Groundwater Resources Program

Bibliography of Groundwater Resources of the 

Glacial-Aquifer Systems in Washington, Idaho, and 

Northwestern Montana, 1905–2011

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report 2012–1053

Bibliography of Groundwater Resources of the GlacialAquifer Systems in Washington, Idaho, and Northwestern 

Montana, 1905–2011

By Sue C. Kahle and Zoe O. Futornick

Groundwater Resources Program

Open-File Report 2012–1053

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 

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its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit 

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Suggested citation:

Kahle, S.C. and Futornick, Z.O., 2012, Bibliography of groundwater resources of the glacial aquifer systems in 

Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana, 1905–2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1053, 

32 p.

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual 

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.
iii

Contents

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Purpose and Scope.................................................................................................................................................... 1

Approach.................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Bibliography of Groundwater Resources of the Glacial-Aquifer Systems ...................................................................... 2

Regional Studies........................................................................................................................................................ 2

Idaho.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Northwestern Montana............................................................................................................................................. 10

Washington .............................................................................................................................................................. 15

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................................ 31

References Cited......................................................................................................................................................... 31

Figure

Figure 1. Extent of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana. ............................ 2
iv

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1 

Bibliography of Groundwater Resources of the GlacialAquifer Systems in Washington, Idaho, and Northwestern 

Montana, 1905–2011

By Sue C. Kahle and Zoe O. Futornick

Abstract

The U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program is undertaking a series of regional 

groundwater availability studies to improve our understanding of groundwater availability in major 

aquifers across the Nation. One of the objectives of the Glacial Principal Aquifers study (proposed) is to 

provide information on the occurrence of groundwater in glacial aquifers in the United States, an area 

that includes parts of the northern continental States and much of Alaska. Toward this effort, a literature 

search was conducted to identify readily available documents that describe the occurrence of 

groundwater in glacial aquifers in the United States. This bibliography provides citations for documents, 

as well as codes indicating types of information available in each, for Washington, Idaho, and 

northwestern Montana—an area corresponding approximately to the southern extent of the Cordilleran 

ice sheet. 

Introduction

Groundwater is among the Nation's most important natural resources. Groundwater provides 

one-half of the Nation’s drinking water and is essential to the vitality of agriculture and industry, as well 

as to the health of rivers, wetlands, and estuaries throughout the Nation. Large-scale development of 

groundwater resources with accompanying declines in groundwater levels and other effects of pumping 

has led to concerns about the future availability of groundwater to meet domestic, agricultural, 

industrial, and environmental needs. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Groundwater Resources 

Program (GWRP) is undertaking a series of regional groundwater availability studies to improve our 

understanding of groundwater availability in major aquifers across the Nation. 

Information on the glacial-aquifer systems in Washington, Idaho, and Montana is found in many 

reports and printed and computerized bibliographies and indexes. This report compiles this information 

into one document—an inclusive bibliography about groundwater resources of glacial-aquifer systems 

in Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana. 

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this bibliography is to provide a list of published literature relating to 

groundwater resources of the glacial aquifer systems in Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana, 

corresponding to an area within or near the southern extent of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet within the 

continental United States (fig. 1).
2 

Figure 1. Extent of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana.
1 

References contained in this bibliography date from 1905 through 2011. The focus of this 

bibliography is to include references that describe the physical nature of groundwater systems. In the 

interest of providing a manageable bibliography focused on groundwater systems, documents pertaining 

only to water chemistry, surface water, or geology generally were not included. The bibliography 

contains references to government and other technical reports, selected theses, maps, journal articles, 

books, and several fact sheets. Most documents in this bibliography are for regional areas of study. For 

some areas, small-scale studies are included if regional studies have not been conducted. Unpublished 

documents, publications in press, conference abstracts, and site-specific (small-scale) geotechnical 

reports generally are omitted from the bibliography.

Approach

This bibliography was compiled from numerous USGS and State resources. In addition to author 

publications lists, various published atlases and bibliographies were used to identify documents to 

include in this bibliography including Briar and others (1996), Clark and Dutton (1996), Jones (1990), 

MacInnis and others (2009), Tuck and others (1996), and Whitehead (1994, 1996). Additional 

documents were identified in on-line publication lists and bibliographies hosted by the USGS Water 

Science Centers in Washington (http://wa.water.usgs.gov/pubs/), Idaho

(http://id.water.usgs.gov/publications/), and Montana (http://mt.water.usgs.gov/pub/Biblio.html). 

State resources include on-line bibliographies and publication lists hosted by the: 

• Washington Department of Ecology (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/groundwater.html and 

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/wsb/wsb_Geology-and-Groundwater.html); 

• Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources 

(http://www.dnr.wa.gov/ResearchScience/Topics/GeologyPublicationsLibrary/Pages/washbi

b.aspx), the Idaho Department of Water Resources, 

(http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Publications/ and 

http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Projects/svrp), 

• Idaho Geological Survey (igs@uidaho.edu), and

• Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology 

(http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/mbmgcat/catMain.asp).

The bibliography is arranged by State and alphabetically by principal author (individual or 

organization): where more than one publication by the same author is listed, the references are in 

chronological order. A “Regional Studies” section includes references to reports that discuss the 

groundwater of broad regional or large, multistate areas such as the Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie 

aquifer, which covers parts of Washington and Idaho. 
2 

To supplement the bibliography, each reference is assigned codes that identify principal types of 

information it contains (Wiltshire, and others, 1986). These codes, given at the end of each reference, 

are defined as:

B Hydrologic budget of aquifers or aquifer systems, or components thereof, such as 

 ‘recharge’

C Water-chemistry data in tables and/or maps 

D Geologic and well data in tables and/or maps 

G Geologic description of aquifers (or hydrogeologic units) 

H Hydrologic description of groundwater systems 

K Hydraulic properties of geologic materials

L Water-level data in tables and/or maps 

M Mathematical model of groundwater systems 

Q Analysis of groundwater-quality data 

R Reconnaissance appraisal of aquifers, usually presented as maps

S Description of surface-water resources

U Water-use data or summary of water use for a locality

Documents listed in bold type were not readily available for review at the time of publication 

(2012) and, therefore, do not have codes assigned indicating the type of information contained in the 

document. 

Bibliography of Groundwater Resources of the Glacial-Aquifer Systems

Regional Studies

Citation Information 

codes

Anderson, K.E., 1951, Geology and ground-water resources of the Rathdrum Prairie 

project and contiguous area, Idaho-Washington: Bureau of Reclamation, Kalispell 

Planning Office, 39 p., 3 pls. 

C,D,G,L,Q 

Bartolino, J.R., 2007, Assessment of areal recharge to the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum 

Prairie aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, 

Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5038, 38 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20075038.) 

B

Berenbrock, Charles, Bassick, M.D., Rogers, T.L., and Garcia, S.P., 1995, Depth to 

water, 1991, in the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho; Spokane River valley, Washington; 

Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area, Idaho; and selected intermontane valleys, eastcentral Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-

4087, 2 sheets. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri944087.)

L
3 

Bolke, E.L., and Vaccaro, J.J., 1981, Digital-model simulation of the hydrologic flow 

system, with emphasis on ground water in the Spokane Valley, Washington and Idaho: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80–1300, 43 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr801300; document accessed March 8, 2012, at 

http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/528122-h6.pdf.)

B,G,H,K,M

Bortleson, G.C., and Ebbert, J.C., 2000, Occurrence of pesticides in streams and ground 

water in the Puget Sound basin, Washington, and British Columbia, 1996–98: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4118, 14 p. (Available at

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri004148.)

C,Q

Bowers, C.L., Caldwell, R.R., and Dutton, D.M., 2003, Water-quality, streambedsediment, and biological data from the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River 

basins, Montana, Idaho, and Washington, 1998–2001: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 03-292, 203 p. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr03292.) 

C,L,Q

Briar, D.W., Lawlor, S.M., Stone, M.A.J., Parliman, D.J., Schaefer, J.L., and Kendy, 

Eloise, 1996, Ground-water levels in the intermontane basins of the northern Rocky 

Mountains, Montana and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations 

Atlas HA-738-B, 1 sheet, scale 1:750,000. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha738B.)

L

Buchanan, J.P., 2000, Unified groundwater flow model of the Rathdrum Prairie-Spokane 

Valley aquifer system: Prepared for Water Quality Management Program, Spokane 

County Public Works and Idaho Division of Environmental Quality: Cheney, Eastern 

Washington University, 23 p. (accessed March 8, 2012, at

http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/528186-h1.pdf).

H,K,M

Caldwell, R.R., Bowers, C.L., and Dutton, D.M., 2004, Ground-water quality of selected 

basin-fill aquifers of the northern Rockies intermontane basins in Montana, Idaho, and 

Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5052, 50 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20045052.)

C,D,G,H,

K,Q 

Caldwell, R.R., and Bowers, C.L., 2003, Surface-water/ground-water interaction of the 

Spokane River and the Spokane Valley/Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Idaho and 

Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4239, 

60 p. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri034239.) 

C,D,G,H,

K,Q,U

Campbell, A.M., 2005, Ground-water levels in the Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie 

aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho, 

September 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2905, 1 sheet. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim2905.)

D,H,L

Clark, G.M., Caldwell, R.R., Maret, T.R., Bowers, C.L., Dutton, D.M., and Beckwith, 

M.A., 2004, Water quality in the Northern Rockies Intermontane Basins, Idaho, 

Montana, and Washington, 1999–2001: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1235, 35 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1235.)

Q,U

Clark, G.M., Maret, T.R., Rupert, M.G., Maupin, M.A., Low, W.H., and Ott, D.S., 1998, 

Water quality in the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and Wyoming, 1992–95: U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 1160, 35 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1160.) 

C,Q,S,U
4 

Clark, D.W., and Dutton, D.M., 1996, Quality of ground water and surface water in 

intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho: U.S. 

Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-738-C, 1 sheet, scale 

1:750,000. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha738.)

C,Q

Clark, D.W., and Kendy, Eloise, 1992, Plan of study for the Regional Aquifer-System 

Analysis of the Northern Rocky Mountains Intermontane Basins, Montana and Idaho: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4116, 16 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri924116.) 

G,H,K

Cox, S.E., and Kahle, S.C., 1999, Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and sources of 

nitrate in lowland glacial aquifers of Whatcom County, Washington, and British 

Columbia, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

98-4195, 251 p. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri984195.)

B,C,D,G,

H,K,L,Q

Cox, S.E., and Liebscher, Hugh, 1999, Ground-water quality data from the AbbotsfordSumas aquifer of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, 

February 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-244, 28 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr99244.)

C,D,H,L,Q

Drost, B.W., and Seitz, H.R., 1978, Spokane Valley–Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, 

Washington and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-829, 78 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr77829.)

C,D,G,H,K,

Q,S,U 

Fosdick, E.R., 1931, A study of ground water in the Spokane and Rathdrum Valleys: The 

Washington Water Power Company, 34 p., 8 pls. (Available at Washington State 

University Library Special Collections.)

R

Foxworthy B.L., 1979, Summary appraisals of the nation’s ground-water resources, 

Pacific Northwest Region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813-S, 39 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp813S.) 

B,D,G,H,

Q,U

Gearhart, C.M., 2001, The hydraulic connection between the Spokane River and the 

Spokane Aquifer—Gaining and losing reaches of the Spokane River from state line, 

Idaho to Spokane, Washington: Cheney, Eastern Washington University, M.S. thesis, 

106 p.

H,S

Halstead, E.C., 1986, Ground water supply–Fraser lowland, British Columbia: 

Environment Canada, National Hydrology Research Institute Paper no. 26, Inland 

Waters Directorate Scientific Series no. 145, 80 p. 

C,D,G,

H,L,Q 

Hortness, J.E., and Covert, J.J., 2005, Streamflow trends in the Spokane River and 

tributaries, Spokane Valley/Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho and Washington: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5005, 18 p. (Available at

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20055005.)

S

Hsieh, P.A., Barber, M.E., Contor, B.A., Hossain, Md.A., Johnson, G.S., Jones, J.L., and 

Wylie, A.H., 2007, Ground-water flow model for the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum 

Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, 

Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5044, 78 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20075044.)

B,D,G,H,

K,L,M,S,U 
5 

Inkpen, E.L., Tesoriero, A.J., Ebbert, J.C., Silva, S.R., and Sandstrom, M.W., 2000, 

Ground-water quality in regional, agricultural, and urban settings in the Puget Sound 

Basin, Washington and British Columbia, 1996–1998: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 00-4100, 66 p. (Available at

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri004100.)

