Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service

Bibliography of Literature Pertaining to Plague 

(Yersinia pestis) 

By Laura E. Ellison and Megan K. Eberhardt Frank

Open-File Report 2011–1293

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Bibliography of Literature Pertaining to Plague 

(Yersinia pestis) 

By Laura E. Ellison and Megan K. Eberhardt Frank

Open-File Report 2011–1293

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
ii

U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011

For product and ordering information:

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth,

its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment:

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

Suggested citation:

Ellison, L.E., and Eberhardt Frank, M.K., 2011, A bibliography of literature pertaining to plague (Yersinia pestis): 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1293, 43 p. 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government. 

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual 

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.
iii

Contents

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1

A Bibliography of Literature Pertaining to Plague 

(Yersinia pestis) 

By Laura E. Ellison and Megan K. Eberhardt-Frank

Introduction

Plague is an acute and often fatal zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Y. 

pestis mainly cycles between small mammals and their fleas; however, it has the potential to infect 

humans and frequently causes fatalities if left untreated. It is often considered a disease of the past; 

however, since the late 1800s, plague’s geographic range has expanded greatly, posing new threats in 

previously unaffected regions of the world, including the Western United States. 

As part of an interagency agreement between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the 

National Park Service (NPS), the Biological Resource Management Division of the NPS requested 

assistance with a detailed literature search on plague. We conducted this literature search using Internet 

resources and databases. The keywords chosen for the searches included plague, Yersinia pestis, 

management, control, wildlife, prairie dogs, fleas, NPS, North America, and mammals. Keywords were 

used alone or in combination with the other terms. Although this search pertains mostly to North 

America, we include citations from the international research community, as well. Databases and search 

engines used included Google (http://www.google.com), Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com), 

SciVerse Scopus (http://www.scopus.com), ISI Web of Knowledge (http://apps.isiknowledge.com), and 

the USGS Library’s Digital Desktop (http://library.usgs.gov). The literature-cited sections of 

manuscripts obtained from keyword searches were cross-referenced to identify additional citations or 

gray literature that were missed by the Internet search engines. 

This Open-File Report is intended to be an Internet-accessible bibliography, and we hope to 

periodically update it with new citations or older references that we may have missed during this 

compilation. Hence, the authors would be grateful to receive notice of any new or old papers that the 

audience (users) think need to be included. 

Acknowledgments

The work on which this Open-File Report is based was performed with a cooperative agreement 

between the National Park Service and the U.S. Geological Survey. Jennifer Shoemaker provided 

assistance with the formatting of the final report.
2

Bibliography

Abu Khweek, A., Fetherson, J.D., and Perry, R.D., 2010, Analysis of HmsH and its role in plague 

biofilm formation: Microbiology, v. 156, p. 1424−1438. 

Achtman, M., Zurth, K., Morelli, G., Torrea, G., Guiyoule, A., and Carniel, E., 1999, Yersinia pestis, 

the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: Proceedings of the 

National Academy of Sciences, v. 96, p. 14043−14048. 

Achtman, M., Morelli, G., Zhu, P., Wirth, T., Diehl, I., Kusecek, B., Vogler, A.J., Wagner, D.M., 

Allender, C.J., Easterday, W.R., Chenal-Francisque, V., Worsham, P., Thomson, N.R., Parkhill, J., 

Lindler, L.E., Carniel, E., and Keim, P., 2004, Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, 

Yersinia pestis: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 101, p. 17837−17842. 

Adair, D.M., Worsham, P.L., Hill, K.K., Klevytska, A.M., Jackson, P.J., Friedlander, A.M., and Keim, 

P., 2000, Diversity in a variable-number tandem repeat from Yersinia pestis: Journal of Clinical 

Microbiology, v. 38, p. 1516−1519. 

Addink, E.A., De Jong, S.M., Davis, S.A., Dubyanskiy, V., Burdelov, L.A., and Leirs, H., 2010, The 

use of high-resolution remote sensing for plague surveillance in Kazakhstan: Remote Sensing of 

Environment, v. 114, p. 674−681. 

Adjemian, J.C.Z., Girvetz, E.H., Beckett, L., and Foley, J.E., 2006, Analysis of genetic algorithm for 

rule-set production (GARP) modeling approach for predicting distributions of fleas implicated as 

vectors of plague, Yersinia pestis, in California: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 43, p. 93−103. 

Adjemian, J.Z., Foley, P., Gage, K.L., and Foley, J.E., 2007, Initiation and spread of traveling waves of 

plague, Yersinia pestis, in the Western United States: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 

Hygiene, v. 76, p. 365−375. 

Adjemian, J.Z., Adjemian, M.K., Foley, P., Chomel, B.B., Kasten, R.W., and Foley, J.E., 2008, 

Evidence of multiple zoonotic agents in a wild rodent community in the eastern Sierra Nevada: 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 44, p. 737−742. 

Agar, S.L., Sha, J., Baze, W.B., Erova, T.E., Foltz, S.M., Suarez, G., Wang, S.F., and Chopra, A.K., 

2009, Deletion of braun lipoprotein gene (lpp) and curing of plasmid pPCP1 dramatically alter the 

virulence of Yersinia pestis CO92 in a mouse model of pneumonic plague: Microbiology-SGM, v. 

155, p. 3247−3259. 

Agar, S.L., Sha, J., Foltz, S.M., Erova, T.E., Walberg, K.G., Baze, W.B., Suarez, B., Peterson, J.W., and 

Chopra, A.K., 2009, Characterization of the rat pneumonic plague model: infection kinetics following 

aerosolization of Yersinia pestis CO92: Microbes and Infection, v. 11, p. 205−214. 

Agnew, W., Uresk, D.W., and Hansen, R.M., 1986, Flora and fauna associated with prairie dog colonies 

and adjacent ungrazed mixed-grass prairie in western South Dakota: Journal of Range Management, 

v. 39, p. 135−-139. 

Aguirre, A.A., and Starkey, E.E., 1994, Wildlife disease in U.S. national parks: Historical and 

coevolutionary perspectives: Conservation Biology, v. 8, p. 654−661. 

Aguirre, A.A., Hansen, D.E., and Starkey, E.E., 1993, Special initiative project: Animal disease issues 

in the national park system: U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Pacific Northwest 

Region, Cooperatire Park Studies Unit Technical Report NPS/PNROSU/NRTR-93/16, 126 p. 

Aguirre, A.A., Hansen, D.E., and Starkey, E.E., 1994, Animal disease issues in the national park system 

clarified by nationwide survey: Park Science, v. 14, p. 14−15. 

Aguirre, A.A., Starkey, E.E., and Hansen, D.E., 1995, Wildlife diseases in national park ecosystems: 

Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 23, p. 415−419. 
3

Amatre, G., Babi, N., Enscore, R.E., Ogen-Odoi, A., Atiku, L.A., Akol, A., Gage, K.L., and Eisen, R.J., 

2009, Flea diversity and infestation prevalence of rodents in a plague-endemic region of Uganda: 

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 81, p. 718−724. 

Amoako, K.K., Goji, N., MacMillan, T., Said, K.B., Druhan, S., Tanaka, E., and Thomas, E.G., 2010, 

Development of multitarget real-time PCR for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of Yersinia

pestis in milk and ground beef: Journal of Food Protection, v. 73, p. 18−25. 

Andeldt, W.F., White, G.C., Schnurr, P.M., and Navo, K.W., 2009, Occupancy of random plots by 

white-tailed and Gunnison’s prairie dogs: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 73, p. 35−44. 

Anderson, D.M., Ciletti, N.A., Lee-Lewis, H., Elli, D., Segal, J., DeBord, K.L., Overheim, K.A., 

Tretiakova, M., Brubaker, R.R., and Schneewind, O., 2009, Pneumonic plague pathogenesis and 

immunity in brown Norway rats: American Journal of Pathology, v. 174, p. 910−921. 

Anderson, S.H., and Williams, E.S., 1997, Plague in a complex of white-tailed prairie dogs and 

associated small mammals in Wyoming: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 33, p. 720−732. 

Andrews, G.P., Vernati, G., Ulrich, R., Rocke, T.E., Edwards, W.H., and Adamovicz, J.J., 2010, 

Identification of in vivo-induced conserved sequences from Yersinia pestis during experimental 

plague infection in the rabbit: Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 749−756. 

Anisimov, A.P., 2002, Factors of Yersinia pestis providing for circulation and persistence of the plague 

pathogen in ecosystems of natural foci. Communication 2: Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and 

Virology, v. 5, p. 1−14. 

Antolin, M.F., Savage, L.T., and Eisen, R.J., 2006, Landscape features influence genetic structure of 

black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): Landscape Ecology, v. 21, p. 867−875. 

Antolin, M.F., Gober, P., Luce, B., Biggins, D.E., Van Pelt, W.E., Seery, D.B., Lockhart, M., and Ball, 

M., 2002, The influence of sylvatic plague on North American wildlife at the landscape level, with 

special emphasis on black-footed ferret and prairie dog conservation: Transactions of the North 

American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 67, p. 104−127. 

Antolin, M.F., Biggins, D.E., and Gober, P., 2010, Symposium on the ecology of plague and its effects 

on wildlife: A model for translational research: Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 3-−5. 

Apa, A.D., Uresk, D.W., and Linder, R.L., 1990, Black-tailed prairie dog populations one year after 

treatment with rodenticides: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 50, p. 107−113. 

Apa, A.D., Uresk, D.W., and Linder, R.L., 1991, Impacts of black-tailed prairie dog rodenticides on 

nontarget passerines: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 51, p. 301−309. 

Aragao, A.I., Pinheiro, K.M.D., Seoane, A.C.M., Tavares, C., and de Almeida, A.M.P., 2009, 

Prevalence of antibodies against Yersinia pestis in domestic carnivores, in plague foci in the state of 

Ceara: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, v. 42, p. 711−715. 

Archer, S., Garrett, M.G., and Detling, J.K., 1987, Rates of vegetation change associated with prairie 

dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) grazing in North American mixed-grass prairie: Vegetatio, v. 72, p. 

159−166. 

Ari, T.B., Gershunov, A., Tristan, R., Cazelles, B., Gage, K., and Stenseth, N.C., 2010, Interannual 

variability of human plague occurrence in the Western United States explained by tropical and North 

Pacific Ocean climate variability: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 83, 

p. 624−632. 

Arjo, W.M., Gese, E.M., Bromley, C., Kozlowski, A., and Williams, E.S., 2003, Serologic survey for 

diseases in free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) from two ecologically distinct areas of Utah: Journal 

of Wildlife Diseases, v. 39, p. 449−455. 
4

Arnold, T., Hensel, A., Hagen, R., Aleksic, S., Neubauer, H., and Scholz, H.C., 2001, A highly specific 

one-step PCR assay for the rapid discrimination of enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from 

pathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis: Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 

v. 24, p. 285−289. 

Attila, B., Anna, P., and Kata, K., 2010, Important zoonotic diseases transmitted by pet small mammals 

1. Bacterial diseases. Literature review: Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja, v. 132, p. 651−658. 

Auerbach, R.K., Tuanyok, A., Probert, W.S., Kenefic, L., Vogler, A.J., Bruce, D.C., Munk, C., Brettin, 

T.S., Eppinger, M., Ravel, J., Wagner, D.M., and Keim, P., 2007, Yersinia pestis evolution on a small 

timescale: Comparison of whole genome sequences from North America: PLoS ONE, v. 2, e770, p. 

1−6. 

Augustine, D.J., Matchett, M.R., Toombs, T.P., Cully, J.F., Johnson, T.L., and Sidle, J.G., 2008a, 

Spatiotemporal dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog colonies affected by plague: Landscape Ecology, 

v. 23, p. 255−267. 

Augustine, D.J., Dinsmore, S.J., Wunder, M.B., Dreitz, V.J., and Knopf, F.L., 2008b, Response of 

mountain plovers to plague-driven dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog colonies: Landscape Ecology, 

v. 23, p. 689−697. 

Ayyadurai, S., Houhamdi, L., Lepidi, H., Nappez, C., Raoult, D., and Drancourt, M., 2008, Long-term 

persistence of virulent Yersinia pestis in soil: Microbiology, v. 154, p. 2865−2871. 

Ayyadurai, S., Lepidi, H., Nappez, C., Raoult, D., and Drancourt, M., 2010, Lovastatin protects against 

experimental plague in mice: PLoS ONE, v. 5, p. 1−5. 

Baca-Estrada, M.E., Foldvari, M., Snider, M., Harding, K., Kournikakis, B., Babiuk, L.A., and Griebel, 

P., 2000, Intranasal immunization with lipsome-formulated Yersinia pestis vaccine enhances mucosal 

immune responses: Vaccine, v. 18, p. 2203−2211. 

Bach, S., de Almeida, A., and Carniel, E., 2000, The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island is present in 

different members of the family Enterobacteriaceae: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 183, p. 289−294. 

Bahmanyar, M., and Cavanaugh, D.C., 1976, Plague manual: World Health Organization, Geneva, 76 p. 

Bai, G., Golubov, A., Smith, E.A., and McDonough, K.A., 2010, The importance of the small RNA 

chaperone Hfq for growth of epidemic Yersinia pestis, but not Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, with 

implications for plague biology: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 192, p. 4239−4245. 

Baker, B.W., Stanley, T.R., and Sedgwick, J.A., 1999, Predation of artificial ground nests on whitetailed prairie dog colonies: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, p. 270−277. 

Bangert, R.K., and Slobodchikoff, C.N., 2000, The Gunnison’s prairie dog structures a high desert 

grassland landscape as a keystone engineer: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 46, p. 357−369. 

Bangert, R.K., and Slobodchikoff, C.N., 2006, Conservation of prairie dog ecosystem engineering may 

support arthropod beta and gamma diversity: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 67, p. 100−115. 

Barko, V.A., Shaw, J.H., and Leslie, D.M., Jr., 1999, Birds associated with black-tailed prairie dog 

colonies in southern shortgrass prairie: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 44, p. 484−489. 

Barnes, A.M., 1982, Surveillance and control of bubonic plague in the United States: Symposium of the 

Zoological Society London, v. 50, p. 237−270. 

Barnes, A.M., 1993, A review of plague and its relevance to prairie dog populations and the blackfooted ferret, in Oldemeyer, J.L., Biggins, D.E., Miller, B.J., and Crete, R., eds., Proceedings of the 

Symposium on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed 

Ferret: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, v. 13, p. 28−37.

Barnes, A.M., and Kartman, L., 1960, Control of plague vectors on diurnal rodents in the Sierra Nevada 

of California by the use of insecticide bait-boxes: Journal of Hygiene, v. 58, p. 347−355. 
5

Barnes, A.M., Ogden, L.J., Archibald, W.S., and Campos, E., 1974, Control of plague vectors on 

Peromyscus maniculatus by use of 2% carbaryl dust in bait stations: Journal of Medical Entomology, 

v. 11, p. 83−87. 

Bartz, S.E., Drickamer, L.C., and Kearsley, M.J.C., 2007, Response of plant and rodent communities 

to removal of prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) in Arizona: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 68, 

p. 422−437. 

Beard, M.L., Rose, S.T., Barnes, A.M., and Montenieri, J.A., 1992, Control of Oropsylla hirsuta, a 

plague vector, by treatment of prairie dog burrows with 0.5% permethrin dust: Journal of Medical 

Entomology, v. 29, p. 25−29. 

Bearden, S.W., Sexton, C., Pare, J., Fowler, J.M., Arvidson, C.G., Yerman, L., Viola, R.E., and 

Brubaker, R.R., 2009, Attenuated enzootic (pestoides) isolates of Yersinia pestis express active 

aspartase: Microbiology-SGM, v. 155, p. 198−209. 

Beck, E.W., 1994, The effect of resource availability on the activity of white-tailed prairie dogs: Logan, 

Utah State University, unpublished M.S. thesis, 47 p. 

Begon, M., Klassovskiy, N., Ageyev, V., Suleimenov, B., Atshabar, B., and Bennett, M., 2006, 

Epizootiologic parameters for plague in Kazakhstan: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 12, 

p. 268−273. 

Bell, H.B., and Dimmick, R.W., 1975, Hazards to predators feeding on prairie voles killed with zinc 

phosphide: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 39, p. 816−819. 

Ben, N.K., and Moulin, A.M., 2010, The North African plague and Charles Nicolle’s theory of 

infectious disease: Gesnurus, v. 67, p. 30−56. 

Ben-Gurion, R., and Shafferman, A., 1981, Essential virulence determinants of different Yersinia

species are carried on a common plasmid: Plasmid, v. 5, p. 183−187. 

Bergsbaken, T., and Cookson, B.T., 2009, Innate immune response during Yersinia infection: Critical 

modulation of cell death mechanisms through phagocyte activation: Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 

v. 86, p. 1153−1158. 

Bi, Y.J., Du, Z.M., Han, Y.P., Guo, Z.B., Tan, Y.F., Zhu, Z.W., and Yang, R.F., 2009, Yersinia pestis

and host macrophages: Immunodeficiency of mouse macrophages induced by YscW: Immunology, 

v. 128, p. e406−e417.Biek, R., Zarnke, R.L., Gillin, C., Wild, M., Squires, J.R., and Poss, M., 2002, 

Serologic survey for viral and bacterial infections in western populations of Canada lynx (Lynx

canadensis): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 38, p. 840−845. 

Biek, R., Ruth, T.K., Murphy, K.M., Anderson, C.R., Johnson, M., DeSimone, R., Gray, R., Hornocker,

M.G., Gillin, C.M., and Poss, M., 2006, Factors associated with pathogen seroprevalence and 

infection in Rocky Mountain cougars: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 42, p. 606−615. 

Biggins, D.E., and Godbey, J.L., 2003, Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of 

black-footed ferrets: Comptes Rendus Biologies (Supplement 1), v. 326, p. 104−111. 

Biggins, D.E., and Kosoy, M.Y., 2001a, Influences of introduced plague on North American mammals: 

Implications from ecology of plague in Asia: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 82, p. 906−916. 

Biggins, D.E., and Kosoy, M.Y., 2001b, Disruptions of ecosystems in western North America due to 

invasion by plague: Journal of the Idaho Academy of Science, v. 37, p. 62−65. 

Biggins, D.E., Lockhart, J.M., and Godbey, J.L., 2006, Evaluating habitat for black-footed ferrets: 

Revision of an existing model, in Roelle, J.E., Miller, B.J., Godbey, J.L., and Biggins, D.E., eds., 

Recovery of the black-footed ferret—Progress and continuing challenges: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5293, p. 143−150. 
6

Biggins, D.E., Godbey, J.L., Gage, K.L., Carter, L.G., and Montenieri, J.A., 2010, Vector control 

improves survival of three species of prairie dogs (Cynomys) in areas considered enzootic for plague: 

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 17−26. 

Bitam, I., Ayyadurai, S., Kernif, T., Chetta, M., Boulaghman, N., Raoult, D., and Drancourt, M., 2010, 

New rural focus of plague, Algeria: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 16, p. 1639−1640. 

Bitam, I., Dittmar, K., Parola, P., Whiting, M.F., and Raoult, D., 2010, Fleas and flea-borne diseases: 

International Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 14, p. e667−e676. 

Bliska, J.B., and Casadevall, A., 2009, Intracellular pathogenic bacteria and fungi―Acase of convergent 

evolution?: Nature Reviews Microbiology, v. 7, p. 165−171. 

Bly-Honness, K., Truett, J.C., and Long, D.H., 2004, Influence of social bonds on post-release survival 

of translocated black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): Ecological Restoration, v. 22, p. 

204−209. 

Bobrov, A.G., Kirillina, O., and Perry, R.D., 2005, The phosphodiesterase activity of the HmsP EAL 

domain is required for negative regulation of biofilm formation in Yersinia pestis: FEMS 

Microbiology Letters, v. 247, p. 123−130. 

Bobrov, A.G., Kirillina, O., Ryjenkov, D.A., Waters, C.M., Price, P.A., Fetherston, J.D., Mack, D., 

Goldman, W.E., Gomelsky, M., and Perry, R.D., 2011, Systematic analysis of cyclic di-GMP 

signaling enzymes and their role in biofilm formation and virulence in Yersinia pestis: Molecular 

Microbiology, v. 79, p. 533−551. 

Boisier, P., Rahalison, L., Rasolomaharo, M., Ratsitorahina, M., Mahafaly, M., Razafimahefa, M., 

Duplantier, J., Rasifasoamanana, L., and Chanteau, S., 2002, Epidemiologic features of four 

successive annual outbreaks of bubonic plague in Mahajanga, Madagascar: Emerging Infectious 

Diseases, v. 8, p. 311−316. 

Bonham, C.D., and Lerwick, A., 1976, Vegetation changes induced by prairie dogs on shortgrass range: 

Journal of Range Management, v. 29, p. 221−225. 

Bonser, W., 1944, Epidemis during the Anglo-Saxon period: Journal of the British Archaeological 

Association, v. 9, p. 48−71. 

Boone, A., Kraft, J.P., and Stapp, P., 2009, Scavenging by mammalian carnivores on prairie dog 

colonies: Implications for the spread of plague: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 9, 

p. 185−189. 

Borchert, J.N., 2004, Epizoology and response to the bioweapon use of the plague organism, Yersinia

pestis, in commensal rodents: Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, v. 21, p. 209−216. 

Borchert, J.N., Enscore, R.E., Eisen, R.J., Atiku, L.A., Owor, N., Acayo, S., Babi, N., Montenieri, J.A., 

and Gage, K.L., 2010, Evaluation of rodent bait containing imidacloprid for the control of fleas on 

commensal rodents in a plague-endemic region of northwest Uganda: Journal of Medical 

Entomology, v. 47, p. 842−850. 

Bos, K.I., Schuenemann, V.J., Golding, G.B., Burbano, H.A., Waglechner, Nicholas, Coombes, B.K., 

McPhee, J.B., DeWitte, S.N., Meyer, Matthias, Schmedes, Sarah, Wood, James, Earn, D.J.D., 

Herring, D.A., Bauer, Peter, Poinar, H.N., and Krause, Johannes, 2011, A draft genome of Yersinia 

pestis from victims of the Black Death: Nature, doi:10.1038/nature10549, accessed October 13, 2011, 

at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10549.html. 

Bosch, S.A., Leong, K., Musgrave, K., Powers, J., and Wong, D., 2010, Zoonotic disease risk 

perception and use of personal protective measures among wildlife biologists: An application of the 

Health Belief Model: Human Dimensions of Wildlife, v. 15, p. 221−228. 
7

Bosio, C.F., Jarrett, C.O., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2008, Early innate immune events in the skin after 

transmission of Yersinia pestis by fleas: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 79, 

p. 782. 

Bosio, C.F., Jarrett, C.O., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2009, Effects of flea feeding on early innate immune 

events in the skin and transmission of Yersinia pestis: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 

Hygiene, v. 81, p. 418. 

Bossard, R.L., Dryden, M.W., and Broce, A.B., 2002, Insecticide susceptibilities of cat fleas 

(Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) from several regions of the United States: Journal of Medical Entomology, 

v. 39, p. 742−746. 

Boulanger, L.L., Ettestad, P., Fogarty, J.D., Dennis, D.T., Romig, D., and Mertz, G., 2004, Gentamicin 

and tetracyclines for the treatment of human plague: Review of 75 cases in New Mexico, 1985−1999: 

Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 38, p. 663−669. 

Brinkerhoff, R.J., 2008, Mammal and flea occurrence in association with black-tailed prairie dog 

(Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies: Implications for interspecific plague transmission: Boulder, Colo., 

unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, 175 p. 

Brinkerhoff, R.J., 2008, Habitat-associated differences in flea assemblages of striped skunks (Mephitus

mephitus): Comparative Parasitology, v. 75, p. 127−131. 

Brinkerhoff, R.J., Ray, C., Thiagarajan, B., Collinge, S.K., Cully, J.F., Holmes, B., and Gage, K.L., 

2008, Prairie dog presence affects occurrence patterns of disease vectors on small mammals: 

Ecography, v. 31, p. 654−662. 

Brinkerhoff, R.J., Collinge, S.K., Bai, Y., and Ray, C., 2009, Are carnivores universally good sentinels 

of plague?: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 9, p. 491−496. 

Brinkerhoff, R.J., Collinge, S.K., Ray, C., and Gage, K.L., 2010, Rodent and flea abundance fail to 

predict a plague epizootic in black-tailed prairie dogs: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, 

p. 47−52. 

Brinkerhoff, R.J., Martin, A.P., Jones, R.T., and Collinge, S.K., 2010, Population genetic structure of 

the prairie dog flea and plague vector, Oropsylla hirsuta: Parasitology, v. 138, p. 71−79. 

Brogdon, W.G., and McAllister, J.C., 1998, Insecticide resistance and vector control: Emerging 

Infectious Diseases, v. 4, p. 605−613. 

Brown, H.E., Ettestad, P., Reynolds, P.J., Brown, T.L., Hatton, E.S., Glass, G.E., Gage, K.L., and Eisen, 

R.J., 2010, Climatic predictors of the intra- and inter-annual distributions of plague cases in New 

Mexico based on 29 years of animal-based surveillance data: American Journal of Tropical Medicine 

and Hygiene, v. 82, p. 95−102. 

Burroughs, A.L., 1947, Sylvatic plague studies. The vector efficiency of nine species of fleas compared 

with Xenopsylla cheopis: Journal of Hygiene, v. 45, p. 371−396. 

Bursten, S.N., Kimsey, R.B., and Owings, D.H., 1997, Ranging of male Oropsylla montana fleas via 

male California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) juveniles: Journal of Parasitology, v. 83, 

p. 804−809. 

Butler, T., 1983, Plague and other Yersinia infections: New York, Plenum Press, 220 p. 

Butler, T., 1989, The black death past and present. 1. Plague in the 1980s: Transactions of the Royal 

Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 83, p. 458−460. 

Butler, T., 1994, Yersinia infections: centennial of the discovery of the plague bacillus: Clinical 

Infectious Diseases, v. 19, p. 655−661. 

Butler, T., 2009, Plague into the 21st century: Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 49, p. 736−742. 

Buzby, M., Neckels, D., Antolin, M.F., and Estep, D., 2008, Analysis of the sensitivity properties of a 

model of vector-borne bubonic plague: Journal of the Royal Society Interface, v. 5, p. 1099−1107. 
8

Campbell, T.M., and Clark, T.W., 1981, Colony characteristics and vertebrate associates of white-tailed 

and black-tailed prairie dogs in Wyoming: American Midland Naturalist, v. 105, p. 269−276. 

Carlson, M.E., 1996, Yersinia pestis infection in cats: Feline Practice, v. 24, p. 22−24. 

Carlson, D.C., and White, E.M., 1987, Effects of prairie dogs on mound soils: Soil Science Society of 

America Journal, v. 51, p. 389−393. 

Carr, S., Miller, J., Leary, S.E.C., Bennett, A.M., Ho, A., and Williamson, E.D., 1999, Expression of a 

recombinant form of the V antigen of Yersinia pestis, using three different expression systems: 

Vaccine, v. 18, p. 153−159. 

Castle, K.T., Biggins, D., Carter, L.G., Chu, M., Innes, K., and Wimsatt, J., 2001, Susceptibility of the 

Siberian polecat to subcutaneous and oral Yersinia pestis exposure: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 

v. 37, p. 746−754. 

Caten, J.L., and Karman, L., 1968, Human plague in the United States: 1900−1966: Journal of the 

American Medical Association, v. 205, p. 333−336. 

Cavanaugh, D.C., 1971, Specific effect of temperature on transmission of the plague bacillus by the 

Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 20, 

p. 264−273. 

Cavanaugh, D.C., and Marshall, J.D., Jr., 1972, The influence of climate on the seasonal prevalence of 

plague in the republic of Vietnam: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 8, p. 85−94. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, Plague fact sheet, accessed 23 March 2010 at 

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/resources/plagueFactSheet.pdf. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, Website accessed 23 March 2010 at 

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/epi.htm. 

Chanteau, S., Ratsifasoamanana, L., Rasoamanana, B., Rahalison, L., Randriambelosoa, J., Roux, J., 

and Rabeson, D., 1998, Plague, a reemerging disease in Madagascar: Emerging Infectious Diseases, 

v. 4, p. 101−104. 

Cheyette, F.L., 2008, The disappearance of the ancient landscape and the climatic anomaly of the early 

Middle Ages: A question to be pursued: Early Medieval Europe, v. 16, p. 127−165. 

Chichester, J.A., Musiychuk, K., Farrance, C.E., Mett, V., Lyons, J., Mett, V., and Yusibov, V., 2009, 

A single component two-valent LcrV-F1 vaccine protects non-human primates against pneumonic 

plague: Vaccine, v. 27, p. 3471−3474. 

Chomel, B.B., Jay, M.R., Smith, C.R., Kass, P.H., Ryan, C.P., and Barrett, L.R., 1994, Serological 

surveillance of plague in dogs and cats, California, 1979−1991: Comparative Immunology 

Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, v. 17, p. 111−123. 

Cid, M.S., Detling, J.K., Whicker, A.D., and Brizuela, M.A., 1991, Vegetational responses of a mixedgrass prairie site following exclusion of prairie dogs and bison: Journal of Range Management, v. 44, 

p. 100−105. 

Cincotta, R.P., Uresk, D.W., and Hansen, R.M., 1987, Demography of black-tailed prairie dog 

populations reoccupying sites treated with rodenticide: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 47, p. 339−343. 

Cincotta, R.P., Uresk, D.W., and Hansen, R.M., 1988, A statistical model of expansion in a colony of 

black-tailed prairie dogs, in Uresk, D.W., Schenbeck, G.L., and Cefkin, R., technical coordinators, 

Eighth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings: Fort Collins, Colo., USDA 

Forest Service General Technical Report RM-154, p. 30−33. 

Cincotta, R.P., Uresk, D.W., and Hansen, R.M., 1989, Plant compositional change in a colony of blacktailed prairie dogs in South Dakota, in Bjugstad, A.J., Uresk, D.W., and Hamre, R.H., technical 

coordinators, Ninth Great PlainsWildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings: Fort Collins, Colo., 

USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-171, p. 171−177. 
9

Clark, T.W., Campbell, T.M., III, Socha, D.G., and Casey, D.E., 1982, Prairie dog colony attributes and 

associated vertebrate species: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 42, p. 572−582. 

Cleaveland, S., Hess, G.R., Dobson, A.P., Laurenson, M.K., McCallum, H.I., Roberts, M.G., and 

Woodroffe, R., 2002, The role of pathogens in biological conservation, in Hudson, P.J., Rizzoli, A., 

Grenfell, B.T., Heesterbeek, H., and Dobson, A.P., eds., The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases: New 

York, Oxford University Press Inc., p. 139−150. 

Clover, J.R., Hofstra, T.D., Kuluris, B.G., Schroeder, M.T., Nelson, B.C., Barnes, A.M., and Botzler, 

R.G., 1989, Serologic evidence of Yersinia pestis infection in small mammals and bears from a 

temperate rainforest of north coastal California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 25, p. 52−60. 

Coffeen, M.P., and Pederson, J.C., 1993, Techniques for the transplant of Utah prairie dogs, in

Oldemeyer, J.L., Biggins, D.E., and Miller, B.J., eds., Proceedings of the Symposium on the 

Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed Ferret: Fort 

Collins, Colo., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 13, p. 60−66. 

Collinge, S.K., Johnson, W.C., Ray, C., Matchett, R., Grensten, J., Cully, J.F., Gage, K.L., Kosoy, 

M.Y., Loye, J.E., and Martin, A.P., 2005, Testing the generality of a trophic-cascade model for 

plague: EcoHealth, v. 2, p. 102−112. 

Collinge, S.K., Johnson, W.C., Ray, C., Matchett, R., Grensten, J., Cully, J.F., Gage, K.L., Kosoy, 

M.Y., Loye, J.E., and Martin, A.P., 2005, Landscape structure and plague occurrence in black-tailed 

prairie dogs on grasslands of the western USA: Landscape Ecology, v. 20, p. 941−955. 

Collinge, S.K., Ray, C., and Cully, J.F., Jr., 2008, Effects of disease on keystone species, dominant 

species and their communities, in Ostfeld, R.S., Keesing, F., and Eviner, V.T., eds., Infectious disease 

ecology: The effects of ecosystems on disease and of disease on ecosystems: Princeton, New Jersey, 

Princeton University Press, p. 129−144. 

Colman, R.E., Vogler, A.J., Lowell, J.L., Gage, K.L., Morway, C., Reynolds, P.J., Ettestad, P., Keim, 

P., Kosoy, M.Y., and Wagner, D.M., 2009, Fine-scale identification of the most likely source of a 

human plague infection: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 15, p. 1623−1625. 

Colman, R.E., Brinkerhoff, R.J.., Ray, C., Keim, P., Collinge, S.K., and Wagner, D.M., 2010, Plague in 

urban prairie dog colonies: Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 100. Abstract. 

Comer, J.E., Lorange, E.A., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2008, Examining the vector-host-pathogen interface 

with quantitative molecular tools, in DeLeo, F.R., and Otto, M., eds., Bacterial pathogenesis: Methods 

and protocols: New York, Humana Press, p. 123−131. 

Congleton, Y.H.K., Wulff, C.R., Kerschen, E.J., and Straley, S.C., 2006, Mice naturally resistant to 

Yersinia pestis delta-pgm strains commonly used in pathogenicity studies: Infection and Immunity, 

 v. 74, p. 6501−6504. 

Cook, R.R., Cartron, J.L., and Polechla, P.J., 2003, The importance of prairie dogs to nesting 

ferruginous hawks in grassland ecosystems: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, p. 1073−1082. 

Coppock, D.L., Detling, J.K., Ellis, J.E., and Dyer, M.I., 1983, Plant-herbivore interactions in a North 

American mixed-grass prairie: Oecologia, v. 56, p. 1−9. 

Cornelius, C.A., Quenee, L.E., Elli, D., Ciletti, N.A., and Schneewind, O., 2009, Yersinia pestis IS1541 

transposition provides for escape from plague: Infection and Immunity, v. 77, p. 1807−1816. 

Cowan, C., Jones, H.A., Kaya, Y.H., Perry, R.D., and Straley, S.C., 2000, Invasion of epithelial cells by 

Yersinia pestis: Evidence for a Y. pestis-specific invasion: Infection and Immunity, v. 68, p. 

4523−4530. 

Creekmore, T.E., Rocke, T.E., and Hurley, J., 2002, A baiting system for delivery of an oral plague 

vaccine to black-tailed prairie dogs: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 38, p. 32−39. 
10

Cui, Y., Li, Y., Gorge, O., Platonov, M.E., Yan, Y., Guo, Z., Pourcel, C., Dentovskaya, S.V., 

Balakhonov, S.V., Wang, X., Song, Y., Anisimov, A.P., Vergnaud, G., and Yang, R., 2008, Insight 

into microevolution of Yersinia pestis by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats: 

PLoS ONE, v. 3, e2652, p. 1−10. 

Cully, J.F., 1988, Gunnison’s prairie dog: an important autumn raptor prey species in northern New 

Mexico, in Glinski, R.L., Pendleton, B.G., Moss, M.B., Lefranc, M.N., Jr., Millsap, B.A., and 

Hoffman, S., eds.: Proceedings of the southwest Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop: 

Washington, D.C., National Wildlife Federal Science Technical Series, no. 11, p. 260−264. 

Cully, J.F., 1991, Response of raptors to reduction of a Gunnison’s prairie dog-population by plague: 

American Midland Naturalist, v. 125, p. 140−149. 

Cully, J.F., 1993, Plague, prairie dogs, and black-footed ferrets: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report, 

v. 13, p. 38−48. 

Cully, J.F., 1997, Growth and life-history changes in Gunnison’s prairie dogs after a plague epizootic: 

Journal of Mammalogy, v. 78, p. 146−157. 

Cully, J.F., and Williams, E.S., 2001, Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs: 

Journal of Mammalogy, v. 82, p. 894−905. 

Cully, J.F., Barnes, A.M., Quan, T.J., and Maupin, G., 1997, Dynamics of plague in a Gunnison’s 

prairie dog colony complex from New Mexico: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 33, p. 706−719. 

Cully, J.F., Carter, L.G., and Gage, K.L., 2000, New records of sylvatic plague in Kansas: Journal of 

Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, p. 389−392. 

Cully, J.F., Biggins, D.E., and Seery, D.B., 2006, Conservation of prairie dogs in areas with plague, in

Hoogland, J.L., ed., Conservation of the black-tailed prairie dog: Saving North America’s western 

grasslands: Washington, D.C., Island Press, p. 157−168. 

Cully, J.F., Jr., Johnson, T.L., Collinge, S.K., and Ray, C., 2010, Disease limits populations: plague and 

black-tailed prairie dogs: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 7−15. 

Cutler, S.J., Fooks, A.R., van der Poel, W.H.M., 2010, Public health threat of new, reemerging, and 

neglected zoonoses in the industrialized world: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 16, p. 1−7. 

Dalsted, K.J., Sather-Blair, S., Worcester, B.K., and Klukas, R., 1981, Application of remote sensing to 

prairie dog management: Journal of Range Management, v. 34, p. 218−223. 

Darby, C., Hsu, J.W., Ghori, N., and Falkow, S., 2002, Caenorhabditis elegans: Plague bacteria biofilm 

blocks food intake: Nature, v. 417, p. 243−244. 

Davidson, A.D., Parmenter, R.R., and Gosz, J.R., 1999, Responses of small mammals and vegetation to 

a reintroduction of Gunnison’s prairie dogs: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 80, p. 1311−1324. 

Davis, J.R., and Theimer, T.C., 2003, Increased lesser earless lizard (Holbrookia maculata) abundance 

on Gunnison’s prairie dog colonies and short term responses to artificial prairie dog burrows: 

American Midland Naturalist, v. 150, p. 282−290. 

Davis, R.M., 1999, Use of orally administered chinin inhibitor (Lufenuron) to control flea vectors of 

plague on ground squirrels in California: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 36, p. 562−567. 

Davis, R.M., Smith, R.T., Madon, M.B., and Sitko-Cleugh, E., 2002, Flea, rodent, and plague ecology at 

Chuchupate Campground, Ventura County, California: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 27, p. 107−127. 

Davis, R.M., Cleugh, E., Smith, R.T., and Smith, C.L., 2008, Use of a chitin synthesis inhibitor to 

control fleas on wild rodents important in the maintenance of plague, Yersinia pestis, in California: 

Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 33, p. 278−284. 

Davis, R.M., Borchert, J.N., Poche, R.M., and Bruening, J.J., 2010, Decreasing the risks of plague to 

wildlife and humans using easily applied ground squirrel baits: Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 

v. 10, p. 95. Abstract. 
11

Davis, S., Begon, M., De Bruyn, L., Ageyev, V.S., Klassovskiy, N.L., Pole, S.B., Viljugrein, H., 

Stenseth, N.C., and Leirs, H., 2004, Predictive thresholds for plague in Kazakhstan: Science, v. 304, 

p. 736−738. 

Davis, S., Calvert, E., and Leirs, H., 2005, Fluctuating rodent populations and risk to humans from 

rodent-borne zoonoses: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 5, p. 305−314. 

Davis, S., Makundi, R.H., Machang’u, R.S., and Leirs, H., 2006, Demographic and spatio-temporal 

variation in human plague at a persistent focus in Tanzania: Acta Tropica, v. 100, p. 133−141. 

Davis, S., Leirs, H., Viljugrein, H., Stenseth, N.C., De Bruyn, L., Klassovskiy, N., Ageyev, V., and 

Begon, M., 2007, Empirical assessment of a threshold model for sylvatic plague: Journal of the Royal 

Society Interface, v. 4, p. 649−657. 

Davis, S., Trapman, P., Leirs, H., Begon, M., and Heesterbeek, J.A.P., 2008, The abundance threshold 

for plague as a critical percolation phenomenon: Nature, v. 454, p. 643−637. 

Deisch, M.S., Uresk, D.W., and Linder, R.L., 1989, Effects of two prairie dog rodenticides on grounddwelling invertebrates in western South Dakota, in Bjugstad, A.J., Uresk, D.W., and Hamre, R.H., 

technical coordinators, Ninth Great Plains wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings:Fort 

Collins, Colo., USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-171, p. 166−170. 

Deisch, M.S., Uresk, D.W., and Linder, R.L., 1990, Effects of prairie dog rodenticides on deer mice in 

western South Dakota: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 50, p. 347−353. 

Dennis, D.T., and Hughes, J.M., 1997, Multidrug resistance in plague: The New England Journal of 

Medicine, v. 337, p. 702−704. 

Dennis, D.T., Gage, K.L., Gratz, N., Poland, J.D., and Tikhomirov, E., 1999, Plague manual: 

epidemiology, distribution, surveillance, and control: World Health Organization, Geneva, 

Switzerland, 172 p. 

Dennis, D.T., and Gage, K.L., 2003, Plague, in Cohen, J., and Powderly, W.G., eds., Infectious diseases, 

(2d ed.): Philadelphia, Mosby, v. 2, p. 1-9. 

Derbise, A., Lesic, B., Dacheux, D., Ghigo, J.M., and Carniel, E., 2003, A rapid and simple method for 

inactivating chromosomal genes in Yersinia: FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, v. 38, 

p. 113−116. 

Derbise, A., Chenal-Francisque, V., Huon, C., Fayolle, C., Demeure, C.E., Chane-Woon-Ming, B., 

Medigue, C., Hinnebusch, B.J., and Carniel, E., 2010, Delineation and analysis of chromosomal 

regions specifying Yersinia pestis: Infection and Immunity, v. 78, p. 3930−3941. 

Desmond, M.J., Savidge, J.A., and Eskridge, K.M., 2000, Correlations between burrowing owl and 

black-tailed prairie dog declines: A 7-year analysis: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, 

p. 1067−1075. 

Detling, J.K., 1998, Mammalian herbivores: Ecosystem-level effects in two grassland national parks: 

Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 26, p. 438−448. 

Detling, J.K., and Painter, E.L., 1983, Defoliation responses of western wheatgrass populations with 

diverse histories of prairie dog grazing: Oecologia, v. 57, p. 65−71. 

Detling, J.K., and Whicker, A.D., 1988, Control of ecosystem processes by prairie dogs and other 

grassland herbivores, in Uresk, D.W., Schenbeck, G.L., and Cefkin, R., technical coordinators, Eighth 

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings: Fort Collins, Colo., USDA Forest 

Service General Technical Report RM-154, p. 23−29. 

Dewoody, R., Merritt, P.M., Houppert, A.S., and Marketon, M.M., 2011, YopK regulates the Yersinia

pestis type III secretion system from within host cells: Molecular Microbiology, v. 79, p. 1445-1461. 

Dinsmore, S.J., White, G.C., and Knopf, F.L., 2005, Mountain plover population responses to blacktailed prairie dogs in Montana: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 69, p. 1546-−1553. 
12

Dinsmore, S.J., and Smith, M.D., 2010, Mountain plover responses to plague in Montana: Vector-Borne 

and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 37−45. 

Dobson, F.S., Chesser, R.K., Hoogland, J.L., Sugg, D.W., and Foltz, D.W., 1997, Do black-tailed 

prairie dogs minimize inbreeding?: Evolution, v. 51, p. 970−978. 

Dobson, F.S., Chesser, R.K., Hoogland, J.L., Sugg, D.W., and Foltz, D.W., 1998, Breeding groups and 

gene dynamics in a socially structured population of prairie dogs: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 79, 

p. 671−680. 

Dobson, F.S., Chesser, R.K., Hoogland, J.L., Sugg, D.W., and Foltz, D.W., 2004, The influence of 

social breeding groups on effective population size in black-tailed prairie dogs: Journal of 

Mammalogy, v. 85, p. 58−66. 

Doll, J.M., and Wright, M.E., 1985, Plague in Arizona and Petrified Forest National Park: Museum of 

the Northern Arizona Press Bulletin Series, v. 89, p. 91. 

Doll, J., Fink, T.M., Levy, C., Sands, L., Roberto, R., Smith, C., Dixon, F.R., Pierce, J., and Brus, D.,

1992, Plague: United States, 1992: Morbitity and Mortality Weekly Report, v. 41, p. 787−790. 

Doll, J.M., Zeitz, P.S., Ettestad, P., Bucholtz, A.L., Davis, T., and Gage, K., 1994, Cat-transmitted fatal 

pneumonic plague in a person who traveled from Colorado to Arizona: American Journal of Tropical 

Medicine and Hygiene, v. 51, p. 109−114. 

Dong, X.Q., Lindler, L.E., and Chu, M.C., 2000, Complete DNA sequence and analysis of an emerging 

cryptic plasmid isolated from Yersinia pestis: Plasmid, v. 43, p. 144−148. 

Drancourt, M., and Raoult, D., 2002, Molecular insights into the history of plague: Microbes and 

Infection, v. 4, p. 105−109. 

Drancourt, M., Aboudharam, G., Signoli, M., Dutour, O., and Raoult, D., 1998, Detection of 400-yearold Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: An approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia: 

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, v. 95, p. 12637−12640. 

Drancourt, M., Roux, V., Dang, L.V., Tran-Hung, L., Castex, D., Chenal-Francisque, V., Ogata, H., 

Fournier, P., Crubezy, E., and Raoult, D., 2004, Genotyping, Orientalis-like Yersinia pestis, and 

plague pendemics: Emerging Infectious Disease, v. 10, p. 1585−1592. 

Drancourt, M., Houhamdi, L., and Raoult, D., 2006, Yersinia pestis as a telluric, human ectoparasiteborne organism: The Lancet, v. 6, p. 234−241. 

Drancourt, M., Signoli, M., Dang, L.V., Bizot, B., Roux, V., Tzortzis, S., and Raoult, D., 2007, Yersinia

pestis Orientalis in remains of ancient plague victims: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 13, 

p. 332−333. 

Dullum, J.A.L.D., Foresman, K.R., and Matchett, M.R., 2005, Efficacy of translocations for restoring 

populations of black-tailed prairie dogs: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 33, p. 842−850. 

Duplantier, J.M., Duchemin, J.B., Chanteau, S., and Carniel, E., 2005, From the recent lessons of the 

Malagasy foci towards a global understanding of the factors involved in plague reemergence: 

Veterinary Research, v. 36, p. 437−453. 

Durham, D.P., and Casman, E.A., 2009, Threshold conditions for the persistence of plague transmission 

in urban rats: Risk Analysis, v. 29, p. 1655−1663. 

Dyer, N.W., and Huffman, L.E., 1999, Plague in free-ranging mammals in western North Dakota: 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, p. 600−602. 

Edmunds, D.R., Williams, E.S., O’Toole, D., Mills, K.W., Boerger-Fields, A.M., Jaeger, P.T., Bildfel,

R.J., Dearing, P., and Cornish, T.E., 2008, Ocular plague (Yersinia pestis) in mule deer (Odocoileus

hemionus) from Wyoming and Oregon: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 44, p. 983−987. 
13

Eidson, M., Tierney, L.A., Rollag, O.J., Becker, T., Brown, T., and Hull, H.F., 1988, Feline plague in 

New Mexico: Risk factors and transmission to humans: American Journal of Public Health, v. 78, 

p. 1333−1335. 

Eidson, M., Thilstead, J.P., and Rollag, O.J., 1991, Clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic features 

of plague in cats: 119 cases (1977−1988): Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association, 

v. 199, p. 1191−1197. 

Eini, F., Raoufi, M.F., Soleimani, M., Azarifard, F., Jamshidiyan, E., and Majidzadeh, K., 2010, Design 

of improved polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method containing internal positive control (IPC) for 

molecular detection of Yersinia pestis: International Journal of Infecious Diseases, v. 14, p. 

E362−E363. 

Eisen, L. , and Eisen, R.J., 2011, Using geographic information systems and decision support systems 

for the prediction, prevention, and control of vector-borne diseases: Annual Review of Entomolgy, 

v. 56, p. 41−61. 

Eisen, R.J., and Gage, K.L., 2009, Adaptive strategies of Yersinia pestis to persist during inter-epizootic 

and epizootic periods: Veterinary Research, v. 40, p. 1. 

Eisen, R.J., Bearden, S.W., Wilder, A.P., Montenieri, J.A., Antolin, M.F., and Gage, K.L., 2006, Earlyphase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading 

plague epizootics: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 103, p. 15380−15385. 

Eisen, R.J., Enscore, R.E., Biggerstaff, B.J., Reynolds, P.J., Ettestad, P., Brown, T., Pape, J., Tanda, D., 

Levy, C.E., Engelthaler, D.M., Cheek, J., Bueno, R., Targhetta, R., Montenieri, J.A., and Gage, K.L., 

2007a, Human plague in the southwestern United States, 1957−2004: Spatial models of elevated risk 

of human exposure to Yersinia pestis: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 44, p. 530−537. 

Eisen, R.J., Wilder, A.P., Bearden, S.W., Montenieri, J.A., and Gage, K.L., 2007b, Early-phase 

transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked Xenophylla cheopsis (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae) is as 

efficient as transmission by blocked fleas: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 44, p. 678−682. 

Eisen, R.J., Reynolds, P.J., Ettestad, P., Brown, T., Enscore, R.E., Biggerstaff, B.J., Cheek, J., Bueno, 

R., Targhetta, J., Montenieri, J.A., and Gage, K.L., 2007c, Residence-linked human plague in New 

Mexico: A habitat suitability model: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 77, 

p. 121−125. 

Eisen, R.J., Lowell, J.L., Montenieri, J.A., Bearden, S.W., and Gage, K.L., 2007d, Temporal dynamics 

of early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas: Secondary infectious feeds prolong 

efficient transmission by Oropsylla montana (Siphonaptera: Ceratolphyllidae): Journal of Medical 

Entomology, v. 44, p. 672−677. 

Eisen, R.J., Holmes, J.L., Schotthoefer, A.M., Vetter, S.M., Montenieri, J.A., and Gage, K.L., 2008a, 

Demonstration of early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by the mouse flea, Aetheca wagneri

(Siphonaptera: Ceratophylidae), and implications for the role of deer mice as enzootic reservoirs: 

Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 45, p. 1160−1164. 

Eisen, R.J., Vetter, S.M., Holmes, J.L., Bearden, S.W., Montenieri, J.A., and Gage, K.L., 2008b, Source 

of host blood affects prevalence of infection and bacterial loads of Yersinia pestis in fleas: Journal of 

Medical Entomology, v. 45, p. 933−938. 

Eisen, R.J., Petersen, J.M., Higgins, C.L., Wong, D., Levy, C.E., Mead, P.S., Schriefer, M.E., Griffith, 

K.S., Gage, K.L., and Ben Beard, C., 2008, Persistence of Yersinia pestis in soil under natural 

conditions: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 14, p. 941−943. 

Eisen, R.J., Eisen, L., and Gage, K.L., 2009, Studies of vector competency and efficiency of North 

American fleas for Yersinia pestis: State of the field and future research needs: Journal of Medical 

Entomology, v. 46, p. 737−744. 
14

Eisen, R.J., Griffith, K.S., Borchert, J.N., MacMillan, K., Apangu, T., Owor, N., Acayo, S., Acidri, R., 

Zielinski-Gutierrez, E., Winters, A.M., Enscore, R.E., Schriefer, M.E., Beard, C.B., Gage, K.L., and 

Mead, P.S., 2010, Assessing human risk of exposure to plague bacteria in northwestern Uganda based 

on remotely sensed predictors: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 82, 

p. 904−911. 

Ell, S.R., 1979, Some evidence for interhuman transmission of Medieval plague: Reviews of Infectious 

Diseases, v. 1, p. 563-−566. 

Elvin, S.J., Williamson, E.D., Scott, J.C., Smith, J.N., Perez de Lema, G., Chilla, S., Clapham, P., 

Pfeffer, K., Schlondorff, D., and Luckow, B., 2004, Evolutionary genetics: Ambiguous role of CCR5 

in Y. pestis infection: Nature, v. 430, p. 606 

Engelthaler, D.M., Gage, K.L., Montenieri, J.A., Chu, M., and Carter, L.G., 1999, PCR detection of 

Yersinia pestis in fleas: Comparison with mouse inoculation: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 37, 

p. 1980−1984. 

Engelthaler, D.M., and Gage, K.L., 2000, Quantities of Yersinia pestis in fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae, 

Ceratophyllidae, and Hystrichopsyllidae) collected from areas of known or suspected plague activity: 

Journal of Medical Anthropology, v. 37, p. 422−426. 

Engelthaler, D.M., Hinnebusch, B.J., Rittner, C.M., and Gage, K.L., 2000, Quantitative competitive 

PCR as a technique for exploring flea-Yersinia pestis dynamics: American Journal of Tropical 

Medicine and Hygiene, v. 62, p. 552−560. 

Enscore, R.E., Biggerstaff, B.J., Brown, T.L., Fulgham, R.F., Reynolds, P.J., Engelthaler, D.M., Levy,

C.E., Parmenter, R.R., Montenieri, J.A., Cheek, J.E., Grinnell, R.K., Ettestad, P.J., and Gage, K.L., 

2002, Modeling relationships between climate and the frequency of human plague cases in the 

southwestern United States, 1960−1997: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 66, 

p. 186−196. 

Erickson, D.L., Jarrett, C.O., Wren, B.W., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2006, Serotype differences and lack of 

biofilm formation characterize Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection of the Xenopsylla cheopsis flea 

vector of Yersinia pestis: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 188, p. 1113−1119. 

Erickson, D.L., Waterfield, N.R., Vadyvaloo, V., Long, D., Fischer, E.R., Ffrench-Constant, R., and 

Hinnebusch, B.J., 2007, Acute oral toxicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to fleas: Implications for 

the evolution of vector-borne transmission of plague: Cellular Microbiology, v. 9, p. 2658−2666. 

Erickson, D.L., Anderson, N.E., Cromar, L.M., and Jolley, A., 2009, Bacterial communities associated 

with flea vectors of plague: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 46, p. 1532−1536. 

Eroshenko, G.A., Vidyaeva, N.A., and Kutyrev, V.V., 2010, Comparative analysis of biofilm formation 

by main and nonmain subspecies Yersinia pestis strains: FEMS Immunology and Medical 

Microbiology, v. 59, p. 513−520. 

Fagerlund, R.A., Ford, P.L., and Polechla, P.J., 2001, New records for fleas (Siphonaptera) from New 

Mexico with notes on plague-carrying species: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 46, p. 94−96. 

Fagerstone, K.A., Tietjen, H.P., and Williams, O., 1981, Seasonal variation in the diet of black-tailed 

prairie dogs: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 62, p. 820−824. 

Fahnestock, J.T., Larson, D.L., Plumb, G.E., and Detling, J.K., 2003, Effects of ungulates and prairie 

dogs on seed banks and vegetation in a North American mixed-grass prairie: Plant Ecology, v. 167, 

p. 255−268. 

Fan, S.P., Ruan, C.L., Sun, Y.X., and Yue, Y.J., 2010, Assessment for health education in plague 

affected area in Dingbian country, Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China: Chinese Journal of Endemiology, 

v. 29, p. 215−217. 
15

Felek, S., Muszynski, A., Carlson, R.W., Tsang, T.M., Hinnebusch, B.J., and Krukonis, E.S., 2010, 

Phosphoglucomutase of Yersinia pestis is required for autoaggregation and polymyxin B resistance: 

Infection and Immunity, v. 78, p. 1163−1175. 

Filippov, A.A., Solodovnikov, N.S., Kookleva, L.M., and Protsenko, O.A., 1990, Plasmid content in 

Yersinia pestis strains of different origin: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 67, p. 45−48. 

Fitzgerald, J.P., 1993, The ecology of plague in Gunnison’s prairie dogs and suggestions for the 

recovery of black-footed ferrets,in Oldemeyer, J.L., Biggins, D.E., Miller, B.J., and Crete, R., eds., 

Proceedings of the Symposium on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction 

of the Black-footed Ferret: U.S. Fish and wildlife Service Biological Report 13, p. 50−59.

Fitzgerald, J.P., and Lechleitner, R.R., 1974, Observations on the biology of Gunnison’s prairie dog in 

central Colorado: American Midland Naturalist, v. 92, p. 146−163. 

Fleer, K.A., Foley, P., Calder, L., and Foley, J.E., 2011, Arthropod vectors and vector-borne bacterial 

pathogens in Yosemite National Park: Journal of Medical Antropology, v. 48, p. 101−110. 

Foley, P., and Foley, J., 2010, Modeling susceptible infective recovered dynamics and plague 

persistence in California rodent-flea communities: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, 

p. 59−67. 

Foley, P., and Foley, J., 2010, Features of rodent reservoir and flea vectors contributing to enzootic 

sylvatic plague in highly biodiverse California communities: Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 

v. 10, p. 95. Abstract. 

Foley, J.E., Zipser, J., Chomel, B., Girvetz, E., and Foley, P., 2007, Modeling plague persistence in 

host-vector communities in California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 43, p. 408−424. 

Foltz, D.W., and Hoogland, J.L., 1983, Genetic evidence of outbreeding in the black-tailed prairie dog 

(Cynomys ludovicianus): Evolution, v. 37, p. 273−281. 

Foltz, D.W., Hoogland, J.L., and Koscielny, G.M., 1988, Effects of sex, litter size, and heterozygosity 

on juvenile weight in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 

69, p. 611−614. 

Forrest, S., 2005, Getting the story right: a response to Vermeire and Colleagues: BioScience, v. 55, 

p. 526−530. 

Foster-McDonald, N.S., and Hygnstrom, S.E., 1991, Effects of a visual barrier fence on the movements 

of black-tailed prairie dogs, in Hygnstrom, S.E., Case, R.M., and Johnson, R.J., eds., Tenth Great 

Plains Wildlife Damage Conference Proceedings: Lincoln, University of Nebraska, Nebr., p. 61. 

Fowler, J.M., Wulff, C.R., Straley, S.C., and Brubaker, R.R., 2009, Growth of calcium-blind mutants of 

Yersinia pestis at 37 degrees C in permissive Ca2+-deficient environments: Microbiology-SGM, v. 

155, p. 2509−2521. 

Franklin, H.A., Stapp, P., and Cohen, A., 2010, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of 

rodent blood meals confirms host sharing by flea vectors of plague: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 35, 

p. 363−371. 

Franklin, W.L., and Garrett, M.G., 1989, Nonlethal control of prairie dog colony expansion with visual 

barriers: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 17, p. 426−430. 

Frean, J.A., Arntzen, L., Capper, T., Bryskier, A., and Klugman, K.P., 1996, In vitro activities of 14 

antibiotics against 100 human isolates of Yersinia pestis from a southern African plague focus: 

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, v. 40, p. 2646−2647. 

Friggens, M.M., and Beier, P., 2010, Anthropogenic disturbance and the risk of flea-borne disease 

transmission: Oecologia, v. 164, p. 809−820. 
16

Friggens, M.M., Parmenter, R.R., Boyden, M., Ford, P.L., Gage, K., and Keim, P., 2010, Flea 

abundance, diversity, and plague in gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) and their burrows in 

montane grasslands in northern New Mexico: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 46, p. 356−367. 

Fukuto, H.S., Svetlanov, A., Palmer, L.E., Karzai, A.W., and Bliska, J.B., 2010, Global gene expression 

profiling of Yersinia pestis replicating inside macrophages reveals the roles of putative stress-induced 

operon in regulating Type III secretion and intracellular cell division: Infection and Immunity, v. 78, 

p. 3700−3715. 

Gabitzsch, E.S., Vera-Tudela, R., Eisen, R.J., Bearden, S.W., Gage, K.L., and Zeidner, N.S., 2008, 

Short report: Development of a real-time quantitative PCR assay to enumerate Yersinia pestis in fleas: 

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 79, p. 99−101. 

Gage, K.L., 1998, Plague,in Colliers, L., Balows, A., Sussman, M., and Hausles, W.J., eds., Wilson’s 

microbiology and microbiological infections, v. 3: London, Edward Arnold Press, p. 885−903. 

Gage, K.L., 1999, Plague surveillance,in Dennis, D.T., Gage, K.L., Gratz, N., Poland, J.D., and 

Tikhomirov, E., principal authors, Plague manual: Epidemiology, distribution, surveillance and 

control: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.2, p.135−165. 

Gage, K.L., and Kosoy, M.Y., 2005, Natural history of plague: perspectives from more than a century of 

research: Annual Review of Entomology, v. 50, p. 505−528. 

Gage, K.L., Ostfeld, R.S., and Olson, J.G., 1995, Nonviral vector-borne zoonoses associated with 

mammals in the United States: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 76, p. 695−715. 

Gage, K.L., Montenieri, J.A., and Thomas, R.E., 1994, The role of predators in the ecology, 

epidemiology, and surveillance of plague in the United States: Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest 

Conference, v. 16, p. 200−206. 

Gage, K.L., Dennis, D.T., Orloski, K.A., Ettestad, P., Brown, T.L., Reynolds, P.J., Pape, W.J., Fritz,

C.L., Carter, L.G., and Stein, J.D., 2000, Cases of cat-associated human plague in the Western US, 

1977−1998: Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 30, p. 893−900. 

Galdan, B., Baatar, U., Molotov, B., and Dashdavaa, O., 2010, Plague in Mongolia: Vector-borne and 

zoonotic diseases, v. 10, p. 69−75. 

Galimand, M., Guiyoule, A., Gerbaud, B., Rasoamanana, B., Chanteau, S., Carniel, E., and Courvalin, 

P., 1997, Multidrug resistance in Yersinia pestis mediated by a transferable plasmid: New England 

Journal of Medicine, v. 337, p. 677−680. 

Galimand, M., Carniel, E., and Courvalin, P., 2006, Resistance of Yersinia pestis to antimicrobial 

agents: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, v. 50, p. 3233−3236. 

Galindo, C.L., Sha, J., Moen, S.T., Agar, S.L., Kirtley, M.L., Foltz, S.M., McIver, L.J., Kozlova, E.V., 

Garner, H.R., and Chopra, A.K., 2010, Comparative global gene expression profiles of wild-type 

Yersinia pestis CO92 and its braun lipoprotein mutant at flea and human body temperatures: 

Comparative and Functional Genomics, v. 2010, article ID 342168, p. 1−11. 

Galvani, A.P., and Montgomery, S., 2003, Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective 

pressures for the CCR5-delta32 HIV-resistance allele: Proceedings of the National Academy of 

Science, v. 100, p. 15276−15279. 

Galyov, E.E., Smirnov, E.Y., Karlishev, A.V., Volkovoy, K.I., Denesyuk, A.I., Nazimov, I.V., Rubtsov, 

K.S., Abramov, V.M., Dalvadyanz, S.M., and Zav’yalov, V.P., 1990, Nucleotide sequence of the 

Yersinia pestis gene encoding F1 antigen and the primary structure of the protein: Putative T and B 

cell epitopes: FEBS Letters, v. 277, p. 230−232. 
17

Galyov, E.E., Karlishev, A.V., Chernovskaya, T.V., Dolgikh, D.A., Smirnov, O.Y., Volkovoy, K.I., 

Abramov, V.M., and Zav’yalov, V.P., 1991, Expression of the envelope antigen F1 of Yersinia pestis

is mediated by the product of caf1M gene having homology with the chaperone protein PapD of 

Escherichia coli: FEBS Letters, v. 286, p. 79−82. 

Gao, M.X., Li, X.W., Cao, C.X., Zhang, H., Li, Q., Zhou, H., He, Q.S., Xu, M., Zhao, J., Zheng, S., and 

Chen, W., Spatial prediction and analysis of Himalayan marmot plague natural epidemic foci in China 

based on HJ-1 satellite data: Science China Earth Sciences, v. 53 (SUPPL. 1), p. 8−15. 

Garrett, M.G., Hoogland, J.L., and Franklin, W.L., 1982, Demographic differences between an old and 

a new colony of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): American Midland Naturalist, 

v. 108, p. 51-−59. 

Garrett, M.G., and Franklin, W.L., 1988, Behavioral ecology of dispersal in the black-tailed prairie dog:

Journal of Mammalogy, v. 69, p. 236−250. 

Gasper, P.W., Barnes, A.M., Quan, T.J., Benziger, J.P., Carter, L.G., Beard, M.L., and Maupin, G.O., 

1993, Plague (Yersinia pestis) in cats ―Description of experimentally induced disease: Journal of 

Medical Entomology, v. 30, p. 20−26. 

Gendrin, C., Sarrazin, S., Bonnaffe, D., Jault, J.M., Lortat-Jacob, H., and Dessen, A., 2010, Hijacking of 

the pleiotropic cytokine interferon-gamma by the type III secretin system of Yersinia pestis: PLoS 

ONE, v. 5, p. 1−12. 

Generalova, A.N., Sizova, S.V., Oleinikov, V.A., Zubov, V.P., Artemyev, M.V., Spemath, L., 

Kamyshny, A., and Magdassi, S., 2009, Highly fluorescent ethyl cellulose nanoparticles containing 

embedded semiconductor nanocrystals: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering 

Aspects, v. 342, p. 59−64. 

Geng, J., Song, Y., Yang, L., Feng, Y., Qiu, Y., Li, G., Guo, J., Bi, Y., Qu, Y., Wang, W., Wang, X., 

Guo, Z., Yang, R., and Han, Y., 2009, Involvement of the post-transcriptional regulator Hfq in 

Yersinia pestis virulence: PLoS One, v. 4, article no. e6213. 

Gerry, A.C., Zhang, X., Walker, T., Frederickson, S., Metzger, M., Hu, R., and Krieger, R.I., 2005, 

Worker exposure to diazinon during flea control operations in response to a plague epizootic: Bulletin 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 74, p. 391−398. 

Gese, E.M., Schultz, R.D., Johnson, M.R., Williams, E.S., Crabtree, R.L., and Raff, R.L., 1997, 

Serological survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) in Yellowstone National Park, 

Wyoming: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 33, p. 47−56. 

Gese, E.M., Karki, S.M., Klavetter, M.L., Schauster, E.R., and Kitchen, A.M., 2004, Serologic survey 

for canine infectious diseases among sympatric swift foxes (Vulpes velox) and coyotes (Canis latrans) 

in southeastern Colorado: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, p. 741−748. 

Girard, J.M., Wagner, D.M., Vogler, A.J., Keys, C., Allender, C.J., Drickamer, L.C., and Keim, P., 

2004, Differential plague-transmission dynamics determine Yersinia pestis population genetic 

structure on local, regional, and global scales: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 

v. 101, p. 8408−8413. 

Goddard, J., 1999, Fleas and plague: Infections in Medicine, v. 16, p. 21−23. 

Gompper, M.E., and Williams, E.S., 1998, Parasite conservation and the black-footed ferret recovery 

program: Conservation Biology, v. 12, p. 730−732. 

Goodrich, J.M., and Buskirk, S.W., 1998, Spacing and ecology of North American badgers (Taxidea

taxus) in a prairie-dog (Cynomys leucurus) complex: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 79, p. 171−179. 

Gould, L.H., Pape, J., Ettestad, P., Griffith, K.S., and Mead, P.S., 2008, Dog-associated risk factors for 

human plague: Zoonoses and Public Health, v. 55, p. 448−454. 
18

Grant-Hoffman, M.N., and Detling, J.K., 2006, Vegetation on Gunnison’s prairie dog colonies in 

southwestern Colorado: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 59, p. 73−79. 

Gratz, N.G., 1999a, Rodent reservoirs and flea vectors of natural foci of plague, in Dennis, D.T., Gage, 

K.L., Gratz, N., Poland, J.D., and Tikhomirov, E., principal authors, Plague manual: Epidemiology, 

distribution, surveillance and control: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.2, 

p. 63−96. 

Gratz, N.G., 1999b, Control of plague transmission,: in Dennis, D.T., Gage, K.L., Gratz, N., Poland, 

J.D., and Tikhomirov, E., principal authors, Plague manual: Epidemiology, distribution, surveillance 

and control: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.2, p. 97−134. 

Green, M., Rogers, D., Russell, P., Stagg, A.J., Bell, D.L., Eley, S.M., Titball, R.W., and Williamson, 

E.D., 1999, The SCID/Beige mouse as a model to investigate protection against Yersinia pestis: 

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, v. 23, p. 107−113. 

Gregg, C.T., 1985, Plague―An ancient disease in the twentieth century (revised ed.): Albuquerque, N. 

Mex., University of New Mexico Press, 169 p. 

Griffin, K.A., Martin, D.J., Rosen, L.E., Sirochman, M.A., Walsh, D.P., Wolfe, L.L., and Miller, M.W., 

2010, Detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in prairie dog-associated fleas by polymerase chain reaction 

assay of purified DNA: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 46, p. 636−643. 

Guarner, J., Shieh, W.J., Chu, M., Perlman, D.C., Kool, J., Gage, K.L., Ettestad, P., and Zaki, S.R., 

2005, Persistent Yersinia pestis antigens in ischemic tissues of a patient with septicemic plague: 

Human Pathology, v. 36, p. 850−853. 

Gubler, D.J., Reiter, P., Ebi, K.L., Yap, W., Nasci, R., and Patz, J.A., 2001, Climate variability and 

change in the United States: Potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases: Environmental 

Health Perspectives, v. 109, p. 223−233. 

Guinet, F., Ave, P., Jones, L., Huerre, M., and Carniel, E., 2008, Defective innate cell response and 

lymph node infiltration specify Yersinia pestis infection: PLoS ONE, v. 3, e1688, p. 1−11. 

Guiyoule, A., Grimont, F., Iteman, I., Grimont, P.D., Lefevre, M., and Carniel, E., 1994, Plague 

pandemics investigated by ribotyping of Yersinia pestis strains: Journal of Clinicial Microbiology, 

v. 32, p. 634−641. 

Guiyoule, A., Gerbaud, G., Buchrieser, C., Galimand, M., Rahalison, L., Chanteau, S., Courvalin, P., 

and Carniel, E., 2001, Transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to streptomycin in a clinical isolate of 

Yersinia pestis: Emerging Infectious Disease, v. 7, p. 43−48. 

Gurtler, J.B., Rivera, R.B., Zhang, H.Q., and Sommers, C.H., 2010, Behavior of a virulent Yersinia

pestis in liquid whole eff as affected by storage temperature, antimicrobials and thermal 

pasteurization: Journal of Food Safety, v. 30, p. 537−557. 

Haiko, J., Laakkonen, L., Juuti, K., Kalkkinen, N., and Korhonen, T.K., 2010, The omptins of Yersinia

pestis and Salmonella enterica cleave the reactive center loop of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: 

Journal of Bacteriology, v. 192, p. 4553−4561. 

Hanson, D.A., Britten, H.B., Restani, M., and Washburn, L.R., 2007, High prevalence of Yersinia pestis

in black-tailed prairie dog colonies during an apparent enzootic phase of sylvatic plague: 

Conservation Genetics, v. 8, p. 789−795. 

Hansen, R.M., and Gold, I.K., 1977, Blacktail prairie dogs, desert cottontails and cattle trophic relations 

on shortgrass range: Journal of Rangeland Management, v. 30, p. 210−214. 

Harrison, F.J., Jr., 1996, Managing plague in endangered species habitats: Proceedings of the Vertebrate 

Pest Conference, v. 17, p. 230−233. 

Hartley, L.M., Detling, J.K., and Savage, L.T., 2009, Introduced plague lessens the effects of an 

herbivorous rodent on grassland vegetation: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 46, p. 861−869. 
19

Haynie, M.L., Van Den Bussche, R.A., Hoogland, J.L., and Gilbert, D.A., 2003, Parentage, multiple 

paternity, and breeding success in Gunnison’s and Utah prairie dogs: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 84, 

p. 1244−1253. 

He, Y.Q., Rush, H.G., Liepman, R.S., Xiang, Z.S., and Colby, L.A., 2007, Pathobiology and 

management of laboratory rodents administered CDC Category A agents: Comparative Medicine, 

v. 57, p. 18−32. 

Heesemann, J., Kalthoff, H., and Koch, F., 1986, Monoclonal antibodies directed against plasmidencoded released proteins of enteropathogenic Yersinia: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 36, p. 15−19. 

Heath, D.G., Anderson, G.W., Jr., Mauro, J.M., Welkos, S.L., Andrews, G.P., Adamovicz, J., and 

Friedlander, A.M., 1998, Protection against experimental bubonic and pneumonic plague by a 

recombinant capsular F1-V antigen fusion protein vaccine: Vaccine, v. 16, p. 1131−1137. 

Henke, S.E., Pence, D.B., Demarais, S., and Johnson, J.R., 1990, Serologic survey of selected zoonotic 

disease agents in black-tailed jack rabbits from western Texas: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 26, 

p. 107−111. 

Hess, G.R., Randolph, S.E., Arneberg, P., Chemini, C., Furlanello, C., Harwood, J., Roberts, M.G., and 

Swinton, J., 2002, Spatial aspects of disease dynamics, in Hudson, P.J., Rizzoli, A., Grenfell, B.T., 

Heesterbeek, H., and Dobson, A.P., eds., The ecology of wildlife diseases: New York, Oxford 

University Press Inc., p. 102−118. 

Higgins, J.A., Ezzell, J., Hinnebusch, B.J., Shipley, M., Henchal, E.A., and Ibrahim, M.S., 1998, 5’ 

nuclease PCR assay to detect Yersinia pestis: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 36, p. 2284−2288. 

Hines, J., Skrzypek, E., Kajava, A.V., and Straley, S.C., 2001, Structure-function analysis of Yersinia

pestis YopM’s interaction with alpha-thrombin to rule on its significance in systemic plague and to 

model YopM’s mechanism of binding host proteins: Microbial Pathogenesis, v. 30, p. 193−209. 

Hinnebusch, B.J., 1997, Bubonic plague: A molecular genetic case history of the emergence of an 

infectious disease: Journal of Molecular Medicine, v. 75, p. 645−652. 

Hinnebusch, B.J., 2005, The evolution of flea-borne transmission in Yersinia pestis: Current Issues in 

Molecular Biology, v. 7, p. 197−212. 

Hinnebusch, B.J., 2010, The evolution of stable flea-borne transmission cycles of Yersinia pestis: 

Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 96. Abstract. 

Hinnebusch, B.J., Fischer, E.R., and Schwan, T.G., 1998, Evaluation of the role of the Yersinia pestis

plasminogen activator and other plasmid-encoded factors in temperature-dependent blockage of the 

flea: Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 178, p. 1406−1415. 

Hinnebusch, B.J., Gage, K.L., and Schwan, T.G., 1998, Estimation of vector infectivity rates for plague 

by means of a standard curve-based competitive polymerase chain reaction method to quantify 

Yersinia pestis in fleas: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 58, p. 562−569. 

Hinnebusch, B.J., Cherepanov, P., Du, Y., Rudolph, A., Dixon, J.D., Schwan, T., and Forsberg, A., 

2000, Murine toxin of Yersinia pestis shows phospholipase D activity but is not required for virulence 

in mice: International Journal of Medical Microbiology, v. 290, p. 483−487. 

Hinnebusch, B., Rosso, M., Schwan, T., and Carniel, E., 2002, High-frequency conjugative transfer of 

antibiotic resistance genes to Yersinia pestis in the flea midgut: Molecular and Microbiology, v. 46, 

p. 349−354. 

Hinnebusch, B.J., Rudolph, A.E., Cherepanov, P., Dixon, J.E., Schwan, T.G., and Forsberg, A., 2002, 

Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector: Science, 

v. 296, p. 733−735. 

Hirst, L.F., 1953, The conquest of plague: A study of the evolution of epidemiology: Oxford, Clarendon 

Press, 478 p. 
20

Hoar, B.R., Chomel, B.B., Rolfe, D.L., Chang, C.C., Fritz, C.L., Sacks, B.N., and Carpenter, T.E., 2003, 

Spatial analysis of Yersinia pestis and Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii seroprevalence in 

California coyotes (Canis latrans): Preventive Veterinary Medicine, v. 56, p. 299−311. 

Hof, J., Bevers, M., Uresk, D.W., and Schenbeck, G.L., 2002, Optimizing habitat location for blacktailed prairie dogs in southwestern South Dakota: Ecological Modeling, v. 147, p. 11−21. 

Holland, E.A., and Detling, J.K., 1990, Plant response to herbivory and belowground nitrogen cycling: 

Ecology, v. 71, p. 1040−1049. 

Holmes, B.E., Foresman, K.R., and Matchett, M.R., 2006, No evidence of persistent Yersinia pestis

infection at prairie dog colonies in north-central Montana: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 42, 

p. 164−169. 

Holt, A.C., Salkeld, D.J., Fritz, C.L., Tucker, J.R., and Gong, P., 2009, Spatial analysis of plague in 

California: Niche modeling predictions of the current distribution and potential response to climate 

change: International Journal of Health Geographics, v. 88, p. 38. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1981, The evolution of coloniality in white-tailed and black-tailed prairie dogs 

(Sciuridae: Cynomys leucurus and C. ludovicianus): Ecology, v. 62, p. 252−272. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1982, Prairie dogs avoid extreme inbreeding: Science, v. 215, p. 1639−1641. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1983, Black-tailed prairie dog coteries are cooperatively breeding units: American 

Naturalist, v. 121, p. 275−280. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1985, Infanticide in prairie dogs: Lactating females kill offspring of close kin: Science, 

v. 230, p. 1037−1040. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1992, Levels of inbreeding among prairie dogs: American Naturalist, v. 139, 

p. 591−602. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1996, Why do Gunnison’s prairie dogs give anti-predator calls?: Animal Behavior, 

v. 51, p. 871−880. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1998a, Estrus and copulation of Gunnison’s prairie dogs: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 79, 

p. 887−897. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1998b, Why do female Gunnison’s prairie dogs copulation with more than one male?: 

Animal Behavior, v. 55, p. 351−359. 

Hoogland, J.L., 1999, Philopatry, dispersal, and social organization of Gunnison’s prairie dogs: Journal 

of Mammalogy, v. 80, p. 243−251. 

Hoogland, J.L., 2001, Black-tailed, Gunnison’s, and Utah prairie dogs reproduce slowly: Journal of 

Mammalogy, v. 82, p. 917−927. 

Hoogland, J.L., and Hutter, J.M., 1987, Using molar attrition to age live prairie dogs: Journal of 

Wildlife Management, v. 51, p. 393−394. 

Hoogland, J.L., Angell, D.K., Daley, J.G., and Radcliffe, M.C., 1988, Demography and population 

dynamics of prairie dogs, in Uresk, D.W., Schenbeck, G.L., and Cefkin, R., technical coordinators, 

Eighth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings: USDA Forest Service General 

Technical Report RM-154, Fort Collins, Colo., p. 18−22. 

Hoogland, J.L., Davis, S., Benson-Amram, S., Labruna, D., Goossens, B., and Hoogland, M.A., 2004, 

Pyraperm kills fleas and halts plague among Utah prairie dogs: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 49, 

p. 376−-383. 

Huang, D., Chen, C.Y.., Ali, Z., Shao, L.Y., Shen, L., Lockman, H.A., Barnewall, R.E., Sabourin, C., 

Eestep, J., Reichenberg, A., Hintz, M., Jomaa, H., Wang, R., and Chen, Z.W., 2009, Antigen-specific 

V gamma 2V delta 2 T effector cells confer homeostatic protection against pneumonic plague lesions: 

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 106, p. 7553−7558. 
21

Huang, Y., and Haas, C.N., 2009, Time-dose-response models for microbial risk assessment: Risk 

Analysis, v. 29, p. 648−661. 

Huang, Y., Bartrand, T.A., Haas, C.N., and Weir, M.H., 2009, Incorporating time postinoculation into a 

dose-response model of Yersinia pestis in mice: Journal of Applied Microbiology, v. 107, p. 727−735. 

Hudson, B.W., and Quan, T.J., 1975, Serologic observations during an outbreak of rat borne plague in 

the San Francisco Bay area of California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 11, p. 431−436. 

Hygnstrom, S.E., 1996, Plastic visual barriers were ineffective at reducing recolonization rates of prairie 

dogs, in Masters, R.E., and Huggins, J.G., eds., Twelfth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control 

Workshop Proceedings: Ardmmore, Okla., Noble Foundation, p. 74−76. 

Hygnstrom, S.E., McDonald, P.M., and Virchow, D.R., 1998, Efficacy of three formulations of zinc 

phosphide for managing black-tailed prairie dogs: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 

v. 42, p. 147−152. 

Iqbal, S.S., Chambers, J.P., Brubaker, R.R., Goode, M.T., and Valdes, J.J., 1999, Detection of Yersinia

pestis using branched DNA: Molecular and Cellular Probes, v. 13, p. 315−320. 

Iqbal, S.S., Chambers, J.P., Goode, M.T., Valdes, J.J., and Brubaker, R.R., 2000, Detection of Yersinia

pestis by pesticin fluorogenic probe-coupled PCR: Molecular and Cellular Probes, v. 14, p. 109−114. 

India Plague Commission, 1908, Reports on plague investigation in India, XXXI: On the seasonal 

prevalence of plague in India: Journal of Hygiene, v. 8, p. 266−301. 

Jackson, M.W., 2000, Interactions between type III secretion apparatus components from Yersinia pestis

detected using the yeast two-hybrid system: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 186, p. 85−90. 

Janse, I., Hamidjaja, R.A., Bok, J.M., and van Rotterdam, B.J., 2010, Reliable detection of Bacillus

anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis by using multiplex qPCR including internal 

controls for nucleic acid extraction and amplification: BMC Microbiology, v. 10, p. 1−12. 

Jarrett, C.O., Deak, E., Isherwood, K.E., Oyston, P.C., Fischer, E.R., Whitney, A.R., Kobayashi, S.D., 

DeLeo, F.R., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2004, Transmission of Yersinia pestis from an infectious biofilm 

in the flea vector: Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 190, p. 783−792. 

Jessup, D.A., Murphy, C.J., Kock, N., Jang, S., and Hoefler, L., 1989, Ocular lesions of plague 

(Yersinia pestis) in a black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus): Journal of Zoo and 

Wildlife Medicine, v. 20, p. 360−363. 

Johnson, W.C., and Collinge, S.K., 2004, Landscape effects on black-tailed prairie dog colonies: 

Biological Conservation, v. 115, p. 487−497. 

Jones, P.H., and Britten, H.B., 2010, The absence of concordant population genetic structure in the 

black-tailed prairie dog and the flea, Oropsylla hirsuta, with implications for the spread of Yersinia

pestis: Molecular Ecology, v. 19, p. 2038−2049. 

Jones, P.H.., Wallace, L., and Britten, H.B., 2009, Isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite 

loci from Oropsylla hirsuta, a vector of sylvatic plague: Molecular Ecology Resources, v. 9, 

p. 1041−1044. 

Jones, P.H., Britten, H.B., Hanson, D.A., and Washburn, L.R., 2010, Monitoring plague epizootics in 

black-tailed prairie dog colonies with a sensitive PCR-based protocol: Vector-borne and Zoonotic 

Diseases, v. 10, p. 96. Abstract. 

Jones, R.T., Knight, R., and Martin, A.P., 2010, Bacterial communities of disease vectors sampled 

across time, space, and species: ISME Journal, v. 4, p. 223−231. 

Joshi, K., Thakur, J.S., Kumar, R., Singh, A.J., Ray, P., Jain, S., and Varma, S., 2009, Epidemiological 

features of pneumonic plague outbreak in Himachal Pradesh, India: Transactions of the Royal Society 

of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 103, p. 455−460. 
22

Kacki, S., Rahalison, L., Rajerison, M., Ferroglio, E., and Bianucci, R., 2011, Black Death in the rural 

cemetery of Saint-Laurent-de la Cabrerisse Aude-Languedoc, southern France, 14th century: 

Immunological evidence: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 38, p. 581−587. 

Karhu, R.R., and Anderson, S.H., 2000, Effects of pyriproxyfen spray, powder, and oral bait treatments 

on the relative abundance of nontarget arthropods of black-tailed prairie dog (Rodentia: Sciuridae) 

towns: Journal of Medical Anthropology, v. 37, p. 612−618. 

Kartman, L., 1957, The concept of vector efficiency in experimental studies of plague: Experimental 

Parasitology, v. 6, p. 599−609. 

Kartman, L., 1958, An insecticide-bait-box method for the control of sylvatic plague vectors: Journal of 

Hygiene, v. 56, p. 455−465. 

Kartman, L., 1970, Historical and oecological observations on plague in the United States: Trop Geogr 

Med, v. 22, p. 257−275. 

Kausrud, K.L., Begon, M., Ari, T.B., Viljugrein, H., Esper, J., Buntgen, U., Leirs, H., Junge, C., Yang, 

B., Yang, M., Xu, L., and Stenseth, N.C., 2010, Modeling the epidemiological history of plague in 

Central Asia: Palaeoclimatic forcing on a disease system over the past millennium: BMC Biology, 

v. 8:112, p. 1−14. 

Keckler, M.S., Gallardo-Romero, N.F., Langham, G.L., Damon, I.K., Karem, K.L., and Carroll, D.S., 

2010, Physiologic reference ranges for captive black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): 

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, v. 49, p. 274−281. 

Keeling, M.J., and Gilligan, C.A., 2000, Metapopulation dynamics of bubonic plague: Nature, v. 407, 

p. 903−906. 

Keeling, M.J., and Gilligan, C.A., 2000, Bubonic plague: a metapopulation model of a zoonosis: 

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, v. 267, p. 2219−2230. 

Kia, E.B., Moghddas-Sani, H., Hassanpoor, H., Vatandoost, H., Zahabiun, F., Akhavan, A.A., HanafiBojd, A.A., and Telmadarraiy, Z., 2009, Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, southern 

Iran: Iranian Journal of Arthropod-borne Diseases, v. 3, p. 44−49. 

Kingston, R., Burke, F., Robinson, J.H., Bedford, P.A., Jones, S.M., K night, S.C., and Williamson, 

E.D., 2007, The fraction 1 and V protein antigens of Yersinia pestis activate dendritic cells to induce 

primary T cell responses: Clinical and Experimental Immunology, v. 149, p. 561−569. 

Klein, K.A., and Bliska, J.B., 2009, How Yersinia pestis becomes a foreign obstruction in the digestive 

system of the macrophage: Autophagy, v. 4, p. 882−883. 

Klevytska, A.M., Price, L.B., Schupp, J.M., Worsham, P.L., Wong, J., and Keim, P., 2001, 

Identification and characterization of variable-number tandem repeats in the Yersinia pestis genome: 

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 39, p. 3179−3185. 

Klukas, R.W., 1988, Management of prairie dog populations in Wind Cave National Park, in Uresk, 

D.W., Schenbeck, G.L., and Cefkin, R., technical coordinators, Eighth Great Plains Wildlife Damage 

Control Workshop Proceedings: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-154, Fort 

Collins, Colo., p. 50−52.

Knopper, L.D., Mineau, P., Scheuhammer, A.M., Bond, D.E., and McKinnon, D.T., 2006, Carcasses of 

shot Richardson’s ground squirrels may pose lead hazards to scavenging hawks: Journal of Wildlife 

Management, v. 70, p. 295−299. 

Knowles, C.J., 1986, Population recovery of black-tailed prairie dogs following control with zinc 

phosphide: Journal of Rangeland Management, v. 39, p. 249−251. 

Kolbe, J.J., Smith, B.E., and Browning, D.M., 2002, Burrow use by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma

tigrinum) at a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) town in southwestern South Dakota: 

Herpetological Review, v. 33, p. 95−99. 
23

Konnov, N.P., Popov, N.V., Velichko, L.N., and Knyazeva, T.V., 2010, The phenomenon of Yersinia

pestis biofilm formation in the organism of fleas: Entomological Review, v. 90, p. 638−642. 

Kotliar, N.B., 2000, Application of the new keystone species concept to prairie dogs: How well does it 

work?: Conservation Biology, v. 14, p. 1715−1721. 

Kotliar, N.B., Baker, B.W., Whicker, A.D., and Plumb, G., 1999, A critical review of assumptions about 

the prairie dog as a keystone species: Environmental Management, v. 24, p. 177−192. 

Krasnov, B.R., Shenbrot, G.I., Mouillot, D., Khokhlova, I.S., and Poulin, R., 2006, Ecological 

characteristics of flea species relate to their suitability as plague vectors: Oecologia, v. 149, 

p. 474−481. 

Kretzer, J.E., and Cully, J.F., Jr., 2001a, Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on reptiles and amphibians 

in Kansas shortgrass prairie: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 46, p. 171−177. 

Kretzer, J.E., and Cully, J.F., Jr., 2001b, Prairie dog effects on harvester ant species diversity and 

density: Journal fo Range Management, v. 54, p. 11−14. 

Krug, L.E., and Elston, D.M., 2010, What’s eating you? Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis): Cutis, 

v. 86, p. 282−284. 

Kumar, K., Sharma, S.K., Gill, K.S., Katyal, R., Biswas, S., and Lal, S., 1997, Entomological and 

rodent surveillance of suspected plague foci in agro-environmental and feral biotopes of a few 

districts in Maharashtra and Gujarat States of India: Japanese Journal of Medical Science and

Biology, v. 50, p. 219−226. 

Kupfershchmidt, H., 1997, History of the epidemiology of plague: changes in the understanding of 

plague epidemiology since the discovery of the plague pathogen in 1894: Antimicrobics and 

Infectious Diseases Newsletter, v. 16, p. 51−53. 

Kutyrev, V.V., Filippov, A.A., Oparina, O.S., and Protsenko, O.A., 1992, Analysis of Yersinia pestis

chromosomal determinants Pgm+ and PstS

 associated with virulence: Microbial Pathogenesis, v. 12, 

p. 177−186. 

Kutyrev, V.V., Eroshenko, G.A., Popov, N.V., Vidyaeva, N.A., and Konnov, N.P., 2009, Molecular 

mechanisms of interactions of plague causative agents with invertebrates: Molecular Genetics 

Microbiology and Virology, v. 24, p. 169−176. 

Lamb, B.L., and Cline, K., 2003, Public knowledge and perceptions of black-tailed prairie dogs: Human 

Dimensions of Wildlife, v. 8, p. 127−143. 

Lamb, B.L., Cline, K., Brinson, A., Sexton, N., and Ponds, P.D., 2001, Citizen knowledge of and 

attitudes toward black-tailed prairie dogs: Completion report: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File 

Report 01-471, Fort Collins, Colo., 53 p. 

Lang, J.D., 1991, Ecology of sylvatic plague in the San Jacinto Mountains of southern California: 

Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology, v. 16, p. 183−199. 

Lang, J.D., 1993, Fleas found on mammals in San Diego County, California: Bulletin of the Society for 

Vector Ecology, v. 18, p. 114−124. 

Lang, J.D., 1996, Factors affecting the seasonal abundance of ground squirrel and wood rat fleas 

(Siphonaptera) in San Diego County, California: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 33, p. 790−804. 

Lang, J.D., 2004, Rodent-flea-plague relationships at the higher elevations of San Diego County, 

California: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 29, p. 236−247. 

Larson, D.L., 2003, Native weeds and exotic plants: Relationships to disturbance in mixed-grass prairie: 

Plant Ecology, v. 169, p. 317−333. 

Lasch, P., Drevinek, M., Nattermann, H., Grunow, R., Stammler, M., Dieckmann, R., Schwecke, T., and 

Naumann, D., 2010, Characterization of Yersinia using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 

chemometrics: Analytical Chemistry, v. 82, p. 8464−8475. 
24

Lathem, W.W., Price, P.A., Miller, V.L., and Goldman, W.E., 2007, A plasminogen-activating protease 

specifically controls the development of primary pneumonic plague: Science, v. 315, p. 509−513. 

Laudisoit, A., Leirs, H., Makundi, R.H., Van Dongen, S., Davis, S., Neerinckx, S., Deckers, J., and 

Libois, R., 2007, Plague and the human flea, Tanzania: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 13, 

p. 687−693. 

Laudisoit, A., Neerinckx, S., Makundi, R.H., Leirs, H., and Krasnov, B.R., 2009, Are local plague 

endemicity and ecological characteristics of vectors and reservoirs related? A case study in northeast 

Tanzania: Current Zoology, v. 55, p. 200−211. 

Lawal, A., Jejelowo, O.A., and Rosenzweig, J.A., 2010, The effects of low-shear mechanical stress on 

Yersinia pestis virulence: Astrobiology, v. 10, p. 881−888. 

Lawrence, J.G., 2002, Gene transfer in bacteria: speciation without species?: Theoretical Population 

Biology, v. 61, p. 449−460. 

Lawrenz, M.B., Lenz, J.D., and Miller, V.L., 2009, A novel autotransporter adhesin is required for 

efficient colonization during bubonic plague: Infection and Immunity, v. 77, p. 317−326. 

Laws, T.R., Davey, M.S., Titball, R.W., and Lukaszewski, R., 2010, Neutrophils are important in early 

control of lung infection by Yersinia pestis: Microbes and Infection, v. 12, p. 331−335. 

Lechleitner, R.R., Kartman, L., Goldenberg, M.I., and Hudson, B.W., 1968, An epizootic of plague in 

Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) in south-central Colorado: Ecology, v. 49, p. 734−743. 

Leighton, T., 2001, Plague on the prairies: Blue Jay, v. 59, p. 200−205. 

Lee-Lewis, H., and Anderson, D.M., 2010, Absence of inflammation and pneumonia during infection 

with nonpigmented Yersinia pestis reveals a new role for the pgm locus pathogenesis: Infection and 

Immunity, v. 78, p. 220−230. 

Lenski, R.E., 1988, Evolution of plague virulence: Nature, v. 334, p. 473−474. 

Leslie, T., Whitehouse, C.A., Yingst, S., Baldwin, C., Kakar, F., Mofleh, J., Hami, A.S., Mustafa, L., 

Omar, F., Ayazi, E., Rossi, C., Noormal, B., Ziar, N., and Kakar, R., 2011, Outbreak of gastroenteritis 

caused by Yersinia pestis in Afghanistan: Epidemiology and Infection, v. 139, p. 1−8.

Levy, C.E., and Gage, K.L., 1999, Plague in the United States, 1995−1997: Infectious Medicine, v. 16, 

p. 54−64. 

Lewis, J.C., McIlvain, E.H., McVickers, R., and Peterson, B., 1979, Techniques used to establish and 

limit prairie dog towns: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, v. 59, p. 27−30. 

Lewis, R.J., 1989, Plague in bushy-tailed woodrats: Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 30, p. 496−497. 

Li, Y., Dai, E., Cui, Y., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Wu, M., Zhou, D., Guo, Z., Dai, X., Cui, B., Qi, Z., Wang, 

Z., Wang, H., Dong, X., Song, Z., Zhai, J., Song, Y., and Yang, R., 2008, Different region analysis for 

genotyping Yersinia pestis isolates from China: PLoS ONE, v. 3, e2166, p. 1−10. 

Li, Y., Cui, Y., Hauck, Y., Platonov, M.E., Dai, E., Song, Y., Guo, Z., Pourcel, C., Dentovskaya, S.V., 

Anisimov, A.P., Yang, R., and Vergnaud, G., 2009, Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia

pestis by MLVA: Insights into worldwide expansion of central Asia plague foci: PLoS ONE, v. 4, 

e6000, p. 1−9. 

Licht, D.S., Castle, K.T., Roddy, D.E., and Muenchau, B.L., 2010, Management of plague at Wind 

Cave National Park: A case study in the application of the one health concept of disease management: 

Park Science, v. 27, p. 38−45. 

Lindler, L.E., 2009, Typing methods for the plague pathogen, Yersinia pestis: Journal of AOAC 

International, v. 92, p. 11740−1183. 

Link, V.B., 1955, A history of plague in the United States of America: Public Health Monograph, v. 26, 

p. 1−11. 
25

Little, L., ed., 2007, Plague and the end of antiquity: The pandemic of 541-750: Cambridge University 

Press, 384 p. 

Liu, H.H., Wang, H., Qiu, J.F., Wang, X.Y., Guo, Z.B., Qiu, Y.F., Zhou, D.S., Han, Y.P., Du, Z.M., Li,

C., Song, Y.J., and Yang, R.F., 2009, Transcriptional profiling of a mace plague model: Insights into 

interaction between Yersinia pestis and its host: Journal of Basic Microbiology, v. 49, p. 92−99. 

Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Cross, P.C., Briggs, C.J., Daugherty, M., Getz, W.M., Latto, J., Sanchez, M.S., 

Smith, A.B., and Swei, A., 2005, Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease?: 

Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 20, p. 511−519. 

Lloyd-Smith, J.O., George, D., Pepin, K.M., Pitzer, V.E., Pulliam, J.R.C., Dobson, A.P., Hudson, P.J., 

and Grenfell, B.T., 2009, Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface: Science, v. 326, p. 

1362−1367. 

Loiez, C. Herweigh, S., Wallet, F., Armand, S., Guinet, F., and Courcol, R.J., 2003, Detection of 

Yersinia pestis in sputum by real-time PCR: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 41, p. 4873−4875. 

Lomolino, M.V., and Smith, G.A., 2003a, Prairie dog towns as islands: Applications of island 

biogeography and landscape ecology for conserving nonvolant terrestrial vertebrates: Global Ecology 

and Biogeography, v. 12, p. 275−286. 

Lomolino, M.V., and Smith, G.A., 2003b, Terrestrial vertebrate communities at black-tailed prairie dog 

(Cynomys ludovicianus) towns: Biological Conservation, v. 115, p. 89−100. 

Lomolino, M.V., Smith, G.A., and Vidal, V., 2003, Long-term persistence of prairie dog towns: Insights 

for designing networks of prairie reserves: Biological Conservation, v. 115, p. 111−120. 

Lorange, E.A., Race, B.L., Sebbane, F., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2005, Poor vector competence of fleas 

and the evolution of hypervirulence in Yersinia pestis: Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 191, p. 

1907−1912. 

Loveless, B.M., Yermakova, A., Christensen, D.R., Kondig, J.P., Heine, H.S., Wasieloski, L.P., and 

Kulesh, D.A., 2010, Identification of ciprofloxacin resistance by SimpleProbe TM, high resolution melt 

and pyrosequencing TM nucleic acid analysis in biothreat agents: Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, 

and Francisella tularensis: Molecular and Cellular Probes, v. 24, p. 154−160. 

Lowell, J.L., Wagner, D.M., Atshabar, B., Antolin, M.F., Vogler, A.J., Keim, P., Chu, M.C., and Gage, 

K.L., 2005, Identifying sources of human exposure to plague: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 43, 

p. 650−656. 

Lowell, J.L, Eisen, R.J., Schotthoefer, A.M., Xiaocheng, L., Montenieri, J.A., Tanda, D., Pape, J., 

Schriefer, M.E., Antolin, M.F., and Gage, K.L., 2009, Colorado animal-based plague surveillance 

systems: Relationships between targeted animal species and prediction efficacy of areas at risk for 

humans: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 34, p. 22−31. 

Lybecker, D., Lamb, B.L., and Ponds, P.D., 2002, Public attitudes and knowledge of the black-tailed 

prairie dog: A common and controversial species: BioScience, v. 52, p. 607−613. 

Madon, M.B., Hitchcock, J.C., Davis, R.M., Myers, C.M., Smith, C.R., Fritz, C.L., Emery, K.L., and 

O’Rullian, W., 1997, An overview of plague in the United States and a report of investigations of two 

human cases in Kern County, California, 1995: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 22, p. 77−82. 

Magle, S., J. Zhu, and Crooks, K.R., 2005, Behavioral responses to repeated human intrusion by blacktailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 86, p. 524−530. 

Maher, S.P., Ellis, C., Gage, K.L., Enscore, R.E., and Peterson, A.T., 2010, Range-wide determinants of 

plague distribution in North America: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 83, 

p. 736−742. 
26

Makundi, R.H., Massawe, A.W., Mulungu, L.S., Katakweba, A., Mbise, T.J., and Mgode, G., 2008, 

Potential mammalian reservoirs in a bubonic plague outbreak focus in Mbulu District, northern 

Tanzania, in 2007: Mammalia, v. 72, p. 253−257. 

Mann, J., 1984, Plague—Perspectives on a rare disease: Western Journal of Medicine, v. 140, 

p. 650−651. 

Mann, J.M., Martone, W.J., Boyce, J.M., Kaufmann, A.F., Barnes, A.M., and Weber, N.S., 1979, 

Endemic human plague in New Mexico: Risk factors associated with infection: Journal of Infectious 

Diseases, v. 140, p. 397−401. 

Marchette, N.J., Lundgren, D.L., Nichols, P.S., Bushman, J.B., and Vest, D., 1962, Studies on infectious 

diseases in wild animals in Utah. II. Susceptibility of wild mammals to experimental plague: 

Zoonoses Research, v. 1, p. 225−250. 

Marketon, M.M., DePaolo, R.W., DeBord, K.L., Jabri, B., and Schneewind, O., 2005, Plague bacteria 

target immune cells during infection: Science, v. 309, p. 1739−1741. 

Marsh, R.E., 1987, Relevant characteristics of zinc phosphide as a rodenticide, in Uresk, D.W., 

Schenbeck, G.L., and Cefkin, R., technical coordinators, Eighth Great Plains Wildlife Damage 

Control Workshop Proceedings: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-154, Fort 

Collins, Colo., p. 70−74. 

Matchett, M.R., Biggins, D.E., Carlson, V., Powell, B., and Rocke, T., 2010, Enzootic plague reduces 

black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) survival in Montana: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 

10, p. 27−35. 

Matsuura, M., Takahashi, H., Watanabe, H., Saito, S., and Kawahara, K., 2010, Immunomodulatory 

effects of Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharides on human macrophages: Clinical and Vaccine 

Immunology, v. 17, p. 49−55. 

McCormick, M., 2003, Rats, communication, and plague: toward an ecological history: Journal of 

Interdisciplinary History, v. 34, p. 1−25. 

McCue, P.M., and O’Farrell, T.P., 1988, Serological survey for selected diseases in the endangered San 

Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 24, p. 274−281. 

McElroy, K.M., Blagburn, B.L., Breitschwerdt, E.B., Mead, P.S., and McQuiston, J.H., 2010, Fleaassociated zoonotic diseases of cats in the USA: Bartonellosis, flea-borne rickettsioses, and plague: 

Trends in Parasitology, v. 26, p. 197−204. 

McEvedy, C., 1988, The bubonic plague: Scientific American, v. 258, p. 118−123. 

McGee, B.K., Butler, M.J., Pence, D.B., Alexander, J.L., Nissen, J.B., Ballard, W.B., and Nicholson, 

K.L., 2006, Possible vector dissemination by swift foxes following a plague epizootic in black-tailed 

prairie dogs in northwestern Texas: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, p. 42 and p. 415−420. 

Mecsas, J., Franklin, G., Kuziel, W.A., Brubaker, R.R., Falkow, S., and Mosier, D.E., 2004, 

Evolutionary genetics: CCR5 mutation and plague protection: Nature, v. 427, p. 606. 

Mecsas, J.J., and Strauss, E.J., 1996, Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence: Type III secretion 

and pathogenicity islands: Emerging Infecious Diseases, v. 2, p. 270−288. 

Meerburg, B.G., Singleton, G.R., and Kijlstra, A., 2009, Rodent-borne diseases and the risks for public 

health: Critical Reviews in Microbiology, v. 35, p. 221−270. 

Mekalanos, J.J., 1992, Environmental signals controlling expression of virulence determinants in 

bacteria: Journal of Bacteriology, v. 174, p. 1−7. 

Melo, A.C., Almeida, A.M.P., and Leal, N.C., 2003, Retrospective study of a plague outbreak by 

multiplex-PCR: Letters in Applied Microbiology, v. 37, p. 361−364. 
27

Mencher, J.S., Smith, S.R., Powell, T.D., Stinchcomb, D.T., Osorio, J.E., and Rocke, T.E., 2004, 

Protection of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) against plague after voluntary 

consumption of baits containing recombinant raccoon poxvirus vaccine: Infection and Immunity, 

v. 72, p. 5502−5505. 

Menkens, G.E., and Anderson, S.H., 1991, Population-dynamics of white-tailed prairie dogs during an 

epizootic of sylvatic plague: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 72, p. 328−331. 

Menkens, G.E., and Anderson, S.H., 1993, Mark-recapture and visual counts for estimating population 

size of white-tailed prairie dogs, in Oldemeyer, J.L., Biggins, D.E., and Miller, B.J., eds., Proceedings 

of the Symposium on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Blackfooted Ferret: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 13, Fort Collins, Colo., p. 67−72. 

Menkens, G.E., Miller, B.J., and Anderson, S.H., 1987, White-tailed prairie dog ecology in Wyoming, 

in Uresk, D.W., Schenbeck, G.L., and Cefkin, R., technical coordinators, Eighth Great Plains Wildlife 

Damage Control Workshop Proceedings: USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-154, 

Fort Collins, Colo., p. 34−38. 

Menkens, G.E., Biggins, D.E., and Anderson, S.H., 1990, Visual counts as an index of white-tailed 

prairie dog density: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 18, p. 290−296. 

Merriman, J.W., 2003, Raptors associated with black-tailed prairie dog colonies and directional 

manipulation of prairie dog colony expansion using visual barriers in shortgrass prairie: Lubbock, 

Texas Tech University, unpublished M.S. thesis, 51 p. 

Merriman, J.W., Zwank, P.J., Boal, C.W., and Bashore, T.L., 2004, Efficacy of visual barriers in 

reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, p. 1316−1320. 

Merriman, J.W., Boal, C.W., Bashore, T.L., Zwank, P.J., and Wester, D.B., 2007, Abundance of diurnal 

raptors in relation to prairie dog colonies: Implications for bird-aircraft strike hazard: Journal of 

Wildlife Management, v. 71, p. 811−815. 

Mett, V., Lyons, J., Musiychuk, K., Chichester, J.A., Brasil, T., Couch, R., Sherwood, R., Palmer, G.A., 

Streatfield, S.J., and Yusibov, V., 2007, A plant-produced plague vaccine candidate confers protection 

to monkeys: Vaccine, v. 25, p. 3014−3017. 

Meyer, K.F., 1961, Pneumonic plague: Bacteriological Reviews, v. 25, p. 249−261. 

Meyer, K.F., Holdenried, R., Burroughs, A.L., and Jawetz, E., 1943, Sylvatic plague studies: IV. 

Inapparent, latent sylvatic plague in ground squirrels in central California: Journal of Infectious 

Diseases, v. 73, p. 144−157. 

Meyer, K.F., Cavanaugh, D.C., Bartelloni, P.J., and Marshal, J.D., 1974, Plague immunization I. Past 

and present trends: Journal of Infectious Disease, v. 129, p. S13−18. 

Mian, L.S., Nwadike, C.N., Hitchcock, J.C., and Madon, M.B., 1994, Plague surveillance in San 

Bernardino County during 1993: Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the California 

Mosquito and Vector Control Association, v. 62, p. 44−46. 

Mian, L.S., Nwadike, C.N., Hitchcock, J.C., and Madon, M.B., 1995, Plague activity in San Bernardino 

County during 1994: Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the California Mosquito 

and Vector Control Association, v. 63, p. 35−38. 

Mian, L.S., Nwadike, C.N., Hitchcock, J.C., Madon, M.B., and Myers, C.M., 1996, Plague activity in 

San Bernardino County during 1995: Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the 

California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, v. 64, p. 80−84. 

Mian, L.S., Nwadike, C.N., Hitchcock, J.C., Madon, M.B., and Myers, C.M., 1997, Plague activity in 

San Bernardino County during 1996: Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the 

Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California, v. 65, p. 76−79. 
28

Mian, L.S., and Hitchcock, J.C., 1998, Plague surveillance in San Bernardino County―A decade 

(1988−97) in review: Proceedings and Papers of the California Mosquito and Vector Control 

Association, v. 66, p. 89−94. 

Mian, L.S., Hitchcock, J.C., Madon, M.B., and Myers, C.M., 2004, Field efficacy of deltamethrin for 

rodent flea control in San Bernardino County, California, USA: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 29, 

p. 212−217. 

Miller, B., Ceballos, G., and Reading, R., 1994, The prairie dog and biotic diversity: Conservation 

Biology, v. 8, p. 677−681. 

Miller, B., Reading, R., Hoogland, J., Clark, T., Ceballos, G., List, R., Forrest, S., Hanebury, L., 

Manzano, P., Pacheco, J., and Uresk, D., 2000, The role of prairie dogs as a keystone species: 

Response to Stapp: Conservation Biology, v. 14, p. 318−321. 

Miller, D.S., Covell, D.F., McLean, R.G., Adrian, W.J., Niezgoda, M., Gustafson, J.M., Rongstad, O.J., 

Schultz, R.D., Kirk, L.J., and Quan, T.J., 2000, Serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents 

in swift and kit foxes from the Western United States: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, p. 798−805. 

Miller, J., Williamson, E.D., Lakey, J.H., Pearce, M.J., Jones, S.M., and Titball, R.W., 1998, 

Macromolecular organization of recombinant Yersinia pestis F1 antigen and the effect of structure on 

immunogenicity: FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, v. 21, p. 213−221. 

Miller, S.D., and Cully, J.F., Jr., 2001, Conservation of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys

ludovicianus): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 82, p. 889−893. 

Milne-Laux, S., and Sweitzer, R.A., 2006, Experimentally induced colony expansion by black-tailed 

prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and implications for conservation: Journal of Mammalogy, 

v. 87, p. 296−303. 

Mittal, R., Peak-Chew, S.Y., Sade, R.S., Vallis, Y., and McMahon, H.T., 2010, The acetyltransferase 

activity of the bacterial toxin YopJ of Yersinia is activated by eukaryotic host cell inositol 

hexakisphosphate: Journal of Biological Chemistry, v. 285, p. 19927−19934. 

Mizel, S.B., Graff, A.H., Sriranganathan, N., Ervin, S., Lees, C.J., Lively, M.O., Hantgan, R.R., 

Thomas, M.J., Wood, J., and Bell, B., 2009, Flagellin-F1-V fusion protein is an effective plague 

vaccine in mice and two species of nonhuman primates: Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, v. 16, 

p. 21−28. 

Monecke, S., Monecke, H., and Moneckec, J., 2009, Modelling the black death. A historical case study 

and implications for the epidemiology of bubonic plague: International Journal of Medical 

Microbiology, v. 299, p. 582−593. 

Montiel-Arteaga, A., Acosta, R., Ceballos, G., and Suzan, G., 2010, Flea community and prevalence of 

Yersinia pestis in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) from northwestern Mexico: 

Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 101. Abstract. 

Montman, C.E., Barnes, A.M., and Maupin, G.O., 1986, An integrated approach to bubonic plague 

control in a southwestern plague focus: Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, v. 12, 

p. 97−101. 

Nakazawa, Y., Williams, R., Peterson, A.T., Mead, P., Staples, E., and Gage, K.L., 2007, Climate 

change effects on plague and tularemia in the United States: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 

v. 7, p. 529−540. 

Nascarella, M.A., Bradford, C.M., Burns, T.H., Marsland, E.J., Pepper, C.M., and Presley, S.M., 2005, 

Ectoparasite fleas of cottontail rabbits and black-tailed prairie dogs inhabiting the high plains of west 

Texas: Southwestern Entomologist, v. 30, p. 239−243. 

NIAD, 2008 (2008, October). Medline Plus. Accessed January 23, 2009, at

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plague.html. 
29

Nelson, B.C., 1980, Plague studies in California―The roles of various species of sylvatic rodents in 

plague ecology in California: Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, v. 9, p. 89−96. 

Nelson, B.C., 1987, Plague, national scene: Vector Ecology Newsletter, v. 18, p. 3−9. 

Nelson, B.C., and Smith, C.R., 1976, Ecological effects of a plague epizootic on the activities of rodents 

inhabiting caves at Lava Beds National Monument, California: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 13, 

p. 51−61. 

Nelson, B.C., Madon, M.B., and Tilzer, A., 1986, The complexities at the interface among 

domestic/wild rodents, fleas, pets, and man in urban plague ecology in Los Angeles County, 

California: Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, v. 12, p. 88−96. 

Nelson, K.E., Williams, C.M., and Graham, N.M.H., 2001, Infectious disease epidemiology: Theory 

and practice: Gaithersburg, Maryland, Aspen Publishers, Inc., 748 p. 

Nieto, N.C., Dabritz, H., Foley, P., Drazenovich, N., Calder, L., Adjemian, J., Conrad, P.A., and Foley, 

J.E., 2007, Ectoparasite diversity and exposure to vector-borne disease agents in wild rodents in 

central coastal California: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 44, p. 328−335. 

Nilles, M.L., 2004, Dissecting the structure of LcrV from Yersinia pestis, a truly unique virulence 

protein: Structure, v. 12, p. 357−358. 

Odell, E.A., Pusateri, F.M., and White, G.C., 2008, Estimation of occupied and unoccupied black-tailed 

prairie dog colony acreage in Colorado: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, p. 1311−1317. 

Oguge, N.O., Durden, L.A., Keirans, J.E., Balami, H.D., and Schwan, T.G., 2009, Ectoparasites 

(sucking lice, fleas and ticks) of small mammals in southeastern Kenya: Medical and Veterinary 

Entomology, v. 23, p. 387−392. 

Okan, N.A., Mena, P., Benach, J.L., Bliska, J.B., and Karzai, A.W., 2010, The smpB-ssrA mutant of 

Yersinia pestis functions as a live attenuated vaccine to protect mice against pulmonary plague 

infection: Infection and Immunity, v. 78, p. 1284−1293. 

Oldemeyer, J.L., Biggins, D.E., Miller, B.J., and Crete, R., eds., 1993, Proceedings of the Symposium 

on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed Ferret; U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 13, 102 p. 

Orent, W., 2004, Plague―The mysterious past and terrifying future of the World’s most dangerous 

disease: New York, Free Press, 276 p. 

Orloski, K.A., Eidson, M., 1995, Yersinia pestis infection in three dogs: Journal of the American 

Veterinary Medical Association, v. 207, p. 316−318. 

Orloski, K.A., Tyler, A., and Dennis, D.T., 1997, Risk factors for fatality in human plague cases, United 

States, 1956−1994: Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 25, p. 411. Abstract.

Orloski, K.A., and Lathrop, S.L., 2003, Zoonosis update―Plague: A veterinary perspective: Journal of 

the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 222, p. 444−448. 

Papworth, S.K., Rist, J., Coad, L., and Milner-Gulland, E.J., 2009, Evidence for shifting baseline 

syndrome in conservation: Conservation Letters, v. 2, p. 93−100. 

Park, S., Chan, K.S., Viljugrein, H., Nekrassova, L., Suleimenov, B., Ageyev, V.S., Klassovskiy, N.L., 

Pole, S.B., and Stenseth, N.C., 2007, Statistical analysis of the dynamics of antibody loss to a diseasecausing agent: Plague in natural populations of great gerbils as an example: Journal of the Royal 

Society Interface, v. 4, p. 57−64. 

Parkhill, J., Wren, B.W., Thompson, N.R., Titball, R.W., Holden, M.T.G., Prentice, M.B., Sebaihia, M., 

James, K.D., Churcher, C., Mungall, K.L., Baker, S., Basham, D., Bentley, S.D., Brooks, K., 

Cerdeno-Tarraga, A.M., Chillingworth, T., Cronin, A., Davies, R.M., Davis, P., Dougan, G., Feltwell, 

T., Hamlin, N., Holroyd, S., Jagels, K., Karlyshev, A.V., Leather, S., Moule, S., Oyston, P.C.F., 
30

Quail, M., Rutherford, K., Simmonds, M., Skelton, J., Stevens, K., Whitehead, S., and Barrell, B.G., 

2001, Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague: Nature, v. 413, p. 523−237. 

Parmenter, R.R., Yadav, E.P., Parmenter, C.A., Ettestad, P., and Gage, K.L., 1999, Incidence of plague 

associated with increased winter-spring precipitation in New Mexico: American Journal of Tropical 

Medicine and Hygiene, v. 61, p. 814−821. 

Pauli, J.N., Buskirk, S.W., Williams, E.S., and Edwards, W.H., 2006, A plague epizootic in the blacktailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 42, p. 74−80. 

Paul-Murphy, J., Work, T., Hunter, D., McFie, E., and Fjelline, D., 1994, Serologic survey and serum 

biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (Felis concolor) in California: Journal 

of Wildlife Diseases, v. 30, p. 205−215. 

Pavlin, B.I., Schloegel, L.M., and Daszak, P., 2009, Risk of importing zoonotic diseases through 

wildlife trad, United States: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 15, p. 1721−1726. 

Peeler, E.J., Oidtmann, B.C., Midtlyng, P.J., Miossec, L., and Gozlan, R.E., 2010, Non-native aquatic 

animals introductions have driven disease emergence in Europe: Biological Invasions, v 13, 

p. 1291−1303. 

Pence, D.B., Kamler, J.F., and Ballard, W.B., 2004, Ectoparasites of the swift fox in northwestern 

Texas: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, p. 543−547. 

Perry, R.D., 2003, A plague of fleas―Survival and transmission of Yersinia pestis: ASM News, v. 69, 

p. 336. 

Perry, R.D., and Fetherson, J.D., 1997, Yersinia pestis―Etiologic agent of plague: Clinical 

Microbiology Reviews, v. 10, p. 35−66. 

Perry, R.D., Shah, J., Bearden, S.W., Thompson, J.M., and Fetherston, J.D., 2003, Yersinia pestis TonB: 

Role of iron, heme, and hemoprotein utilization: Infection and Immunity, v. 71, p. 4159−4162. 

Pfaffenberger, G.S., and Valencia, V.B., 1987, Parasites of public health concern associated with New 

Mexico desert cottontails (Sylvilagus audubonii) and blacktail jack rabbits (Lepus californicus): New 

Mexico Journal of Science, v. 27, p. 79−85. 

Phalen, D.N., 2004, Prairie dogs: Vectors and victims: Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 

v. 13, p. 105−107. 

Pham, H.V., Dang, D.T., Minh, N.N.T., Nguyen, D., and Nguyen, T.V., 2009, Correlates of 

environmental factors and human plague: An ecological study in Vietnam: International Journal of 

Epidemiology, v. 38, p. 1634−1641. 

Pieper, R., Huang, S.T., Clark, D.J., Robinson, J.M., Alami, H., Parmar, P.P., Suh, M.J., Kuntumalla, S., 

Bunai, C.L., Perry, R.D., Fleischmann, R.D., and Peterson, S.N., 2009, Integral and peripheral 

association of proteins and protein complexes with Yersinia pestis inner and outer membranes: 

Proteome Science, v. 7, p. 1−5. 

Pieper, R., Huang, S.T., Robinson, J.M., Clark, D.J., Alami, H., Parmar, P.P., Perry, R.D., Fleischmann, 

R.D., and Peterson, S.N., 2009, Temperature and growth phase influence the outer membrane 

proteome and the expression of a type VI secretion system in Yersinia pestis: Microbiology, v. 155, 

p. 498−512. 

Pieper, R., Huang, S.T., Parmar, P.P., Clark, D.J., Alami, H., Fleischmann, R.D., Perry, R.D., and 

Peterson, S.N., 2010, Proteomic analysis of iron acquisition, metabolic and regulatory responses of 

Yersinia pestis to iron starvation: BMC Microbiology, v. 10, p. 1−21. 

Pohanka, M., and Skladal, P., 2009, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis. The 

most important bacterial warfare agents―Review: Folia Microbiologica, v. 54, p. 263−272. 
31

Poland, J.D., and Barnes, A.M., 1979, Plague, in Steele, J.H., ed., CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses. 

Section A: Bacterial, Rickettsial, and Mycotic Diseases, v. 1: Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, , 

p. 515−597. 

Poland, J.D., and Dennis, D.T., 1999a, Diagnosis and clinical manifestations, in Dennis, D.T., Gage, 

K.L., Gratz, N., Poland, J.D., and Tikhomirov, E., principal authors, Plague manual: Epidemiology, 

distribution, surveillance and control: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.2, 

 p. 43−53. 

Poland, J.D., and Dennis, D.T., 1999b, Treatment of plague, in Dennis, D.T., Gage, K.L., Gratz, N., 

Poland, J.D., and Tikhomirov, E., principal authors, Plague manual: Epidemiology, distribution, 

surveillance and control: World Health Organization, WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.2, p. 55−62. 

Poland, J.D., Quan, T.J., and Barnes, A.M., 1994, Plague, in Beran, G.W., ed., CRC Handbook Series 

in Zoonoses. Section A: Bacterial, Rickettsial, and Mycotis Diseases: Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press, 

p. 93−112. 

Pollitzer, R., 1954, Plague: World Health Organization Monography Series, no. 22., Geneva, World 

Health Organizaiton.

Potera, C., 2000, Prairie dogs plagued by Yersinia pestis: ASM News, v. 66, p. 718−719. 

Powell, B., Andrews, G., Enama, J., Jendrek, S., Bolt, C., Worsham, P., Pullen, J.K., Ribot, W., Hines, 

H., Smith, L., Heath, D.G., 2005, Design and testing for a non-tagged F1-V fusion protein as vaccine 

antigen against bubonic and pneumonic plague: Biotechnology Progress, v. 21, p. 1490−1510. 

Powell, E.M., 2004, Ecology and physiology of free-ranging black-tailed and Utah prairie dogs: Fort 

Collins, Colo., unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, 140 p. 

Powell, K.L., Robel, R.J., Kemp, K.E., and Nellis, M.D., 1994, Aboveground counts of black-tailed 

prairie dogs: Temporal nature and relationship to burrow entrance density: Journal of Wildlife 

Management, v. 58, p. 361−366. 

Prentice, M.B., and Rahalison, L., 2007, Plague: Lancet, v. 369, p. 1196−1207. 

Price, P.W., Westoby, M., and Rice, B., 1988, Parasite-mediated competition: Some predictions and 

tests: American Naturalist, v. 131, p. 544−555. 

Prior, J.L., and Titball, R.W., 2002, Monoclonal antibodies against Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide 

detect bacteria cultured at 28o

C or 37oC: Molecular and Cellular Probes, v. 16, p. 251−256. 

Prior, J.L., Hitchen, P.G., Williamson, D.E., Reason, A.J., Morris, H.R., Dell, A., Wren, B.W., and 

Titball, R.W., 2001, Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pestis: Microbial 

Pathogenesis, v. 30, p. 49−57. 

Prior, J.L., Parkhill, J., Hitchen, P.G., Mungall, K.L., Stevens, K., Morris, H.R., Reason, A.J., Oyston, 

P.C.F., Dell, A., Wren, B.W., and Titball, R.W., 2001, The failure of different strains of Yersinia

pestis to produce lipopolysaccharide O-antigen under different growth conditions is due to mutations 

in the O-antigen gene cluster: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 197, p. 229−233. 

Protsenko, O.A., Filippov, A.A., and Kutyrev, V.V., 1991, Integration of the plasmid encoding the 

synthesis of capsular antigen and murine toxin into Yersinia pestis chromosome: Microbial 

Pathogenesis, v. 11, p. 123−128. 

Quan, T.J., Barnes, A.M., Carter, L.G., and Tsuchiya, K.R., 1985, Experimental plague in rock 

squirrels, Spermophilus variegates: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 21, p. 205−210. 

Quan, T.J., Larson, A., and Meyer, K., 1948, Streptomycin in experimental plague: Proceedings of the 

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, v. 66, p. 528−532. 

Radnedge, L., Gamez-Chin, S., McCready, P.M., Worsham, P.L., and Andersen, G.L., 2001, 

Identification of nucleotide sequences for the specific and rapid detection of Yersinia pestis: Applied 

Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, p. 3759−3762. 
32

Rahalison, L., Vololonirina, E., Ratsitorahina, M., and Chanteau, S., 2000, Diagnosis of bubonic plague 

by PCR in Madagascar under field conditions: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 38, p. 260−263. 

Rahelinirina, S., Duplantier, J.M., Ratovonjato, J., Ramilijaona, O., Ratsimba, M., and Rahalison, L., 

2010, Study on the movement of Rattus rattus and evaluation of the plague dispersion in Madagascar: 

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 77−84. 

Rahelinirina, S., Duplantier, J.M., Ratsimba, J.M., Ratovonjato, J., Ramilijaona, O., Papillon, Y., and 

Rahalison, L., 2010, Assessment of Rhodamine B for labeling the plague reservoir Rattus rattus in 

Madagascar: African Journal of Ecology, v. 48, p. 662−666. 

Rajerison, M., Dartevell, S., Ralafiarisoa, L.A., Bitam, I., Tuyet, D.T.N., Andrianaivoarimana, V., Nato, 

F., and Rahalison, L., 2009, Development and evaluation of two simple, rapid 

immunochromatographic tests for the detection of Yersinia pestis antibodies in humans and 

reservoirs: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, v. 3, art. no. e421, p. 1−7. 

Rakin, A., Noelting, C., Schropp, P., and Heesemann, J., 2001, Integrative module of the highpathogenicity island of Yersinia: Molecular Microbiology, v. 39, p. 407−416. 

Rapoport, L.P., Melnichuck, E.A., Orlova, L.M., and Nuriev, K.K., 2010, A comparative analysis of the 

flea fauna and its epizootic importance in deserts of southern Kazakhstan: Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 

v. 89, p. 1087−1097. 

Ratsitorahina, M., Chanteau, S., Rahalison, L., Ratsifasoamanana, L., and Boisier, P., 2000, 

Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Madagascar: The 

Lancet, v. 355, p. 111−113. 

Ray, C., and Collinge, S.K., 2006, Potential effects of a keystone species on the dynamics of sylvatic 

plague, in Collinge, S.K., and Ray, C., eds., Disease ecology: community structure and pathogen 

dynamics: New York, Oxford University Press Inc., p. 202−216. 

Rayor, L.S., 1985a, Dynamics of a plague outbreak in Gunnison prairie dog: Journal of Mammalogy, 

v. 66, p. 194−196. 

Rayor, L.S., 1985b, Effects of habitat quality on growth, age of first reproduction, and dispersal in 

Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 63, p. 2835−2840. 

Rayor, L.S., Brody, A.K., and Gilbert, C., 1987, Hibernation in the Gunnison’s prairie dog: Journal of 

Mammalogy, v. 68, p. 147−150. 

Reisner, B.S., 1996, Plague―Past and present: Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, v. 18, p. 153−157. 

Restani, M., Rau, L.R., and Flath, D.L., 2001, Nesting ecology of burrowing owls occupying blacktailed prairie dog towns in southeastern Montana: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 35, p. 296−303. 

Revell, P.A., and Miller, V.L., 2001, Yersinia virulence: More than a plasmid: FEMS Microbiology 

Letters, v. 205, p. 159−164. 

Richerson, J.V., Scudday, J.F., and Tabor, S.P., 1992, An ectoparasite survey of mammals in Brewster 

County, Texas, 1982−1985: Southwestern Entomologist, v. 17, p. 7−15. 

Riley, S.P.D., Foley, J., and Chomel, B., 2004, Exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and 

gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 

v. 40, p. 11-−22. 

Roach, J.L., Stapp, P., Van Horne, B., and Antolin, M.F., 2001, Genetic structure of a metapopulation of 

black-tailed prairie dogs: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 82, p. 946−959. 

Robinette, K.W., Andeldt, W.F., and Burnham, K.P., 1995, Effect of group-size on survival of relocated 

prairie dogs: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, p. 867−874. 
33

Robinson, J.B., Telepnev, M.V., Zudina, I.V., Bouyer, D., Montenieri, J.A., Bearden, S.W., Gage, K.L., 

Agar, S.L., Foltz, S.M., Chauhan, S., Chopra, A.K., and Motin, V.L., 2009, Evaluation of a Yersinia

pestis mutant impaired in a theroregulated type VI-like secretion system in flea, macrophage and 

murine models: Microbial Pathogenesis, v. 47, p. 243−251. 

Robinson, V.L., Oyston, P.C.F., and Titball, R.W., 2005, A dam mutant of Yersinia pestis is attenuated 

and induces protection against plague: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 252, p. 251−256. 

Rocke, T.E., Smith, S.R., Stinchcomb, D.T., and Osorio, J.E., 2008, Immunization of black-tailed 

prairie dog against plague through consumption of vaccine-laden baits: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 

v. 44, p. 930−937. 

Rocke, T.E., Iams, K.P., Dawe, S., Smith, S.R., Williamson, J.L., Heisey, D.M., and Osorio, J.E., 2009, 

Further development of raccoon poxvirus-vectored vaccines against plague (Yersinia pestis): Vaccine, 

v. 28, p. 338−344. 

Rocke, T.E., Pussini, N., Smith, S.R., Williamson, J., Powell, B., and Osorio, J.E., 2010, Consumption 

of baits containing raccoon pox-based plague vaccines protects black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys

ludovicianus): Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 53−58. 

Roe, K.A., and Roe, C.M., 2003, Habitat selection guidelines for black-tailed prairie dog relocations: 

Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 31, p. 1246−1253. 

Roemer, D.M., and Forrest, S.C., 1996, Prairie dog poisoning in northern Great Plains: An analysis of 

programs and policies: Environmental Management, v. 20, p. 349−359. 

Rogers, J.V., and Choi, Y.W., 2009, Decreased time for detection and quantification of virulent Bacillus

anthracis and Yersinia pestis using a BioNanoPore (BNPTM) membrane technology: Letters in 

Applied Microbiology, v. 48, p. 793−796. 

Rollins, S.E., Rollins, S.M., and Ryan, E.T., 2003, Yersinia pestis and the plague: American Journal of 

Clinical Pathology, v. 119, p. S78−85. 

Rose, L.J., Donlan, R., Banerjee, S.N., and Arduino, M.J., 2003, Survival of Yersinia pestis on 

environmental surfaces: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 69, p. 2166−2171. 

Rosen, W., 2007, Justinian’s flea: The first great plague and the birth of Europe: Penguin Group, New 

York, 346 p. 

Rosqvist, R., Skurnik, M., and Wolf-Watz, H., 1988, Increased virulence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

by two independent mutations: Nature, v. 334, p. 522−525. 

Ruiz, A., 2001, Plague in the Americas: Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 7, p. 539−540. 

Russell, P., Eley, S.M., Hibbs, S.E., Manchee, R.J., Stagg, A.J., and Titball, R.W., 1995, A comparison 

of plague vaccine, USP and EV76 vaccine induced protection agains Yersinia pestis in a murine 

model: Vaccine, v. 13, p. 1551−1556. 

Russell, P., Nelson, M., Whittington, D., Green, M., Eley, S.M., and Titball, R.W., 1997, Laboratory 

diagnosis of plague: British Journal of Biomedical Science, v. 54, p. 231−236. 

Rust, J.H., Cavanaugh, D.C., O’Shita, R., and Marshall, J.D., 1971, The role of domestic animals in the 

epidemiology of plague. I. Experimental infection of dogs and cats: Journal of Infectious Disease, 

v. 124, p. 522−526. 

Rust, M.K., 2005, Advances in the control of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on cats and dogs: Trends 

in Parasitology, v. 21, p. 232−236. 

Salkeld, D.J., and Stapp, P., 2006, Seroprevalence rates and transmission of plague (Yersinia pestis) in 

mammalian carnivores: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 6, p. 231−239. 

Salkeld, D.J., and Stapp, P., 2008, No evidence of deer mouse involvement in plague (Yersinia pestis) 

epizootics in prairie dogs: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 8, p. 331−337. 
34

Salkeld, D.J., and Stapp, P., 2008, Prevalence and abundance of fleas in black-tailed prairie dog 

burrow: Implications for the transmission of plague (Yersinia pestis): Journal of Parasitology, v. 94, 

p. 616−621. 

Salkeld, D.J., and Stapp, P., 2009, Effects of weather and plague-induced die-offs of prairie dogs on the 

fleas of northern grasshopper mice: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 46, p. 488−594. 

Salkeld, D.J., Eisen, R.J., Antolin, M.F., Stapp, P., and Eisen, L., 2006, Host usage and seasonal activity 

patterns of Ixodes kingi and I. sculptus (Acari:Ixodidae) nymphs in a Colorado prairie landscape, with 

a summary of published North American host records for all life stages: Journal of Vector Ecology, 

v. 31, p. 168−180. 

Salkeld, D.J., Eisen, R.J., Stapp, P., Wilder, A.P., Lowell, J., Tripp, D.W., Albertson, D., and Antolin, 

M.F., 2007, The potential role of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) and their fleas in plague outbreaks in 

prairie dogs: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 43, p. 425−431. 

Salkeld, D.J., Salathe, M., Stapp, P., and Jones, J.H., 2010, Plague outbreaks in prairie dog populations 

explained by percolation thresholds of alternate host abundance: Proceedings of the National 

Academy of Sciences, v. 107, p. 14247−14250. 

Sarovich, D.S., Colman, R.E., Price, E.P., Chung, W.K., Lee, J., Schupp, J.M., Cobble, K.R., Busch, 

J.D., Alexander, J., Keim, P., and Wagner, D.M., 2010, Selective isolation of Yersinia pestis from 

plague-infected fleas: Journal of Microbiological Methods, v. 82, p. 95−97. 

Schrag, S.J., and Wiener, P., 1995, Emerging infectious diseases: What are the relative roles of ecology 

and evolution?: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 10, p. 319−324. 

Schubert, S., Rakin, A., Fischer, D., Sorsa, F., and Heesemann, J., 1999, Characterization of the 

integration site of Yersinia high-pathogenicity island in Escherichia coli: FEMS Microbiology 

Letters, v. 179, p. 409−414. 

Schubert, S., Picard, B., Gouriou, S., Heeseman, J., and Denamur, E., 2002, Yersinia high-pathogenicity 

island contributes to virulence in Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections: Infection and 

Immunity, v. 70, p. 5335−5337. 

Schwan, T.G., Thompson, D., and Nelson, B.C., 1985, Fleas on roof rats in 6 areas of Los Angeles 

County, California―Their potential role in the transmission of plague and murine typhus to humans: 

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 34, p. 372−379. 

Scott-Morales, L.M., Gottschalk, E., and Muhlenberg, M., 2005, Decline in the endemic Mexican 

prairie dog Cynomys mexicanus: What do we know about extinction risk?: Oryx, v. 39, p. 389−397. 

Sebbane, F., Devalckenaere, A., Foulon, J., Carniel, E., and Simonet, M., 2001, Silencing and 

reactivation of urease in Yersinia pestis is determined by one G residue at a specific position in the 

ureD gene: Infection and Immunity, v. 69, p. 170−176. 

Sebbane, F., Gardner, D., Long, D., Gowen, B.B., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2005, Kinetics of disease 

progression and host response in a rat model of bubonic plague: American Journal of Pathology, 

v. 166, p. 1427−1439. 

Sebbane, F., Jarrett, C.O., Gardner, D., Long, D., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2006, Role of Yersinia pestis

plasminogen activator in the incidence of distinct septicemic and bubonic forms of flea-borne plague: 

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 103, p. 5526−5530. 

Sebbane, F., Jarrett, C., Garner, D., Long, D., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2009, The Yersinia pestis

caf1M1A1 Fimbrial Capsule Operon promotes transmission by flea bite in a mouse model of bubonic 

plague: Infection and Immunity, v. 77, p. 1222−1229. 

Seery, D.B., and Matiatos, D.J., 2000, Response of wintering Buteos to plague epizootics in prairie 

dogs: Western North American Naturalist, v. 60, p. 420−425. 
35

Seery, D.B., Biggins, D.E., Montenieri, J.A., Enscore, R.E., Tanda, D.T., and Gage, K.L., 2003, 

Treatment of black-tailed prairie dog burrows with deltamethrin to control fleas (Insecta: 

Siphonaptera) and plague: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 40, p. 718−722. 

Severson, K.E., and Plumb, G.E., 1998, Comparison of methods to estimate population densities of 

black-tailed prairie dogs: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 26, p. 859−866. 

Sexton, N.R., Brinson, A., Ponds, P.D., Cline, K., and Lamb, B.L., 2001, Citizen knowledge and 

perception of black-tailed prairie dog management: report to respondents: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 01-467, Fort Collins, Colo., 23 p.

Shalaway, S., and Slobodchikoff, C.N., 1988, Seasonal changes in the diet of Gunnison’s prairie dog:

Journal of Mammalogy, v. 69, p. 835−841. 

Sharps, J.C., and Uresk, D.W., 1990, Ecological review of black-tailed prairie dogs and associated 

species in western South Dakota: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 50, p. 339−345. 

Shaughnessy, M.J., and Cifelli, R.L., 2004, Influence of black-tailed prairie dog towns (Cynomys

ludovicianus) on carnivore distributions in the Oklahoma panhandle: Western North American 

Naturalist, v. 64, p. 184−192. 

Shaw, J.H., McAbee, W., Carter, T.S., and Leslie, D.M., Jr., 1993, Assessment of black-tailed prairie 

dog colonies for reintroduction of black-footed ferrets in western Oklahoma: Proceedings of the 

Oklahoma Academy of Science, v. 73, p. 47−52. 

Shiel, W.C., and Stoppler, M.C., eds., 2008, Webster’s New World Medical Dictionary (3d ed.): Wiley 

Publishing, Inc., 480 p. 

Shier, D.M., 2006, Effect of family support on the success of translocated black-tailed prairie dogs:

Conservation Biology, v. 20, p. 1780−1790. 

Shim, H., Musson, J.A., Harper, H.M., McNeill, H.V., Walker, N., Flick-Smith, H., Von Delwig, A., 

Williamson, E.D., and Robinson, J.H., 2006, Mechanisms of major histocompatibility complex class 

II-restricted processing and presentation of the V antigen of Yersinia pestis: Immunology, v. 119, 

p. 385−392. 

Shipley, B.K., and Reading, R.P., 2006, A comparison of herpetofauna and small mammal diversity on 

black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies and non-colonized grasslands in Colorado: 

Journal of Arid Environments, v. 66, p. 27−41. 

Shivaji, S., Bhanu, N. V., and Aggarwal, R.K., 2000, Identification of Yersinia pestis as the causative 

organism of plague in India as determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and RAPD-based genomic 

fingerprinting: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 189, p. 247−252. 

Sidle, J.G., Ball, M., Byer, T., Chynoweth, J.J., Foli, G., Hodorff, R., Moravek, G., Peterson, R., and 

Svingen, D.N., 2001, Occurrence of burrowing owls in black-tailed prairie dog colonies on Great 

Plains National Grasslands: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 35, p. 316−321. 

Skrade, P.D.B., and Dinsmore, S.J., 2010, Sex-related dispersal in the mountain plover (Charadrius

montanus): Auk, v. 127, p. 671−677. 

Slobodchikoff, C.N., Robinson, A., and Schaack, C., 1988, Habitat use by Gunnison’s prairie dogs, in

Szaro, R.C., Severson, K.E., and Patton, D.R., technical coordinators, Management of Amphibians, 

Reptiles and Small Mammals in North America: Proceedings of the symposium: USDA Forest 

Service General Technical Report RM-166, Fort Collins, Colo., p. 403−408. 

Smith, C.R., 1994, Wild carnivores as plague indicators in California―A cooperative interagency 

disease surveillance program: Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, v. 16, p. 192−199. 

Smith, C.R., Nelson, B.C., and Barnes, A.M., 1984, The use of wild carnivore serology in determining 

patterns of plague activity in rodents in California: Proceedings of the 11th Vertebrate Pest 

Conference, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr., p. 71−76. 
36

Smith, C.R., Wilson, B.A., Thompson, M.A., and Jones, R., 1994, Plague surveillance and disease 

activity in California during 1990−1993: Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference of the 

California Mosquito and Vector Control Association, v. 62, p. 39−43. 

Smith, C.R., Tucker, J.R., Wilson, B.A., and Clover, J.R., 2010, Plague studies in California: A review 

of long-term disease activity, flea-host relationships and plague ecology in the coniferous forests of 

the southern Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada mountains: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 35, 

p. 1−12. 

Smith, G.A., and Lomolino, M.V., 2004, Black-tailed prairie dogs and the structure of avian 

communities on the shortgrass plains: Oecologia, v. 138, p. 592−602. 

Smith, T., 1987, Plague discovered in San Diego County: Vector Ecology Newsletter, v. 18, p. 9−10. 

Snall, T., Benestad, R.E., and Stenseth, N.C., 2009, Expected future plague levels in a wildlife host 

under different scenarios of climate change: Global Change Biology, v. 15, p. 500−507. 

Snall, T., O’Hara, R.B., Ray, C., and Collinge, S.K., 2008, Climate-driven spatial dynamics of plague 

among prairie dog colonies: American Naturalist, v. 171, p. 238−248. 

Sofer-Podesta, C., Ang, J., Hackett, N.R., Senina, S., Perlin, D., Crystal, R.G., and Boyer, J.L., 2009, 

Adenovirus-mediated delivery of an anti-V antigen monoclonal antibody protects mice against a 

lethal Yersinia pestis challenge: Infection and Immunity, v. 77, p. 1561−1568. 

Soleimani, M., Eini, F., Raufi, M.F., Azari, F., Farzampour, S., Jamshidian, E., Khoshdel, A., and 

Majidzadeh, K., 2010, Design of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for molecular 

detection of Yersinia pestis bacterium: Yakhteh, v. 12, p. 363−370. 

Spano, R.K., 1994, Ground squirrel management in the Angeles National Forest: Proceedings of the 

Vertebrate Pest Conference, v. 16, p. 68−71. 

Stafford, K., and Coles, G., 2009, Drug resistance in ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance, 

in Mayers, D.L., ed., Antimicrobial drug resistance, v. 1: Mechanisms of drug resistance: New York, 

Springer, Humana Press, p. 647−654. 

Stapp, P., 1998, A reevaluation of the role of prairie dogs in Great Plains Grasslands: Conservation 

Biology, v. 12, p. 1253−1259. 

Stapp, P., 2007, Rodent communities in active and inactive colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs in 

shortgrass steppe: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 88, p. 241−249. 

Stapp, P., and Salkeld, D.J., 2009, Inferring host-parasite relationships using stable isotopes: 

Implications for disease transmission and host specificity: Ecology, v. 90, p. 3268−3273. 

Stapp, P., Antolin, M.F., and Ball, M., 2004, Patterns of extinction in prairie dog metapopulations: 

Plague outbreaks follow El Nino events: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 2, p. 235−240. 

Stapp, P., Salkeld, D.J., Eisen, R.J., Pappert, R., Young, J., Carter, L.G., Gage, K.L., Tripp, D.W., and 

Antolin, M.F., 2008, Exposure of small rodents to plague during epizootics in black-tailed prairie 

dogs: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 44, p. 724−730. 

Stapp, P., Salkeld, D.J., Franklin, H.A., Kraft, J.P., Tripp, D.W., Antolin, M.F., and Gage, K.L., 2009, 

Evidence for the involvement of an alternate rodent host in the dynamics of introduced plague in 

prairie dogs: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 78, p. 807−817. 

Stapp, P., Salkeld, D.J., Antolin, M.F., and Gage, K.L., 2010, The role of alternative rodent hosts in the 

dynamics of plague in black-tailed prairie dog colonies: Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, 

p. 98. Abstract. 

Steenhof, K., Yensen, E., Kochert, M.N., and Gage, K.L., 2006, Populations and habitat relationships of 

mute ground squirrels in southwestern Idaho: Western North Amercian Naturalist, v. 66, p. 482−491. 

Stenseth, N.C., Atshabar, B.B., Begon, M., Belmain, S.R., Bertherat, E., Carniel, E., Gage, K.L., Leirs,

H., and Rahalison, L., 2008, Plague: Past, present, and future: PLOS Medicine, v. 5, p. 9−13. 
37

Stenseth, N.C., Samia, N.I., Viljugrein, H., Kausrud, K.L., Begon, M., Davis, S., Leirs, H., Dubyanskiy,

V.M., Esper, J., Ageyev, V.S., Klassovskiy, N.L., Pole, S.B., and Chan, K.S., 2006, Plague dynamics 

are driven by climate variation: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 103, 

p. 13110−13115. 

Stevenson, H.L., Bai, Y., Kosoy, M.Y., Montenieri, J.A., Lowell, J.L., Chu, M.C., and Gage, K.L., 

2003, Detection of novel Baronella strains and Yersinia pestis in prairie dogs and their fleas 

(Siphonaptera: ceratophyllidae and pulicidae using multiplex polymerase chain reaction: Journal of 

Medical Entomology, v. 40, p. 329−337. 

Stohlgren, T.J., Schell, L.D., and Heuvel, B.V., 1999, How grazing and soil quality affect native and 

exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain Grasslands: Ecological Applications, v. 9, p. 45−64. 

Stoltenberg, M.B., 2004, Effects of prairie dogs on plant community composition and vegetation 

disappearance in mixed-grass prairie: Brookings, South Dakota, South Dakota State University, 

unpublished M.S. thesis, 88 p.

Storm, J.J., and Ritzi, C.M., 2008, Ectoparasites of small mammals in western Iowa: Northeastern 

Naturalist, v. 15, p. 283−292. 

Stramer, S.L., Hollinger, F.B., Katz, L.M., Kleinman, S., Metzel, P.S., Gregory, K.R., and Dodd, R.Y., 

2009, Emerging infectious disease agents and their potential threat to transfusion safety: Transfusion, 

v. 49, p. 1S−29S. 

Strayley, S.C., 1991, The low-Ca2+ response virulence regulon of human-pathogenic yersiniae: 

Microbial Pathogenesis, v. 10, p. 87−91. 

Sun, Y.C., Hinnebusch, B.J., and Darby, C., 2008, Experimental evidence for negative selection in the 

evolution of a Yersinia pestis pseudogene: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 105, 

p. 8097−8101. 

Sun, Y.C., Koumoutsi, A., and Darby, C., 2009, The response regulator PhoP negatively regulates 

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis biofilms: FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 290, 

p. 85−90. 

Swinton, J., Woodhouse, M.E.J., Begon, M.E., Dobson, A.P., Ferroglio, E., Grenfell, B.T., Guberti, V.,

Hails, R.S., Heesterbeek, J.A.P., Lavazza, A., Roberts, M.G., White, P.J., and Wilson, K., 2002, 

Microparasite transmission and persistence, in Hudson, P.J., Rizzoli, A., Grenfell, B.T., Heesterbeek, 

H., and Dobson, A.P., eds., The ecology of wildlife diseases: New York, Oxford University Press 

Inc., p. 83−101. 

Tabor, S.P., and Thomas, R.E., 1986, The occurrence of plague (Yersinia pestis) in a bobcat from the 

Trans-Pecos area of Texas: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 3, p. 135−136. 

Telepnev, M.V., Klimpel, G.R., Haithcoat, J., Knirel, Y.A., Anisimov, A.P., and Motin, V.L., 2009, 

Tetraacylated lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pestis can inhibit multiple toll-like receptor-mediated 

signaling pathways in human dendritic cells: Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 200, p. 1694−1702. 

Terrall, D.F., 2006, Use of natural vegetative barriers to limit black-tailed prairie dog town expansion in 

western South Dakota: Brookings, South Dakota, South Dakota State University, unpublished M.S. 

thesis, 85 p. 

Thiagajaran, B., Bai, Y., Gage, K.L., and Cully, J.F., 2008a, Prevalence of Yersinia pestis in rodents and 

fleas associated with black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) at Thunder Basin National 

Grassland, Wyoming: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 44, p. 731−736. 

Thiagajaran, B., Cully, J.F., Loughin, T.M., Montenieri, J.A., and Gage, K.L., 2008b, Geographic 

variation in rodent-flea relationships in the presence of black-tailed prairie dog colonies: Journal of 

Vector Ecology, v. 33, p. 178−190. 
38

Thiagarajan, B., Cully, J.F., and Gage, K.L., 2010, Ecology of rodents and fleas associated with blacktailed prairie dogs in areas with plague: Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 103. Abstract. 

Thomas, C.U., and Hughes, P.E., 1992, Plague surveillance by serological testing of coyotes (Canis

latrans) in Los Angeles County, California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 28, p. 610−613. 

Thomas, R.E., 1988, A review of flea collection records from Onychomys leucogaster with observations 

on the role of grasshopper mice in the epizoology of wild rodent plague: Great Basin Naturalist, 

v. 48, p. 83−95. 

Thomas, R.E., Barnes, A.M., Quan, T.J., Beard, M.L., Carter, L.G., and Hopla, C.E., 1988, 

Susceptibility to Yersinia pestis in the northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster): Journal 

of Wildlife Diseases, v. 24, p. 327−333. 

Thomson, N.R., Howard, S., Wren, B.W., Holden, M.T.G., Crossman, L., Challis, G.L., Churcher, C., 

Mungall, K., Brooks, K., Chillingworth, T., Feltwell, T., Abdellah, Z., Hauser, H., Jagels, K., 

Maddison, M., Moule, S., Sanders, M., Whitehead, S., Quail, M.A., Dougan, G., Parkhill, J., and 

Prentice, M.B., 2006, The complete genome sequence and comparative genome analysis of the high 

pathogenicity Yersinia enterocolitica strain 8081: PLoS Genet, v. 2, e206, p. 2040−2051. 

Thorne, E.T., Quan, T.J., Williams, E.S., Walthall, T.J., and Daniels, D., 1987, Plague in a free-ranging 

mule deer from Wyoming: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 23, p. 155−159. 

Titball, R.W., and Williamson, E.D., 2004, Yersinia pestis (plague) vaccines: Expert Opinion on 

Biological Therapy, v. 4, p. 965−973. 

Titball, R.W., Hill, J., Lawton, D.G., and Brown, K.A., 2003, Yersinia pestis and plague: Biochemical 

Society Transactions, v. 31, p. 104−107. 

Tomaso, H., Jacob, D., Eickhoff, M., Scholz, H.C., Al Dahouk, S., Kattar, M.M., Reischl, U., Plicka, 

H., Olsen, J.S., Nikkari, S., Matero, P., Beuret, C., Ciammaruconi, A., Lista, F., Gala, J.L., Broll, H., 

Appel, B., Cano, R.E.S., de Villavicencio, M.D.Y., Broekhuijsen, M.., Indra, A., Peterson, R., and 

Neubauer, H., 2008, Preliminary validation of real-time PCR assays for the identification of Yersinia

pestis: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, v. 46, p. 1239−1344. 

Torres-Escobar, A., Juarez-Rodriguez, M.D., Gunn, B.M., Branger, C.G., Tinge, S.A., and Curtiss, R., 

2010, Fine-tuning synthesis of Yersinia pestis LcrV from runaway-like replication balanced-lethal 

plasmid in a Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine induces protection against a lethal Y. 

pestis challenge in mice: Infection and Immunity, v. 78, p. 2529−2543. 

Touchman, J.W., Wagner, D.W., Hao, J., Mastrian, S.D., Shah, M.K., Vogler, A.J., Allender, C.J., 

Clark, E.A., Benitez, D.S., Youngkin, D.J., Girard, J.M., Auerbach, R.K., Beckstrom-Sternberg, S.M., 

and Keim, P., 2007, A North American Yersinia pestis draft genome sequence: SNPs and 

phylogenetic analysis: PLoS ONE, v. 2, e220, p. 1−5. 

Townzen, K.R., Thompson, M.A., and Smith, C.R., 1996, Investigations and management of epizootic 

plague at Ice House Reservoir, Eldorado National Forest, California, 1994 ad 1995: Proceedings of 

the Vertebrate Pest Conference, v. 17, p. 68−74. 

Travis, S.E., 1994, A molecular genetic analysis of social system dynamics and population structure in 

Gunnison’s prairie dog: Flagstaff, Ariz., Northern Arizona University, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 

136 p. 

Travis, S.E., and Slobodchikoff, C.N., 1993, Effects of food resource distribution on the social system 

of Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni): Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 71, p. 1186−1192. 

Travis, S.E., Slobodchikoff, C.N., and Keim, P., 1995, Ecological and demographic effects on 

intraspecific variation in the social system of prairie dogs: Ecology, v. 76, p. 1794−1803. 

Travis, S.E., Slobodchikoff, C.N., and Keim, P., 1996, Social assemblages and mating relationships in 

prairie dogs: A DNA fingerprint analysis: Behavioral Ecology, v. 7, p. 95−100. 
39

Travis, S.E., Slobodchikoff, C.N., and Keim, P., 1997, DNA fingerprinting reveals low genetic diversity 

in Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 78, p. 725−732. 

Trebesius, K., Harmsen, D., Rakin, A., Schmelz, J., and Heesemann, J., 1998, Development of rRNAtargeted PCR and in situ hybridization with fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides for detection of 

Yersinia pestis: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 36, p. 2557−2564. 

Trevino-Villarreal, J., Berk, I.M., Aguirre, A., and Grant, W.E., 1998, Survey for sylvatic plague in the 

Mexican prairie dog (Cynomys mexicanus): Southwestern Naturalist, v. 43, p. 147−154. 

Tripp, D.W., Gage, K.L., Montenieri, J.A., and Antolin, M.F., 2009, Flea abundance on black-tailed 

prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) increases during plague epizootics: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic 

Diseases, v. 9, p. 313−321. 

Tripp, D.W., Gage, K.L., Montenieri, J.A., and Antolin, M.F., 2010, Flea loads on black-tailed prairie 

dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) during plague epizootics in Colorado: Vector-borne and Zoonotic 

Diseases, v. 10, p. 103. Abstract. 

Trudeau, K.M., Britten, H.B., and Restani, M., 2004, Sylvatic plague reduces genetic variability in 

black-tailed prairie dogs: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 40, p. 205−211. 

Truett, J.C., Dullum, J.L.D., Matchett, M.R., Owens, E., and Seery, D., 2001, Translocating prairie 

dogs: A review: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 29, p. 863−872. 

Tsang, T.M., Felek, S., and Krukonis, E.S., 2010, Ail binding to fibronectic facilitates Yersinia pestis

binding to host cells and Yop deliversy: Infection and Immunity, v. 78, p. 3358−3368. 

Turner, J.K., Xu, J.L., and Tapping, R.I., 2009, Substrains of 129 mice are resistant to Yersinia pestis

KIM5: Implications for interleukin-10-deficient mice: Infection and Immunity, v. 77, p. 367−373. 

Ubico, S.R., Maupin, G.O., Fagerstone, K.A., and McLean, R.G., 1988, A plague epizootic in the whitetailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus) of Meeteetse, Wyoming: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 24, 

p. 399−406. 

Uresk, D.W., 1984, Black-tailed prairie dog food habits and forage relationships in western South 

Dakota: Journal of Range Management, v. 37, p. 325−329. 

Uresk, D.W., 1985, Effects of controlling black-tailed prairie dogs on plant production: Journal of 

Range Management, v. 38, p. 466−468. 

Uresk, D.W., and Schenbeck, G.L., 1987, Effect of zinc phosphide rodenticide on prairie dog colony 

expansion as determined from aerial photography: Prairie Naturalist, v. 19, p. 57−61. 

Uresk, D.W., King, R.M., Apa, A.D., and Linder, R.L., 1986, Efficacy of zinc phosphide and strychnine 

for black-tailed prairie dog control: Journal of Range Management, v. 39, p. 298−299. 

Uresk, D.W., King, R.M., Apa, A.D., Deisch, M.S., and Linder, R.L., 1988, Rodenticide effects of zinc 

phosphide and strychnine on nontarget species, in Uresk, D.W., Schenbeck, G.L., and Cefkin, R., 

technical coordinators, Eighth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings: Fort 

Collins, Colo., USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-154, p. 57−63. 

Vadyvaloo, V., Jarrett, C., Sturdevant, D., Sebbane, F., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2007, Analysis of 

Yersinia pestis gene expression in the flea vector: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 

v. 603, p. 192−200. 

Vadyvaloo, V., Jarrett, C., Sturdevant, D.E., Sebbane, F., and Hinnebusch, B.J., 2010, Transit through 

the flea vector induces a pretransmission innate immunity resistance phenotype in Yersinia pestis: 

PLoS Pathogens, v. 6, e1000783, p. 1−11. 

VanBlankenstein, T., and Botzler, R.G., 1996, Effect of ectoparasite removal procedures on recapture of 

Microtus californicus: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 32, p. 714−715. 

Verdolin, J.L., and Slobodchikoff, C.N., 2002, Vigilance and predation risk in Gunnison’s prairie dog 

(Cynomys gunnisoni): Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 80, p. 1197−1203. 
40

Vermeire, L.T., Heitschmidt, R.K., Johnson, P.S., and Sowell, B.F., 2004, The prairie dog story: Do we 

have it right?: BioScience, v. 54, p. 689−695. 

Vetter, S.M., Eisen, R.J., Schotthoefer, A.M., Montenieri, J.A., Holmes, J.A., Bobrov, A.G., Bearden, 

S.W., Perry, R.D., and Gage, K.L., 2010, Biofilm formation is not required for early-phase 

transmission of Yersinia pestis: Microbiology, v. 156, p. 2216−2225. 

Vinogradov, E.V., Lindner, B., Kocharova, N.A., Senchenkova, S.N., Shashkov, A.S., Knirel, Y.A., 

Holst, O., Gremyakova, T.A., Shaikhutdinova, R.Z., and Anisimov, A.P., 2002, The core structure of 

the lipopolysaccharide from the causative agent of plague, Yersinia pestis: Carbohydrate Research, 

v. 337, p. 775−777. 

Virchow, D., Kramer, W.L., Hygnstrom, S.E., Brown, C.S., and Barnes, A.M., 1992, First evidence of 

plague (Yersinia pestis) in Nebraska is found in Panhandle predators: Transactions of the Nebraska 

Academy of Sciences, v. 19, p. 49−55. 

Von Reyn, C.F., Barnes, A.M., Weber, N.S., and Hodgin, U.G., 1976, Bubonic plague from exposure to 

a rabbit: A documented case, and a review of rabbit-associated plague cases in the United States: 

American Journal of Epidemiology, v. 104, p. 81−87. 

Von Reyn, C.F., Barnes, A.M., Weber, N.S., Quan, T., and Dean, W.J., 1976, Bubonic plague from 

direct exposure to a naturally infected coyote: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 

v. 25, p. 626−629. 

Wagner, D.M., 2002, Current status and habitat use of Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) in 

Arizona: Flagstaff, Ariz., Northern Arizona University, unpublished PhD dissertation, 90 p. 

Wagner, D.M., and Drickamer, L.C., 2004, Abiotic habitat correlates of Gunnison’s prairie dog in 

Arizona: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 68, p. 188−197. 

Wagner, D.M., Drickamer, L.C., Krpata, D.M., Allender, C.J., Van Pelt, W.E., and Keim, P., 2006, 

Persistence of Gunnison’s prairie dog colonies in Arizona, USA: Biological Conservation, v. 130, 

p. 331−339. 

Wagner, D.M., Runberg, J., Vogler, A.J., Lee, J., Driebe, E., Price, L.B., Engelthaler, D.M., Fricke, 

W.F., Ravel, J., and Keim, P., 2010, No resistance plasmid in Yersinia pestis, North America: 

Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 16, p. 885−887. 

Wagner, D.M., Vogler, A., Lee, J., Peterson, J., Auerbach, R., Roumagnac, P., Achtman, M., and Keim, 

P., 2010, Population structure and evolutionary history of Yersinia pestis in North America: Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases, v. 10, p. 99. Abstract. 

Walloe, L., 2010, Were medieval plagues the same disease as modern plague?: Historisk Tidsskrift, 

v. 89, p. 13−28. 

Wang, L., Zhou, L., and Ma, Y., 2010, Analysis on species richness pattern of plague host rodents and 

the environmental factor in plague epidemic areas in China: Acta Theriologica Sinica, v. 30, p. 

411−417. 

Wang, S.X., Mboudjeka, I., Goguen, J.D., and Lu, S., 2010, Antigen engineering can play a critical role 

in the protective immunity elicited by Yersinia pestis DNA vaccines: Vaccine, v. 28, p. 2011−2019. 

Webb, C.T., Brooks, C.P., Gage, K.L., and Antolin, M.F., 2006, Classic flea-borne transmission does 

not drive plague epizootics in prairie dogs: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 103, 

p. 6236−6241. 

Weeks, S., Hill, J., Friedlander, A., and Welkos, S., 2002, Anti-V antigen antibody protects 

macrophages from Yersinia pestis-induced cell death and promotes phagocytosis: Microbial 

Pathogenesis, v. 32, p. 227−237. 
41

Welch, T.J., Fricke, W.F., McDermott, P.F., White, D.G., Rosso, M., Rasko, D.A., Mammel, M.K., 

Eppinger, M., Rosovitz, M.J., Wagner, D., Rahalison, L., LeClerc, J.E., Hinshaw, J.M., Lindler, L.E., 

Cebula, T.A., Carniel, E., and Ravel, J., 2007, Multiple antimicrobial resistance in plague: An 

emerging public health risk: PLoS ONE, v. 2, e309, p. 1−6. 

Welford, M., and Bossak, B., 2010, Body lice, Yersinia pestis orientalis, and Black Death: Emerging 

Infectious Diseases, v. 16, p. 1649. 

Welkos, S., Friedlander, A., McDowell, D., Weeks, J., and Tobery, S., 1998, V antigen of Yersinia

pestis inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis: Microbial Pathogenesis, v. 24, p. 185−196. 

Weltzin, J.F., Archer, S., and Heitschmidt, R.K., 1997, Small-mammal regulation of vegetation 

structure in a temperate savanna: Ecology, v. 78, p. 751−763. 

Weltzin, J.F., Dowhower, S.L., and Heitschmidt, R.K., 1997, Prairie dog effects on plant community 

structure in southern mixed-grass prairie: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 42, p. 251−258. 

Whicker, A.D., and Detling, J.K., 1988, Ecological consequences of prairie dog disturbances: 

BioScience, v. 38, p. 778−785. 

White, G.C., Dennis, J.R., and Pusateri, F.M., 2005, Area of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in eastern 

Colorado: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 33, p. 265−272. 

Whitehall, J.S., 2009, Plague in a time of war: An experience in South Vietnam: Medical Journal of 

Australia, v. 191, p. 671−673. 

Wiechmann, I., and Grupe, G., 2006, Detection of Yersinia pestis DNA in two early medieval skeleton 

finds from Aschheim (Upper Bavaria, 6th century AD): American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 

v. 126, p. 48−55. 

Wienberg, A.N., and Heller, H.M., 1994, Unusual bacterial pneumonias caused by human commensal, 

environmental, and animal-associated pathogens, in Pennington, J.E., ed., Respiratory infections: 

Diagnosis and management(3d ed.): p. 485−513. 

Wild, M.A., Shenk, T.M., and Spraker, T.R., 2006, Plague as a mortality factor in Canada Lynx (Lynx

canadensis) reintroduced to Colorado: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 42, p. 646−650. 

Wilder, A.P., Eisen, R.J., Beardon, S.W., Montenieri, J.A., Gage, K.L., and Antolin, M.F., 2008b, 

Oropsylla hirsute (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) can support plague epizootics in black-tailed 

prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) by early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis: Vector-Borne and 

Zoonotic Diseases, v. 8, p. 359−367. 

Wilder, A.P., Eisen, R.J., Beardon, S.W., Montenieri, J.A., Tripp, D.W., Brinkerhoff, R.J., Gage, K.L., 

and Antolin, M.F., 2008a, Transmission efficiency of two flea species (Oropsylla tuberculata

cynomuris and Oropsylla hirsute) involved in plague epizootics among prairie dogs: Ecohealth, v. 5, 

p. 205−212. 

Williams, E.S., Thorne, E.T., Quan, T.J., and Anderson, S.L., 1991, Experimental-infection of domestic 

ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) and Siberian polecats (Mustela eversmanni) with Yersinia pestis: 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 27, p. 441−445. 

Williams, E.S., Mills, K., Kwiatkowski, D.R., Thorne, E.T., and Boergerfields, A., 1994, Plague in a 

black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes): Journal of Wildlife Disesase, v. 30, p. 581−585. 

Williams, K., Oyston, P.C.F., Dorrell, N., Li, S., Titball, R.W., and Wren, B.W., 2000, Investigations 

into the role of the serine protease HtrA in Yersinia pestis pathogenesis: FEMS Microbiology Letters, 

v. 186, p. 281−286. 

Williamson, E.D., 2001, Plague vaccine research and development: Journal of Applied Microbiology, 

v. 91, p. 606−608. 

Wimsatt, J., and Biggins, D.E., 2009, A review of plague persistence with special emphasis on fleas:

Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, v. 46, p. 85−99. 
42

Winter, S.L., Cully, J.F., Jr., and Pontius, J.S., 2002, Vegetation of prairie dog colonies and noncolonized short-grass prairie: Journal of Range Management, v. 55, p. 502−508. 

Winters, A.M., Staples, J.E., Ogen-Odoi, A., Mead, P.S., Griffith, K., Owor, N., Babi, N., Enscore, 

R.E., Eisen, L., Gage, K.L., and Eisen, R.J., 2009, Spatial risk models for human plague in the West 

Nile region of Uganda: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v. 80, p. 1014−1022. 

Witmer, G.W., and Fagerstone, K.A., 2003, The use of toxicants in black-tailed prairie dog 

management: an overview, in Fagerstone, K.A., and Witmer, G.W., eds., Proceedings of the 10th

Wildlife Damage Management Conference: Fort Collins, Colo., USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 

National Wildlife Research Center, Research Report Number 11-55-005, p. 359−369. 

Wobeser, G., Campbell, G.D., Dallaire, A., and McBurney, S., 2009, Tularemia, plague, yersiniosis, and 

Tyzzer’s disease in wild rodents and lagomorphs in Canada: A review: Canadian Veterinary Journal, 

v. 50, p. 1251−1256. 

Wong, D., Wild, M.A., Walburger, M.A., Higgins, C.L., Callahan, M., Czarnecki, L.A., Lawaczeck,

E.W., Levy, C.E., Patterson, J.G., Sunenshine, R., Adem, P., Paddock, C.D., Zaki, S.R., Petersen, 

J.M., Schriefer, M.E., Eisen, R.J., Gage, K.L., Griffith, K.S., Weber, I.B., Spraker, T.R., and Mead, 

P.S., 2009, Primary pneumonic plague contracted from a mountain lion carcass: Clinical Infectious 

Disease, v. 49, p. E33−E38. 

Wong, J.D., Barash, J.R., Sandfort, R.F., and Janda, J.M., 2000, Susceptibilities of Yersinia pestis

strains to 12 antimicrobial agents: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, v. 44, p. 1995−1996. 

Woods, M.E., Montenieri, J.A., Eisen, R.J., Zeidner, N.S., Borchert, J.N., Laudisoit, A., Babi, N., Atiku, 

L.A., Enscore, R.E., and Gage, K.L., 2009, Identification of flea blood meals using multiplexed realtime polymerase chain reaction targeting mitochondrial gene fragments: American Journal of Tropical 

Medicine and Hygiene, v. 80, p. 998−1003. 

World Health Organization, 2011, accessed October 12, 2011, at 

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/. 

Worthham, B.W., Oliveira, M.A., Fetherston, J.D., and Perry, R.D., 2010, Polyamines are required for 

the expression of key Hms proteins important for Yersinia pestis biofilm formation: Environmental 

Microbiology, v. 12, p. 2034−2047. 

Wuerther, G., 1995, Last chance for the prairie dog: Wild Earth, v. 5, p. 21−25. 

Wuerther, G., 1997, Viewpoint: the black-tailed prairie dog headed for extinction?: Journal of Range 

Management, v. 50, p. 459−466. 

Yang, F., Ke, Y., Tan, Y., Bi, Y., Shi, Q., Yang, H., Qiu, J., Wang, X., Guo, Z., Ling, H., Yang, R., and 

Du, Z., 2010, Cell membrane is impaired, accompanied by enhanced type III secretion expression in 

Yersinia pestis deficient in RovA regulator: PLoS ONE, v. 5, no. e12840, p. 1−13. 

Ye, Z., Kerschen, E.J., Cohen, D.A., Kaplan, A.M., van Rooijen, N., and Straley, S.C., 2009, Gr1(+) 

cells control growth of YopM-negative Yersinia pestis during systemic plague: Infection and 

Immunity, v. 77, p. 3791−3806. 

Yensen, E., Baird, C.R., and Sherman, P.W., 1996, Larger ectoparasites of the Idaho ground squirrel 

(Spermophilus brunneus): Great Basin Naturalist, v. 56, p. 237−246. 

Zaubernam, A., Tidhar, A., Levy, Y., Bar-Haim, E., Halperin, G., Flashner, Y., Cohen, S., Shafferman, 

A., and Mamroud, E., 2009, Yersinia pestis endowed with increased cytotoxicity is avirulent in a 

bubonic plague model and induces rapid protection against pneumonic plague: PLoS ONE, v. 4, 

e5938, p. 1−11. 

Zhou, D., Han, Y., Song, Y., Huang, P., and Yang, R., 2004, Comparative and evolutionary genomics of 

Yersinia pestis: Microbes and Infection, v. 6, p. 1226−1234. 
43

Zhou, D., Han, Y.P., and Yang, R.F., 2006, Molecular and physiological insights into plague 

transmission virulence and etiology: Microbes and Infection, v. 8, p. 273−284. 

Zhou, D., Qin, L., Han, Y., Qiu, J., Chen, Z., Li, B., Song, Y., Wang, J., Guo, Z., Zhai, J., Du, Z., Wang, 

X., and Yang, R., 2006, Global analysis of iron assimilation and fur regulation in Yersinia pestis: 

FEMS Microbiology Letters, v. 258, p. 9−17. 

Zhou, D., and Yang, R., 2009, Molecular Darwinian evolution of virulence in Yersinia pestis: Infection 

and Immunity, v. 77, p. 2242−2250. 

Zhou, D., Zongshong, T., Song, Y., Han, Y., Pei, D., Pang, X., Zhai, J., Li, M., Cui, B., Qi, Z., Jin, L., 

Dai, R., Du, Z., Wang, J., Guo, Z., Wang, J., Huang, P., and Yang, R., 2004, Genetics of metabolic 

variations between Yersinia pestis biovars and the proposal of a new biovar, microtus: Journal of 

Bacteriology, v. 186, p. 5147−5152. 

Zietz, B.P., and Dunkelberg, H., 2004, The history of plague and the research on the causative agent 

Yersinia pestis: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, v. 207, p. 165−178. 

Zinsser, H., 1934, Rats, lice and history: Boston, Mass., Little, Brown, and Company, 301 p. 

Publishing support provided by: 

Denver Publishing Service Center

For more information concerning this publication, contact:

Center Director, USGS Fort Collins Science Center

2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. C

Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118

(970)226-9398

Or visit the Fort Collins Science Center Web site at:

http://www.fort.usgs.gov/