 

should also be noted. From the basalt a very thick and tine-grained 

soil has been formed, which retains water to an unusual degree. In 

this way enough water is held within the soil after the winter precipitation to grow and mature the wheat during the coming spring and 

summer. Within the soil or the porous portions of the basalt below 

it is usually not difficult to secure a sufficient supply of water for 

house and farm purposes. Springs are more or less common throughout the countjr, more particularly at the bases of the cliffs along the 

Columbia and the coulees. Springs are largely the sources of the 

lakes mentioned above.

Municipal systems. The town of Wilsoncreek depends in the main 

upon wells for its supply of water, but a small stream is also used to 

some extent. The supply is barely sufficient for present needs, and 

another source must be sought in the future. While some of the wells 

have soft water, the others are slightly alkaline. They range in depth 

from 12 to 54 feet. The more shallow wells obtain water from beds 

of gravel, while the deeper wells enter the bed rock. The water level 

in the wells scarcely varies from season to season and is not ordinarily 

affected by pumping.
LANDES.] DOUGLAS COUNTY. 19

Grand Coulee, which has a northeast-southwest direction across the 

county, was in a former time occupied by Columbia River. Along 

the course of the coulee there is now a chain of shallow lakes, some of 

which are fresh, but the most of them are alkaline. The following 

descriptive matter concerning two of them is taken from Vol. I, of 

the Annual Report, Washington Geological Survey, for 1901.

Moses Lake, which lies about 12 miles southeast of Ephrata, on the Great 

Northern Kailway, is about 18 miles long and a mile wide, and is very shallow. 

The average depth is approximately 20 feet. It lies in a shallow basin with low 

banks, so that a rise of but a few feet would inundate a large section of country. 

The water is unfit for drinking purposes, but is not strongly alkaline and could 

probably be used in irrigation. The section of country in which these lakes are 

located is of course very dry, and supports only a scanty vegetation. Where 

there is water, however, the soil is very fertile. The lake drains a large area 

through upper Crab Creek. It has no outlet, but across its foot lies a low range of 

sand hills through which the water seeps into the sources of lower Crab Creek, which 

occupies the bed of the canyon below. Along this canyon lie numerous shallow 

ponds which dry up in summer. The deposits left by these are not of any considerable value, though they contain an appreciable quantity of borax.

An interesting feature of Moses Lake is the fact that it is gradually rising, having 

risen about 10 feet in the last seven years. If it continues to rise through a few more 

feet it will break through a clear course into lower Crab Creek and empty into the 

Columbia.

The analysis of the water of Moses Lake is as follows. The analysis is by H. G.

Knight:

[Paits per thousand.]

Total solids......... ................................................... 0.32357

Volatile solids. ......................................................... . 10095

Nonvolatile solids ...................................................... . 22262

Silica. ................................................................. . 01502

Alumina and iron oxide ...................................... .......... . 00331

Calcium carbonate. ..................................................... . 06235

Magnesium carbonate .......... I ....................................... . 07525

Sodium sulphate ....................................................... . 01258

Sodium chloride ....................................................... .01895

Sodium carbonate .............................................. j ....... . 10914

More interesting is the so-called Soap Lake, or Sanitarium Lake, situated about 6 

miles north of Ephrata. This lake is so called because it is so strongly alkaline as to 

be soapy to the touch, and when a strong wind blows across it the water along the 

shore is beaten into great rolls of foam. Fish can not live in the water, nor is there 

any vegetation in this as in Moses Lake. The water is used for bathing, but to those 

not accustomed to its use the water has a slightly caustic or irritating effect. It is 

also claimed that it is useful medicinally. There is much of peculiar interest about 

the lake. It is about 2J by three-fourths miles in extent and is very deep in places 

and probably averages about 40 feet. It drains only a very small area of country 

and has neither inlet nor outlet in the form of streams. It is located in a deep basin 

walled to the height of 100 feet or more on the east and west by cliffs of black 

basalt. The land to the north and south rises slowly; on the south to nearly the 

height of the cliffs, but on the north the rise is so slight that should the lake rise 

15 feet it would empty into the next of the chain of lakes to the north. The source 

of the water of the lake is said to be a spring in the center. The Indians of the

BELONGS TO THE 

OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE 

MTED STATES GEOLOGICAL SU 

3IVATE POSSESSION IS UNLAWFUL
20 UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

neighborhood assert that only a few years since the lake was very small and was 

fed by this strongly alkaline spring. Fresh water is, however, continually seeping 

in from the shores, as is shown by the fact that fresh-water wells may be sunk even 

but a few feet from the shore, and that the cattle, disliking the strongly alkaline water, 

face the shore to obtain the sweeter seepage. 

The analysis of the water is as follows:

[Parts per thousand.]

Total solids .................. 28.2669

Volatile solids................ . 62503

Nonvolatile solids ............ 27. 64186

Silica........................ .12816

Alumina and iron oxide.... '. . - Trace.

Calcium sulphate............. Tra.ce.

Calcium carbonate............ Trace.

Magnesium sulphate.......... . 39099

Sodium sulphate ............. 6. 34872

Sodium chloride-............. 5. 81384

Sodium carbonate ............ 14.08901

Potassium carbonate.......... . 51177

Lithium sulphate............. Trace.

Phosphorus pentoxide ........ . 12018

Carbon dioxide (semicombined)..................... 1.37034

Borax ....................... None.

Iodine....................... None.

Free ammonia ............... . 03400

Albuminoid ammonia ........ 1.1060

The specific gravity .......... 1.0260

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

General statement. Franklin County lies between Walla walla County 

on the south and Adams County on the north, with Columbia River 

as its western boundary. The surface is that of a plain, sloping gently 

toward Columbia and Snake rivers. In the northwest corner of the 

county the plain is about 300 feet above the surface of the Columbia, 

giving rise to the cliffs along the stream known as the White Bluffs. 

In the eastern part of the county the plain rises to a height of 300 to 

400 feet above the level of the Snake. Near the confluence of the two 

rivers the plain decreases in elevation and the banks of the streams are 

but a few feet in height.

The average rainfall is about 10 inches a year. This will not admit 

of any forest growth and scarcely permits of the growth of bunch 

grass. Agriculture may be carried on only where irrigation is pos 

sible. Irrigated tracts along the rivers yield very fine returns in 

alfalfa and fruit.

In the western part of Franklin County the outcropping rocks are 

thin beds of sand and clay, with layers of volcanic dust, which represent Miocene lacustrine sediments. Such deposits at one time may 

have covered the entire county, but in the eastern portion basalt alone 

now appears. At a number of places successful wells have been drilled 

in the basalt, the water being found in the more porous or vesicular 

parts of the rock. The depth of the wells varies from about 200 to 

nearly 700 feet. It is evident that, in advance of drilling, the depth at 

which water will be found is conjectural. In the western part of the 

county a well is now being drilled in the sedimentary rocks noted 

above.
LANDES.J JEFFEBSON COUNTY. 21

Deep wells. W. T. Braden, living at Connell, completed a deep 

well in September, 1902. The well is located in a canyon, and its 

mouth has an elevation above the sea of 840 feet. It has a diameter 

of 5 inches and a depth of 676 feet. The well is cased from the surface 

to solid rock, a distance of 100 feet. The water rises in the well about 

36 feet and is brought to the surface by a wind pump. The temperature of the water when brought to the well mouth is 51° F. The 

water level does not vary during the day or year and is not affected 

by pumping. The cost of the well, including the pumping machinery, 

was about $3,000.

There are several firms making a business of drilling wells in Franklin 

County, the most prominent of which is the Reinbolt Well Drilling 

Company. A few of the wells drilled by this company, with their 

depths, are here given: H. W. Brummond, 410 feet; John Finkbiner, 

485 feet; John L. Wordheim, 212 feet; Connell Land and Improvement Company, 243 feet; William Fisch, 265 feet; William Elgin, 

323 feet; Charles Schelley, 487 feet.

Springs. A number of springs are known to exist in the eastern 

part of Franklin County, although but a few of these have been 

reported. These springs are oftentimes the sources of supply for 

small lakes which have no outlets.

JEFFERSON COUNTY.

General statement. Jefferson County is situated in the northwestern part of the State, between Clallam County on the north and 

west and Chehalis and Mason counties on the south, and extends from 

Puget Sound to the Pacific Ocean. Topographically the surface presents a great diversity. The county contains the most rugged portions of the Olympic Mountains, the only areas that are comparatively 

level being in the northeastern part, within a few miles of the shores 

of Puget Sound. This is the only part of the county inhabited to 

any degree, there being no inhabitants within the Olympics and but 

very few west of the mountains along the Pacific coast.

The rainfall along the western coast averages over 85 inches a year. 

It decreases steadily eastward and is less than 20 inches in the vicinity 

of Port Townsend. The district east of the Olympics has a low 

rainfall because the high mountains divert to some degree the rainladen westerly winds. Within the Olympics are several glaciers and 

snow fields which feed the streams during the rainless months of 

summer.

The band of Tertiary rocks which encircles the Olympic Mountains 

outcrops in both the eastern and the western parts of the county. 

The rock series is composed chiefly of conglomerates, sandstones, and 

shales, and without doubt contains large quantities of water which
22 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

can be secured by means of wells. The bed rock just mentioned is 

often deeply buried by glacial sediments, which are important reservoirs. 

Municipal systems. Port Townsend obtains its water supply from 

driven and dug wells owned by the Spring Valley Water Company. 

From these wells 250,000 gallons per day are obtained by pumping. 

This supply is hardly sufficient for present needs, and a gravity system 

from some stream coming out of the Olympic Mountains is in contemplation. The water in use at present is of good quality. The wells do 

not enter bed rock, the water-bearing materials being sand and gravel. 

A heavy bed of clay which lies above the sand and gravel prevents 

contamination. An analysis of the Port Townsend water is given 

below:

Analysis of water from Port Townsend, Wash.

[Grains per gallon.] 

Silica................................................................... 1.255

Alumina and iron oxide ................................................. . 146

Calcium carbonate ...................................................... 16. 731

Magnesium carbonate ................................................... 6.987

Magnesium chloride..................................................... 11. 200

Calcium sulphate....-...........-......--..-....-..-.......-.......-..-- 1. 826

Sodium and potassium chlorides.....--.....---..--.--...--.....-......-.- 29. 236

Sodium and potassium carbonates ......-....-...-.-....-...--.........--- 1. 531

Total solids............................................................. 68.912

Port Ludlow obtains its water supply from a small creek. The water 

is soft, of good quality, and sufficient for all probable future needs. 

A gravity system of waterworks is used. The water is drawn upon 

for a boiler supply for the Port Ludlow mills as well as the domestic 

supply for the town.

KING COUNTY.

General statement. King County is situated west of the center of 

the State and extends from the summit of the Cascades westward to 

Puget Sound. It lies between Snohomish County on the north and 

Pierce County on the south. Along the shores of the sound the surface is that of a plain, rising to a height of about 300 feet above the 

sea; east of the plain are hills and ridges, the latter having in general 

a north-south direction; immediately east of this belt are the mountains, rising from a height of about 3,000 feet along their western 

border to an average height of 6,000 feet, when the summit line is 

reached. The mountains are deeply dissected by the several forks of 

Snoqualmie, Cedar, Green, White, and other rivers.

The annual rainfall varies from 40 inches along the shores of the 

sound to more than 60 inches within the mountains. About the sound 

practically all of the precipitation is in the form of rain, but with 

increase in elevation the snowfall becomes important, and in the 

higher mountains the amount of snow falling each year is very large.
LANDES.] KING- COUNTY. 23

The presence of snow and glaciers has an important bearing on the 

run-off of the streams from season to season. Apart from its value 

as sources of municipal supply, the movement of so much water from 

higher to lower levels is productive of great power. Already the 

water power of the cataracts and falls is being harnessed for the use 

of man. At Snoqualmie Falls, 25 miles east of Seattle, a plant has 

been installed which develops a total of 10,000 horsepower. Snoqualmie River at this point has a vertical drop of 270 feet, with a flow of 

about 1,000 second-feet during the driest season and about ten times 

as much during the periods of high water.

The strata which outcrop about the sound and eastward for a distance of about 25 miles are mainly clastic rocks of early Tertiary age. 

At many places they are coal bearing, and important coal mines have 

been developed at Black Diamond, Franklin, Palmer, Renton, Newcastle, Issaquah, and elsewhere. East of the Tertiary sediments are 

the metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Cascades, which in King 

County at least are virtually unstudied. In the vicinity of the sound 

bed rock outcrops but rarely, being covered by a heavy mantle of 

glacial sediments. At many places this mantle is known to be more 

than 500 feet in thickness. The glacial sediments comprise beds of 

till, with stratified sand, gravel, and clay. From the layers of sand 

and gravel which are interstratified with the till an abundant supply 

of good water is generally obtained. The wells are usually shallow, 

it being rarely necessary to go deeper than 40 feet. Springs are very 

common about the bases of the hills or upon the hillsides where the 

water-bearing gravels and sands outcrop.

Municipal systems. The town of Auburn obtains its water supply 

chiefly from wells, which vary in depth from 40 to 50 feet. The wells 

are sunk in the alluvium of the White River Valley, the water-bearing 

materials being sand and gravel. In no instance has bed rock been 

reached. In some instances shallow wells have been used for a little 

time, but in these the water is not good. The water from the deeper 

wells is soft, is not contaminated, and is obtained in ample quantity, 

in some instances rising to the surface. No other supply of water for 

drinking purposes is contemplated, but it is likely that water for fire 

protection will be obtained from White River.

The city of Ballard obtains about 300,000 gallons of water daily 

from springs and deep wells, about half from each source. The 

wells are the more satisfactory. While this amount is ample for 

present needs, it will not be sufficient in the course of time if the city 

continues its rapid growth. It is very likely that in the near future 

the supply for Ballard will be secured from the Cedar River system 

owned by the city of Seattle. The surface wells in Ballard have 

depths of 12 to 20 feet, but the wells used for the municipal supply 

average about 160 feet in depth. For the most part they penetrate
24 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

glacial till or hardpan, the water-bearing strata being beds of sand and 

gravel. The system of waterworks is direct pressure.

A sanitary analysis of water from one of the deep wells in Ballard, 

made by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, is as 

follows:

Sanitary analysis of water from deep well at Ballard.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids .................-..............-.........--..------..-.-... 165. 66

Oxygen consumed. ...._.....__.__.___..-._..._.._....._...-.-.-........ 2.89

Chlorine.......................................... .................... 5.50

Nitrogen as free ammonia............................................... . 874

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia........................................ . 100

Nitrogen as nitrites -.-.--..........-...............-.-...--....--..-.-.. None.

Nitrogen as nitrates..................................................... . 320

The municipal supply of water for Columbia City is obtained from 

Seattle. A few private wells are in use having an average depth of 

30 feet. They penetrate glacial deposits only and from them water 

of good quality is obtained.

Water for the town of Enumclaw is furnished from the system of 

the White .River Lumber Company. The water comes from streams 

flowing out from the Cascade Mountains, and as there are no sources 

of contamination it is of excellent quality. A gravity system of 

waterworks has been installed. It is possible that in the future the town 

supply may be taken from some springs located about 4 miles away. 

The springs are at a height of about 270 feet above that of the town. 

A few wells are in use about Enumclaw, which have an average depth 

of 30 feet. The wells are dug in glacial sediments, a till or hardpan 

lying above, with sand and gravel below. The wells afford excellent 

water, the flow rising to the surface in the wet season.

The water supply for Issaquah is furnished by the Gilman Water 

Company, which owns large springs near the town. The water is of 

good quality, there being no sources of contamination except possibly 

a little decaying vegetable matter. The water is conducted through 

the town by a gravity system. The few private wells in Issaquah 

range in depth from 20 to 30 feet, the water coming from a stratum 

of loose gravel. A large quantity of water may be obtained in this 

way, since it rises almost to the surface and is not affected by pumping. 

North of the town, toward Lake Sammamish, wells from 60 to 90 

feet in depth have been driven, from which there is a continuous flow. 

The water rises from 3 to 10 feet above the surface.

The town of Kent gets its supply from springs which yield water of 

excellent quality. While the springs now drawn upon afford a supply 

for present needs, the product of other springs near by will be drawn 

upon in the future. From the springs the water is carried throughout the town by a gravity system. In the region about Kent good
IAHDBJ.] KING COUNTY. 25

water may be obtained by means of driven wells. The wells when 

driven to a depth of 200 feet are artesian in character, the water 

rising about 6 feet above the surface.

Water for Renton is obtained from a spring situated near the town 

limits and at a height of 320 feet above the level of the town. The 

spring belongs to the Seattle Electric Company, but the town has a 

lease upon it for fifty years. The spring supplies 120,000 gallons of 

water daily, and should this not be sufficient for future needs watermay be obtained from other springs or from Cedar River, which flows 

through the town. The water, besides being used for domestic purposes, affords fire protection and furnishes the necessary boiler supply 

for a coal mine and a brickyard. The private wells in use in Renton 

are mostly shallow, ranging in depth from 10 to 25 feet. Only one 

enters rock, the others obtaining water chiefly from the gravels of the 

Cedar River flood plain.

The city of Seattle obtains its supply of water from Cedar River 

and Cedar Lake. The source of supply is in the Cascade Mountains, 

the water coming to the reservoir directly from the snow fields. The 

water is, therefore, soft, clear, and of superior quality. The city 

owns Cedar Lake and a large portion of Cedar River. The available 

water supply averages about 600,000,000 gallons per day. There are 

now piped to the city 22,500,000 gallons daily. Other supply mains 

will be constructed whenever they are found to be necessary.

A sanitary analysis of the city water of Seattle, made by Prof. 

H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, on April 27, 1901, 

gave the following results:

Sanitary analysis of city water of Seattle.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids............................................................. 36.49

Oxygen consumed-............................................'.......... 1.26

Chlorine................................................................ 1.50

Nitrogen as free ammonia................................................ .008

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia......................................... Trace.

Nitrogen as nitrites...........-.......--..-...-.-.....-........-..-.-..-. None.

Nitrogen as nitrates...................................................... None.

West Seattle obtains water from private wells and from some springs 

owned by the West Seattle Land and Improvement Company. The 

water is pumped into tanks, from which it is distributed by gravity. 

The supply even at the present time can hardly be said to be sufficient, 

and it is likely that arrangements will soon be made whereby water 

may be obtained from the Seattle system. The wells about West 

Seattle range in depth from 30 to 75 feet, water being most commonly 

found at about 50 feet. The wells are dug entirely in glacial material, 

mostly sand and gravel.
26 UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Springs. Near the town of Berlin, in the northeastern part of the 

county, there is a mineral spring- owned by the Everett Bottling 

Works. The water flows out as a stream from the base of a mountain 

of granitic rock. The flow is uniform from season to season. The 

quantity flowing has never been measured. The water has a taste of 

soda. No improvements of any character have been made at the 

spring, and so far no use has been made of the water. It is probable 

that in the near future a hotel will be built at the spring and other 

improvements made.

An analysis of water from the Berlin springs, made by H. G. Knight, 

of the University of Washington, is as follows:

Analysis of water from Berlin springs.

[Parts per thousand.]

Solids, nonvolatile ...................................................... 0.5473

Silica................................................................... .0078

Alumina and iron oxide ................................................. . 0150

Calcium sulphate........................................................ . 0529

Calcium carbonate ...................................................... . 5627

Magnesium chloride..................................................... . 1693

Magnesium sulphate..................................................... . 0935

Sodium sulphate ....-....-..-..-....-.-..-..-...-..--...-.---.-......... . 9331

Potassium chloride ....-.....--..-.........-.........'-.-......--.......-. . 0267

Carbon dioxide ......................................................... 1.4720

Near the town of Issaquah, at the head of a short, deep valley, is a 

large spring- from which the water supply for the town of Issaquah is 

taken. The flow has not been measured, but there is sufficient water 

for a town of 1,000 inhabitants. The water is very clear, cold, and 

has a pleasant taste. It issues as a stream from a bed of gravel. 

No improvements have been made at the spring, and none are contemplated. The spring is owned by the Gilman Water Company.

Along the valley side, at the base of a steep hill near Kent, is a 

large spring from which the town supply of water is largely taken. 

The daily flow varies from 500,000 gallons in winter to 350,000 gallons 

in summer. The water is not appreciably charged with minerals, and 

is very clear and cold when it leaves the spring. It issues as a stream 

from a bed of gravel which is a part of the glacial sediments. At the 

spring a reservoir is now being built for storage purposes.

The Great Northern Hot Springs are located near Madison, in the 

northeast corner of the county. Near the Great Northern Railway, 

a mile from the springs, the Hot Springs Hotel has been built, with 

accommodations for 50 guests. The water is piped to the hotel, where 

it is used for drinking purposes and for baths. The water has been 

found to be very helpful for rheumatism and for kidney diseases. 