C,Q,U

Jones, M.A., 1999, Geologic framework of the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington 

and British Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1424-C, 31 p., 18 

pls. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1424C.)

D,G,H

Jones, M.A., 1996, Thickness of unconsolidated deposits in the Puget Sound lowland, 

Washington and British Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 94-4133, 1 pl., scale 1:500,000. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri944133.) 

D,G

Kahle, S.C., and Bartolino, J.R., 2007, Hydrogeologic framework and ground-water 

budget of the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, 

Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5041, 48 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20075041.)

B,D,G,H,

K,S,U 

Kahle, S.C., Caldwell, R.R., and Bartolino, J.R., 2005, Compilation of geologic, 

hydrologic, and ground-water flow modeling information for the Spokane ValleyRathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Spokane County, Washington, and Bonner and Kootenai 

Counties, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5227, 

64 p. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20055227.)

B,D,G,H,

K,L,M,S,U 

MacInnis, J.D., Lackaff, B.B., Buchanan, J.P., Boese, R.M., McHugh, J., Harvey, G., 

Higdem, R., and Stevens, G., 2009, The Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer 

atlas 2009 update: Spokane, Spokane Aquifer Joint Board, 26 p. (accessed March 8, 

2012, at http://www.spokanecounty.org/loaddoc.aspx?docid=4487).

B,D,G,Q,U

Murray, Lindy, 2007, Evaluation of boundary conditions and ground-water/surface-water 

flux at lakes bordering the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie aquifer, Washington and 

Idaho: Idaho Falls, University of Idaho, M.S. thesis.

B,G,L

Oldow, J.S., and Sprenke, K.F., 2006, Gravity acquisition and depth to basement 

modeling of the Spokane Valley and Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, northeastern 

Washington and northwestern Idaho: Moscow, University of Idaho, 15 p. (accessed 

March 12, at http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/projects/svrp/

Publications/PDFs/SVRP_Report.pdf).

G

Piper, A.M., and Huff, L.C., 1943, Some ground-water features of the Rathdrum PrairieSpokane Valley area, Idaho-Washington, with respect to seepage loss from Pend 

Oreille Lake: U.S. Geological Survey Report, 13 p., 2 pls.

B,G,S

Piper, A.M., and La Rocque, G.A., Jr., 1944, Water-table fluctuations in the Spokane 

Valley and contiguous area Washington–Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 889-B, p. 83-139, 2 pls. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp889B.) 

D,G,H,L,S

Pluhowski, E.J., and Thomas, C.A., 1968, A water-balance equation for the Rathdrum 

Prairie ground-water reservoir, near Spokane, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 600-D, p. D75-D78. (Available at

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp600D.) 

B,H
6 

Scibek, Jacek, 2005, Modelling the impacts of climate change on groundwater—A 

comparative study of two unconfined aquifers in southern British Columbia and 

northern Washington State: Vancouver, British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, 

PhD dissertation, 1 v.]

B,H,K,M

Sprenke, K.F., 2006, Evaluation of existing gravity observations in the Rathdrum 

Spokane Aquifer: Moscow, University of Idaho, Final Report: Contract # CON00693: 

Technical Assistance for Spokane-Rathdrum Hydrologic Modeling and Studies 

Project, Idaho Department of Water Resources, 15 p. (accessed March 8, 2012, at 

http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Projects/svrp/Publications/PDFs/Sprenk

eFinalReport.pdf).

G

Thomas, C.A., 1963, Investigation of the inflow to the Rathdrum Prairie–Spokane Valley 

aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 63-121, 46 p., 7 pls. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr62121.)

B

Tornes, L.H., 1997, National Water-Quality Assessment Program—Northern Rockies 

Intermontane Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-158-97, 4 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs1589.) 

C,G,Q,S,U

Tuck, L.K., Briar, D.W., and Clark, D.W., 1996, Geologic history and hydrogeologic 

units of intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho: 

U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-738-A, scale 1:750,000, 

sheet 1. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha738A.) 

G

Vaccaro, J.J., 1992, Plan of study for the Puget-Willamette Lowland Regional AquiferSystem analysis, western Washington and western Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4189, 41 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri914189.) 

B,G,H,K,M,

Q,U 

Vaccaro, J.J., and Bolke, E.L., 1983, Evaluation of water-quality characteristic of part of 

the Spokane aquifer, Washington and Idaho, using a solute-transport model: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 82-769, 69 p. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82769.)

G,H,K,M,Q

Vaccaro, J.J., Hansen, A.J., and Jones, M.A., 1998, Hydrogeologic framework of the 

Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 1424-D, 77 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1424.) 

B,G,H,K,

M,Q,U 

Vaccaro, J.J., Woodward, D.G., Gannett, M.W., Jones, M.A., Collins, C.A., and 

Caldwell, R.R., 1997, Summary of the Puget-Willamette Lowland regional aquifersystem analysis, Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 96-353, 49 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr96353.)

B,D,G,H,K,

Q,U

Whitehead, R.L., 1996, Ground-water atlas of the United States, segment 8, Montana, 

North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic 

Investigations Atlas HA-730-I, 24 p. (Available at

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha730I.) 

D,G,H,Q

Whitehead, R.L., 1994, Ground-water atlas of the United States, segment 7, Idaho, 

Oregon, and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas 

HA-730-H, 31 p. (Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha730H.)

D,G,H,Q
7 

Idaho

Citation Information 

codes

Adema, G.W., 1999, Bedrock depth and morphology of the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho: 

Moscow, University of Idaho, M.S. thesis, 67 p.

D,G

Baker, S.J., 1987, Ground-water conditions in the Blanchard-Oldtown area: Idaho 

Department of Water Resources, 10 p. (accessed March 8, 2012, at 

http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Publications/ofr/ofrgw_conditions_blanchard-oldtown.pdf).

D,L,R

Baldwin, J., and McVay, M., 2008, Ground water report, Silverwood area of the 

Rathdrum Prairie Sensitive Resource Aquifer: Boise, Idaho Department of 

Environmental Quality Ground Water Quality Technical Report No. 32, 27 p. 

(accessed March 8, 2012, at http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/470739-

_water_data_reports_ground_water_silverwood_32.pdf).

Q

Baldwin, J., and Owsley, D., 2005, The Ramsey Channel of the Spokane ValleyRathdrum Prairie Aquifer: Idaho Department of Environmental Quality Technical 

Ground Water Report No. 26, 23 p. (accessed March 8, 2012, at 

http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/528158-h16.pdf).

D,G,H,L

Buchanan, J.P., 1989, Reconnaissance hydrogeologic study of the Kootenai River 

valley near Bonners Ferry, Idaho: Upper Columbia United Tribes Fisheries 

Center Fisheries Technical Report no. 25, variously paged.

Burnham, W.L., and others, 1966, Summary of ground-water conditions in Idaho, 1966: 

Idaho Department of Reclamation Water Information Bulletin 1, 64 p. (accessed 

March 8, 2012, at 

http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Publications/wib/wib01-

gw_conditions_id.pdf).

R

Campbell, A.M., 2006, Availability of ground-water data for Idaho, water year 2006:

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3031, 2 p. (Available at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs20103113.)

R

Cisco, H.G., and Whitehead, R.L., 1969, Ground-water levels in Idaho, 1969: Idaho 

Department of Reclamation Water Information Bulletin No. 11, 75 p. (accessed March 

8, 2012, at http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Publications/wib/wib11-

gw_levels_id_1969.pdf).

L

Clarkson, D., and Buchanan, J.P., 1998, A reconnaissance of the hydrogeology and 

ground water quality in three hillside basins at the perimeter of the Rathdrum Prairie 

aquifer in Kootenai County, Idaho: Prepared for the Idaho Division of Environmental 

Quality: Cheney, Eastern Washington University, 103 p. (accessed March 8, 2012, at 

http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/528170-h2.pdf).

C,D,G,H,

L,Q,R 
8 

Dion, N.P, and Whitehead, R.L., 1973, A ground-water monitoring network for Kootenai 

Flats, northern Idaho: Idaho Department of Water Administration Water Information 

Bulletin No. 33, 47 p. (accessed March 8, 2012, at 

http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Publications/wib/wib33-

network_kootenai_flats.pdf).

L,R

Fader, S.W., 1951, Water levels in wells and lakes in Rathdrum Prairie and contiguous 

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Washington

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Acknowledgments

Lee Walkling, