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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

KURT C. NIELSON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

November 9, 2017

v No. 333244

Oakland Circuit Court

SAFEGUARD PROPERTIES, LLC, LC No. 2015-149178-NZ

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: MURRAY, P.J., and FORT HOOD and GLEICHER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant, Safeguard Properties, works with mortgage companies nationwide to secure 

properties that have been vacated following a mortgagor’s default. In this case, Safeguard’s 

agents entered a home that was clearly occupied but secured it anyway, resulting in 

inconvenience and expense to the home owner. The circuit court dismissed the home owner’s 

lawsuit in its entirety. Although the home owner could not establish that Safeguard was a “debt 

collector” for purposes of several statutory claims, he did present evidence that the individuals 

who entered his home were Safeguard’s agents and that Safeguard could be held liable on 

trespass and conversion theories. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

In April 2015, Kurt Nielson was in default on his mortgage loan held by CitiMortgage, 

Inc., but the mortgagee had yet to initiate foreclosure proceedings. On April 22, Nielsen 

received a letter from Citibank Preservation instructing him to call within 10 days to advise 

whether his “home was occupied or vacant.” Nielson complied and Citibank Preservation 

acknowledged receipt of Nielson’s call. Even so, that weekend while Nielson was away, 

workers hired by Safeguard entered Nielsen’s home to “secure” it. The workers “rummaged 

through” Nielson’s belongings, emptied his refrigerator, helped themselves to some of his 

personal property, and let his cat out. They also “winterized” the plumbing and locked him out 

of the house by attaching lock boxes on his doors. When Nielsen returned and discovered that he 

could not get into his house, his neighbor delivered a door tag that had been left with him. The 

tag advised that the workers found the home “vacant” and therefore Safeguard Properties, acting 

on behalf of Nielson’s mortgagee, “secured” the property and added it to a “monthly 

maintenance schedule.” The notice provided the number to “P & P Customer Service” to call in 
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the event the home became “unsecure” or an emergency arose. It advised, “When calling, please 

have the full address and zip code of the property so that we can efficiently assist you.”

Nielsen called the number and received the code to get into his house. Inside his home, 

Nielsen found a letter explaining the mortgagee’s “right to inspect [the] property to verify 

occupancy and to determine whether securing the property is necessary.” The letter advised:

Based on the initial inspection of the exterior of your home, it was determined 

that the property was vacant and in need of securing. As a result, the securing 

process was begun by changing a lock on one door to the home all other locks 

remain accessible as before. After gaining entry to the property, however, it was 

determined that the property was occupied. Therefore, no further work was 

performed, no items were removed and the home was locked.

The writer “sincerely apologize[d] for this inconvenience” and provided another number to call 

“so we can make immediate arrangements to rectify this matter.” 

Nielsen claims that Safeguard entered the house on two additional occasions, once 

“pil[ing] [his] personal property in his garage,” and once “track[ing] dirt and debris throughout 

[the] home.” At his deposition, Nielsen conceded that Safeguard never contacted him “to 

attempt to collect money due to your lack of payment on your mortgage.”

Nielson subsequently filed suit alleging 11 different causes of action against Safeguard: 

violation of the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 USC 1692 et seq. (FDCPA); 

violation of the Michigan Regulation of Collection Practices Act, MCL 445.251 et seq.

(MRCPA); violation of the Michigan Occupational Code, MCL 339.901 et seq. (MOC); 

violation of the Michigan Consumer Protection Act, MCL 445.901 et seq. (MCPA); “exemplary 

damages;” trespass to real property; trespass to personal property; “conversion and treble 

damages;” intentional infliction of emotional distress; statutory trespass under MCL 750.552; 

and “invasion of privacy/tortious intrusion.” 

Before the close of discovery, Safeguard sought summary disposition pursuant to MCR 

2.116(C)(10). In relation to the FDCPA, MRCPA, MOC, and MCPA claims, Safeguard argued 

that it was not a “debt collector” as contemplated by the acts and therefore could not liable for 

any statutory violations. In relation to the tort counts, Safeguard asserted that it used 

independent contractors, rather than employees, to secure Nielson’s property and could not be 

held liable for their wrongdoing. The court agreed and dismissed Nielson’s complaint in its 

entirety. The court also rejected Nielson’s bid to add a negligence count.

Nielson now appeals the circuit court’s dismissal of his trespass and conversion counts, 

as well as his challenges based on the FDCPA, MRCPA, and MOC.

II. SAFEGUARD IS NOT A “DEBT COLLECTOR”

The circuit court properly dismissed Nielson’s claims under the FDCPA. MRCPA, and 

MOC. Those acts are inapplicable as Safeguard is not a “debt collector” as provided in the acts.
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We review de novo a lower court’s summary disposition ruling. Zaher v Miotke, 300 

Mich App 132, 139; 832 NW2d 266 (2013). 

A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) “tests the factual support of a 

plaintiff’s claim.” Walsh v Taylor, 263 Mich App 618, 621; 689 NW2d 506 

(2004). “Summary disposition is appropriate under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if there is 

no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law.” West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 

NW2d 468 (2003). “In reviewing a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), this Court 

considers the pleadings, admissions, affidavits, and other relevant documentary 

evidence of record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to 

determine whether any genuine issue of material fact exists to warrant a trial.” 

Walsh, 263 Mich App at 621. “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the 

record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open 

an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” West, 469 Mich at 183. 

[Zaher, 300 Mich App at 139-140.]

We also review de novo matters of statutory interpretation. Stanton v City 

of Battle Creek, 466 Mich 611, 614; 647 NW2d 508 (2002). The goal of statutory 

interpretation is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Odom v 

Wayne Co, 482 Mich 459, 467; 760 NW2d 217 (2008). To that end, the first step 

in determining legislative intent is the language of the statute. Id. If the statutory 

language is unambiguous, then the Legislature’s intent is clear and judicial 

construction is neither necessary nor permitted. Id. [Barclae v Zarb, 300 Mich 

App 455, 466-467; 834 NW2d 100 (2013).]