The water seeps out from the talus rock, and has a temperature of 

122° F.
LANDES.] KITSAP COUNTY. 27

The following analysis of water from the Great Northern Hot 

Springs was made by C. Osseward, chemist for the Stewart & Holmes 

Drug Company, Seattle:

Analysis of water from the Great Northern Hot Springs. 

[Grains per gallon.]

Total solids ........................................... ................ 9.9

Chlorine............................................................... .87

Iron................................................................... .76

Lime.................................................................. 2.33

Magnesia .............................................................. 1.1

Silica.................................................................. 1.34

Sodium................................................................ 1.63

Potassium ............................................................. .34

Sulphuric anhydride .........-.....-.....-.-.....-.......------......-. .52

Ammonia.............................................................. . 00058

On a hillside near Renton there is a spring issuing from a bed of 

gravel. The flow is about 120,000 gallons daily. The quantity varies 

with the season, being about one-fourth less in a very dry season than 

in a wet one. The water does not carry any sediment, is very clear, 

and has a pleasant taste. It is used as a town supply by Renton.

KITSAP COUNTY.

General statement. Kitsap County is situated east of Jefferson and 

Mason counties, west of King County, and north of Pierce County. 

It is almost surrounded by the arms or inlets of Puget Sound. With 

the exception of a range of hills in the southwestern part of the county, 

along Hood Canal, the surface is that of a plain lying but little above 

the sea. The coast line is very deeply indented and irregular, abounding in fine bays and harbors.

The rainfall gradually decreases from 60 inches per year in the 

southwestern part to 30 inches in the northeastern part. It is sufficient to give rise to the very many small streams which are to be 

found throughout the count}7 and also to produce a very dense forest 

growth.

Over the major portion of Kitsap County the mantle of glacial sediments is very heavy, so that the bed rock does not often appear at the 

surface. The wells for the most part penetrate the glacial materials 

only, and from the latter a satisfactory supply of good water is obtained. 

As elsewhere within the glaciated area, springs are very common and 

are often utilized.

Municipal systems. Bremerton obtains its water supply to a limited 

degree from wells, but for the most part from a stream which is fed 

by springs. In this way is obtained a supply of very good water, 

which is free from any contamination. The quantity will be ample
28 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

for a long time to come. Gravity is the system employed. The private wells, as a rule, are shallow and are sunk altogether in glacial 

till, the water flowing from intercalated beds of sand and gravel.

An analysis of water from a spring near Bremerton, made by H. G. 

Knight, of the University of Washington, is as follows:

Analysis of water from spring near Bremerton.

[Parts per thousand.] 

Nonvolatile solids ..................................................... 0. 45194

Silica................................................................. . 01334

Alumina and iron oxides .............................................. . 04764

Calcium sulphate...................................................... .046385

Magnesium chloride............ ...................................... . 04008

Magnesium sulphate................................................... . 07790

Sodium sulphate ...................................................... . 23686

Lithium sulphate...................................................... . 02128

The source of supply for Charleston is found in some springs and 

creeks west and south of the town. From these the water is carried 

to the town in wooden pipes. It is of good quality, and a quantity 

ample for present and future needs is easily obtained. The private 

wells about Charleston- range in depth from 20 to 150 feet. These 

wells have been put down in glacial sediments and the water level 

rises and falls with the tide in the inlet near by.

The water supply for Port Blakeley comes primarily from a stream 

in the adjoining hills. A reservoir has been made, and from this, by 

means of gravity, the water is conducted to the town. There is a certain amount of decajdng vegetable matter in the reservoir, and this 

causes some contamination of the water; otherwise the water is good, 

and sufficient in quantity to serve the town probably for a long time 

in the future. Besides this method of obtaining water, cisterns and 

wells are used to a small degree. These wells have a depth ordinarily 

of about 70 feet. Most of them are wholly in the glacial till, but some 

of them penetrate rock altogether, the water-bearing stratum in the 

latter case being a conglomerate.

Some small streams near Port Gamble are drawn upon for the water 

supply of that town. From reservoirs along these streams the water 

is distributed to the town by a gravity sj^stem. About 150,000 gallons of water are obtained daily, an amount sufficient for the present 

and the future. The water is soft and of good quality, no sources of 

contamination being present. Besides its use for domestic purposes, 

it is employed to a large extent as a boiler supply.

KITTITAS COUNTY.

General statement. Kittitas County lies near the center of the 

State, between Chelan County on the north and Yakima County on 

the south, and extends from the summit of the Cascades eastward to
LANDES.] KITTITAS COUNTY. 29

Columbia River. From the Cascade divide, which has a general 

height of about 6,000 feet above the sea, the country descends southeastward to a minimum elevation of 500 feet. In the northwestern 

part of the county the surface exhibits the usual ruggedness of the 

higher and wilder parts of the Cascades. The highest peak here, 

Mount Stuart, has an elevation of 9,470 feet.

The rainfall in Kittitas County varies widely because of the great 

difference in elevation from point to point. In the high mountains 

the precipitation is from 50 to 60 inches a year. It decreases eastward until it becomes less than 15 inches at Ellensburg and less than 

10 inches in the vicinity of Columbia River. Naturally, the character of the vegetation is greatly modified by the wide variation in the 

amount of rainfall. The higher mountains as a rule are heavily forested, while the plateaus are sparsely covered with trees. In lower 

altitudes the trees give way to the bunch grass, which is in turn 

superseded by sagebrush on the still lower levels. The abundant 

rainfall of the mountains gives rise to many fine streams, which afford 

water alike for the use of cities on the plains below and for the irrigation of orchards and alfalfa fields.

The southeastern part of the county is largely covered by Miocene 

basalts. In the neighborhood of Ellensburg are remnants of a sandstone formation which represents the sediments of a middle Tertiary 

lake of unknown extent. The geology is somewhat complex, as both 

sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Eocene and Miocene age are found. 

The sedimentary beds are lacustrine, and consist chiefly of sandstone 

and shale. In one of the Eocene sedimentary formations round about 

the towns of Roslyn and Clealum, seams of coal of great economic 

value have been found, and here are the largest coal mines in the 

State. In the vicinity of Mount Stuart, near the southern border line 

of the county, there are large areas of pre-Tertiary rocks of a complex 

nature geologically, in which there are granites, granodiorites, serpentines, slates, and schists.

Municipal systems. The water supply for Clealum comes from 

mountain springs about 3 miles southwest of town. The springs are 

180 feet above the town, thus giving a good head and making it easy 

to distribute the water throughout the town by a gravity system. 

For the first mile from the springs a 10-inch pipe was laid, for the 

next mile an 8-inch pipe, and for the third mile a 6-inch pipe. The 

water pressure in the town is from 90 to 100 pounds per square inch. 

The amount of water obtained is believed to be ample for a city of 

20,000 inhabitants. Should this supply ever fail, water in great abundance may be obtained from Yakima River, a clear mountain stream 

which flows through a part of the town. Clealum'owns 160 acres of 

land about the springs, thus effectually preventing contamination. 

Some time ago an effort was made to obtain artesian water. A well
.SO tTNDEKGKOUND WATEE8 OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

was drilled in Clealum to a depth of 800 feet without striking water. 

The water supply of the town is used for irrigating as well as domestic 

purposes.

Ellensburg obtains water from streams which flow out from the 

foothills of the Cascades. The water obtained in this way, however, 

is not of the best quality and is barely sufficient for present needs. 

An unusual demand is made upon the supply, for a large amount 

of water is used for irrigation as well as for domestic purposes. 

The private wells which are in use range in depth from 10 to 20 feet. 

They are essentially surface wells, not entering the rock at all, but 

obtaining water from beds of gravel. The well water, as a rule, is 

hard and contains alkali. The water level in the wells varies, the 

water rising to the surface when the soil is thoroughly saturated as the 

result of excessive irrigation.

For its town supply Roslyn obtains water from Clealum River, a 

mountain stream yielding water of excellent quality. This supply is 

so satisfactory that no dependence is placed upon wells, cisterns, or 

other sources.

KLICKITAT COUNTY.

General statement. Klickitat County is situated on the southern 

border of the State, with Columbia Eiver on the south, Yakima County 

on the north, and Skamania County on the west. The western part 

of the county is within the Cascades, and is therefore very rugged. 

The topography of the central part is that of a broad plateau sloping 

from the north toward Columbia River. The topography of the eastern end of the county is that of a plain rising but little above the level 

of the river.

In the western portion of the county the annual rainfall is from 30 

to 35 inches, in the vicinity of Goldendale it is 15 or 20 inches, whfie 

in the eastern end of the county it is only about 10 inches. As a consequence of the unequal distribution of rainfall, the western portion of 

the county is a region of forests and streams; the central part has a very 

sparse forest growth and few streams, but at the same time is one of 

the best wheat-growing districts in the State; and the eastern part 

is treeless and virtually without streams, so that agriculture can be 

carried on only by means of irrigation.

With the possible exception of the extreme western end, all of the 

county may be said to be covered by Columbia River lava. The bed 

rock is basalt. As far as known, no deep wells have been drilled into 

it, as in other parts of the State, to determine whether or not it is 

water bearing. That it is water bearing is largely proved by the fact 

that in a number of places springs issue from the outcrops of porous 

basaltic rock. The springs in some instances have a temperature con-
LANDES.] KLIOKITAT COUNTY. 31

siderably above that of the surrounding atmosphere. In some cases 

also they may be classed as mineral springs, and are believed to have 

medicinal qualities as well.

Municipal systems. The water for Goldendale is piped from a spring 

on the southern slope of Simcoe Mountain, 12 miles to the north. 

The supply is sufficient for present needs, but will probably have to 

be increased in the future. Other good springs are conveniently 

near, and the water from these can be easily utilized. The water is 

soft and uncontaminated. The spring is located at a sufficient height 

above the city to give a good head of water. A few wells are used, 

ranging in depth from 12 to 75 feet. Most of the wells are shallow, 

water being most commonly found at 20 feet in beds of gravel. 

From the wells a large amount of water may be obtained. The water 

level shows but little change from season to season, and is affected by 

pumping only in a slight degree. In Goldendale a large amount of 

water is used in irrigation.

Springs. On Government land in T. 6 N., R. 13 E., there is a large 

spring, or rather a group of springs. At these springs the water 

flows out in a stream from basaltic rock. The springs are located at 

the base of a bluff rising from the valley of Klickitat River. The 

flow is large, there being no perceptible variation from season to 

season. The water is clear and odorless, bat it has an unpleasant 

taste. It has a temperature of 76° F. Bubbles of gas are constantly 

escaping from the water. It has been used to a limited degree for 

medicinal purposes.

On Big Klickitat River in T. 4 N., R. 14 E., is a spring which is considered to have special medicinal properties. By the internal use of 

the water, stomach and kidney diseases are benefited, and rheumatism 

is helped by bathing in the water. The spring issues as a stream 

from basaltic rock. It has a temperature of 100° F. There is a 

slight film on its surface and it carries a little sediment. It has a 

strong mineral taste and is charged with gas, iron, and sulphur. 

Deposits of iron oxide are made along the stream as it flows away 

from the spring. It is planned to make a health resort at this spring, 

and a hotel and bath house are in process of construction. An analysis of the water, made by Prof. H. G. Byers of the University of 

Washington, is as follows:

Analysis of spring water from near Big Klickitat River.

[Parts per million.]

Total solids .............................................................. 758. 7

Nonvolatile solids ........................................................ 569.2

Volatile solids............................................................ 189.5

Silica.................................................................... 85.5

Ferric oxide and alumina................................................. 104. 9

Calcium carbonate ...-i.................................................. 129. 6
32 UlS-DEEGBOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Magnesium carbonate ........_....._ ._.................................. 184. 8

Calcium sulphate......................................................... 4.5

Sodium chloride ......................................................... 10.1

Potassium chloride ................................ ...................... 22.3

Potassium sulphate....................................................... 27. 5

Free carbon dioxide...................................................... 700.0

LEWIS COUNTY.

General statement. Lewis County is in the southwestern part of 

the State and extends from the summit of the Cascades to Pacific 

County on the west, with Chehalis, Thurston, and Pierce counties on 

its northern border, and Wahkiakum, Cowlitz, and Skamania counties 

on the south. The county has a very diversified topography. The 

western end of it lies within the Coast Range, where the highest hills 

or mountains are from 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height. East of the 

Coast Range is a broad north-south valley which is in reality a part of 

the Puget Sound basin. East of this great valley rise the mountains 

of the Cascades, reaching heights of 5,000 or 6,000 feet on the main 

divide. The mountains have been greatly dissected by the streams, 

and some of the valleys, notably that of Cowlitz River, are very broad 

and deep.

The rainfall is heaviest in the western part of the county, where it 

averages TO inches per year. It decreases eastward until in the 

neighborhood of Chehalis and Centralia it is 50 inches. In the mountains of the eastern part of the count}^ the average yearly rainfall is 

60 inches. This heavy rainfall gives rise to a very large number of 

streams and produces a luxuriant forest growth which is equal to any 

found elsewhere in the State.

The eastern part of the county, or that within the Cascades, is practically unknown geologically. There are a few small areas of coalbearing sandstones and shales lying along the upper Cowlitz River and 

in the region about Cowlitz Pass. The geology of the western twothirds of the county has been studied to some extent, and as far as 

known the rocks are of Eocene age. Fossils of marine Eocene types 

occur in great abundance along the Cowlitz in the vicinity of Little 

Falls. The sedimentary rocks are mainly sandstones and shales and 

are coal bearing at a number of places, notably about Chehalis and 

Centralia, in the vicinity of Alpha and Cinebar, and near Morton. 

Upon the sedimentary rocks in most places a deep soil has formed, 

and within this water is obtained with ease by means of shallow wells. 

Springs are common upon the hillsides, and they may be regarded as 

important sources of good water. The amount of surface water to be 

had is so very large that it is not probable that recourse to deep wells 

will ever be necessary. The structure of the sedimentary rocks is 

such that they undoubtedly contain artesian basins, which may be 

tapped whenever the need arises.
LANDES.] LINCOLN COUNTY. 33

Municipal systems. The water for Centralia is obtained partly from 

wells and partly from Skookumchuck River. From neither of these 

is very good water obtained, and some other source must be sought 

out. The wells range in depth from 20 to 30 feet. Water is most 

commonly found at about 18 feet, in beds of gravel, but as these beds 

are not overlain by clay or other impervious material, contamination 

from the surface is not prevented. From these wells a large supply 

of water may be obtained. The water level varies but little during 

the year, being somewhat lower in the dry season.

The water supply for Pe Ell is obtained mostly from wells, although 

a few families derive their supply from springs. The spring water is 

satisfactory, but the same can hardly be said of the wells.. The latter 

are very shallow and contamination from the surface is very easy. 

The well water comes from gravel and rises to the surface in some 

cases. A large supply of water is had, the water level scarcely varying during the year.

LINCOLN COUNTY.

General statement. Lincoln County is in the eastern part of the 

State and is bounded on the east by Spokane County, on the west by 

Douglas County, on the south by Adams County, and on the north by 

Columbia and Spokane rivers. The surf ace is that of a plateau having 

a general height of about 1,500 feet above sea level. On the north 

the plateau slopes very abruptly to the canyon of the Columbia, while 

on the south there is a gentle slope toward Crab Creek. Low, rolling 

hills occur here and there.

The yearly rainfall varies from 10 inches in the western half to 15 

inches in the eastern portion. This is too small to permit of forest 

growth and hence the county was formerly a prairie region clothed 

with grasses. The bunch grass now, however, has largely given way 

to wheat fields, and the county produces each year an increasing amount 

of grain. The streams are in the main of the intermittent type, there 

being but very few that are of a permanent character. The small 

streams are active in the runways during the winter and spring months 

only and disappear with the coming of summer.

With the exception of the outcrops of granite in the vicinity of 

Columbia and Spokane rivers the bed rock is altogether basalt. The 

basalt has within it porous layers which become filled with water, thus 

forming important reservoirs. In the ravines and "coulees" the 

porous basalt often outcrops and gives origin to springs which 

afford an ample quantity of water for general house and farm use, 

As a rule, the springs are active all the year, and in some instances have 

a flow sufficient for use as a municipal supply. In cases where 

springs have not been available wells have been dug in the basalt, and 

IRR 111 05 3
34 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

whenever the porous rock was encountered ample supplies, of water 

were obtained. Ordinarily the wells vary in depth from 25 to 50 feet.

Municipal systems. Water for Davenport is obtained from springs 

near the town. The supply is sufficient for present needs, but it is 

probable that it will have to be increased. The water is of good 

quality and there are no sources of contamination. A gravity system 

of waterworks is used. The wells in the region vary in depth from 

20 to 60 feet, the water being most commonly found at 30 feet. The 

wells enter the rock, and a layer of clay at the surface prevents any 

contamination from that direction. No flowing wells have been found, 

but a large supply of water is obtained from the common wells. The 

water level does not vary during the year and is not affected by pumping. Much water is used in irrigation as well as for domestic purposes.

Harrington obtains its water from wells, although springs are used 

to some extent. The wells vary in depth from 30 to 100 feet. Water 

is most commonly found at about 35 feet. All of the wells enter 

basalt. The water usually rises to within 20 feet of the surface, where 

it stands constant the year round. It is of good quality, but will 

doubtless be insufficient for future demands. The water is pumped 

into a standpipe and distributed by gravity.

The supply for Sprague is obtained in part from a spring and in 

part from wells. At the spring the water issues from basaltic rock 

and varies much in quantity from season 'to season. During the dry 

season the supply from the spring becomes insufficient and the wells 

are relied upon. The supply from the wells seems to be inexhaustible 

and constant pumping makes no impression on the water level. The 

water from the spring is distributed by gravity, while the well water 

is obtained by pumping. From these sources excellent water is obtained 

in quantities believed to be sufficient for all future needs. The private 

wells of the region vary in depth from 20 to 40 feet. Water is commonly found at a depth of 20 feet. These wells do not enter rock, but 

are wholly in surface material. The water-bearing materials are sand 

and gravel. The wells, although shallow, afford a large quantity of 

water, the level being lowered only in a long, dry season.

Water for Wilbur is obtained from Goose Creek, which has its source 

in two large springs, and also from some wells. The water is of good 

quality, and ample in quantity for present and future needs. A 

gravity system of waterworks has been installed. The wells are all 

very shallow, the usual depth being about 12 feet. They enter the 

basaltic rock which underlies the town. Contamination from the surface is prevented by a layer of clay. The wells, although shallow, are 

relied upon for the domestic supply, and the water from the springs 

is used largely in irrigation.

Springs. In sec. 21, T. 25 N., R. 37 E., near the town of Davenport, there is a large spring from which about 360,000 gallons of
LANDES.] MA.SOF COUNTY. 35

water flow daily. This supply is fairly constant, although slightly less 

in summer. The water is clear and cold and has a pleasant taste. It 

issues as a stream from the rock. It is used as a water supply for the 

town of Davenport.

Near Davenport, on the farm of J. E Ludy, there is a spring which 

is located in the bottom of a deep draw or gulch. The water comes 

out as a stream, and in quantity sufficient to supply about 15 families. 

It is slightly alkaline, but there are no deposits of mineral matter or 

sediment about the spring. The water has a temperature of about 45 ° F.

Near Harrington, in sec. 34, T. 23 N., R. 36 E., there is a spring 

owned by J. L. Ball. The water issues from the rock at the base of a 

bluff. It is clear and of a very good quality. It is used for a general 

farm supply.

L. T. Luper owns 2 springs near Harrington, in sees. 1 and 9, T. 23 

N., R. 36 E. The spring in section 1 flows about 23,000 gallons per 

day, and the one in section 9 about 28,000 gallons per day. Neither 

spring shows any variation in flow from season to season, and in both 

the water is clear, of good quality, and apparently not mineral bearing. 

In each case the water issues as a stream. The water is used as a 

house supply and in watering stock.

Near Sherman, in sec. 25, T. 29 N., R, 33 E., H. B. Fletcher owns 

a spring which appears as a stream. The spring is located in a valley. 

The flow is very large and is constant from season to season. The 

water as it issues is cold, clear, and of a superior quality. It is used 

by the farmers for their stock, but it has been proposed to pipe the 

water to Wilbur as a supply for that town.

MASON COUNTY.

General statement. Mason County lies in the western part of the 

State, being separated from the Pacific Ocean by Chehalis County, 

which borders it on the west. It is bounded on the north and northeast by Jefferson and Kitsap counties, and on the southeast and south 

by Pierce and Thurston counties. The northwestern portion of the 

county extends into the Olympic Mountains, and hence is very rugged 

and broken in character. Most of the remaining part of the county 

is very hilly, the only portions that are level to any degree being those 

immediately about Hood Canal and other inlets of Puget Sound. The 

streams which come from the mountains flow in canyons, and the interstream divides are very sharp.

The yearly rainfall is very heavy, ranging from 85 inches on the 

western border to 60 inches in the extreme eastern portion. As one 

result of the copious rainfall there is a heavy forest growth, the forests of Mason County being regarded as among the best in the State. 

In the southeastern part of the county, the only portion which is set-
36 UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

tied to any extent, water for domestic purposes is obtained very largely 

from the glacial deposits, which are here very thick. As a rule the 

wells are shallow, water being obtained at depths varying from 10 to 

25 feet. With the abundant rainfall and the heavy mantle of unconsolidated surface materials it is not surprising that springs are very 

common. The water issues from the springs in the form of streams, 

and usually in sufficient quantities to afford town supplies.

Municipal systems. The water supply for Shelton, a town of about 

1,000 people, is obtained from some large springs, and will doubtless 

prove inadequate when the population of the town is doubled, but 

there are other large springs located conveniently near which may be 

utilized. The water is soft and pure and very satisfactory for domestic purposes. A gravity system of waterworks is used. In the region 

about Shelton there are a good many wells from which excellent water 

is obtained. In some instances the water rises to the surface, and the 

water level is not distinctly lowered except in September, the month 

of the least rainfall. The wells are as a rule driven wells, the materials penetrated being glacial till, sand, and gravel. The wells are 

shallow, varying from 10 to 25 feet in depth. The water-bearing 

material is overlain by hardpan, so that there is no contamination from 

the surface.

Springs. As noted above, the town of Shelton obtains its water 

supply from two springs located in sec. 12, T, 20 N., R. 4 W. The 

flow has not been measured, but it is ample for all present demands. 

The springs issue as streams from gravel beds which outcrop on a 

hillside above the town. The water contains a small amount of iron, 

but there are no deposits of mineral matter about the springs.

At other places about Shelton, notably in sec. 18, T. 20 N., R. 3 W., 

and in sec. 13, T. 20 N., R. 4 W., are other springs which supply large 

quantities of water. They issue from gravel beds at the base of a 

bluff about 150 feet high. From the top of the bluff a gravel terrace 

extends for several miles. Lying upon this terrace, near the springs, 

there are several lakes, and it has been suggested that the lakes are 

the sources of the spring water.

OKAlSTOGAlSr COUNTY.

General statement. Okanogan County extends from the British 

Columbia line to Columbia River, and from Ferry County on the east 

to Chelan and Whatcom counties on the west. This large county presents a great diversity of surface, and within it are rugged mountains, 

rolling hills, and broad plateaus which merge into plains. The western 

portion of the county is a region of high mountains and deep valleys. 

Between Methow and Okanogan rivers is a bold mountain ridge which 

has a north-south course. Along the eastern border line of the county
LANDES.J OKANOGAN A KB PACIFIC COtJNTlES. 37

there is likewise a mountain ridge, with a north-south course and a 

general height of about 4,000 feet above the sea. Along the southern 

border of the county the Columbia flows in a deep canyon, but the 

Okanogan, its chief tributary, is a meandering stream flowing in a 

broad and comparatively shallow valley. The Methow Valley is likewise very broad and open, except for the last few miles of its course, 

when it assumes a canyon aspect.

The rainfall of Okanogan County is light in comparison with 

other parts of Washington. In the mountainous area the annual precipitation is from 15 to 20 inches. Over much of the remaining 

part of the county it ranges from 10 to 15 inches, and over a small 

portion it is even less than 10 inches. The forest grows exclusively 

upon the highlands, chiefly in the Cascades, in the mountains along the 

eastern border, and on the mountain ridge between Okanogan and 

Methow rivers. Over those parts of the county where the trees can 

not grow bunch grass abounds, only the lowest plains along Okanogan 

River being given over to sagebrush. From the mountains good 

streams of water flow to the plains and make possible irrigation on a 

large scale in the valleys of Methow, Okanogan, and Columbia rivers.

As far as known the rocks of Okanogan County are chiefly gneisses, 

schists, slates, and crystalline limestones. Here and there are small 

remnants of more or less extensive sediments of Tertiary lakes. Over 

large areas intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks of various kinds prevail. Over much of the surface there is a thick mantle of soil, and 

within this in most places water may be obtained by means of wells. 

Springs commonly occur, and they are relied upon to a large degree by 

the settlers. Surface water is usually sufficiently abundant to supply 

the herds of cattle and sheep with their requirements.

Municipal systems. Loomis obtains its water from Sinlahekin 

Creek and from a spring owned by J. M. Judd. Neither source is 

very satisfactory, and it is planned to secure a supply from Toats 

Coulee Creek, a mountain stream of pure water which flows near the 

town. A few wells have been dug in the district about Loomis. They 

are all shallow, ranging in depth from 20 to 30 feet. They do not 

reach bed rock, but lie wholly in the mantle rock or soil.

PACIFIC COUNTY.

General statement. Pacific County lies at the southwest corner 

of the State. The ocean border of the county is exceedingly irregular, due in part to a submergence of the coast and in part to the building out from the headlands of long sand spits. The surface rises 

gradualty f ron* tide water to the summit of the Coast Range, where a 

maximum height of 3,000 feet above the sea is attained. Much of the 

coast is low, and alluvial valleys extend for some distance up the
38 UNDEBaBOUND WATEBS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

streams. The annual rainfall is very heavy, varying from 65 inches 

at the mouth of the Columbia to 85 inches and over along the northern border. In this county the change in amount of precipitation is 

in a north-south rather than an east-west direction as is commonly the 

case. As elsewhere the large rainfall produces many streams and an 

extraordinary forest growth. The larger trees are closely surrounded 

by a very dense growth of minor forms, so that the forest as a whole 

is almost impenetrable.

With few exceptions all the rocks of the county are shales, sandstones, and conglomerates of middle Tertiary age. All of these disintegrate readily when exposed to the atmosphere, so that there is a 

heavy mantle of incoherent porous material many feet in depth. 

Within this soil there is generally an abundance of water, so that 

shallow wells and springs form the main sources of domestic supply.

Municipal systems. Springs afford the water supply for Ilwaco, 

but they are not very satisfactory and in the near future some other 

source must be sought. The present supply is not of the best quality 

and will soon be inadequate. Contamination is due chiefly to decaying 

vegetable matter. A gravity system of waterworks is used. Ilwaco 

is situated on a plain which rises but little above high tide. Wells are 

not used at all, because the water within them is unfit for drinking 

purposes.

The supply of water for Southbend is obtained from springs. In 

this way water of excellent quality is had, free from contamination, 

and in quantity believed to be sufficient for all future needs. The 

water is carried from the springs and distributed about the town by a 

gravity system. Very few wells are used about Southbend, and in 

none of them is the water satisfactory. The wells vary in depth from 

10 to 60 feet.

PIERCE COUNTY.

General statement. Pierce County extends from the summit of the 

Cascades on the east to Puget Sound on the west, and from King and 

Kitsap counties on the north to Lewis and Thurston counties on the 

south. In the vicinity of the sound the surface is that of a plain with 

a general height of 300 to 400 feet above sea level. Eastward the 

plain gives way to hills, which in turn soon merge into the high 

mountains forming the eastern third of the county. Mount Rainier 

lies in Pierce County, and immediately about it and to the northeast 

high peaks and deep valleys are very conspicuous.

The lowest annual rainfall is in the neighborhood of Tacoma, where 

it averages 45 inches. It increases eastward and in the mountains is 

about 60 inches. Upon the sides of Mount Rainier and the neighboring high mountains the precipitation is principally in the form of 

snow, and large snow fields and glaciers are found. By the precipitous
PIERCE COUNTY. 39

descent of many of the large streams waterfalls of much economic 

importance have been produced. Some of the waterfalls are now 

being utilized for power purposes. The heavy rainfall of the mountains insures an ample suppty of the purest water for the cities about 

the sound or upon the plains.

In the region about Burnett, Wilkeson, Carbonado, and Fairfax the 

outcropping rocks are chiefly clastic sediments of Eocene age. They 

are coal bearing, and at the places above mentioned coal mines are now 

in operation. The extent of the sedimentary series is unknown, since 

eastward it passes under the lavas of Mount Rainier and westward it 

disappears beneath the heavy mantle of glacial sediments which covers 

the western third of the county. The glacial deposits for the most 

part are made up of coarse gravels and sands, into which the water 

sinks after each rainfall, so that the drainage is chiefly underground. 

In the western part of the county there are but few streams save 

those which have their origin in the hills and mountains. Ordinarily 

a large quantity of good water is obtained in wells having a depth of 40 

to 50 feet. Springs are very abundant and it is from this source that 

the principal towns of the county derive their water supplies. The 

springs are commonly found at the bases of the hills, and from 

them the water usually issues in the form of streams. Not only are 

the springs numerous, but the quantity of water that flows from some 

of them is phenomenal.

Municipal systems. A well situated on an island in White River, 

near the town, supplies Buckley with water. From this source, by 

pumping, a very large supply may be obtained, ample for present and 

future needs. The water is of good quality, there being no known 

sources of contamination. In the region about Buckley the wells 

var}r in depth from 30 to 40 feet, the water-bearing materials being 

beds of sand and gravel. The latter are overlain by glacial till or 

hardpan, so that the wells suffer no contamination from the surface.

The water for Carbonado is obtained from springs located in some 

gravel beds overlying the coal-bearing rocks. The supply is sufficient 

for the present and doubtless will be enough for all future needs. A 

gravity system of waterworks is in use. The water is used for boilers 

as well as for domestic purposes. There are no wells in Carbonado.

Springs furnish a supply of water for Orting. The water is not 

contaminated and is very satisfactory. The supply is ample for all 

the demands made upon it. Other springs near by may be utilized if 

necessary. A gravity system of waterworks is used. In the region 

about Orting are a few wells, their depths varying from 14 to 18 feet. 

The wells are wholly in glacial materials, not reaching the bed rock in 

any case. The water in the wells is excellent and abundant, usually 

rising to the surface in the winter months.

The water used in Puyallup comes from Maplewood Springs.
40 UNDEBGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. ill.

These springs lie within the city limits and have a flow of 20,000,000 

gallons daily. The water is of good quality. It is distributed 

through the town by a gravity system. Puyallup is located on the 

flood plain of Puyallup River near where it enters the sea. The wells 

that have been dug in the alluvium of the valley do not yield good 

water and hence are rarely or never used.

The water system in South Tacoma is owned by Calvin Phillips & 

Co., who obtain a daily supply of 150,000 gallons from wells. The 

water is free from any contamination and is quite satisfactory. The 

usual depth of wells about South Tacoma is 40 to 50 feet. The wells 

penetrate beds of gravel and sand and in no instance reach bed rock.

For Sumner the water is obtained from a spring located on a hillside 1 mile east of the town. The spring is sufficiently above the level 

of the town to give a good head to the water, so that it may be distributed by gravity. The supply is am pie-for present needs, and there 

are other good springs near by which may be utilized in the future 

should the needs of the town so demand. No wells are used in the 

valley about Sumner, all of the water for domestic purposes being 

piped from the springs on the hillsides which border the valley.

The city of Tacoma obtains its water supply from Clover Creek and 

some springs. From the former the major portion of the water used 

in the city is obtained, but the spring water is more satisfactory. The 

quantity obtained is hardly sufficient for the needs of the city and, as 

additional sources of supply, three deep wells are being drilled. From 

the creek and springs water is pumped into reservoirs, from which it 

is distributed by gravity throughout the city. Tacoma is located upon 

a plain composed of glacial sediments, till, clay, sand, and gravel, 

which yield an abundant supply of good water. The depth of the 

wells varies from 30 to 100 feet. In general the water-bearing strata 

are overlain by clay or till, so that surface contamination is reduced 

to a minimum.

A sanitary analysis of water from Clover Creek and springs, made 

February 23, 1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of 

Washington, resulted as follows:

Analysis of water fvom Clover Creek and springs.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids ................_................_...._..._.................. 47. 20

Nonvolatile solids .....---.._..................-...-...-.._...-.......... 25. 20

Volatile solids........................................................... 22. 00

Oxygen consumed -..................................._.........,...-.... 6. 34

Chlorine................................................................ 4. 40

Nitrogen as free ammonia................................................. . 035

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia......................................... . 080

Nitrogen as nitrites ...................................................... None.

Nitrogen as nitrates...................................................... None.
LANDES.] PIERCE AND SAN JUAN COUNTIES. 41

*

Sprwgs. Near the town of Carbonado, in sec. 4, T. 18 N., R. 6 E., 

the water issues as a stream from some gravel beds which overlie the 

coal measures at this place. The spring yields sufficient water to supply the town of Carbonado and the boilers of the Carbon Hill Coal 

Company.

The Orting Light and Water Company own three springs in sec. 29, 

T. 19 N., R. 5 E. These springs are small, but afford enough water 

tb supply the town of Orting. They are located upon a hillside, where 

the water issues as small streams from beds of sand and gravel. The 

water carries a little sand and is somewhat muddy after hard rains. 

The flow is said to be a little stronger in summer than in winter.

Maplewood Springs are located near Puyallup, in sec. 32,T. 20 N., 

R. 4 E. The water issues in streams from beds of gravel at the 

base of a bluff. The flow is estimated at 20,000,000 gallons per day. 

The town of Puyallup and a portion of Tacoma are supplied with 

water from this spring. The spring is owned by the city of Tacoma.

SAN JUAN COUNTY.

General statement. San Juan County comprises a group of islands 

lying between Whatcom and Skagit counties in Washington and the 

island of Vancouver. These islands have rocky, irregular, deeply 

indented shores and represent the tops of submerged mountains. The 

surface of some of the islands is that of a plain, but in most cases there 

are high hills or semimountains. The principal hills are on Orcas 

Island, the highest point, Mount Constitution, rising 2,200 feet above 

the sea.

Since the San Juan Islands lie to the leeward of the mountains of 

Vancouver Island, they have a rainfall that is less than the average of 

western Washington. The yearly rainfall is between 30 and 35 inches. 

This is enough to support but a moderate forest growth, so that the 

trees are not so large as in some parts of the State and there is but a 

small amount of undergrowth. The rainfall is ample for agricultural 

purposes and excellent crops are raised.

The rocks of the northernmost islands of the group are of upper 

Cretaceous age and are a part of the coal-bearing series of the islands 

of British Columbia. South of the sedimentary rocks just mentioned, 

and forming the major portion of the islands, are metamorphic and 

igneous rocks of undetermined age. All of the islands have been 

glaciated, and oftentimes the rocks are deeply furrowed. The glaciers 

laid bare the rocks in some instances, and over much of the surface but 

a thin soil was left. The area of tillable land is thereby largely 

reduced and limited to the lower valleys. On a few of the islands the 

water supply is scant and the problem of securing water for domestic
42 UNDERGROtTND WATEBS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

*

purposes is a difficult one. Only a meager supply of surface water is 

obtained because of the scant rainfall. The slight depth of soil makes 

it necessary to dig the wells in bed rock in most places. In some 

instances, however, as about Friday Harbor, the soil is of sufficient 

depth to yield a water supply by means of shallow wells.

Municipal systems. The water supply for Friday Harbor comes 

altogether from wells. These yield water of good quality, which 

thus far has been quite satisfactory. The wells are all shallow, not 

often reaching a depth exceeding 18 feet. The water is obtained 

from beds of gravel. These are overlain by clay, thus preventing 

surface drainage from entering the wells. A good water supply for 

the town of Friday Harbor can be had in Sportsmans Lake, which is 

3i miles away and lies at an elevation of about 75 feet above the 

town. The lake covers 90 acres and is fed by springs.

SKAGIT COUNTY.

General statement. Skagit County is in the northwestern part of 

the State and lies between Whatcom County on the north and Snohomish County on the south. It extends from Puget Sound on the 

west to the summit of the Cascades on the east. The coast is very 

irregular. The topography of the western part of the county is that 

of a plain lying but little above the sea. The eastern half is very 

rough and broken and embraces some of the most rugged portions of 

the Cascades. A prominent feature of the surface is the great valley 

of Skagit Kiver, which has an east-west course through the county 

and upon the broad delta of which the principal towns are located. 

Dikes have been built along the coast and the lower reaches of the 

river to keep the alluvial plain from being overflowed. The tide runs 

up Skagit River for about 20 miles.

The yearly rainfall varies from 30 inches along the coast to an 

average of 50 inches in the mountains. Practically all of the region 

was once forest covered, and the cedars of the Skagit Valley are 

among the largest and best to be found in the State. The timber of 

the broad alluvial plain along the lower course of the river has been 

largely removed and excellent farms have taken its place. The most 

valuable farm land in the State is found here, the amount of rainfall 

and the excellent quality of the soil being conducive to very high 

agricultural returns.

In the region south of Hamilton and immediately about Cokedale 

are outcropping Tertiary sandstones and shales which are coal bearing 

and in which coal mines have been opened. The extent of these 

sedimentary areas is unknown, since they are largely concealed by 

the alluvial deposits of the river, glacial sediments, etc. East of
LANDES.J SKAGIT COUNTY. 48

Hamilton is a north-south belt of slates and schists containing small 

bodies of iron ore. Among the islands at the western end of the 

county are frequent outcrops of slates,-schists, and other metamorphic 

rocks. Along the borders of the valley of the lower Skagit are thick 

deposits of glacial sediments, from which water is often obtained by 

means of wells and springs. The towns located in the valley of the 

Skagit may secure supplies of water either from the springs on the 

adjacent hillsides or from shallow wells that have been sunk into the 

sands and gravels of the river plain.

Municipal systems. The town of Anacortes obtains its water from 

Lake Heart, which is fed by springs. The lake is about 250 feet 

above the town, so a gravity system of waterworks is used. Lake 

Heart, although now supplying enough water for the use of the town, 

will in time become inadequate. Other desirable sources of supply 

may easily be found in Cranberry and Whistler lakes, which lie near 

the town. The water now used is of good quality and is quite satisfactory. Some of the wells of the region are shallow, but the best 

water is obtained at a depth of about 80 feet. Not even the deepest 

wells enter bed rock, the materials passed through being clay above, 

with beds of gravel below.

Hamilton secures its water supply exclusively from wells. These 

are shallow, since the town is located on the flood plain of Skagit 

River. The wells range in depth from 10 to 25 feet. The height 

of water in the wells depends upon the stage of water in the river. 

The water in the wells all comes from the river by seeping through 

the coarser materials of the flood plain. In each well a lateral movement of the water in the same direction as the flow of the river may 

be readily seen.

The water that is used at Laconner is brought from a spring by 

a gravity system. The water is of good quality, and is ample in 

amount for present demands, but may need to be supplemented in the 

future.

Water for the use of the town of Mount Yernon is obtained from 

a large spring. From the spring water is pumped into a reservoir 

located on a hill above the town and is then distributed by gravity. 

The water is very pure, there being no sources of contamination, 

and it is sufficient in amount for present and future needs. The 

wells of the region range in depth from 10 to 14 feet. They do not 

enter bed rock, but are altogether in the alluvium of the valley. In 

some instances the well water is not of good quality.
44 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

SKAMANIA COUNTY.

General statement. Skamania County lies on the southern border 

of the State, south of Lewis County, between Yakima and Klickitat 

counties on the east and Cowlitz and Clarke counties on the west. The 

proportion of low plain to high mountain is less than in any other 

county in the State. With the exception of a very narrow plain along 

Columbia River the entire county consists of rugged mountains which 

have a general height of about 5,000 feet above sea level. From east 

to west the county covers very nearly the entire width of the higher 

Cascades in this part of the State. The highest point is Mount St. 

Helens, with an elevation of about 10,000 feet, standing near the 

northern border line. St. Helens is a volcano that is said to have 

shown slight signs of activity since white settlers first came to Washington. It has suffered but little erosion and is symmetrical in outline.

The rainfall ranges from 60 inches or a little more in the northwestern part to 40 inches on the southeastern border. The elevation 

is such that the rainfall is heavy. It should be noted, however, that 

not all of the precipitation is in the form of rain, but that some of it, 

especially in the northwestern part of the county, is in the form of 

snow. With the exception of a few mountain peaks the surface is 

entirely forested, and over one-half of the county is within the limits 

of the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve.

Little is known of the geology of the county. Nothing but basalt, 

presumably belonging to the Columbia River lava, appears along 

Columbia River. About 15 miles north of the river, northeast of 

Skye, outcrops of granite occur. These outcrops are believed to be 

at the southern end of a belt of granite which runs northward through 

the county, passing between Mount St. Helens on the west and Mount 

Adams on the east. The warm springs which occur at Cascades seem 

to indicate that there are igneous rocks at moderate depths in that 

vicinity which are not yet entirely cooled. Very little information is 

at hand regarding the details of the water resources of the county, 

since it is very sparsely peopled. The only settlements are located in 

the immediate vicinitj^ of Columbia River.

Springs. Near Cascades post-office, on Columbia River, in sec. 16, 

T. 2 N., R. 7 E., is a mineral spring owned by Thomas Moffett. The 

water seeps out at the base of a hill, and flows 25,000 gallons daity, 

with no variation from season to season. The water has a temperature of 96° F. Gas is constantly escaping and the water is known to 

carry iron and sulphur. At the spring a bath house and a hotel of 25 

rooms were erected some years ago. Plans have been drawn for a 

new hotel of 100 rooms, new bath houses, and a swimming tank 60 feet 

long, 20 feet wide, and 7 feet deep. The water is of medicinal value,
LANDES.] SNOHOMISH COUNTY. 45

being especially healthful in diseases of the stomach and kidneys. 

The water is bottled and placed on the market, $1,200 worth having 

been sold in 1902.

SNOHOMISH COUNTY.

General statement. Snohomish County is located in the northwestern part of the State, between Skagit County on the north and King 

County on the south, and extends from the summit of the Cascades to 

the shores of Puget Sound. The surface of the western third of the 

county is that of a low plain either level or covered with low hills. 

The eastern two-thirds has a mountainous topography, varying from 

the low foothills on the west to the lofty snow- and ice-covered peaks 

on the main divide. The mountains have been trenched by Skykomish 

River and the North and South forks of the Stilaguamish, all of which 

flow in deep valleys. These rivers have in general a westerly course, 

and the watersheds are separated by bold spurs which extend outward 

from the main mountain mass.

There is a considerable difference between the rainfall of the lowlands 

along the coast and that in the high mountains. Along the western 

border of the county the annual rainfall averages 35 inches; at the foothills of the mountains it is 50 inches; while within the mountains, and 

especially toward the eastern summit, it reaches 60 inches and over. In 

the vicinity of Monte Cristo, about Glacier Peak, and elsewhere in the 

high mountains the snowfall is very heavy and great fields of snow 

and many glaciers are the result. With the exceptions of the high 

mountains that are covered with snow or ice, or are barren of soil, 

almost all parts of the county are heavily forested. The best timber 

is found on the plains and the low hills in the western part of the 

county and in the larger valleys of the mountains. The northeastern 

part, embracing over a third of the county, is included in the Washington Forest Reserve.

In the western end of the county the bed rock appears at very few 

places because of the great thickness of the glacial sediments. There 

are a few outcrops of Tertiary sandstones and shales, which are not 

coal bearing, as far as observed. The mountainous portion is composed of a great complex of metamorphic rocks with many varieties of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. The water supply of 

the county is obtained in part from the mountain streams and in part 

from the glacial deposits, in the latter case either from springs or by 

means of wells. The several sources afford a very satisfactory supply, 

and there is no part of the county that is not abundantly provided 

with water of the finest quality.

Municipal systems. The town of Arlington secures water from 

springs, wells, and Stilaguamish River. Both springs and wells are
46 UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

very satisfactory, a large supply of excellent water being thus obtained. 

The wells vary in depth from 20 to 30 feet. They do not enter the 

rock, but have been dug1 wholly in clay, sand, and gravel.

Edmunds secures its town supply of water almost wholly from 

springs, only a few wells being in use. The springs yield a supply 

that is satisfactory in both quality and quantity. A gravity system of 

waterworks is used.

Everett obtains a supply of water from 2 creeks, one flowing within 

a mile and the other within 2i miles of the city. From these streams 

the water is conveyed through pipes of 22 and 8 inches in diameter to a 

reservoir which has the capacity of 1,200,000 gallons. From the 

reservoir the water is distributed by a gravity system throughout the 

city. The water is free from contamination and highly satisfactory 

in every way. The wells in the region about Everett vary in depth 

from 15 to 115 feet, water being usually found at about 100 feet. The 

materials penetrated are surface soil, glacial till or hardpan, and finally 

sand or gravel, which yield the water. Bed rock is not reached even 

in the deepest wells. A large supply of good water may be obtained 

from the wells, which is ample in quantity for domestic demands. The 

following sanitary analysis of the city water of Everett was made by 

Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, on January 10,

1901:

Analysis of city water of Everett.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids............................................................ 300.80

Nonvolatile solids............._..............................-.-....... 252. 80

Volatile solids............-.............!............................... 48.00

Oxygen consumed...................................................... 7.27

Chlorine............................................................... 4.80

Nitrogen as free ammonia. .............................................. 0. 020

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia........................................ 0.050

Nitrogen as nitrites..................................................... None.

Nitrogen as nitrates..................................................... None.

In Marysville the water supply comes exclusively from wells. The 

wells are all shallow, since the town is located on the flood plain of 

Snohomish Eiver. The water is soft, of good quality, and satisfactory 

for the present, at least. It is planned to use at some future time the 

water of Lake Stephens, which is located conveniently near.

The water supply for Monroe is obtained from two small creeks. 

In this way very pure water is had, and in quantity sufficient for 

present and future needs. A gravity system of waterworks is in 

operation. The wells are from 18 to 50 feet in depth. None of them 

enter rock, all being wholly within the alluvial materials of the river 

valley. An analysis of water from the Monroe supply was made by 

G. L. Tanzer, of Seattle, on August 3, 1903. He found that there 

was 0.049 grain of solid matter in 1 liter (33.81 fluid ounces) of
LANDES.] SNOHOMISH AND SPOKANE COUNTIES. 47

water. A qualitative analysis of the solid matter showed it to contain magnesium and sodium chlorides, with a trace of calcium carbonate. No ammonia, nitrogeneous matter, iron, or silicates were 

found.

Monte Cristo obtains a water supply from a mountain stream, using 

a gravity system. The water comes directly from the snow fields 

near by and is very cold and pure. The quantity is greater in autumn 

and spring than in other seasons, but probably will always be equal to 

every demand. Besides its uses as a domestic and boiler supply it is 

also used in an ore concentrator.

The water supply of Silverton comes from mountain streams which 

head in the fields of snow and ice near the town. The water is therefore of exceptional purity and may be had in quantity sufficient for 

all possible needs. It is used as a domestic supply, for water power, 

and in concentrating ore.

Snohomish secures its supply from Pilchuck River, a stream heading 

to the east in the Cascade Mountains. The water is pumped into a 

reservoir having a capacity of 500,000 gallons and is then distributed by 

gravity. There are no sources of contamination and the water is of 

good quality. The quantity is sufficient for all future needs. The 

wells about Snohomish range in depth from 15 to 55 feet. In digging 

the wells glacial till or hardpan is first passed through, and the water 

is obtained from the beds of gravel that lie below. The following 

sanitary analysis of water from the city supply was made by Prof. H. G. 

Byers, of the University of Washington:

Analysis of city water from Snohomish.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids--.-..-.------..------..---.----.---.-----.--->..---.----.-.. 41.50

Nonvolatile solids ....................................................... 23. 22

Volatile solids........................................................... 18.28

Oxygen consumed..........-...-.......'................................. 3. 75

Chlorine..---...--.......-.....-.....-........--...-....-.......-...--.. 4.00

Nitrogen as free ammonia................................................ . 010

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia......................................... . 093

Nitrogen as nitrites...................................................... None.

Nitrogen as nitrates...................................................... . 400

*

SPOKANE COUNTY.

General statement. Spokane County lies in the extreme eastern 

part of the State, with Stevens County on the north, Lincoln County 

on the west, and Whitman County on the south. In the main the 

surface is that of a plateau, with an average height of about 2,000 feet 

above the sea. The only exceptions to the plateau aspect to be noted 

are the mountains in the northeast corner, of which Mount Carlton is the highest, and the high hills or low mountains in the south-
48 UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON". [NO. 111.

eastern part along the Idaho boundary. The principal stream, Spokane 

River, flows in a broad, shallow valley from the eastern border of the 

count}r to the city of Spokane; at this point it enters a canyon, of very 

moderate depth at first, but gradually deepening as the river flows 

northwestward to join the Columbia.

The average rainfall is about 20 inches per year. The precipitation 

on the western border is somewhat less than this, while on the eastern 

side it is a little more. The result is that in a general way the eastern 

half of the county is forested, while the western half is a prairie. The 

grass}7- plains have been largely replaced by wheat fields, since the 

rainfall is always ample to secure a crop of this cereal. The forest 

growth is rather sparse, the trees are of only moderate size, and there 

is little undergrowth.

Spokane County lies partly within the Columbia River lava field, 

the bed rock of the southwestern half being basalt. As this is the 

border line of the lava field the basalt is comparatively thin and the 

underlying rocks occasionally appear through it. The northwestern 

part of the county is chiefly a granite region, with occasional areas of 

gneiss and schist. Among these rocks basalt often appears in the 

form of narrow tongues which have extended outward from the main 

mass of lava. The valley of Spokane River in Glacial time was almost 

entirely filled by a gravel train, only a minor portion of which has 

been removed. At Spokane Falls is a jutting ledge of basalt, and the 

river drops 130 feet. Within the gravels and sands of the river valleys good water is obtained by means of deep wells. Upon the lava 

plateau domestic supplies of water are secured from wells ranging 

from 30 to 135 feet in depth. Some of the basalt is porous, and 

where such rock outcrops along the bases of hills springs are often 

found.

Municipal systems. Cheney obtains a water supply from a lake and 

from wells. The lake supply is the more commonly used, but water 

from the wells is more satisfactory. An ample amount is secured for 

the present and doubtless for all future needs. A direct pressure system of waterworks is in use. The wells vary from 30 to 50 .feet in 

depth, water being most commonly found at 40 feet. They all enter 

basalt after passing through a layer of clay at the surface. Very good 

water is secured. The water level scarcely varies from season to season, and is not affected by pumping.

The town of Medical Lake secures water from Clear Lake, located 

3i miles to the south. The water is hard, but quite satisfactory otherwise. A supply sufficient for all possible demands ma}T be obtained. 

In the wells about Medical Lake water is usually found at a depth of 

15 feet; but the range of depth of the wells is from 10 to 40 feet. The 

wells are all in basalt, the porous or scoriaceous layers of the rock 

being water bearing.
LANDES.] SPOKANE COUNTY. 49

An analysis of the water of Medical Lake, made by G. A Mariner, 

of Chicago, is as follows:

Analysis of water of Medical Lake.

[Parts per thousand.] 

Silica................................................................... 0.1825

Alumina and iron oxide ................................................. . 0120

Calcium carbonate....................................................... .0031

Magnesium carbonate.................................................... .0040

Sodium chloride......................................................... .2869

Potassium chloride ...................................................... . 1616

Sodium carbonate ....................................................... . 1089

Potassium carbonate ................ .................................... Trace.

Lithium carbonate....................................................... Trace.

Borax ........................................ .......................... Trace.

Hillyard obtains a supply of water from deep wells. These are commonly from 190 to 200 feet in depth and are wholly in gravel. The 

water is soft and of the best quality. The supply at present is sufficient for all needs, but it is doubtful if it will be ample for the future.

Latah uses wells exclusively as a source of water supply. Later on 

water may be taken from a large spring above the town. The wells 

are shallow, as a rule, varying in depth from 25 to 40 feet. They 

enter rock, and a layer of clay at the surface tends to prevent contamination from above. The water level varies but little throughout the 

year. One well sunk to a depth of 135 feet flows constantly.

The city of Spokane obtains its supply of water from Spokane River. 

The pumping plant is on the river bank about 5 miles above the city. 

A direct pressure system of waterworks is used. There are no sources 

of contamination and the water is of a high degree of purity, as well as 

ample in quantity for all probable future needs.

The following sanitary analysis of city water from Spokane was 

made on April 23, 1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of 

Washington:

Sanitary analysis of city water from Spokane.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids............................................................ 50.24

Nonvolatile solids ...................................................... 34.43

Volatile solids ......................................................... 15. 81

Oxygen consumed...................................................... 2.13

Chlorine............................................................... 1.50

Nitrogen as free ammonia.........................-...-.....-.--.--.-.-- . 004

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia. ....................................... . 0363

Nitrogen as nitrites..................................................... None.

Nitrogen as nitrates .................................................... .018

Deep wells. The Hillyard Town Site Company has a well which is 

used to supply the town of Hillyard with water. It has a diameter of

IRR 111 05 4
50 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

44 inches and a depth of 200 feet. It was dug in 1900 at a cost of 

S|500. The amount of water obtained is about 50,000 gallons per day. 

The water level in the well rises and falls with the water level of 

Spokane River, which flows not far away.

Springs. William Forthman owns a spring near Latah, in sec. 26, 

T. 21 N., R. 45 E. The water issues as a small stream at the foot of a 

hill. The spring has a minimum flow of 720 gallons per day and is 

much stronger in the springtime. The water is soft, clear, and of 

excellent quality. It is used for general farm purposes. In the 

vicinity of Latah are a number of large springs.

STEVENS COUNTY.

General statement. Stevens County lies in the northeast corner of 

the State, bordering on Idaho and British Columbia. The surface is 

characterized by three conspicuous mountain ridges and three northsouth valleys. The ridges lie between Columbia and Colville rivers, 

between Colville and Pend Oreille rivers, and east of the latter stream 

along the county boundary. Of the three ridges the first one mentioned is the lowest, with an average height of about 4,500 feet. The 

second and third ridges have a maximum elevation of about 7,000 feet. 

Columbia River flows in a deep valley that is usually bordered by 

glacial terraces. The valley of Colville River is wide and the stream 

has an extensive flood plain, which overflows at certain seasons of the 

year. For the first 50 miles of its course within the county Pend 

Oreille River flows very slowly, in a broad valley that is bordered with 

much agricultural land; farther down the stream crosses a belt of 

harder rocks, in which it flows in a long, tortuous canyon.

The rainfall averages about 20 inches per year. This is sufficient to 

permit of agriculture without irrigation. Practically the entire county 

was once forested, although the region seems to be near the border 

land of forest and prairie. The trees do not grow very near together 

and the undergrowth is very scant. Asa rule the grasses grow everywhere among the trees. The forest is being removed at a rapid rate, 

the demands of the lumbermen on one hand and of the farmers on the 

other tending toward the deforesting of the county in a comparatively 

short time.

Stevens County is largely a region of crystalline rocks. The northsouth ridges between the principal streams are composed chiefly of 

granite. Flanking the granites and within the valleys are large areas 

of marbles, quartzites, slates, and other metamorphic rocks. The 

marbles occur very generally throughout the county and are of economic importance both as an ornamental stone and for the manufacture 

of quicklime. At several places are outcrops of coal-bearing sandstones and shales, which represent remnants of lacustrine sediments of
LANDJSS.] STEVENS COUNTY. 51

Tertiary time. The basalt of the Columbia River lava extends a little 

way into the county along the southern boundary. The towns depend 

for the most part upon streams for their water supplies. The water 

in virtually every stream is free from contamination and is of excellent 

quality. In general, the soil is of sufficient thickness to contain enough 

water for the domestic supplies needed in the smaller towns and 

through the country. The wells for the most part are shallow and do 

not often exceed 40 or 50 feet in depth.

Municipal systems. Bossburg secures water from Columbia River, 

beside which the town is situated. The water is pumped into a reservoir, from which it is distributed about the town by gravity. The 

supply is satisfactory in every way. There are no wells about Bossburg, but there are some springs which are utilized.

Colville depends mainly upon springs, but in part upon two streams, 

for its water supply. The water from all of these is of fine quality, 

there being no sources of contamination. A. gravity system of waterworks has been installed. The wells about Colville range in depth 

from 10 to 30 feet, the usual depth being 20 feet. The water comes 

from beds of sand, which are overlain by clay.

Water for Marcus is taken from Columbia River. The water is 

satisfactory from all standpoints. The wells vary from 18 to 60 

feet in depth. Beds of clay are first penetrated, then sand, and finally 

gravel.

Northport obtains its water supply from Deep Creek, a small stream 

emptying into Columbia River. There are no sources of contamination, 

and the water is satisfactory, although very hard. A large amount may 

be secured, sufficient for all future needs. The water is first pumped 

into tanks which stand upon a hill above the town and is then distributed by gravity. Besides its domestic use it is also used as a boiler 

supply by the Northport Smelting and Refining Company.

The water for Springdale is taken from a mountain stream. The 

spring flows for some distance over limestone, hence the water contains some lime. The supply is believed to be sufficient for all future 

needs. A gravity system of waterworks is in use. The wells about 

Springdale range from 30 to 100 feet in depth, water being commonly 

found at depths of 40 to 50 feet. The more shallow wells are wholly 

in the soil or mantle rock, but the deeper wells all enter bed rock.

Deep wells. In sec. 9, T. 35 N., R. 39 E., near Colville, the Pacific 

States Oil Company drilled a well in 1901 when prospecting for oil. 

The total depth reached was about 700 feet. At the top the well has 

a diameter of 10 inches, at the bottom 6 inches. A water-bearing 

stratum was reached at 400 feet, and water now flows from the well 

mouth at the rate of 3 or 4 gallons per minute. The cost of the well 

was $3,000. In drilling the well, beds of limestone, sandstone, limestone, shale, and sandstone were passed through in succession.
52 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

THUKSTON COUNTY.

Gen&rdl statement. Thurston County is located in the southwestern 

portion of the State, at the head of Puget Sound, with Chehalis County 

lying between it and the Pacific Ocean. The county lies entirely 

within the basin of Puget Sound and the surface is essentially that of 

a low plain. For the most part the plain is quite level, with here and 

there occasional low hills." In the western part of the county the Black 

Hills rise 300 or 400 feet above the general level. In the southeastern 

part of the county there are a few low hills which mark the extreme 

outliers of the Cascades. The Puget Sound shore is very irregular, 

abounding in indentations and bordered by numerous islands.

In the central part of the county the annual rainfall averages 50 

inches. In the eastern and western parts it is 60 inches or a little 

more. The precipitation is practically altogether in the form of rain, 

since falls of snow occur very rarely.

The bed rock is not often exposed in Thurston County. In the 

neighborhood of Tenino and Bucoda there are occasional outcrops of 

sandstone, which are of economic importance, as they afford a good 

grade of building stone, and also contain coal, which has been mined 

to some extent. In the northwestern part of the county, at Gate, there 

are several outcrops of basalt, but how far north, within the Black 

Hills, this rock extends is not known. Glacial sediments abound 

over nearly the entire county. These sediments are usually coarse 

gravels which represent outwash plains. Oftentimes the gravel plains 

are soil covered to such a slight degree that they are almost barren. 

Upon the plains the forest growth when present is very sparse and 

prairie conditions often prevail. The rainwater sinks away quickly 

into the gravels and the drainage is largely underground. The streams 

are few, only the larger ones flowing persistently throughout the year. 

Occasionally a good soil covers the gravel plains and good farming 

land is found. The hills noted above are heavily forested, and from 

them several streams flow out upon the plains. An ample supply of 

water is easily obtained throughout the county. Within the region 

of the gravel plains water is often obtained from springs and may 

always be had by means of wells, which rarely exceed 50 feet in depth. 

From the beds of sand and gravel in the vicinity of Olympia excellent 

water has been obtained from wells that vary from 125 to 175 feet in 

depth, the water sometimes outflowing at the surface.

Municipal systems. The water supply for Olympia is obtained from 

springs. The water is pumped into a reservoir, from which it is distributed by a gravity system. At the present time about 3,000,000 

gallons per day are obtained. This will doubtless prove sufficient for 

all future needs,
LAKDES.] WALLLAWALLA COUNTY. 58

The Tenino water supply comes entirely from wells, which have an 

average depth of about 35 feet and are wholly in sand and gravel. 

The supply of water, while ample for present needs, will doubtless have 

to be superseded by a larger supply in the future.

Deep wells. On the capitol grounds in Olympia some wells have 

recently been drilled in order to secure a water supply for the capitol 

building. No rock was penetrated in drilling the wells, the waterbearing material being sand. Two of these wells have depths of 152 

feet each, and the third has a depth of 138 feet. Each well has a 

diameter of 2 inches. They are all flowing wells, the water rising 

about 2 feet above the ground. From the deeper wells flows of 6 and 

4 gallons per minute are obtained, while from the third well a flow of 

2 gallons per minute is had. The wells are located about one-fourth 

mile from the shore of Puget Sound and their mouths are 25 or 30 

feet above mean tide. The rate of flow diminishes at low tide and 

increases at high tide. The wells have been cased throughout with 

2-inch casing. The cost of drilling the wells was $1 per foot.

WAI^AWAI^A COUNTY.

General statement. Wallawalla County is located in the southeastern part of the State, along the Oregon boundary, and east of 

Columbia and Spokane rivers. The region along Columbia River is 

very low, being but 300 or 400 feet above the sea. From this low 

plain there is a gradual ascent eastward in the direction of the Blue 

Mountains. The eastern part of the county is a region of high, rollinghills, with deep ravines or valleys. The hills in outline show the 

influence of the wind, and many of them are essentially of eolian 

origin. The prevailing winds are from the southwest, and hence the 

hills have their more moderate slopes upon their southwestern sides, 

while their steeper slopes are to the northeast.

The rainfall shows a very close relationship to elevation. In the 

lowest part, along Columbia River, the annual rainfall amounts to 10 

inches or a little less. In a north-south belt through the center of 

the county it is 15 inches, and in the eastern part it reaches 20 or 25 

inches. This is sufficient to aiford a tree growth which, though 

sparse at first, becomes of considerable importance when the summit 

of the Blue Mountains is reached. Through the central part of the 

county trees do not grow naturally, and prairie conditions prevail. At 

the western end of the county, where the rainfall is least, grasses give 

way to sagebrush. In this part of the county irrigation is necessary 

in order that agriculture may be carried on successfully. The rolling 

prairies of the major portion of the county are famous wheat producers, and in the neighborhood of Walla Walla very fine fruit is 

raised.
54 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

In the northwestern part of the county the rocks are in the main 

sandstones and shales, which were deposited in a lake in middle Tertiary time. Along the Snake and the Columbia these rocks are largely 

covered by alluvial deposits. In the remaining part of the county the 

bed rock, as far as known, is altogether basalt. Usually the rock is 

deeply buried by the heav}^ mantle of soil, and outcrops but rarely. 

Springs often occur along the bases of the hillsides, wherever porous 

basalt appears at the surface. The wells are usually shallow and dug 

entirely within the soil. The deep well which has recently been drilled 

near Walla Walla is of great importance, since it has established the 

fact that an artesian basin exists here, and that flowing water may be 

secured at depths of from 500 to 600 feet.

Municipal systems. The water supply of Walla Walla is secured 

chiefly from springs, but in part fro,m infiltration ditches. The amount 

of water is barely sufficient in the dry season, and a larger supply is 

now being developed at a point about 3 miles above the city.

A sanitary analyses of the Walla Walla city water, made on April 

12, 1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, 

resulted as follows:

Sanitary analysis of city water from Walla Walla.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids ........................................................... 81. 67

Nonvolatile solids ...................................................... 62. 86

Volatile solids.......................................................... 18. 81

Oxygen consumed..................... ................................ 2. 89

Chlorine............................................................... 1.50

Nitrogen as free amonia................................................. . 008

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia........................................ . 0267

Nitrogen as nitrites ..................................................... None.

Nitrogen as nitrates ..................^..^............................. . 452

Waitsburg obtains a water supply from springs in autumn, winter, 

and spring, and from a creek in summer. The springs afford excellent 

water, and it is planned to replace the creek water by water from deep 

wells. A gravity system of waterworks is in use. The wells about 

Waitsburg vary in depth, the shallow ones being wholly in soil and 

broken rock, while the deeper ones enter the bed rock. In wells of 

the first type water is usually found at 15 to 25 feet, while in the 

second instance the usual depth is 40 feet.

Deep wells. On the farm of the Blalock Fruit Company, near Walla 

Walla, a well has recently been drilled (completed May 1, 1903). It 

has a diameter of 6 inches and a depth of 564 feet. The first rock 

encountered was basalt, at a depth of 540 feet. The well is a flowing 

one, the rate of flow being 130 gallons per minute. The temperature 

of the water at the well mouth is 67° F. The well has been cased to a 

depth of 540 feet. The water is used in irrigation. The cost of drilling the well was $1,800.
LANDES.] UKDEBGBOCKD WATEBS OF WASHINGTON. 55

WHATCOM COUNTY.

General statement. Whatcom County lies in the northwestern 'part 

of the State, adjoining British Columbia, and extends from the summit 

of the Cascades to the Strait of Georgia. Topographically the surface 

presents two distinct divisions, the plain of the western half and the 

high mountains of the eastern part. The average height of the plain 

is 200 or 300 feet above the sea. In the southeastern part of the 

county are a number of high hills, which give to the plain a broken 

character. The mountains begin somewhat abruptly, the transition 

from the plain to the real mountains being quickly made. The highest 

peak, Mount Baker, stands at the western front of the Cascades, and 

from this point to the divide on the east the whole area is very rugged. 

The high mountains have been deeply dissected, and this region is 

regarded as one of the most difficult to penetrate in the entire 

Cascades.

The maximum rainfall is 45 inches per year. This occurs in a 

north-south belt in the vicinity of Mount Baker and also in the northwest corner of the county. From Mount Baker eastward there is a 

gradual decrease in the rainfall, so that the amount is about 30 inches 

on the border of the county. Southwest of Mount Baker, also, the 

rainfall decreases to 35 inches in the vicinity of Bellingham Bay. 

Mount Baker and all of the highest mountains are covered with snow 

fields and glaciers. These serve as reservoirs and assure a constant 

flow to the streams throughout the year. The abundance of precipitation and the great elevations of the region give rise to waterfalls, 

which will be of great usefulness for power purposes. The falls of 

the Nooksack, with an effective head of water of 179 feet, are now 

being developed.

What is now the western part of the county was a large lake in 

Tertiary (probably Oligocene) time. The deposits made in this lake 

were mainly sandstones, with some conglomerate and a little shale. 

These rocks outcrop very commonly in the southeastern part of the 

county, but in the northwestern portion they are almost entirely 

covered with glacial sediments. The lacustrine sediments aggregate 

many thousands of feet in thickness, their extent in this direction 

being as yet unknown. They are coal bearing near the base. The 

principal mines for the mining of this coal are located at Blue Canyon, 

on the shore of Lake Whatcom. The mountainous part of the county 

is virtually unknown geologically, but the rocks are chiefly metamorphics and igneous intrusions, with great lava flows in the vicinity of 

Mount Baker.

Whatcom County is abundantly supplied with water. The mountain streams furnish a large amount of excellent water for the use of 

the towns upon the plains. There are also a number of glacial lakes,
56 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

such as Whatcom, Padden, and Samish, which are natural reservoirs 

of good water. From the glacial sediments of the northwestern part 

of the county large quantities of water are obtained from springs or 

by means of wells. The glacial sediments are usually made up of 

alternating beds of till and water-bearing gravel and sand, and surface contamination is thereby eliminated.

Municipal systems. The water supply for Blaine comes from 

springs. The water flows into a reservoir, from which it is distributed 

by gravity. The quality of water is very good, and the quantity 

sufficient for all future needs. The wells in use about Blaine are 

shallow, ordinarily not more than 14 feet in depth. Water is found 

in gravel, usually at a depth of 10 feet. The town supply is used in 

the boilers of sawmills, and in the salmon canneries, and for general 

domestic purposes.

Fairhaven obtains a water supply from Lake Padden, a glacial lake 

south of the city. A gravity system of waterworks is used. A large 

amount of water may be obtained from this lake, but if the supply 

should ever be insufficient water may also be taken from the South 

Fork of Nooksak Kiver or from Lake Samish. The water from Lake 

Padden is very pure, as is shown by the following analysis, made by 

the Deakbof Drug and Chemical Company, of Chicago:

Analysis of water from Lake Padden.

[Grains per gallon.] 

Silica.................................................................... 0.467

Calcium sulphate......................................................... .329

Magnesium carbonate .................................................... . 129

Sodium and potassium sulphates .......................................... . 606

Sodium and potassium chlorides .......................................... . 401

Iron oxide............................................................... None.

Total solids ........................................................ 1. 932

In Sumas wells are depended upon, primarily, as a source of water 

supply, although some small streams are used to a slight degree. 

Water obtained in this way is of good quality, although the quantity 

is hardly sufficient for present needs, and some other source must be 

provided in the future. It has been suggested that a deep well be 

bored as a future source of supply. Wells in and about the town of 

Sumas are driven wells, for the most part, and have a range in depth 

of 40 to 90 feet. Water is most commonly found between 40 and 

60 feet. The glacial sediments about Sumas are thick, and the wells 

have been driven entirely in these. Beds of clay were usually 

encountered first, with beds of sand and gravel below, from which the 

water was obtained. In a few instances the water in the wells rises 

to the surface. The water level varies but very little from season to 

season.
LANDES.] WHITMAN COUNTY. 5

The city of Whatcom obtains its water supply from Lake Whatcom. 

The lake is several square miles in area and is located in the hills 

southwest of the city. It lies at a sufficient height above the level of 

the town to give a good head to the water, so that a gravity system 

of waterworks may be used. The water is of excellent quality, the 

only sources of contamination being sawdust and other refuse from 

the sawmills on the shores of the lake. The catchment basin of the 

lake is of ample size and insures a large storage of water in the lake 

basin, so that the water supply will be sufficient for all the future needs 

of the city. The water is used for domestic purposes and in the many 

manufacturing plants which are located about Whatcom. The following sanitary analysis of water from Lake Whatcom was made March 16, 

1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington:

Analysis of water of Lake Whatcom.

[Parts per million.]

Total solids ............................................................ 168. 86

Nonvolatile soiids ...................................................... 116. 52

Volatile solids.......................................................... 42.34

Oxygen consumed. ..................................................... 2.03

Chlorine-.............................................................. 3.80

Nitrogen as free ammonia............................................... .004

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia........................................ .033

Nitrogen as nitrites ..................................................... None.

Nitrogen as nitrates....................................'................. None.

WHITMAN COUNTY.

General statement. Whitman County lies along the Idaho boundary, 

south of Spokane County and east of Adams County. The surface is 

in general that of a plateau, with an average height of about 2,000 feet 

above the sea. Rising above the plateau, especially along the eastern 

border of the county, are several high hills which represent the extreme 

outliers of the mountains of Idaho. Of such hills Steptoe Butte is a 

good example, rising about TOO feet above the plateau. The plateau 

is generally covered with low hills of a marked eolian type. From the 

profiles of these hills it is seen that the prevailing winds which fashioned 

them came from the southwest. Along the southern border of the 

county Snake River flows in a canyon which has a depth of from 2,000 

to 3,000 feet below the level of the plateau. The principal tributaries 

of the Snake within the county likewise flow in canyons, and hence 

indicate that the dissection of the plateau is under way.

The average rainfall is about 20 inches. This decreases to 15 inches 

along the western border and increases to 25 inches in the higher 

portion along the eastern boundary. With the exception of a slight 

forest growth on the eastern margin and of a few trees which grow in 

the valleys along the streams, the entire county was once clothed with
58 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

grasses. The rainfall is of sufficient amount to make the growth of 

wheat possible, so that wheat fields now cover almost every part of 

the plateau. Irrigation is employed only in the canyons of the larger 

streams, such as the Snake. Upon the terraces or benches that border 

the latter river large fruit ranches are found, the water for irrigation 

being supplied by the small tributary streams.

In the plateau above mentioned basalt forms the bed rock almost 

exclusively. The few buttes or hills along the eastern bounda^, 

which project above the plateau, are composed of granites, gneisses, 

schists, quartzites, and similar rocks, which indicate the character of 

the floor upon which the basalt outflowed. Along the canyon of Snake 

River in two or three places granite appears, showing that the river 

in trenching the basalt is bringing to light the rocks beneath it. The 

walls of the canyon of Snake River show the basalt in a series of 

8 or 10 practically horizontal flows. The plateau is covered with a 

deep soil and the underlying rock rarely appears. Because of its 

eolian nature the soil is of a very fine grain and has the property of 

retaining moisture to a very marked degree. Oftentimes wells dug 

only into the soil afford a good supply of water. The towns usually 

depend upon deeper wells drilled into the basalt for their water supplies. As a general thing these wells range in depth from 100 to 300 

feet. In some instances, as at Pullman, water is obtained from beds 

of sand and gravel between the layers of basalt. In other cases very 

porous layers of basalt often afford a plentiful supply of water. In 

some cases flowing wells are secured, this being especially true when 

the wells are drilled in the bottoms of the canyons or in deep valleys. 

Springs are very common along the valley sides wherever porous 

basalt appears at the surface.

Municipal systems. Coif ax obtains its city supply from Palouse 

River. In this way very good water is obtained; but it is possible 

that in the future deep wells may be substituted as a source of supply. 

The water is pumped into a reservoir located on a hill above the city, 

from which it is distributed by gravity. The wells about Colfax 

range from 12 to 120 feet in depth. Water is usually found at a 

depth of about 40 feet. All the deeper wells enter the rock, which is 

basalt. No flowing wells have been found; in every instance the water 

must be pumped.

Oakesdale depends chiefly upon wells, although a few springs and 

cisterns are used. At some places the water is soft, but at other places 

it is hard. Generally speaking, there are no sources of contamination 

and the water is quite satisfactory. The wells on the hills about Oakesdale have been sunk to depths of from 45 to 60 feet in order to obtain 

water. On the plain at the foot of the hills they are shallow, ranging 

from 10 to 15 feet in depth. In the shallow wells a clayhardpan with 

sand and gravel below are the only materials penetrated, while all the
LANDE8.] WHITMAN COUNTY. 59

deeper wells enter the basaltic rock. The supply of water in the wells 

is stationary, neither increasing nor decreasing as far as known.

Pullman obtains a water supply from artesian wells. The wells 

vary in depth from 100 to 130 feet, water being most commonly found 

at 100 feet. The wells are in basaltic rock, the water coming from 

beds of sand interstratified with the layers of basalt. About 150,000 

gallons of water are obtained daily. The capacity of the wells, however, is such that this supply could be doubled if it were necessary. 

It is noted that the wells do not flow as strongly as they did when they 

were first drilled. A gravity system of waterworks is used, the water 

being first lifted by steam pumps from the wells to a reservoir. An 

analysis of the city water, made by Prof. Elton Fulmer, of the Washington Agricultural College and School of Science, shows the following composition:

Analysis of city water from Pullman.

[Grains per gallon.]

Silica (SiO,) ............................................................. 3.49

Potash (K,0)............................................................ .50

Soda (Na2O)............................................................. 1. 75

Lime(CaO) ............................................................. 1.86

Magnesia (MgO)......................................................... 1.31

Iron oxide (Fe2O3 ) ....................................................... .06

Alumina (A12O3 ) ------.----------.- -..---.-.-----..-----------..-- ----- .03

Sulphuric acid (SO,) ..................................................... .08

Carbonic acid (CO2 )...................................................... 3. 73

Chlorine................................................................. .15

Total solids ........................................................ 12.96

Tekoa depends entirely upon an artesian well for its water supply. 

From this well water of a good quality is obtained, there being no 

contamination as far as known. The supply is at present sufficient, 

but will not be large enough in the future. In the region about 

Tekoa water is most commonly found at a depth of about 100 feet, 

although some of the wells reach depths of 175 feet. All of the wells 

enter rock. In most instances the water rises to the surface, and in 

some cases reaches a height of 10 feet above the mouth of the well.

Uniontown obtains its water supply from a deep well. The water 

is soft and very satisfactory in every way, and the quantity is ample 

for present needs at least. The deepest wells about Uniontown have 

a depth of about 200 feet. These wells enter the rock and obtain water 

from beds of sand and gravel intercalated with basalt. There are 

some surface wells which do not enter the rock and which are from 7 

to 10 feet in depth. In none of the wells does the water rise to the 

surface. The water level does not vary during the day or year and is 

not affected by pumping.

Deep wells. About Palouse a number of wells have been drilled. 

In general they have a diameter of 6 inches and a depth of from 100
60 UNDEEGKOUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. ill.

to 300 feet. The depth to the principal source of water is, on the 

average, 150 feet. The water is found in beds of sand which lie 

below a capping of basalt. From some of the wells the water flows, 

while in others the water level stands below the surface and pumping 

must be resorted to. The level does not vary during the day or year, 

the supply being constant from season to season. The water as a rule 

is hard, generally containing magnesia and iron. The usual temperature of the water at the well mouth is 50° F. The wells are mostly 

owned by farmers, and the water is used for general farm supply. 

The average cost of a well is $300, while the pumping machinery costs 

from $100 to $200. As a rule the wells are only partially cased, the 

length of casing varying from 20 to 120 feet.

In and about the city of Pullman are a number of artesian wells, of 

which the two owned by the city and used as a source of municipal 

water supply may be taken as types. One of these wells was drilled 

in 1890 and the other in 1899. They are located near the bed of a 

stream which flows through the center of the city. The mouths of the 

wells are at an elevation of 2,341 feet above the sea. Each well has a 

depth of 110 feet, with a diameter of 6 inches. The wells flow and the 

water rises to a height of 19 feet above the surface. The temperature 

of the water at the *well mouth is about 60° F. The supply of water 

has decreased since the wells were drilled. Both wells are cased 

throughout with 6-inch heavy wrought-iron pipe. The cost of each 

well was about $450, and the cost of the pumping machinery necessary 

to lift the water to the reservoir was about $3,000.

In Tekoa there is an artesian well that was drilled in 1892 to serve 

as a source of water supply for the town. The well was drilled on a 

stream bed. It has a depth of 176 feet and a diameter of 6 inches. Only 

one water-bearing bed was found, that at the bottom of the well. The 

water rises to a height of 8 feet above the surface, and has a temperature of 76° F. at the well mouth. The water level has shown no seasonal variation, and the supply has been constant. The cost of the 

well was $750, and the cost of the pumping machinery was $1,000. 

The casing has been placed in the well *only from the surface to solid 

rock. The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company owns a deep 

well at this place, from which is obtained a water supply for locomotives.

YAKIMA COUNTY.

General statement. Yakima County is located in the south-central 

part of Washington, between Columbia River and the summit of the 

Cascade Mountains. The surface presents a great diversity topographically. Columbia and Yakima rivers are bordered by broad, low 

plains. Between these streams are a number of ridges or low mountains which rise a few hundred feet above the general level of the
LANDES.] YAKIMA. COUNTY. 61

plain. Southwest and west of Yakima River the plain merges into an 

even-topped plateau, which in the course of 20 or 30 miles gives way 

to the foothills of the Cascades. The mountains are comparatively 

low, with a general height of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, except in the 

vicinity of Mount Adams, in the southwestern part of the county, 

where they are much higher, reaching a maximum of 12,400 feet.

As the county lies partly within the Cascade Mountains and partly 

within the Columbia Plains, it has geologic features common to both 

provinces. The formations of those portions of the Cascades within 

the county are scarcely known at all, but are believed to consist mainly 

of metamorphic and igneous rocks typical of the interior of the 

range. Immediately east of Cowlitz Pass are limited areas of Tertiary 

shales and sandstones which contain seams of coal. The coal is a semianthracite, or a true anthracite in some cases. Along the eastern flank 

of the mountains are occasional flows of andesite, most of which are 

of a very late date.

The eastern part of the county lies within the Columbia Plains, and 

here the rocks belong almost wholly to two divisions, viz, the Yakima 

basalt and the Ellensburg formation. The Yakima basalt, according 

to Smith, has a vertical thickness in the canyon of Yakima River of 

more than 2,500 feet, and represents ten or more separate flows. For 

the most part the basalt is compact and heavy, but occasionally it is 

cellular or scoriaceous. In color it is black, except on weathered surfaces, where it usually has become brown. In a few instances the 

so-called ash beds, consisting of fine and coarse tuffs, are found interbedded with the dense compact basalt. The latter has usually a prismatic or columnar structure, the result of the contraction or shrinkage of the lava in the process of cooling. The Ellensburg formation 

lies directly on the Yakima basalt, and includes shales, sandstones, and 

conglomerates that, in the main, were deposited immediately after the 

last flows of lava. In some places there was a final outflow of lava a 

little while after the beginning of the deposition of the clastic rocks. 

The sediments of the Ellensburg formation accumulated to a thickness 

of 1,500 feet or more, and on the evidence of fossil leaves are known 

to be of Miocene age. These rocks are but partially consolidated, and 

have suffered considerable erosion, with the result that they have been 

wholly or in large part removed from much of the area that they once 

covered. This formation is of special interest. It contains water, and 

within it the artesian wells of the county have been drilled.

The Yakima basalt and the Ellensburg formation have been folded 

into a series of arches and troughs, or anticlines and sjmclines, that 

have, in general, an east-west direction. The general structure of 

the region is well shown along the course of Yakima River, which has 

cut directly or obliquely across the ridges and alternating troughs. 

As a rule the arches or ridges are comparatively long and narrow, and
62 UNDEBGKOUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

rise from 800 to 1,500 feet above the intervening valleys. The arches 

are almost invariably capped by basalt, the rocks of the Ellensburg 

formation being limited to the valleys and the lower flanks of the ridges.

The rainfall of Yakima County shows as great a variation in amount 

as is to be found in any area of similar size within the State. In the 

eastern portion the annual rainfall averages 10 inches or a little less. 

From the vicinity of North Yakima westward it increases regularly 

toward the summit of the mountains. Upon the plateau it ranges from 

15 to 25 inches. In the mountains it varies from 30 inches in the foothills to a maximum of 50 inches along the summit. The effect of the 

rainfall upon the vegetation is of interest. The western end of the 

county is so well forested that it is included within the Mount Rainier 

Forest Reserve. The plateaus and hills of the central and eastern 

parts are bare of trees, but are abundantly covered with grasses. 

Along the low plains of Yakima and Columbia rivers the grasses 

largely disappear and sagebrush takes their place as the principal vegetal covering. Except for the growing of wheat upon the plateaus, no 

attempt is made to carry on agriculture without recourse to irrigation. 

The water for irrigation is obtained chiefly from the streams, but to 

some extent from artesian wells. The streams coming from the mountains, where the rainfall is heavy, carry a large amount of water. 

Even without the use of impounding reservoirs, enough water may be 

had to irrigate a large part of the plains. In the vicinity of North 

Yakima a number of deep wells have been drilled, which furnish sufficient water to irrigate large tracts of land. The character and extent 

of this artesian basin have been set forth in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper of the United States Geological Survey, No. 55. The towns, 

as a rule, depend upon streams for their supply of water, although surface wells are frequently used. Upon the plateaus and about the foothills springs are often found, some of which might be classed as mineral 

springs.

Municipal systems. North Yakima obtains its supply of water from 

Naches River. The quantity obtained is sufficient for the present 

and probably for all future needs. The Naches rises in the foothills of the Cascades, and as there are no sources of contamination the 

quality of water is good. A few wells are used about North Yakima. 

They range in depth from 18 to 25 feet and are wholly in sand and 

gravel. The city water supply is used to a very large degree for irrigating, besides serving as a domestic supply.

A sanitary analysis of water from the North Yakima city supply, 

made on April 8, 1901, by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of 

Washington, resulted as follows;
LANDES.] YAKIMA COUNTY. 63

Sanitary analysis of city water at North Yakima.

[Parts per million.] 

Total solids....-.-...-.---..--.--.-.--..-....---..-..----..----,..--.. 169.53

Nonvolatile solids ...................................................... 114. 85

Volatile solids ........................................................ 54.68

Oxygen consumed..................................................... 1. 79

Chlorine.............................................................. 2. 75

Nitrogen as free ammonia.............................................. . 008

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia ...................................... . 0177

Nitrogen as nitrites..........................--.---.-.-....---.-.-..... None.

Nitrogen as nitrates ..-.......-.-...............-...........--..---.-.- None.

The town of Prosser obtains a water supply from Yakima River. 

The river gets very low in autumn and may not afford sufficient water 

to meet the future needs of the town. The water is pumped into a 

reservoir and is distributed by a gravity system. A few wells have 

been dug in the region, and these have a depth ordinarily of about 40 

feet. They do not enter bed rock, but are wholly in gravel.

Deep wells. In sec. 4, T. 20 N., R. 12 E., is a deep well owned by F. E. 

Deeringhoff. It is located on a gentle slope at an elevation of about 

1,100 feet above the sea. It was completed in April, 1899. The well 

was drilled to a depth of 275 feet and then bored for the remainder of 

the way, a distance of 350 feet. The drilled portion has a diameter of 

5f inches, while the bored part has a diameter of 3 inches. Three waterbearing beds were found, the first at a depth of 200 feet, the second at 

400 feet, and the third and principal one at 625 feet. The principal 

water-bearing material is sand. When the well was completed the 

water rose to a height of 40 feet above the surface, but at present it 

rises to a height of but 1 foot above the well mouth. The temperature 

of the water at the surface is 74° F. The water is soft and is sulphur 

bearing to a slight degree. In casing the well 40 feet of 5-inch, 120 

feet of 4-inch, and 80 feet of 3-inch pipe were used. The water is 

used entirely for irrigation.

In sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., J. H. Gano has an artesian well located 

on a plain. The well was drilled, and has a depth of 826 feet. In the 

upper portion the diameter is 4 inches, while in the lower portion it 

is only 2i inches. Water-bearing beds were found at depths of 300 

and 400 feet, besides the principal bed at the bottom. The temperature of the water at the well mouth is 78° F. The water rises 40 feet 

above the surface. The supply has not decreased since the well was 

completed. The cost of the well was $1,000. The water is used for 

irrigating purposes.

In sec. 9, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., E. S. Hill has a deep well, which was 

completed in 1900. The well was drilled on the slope of a hill, and 

has a depth of 626 feet. From 200 feet downward several waterbearing beds were found, the principal one being a stratum of sand at 

the bottom, The well flows, and the supply has not increased or
64 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. HI.

decreased since the well was completed. The temperature of the 

water at the well mouth is 74° F. The cost was $900. In the well 

490 feet of casing has been placed, the upper portion of this having a 

diameter of 4i inches and the lower portion a diameter of 3i inches. 

The water is used exclusively for irrigation.

In sec. 6, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., is an artesian well owned by J. W. 

Peck. The well is located in a valley, at a height of about 800 feet 

above sea. It was completed in 1901 at a cost of $1,200. It has a 

diameter of 6 inches and a depth of 828 feet. The principal flow of 

water was found in a sandstone, but other minor water-bearing beds 

were encountered in drilling. The well is a flowing one, the water 

rising 4 feet above the surface. The water flows a little less strongly 

in the summer than in the winter, but on the whole the amount of 

water remains fairly constant. The temperature of the water at the 

well mouth is 74° F. The water carries a little iron, magnesia, and 

sulphur.

In sec. 10, T. 12 N., E, 20 K, Robert Rein has a deep well, which 

was completed in 1900., The depth of the well is 570 feet, the diameter 

at the top is 6i inches and at the bottom 2f inches. The well is 

located on a plain at a height of 1,500 feet above the sea. The water 

rises about 20 feet above the surface, and the supply has been constant 

since the completion of the well. The temperature of the water at 

the well mouth is 60° F. The cost of the well was $700. The water 

is used for irrigating purposes.

In sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., is an artesian well owned by Julius 

Sauve. It is located on a plain at an elevation of 1,155 feet above sea. 

The diameter of the well in the first portion is 4f inches and in the 

bottom portion 2 inches. A number of different flows of water were 

encountered at depths of 790, 861, 876, 890, 907, and finally at the 

bottom at 1,020 feet. The water rises 80 feet above the surface. The 

quantity of water has not changed since the well was first drilled. 

The water at the well mouth has a temperature of 75.2° F. The cost 

of the well was $1 per foot, or $1,020.

In sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., David Walters drilled a well which 

was completed July 12, 1902. It has a depth of 1,200 feet and a diameter of 5i inches. The well is a flowing one. The temperature of 

the water at the well mouth is 81° F. The cost of the well was $1,600. 

In casing the well 400 feet of pipe with a diameter of 4 inches and 

620 feet of pipe with a diameter of 3i inches were used.

Springs. In T. 9 N., R. 12 E., on Government land, spring water 

issues as a stream from the base of a bluff of basaltic rock. The 

water is very cold, free from any odor, and colorless. From the 

water bubbles of gas are constantly escaping. An analysis of the 

water made by Prof. H. G. Byers, of the University of Washington, 

resulted as follows:
LANDES.] TABLE OF DEEP WELLS. 65

Analysis of water from spring in T. 9 N., R. 12 E.

[Parts per million.] 

Volatile solids.......................................................... 363.5

Nonvolatile solids ...................................................... 774.5

Total solids ............................................................ 1,138.0

Silica................................ '. ....... ^......................... 109. 3

Ferric oxide and alumina.-....-..........-.-.-.......-.--......---..... 82. 0

Calcium carbonate...................................................... 266.4

Magnesium carbonate ................................................... 177. 7

Sodium chloride-....................................................... 213.4

Potassium chloride .............-.,.--....-.......-.....-......-...-.--. 38. 7

Calcium sulphate....................................................... None.

Potassium sulphate..................................................... None.

In sec. 9, T. 11 N., R. 15 E., on tribal land belonging to the Yakiraa 

Indians, are some warm and cold springs. The water issues as small 

streams from soil and gravel. About the springs are deposits of reddish matter, presumably iron oxide. The cold springs have a soda 

taste, and from them all bubbles of gas are constantly escaping. The 

warm springs are used by the Indians for bathing, and the water is 

believed by them to possess medicinal value. It is used more for 

rheumatism than for any other disease. From all of the springs the 

quantity of flow is constant, no variation being appreciable from 

season to season.

TABLES OF DEEP WELLS, MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES, 

AND REPRESENTATIVE SPRINGS.

Deep wells in Washington.

County and post-office.

Adams County:

Ritzville. ................

Franklin County:

Island County: 

Coupeville ............... 

Spokane County: 

Hillyard.... .............

Stevens County: 

Colville..................

Thurston County: 

Olvmpia .................

T.

13

35

R.

30

3?

3?

39

S.

w,

33

 78

9

Name of owner.

E. J. Hancock ..............

Hillyard Town Site Co .....

L.J.Walford.. .............

State of Washington ........

Topographic position.

Hill ..............

Valley

yalley.... ........

Hill ..............

Plain.............

Base of hill.......

Plain.............

Elevation 

above 

sea.

Feet. 

1,278

1,157

840

125 

2,000

1,590

30

IRR 111 05 5
66 UNDERGBOUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Deep wells in Washington Continued.

County and post-office.

Walla walla County:

Walla Walla

Whitman County:

Tckoa

Yakima County:

Do...................

Do...................

Fin

Do.....-.......---...

Do ...................

Do...................

County and post-office.

 Adams County:

Franklin County:

Island County:

Spokane County: 

Hillyard .................

Stevens County: 

Colville ..................

Thurston County:

Walla walla County: 

Walla Walla .............

Whitman County:

Tekoa....................

Yakima County:

Do ...................

Do...................

Do ...................

Do...................

Do...................

Do...................

T.

7

14

20 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12

B.

35

45

12 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20

Date 

when 

completed.

1902 

1901

1902 

1889 

1900

1901

1903 

1903

1890 

1892

1899

1900 

1901

1900

1900 

1902

S. 

27

5

4 

8 

9 

6 

10 

8 

8

Name of owner.

Blalock

City of

F. E. De

James E 

E. S. Hi 

J. W. Pe 

Robert 1 

J. Saure 

David V

Kind of well.

Drilled ..... 

...do .....

Duj

do......

r ........

dn ....

Drilled .....

.....do ...... 

.....do ......

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do......

Drilled and 

bored.

Drilled .....

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do......

Fruit Co ...........

Tekoa .............

eringhoff 

[ Gano

1. ..................

ck

Diameter.

Inches. 

6 

8

5 

48

44

J 10 

1 6

2 

6

6 

6 

6

f 5J 

I 3

I 4 

1 2J

6

( ^ I 2|

41 

3J

Depth.

Feet. 

426 

355

' 676 

125 

200

J 700

152 

564

200 

110 

176

1 625

I 826

626

828

1 570

1,020 

1,200

Topographic position.

Plain .............

Valley............

.....do............

Plain .............

Valley............

.....do............

Plain .............

Depth to 

principal 

source of 

water.

feet. 

426 

300

660 

120 

192

400

152 

540

160 

110 

176

625

820

620 

828

570

1,020 

1,200

Elevation 

above 

sea.

Feet. 

825

2,000 

2,341

1,100 

1,100

800 

1,500 

1,155

Water-bearing 

material.

Rock. 

Very porous rock.

Porous rock. 

Sand. 

Gravel.

Sandstone.

Sand. 

Do.

Do. 

Do. 

Porous rock.

Sand.

Do.

Do. 

Do.

Do.

Do. 

Do.
LANDES.] TABLE OF DEEP WELLS. 67

Deep wells in Washington Continued.

County and post-office.

Adams County:

Rltzvllle... ..............

Frank] in County:

Island County:

Spokane County: 

Hillyard.. ...............

Stevens County: 

Colville. ......... ........

Thurston County: 

Olympia .................

Wallawalla County: 

Walla Walla... ..........

Whitman County:

Yakima County:

Do ...................

Do................... 

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

County and post-office.

Adams County:

Franklin County:

Island County:

Spokane County: 

Hillyard.................

Stevens County: 

Colville..................

Thurston County:

Wallawalla County: 

Walla Walla.. ...........

Whitman County:

Tekoa. ...................

Other 

waterbearing 

beds 

found.

Yes.....

None

'Yes.....

Yes.....

None . . . 

None . . . 

None . . .

Two ....

Yes .....

Yes.....

Yes.....

Distance 

water 

rises 

above 

surface.

Feet.

2

Several. 

19 

8

1 

40 

Several. 

4 

20 

80

Variation in water 

level.

None

.....do............

.....do............

Varies during year 

None . . , -

Varies w 

None

ith tide..

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

Distance 

of water 

from surface.

Feet. 

356 

235

640 

120 

185

Tempera 

ture of 

water at 

well 

mouth.

o p

51

67

50 

60 

76

74 

 78 

74 

74 

60 

75 

81

Effect of pumping 

on* level of 

water.

Lowers level 10 

feet.

Lowers it slightly.

Lowers level 

slightly.

Lowers level......

None .............

Amount of 

water obtained 

daily.

Gallons.

50,000

8,640 

187,000

180,000

Increase or decrease of supply.

Increase. 

Stationary.

Stationary. 

Do.

Increasing. 

Stationary.

Do. 

Decreasing. 

Stationary.

Decreasing. 

Stationary. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.

Quality of 

water.

Soft ..........

.....do........

.....do........

Hard.........

Soft...........

Iron bearing..

.....do........

Soft...........

How water is 

obtained at 

surface.

Pumping. 

Do.

Do. 

Do. 

Do.

Well flows. 

Do.

Do. 

Do. 

Do.
68 UNDERGROUND WATEES OP WASHINGTON.

Deep wells in Washington Continued.

[NO. ill.

County and pobt-office.

Yakima County: 

North Yakima ...........

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

County and post-office.

Adams County:

Franklin County:

Island County:

Spokane County: 

Hillvard .................

Stevens County: 

Colville ..................

Thurston County:

Wallawalla County: 

Walla Walla .............

Whitman County:

Yakima County:

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

Do ...................

Variation in water 

level.

Varies duringyear 

None

Effect of pumping 

on level oi 

water.

.....do.. . . i None ... . ......

Varies during year 

None v

!

Cost of 

c t 'pumping oosl- machinery.

11,066 ! $290 

2.500 !

3,000

350 

500 

3,000

152

1,800

300 

450 

750

1,000 

900

1,200 

700 

1,020

1,600

150 

2,500

3,000 

1,000

Quality of 

water.

Sulphur bearing.

Soft...........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Sulphur bearing.

Size and length of casing.

Diameter, 2 inches; length, 

423 feet.

Diameter, 5 inches; length, 

100 feet.

Diameter, lOinches; length, 

40 feet.

Diameter, 2 inches; length, 

152 feet.

Length, 540 feet ............

Diameter, 5| inche 

150 feet.

Diameter, 6 inches 

110 feet.

Diameter, 6 inche

Diameter, 5 inches 

40 inches.

Diameter. 4 inche 

' 120 inches.

Diameter, 3 inches 

80 inches.

Diameter, 4, 3, and

Diameter, 4i inche 

497 feet.

s; length, 

; length,

; length, 

; length, 

; length,

2J inches, 

s; length,

(Diameter, 4 inches; length, 

1 400 feet.

I Diameter, 3| inches; length, 

I 620 feet.

How water is 

obtained at 

surface.

Well flows.

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.

Use made of the 

water.

Farm supply. 

Locomotives.

Farm supply. 

Do. 

Town supply. 

None.

Supply for capitol 

building.

Irrigation.

Farm supply. 

City water supply. 

Town supply.

Irrigation.

Do. 

Do.

Do. 

Do. 

Do.

Do.
LANDES-l TABLE OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 69

Municipal water supplies in Washington.

Location.

Adams County: 

Ritzville................. 

Asotin County:

Chehalis County:

Chelan County: 

Chelan ...................

Clallam County: 

Port Angeles ............ 

Port Crescent. ........... 

Clarke County: 

Vancouver

Columbia County: 

Dayton ..................

Cowlitz County:

Douglas County:

Jefferson County: 

Port Ludlow ............

King County:

Enumclaw ..............

Kent ....................

Renton ..................

West Seattle............. 

Kitsap County:

PortBlakeley ...........

Port Gamble ............ 

Kittitas County: 

Clealum ................. 

Ellensburg ..............

\

Watersupply 

system.

Yes ....

Yes

Yes

Yes....

Yes

No.....

Yes .... 

No.....

Yes ....

Yo«

No.....

Yes.... 

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes .... 

Yes

Yes ....

Yes ....

Yes

Yfiq

Yes ....

Yes ....

Yes .... 

Yes ....

Principal source of 

water.

Deep wells. ...........

.....do................

Wells.................

Wells .................

Frazer Creek ......... 

Wells.................

wells. 

Springs.. .............

Creek

Wells

Creek.................

Wells

wells.

Mountain streams. . . .

.....do................

Spring ................

dar Lake. 

Springs ...............

.....do................

Creeks............ ....

Springs ...............

Mountain streams....

River.

Other sources.

None .................

.....do................

Wells.................

Wells and springs .... 

Pond .................

None .................

Wells.................

None .............'....

White River ..........

Wells................. 

.....do................

Wells.................

.....do................

Wells...-...-.......:.

.....do................

Wells................. 

.....do................

Sufficient 

supply 

for 

present 

needs.

No....

Yes ...

Yes...

No....

Yes...

Yes ...

No....

Yes...

Yes...

No....

Yes...

Yes... 

Yes

No....

Yes ... 

No....

Yes . . .

 Yes...

Yes...

Yes... 

Yes ...

No.... 

Yes j . .

Yes ...

Yes ...

Yes... 

No....

Sufficient 

supply for future 

needs.

No. 

Yes.

No.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

No.

No. 

No.

Yes.

Yes. 

No

No.

No.

Yes. 

No.

"Vac

No.

Yes.

Yes. 

Yes.

No.

No. 

Yes.

No. 

Yes.

Yes.

Yes. 

No. 

No.
70 UNDEEGEOUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

Location.

Klickitat County: 

Goldendale ..............

Lewis County:

. PeEll ...................

Lincoln County:

Harrington .............. 

Sprague ................. 

Wilbur ..................

Mason County:

Okanogan County:

Pacific County: 

11 waco ...................

Pierce County:

OrHnp*

Sumner.......... ........ 

Tacoma. .................

San Juan County:

Skagit County:

Mount Vernon .......... 

Snohomish County: 

Arlington ...............

Edmonds ................

Silverton ................ 

Snohomish ..............

Spokane County:

Hillyard.................

Medical Lake. ...........

Stevens County:

Snrinsrdale ..............

Watersupply

system.

Yes....

Yes....

No.....

Yes....

Yes.... 

Yes....

Yes

Yes

Yes....

Yes ....

Yes

Yes....

Yes

Yes

Yes....

V*ic

Yes.... 

Yes ....

No.....

Yes

No.....

Yes ....

Yes.... 

No.....

Yes ....

Yes

No.....

Yes ....

Yes

Yes....

Yes ....

Yes ....

Vec

No.....

Yes.... 

Yes

Yes ....

No.....

Veo

Yes....

Principal source of 

water.

Spring................ 

Wells.................

.....do................

Wells ................. 

Springs ...............

Spring................ 

.....do..... ..........

Well..................

.....do................

.....do................

Wells.................

Springs ...............

Clover Creek and 

springs.

Wells.................

.....do................

Springs ...............

WrfillQ

.....do................ 

Pilchuck River .......

Wells.................

Clear Lake ...........

Creek ................

Other sources.

None .................

River.

Springs ...............

Wells.................

None

White River.... ......

None

Wells.................

.....do................

.....do................ 

Three wells...........

.....do................

None .................

Stilaguamish River . .

Wells.................

Wells.................

.....do................ 

.....do................

Wells.................

Wells.................

Sufficient 

supply 

for 

present 

needs.

Yes... 

No....

No....

Yes...

Yes... 

Yes... 

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes... 

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes... 

No....

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes... 

Yes ...

Yes...

Yes...

Yes...

Vo«

Ye.s . . . 

Yes...

Yes...

Yes ...

Yes... 

Yes ...

Yes

Yes...

Yes...

Sufficient 

supply for future 

needs.

No. 

No.

No.

No.

No. 

Yes. 

Yes.

No.

Yes.

No. 

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

No.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

No.

No.

No.

Yes.

Yes. 

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

No.

Yes. 

Yes.

No.

Yes.

Yes.
LANDES.] TABLE OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 71

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

Location.

Thurston County:

Wallawalla County:

Walla Walla.............

Whatcom County:

Whatcom. ...............

Whitman County: 

Colfax...... .............

Oakesdale ...............

Union town ..............

Yakima County:

.Prosser

Watersupply 

system.

Yes

No.....

Yes

Yes....

Yes ... 

No.....

Yes....

No.....

Yes....

Yes....

Yes

Principal source of 

water.

Wells.................

.....do................

.....do................

Wells.................

Lake Whatcom. ......

Wells.................

.....do................

Deep well ............

Other sources.

Creek.................

None .................

.....do................

Springs ...............

N ne

.....do................

Sufficient 

supply 

lor 

present 

needs.

Yes...

Yes ...

Yes ...

Yes...

No....

Yes ...

Yes...

Yes ...

Yes ...

Yes...

No....

Sufficient 

supply for future 

needs.

Yes.

No.

No.

No.

Yes.

Yes.

No.

Yes.

Yes.

Yes.

No.

Yes.

No.

Location.

Adams County: 

Ritzville .................

Asotin County:

Chehalis County:

Hoquiam ................ 

Montesano. ..............

Chelan County:

Clallam County: 

Port Angeles. ............

Clarke County:

Columbia County:

Cowlitz County:

Kalama ..................

Quality of water.

Soft ............

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

Hard ...........

Soft.............

Soft.............

Soft.............

.....dp.... ......

.....do..........

Hard ...........

Effect of water 

on the health.

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

Good ...........

.....do..........

Some ill effects 

in summer.

Good ...........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

Sources of contamination.

.....do...........

.....do...........

....-do........... 

.....do...........

Decaying vegetation.

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

Other sources of 

supply in contemplation.

wells.

Do. 

Do.

Do.

Do.

Little River.

Do. 

Do.

Do.

Do.
72 UNDEEGEOUND WATEES OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

Location.

Douglas County: 

\Vilsoncreek

Jefferson County:

King County:

T£"ont

Seattle ...................

Kitsap County: 

Bremerton ...............

Charleston ...............

Port Gamble .............

Kittitag County:

Klickitat County:

Lewis County:

Pe Ell. ...................

Lincoln County:

Harrington ..............

Wilbur. ..................

Mason County: 

Shelton ..................

Okanogan County: 

Loomis. ..................

Pacific County:

Southbend ...............

Pierce County: 

Buckley. .................

Orting ...................

Sumiier ..................

Tacoma ..................

Quality of water.

Alkaline .......

Soft. ............

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......:..

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

Hard ...........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

Hard...........

Soft ............

.....do..........

Effect of water 

on the health.

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do. .........

.....do... .......

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

Sources of contamination.

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

tatioii. 

None ...... ......

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

None

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

tion.

.....do...........

tion.

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do ..........

Other sources of 

supply in contemplation.

streams.

system.

springs.

other springs.

Do.

Do. /

Do.

Do.

spring.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

springs.

. Do.

Do.,

Additional

wells.
LANDES.] ' TABLE OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 73

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued. v

Location.

San Juan County:

Skagit County:

Mount Vernon. . ......... 

Snohomish County:

Spokane County: 

Chenev ..................

Latah ....................

Stevens County:

Colville ..................

Thurston County: 

Olympia .................

Tenino...................

Wallawalla Count y:

Walla Walla .............

Whatcom County:

Sumas ...................

Whitman County: 

Colfax ...................

Oakesdale. . ..............

Tekoa.................... 

Union town ..............

Yakima County:

Quality of water.

.....do..........

.....do..........

Soft ............ 

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do. .........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

Hard...........

Soft ............

.... .do ..........

.....do..........

Soft............. 

.....do..........

.... .do ..........

Soft.............

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

Soft............. 

.....do..........

Soft.............

Effect of water 

on the health.

Good ...........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do....... ..

.....do.......... 

.....do...!......

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.........'.

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........'

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

.....do.......... 

.....do..:.......

.....do..........

.....do..........

Sources of contamination.

.....do...........

......do....'.......

None ............

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do. ..........

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do..........'.

None ............

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do.....;.....

.....do...........

.....do...........

None ............

None ............

.....do...........

.....do........... 

.....do...........

.....do...........

.....do...........

Other sources of 

supply in contemplation.

Other lakes.

None.

Do.

Do.

Skykomish

River.

Do.

Do.

Springs.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. 

Do.

None. 

Do.

Do. 

Do.

Do.
UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

Location.

Adams County:

Asotin County:

Chehalis County:

Chelan County:

\Venatchee

Clallam County:

Clarke County:

Columbia County:

Cowlitz County:

Douglas County: 

AVilsoncreek

Jefferson County:

Port Townsend .......... 

King County:

Kitsap County:

Kittitas County:

Klickitat County:

« City well. 

b Average well.

System of waterworks 

used.

Pumping and gravity.

Pumping and gravity.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Direct pressure .......

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do...........:....

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

o Varies on lower 

d Nearly to surface

Depth 

of the 

wells.

Feet. 

f a 385 

{ 6200

20-35

20-40 

10

35 

50

Deep.

20-40

12-40 

16-20

30-75

12-54

22-100

40-50 

20-160 

12-50

20-30

10-45 

15-50 

30-75

20-150

10-16 

10-20 

20-60

12-75 

ground. 

^

Depth at 

which 

water is 

commonly 

found.

Feet. 

j c50

25

10

30 

40-50

40-100

Level of 

lake.

10-20 

10-12

25 

25-50

15 

10

48

40 

12-150 

10-30 

10-30 

20 

(d) 

10-25 

12-40 

50

10 

20-150 

70

8-12 

, 10-20 

12-50

20 

el 

/I

Character of the 

water-bearing 

material.

Gravel and sand . . .

.....do..............

Cement and gravel .

Sand and gravel ....

.....do..............

.....do..............

.....do..............

.....do...............

Sand and gravel .... 

.....do..............

Sand and gravel. . . .

*fo appreciable rise. 

Lake level.

Depth 

of 

water 

from 

surface.

Feet. 

20

10

(")

25-30

( e ) 

(/)

10 

6

25

12 

10

2-18

6-8 

10-35 

25-70

50

2-8 

(d) 

3
LANDES.] TABLE OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 75

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

Location.

Lewis County:

Pe Ell

Lincoln County:

Wilbur ..................

Mason County:

Okanogan County:

Pacific County:

Pierce County:

San Juan County:

Skagit County:

Snohomish County:

Spokane County:

Hillyard. ................

Stevens County:

Thurston County:

Tenino ..................

System of waterworks 

used.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Depth 

of the 

wells.

Feet. 

20-30

20-60

30-100

20-40

10-50

20-30

10-60

20-60

6-20

10-20

40-50

80-100

13-18

10-80

10-25

.........

12-14

20-30

15-115

18-50

OACA

190-200

25-40

10-40

10-30

30-100

25-40

Depth at 

which 

water is 

commonly 

found.

Feet. 

18

8

20-40

35

20

10-15

10

20

30

10

6-10

40

50

10

16

18

..........

100

14

25

15-55

40

190

35

15

20

' 18-60

40-50

35

Character of the 

water-bearing 

material.

.....do..............

Basalt ..............

.....do..............

Basalt ..............

Sand ...............

.....do..............

.....do..............

.....do..............

Sand and gravel ....

Sand ...............

.....do..............

.....do..............

Sand ...............

Rock ...............

Sand ...............

Sand ...............

Gravel ..............

Depth 

of 

water 

from 

surface.

Feet. 

6

10

20

4-20

6-8

10

40

30-100

6-8

8

8-40

40-45

185

5-8

15-75
76 WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

Location.

Wallawalla County:

Walla Walla.............

Whatcom County:

Whitman County:

Yak,ima County:

System of waterworks 

used.

.....do................

.....do... .............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Depth 

of the 

wells.

Feet. 

40-60

10-20

40-90

12-120

12-60

100-130

175-200

18-25

Depth at 

which 

water is 

commonly 

found.

Feet. 

16-40

10

JfLfift

40

10-45

100

100

35

Character of the 

water-bearing 

material.

Gravel ..............

.....do..............

Basalt ..............

.....do..............

.....do..........

Depth 

of 

water 

from 

surface

feet. 

12-16

10-30

(a)

610

35

Location.

'

Adams County: 

Ritzville.................

Asotin County:

Chehalis County:

Montesano ..............

Chelan County:

Lakeside ................

Clallam County:

Port Crescent. ...........

Clarke County:

Columbia County: 

Dayton ..................

Cowlitz County:

Kalama .................

oAf

Amount of 

water obtained 

daily.

Gallons.

Increase or decrease 

in supply.

.....do ....... .....

............

ew feet aboi

Variation in 

water 

level.

No....

Stationary ......... Yes . . . 

.do... ... ..... Yes...

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do............. 

.....do.............

.....do.............

Stationary ......... 

7e.

Yes ...

Yes . . .

Yes ... 

Little.

Yes . . . 

Yes ...

Yes . .'. 

6

Effect of 

pumping 

on water 

level.

No......

Little...

Yes..... 

..........

Yes.....

No......

No...... 

Little...

No...... 

Yes .....

Yes ..... 

Above.

Other uses besides 

domestic supply.

Lawns and gardens.

Do. 

Irrigation.

Boiler supply. 

Manufacturing.

Irrigation. 

Do. 

Lawns and boilers.

Fire protection and 

power.

Fire protection, 

power, etc.

None.

Power. 

Irrigation.
LANDES.] TABLE OF MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES.

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

77

Location.

Douglas County:

Jefferson County:

King County:

Enumclaw ..............

Kent ....................

Seattle................... 

West Seattle.............

Kitsap County:

Kittitas County:

Roslyn ..................

Klickitat County:

Lewis County:

PeEll ...................

Lincoln County:

Sprague ................. 

Wilbur ..................

Mason County:

Okanogan County:

Pacific County:

Southbend ..............

Pierce County:

Amount of 

water obtained 

daily.

Gallons.

250 0o0

300, 000

120 000

22, 500. 000

150 000

............

1,200,000

20,000

160,000

8,000,000

Increase or decrease 

in supply.

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do.............

Decreasing1 ........

Stationary ......... 

.....do.............

Stationary......... 

.....do.............

.....do.............

Variation in 

water 

level.

No....

No....

Yes ...

Yes...

Yes...

No....

Yes ... 

No....

Yes ...

No ....

Yes

Yes

Yes... 

No....

Yes ...

Yes... 

No ....

Yes... 

No ....

Yes ...

No....

Yes...

Yes...

Yes ...

Yes...

Effect of 

pumping 

on water 

level.

No......

Yes .....

No ......

No......

Little...

No ......

No......

No......

Yes .....

No......

No......

No......

Yes ..... 

No......

No......

No...... 

No......

No......

No...... 

No......

No......

tie. 

No......

Yes.....

No......

Other uses besides 

domestic supply.

None.

Boiler supply.

None.

None.

Do.

Fire protection and

boiler supply. 

Fire, irrigation, etc. 

None.

Fire protection and

boiler supply.

Do.

boiler supply.

tection and boiler 

supply.

supply.

Fire protection and 

boiler purposes.

Irrigation and fire

protection. 

None.

Do.

protection. 

Do.

Do.

Boiler supply.

Fire protection.

None.

Do.

Boiler supply.

Boiler supply, fire

protection,, etc.
78 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON. [NO. 111.

Municipal water supplies in Washington Continued.

Location.

San Juan County:

Skagit County:

Snohomish County:

Spokane County: 

Cheney ..................

Hillyard......... ........ 

Latah ...................

Stevens County: 

Bossbnrg ................

Colville..................

Northport ...............

Thureton County:

Tenino .................. 

Walla walla County:

Walla Walla.............

Whatcom County:

Sumas ...................

Whitman County: 

Colfax...................

Oakesdale ...............

Tekoa. ...... ............

Uniontown .............. 

Yakima County: 

North Yakima. ..........

Prosser ..................

Amount of 

water obtained 

daily.

Gallons.

3 ftAfi flrtn

............

300,000

............

Increase or decrease 

in supply.

.....do.............

Stationary.........

Stationary........ .

Stationary .........

.....do.............

Variation in 

water 

level.

Yes . . .

Yes . . .

Yes . . .

No ....

No....

Yes . . .

Yes ...

No....

No....

Yes. . .

No....

No....

Yes ...

Yes ...

Vos

No....

No....

No....

No....

No....

Effect of 

pumping 

on water 

level.

No......

No......

No......

No......

Yes.....

No......

Yes.....

No......

Yes .....

No......

No......

Yes.....

No......

Vaa

No......

No......

No......

Other uses besides 

domestic supply.

Boiler supply.

Do.

None.

Do.

er supply, etc. 

None.

Do.

concentrator. 

Concentrator.

Fire protection.

Irrigation.

er supply, etc. 

None.

fire protection. 

None.

fire protection. 

Do.

fire protection.

Street sprinkling.

Do.
LANDEg.] TABLE OF SPRINGS.

Representative springs in Washington.

79

County and post-office.

Adams County:

Chelan County:

Clark County:

Columbia County:

King County: 

Berlin....................

Kent.....................

McCain ..................

Klickitat County:

Do ...................

Lincoln County:

Do...................

Do ...................

Mason County: 

Shelton.. ................

Pierce County:

Skamania County:

Spokane County: 

Latah. ...................

Stevens County: 

Colville. ....... ..........

Wallawalla County: 

Walla Walla... ..........

Yakima County:

T.

15

22 

1

9

24

22 

13 

28

9 

6

4

25

23 

23 

23 

29

20

18 

19 

20

2 

21

11

R.

36 

19

2

39 

11

6

5

26

5

12 

13 

14

37

36 

36 

36 

33

4

6 

5 

4

7 

45

15

S.

f28 

\88

24 

3,4

3

27

19 

29 

20

21

34 

14 

9 

25

12

4 

29 

32

16

26

9

Owner of spring.

[G.W.Bassett.....

Vancouver Waterworks Co.

Everett Bottling 

Works.

Gilman Water 

Co.

Town of Kent.... 

T. G. McCain.....

Seattle Electric 

Co.

United States. .... 

.....do............

Town of Davenport.

J. L. Ball. ........

J. E. Ludy. .......

Town of Shelton .

Carbon Hill Coal 

Co.

Orting Light and 

Water Co.

City of Tacoma. . . 

Thomas Moffatt . .

William Forthman.

J. TJ. Hofeteta....

City of Walla 

Walla.

Yakima Indians..

Topographic 

position.

.....do............

Hillside ..........

.....do............

.....do............

Base of steep hill. 

Foot of mountain. 

Hillside ..........

Valley............

Deep valley ...... 

Valley............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

Hillside ..........

Base of bluff......

Vollpv

.....do............

Narrow valley ....

Quantity of flow.

Gallons. 

«40

«8 

b 1,750, 000

a3

& 500, 000 

a3 

& 183, 013

b 360,000 

a2

& 28, 800

& 18,000,000' 

& 25,000 

&720-

b 57.60&

Miner's inches b Daily.
80 UNDERGROUND WATERS OF WASHINGTON.

Representative springs in Washington Continued.

[NO. ill.

County and post-office.

Adams County:

Chelan County:

Clarke County:

Columbia County: 

Dayton .................. 

King County: 

Berlin ...................

Kent ....................

McCain............ ......

KHckitat County:

Do...................

Goldendale. .............

Lincoln County:

Do...................

Do...................

Mason County:

Pierce County:

Orting...................

Skamania County:

Spokane County:

Stevens County: 

CoMlle. ................. 

Wallawalla County: 

Walla Walla............. 

Yakima. County:

Variation in flow.

tumn.

Decreases in summer. . .

.....do. .................

.....do..................

.....do..................

.....do..................

.....do...................

.....do..................

None ................... 

.....do.................. 

.....do..................

Taste.

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do..... 

Soda.......

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do..... 

.....do..... 

Soda.......

Temperature.

°F.

KK

122

76

54

96

Quality of 

water.

Soft.......

.....do....

Soft.......

.....do....

Soft.......

with gas. 

.....do....

Soft.......

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

iron, etc. 

Soft.......

.....do.... 

.....do....

with gas.

Kind of 

rock.

Do.

Do.

Do.
LANDES.] TABLE OF SPRINGS. 81

Representative springs in Washington Continued.

County and post-office.

Adams County:

Chelan County:

Clarke County:

Columbia County:

King County:

Klickitat County:

Do...................

Lincoln CountyDo....... ............

Do...................

Mason County:

Pierce County:

Skamania County:

Spokane County: 

Latah ...................

Stevens County: 

Colville..................

Wallawalla County:

Yakima County :

Seeps or 

stream.

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

Deposits of mineral matter about 

spring.

....do...

....do...

....do...

None

do

....do...

....do...

Yes .....

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

....do...

Use of water.

irrigation.

gation.

.....do............

.....do............

bathing.

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

......do...........

Improvements 

at spring.

None

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Hotel.........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do ........

... .do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Improvements contemplated.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Hotel.

ervoir.

hotel.

Do.

Do.

a bath 

house.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

and bath

house.

Do.

Do.

Do.

IKR 111 05- 6
INDEX.

Page. 

Aberdeen, water supply of........ 11,69,71,74,76

Adams County, general features of........ 7-8

municipal water-supply systems in..... 8,

69,71,74,76

springs in......................... 9,79,80,81

wells, deep, in.... 8-9,65,66,67,68,69,71,74,76

Anacortes, water supply of....... 43,70,73,75,78

Arlington, water supply of........ 45,70,73,75,78

Asotin, water supply of.:.................. 9-10

Asotin County, general features of......... 9

municipal water-supply systems in..... 9-10, 

69,71,74,76

wells in................................. 10

Auburn, water supply of......... 23,69,72,74,77

Ballard, water supply of.......... 23,69,72,74,77

Berlin, spring at..................... 26,79,80,81

Blaine, water supply of........... 56,71,73,76,78

Bossburg, water supply of........ 51,70,73,75,78

Bremerton, water supply of....... 27,69,72,74,77

Buckley, water supply of......... 39,70,72,75,77

Byers,H.G., analyses by. 11,24,25,31,40,46,47,54 

Carbonado, water supply of................ 39,

41,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Cascades, spring at.................. 44,79,80,81

Castle Rock, water supply of..... 17,69,71,74,76

Centralia, water supply of........ 33,70,72,75,77

Charleston, water supply of....... 28,69,72,74,77

Chehalis County, general features of........ 10-11

municipal water-supply systems and

wells in............. 11-12,69,71,74,76

Chelan, water supply of........... 13,69,71,74,76

Chelan County, general features of......... 12

municipal water-supply systems in..... 13, 

69,71,74,76

springs in........................ 13,79,80,81

Cheney, water supply of.......... 48,70,73,75,78

Clallam County, general features of......... 13-14

municipal water-supply systems and

wells in................ 14,69,71,74,76

Clarke County, general features of......... 15

municipal water-supply systems and

wells in................ 15,69,71,74,76

springs in...'..................... 15,79,80,81

Clarkston, water supply of................ 10

Clealum, water supply of ......... 29,69,72,74,77

Clover Creek, water from, analysis of....... 40

Coif ax, water supply of........... 58,71,73,76,78

Columbia City, water supply of... 24,69,72,74,77 

Columbia County, general features of...... 16

municipal systems in.......... 16,69 71,74,76

springs in........................ 16,79,80,81

Colville, water supply of.................... 51,

65,66,67,68,70,73,75,78,79,80,81

Page. 

Cornell, well at................... 21,65,66,67,68

Cosmopolis, water supply at...... 11,69,71,74,76

Coupeville, wells at.................. 66,67,68,69

Cowlitz County, general features of........ 16-17

municipal systems in......... 17,69,71,74,76

Cunningham, well at............... 9,65,66,67,68

Davenport, water supply of................ 34,

35,70,72,75,77,79,80,81

Dayton, water supply of.. 16,69,71,74,76,79,80,81 

Douglas County, general features of....... 17-18

municipal systems and wells in......... 18-

20,69,72,74,77 

Edmunds, water supply of........ 46,70,73,75,78

Ellensburg, water supply of......... 29,62,74,77

Enumclaw, water supply of....... 24,69,72,74,77

Everett, water supply of.......... 46,70,73,75,78

Fairhaven, water supply of....... 56,71,73,76,78

Fort Simcoe, spring at.................. 79,80,81

Franklin County, general features of ...... 20

springs in.............................. 21

wells, deep, in................. 21,65,66,67,68

Friday Harbor, water supply of... 42,71,73,75,78 

Fulmer, Elton, analysis by................ 59

Glenwood, spring near............... 31,79,80,81

Goldendale, water supply of ...... 31,70,72,74,77

Hamilton, water supply of........ 43,70,73,75,78

Harrington, water supply of .............. 34,

35,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Hillyard, water supply of.................. 49,

50,65,66,67,68,70,73,75,78 

Hoquiam, water supply at........ 11,69,71,74,76

Ilwaco, water supply of........... 38,70,72,75,77

Island County, wells in.............. 66,67,68,69

Issaquah, water supply of................. 24,

26,69,72,74,77,79,80,81 

Jefferson County, general features of....... 21-22

municipal systems and wells in........ 22,

69,72,74,77 

Kalama, water supply of.......... 17,69,71,74,76

Kent, water supply of. 24,26,69,72,74,77,79,80,81 

King County, general features of........... 22-23

municipal systems in....... 23-25,69,72,74,77

springs in..................... 26-27,79,80,81

Kitsap County, general features of......... 27

municipal systems in....... 27-28,69,72,74,77

Kittitas County, general features of....... 28-29

municipal systems in....... 29-30,69,72,74,77

Klickitat County, general features of...... 30

municipal systems in.......... 31,70,72,74,77

springs in..................... 31-32,79,80,81

Knight, H. G., analyses by............. 19,26,28

Laconner, water supply of........ 43,70,73,75,78

Lake. See next word of name.

83
84 INDEX.

Page. 

Lakeside, water supply of......... 13,69,71,74,76

Latah, water supply of .. 49,70,73,75,78,79,80,81 

Lewis County, general features of.......... 32

municipal systems in.......... 32,70,72,75,77

Lincoln County, general features of........ 33

municipal systems and wells in. 34,70,72,75,77 

springs in..................... 34-35,79,80,81

Loomis, water supply of.......... 37,70,72,75,77

Madison, springs near...................... 26

Maplewood Springs, water supply derived

from.......... 39,41,70,72,75,77,79,81

Marcas, water supply of.......... 51,70,73,75,78

Mariner, G. A., analyses by................ 49

Marysville, water supply of....... 46,70,73,75,78

Mason County, general features of......... 35

municipal systems and wells in. 36,70,72,75,77 

springs in........................ 36,79,80,81

Medical Lake, water supply of.... 48,70,73,75,78

Monroe, water supply of.......... 46,70,73,75,78

Monte Cristo, water supply of .... 47,70,73,75,78

Montesano, water supply at ... 11-12,69,71,74,76 

Moses Lake, description of................. 19

Mount Vernon, water supply of... 43,70,73,75,78 

Municipal water-supply systems, in Adams

County................. 8,69,71,74,76

in Asotin County............ 9-10,69,71,74,76

in Chehalis County ......... 11-12,69,71,74,76

in Chelan County.............. 13,69,71,74,76

in Clallam County............. 14,69,71,74,76

in Clarke County.............. 15,69,71,74,76

in Columbia County........... 16,69,71,74,76

in Cowlitz County............. 17,69,71,74,76

in Douglas County......... 18-20,69,72, 74,77

in Jefferson County........... 22,69,72,74,77

in King County............ 23-25,69,72,74,77

in Kitsap County.......... 27-28,69,72,74,77

in Kittitas County......... 29-30,69,72,74,77

in Klickitat County........... 31,70,72,74,77

in Lewis County.............. 33,70,72,75,77

in Lincoln County............. 34,70,72,75,77

in Mason County.............. 36,70,72,75,77

in Okanogan County.......... 37,70,72,75,77

in Pacific County.............. 38,70,72,75,77

in Pierce County........... 39-40,70, 72,75,77

in San Juan County........... 42,70,73,75,78

in Skagit County.............. 43,70,73,75,78

in Snohomish County...... 45-47,70,73,75,78

in Spokane County......... 48-49,70,73,75,78

in Stevens County............. 51,70,73, 75,78

in Thurston County........... 52,71,73,75,78

in Wallawalla County......... 54, 71,73,76,78

in Whatcom County.......... 56,71,73,76,78

in Whitman County........ 58-59,71,73,76,78

in Yakima County......... 62-63, 71,73,76,78

North Yakima, water supply of........... 62,

63,66,67,68,71,73,76,78 

Northport, water supply of....... 51,70,73, 75,78

Oakesdale, water supply of....... 58,71,73,76,78

Ocosta, water supply at.......... 12,69,71,74,76

Okanogan County, general features of...... 36-37

municipal systems in.......... 37,70,72,75,77

Olympia, water supply of......... 52,71,73,75,78

Orting, water supply of.................... 39,

41,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Pacific County, general features of......... 37-38

municipal systems in.......... 38, 70,72,75,77

Page. 

Padden, Lake, water from, analysis of .... 56

Palouse, water supply of.......... 59-60,66,67,68

Pe Ell, water supply of........... 33,70,72,75,77

Pierce County, general features of......... 38-39

municipal systems in....... 39-40,70,72,75,77

springs in.................. 39,40,41,79,80,81

Port Angeles, water supply of.... 14,69,71,74,76

Port Blakeley, water supply of ... 28,69,72,74,77 

Port Crescent, water supply of.... 14,69,71,74,76

Port Gamble, water supply of .... 28,69,72,74,77

Port Ludlow, water supply at.... 22,69,72,74,77

Port Townsend, water supply at.. 22,69,72,74,77 

Prosser, water supply of.......... 63,71,73,76,78

Pullman, water supply of. 59,60,66,68,71,73,76,78 

Puyallup, water supply of................ 39,

41,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Rainfall in Adams County................. 8

in Asotin County....................... 9

in Chelan County.......:............... 12

in Clallam County...................... 13

in Clarke County....................... 15

in Columbia County.................... 16

in Cowlitz County...................... 17

in Douglas County..................... 18

in Franklin County.................... 20

in Jefferson County.................... 22

in King County........................ 22

in Kitsap County...................... 27

in Kittitas County..................... 29

in Klickitat County.................... 30

in Lewis County....................... 32

in Lincoln County...................... 33

in Mason County........................ 35

in Okanogan County................... 37

in Pacific County....................... 38

in Pierce County....................... 38

in San Juan County.................... 41

in Skagit County....................... 42

in Skamania County................... 44

in Snohomish County.................. 45

in Spokane County..................... 48

in Stevens County...................... 50

in Thurston County.................... 52

in Wallawalla County.................. 53

in Whatcom County................... 55

in Whitman County.................... 57

in Yakima County..................... 62

Renton, water supply of................... 25,

27,69,72,74,77,79,80,81

Ritzville, water supply system at.. 8,69,71,74,76 

Roslyn, water supply of.............. 30,62,74,77

San Juan County, general features of....... 41-42

municipal systems in.......... 42,70,73,75,78

Sanitarium Lake. See Soap Lake.

Seattle, water supply of........... 25,69,72,74,77

Shelton, water supply of . 36,70,72,75,77,79,80,81 

Sherman, spring near................ 35,79,80,81

Silverton, water supply of........ 47,70,73,75,78

Skagit County, general features of......... 42-43

municipal systems in.......... 43,70,73,75,78

Skamania County, general features of...... 44

springs in ........................ 44,79,80,81

Snohomish, water supply of....... 47,70,73,75,78

Snohomish County, general features of..... 45

municipal systems in....... 45,47,70,73,75,78

Soap Lake, description of.................. 19-20
INDEX. 85

South Tacoma, water supply of... 40,70,72,75,77 

Southbend, water supply of....... 38,70,72,75,77

Spokane, water supply of.................. 49

Spokane County, general features of....... 47-48

municipal systems and wells in ........ 48-49,

70,73,75,78 

springs in"........................ 50,79,80,81

Sprague, water supply of.......... 34,70,72,75,77

Spring water, analysis of, from Berlin..... 26

analysis of, from Great Northern Hot

Springs......................... 27

from Bremerton.................... 28

from near Goldendale.............. 31

Springdale, water supply of....... 51,70,73,75,78

Springs, in Adams County............ 9,79,80,81

in Chelan County................. 13,79,80,81

in Clark County.................. 15,79,80,81

in Columbia County............. 16,79,80,81

in Franklin County.................... 21

in King County............... 26-27,79,80,81

in Kitsap County...................... 28

in Kittitas County............... 29,69,72,74

in Klickitat County........... 31-32,79,80,81

in Lincoln County............. 34-35,79,80,81

in Mason County................. 36,79,80,81

in Pacific County.............. 38,70,72,75,77

in Pierce County........... 39,40,41,79,80,81

in Skagit County.............. 43,70,73,75,78

in Skamania County............. 44,79,80,81

in Spokane County............... 50,79,80,81

in Stevens County................ 51,79,80,81

in Thurston County........... 52,71,73,75,78

in Walla walla County. 54,71,73,76,78,79,80,81 

in Whatcom County.......... 56,71,73,76,78

in Yakima County?.............. 64,79,80,81

Stevens County, general ieatures of........ 50-51

municipal systems in.......... 51,70,73,75,78

springs in........................ 51,79,80,81

wells in........................ 51,65,66,67,68

Sumas, water supply of........... 56,71,73,76,78

Sumner, water supply of.......... 40,70,72,75,77

Tacoma, water supply of.......... 40,70,72,75,77

Tanzer, G. L., analysis by.................. 46

Tekoa, water supply of 59,60,66,67,68,71,73,76,78 

Tenino, water supply of........... 52,71,73,75,78

Thurston County, general features of...... 52

municipal systems in.......... 52,71,73,75,78

wells in............ 53,65,66,67,68,71,73,75,78

Uniontown, water supply of...... 59,71,73,76,78

Vancouver, springs near............. 15,79,80,81

water supply of ............... 15,69,71,74,76

Waitsburg, water supply of....... 54,71,73,76,78

Walla Walla, water supply of.............. 54,

66,67,68,71,73,76,78,79,80,81 

Wallawalla County, general features of.... 53-54

municipal systems in.......... 54,71,73,76,78

Page. 

Wallawalla County, springs in............ 54,71,

73,76,78,79,80,81 

wells in..................... 54,66,67,68,69,76

Washtucna, spring near............... 9,79,80,81

Water supply systems. See Municipal water supply systems. 

Well water, analysis of, from Aberdeen.... 11

analysis of, from Port Townsend ...... 22

from Ballard....................... 24

Wells, in Adams County................... 8-9,

65,66,67,68,69,71,74,76 

in Asotin County....................... 10

in Chehalis County......... 11,12,69,71,74,76

in Clallam County............. 14,69,71,74,76

in Clarke County.............. 15,69,71,74,76

in Cowlitz County...................... 17

in Douglas County............ 18,69,72,74,77

in Franklin County............ 21,65,66,67,68

in Jefferson County........... 22,69,72,74,77

in King County............ 23-25,69,72,74,77

in Kittitas County.................. 30,74,77

in Klickitat County................. SI, 74,77

in Lewis County............... 33,70,72,75,77

in Lincoln County............. 34,70,72,75,77

in Mason County....................... 34,75

in Okanogan County................... 37,75

in Pacific County....................... 38,75

in Pierce County........... 39,40,70,72,75,77

in San Juan County........... 42,70,73,75,78

in Skagit County.............. 43,70,73,75,78

in Snohomish County...... 46,47,70,73,75,78

in Spokane County 49,65,66,67,68,70,73,75,78 

in Stevens County.......... 51,65,66,67,68,75

in Thurston County.................... 53,

65,66,67,68,71,73,75,78 

in Wallawalla County...... 54,66,67,68,69,76

in Whatcom County.......... 56,71,73,76,78

in Whitman County.................... 58,

59,60,65,66,67,68,71,73,76,78 

in Yakima County......... 63-64,66,67,68,76

Wenatchee, spring near .............. 13,79,80,81

water supply of............... 13,69,71,74,76

West Seattle, water supply of..... 25,69,72,74,77

Whatcom, water supply of........ 56,71,73,76,78

Whatcom, Lake, water from, analysis of... 57 

Whatcom County, general features of...... 55

municipal systems in.......... 56,71,73,76,78

Whitman County, general features of...... 57-58

municipal systems in....... 58-59,71,73,76,78

wells in........................ 59-60,66,67,68

Wilbur, water supply of........... 34,70,72,75,77

Wilsoncreek, water supply of..... 18,69,72,74,77

Yakima County, general features of........ 60-62

municipal systems in....... 62-63,71,73,76,78

springs in........................ 64,79,80,81

wells in.............. ...... 63-64,66,67,68,76

o
LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.

[Mount each slip upon a separate card, placing the subject at the top of the 

second slip. The name of the series should not be repeated on the series 

card, but the additional numbers should be added, as received, to the first 

entry.]

Landes, Henry, 1867 

. . . Preliminary report on the underground waters of 

Washington, by Henry Landes. Washington, Gov't 

print, off., 1905.

85 p., 1 1. pi. (chart) 23om. (U. S. Geological survey. Water-supply 

and irrigation paper no. 111.)

Subject series: O, Underground Waters, 29. 

1. Water, Underground Washington.

Landes, Henry, 1867 

. . . Preliminary report on the underground waters of 

Washington, by Henry Landes. Washington, Gov't 

| print, off., 1905.

06

85 p., 1 1. pi. (chart) 23om. (U. S. Geological survey. Water-supply 

and irrigation paper no. 111.)

Subject series: O, Underground Waters, 29. 

1. Water, Underground Washington.

U. S. Geological survey.

Water-supply and irrigation papers.

no. in. Landes, H. Preliminary report on the underground waters of Washington. 1905.

U. S. Dept. of the Interior.

see also 

U. S. Geological survey.
SERIES K PUMPING WATER.

WS 1. Pumping water for irrigation, by H. M. Wilson. 1896. 57 pp., 9 pis.

WS 8. Windmills for irrigation, by E. C. Murphy. 1897. 49 pp., 8 pis.

WS 14. New tests of certain pumps and water lifts used in irrigation, by O. P. Hood. 1898. 91 pp.,

Ipl.

 WS 20. Experiments with windmills, by T. O. Perry. 1899. 97 pp., 12 pis. 

WS 29. Wells and windmills in Nebraska, by E. H. Barbour. 1899. 85 pp., 27 pis. 

WS 41. The windmill; its efficiency and economic use, Ft. I, by E. C. Murphy. 1901. 72 pp., 14 pis. 

WS 42. The windmill, Pt. II (continuation of No. 41). 1901. 73-147 pp., 15-16 pis. 

WS 91. Natural features and economic development of Sandusky, Maumee, Muskingum, and Miami

drainage areas in Ohio, by B. H. Flynii and Margaret S. Flyiin. 1904. 130 pp.

SERIES L QUALITY OP WATER.

WS 3. Sewage irrigation, by G. W. Rafter. 1897. 100 pp., 4 pis.

WS 22. Sewage irrigation, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100 pp., 7 pis.

WS 72. Sewage pollution in the metropolitan area near New York City and its effect on inland 

water resources, by M. O. Leighton. 1902. 75 pp., 8 pis.

WS 76. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903. 

108 pp., 13 pis.

WS 79. Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States, by M. O. Leighton. 1903. 192 pp.

WS 103. A review of the laws forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, by E. B. 

Goodell. 1904. 120pp.

WS 108. Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by M. O. Leighton, with introductory chapter on physiographic features, by G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 4 pis.

SERIES M GENERAL HYDROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS.

WS 66. Methods of stream measurement. 1901. 51 pp., 12 pis.

WS 64. Accuracy of stream measurements, by E. C. Murphy. 1902. 99 pp., 4 pis.

WS 76. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903.

108 pp., 13 pis.

WS 80. The relation of rainfall to run-off, by G. W. Rafter. 1903. 104 pp. 

WS 81. California hydrography, by J. B. Lippincott. 1903. 488 pp., 1 pi. 

WS 88. The Passaic flood of 1902, by G. B. Hollister and M. O. Leighton. 1903. 66 pp., 15 pis. 

WS 91. The natural features and economic development of the Sandusky, Maumee, Muskingum,

and Miami drainage areas in Ohio, by B. H. Flynn and Margaret S. Flynn. 1904. 130 pp. 

WS 92. The Passaic flood of 1903, by M. 0. Leighton. 1904. 48 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 94. Hydrographic manual of the United States Geological Survey, by E. C. Murphy, J. C. Hoyt.

and G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 3 pis. 

WS 95. Accuracy of stream measurements; revised and enlarged edition of paper No. 64, by

E. C. Murphy. 1904. 169 pp., 6 pis.

WS 96. Destructive floods in the United States in 1903, by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 81 pp., 13 pis. 

WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 76 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 109. Hydrography of Susquehanna River drainage basin, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H. Anderson. 1905.

 pp., 28 pis.

SERIES N WATER POWER.

WS 24. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. I, by G. W7 . Rafter. 1899. 92 pp., 13 pis.

WS 25. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100-200 pp., 12 pis.

WS 44. Profiles of rivers, by Henry Gannett. 1901. 100 pp., 11 pie.

WS 62. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt. I, by H. A. Pressey. 1902.

95 pp., 25 pis. 

WS 63. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt. II, by H. A. Pressey. 1902.

96-190 pp., 26-44 pis.

WS 69. Water powers of the State of Maine, by H. A. Pressey. 1902. 124 pp., 14 pis. 

WS 105. Water powers of Texas, by T. U. Taylor. 1904. 116 pp., 17 pis. 

WS 107. Water powers of Alabama and water supply of rivers in Mississippi, by B. M. Hall. 1904.

253pp., 9 pis. 

WS 109. Hydrography of Susquehanna River drainage basin, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H. Anderson. 1905.

 pp., 28 pis.

[Continued on fourth page of cover.] 

IER 111 3
SERIES O UNDERGROUND WATERS.

\VS 4. A reconnaissance in southeastern Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1897. 96 j 

WS 6. Underground waters of southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 

WS 7. Seepage waters of northern Utah, by Samuel Forticr. 1897. 50 pp., 3 pis. 

WS 12. Underground waters of southeastern Nebraska, by K. H. Darton. 1898. 56 

WS 21. Wells of northern Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 82 pp., 2 pis. 

WS 26. Wells of southern Indiana continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett. 1' 

WS 30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 

WS 31. Lower Michigan mineral waters, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 34. Geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota, by

34 pp., 19 pis. 

WS 53. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. [, by I. O.

pp., 10 pis. 

WS 54. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho. Pt. II, by I.

87-141 pp. 

WS 55. Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash., by (

68 pp., 7 pis.

WS 57. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. I, by N. H. Dartoi 

WS 59. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. I, by J. B.

95pp., 11 pis. 

WS 60. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. II, by J. B.

96-140 pp.

WS 61. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. II, by N. H. Dartc 

WS 67. The motions of underground waters, by C. S. Slichter. 1902. 106 pp., 8 pis 

B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. B

pp., 25 pis.

WS 77. Water resources of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar Lindgren. lij 

WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southe

I. .C. Russell. 1903. 53 pp., 2 pis. 

PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west oi

and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. 

WS 90. Geology and water resources of part of the lower James River Valley, Sout)

Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 45 pp., 23 pis. 

WS 101. Underground waters of southern Louisiana, by G. D. Harris; with discuse

for water supplies and for rice irrigation, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 98 pp., 

WS 102. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1903, by M. L. Full 

WS 104. Underground waters of Gila Valley, Arizona, by Willis T. Lee. 1904. 71 p] 

WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. ' 

WS 110. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. L. Ft

charge. 1905. pp., 5 pis.

PP 32. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, 

WS 111. Preliminary report on the underground waters of Washington, by Hen 

The following papers also relate to this subject: Underground waters of Arkansas 

Colorado, by G. K. Gilbert, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Preliminary report on ai 

portion of the Dakotas, by N. H. Darton, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water res| 

by Frank Leverett, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Indiana an 

Leverett, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; New developments in well boring and irri 

South Dakota, by N. H. Darton, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Rock waters of 

Orton, in Nineteenth Annual, Pt. IV: Artesian well prospects in the Atlantic Coasta 

N. H. Darton, Bulletin No. 138.

SERIES P HYDROGRAPHIC PROGRESS REPORTS.

Progress reports may be found in the following publications: For 1888-89, Tenth A 

1889-90, Eleventh Annual, Pt. II; for 1890-91, Twelfth Annual, Pt. II; for 1891-92, Th 

Pt. Ill; for 1893-94, B. 131; for 1895, B. 140; for 1896, Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV, WS 1 

teeuth Annual, Pt. IV, WS 15,16; for 1898. Twentieth Annual, Pt. IV, WS 27, 28; for 

Annual, Pt. IV, WS 35-39; for 1900, Twenty-second Annual, Pt. IV, WS 47-52; for 1901 

1902, WS 82-85; for 1903, WS 97-100.

Correspondence should be addressed to

THE DIRECTOR,

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL 

WASHI* 

IEK 111 4