Prepared in cooperation with the Afghan Geological Survey under the auspices of the 

U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations

Reconnaissance Investigation of the Alluvial Gold Deposits 

in the North Takhar Area of Interest, Takhar Province, 

Afghanistan

By Peter G. Chirico, Katherine C. Malpeli, and Thomas W. Moran

Open-File Report 2013–1180

USGS Afghanistan Project Product No. 184

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

SALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013

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Suggested citation:

Chirico, P.G., Malpeli, K.C., and Moran, T.W., 2013, Reconnaissance investigation of the 

alluvial gold deposits in the North Takhar Area of Interest, Takhar Province, Afghanistan: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1180, 14 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1180.

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iii

Contents

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Purpose...................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Study Area ................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Geology ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Placer Gold Deposits in Afghanistan.......................................................................................................................... 4

The Samti, Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, and Kocha Placer Deposits ................................................................................. 4

Methodology.................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Results..........................................................................................................................................................................12

Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................................13

References Cited..........................................................................................................................................................13

Figures

1. Map showing the location of Takhar Province, Afghanistan. The North Takhar Area of Interest is outlined ..... 2

2. Map showing locations of the Samti, Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, and Kocha placer deposits within the North 

Takhar Area of Interest..................................................................................................................................... 3

3. Map showing the Samti placer deposit and the locations of previous sampling investigations......................... 5

4. Map showing the Nooraba placer deposit and the locations of previous sampling investigations. ................... 6

5. Map showing the Khasar-Anjir placer deposit and the locations of previous sampling investigations. ............. 7

6. Maps and photographs showing the geologic and geomorphic units of the placer gold deposits in the 

North Takhar Area of Interest. .......................................................................................................................... 9

Tables

1. Integration of data into the geomorphic model.................................................................................................10

2. Comparison of the results of the resource estimates from this study with the Soviet resource estimates. ......12
iv

Conversion Factors

Multiply By To obtain

Length

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) 

kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)

Mass

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce (oz)

kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound (lb)

Area

square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile (mi2)

Volume

cubic meter (m3) 35.31 cubic foot (ft3)
1 

Reconnaissance Investigation of the Alluvial Gold 

Deposits in the North Takhar Area of Interest, Takhar 

Province, Afghanistan

By Peter G. Chirico, Katherine C. Malpeli, and Thomas W. Moran 

Introduction

Purpose

From 1958 to 1977, Soviet geologists collaborated with the Afghan Geological Survey (AGS) to 

conduct a nationwide assessment of Afghanistan’s physical geography and natural resources. In 

partnership with the Department of Geology and Mines of the Afghanistan Ministry of Mines (MoM), 

Soviet geologists of the state-owned company, Technoexport, and scientists with the Soviet Geological 

Mission produced hundreds of reports documenting the country’s vast mineral resources. These reports 

provide in situ and derived data of existing mineral deposits, as well as valuable topographic, geologic, 

and hydrographic data. 

The previously published data on placers in Takhar Province were collected prior to the 

development of satellite-based remote-sensing platforms and new methods of geomorphic mapping 

involving digital terrain models (DTM) and geographic information system (GIS) processing 

techniques. This study integrates these new technologies and techniques with previously collected 

borehole sampling data and geomorphologic interpretations to reassess the alluvial gold placer deposits 

in Takhar Province. Through a combination of historical borehole and cross-section data of the sampled 

placer deposits of Samti, Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, and Kocha as well as terrain modeling and satellite 

imagery analysis, these placer deposits were reassessed, resulting in higher resolution estimates of gold 

placer targets and their potential for artisanal and industrial mining in this region. 

Study Area

Takhar Province is located in northeastern Afghanistan (fig. 1) and shares its northern border 

with Tajikistan, defined by the Panj River (fig. 2). The topography of the region is characterized by 

rough mountainous terrain dissected by numerous alluvial valleys, with elevations commonly ranging 

from 400 meters (m) in the valleys to over 2,800 m on the ridges. Rain-fed agriculture dominates the flat 

alluvial valley bottoms and gently sloping terrains, while the higher elevations are dominated by 

rangeland and shrubland (Afghanistan Information Management Service, 2002). The province is host to 

reserves of coal and gold, which are mined artisanally, as well as fine salt and construction materials 

such as loam, sand, and gravel (GRM International, 2006). 
2 

Figure 1. Map showing the location of Takhar Province, Afghanistan. The North Takhar Area of Interest is 

outlined in red, and is shown in more detail in figure 2.

This project selected three previously sampled placer gold deposits within Takhar Province on 

which to focus. These deposits, located in the northern part of the province, are the Samti, NoorabaKhasar-Anjir, and Kocha placers. The general study area, the North Takhar Area of Interest (AOI), is 

bounded to the east by long 70°10’ E., to the west by long 69°22’ E., to the south by lat 36°51’ N., and 

to the north by the Panj River (fig. 2). The Samti deposit lies at the northern edge of the study area 

within the middle Panj River valley, while the Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir deposit lies south of Samti, within 

the lower reaches of tributaries of the Panj River. The Kocha deposits are located in the southwestern 

part of the study area along the Kocha River, a tributary of the Amu Darya River. Rather than 

conducting the analysis for the entire length of the Kocha River, earlier workers examined in detail only 

those segments of the Kocha River known to be auriferous. These segments are located near the mouth 

and along the lower, middle, and upper reaches of the Kocha River. 
3 

Figure 2. Map showing locations of the Samti, Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, and Kocha placer deposits within the North 

Takhar Area of Interest (AOI).
4 

Geology

Placer Gold Deposits in Afghanistan

The largest known placer gold deposits in Afghanistan are located in north Takhar Province near 

the border with western Badakhshan Province. These deposits are known as the Samti and NoorabaKhasar-Anjir placers, and are worked by artisanal miners. Conglomerates of early Pliocene age, known 

as the Karnack Formation, are identified as a primary source of detrital gold for the Samti and NoorabaKhasar-Anjir commercial placers and for the permissive deposits of the lower Kocha River. A third 

known deposit, Zarkashan, is located in southern Ghazni Province, upstream from the ZarkashanAnguri copper and lode gold deposits. 

The Samti, Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, and Kocha Placer Deposits

On the basis of estimates of alluvial gold resources made by previous researchers, a series of 

commercial placer deposits, non-commercial deposits, and permissive areas have been identified in the 

North Takhar AOI. The Samti and Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir deposits were the focus of numerous 

prospecting expeditions by Soviet geologists and are considered to be commercial in nature, while the 

Kocha deposits, not as heavily sampled and less mineralized, are considered to be permissive. 

The Samti placer deposit lies along the middle span of the Panj River (fig. 3) and is situated in 

the Panj Valley between the mouth of the Varichi stream and Khasar River valleys. It is about 8 

kilometers (km) in length and varies from 900 m to 1.7 km in width (Galchenko, 1972). Previous 

estimates of gold resources throughout Samti were calculated to be 30,062 kilograms (kg), with the 

average content throughout the entire mass of alluvium calculated to be 408 milligrams per cubic meter 

(mg/m3) and the average depth of the mineralized alluvium calculated to be 31.5 m (Galchenko, 1975a). 

Potential gold resources can also be found in high terraces extending 40 m above the Panj River valley 

and in alluvial fans of the Panj River tributaries located above the alluvial plain.
5 

Figure 3. Map showing the Samti placer deposit and the locations of previous sampling investigations.

Alluvial deposits are noted to be 50 to 100 m wide in the valley flat of the Nooraba River, 80 to 

120 m wide in the Khasar River valley, and 50 to 150 m wide in the Anjir Brook valley (Galchenko, 

1975b) (figs. 4, 5). These deposits commonly range from 7 to 14 m in thickness. The Nooraba placer 

deposit is 3.8 km long and varies from 10 to 50 m in width, the Khasar River placer is 4.6 km long and 

30 to 100 m wide, and the Anjir placer deposit is 2.3 km long and 20 to 70 m wide (Galchenko, 1975b). 

The concentrations of gold in the auriferous beds are not uniform, varying from as little as 90 to 100 

mg/m3

 to as much as 19 grams per cubic meter (g/m3). The overburden is also auriferous but not 
6 

economical for mining; its gold concentrations range from several milligrams per cubic meter to 300 

mg/m3 (Galchenko, 1975b). In the Nooraba placer, the auriferous bed varies from 1 to 3 m in thickness 

and has a gold content that ranges from 100 to 760 mg/m3

. In the Anjir Brook valley the auriferous bed 

is 1 to 2.5 m thick and contains between 123 and 2,716 mg/m3 of gold. The gold reserves were

estimated by the previous researchers to be 437 kg in the Khasar placer, 210 kg in the Nooraba placer, 

and 155 kg in the Anjir placer, for a total of 802 kg within the Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir deposit (Popenko 

and Teplych, 1970; Galchenko, 1975a,b).

Figure 4. Map showing the Nooraba placer deposit and the locations of previous sampling investigations.
7 

Figure 5. Map showing the Khasar-Anjir placer deposit and the locations of previous sampling investigations.

The Kocha placer deposits comprise several permissive areas. The first area measures 300 

square kilometers (km2) and is confined to alluvium derived from Archean metamorphic rocks and 

Lower Carboniferous volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Thirty-nine samples out of 104 showed single 

grains of gold per sample, and seven yielded 0.04 to 0.50 g/m3. Subsequent sampling along the right

bank of the Kocha River and along the headwaters of the right tributary of the Yaftal River found a 

permissive area (14 km2

) underlain by Pliocene conglomerate. Ten or more grains of gold were found in 

each of four samples (Semionov and others, 1967). In a third area, 25 km2 in size and underlain by 

Pliocene conglomerate and Early Carboniferous plagiogranite, gold was found in five samples in 

amounts varying from single grains to 0.17 g/m3

 (Semionov and others, 1967). No previous reserve 

estimates exist for the Kocha deposits.
8 

Methodology

In order to assess the resource potential of the Samti, Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, and Kocha placer 

deposits, it was first necessary to develop a GIS database containing all available borehole sampling 

data and concentration sampling data acquired during the Soviet geologic investigations. During those 

investigations, a total of 447 samples were collected at the Samti deposit, 117 were collected at the 

Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir deposit, and 21 were collected from the Kocha deposits. For each sample

location the depth, thickness of overburden, grade of gold-bearing alluvium, and any additional 

available information were recorded within the database. 

A geomorphic model characterizing the alluvial, terrace, and colluvial zones was then derived 

using the sampling data and a DTM developed using a digital elevation model (DEM) and the 

hydrologic network (fig. 6). The 30-m Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection 

Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) dataset was used to create the 

geomorphic model. First, the Strahler stream-order method was used to define watershed boundaries 

and derive streamflow paths for the study area, using the ASTER GDEM dataset. Because it is unlikely 

that an entire watershed is uniformly endowed with gold, only subbasins having a recorded gold 

occurrence were included in the analysis. Gold-bearing subbasins were modeled for the Samti deposit, 

the Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir deposit, and the Kocha deposits. The ASTER GDEM dataset was then used 

to create a relative DEM (elevation above base stream flow). The relative DEM was reclassified into 

four geomorphic zones, consisting of alluvial and low terrace deposits (alluvium 1), more recent alluvial 

flat deposits (alluvium 2), terraces, and colluvium derived from local underlying bedrock. 

Data on gravel thicknesses and grade from the borehole and concentration sample datasets were 

integrated into the geomorphic model, producing a minimum, maximum, and mean grade for each of the 

four geomorphic zones (table 1).
9 

Figure 6. Maps and photographs showing the geologic and geomorphic units of the placer gold deposits in the 

North Takhar Area of Interest. 

After completion of the geomorphic model, the resource potential was calculated using the 

volume and grade methodological approach (Chirico and others, 2010). This approach can be expressed 

mathematically as P = (VG), where P is the estimated resource potential, V is the volume of the deposit, 

and G is the mean gravel grade of the deposit. The volume of the deposit was calculated by multiplying 

the surface area of each of the geomorphic zones (alluvium 1, alluvium 2, terraces, and colluvium) by 

their respective gravel thicknesses. A minimum, maximum, and mean gravel grade were then developed 

for each geomorphic zone based on the available sampling data. The volume of each zone was then 

multiplied by the minimum, maximum, and mean grades to arrive at a minimum, maximum, and mean 

resource potential for each geomorphic zone within the Samti, Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, Kocha at mouth, 

lower Kocha, middle Kocha, and upper Kocha deposit areas.
10

Table 1. Integration of data into the geomorphic model.

[mg/m3, milligram per cubic meter; m2, square meter; m, meter; m3, cubic meter; -, none]

Location

Geomorphic 

zone

Number of 

samples

Minimum 

grade 

(mg/m3)

Maximum 

grade 

(mg/m3)

Mean grade 

(mg/m3) Area (m2)

Gravel thickness 

(m)

Volume of gravel 

(m3)

Samti Alluvium 1 9 4 178 65.44 2,801,228.26 1.5 4,201,842.39

Alluvium 2 419 1 3,701 201.76 23,816,033.90 1.904 45,345,728.54

Terraces 7 11 107 50.57 5,536,755.54 1.0975 6,076,589.21

Colluvium 12 43 5,900 858.58 20,699,084.91 0.63 13,040,423.49

 Total 447

Nooraba/Khasar/Anjir Alluvium 1 6 4 806 175.33 329,457.68 0.6 197,674.61

Alluvium 2 102 2 3,154 304.18 17,062,057.31 0.903933 15,422,956.65

Terraces 1 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,735,683.88 - -

Colluvium 8 55 853 348.25 16,655,767.64 0.5 8,327,883.82

 Total 117

Kocha (Mouth) Alluvium 1 0 - - - 5,790,279.98 0.7 4,053,195.98

Alluvium 2 2 5 5 5 21,395,233.12 0.8 17,116,186.50

Terraces 1 5 5 5 24,616,817.49 0.6 14,770,090.49

Colluvium 0 - - - 33,520,094.92 0.5 16,760,047.46

 Total 3

Kocha (Lower) Alluvium 1 0 - - - 977,182.50 0.7 684,027.75

Alluvium 2 1 24 24 24 9,518,855.94 0.8 7,615,084.75

Terraces 4 26 44 34 7,245,041.67 0.6 4,347,025.00

Colluvium 3 4 42 27 53,049,963.70 0.5 26,524,981.85

 Total 8
11

Table 1. Integration of data into the geomorphic model.—Continued

[mg/m3, milligram per cubic meter; m2, square meter; m, meter; m3, cubic meter; -, none]

Location

Geomorphic 

zone

Number of 

samples

Minimum 

grade 

(mg/m3)

Maximum 

grade 

(mg/m3)

Mean grade 

(mg/m3) Area (m2)

Gravel thickness 

(m)

Volume of gravel 

(m3)

Kocha (Middle) Alluvium 1 0 - - - 3,419,370.17 0.55 1,880,653.59

Alluvium 2 1 8 8 8 11,281,553.51 0.6 6,768,932.11

Terraces 2 4 12 8 14,663,072.75 0.5 7,331,536.38

Colluvium 0 - - - 88,452,396.48 0.4 35,380,958.59

 Total 3

Kocha (Upper) Alluvium 1 1 43 43 43 3,506,563.63 0.45 1,577,953.64

Alluvium 2 6 3 16 6 33,466,925.83 0.5 16,733,462.92

Terraces 0 - - - 9,554,624.05 0.4 3,821,849.62

Colluvium 0 - - - 55,139,073.08 0.3 16,541,721.92

 Total 7
12

Results

The results of the volume and grade approach are displayed in table 2. Based on the mean 

grades, the resource estimates for the placer gold deposits are as follows: 20,927 kg for Samti, 7,626 kg 

for Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir, 160 kg for the mouth of the Kocha, 1,047 kg for the lower Kocha, 113 kg for 

the middle Kocha, and 168 kg for the upper Kocha. Separate resource estimates were calculated for each 

geomorphic zone, within each of the deposits. Within the Samti deposit, the colluvium zone was shown 

to have the largest reserves, followed by the alluvium 2 zone. Meanwhile, within the Nooraba-KhasarAnjir deposit, the alluvium 2 zone shows the greatest reserves, followed by the colluvium zone. For the 

mouth of the Kocha, lower Kocha, middle Kocha, and upper Kocha, sample data were not available for 

all of the geomorphic zones; therefore, resource estimates could be calculated only for particular zones 

within the Kocha deposit areas. For the mouth of the Kocha, data were available only for the alluvium 2 

and terrace zones. Upon examination of the resource estimates based on the mean grade at the mouth of 

the Kocha, the alluvium 2 is slightly more endowed than the terraces, while at the lower Kocha the 

colluvium is approximately five times more endowed than the terraces, and four times more endowed 

than the alluvium 2. At the middle Kocha, the alluvium 2 and terrace zones are nearly equally endowed. 

Along the upper Kocha, samples were available only within the alluvium zones, and showed that the 

alluvium 2 zone is slightly more endowed than the alluvium 1 zone. 

Table 2. Comparison of the results of the resource estimates from this study with the Soviet resource

estimates.

[kg, kilogram; -, none]

Location

Geomorphic 

zone

Resource 

estimate 

(minimum grade) 

(kg)

Resource 

estimate 

(maximum grade)

(kg)

Resource 

estimate 

(mean grade) 

(kg)

Soviet 

resource 

estimate 

(kg)

Samti Alluvium 1 17 748 275 -

Alluvium 2 45 167,825 9,149 -

Terraces 67 650 307 -

Colluvium 561 76,938 11,196 -

 Total 690 246,161 20,927 30,062

Nooraba/Khasar/Anjir Alluvium 1 1 159 35 -

Alluvium 2 31 48,644 4,691 -

Terraces - - - -

Colluvium 458 7,104 2,900 -

 Total 490 55,907 7,626 802

Kocha (Mouth) Alluvium 1 - - - -

Alluvium 2 86 86 86 -

Terraces 74 74 74 -

Colluvium - - - -

 Total 160 160 160 -
13

Table 2. Comparison of the results of the resource estimates from this study with the Soviet resource

estimates.— Continued

[kg, kilogram; -, none]

Location

Geomorphic 

zone

Resource 

estimate 

(minimum grade) 

(kg)

Resource 

estimate 

(maximum grade)

(kg)

Resource 

estimate 

(mean grade) 

(kg)

Soviet 

resource 

estimate 

(kg)

Kocha (Lower) Alluvium 1 - - - -

Alluvium 2 183 183 183 -

Terraces 113 191 148 -

Colluvium 106 1,114 716 -

 Total 402 1,488 1,047 -

Kocha (Middle) Alluvium 1 - - - -

Alluvium 2 54 54 54 -

Terraces 29 88 59 -

Colluvium - - - -

 Total 83 142 113 -

Kocha (Upper) Alluvium 1 68 68 68 -

Alluvium 2 50 268 100 -

Terraces - - - -

Colluvium - - - -

 Total 118 336 168 -

Conclusion

Previous resource estimates were conducted by the Soviets for the Samti and Nooraba-KhasarAnjir deposits. The Samti deposit was estimated to contain 30,062 kg of gold, while the NoorabaKhasar-Anjir deposit was estimated to contain a much lower 802 kg of gold (table 2). No previous 

resource estimate has been done to date for the Kocha deposits. For the Samti deposit, the resource 

estimate based on the mean grade calculated in this study reports approximately 9,000 kg less gold than 

the Soviet estimate. Meanwhile, in the Nooraba-Khasar-Anjir deposit, the resource estimate based on 

the mean grade calculated in this study reports nearly 7,000 kg more gold than the Soviet estimate. The 

difference between the new estimates and previous estimates results from the higher resolution 

geomorphic model and the interpretation of areas outside of the initial work zone studied by Soviet and 

Afghan geologists.

References Cited

Abdullah, S., and Chmyriov, V.M., eds., 1977, Map of mineral resources of Afghanistan: Kabul, 

Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Department of 

Geological and Mineral Survey, V/O Technoexport U.S.S.R., scale 1:500,000. 

Abdullah, S., and Chmyriov, V.M., Stazhilo-Alekseev, K.F., Dronov, V.I., Gannon, P.J., Lubemov, 

B.K., Kafarskiy, A.K., and Malyarov, E.P., 1977, Mineral resources of Afghanistan (2d ed.): Kabul, 
14

Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Afghan Geological and 

Mines Survey, United Nations Development Programme Support Project AFG/74/12, 419 p. 

Afghanistan Information Management Service (AIMS), 2002, Afghanistan Takhar Province landcover 

map: Kabul, Afghanistan Information Management Service, scale 1:8,888,888. 

Chirico, P.G., Malpeli, K.C., Anum, Solomun, and Phillips, E.C., 2010, Alluvial diamond resource 

potential and production capacity assessment of Ghana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific 

Investigations Report 2010–5045, 32 p. 

Doebrich, J.L., and Wahl, R.R., comps., 2006, Geologic and mineral resource map of Afghanistan, 

version 2: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006–1038, scale 1:850,000, also available at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1038/. 

Galchenko, I.I., Zakandyrin, V.V., and Vaseckiy, F.N., 1972, The Samti placer gold deposit—Report of 

the Nurabin prospecting-explorational group on the works of 1970–72, aimed at preliminary 

exploration of placer gold deposit of Samti with estimation of the reserves as by 1–VI–1972 (1-June1972), part I: [Afghanistan] Department of Geological and Mineral Survey [unpaginated]. 

Galchenko, I.I., 1975a, Report by the Nuraba party on the results of detailed exploration of the Samty 

placer gold with the reserves estimation: [Afghanistan] Department of Geological and Mineral Survey 

[unpaginated]. 

Galchenko, I.I., 1975b, Report on the preliminary and detailed exploration of the Khaisar placer gold 

with estimated reserves to October 1, 1973: [Afghanistan] Department of Geological and Mineral 

Survey [unpaginated]. 

GRM International, 2006, Provincial profile—Takhar—Regional rural economic regeneration 

strategies: [Afghanistan] Ministry of Rehabilitation and Development, 6 p., accessed July 5, 2011, at 

http://www.aisa.org.af/files/publications/brochures/ProvincialProfiles/Takhar.pdf. 

Popenko, S.N., and Teplych, V.I., 1970, Report on the preliminary exploration of the Khaisar placer 

gold with estimated reserves carried out in 1967–1969: [Afghanistan] Department of Geological and 

Mineral Survey [unpaginated]. 

Semionov, G.G., Shwarkov, S.L., Chalyan, M.A., and Rodin, G.V., 1967, The geology of central 

Badakhshan, map sheet 117; report on geological-surveying investigations at scale 1:200,000 carried 

out in 1965–1966, v. 1–2: [Afghanistan] Department of Geological and Mineral Survey 

[unpaginated].