A. FDCPA

The FDCPA prohibits a debt collector from “us[ing] any false, deceptive, or misleading 

representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt.” 15 USCA 1692e. The 

FDCPA regulates only the conduct of those who fall within the act’s definition of a “debt 

collector.” Ruth v Triumph Partnerships, 577 F3d 790, 796 (CA 7, 2009). 15 USC 1692a(6) 

defines “debt collector” as follows:

The term “debt collector” means any person who uses any instrumentality 

of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which 

is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, 

directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another. 

Notwithstanding the exclusion provided by clause (F) of the last sentence of this 

paragraph, the term includes any creditor who, in the process of collecting his 

own debts, uses any name other than his own which would indicate that a third 

person is collecting or attempting to collect such debts. For the purpose of section 

1692f(6) of this title, such term also includes any person who uses any 

instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal 

purpose of which is the enforcement of security interests. [Emphasis added.] 
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The two italicized segments of this subsection give rise to two different definitions of the 

term “debt collector,” and both are relevant in this case. The first italicized section refers to the 

more typical understanding of a debt collector as a person that regularly collects or attempts to 

collect debts. The second is more complicated, as it references yet another subsection of the 

FDCPA, 15 USC 1692f(6), which provides:

A debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt 

to collect any debt. Without limiting the general application of the foregoing, the 

following conduct is a violation of this section:

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(6) Taking or threatening to take any nonjudicial action to effect 

dispossession or disablement of property if--

(A) there is no present right to possession of the property claimed as 

collateral through an enforceable security interest;

(B) there is no present intention to take possession of the property; or

(C) the property is exempt by law from such dispossession or disablement.

The second part of the definition of “debt collector” applies to repossession agents and similar 

entities that would otherwise fall outside the scope of the first definition of a “debt collector.” 

An unpublished federal district court opinion aptly summarizes the parameters of this species of 

debt collector:

Although a repossession agency generally is not considered to be a “debt 

collector,” 15 [USC 1692a] creates a limited exception where the ‘principal 

purpose’ of the business is the enforcement of security interests and it violates 15 

[USC 1692f(6)] by dispossessing an individual of property where “there is no 

present right to possession.” [Lee v Toyota Motor Sales USA Inc, unpublished 

order of the federal Northern District of California, entered September 6, 2016 

(Docket No. 16-CV-03195-JCS).]

Thus, the FDCPA describes two types of “debt collectors:” (1) a person who regularly 

collects or attempt to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or 

due another, and (2) a person “whose business has the principal purpose of enforcing security 

interests but who does not otherwise satisfy the definition of a debt collector[,]” and who acts in 

a manner consistent with § 1692f(6). Kaltenbach v Richards, 464 F3d 524, 527 (CA 5, 2006). 

Nielsen asserts that Safeguard satisfies one or the other of these two definitions. The evidence 

does not support his claims.

The first definition of “debt collector” captures any person who “regularly collects or 

attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due 

another.” Nielsen contends that Safeguard “regularly collects or attempts to collect . . . 

indirectly” debts owed to mortgage companies. Nielsen appears to rely on “the paperwork” left 
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with his neighbor and inside the house as his evidence that Safeguard indirectly attempted to 

collect a debt when it entered and secured his home. 

In Romine v Diversified Collection Servs, Inc, 155 F3d 1142, 1147 (CA 9, 1998), the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that a service offered by defendant 

Western Union that “was ‘specially developed for the credit and collections industry’ ” satisfied 

the “indirect” debt collection method. Western Union mailed debtors a notice that there was a 

“personal delivery telegram” being held for them that could be delivered only if the debtor 

supplied his or her telephone number. The recipient was told to call a Western Union operator to 

request the telegram, so that a caller ID system could record his or her unlisted telephone 

number. When the debtor called, the operator elicited the caller’s personal information and read 

a message instructing the caller to “immediately” contact an office offering debt refinancing 

services. Id. at 1144. Western Union advertised that this service would “ ‘stimulate recoveries 

dramatically.’ ” Id. at 1143-1144. The Court summarized that Western Union “obtain[ed] 

debtors’ telephone numbers by eliciting responses to personal delivery telegrams, then 

disseminate[d] the unlisted numbers to creditors and collection agencies.” Id. at 1143. The 

Ninth Circuit concluded that this activity could constitute “an indirect attempt to collect a debt.” 

Id. at 1147.1 

The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit relied on Romine in Siwulec v 

JM Adjustment Servs, LLC, 465 Fed Appx 200 (CA 3, 2012), which involved a somewhat 

different approach to indirect debt collection. The defendant, JMAS, hand-delivered letters from 

Chase, the recipient’s lender, seeking information to assist Chase “in ‘resolv[ing]’ ” a “ ‘past 

due’ ” loan. Id. at 201 (alteration in orginal). According to the plaintiff’s complaint, after she 

accepted the letter, the JMAS representative dropped some documents on her lawn “contain[ing] 

standard instructions and procedures provided by JMAS to its agents.” Id. The documents did 

not include any of the disclosures required under the FDCPA. Id.

JMAS contended that it was merely a “messenger service,” not a “debt collector.” The 

Third Circuit concluded otherwise, summarizing:

Given the facts as alleged, JMAS is no mere messenger service for debt 

collectors. Compare Udis v Universal Communications Co, 56 P3d 1177 (Colo 

App, 2002) (finding Romine persuasive on interpretation of Colorado’s analogous 

FDCPA and holding that a company that markets its services gathering debtor 

contact-information to debt collectors is covered by the Act) with Laubach v

Arrow Serv Bureau, Inc, 987 F Supp 625, 631-632 (ND Ill, 1997) (holding that 

printing and mailing of collection letters on behalf of debt collector did not render 

mailing company debt collector for FDCPA purposes). In addition to delivering 

letters, JMAS representatives are instructed to urge alleged debtors, in person, to 

call the creditor while they watched. They were to gather contact information 

from the debtors directly, to speak with their neighbors, and to conduct a visual 

 1 The Colorado Court of Appeals adopted this analysis in an almost identical case, Udis v 

Universal Communications Co, 56 P3d 1177, 1179 (Colo App, 2002). 
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assessment of their properties. These activities bring JMAS out of any messenger 

exception and into the coverage of the FDCPA, which was certainly intended to 

regulate in-person debt collection visits.

Consequently, we find that the amended complaint sufficiently alleged 

that JMAS was a debt collector for purposes of the FDCPA because the principal 

purpose of JMAS's business is the collection of debts and JMAS regularly 

engages in indirect debt collection. [Siwulec, 465 Fed Appx at 204.]

Federal district courts in the Northern District of Illinois have invoked the reasoning in 

Romine and Siwulec in several cases involving Safeguard and other “mortgage service” 

companies, and Nielsen relies heavily on these district court cases in his argument. 

Unfortunately for Nielsen, the facts of Romine, Siwulec, and the Illinois cases are distinguishable 

from his case. 

For example, Simpson v Safeguard Props, LLC, unpublished opinion of the federal 

Northern District of Illinois, issued June 12, 2013 (Docket No. 13-CV-2453), arose in the context 

of a motion filed under Fed R Civ P 12(b)(6) seeking judgment on the pleadings. Simpson 

claimed that after her mortgage company (Midland) informed her that she was in default, 

Safeguard representatives left five notes on her door, described by the district court as follows:

All five notes were identical, and the front of each one read, “IMPORTANT 

INFORMATION ENCLOSED[.]” The reverse side of each note included the 

following instructions: “IMPORTANT[,]” “PLEASE CALL[,]” “PLEASE BE 

READY TO GIVE YOUR ACCOUNT NUMBER[,]” and “WE ARE 

EXPECTING YOUR CALL TODAY.” A phone number was handwritten in a 

space provided on each note, the same number as the one Midland Mortgage 

listed for its loan counselors in the notice of default. [Id., slip op at 2 (emphasis 

and alteration in original).]

Simpson alleged that Safeguard’s agents left the notes while performing “field agent” services 

for Midland, in violation of the three provisions of the FDCPA. Id.

Safeguard insisted that it was not a “debt collector” as defined by the FDCPA, and 

accordingly was entitled to summary judgment. The district court determined that based on the 

pleadings, Simpson had properly stated a claim:

Simpson alleges that Safeguard . . . markets its services to mortgage 

companies with delinquent and defaulted borrowers. The complaint further states 

that Safeguard advertises field services that it provides to its clients, and among 

these services are communicating with delinquent borrowers on behalf of 

mortgage companies, contacting mortgagors to request that they call mortgage 

companies, and reporting back to mortgage companies whether it has made 

contact with mortgagors and regarding the condition of mortgaged properties. 

These are well-pleaded factual allegations that the court must accept as true.

Although Simpson does not allege that Safeguard collects or attempts to 

collect debts on behalf of mortgage companies, entities that contact consumers 
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attempting to facilitate communication with creditors have been found to be “debt 

collectors.” See [Siwulec, 465 F Appx at 204] (holding that field service in which 

an agent contacts and encourages a debtor to call the creditor is more than “mere 

messenger service for debt collectors”), [Romine, 155 F3d at 1149] (holding that 

Western Union’s practice of disseminating to creditors telephone numbers that 

were obtained by eliciting personal responses to telegrams sent to debtors goes 

“beyond mere information gathering or message delivery”). Safeguard argues 

that the facts in Simpson’s complaint demonstrate that Safeguard is merely a 

messenger. However, the allegation that Safeguard markets its services to 

mortgage companies makes it reasonable to infer that Safeguard attempts to 

regularly facilitate the collection of debts, which the court finds qualifies under § 

1692a(6) as “regular[] . . . attempts to collect, . . . indirectly, debts . . . asserted to 

be owed or due another.” Because the court must draw this inference, as it must 

draw all reasonable inferences in Simpson’s favor, it also finds that the complaint 

sufficiently alleges that Safeguard is a debt collector. [Id., slip op at 3-4.]

A second chapter of Simpson recently unfolded following cross motions for summary 

judgment filed under FRCP 56, Simpson v Safeguard Props, LLC, unpublished opinion of the 

federal Northern District of Illinois, issued September 28, 2017 (Docket No. 13-CV-02453). The 

basic facts described in the court’s initial opinion remained unchanged. In addition, the court 

noted that Safeguard had admitted that it markets its services to mortgage companies, “refers to 

itself as a ‘privately held mortgage field services company’ that ‘inspects and maintains 

defaulted and foreclosed properties for mortgage service companies, lenders, investors, and other 

financial institutions,’ ” and “advertises ‘communicating with delinquent borrowers’ as a service 

it provides.” Id., slip op at 4. Safeguard classified its activities at the Simpson home as “contact 

attempt inspection” (CAI). Id. Other services provided by the company include “cutting the 

grass, winterizing pipes and utilities, and installing a lock box if the property becomes vacant.” 

Id. Door hangers are left if the property is occupied. Id. 

The district court denied summary judgment to either side, ruling that disputed evidence 

necessitated a trial. Id., slip op at 8. In finding a triable issue for the plaintiff, the court relied on 

the placement of the door hangers demanding a call to the mortgage company (assuming the 

plaintiff could prove that they were designed by Safeguard) in combination with the fact that 

Safeguard was “ ‘dispatched to the homes of particularly delinquent debtors as part of 

[Midland’s] debt collection efforts.’ ” Id., slip op at 9, 12. This evidence supported Simpson’s 

claim that Safeguard indirectly attempted to obtain payment “through personal solicitation,” 

thereby rendering Safeguard a debt collector. Id., slip op at 12-13. The court concluded:

Weighed as a whole, the summary judgment evidence could support a jury 

decision for either side on whether Safeguard is a “debt collector” when it 

performs its [CAIs]. If inclined to see things Simpson’s way, the [CAIs], a jury 

could decide, have a principal purpose of encouraging a debtor, with all the 

subtext of a visible reminder of an in-person visit and a handwritten note (five in 

Simpson’s case), to call Midland, so it can attempt to obtain payment for debt. . . . 

The contrary conclusion, consistent with Midland’s Rule 30(b)(6) depositions and 

the undisputed fact that Safeguard receives limited information from Midland, 
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would also be reasonable with the benefit of inferences favorable to Safeguard. 

[Id., slip op at 13-14.]

A handful of other Northern District of Illinois cases offer facts closer to those of the case 

at hand, in which Safeguard or other “mortgage service” representatives actually entered a home 

and “secured” it. Notably, however, all of the cases Nielsen cites involve motions for summary 

judgment on the pleadings rather than motions filed after discovery. 

In Schlaf v Safeguard Props, LLC, unpublished order of the federal Northern District of 

Illinois, entered February 16, 2016 (Docket No. 15-CV-50113), slip op at 2, the plaintiff’s 

mortgage company “hired Safeguard to determine the physical status of plaintiff’s home, 

including whether it was abandoned, and to conduct a contact inspection.” Safeguard performed 

the inspection and left a door hanger instructing the plaintiff to call the mortgage company and to 

have his account number ready. Id. The plaintiff’s complaint also quoted extensively from 

Safeguard’s website, which advertised that Safeguard’s inspectors “ ‘will make up to three 

attempts on behalf of mortgage servicers and lenders to provide contact information to 

delinquent borrowers,’ ” would leave door tags “ ‘in an effort to have the mortgagor call the 

client,’ ” and recommended that “ ‘[CAIs] are a servicer’s best option for contacting borrowers 

who are unable to be reached.’ ” Id., slip op at 1-2. The district court found that Safeguard was 

a “debt collector” under 15 USC 1692a(6), reasoning:

Safeguard sold a service to make three attempts at a face-to-face encounter with a 

debtor, and to leave a written message, all with the alleged intent that the debtor 

should contact the mortgage servicer to assist in that servicer’s collection efforts. 

As with Simpson, those allegations are sufficient to plausibly suggest that 

Safeguard “attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or 

asserted to be owed or due another.” [Id., slip op at 3-4 (emphasis added).] 

Here, no evidence supports that Safeguard qualifies as a debt collector under the first 

definition. The record is devoid of evidence substantiating that Safeguard regularly collects or 

attempts to collect debts directly. Nielsen produced no communications from Safeguard to 

himself or others seeking payment. Nor do the record facts support that Safeguard’s 

“securitization” services were performed as part of a direct effort to collect payment.2 

Relying on the “indirect” language of the statute, Nielsen argues that “[t]he door hanger 

left with Plaintiff’s neighbor, is a communication in connection with the collection [of] a debt, 

despite not explicitly mentioning any debt.” The door hanger includes only one brief reference 

to Nielsen’s mortgage company (“Safeguard Properties, on behalf of the mortgage company, will 

be maintaining the property to ensure it does not sustain any additional damages.”). This 

statement is far removed from the language on the door hangers found to be indirect attempts at 

 2 “[T]he Act’s substantive provisions indicate that debt collection is performed through either 

‘communication,’ . . . § 1692c, ‘conduct,’ . . . § 1692d, or ‘means,’ . . . §§ 1692e, 1692f. These 

broad words suggest a broad view of what the Act considers collection.” Glazer v Chase Home 

Finance LLC, 704 F3d 453, 461 (CA 6, 2013). 
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debt collection in the Northern District of Illinois cases. Those door hangers instructed the 

homeowners to call their lenders and to have their mortgage information at hand when they did. 

The unspoken threat inferable from the door hangers in combination with the lock-outs was: pay 

your mortgage if you want this to stop. As the district court put it, the evidence in the Illinois 

cases supported that Safeguard indirectly attempted to facilitate the lender’s collection of a 

mortgage debt. Here, however, the communication did not even mention a debt. 

Indisputably, Safeguard’s conduct was unwanted, unnecessary (the home was lived-in, 

not abandoned or vacant), and, as Nielsen alleges, “intrusive.” But any connection with debt 

collection was so indirect and insubstantial that deeming Safeguard a “debt collector” under the 

FDCPA would extend the reach of the statutory definition well beyond its plain meaning. The 

operative sentence defines a debt collector as someone “who regularly collects or attempts to 

collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another.” Nielsen 

has presented no evidence of the “regularity” of Safeguard’s alleged collection efforts, or that 

debt collection was an indirect reason for Safeguard’s visits to his home. The evidence supports 

only one reasonable inference: Safeguard’s acts were in furtherance of the purpose stated in the 

door hanger and the letter it left in Nielsen’s home, which was to secure the property. 

Safeguard’s belief that “securitization” was warranted was mistaken. But that fact does not 

transform its acts into debt collection activity.

Nor can Nielsen satisfy the second definition of a “debt collector.” Again, by way of 

reminder, the operative language for the second definition is:

For the purpose of section 1692f(6) of this title, such term also includes 

any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in 

any business the principal purpose of which is the enforcement of security 

interests. [15 USC 1692a (emphasis added).]

15 USC 1692f(6) provides:

A debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt 

to collect any debt. Without limiting the general application of the foregoing, the 

following conduct is a violation of this section:

* * *

(6) Taking or threatening to take any nonjudicial action to effect 

dispossession or disablement of property if--

(A) there is no present right to possession of the property claimed as 

collateral through an enforceable security interest;

(B) there is no present intention to take possession of the property; or

(C) the property is exempt by law from such dispossession or disablement.

Nielsen claims that by entering his home, placing locks on his doors, “winterizing” the 

plumbing, emptying his refrigerator, and taking some of his personal property, Safeguard 
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nonjudicially dispossessed or disabled his property without a right to take possession of the 

property. A number of courts have determined that Safeguard or similar companies met this 

definition of a “debt collector,” at least at the pleading stage.

In Flippin v Aurora Bank, FSB, No. unpublished opinion of the Northern District of 

Illinois, issued August 8, 2012 (Docket No. 12-CV-1996), slip op at 1, Mortgage Contracting 

Services, Inc., “changed the locks on the [plaintiff’s] home and ‘winterized’ it by turning off the 

water.” Like Safeguard, MCS was “in ‘the business of securing and preserving property for 

mortgage lenders and others in the foreclosure industry.’ ” Id., slip op at 3. According to the 

plaintiff, MCS personnel also took jewelry and other valuable property from the home. Id., slip 

op at 2. The district court refused to dismiss the case on the pleadings. It found the plaintiff’s 

allegations that her mortgage company had hired MCS to turn off the water and to change the 

locks adequate at the pleading stage to support a claim that MCS operated as a “debt collector” 

under § 1692a(6). Id., slip op at 4.

The facts of Bywater v Wells Fargo Bank, NA, unpublished opinion of the Northern 

District of Illinois, issued March 24, 2014 (Docket No. 13-CV-4415), also resemble those 

presented there. The plaintiff’s FDCPA complaint alleged that after she had defaulted on her 

mortgage, her mortgagee instructed LPS Field Services to “winterize” her home, which included 

changing the locks. LPS arranged for subcontractors to bid on this job; A-Son’s Construction, 

Inc. won the bid. Id., slip op at 2. A-Son’s forcibly entered the plaintiff’s home, changed her 

locks, and, according to the complaint, stole personal items. Id., slip op at 2-3. LPS and ASon’s moved for summary judgment on the pleadings, contending that they were not “debt 

collectors” under the FDCPA. Id., slip op at 10.

The court denied summary judgment, relying on the second definition of “debt collector:”

One of plaintiffs’ allegations against LPS and A-Son’s, however, permits 

plaintiff to take advantage of a broader definition of “debt collector.” Under 15 

[USC 1692f(6)], it is an “unfair or unconscionable” practice violative of the 

FDCPA to take or threaten “nonjudicial action to effect dispossession or 

disablement of property,” if, among other things, there is no present right to 

possession of the property through an enforceable security interest. Section 

1692a(6) expands the definition of “debt collector” for purposes of liability under 

section 1692f(6); for purposes of that subsection, a debt collector “also includes 

any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in 

any business the principal purpose of which is the enforcement of security 

interests.” [Id.]

The court ruled that plaintiff’s allegations sufficed to bring LPS and A-Son’s within this 

definition. The court observed that the plaintiff claimed that LPS and A-Son’s had acted “in 

concert” as “part of an effort to evict her and her family from the home[.]” Id., slip op at 11. 

These allegations brought the defendants within the scope of subsection 1692f(6), the court 

ruled: “The complaint alleges that both LPS and A-Son’s are in the business of securing 

properties for mortgage lenders in connection with foreclosures, . . . which is sufficient to bring 

them within the scope of section 1692a(6)’s expanded definition of a ‘debt collector.’ ” Id. 

Several other cases cited in Bywater employ the same analysis and reach the same result.
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As Safeguard points out, there is contrary authority as well. The plaintiff in Alqaq v 

CitiMortgage, Inc, unpublished opinion of the Northern District of Illinois, issued April 29, 2014 

(Docket No. 13-CV-5130), slip op at 1, brought a putative class action against Safeguard and 

other defendants, alleging that the class members were threatened with “dispossession or 

disablement of their homes and [actually] dispossessed before” foreclosure judgments issued. 

The facts alleged in the complaint included that after foreclosure proceedings launched but 

before the mortgagee had a right to possess the property, Safeguard posted a notice on the home 

stating: “We found this property to be vacant/abandoned. This information will be reported to 

the mortgage holder. The mortgage holder has the right and duty to protect this property. The 

property will be rekeyed and/or winterized within 3 days. If this property is NOT VACANT, 

please contact Safeguard Properties at 877-340-8482.” Id., slip op at 4-5 (emphasis omitted). 

During the next several weeks, Safeguard returned on more than one occasion, “broke into the 

house and ‘winterized’ the property,” stole personal items, and again posted stickers 

summarizing what it had done. Id., slip op at 5. The plaintiff contended that Safeguard qualified 

as a “debt collector” under 15 USC 1692f(6)(A) because it took nonjudicial action to effect 

dispossession or disablement of the property to enforce a security interest. Id., slip op at 6.

The district court acknowledged that Safeguard’s conduct as alleged “appears to have 

been improper and even tortious as performed,” but found that it was not a violation of the 

FDCPA. Id., slip op at 7-8. The court reasoned: 

Federal mortgage regulations, Illinois law, and municipal ordinances 

impose strict duties on mortgagees to properly secure and protect foreclosed 

property from deterioration. In order to comply with law and regulations relating 

to foreclosed property, mortgagees employ firms who specialize in property 

management to perform the action required. The “principal purpose” of such 

businesses is not debt collection or the enforcement of security interests, but 

rather securing property. [Id., slip op at 8.]

In other words, the court ruled that Safeguard’s actions were “incidental to debt collection” and 

“not dispossession or disablement of [the] property.” Id., slip op at 10.

A newer, published case from the Northern District of Illinois reaches essentially the 

same conclusion. Hunte v Safeguard Props Mgt, LLC, __ F Supp 3d __ (ND Ill, 2017), slip op at 

2, arose from Safeguard’s “seizure” of the plaintiff’s home after the plaintiff defaulted on his 

mortgage but before foreclosure. According to the complaint, Safeguard emptied the home of 

the plaintiff’s personal possessions, changed the locks, and winterized the plumbing. Id. 

Safeguard filed a motion for summary judgement on the pleadings, contending that Safeguard 

was not a “debt collector” under the FDCPA. The plaintiff argued that Safeguard’s “principal 

purpose” is not to collect debts (thereby disavowing reliance on § 1692a(6)), but to enforce 

security interests, bringing Safeguard within § 1692f(6). Id., slip op at 3. The district court 

observed that the plaintiff’s complaint had indeed alleged that “ ‘Safeguard’s principal purpose is

the enforcement of security interests.’ ” Id., slip op at 4. However, another paragraph in the 

complaint averred that Safeguard’s “ ‘principal purpose [is to] manage and preserve at-risk and 

foreclosed properties.’ ” Id. (alteration in original). In his brief, the plaintiff relied on the latter 

paragraph, highlighting that “Safeguard’s ‘principal purpose is to manage and preserve at-risk 

and foreclosed properties,’ ” and also asserted that “Safeguard ‘has as a primary purpose the 
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enforcement of security interests[.]’ ” Id. (emphases in original). Focusing on the difference 

between a “principal purpose” (the words of the last sentence of § 1692a(6)), and “primary 

purpose,” the court found that the plaintiff had not engaged in “alternative pleading,” but rather 

essentially conceded that Safeguard’s “principal purpose” was managing and preserving at-risk 

property and not enforcing security interests. Id., slip op at 4-5. The court elaborated:

The pertinent portion of § 1692a(6) defines “debt collector” as an entity “the

principal purpose of which is the enforcement of security interests.” 15 [USC 

1692a(6)] (emphasis added). Not “a principal purpose of which,” but “the

principal purpose of which.” Congress’s use of the definite article to modify 

“principal purpose” means that Congress intended to cover only entities having 

one principal purpose, that of enforcing security interests. . . . Thus, if [the 

plaintiff] meant to allege that Safeguard had two principal purposes, the allegation 

would take Safeguard outside the FDCPA’s definition of “debt collector” even 

though one of those purposes was enforcing security interests. See Rockridge 

Trust v Wells Fargo, NA, 985 F Supp 2d 1110, 1137 (ND Cal, 2013) (“[T]he 

[complaint] alleges that ‘one of the principal businesses of [Wells Fargo] is debt 

collection on a regular basis.’ . . . [This] establishes only that debt collection is 

some part of Wells Fargo’s business. For Wells Fargo to be a debt collector . . ., 

Plaintiffs must allege that the principal purpose of Wells Fargo’s business is debt 

collection, not that one of Wells Fargo’s principal businesses is debt collection.”) 

(second brackets in original). [Id., slip op at 5-6 (emphasis in original).]

Nielsen’s complaint alleges in ¶ 3 that “the principal purpose” of Safeguard’s business “is 

the collection of debts.” The affidavit submitted by Safeguard in support of summary disposition 

asserts that Safeguard “is a mortgage field services company” that “provide[s] preservation 

services for real estate throughout the country,” “does not engage in the practice of debt 

collection.” and “does not attempt to collect debts of any kind.” Nielsen brought forward no 

evidence to refute these averments. 

The plain language of § 1692a(6) bestows “debt collector” status on those “who use[] any 

instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of 

which is the enforcement of security interests.” (Emphasis added.) While the affidavit does not 

directly address “security interests,” it does disclaim that Safeguard plays any part in the 

collection of “debts.” Enforcers of security interests are “debt collectors” under the FDCPA. 

The first sentence of the statute states that “[t]he term ‘debt collector’ means . . . .” The last 

sentence reads: “For the purpose of section 1692f(6) of this title, such term also includes any 

person” who uses interstate commerce in a business having as “the principal purpose” the 

enforcement of security interests.” 15 USC 1692a(6). Therefore, the affidavit’s omission of a 

specific reference to security interests is inconsequential.

Safeguard’s entry into Nielsen’s home, its destruction of his property, and the lock-out it 

executed arguably effected a “dispossession or disablement of the property.” And perhaps a 

side-effect of this conduct was to encourage Nielsen to pay his mortgage and to eliminate the risk 

of Safeguard’s return. But the legal question presented is whether Nielsen has substantiated that 

Safeguard has as its “principal purpose . . . the enforcement of security interests.” If not 

collecting debts “indirectly,” Safeguard is liable as a “debt collector” only if it is “principally” in 
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the security interest enforcement business. Because Nielsen failed to bring forward any evidence 

refuting that Safeguard’s “principal purpose” is property management rather than security 

interest enforcement, his claim under the FDCPA must fail.

B. MRCPA and MOC

Two Michigan statutes address unfair or abusive debt collection practices: the MRCPA, 

MCL 445.251 et seq., and the MOC, MCL 339.901 et seq. The MRCPA addresses the “debt 

collection practices” of “collection agencies” and “regulated persons.” A “collection agency” is:

a person that is directly engaged in collecting or attempting to collect a claim 

owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another, or repossessing or attempting 

to repossess a thing of value owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another 

person, arising out of an expressed or implied agreement. Collection agency 

includes an individual who, in the course of collecting, repossessing, or 

attempting to collect or repossess, represents himself or herself as a collection or 

repossession agency, or a person that performs collection activities that are 

regulated under article 9 of the [MOC], . . . MCL 339.901 to 339.920. [MCL 

445.251(1)(b).]

Nielsen argues that because Safeguard “engages in collection activities,” it is a “collection 

agency” under the MRCPA. This argument is unpersuasive. Unlike the FDCPA, the MRCPA 

encompasses only “direct[]” debt collection. No evidence suggests that Safeguard directly

endeavored to collect Nielsen’s overdue mortgage payments. Nor is there evidence that 

Safeguard “directly engaged” in “repossessing or attempting to repossess” Nielsen’s home. At 

best, Safeguard’s efforts were indirect, and in the section of his brief discussing the FDCPA, 

Nielsen concedes this point. 

MCL 445.251(1)(b) also includes “a person that performs collection activities that are 

regulated under article 9 of the [MOC].” The relevant subsection of the MOC defines a 

“regulated person” as:

a person whose collection activities are confined and are directly related to the 

operation of a business other than that of a collection agency including any of the 

following:

(i) A regular employee who collects accounts for 1 employer if the collection 

efforts are carried on in the name of the employer.

(ii) A state or federally chartered bank that collects its own claim.

(iii) A trust company that collects its own claim.

(iv) A state or federally chartered savings and loan association that collects its 

own claim.

(v) A state or federally chartered credit union that collects its own claim.
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(vi) A licensee under the regulatory loan act, . . . MCL 493.1 to 493.24.

(vii) A business that is licensed by this state under a regulatory act that regulates 

collection activity.

(viii) An abstract company that is engaged in an escrow business.

(ix) A licensed real estate broker or salesperson if the claim the broker or 

salesperson is collecting is related to or in connection with the broker’s or 

salesperson's real estate business.

(x) A public officer or a person that is acting under a court order.

(xi) An attorney who is handling a claim or collection on behalf of a client and in 

the attorney's own name. [MCL 339.901(b).]

Nielsen’s development of this issue in his brief is superficial and conclusory. He offers 

no explanation of how Safeguard falls within one of the MOC categories. Safeguard simply does 

not “collect accounts,” rendering the MOC inapplicable. 

III. TRESPASS AND CONVERSION COUNTS

Nielson also challenges the circuit court’s summary dismissal of his trespass and 

conversion counts. At this stage, there remain genuine issues of material fact, rendering 

summary disposition inappropriate. Specifically, the circuit court erred by dismissing Nielsen’s 

trespass and conversion claims on the ground that Safeguard used only independent contractors 

at Nielsen’s home. Safeguard does not deny that the independent contractors were carrying out 

Safeguard’s orders by entering Nielsen’s home, emptying the refrigerator, and placing new 

locks. The evidence supports at least an inference that Safeguard directed and controlled these 

actions. The evidence also supports Nielsen’s claim of agency by estoppel. Thus, whether the 

independent contractors acted as Safeguard’s agents is a fact question. 

“ ‘Agency’ in its broadest sense includes every relation in which one person acts for or 

represents another by his authority.” Saums v Parfet, 270 Mich 165, 171; 258 NW 235 (1935) 

(quotation marks and citation omitted). The Supreme Court highlighted in Saums that 

determining whether an agency exists necessitates an examination of “the relations of the parties 

as they in fact exist under their agreements or acts.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

The Court reiterated these principles in St Clair Intermediate Sch Dist v Intermediate Ed 

Ass’n/Michigan Ed Ass’n, 458 Mich 540, 558; 581 NW2d 707 (1998) (citation omitted), adding 

that “the right to control the conduct of the agent with respect to the matters entrusted to him” is 

also fundamental to the agency relationship.

An independent contractor, on the other hand, carries out an “independent business” by 

agreeing “to do a piece of work according to his own methods, and without being subject to 

control of his employer as to the means by which the result is to be accomplished, but only as to 

the result of the work.” Utley v Taylor & Gaskin, Inc, 305 Mich 561, 570; 9 NW2d 842 (1943) 

(quotation marks and citation omitted). But “[i]f the employer of a person or business ostensibly 

labeled an ‘independent contractor’ retains control over the method of the work, there is in fact 
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no contractee-contractor relationship, and the employer may be vicariously liable under the 

principles of master and servant.” Candelaria v BC Gen Contractors, Inc, 236 Mich App 67, 73; 

600 NW2d 348 (1999). 

In examining the relations between the parties, we must remain mindful that the labels 

that the parties assign to their relationship are not dispositive. “[I]f an act done by one person in 

behalf of another is in its essential nature one of agency, the one is the agent of such other 

notwithstanding he is not so called.” Van Pelt v Paull, 6 Mich App 618, 624; 150 NW2d 185 

(1967) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Furthermore, whether an agency relationship 

exists and a defendant acted within the scope of its authority are jury questions. Lincoln v 

Fairfield-Nobel Co, 76 Mich App 514, 520; 257 NW2d 148 (1977). Alternatively stated, 

“Where there is a disputed question of agency, any testimony, either direct or inferential, tending 

to establish agency creates a question of fact for the jury to determine.” Meretta v Peach, 195 

Mich App 695, 697; 491 NW2d 278 (1992).

The common law also recognizes a subset of agency relationships alternatively called 

agency by estoppel and ostensible agency. This concept holds a principal liable for the acts of 

another even if the other does not technically qualify as an agent. Under certain circumstances a 

principal may be estopped from disputing the scope of an agent’s authority despite that the 

principal does not control the putative agent’s actions. See Howard v Park, 37 Mich App 496, 

498; 195 NW2d 39 (1972). The elements of this form of agency are:

(1) the person dealing with the agent must do so with belief in the agent’s 

authority and this belief must be a reasonable one, (2) the belief must be 

generated by some act or neglect on the part of the principal sought to be charged, 

and (3) the person relying on the agent’s authority must not be guilty of 

negligence. [Chapa v St Mary’s Hosp, 192 Mich App 29, 33-34, 480 NW2d 590 

(1991).]

Safeguard avers that it hires “independent contractors” to perform the services that it 

offers to mortgage companies: securing and preserving property. But Safeguard’s identification 

of the workers who entered Nielsen’s home as “independent contractors” does not necessarily 

resolve whether the workers were actually controlled by Safeguard or held out as its ostensible 

agents. The record supports that either agency theory could apply in this case.

The evidence indicates that the workers did exactly what Safeguard told them to do: enter 

the home, change the locks, winterize the plumbing, and discard the food in the refrigerator. In 

this sense, the workers were apparently controlled by Safeguard. The property clearly was 

occupied rather than vacant; had the workers been able to exercise their own discretion, it seems 

obvious that they would not have thrown anything away, winterized the plumbing, or changed 

more than one lock. Further, the door tag prepared by Safeguard states that Safeguard was hired 

by the mortgage company to “maintain[] the property,” to “secure[]” it, and to place it on a 

“monthly maintenance schedule”: precisely the work that was performed. A “sign in sheet” was 

also left inside the home, which stated:

This sign in sheet is posted by Safeguard Properties, Inc., as a request of the 

mortgagee to track all parties entering the property. It is required that all persons 
-16-

entering this property provide an explanation of their visit and sign and date this 

form.

Please notify Safeguard Properties at 800-852-8306 Ext 2158 immediately if an 

emergency situation is discovered at this property. . . .

The letter left at the home explained that “the securing process was begun by changing a lock on 

one door,” apologized for the entry, and offered the same telephone number for questions.

Nielson also presented a copy of his email correspondence seeking compensation for the 

food in his refrigerator, and the cost of “dewinterizing” his plumbing, and reimbursement for his 

missing items. The person who replied identified herself as “P & P Resolution Specialist, 

Safeguard Properties.” This evidence supports that Safeguard held out the workers as its own. 

Nielsen reasonably believed that Safeguard was responsible for the entry of his home; all of the 

information left by the intruders identified them as Safeguard workers. There is no plausible 

explanation for this other than that Safeguard sought to take responsibility for what happened in 

the home.

The fact that the workers possibly committed a tort is not dispositive. “Just as a master is 

responsible for the torts of his servant which are committed within the scope of employment, a 

principal is responsible for the torts of his agent which are committed within the scope of the 

agency.” Cronk v Chevrolet Local Union No 659, 32 Mich App 394, 401; 189 NW2d 16 (1971), 

citing 3 Am Jur 2d, Agency, § 267, p 631. More recently, this Court explained:

A principal may be vicariously liable to a third party for harms inflicted by 

his or her agent even though the principal did not participate by act or omission in 

the agent's tort. Vicarious liability is indirect responsibility imposed by operation 

of law. Courts impose indirect responsibility on the principal for his or her 

agent’s torts as a matter of public policy, but the principal, having committed no 

tortious act, is not a “tortfeaser” as that term is commonly defined. Because 

liability is imputed by law, a plaintiff does not have to prove that the principal 

acted negligently. Rather, to succeed on a vicarious liability claim, a plaintiff 

need only prove that an agent has acted negligently. Concomitantly, if the agent 

has not breached a duty owed to the third party, the principal cannot be held 

vicariously liable for the agent’s actions or omissions. [Bailey v Schaaf (On 

Remand), 304 Mich App 324, 347; 852 NW2d 180 (2014) (quotation marks and 

citations omitted), vacated in part on other grounds 497 Mich 927; 856 NW2d 692 

(2014).]

This principle is also reflected in the Restatement Agency, 3d, § 7.04 (2006), which provides:

Agent Acts with Actual Authority

A principal is subject to liability to a third party harmed by an agent's conduct 

when the agent’s conduct is within the scope of the agent's actual authority or 

ratified by the principal; and

(1) the agent’s conduct is tortious, or
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(2) the agent’s conduct, if that of the principal, would subject the principal to tort 

liability.

One of the Restatement’s “illustrations” describing § 7.04 resembles the facts presented here:

3. P, who owns Blackacre Towers, leases an apartment in it to T. P then wishes 

instead to lease T’s apartment to S. P tells S to enter T’s apartment and remove 

and destroy T’s personal property. S does so. Entering T’s apartment and 

removing and destroying T’s personal property is tortious. P is subject to liability 

to T. S is also subject to liability to T whether or not S acted as P’s agent.

The record evidence plausibly demonstrates that Safeguard directed that workers it hired 

would enter the Nielsen home, “preserve” the property in a manner dictated by Safeguard, and 

“secure” it by placing locks on the doors. A reasonable jury could find that the people carrying 

out Safeguard’s instructions were its agents, or that Safeguard held them out as its agents. That 

their conduct may have been tortious does not relieve Safeguard of responsibility as a principal. 

The evidence also supports a second legal basis for holding Safeguard responsible for the 

torts allegedly committed by the people who entered and secured Nielsen’s home: that the 

workers sent to the home acted in concert with Safeguard. Under longstanding Michigan 

precedent, the “concert of action” theory allows a plaintiff to hold a defendant liable for the 

tortious conduct of others, if the defendant acted in concert with the others in causing the 

plaintiff’s injury. In Fisher v Rumler, 239 Mich 224, 226; 214 NW 310 (1927), five police 

officers from two different jurisdictions illegally entered the plaintiff’s house to search for a 

bootlegger. In the process, one of the officers “detained” a young girl, who sued for false 

imprisonment and assault and battery. Id. at 226-227. A jury awarded the girl $1,000. Two 

defendants argued on appeal that the evidence did not support that they had personally assaulted 

or falsely imprisoned the child. Id. at 227. The Supreme Court rejected this defense, reasoning:

We think it not important that the evidence does not disclose which of the two in 

fact restrained the plaintiff nor which in fact committed the incidental assault and 

battery. There was concert of action. Both were liable for the acts of either in the 

scope of their joint enterprise. . . . Their primary purpose, as has been noted, was 

to discover evidence of violation of the prohibitory law, and their ultimate 

purpose was to apprehend the offender or offenders. We think the court was right 

in holding that restraint of the person or persons then in charge was within the 

common plan. [Id. at 227-228 (citations omitted).]

The Supreme Court reaffirmed the concert of action theory of liability in Abel v Eli Lilly & Co, 

418 Mich 311, 338; 343 NW2d 164 (1983).

Here, the evidence supports that Safeguard and its contractor acted pursuant to a common 

design. That the contractor was not named as a defendant is unimportant, as the concert of 

action theory may be applied even in cases involving unnamed defendants. Cousineau v Ford 

Motor Co, 140 Mich App 19, 32-33; 363 NW2d 721 (1985). On this basis as well as agency, the 

court erred in summarily dismissing Nielsen’s trespass and conversion claims.
-18-

IV. AMENDMENT OF THE COMPLAINT

At the summary disposition hearing, Nielson requested for the first time that it be allowed 

to amend its complaint. Nielson claimed that he was unaware that Safeguard used independent 

contractors until Safeguard filed its motion for summary disposition. Based on this new 

information, Nielson desired to raise a claim of negligence against Safeguard.

We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision to deny a motion for leave to 

amend. Detroit Int’l Bridge Co v Commodities Export Co, 279 Mich App 662, 666; 760 NW2d 

565 (2008). A court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of reasonable 

and principled outcomes. Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372, 388; 719 NW2d (2006).

MCR 2.116(I)(5) provides that when a court grants summary disposition under MCR 

2.116(C)(10), “the court shall give the parties an opportunity to amend their pleadings as 

provided by MCR 2.118, unless the evidence then before the court shows that amendment would 

not be justified.” MCR 2.118(A)(1) grants a party the right to file one amendment within 14 

days of receiving the defendant’s answer. All other amendments require the court’s permission 

or a stipulation of the parties. MCR 2.118(A)(2). The court rules dictate that “[l]eave shall be 

freely given when justice so requires.” Id. “Leave to amend should be denied only for 

particularized reasons, such as undue delay, bad faith, or dilatory motive on the movant’s part, 

repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the 

opposing party, or where amendment would be futile.” Jenks v Brown, 219 Mich App 415, 420; 

557 NW2d 114 (1996).

Nielsen waited until the last possible moment to raise his amendment request. The record 

demonstrates that Nielsen had not engaged in any discovery regarding the circumstances 

surrounding the entry into his home, making him responsible for his own lack of knowledge. By 

the time the motion was heard, witness lists had been filed and the discovery period had closed. 

While the amendment standard is generally liberal, Nielsen’s delay in seeking amendment was 

protracted. The circuit court’s ruling does not fall outside the range of principled outcomes. 

We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Christopher M. Murray 

/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood 

/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher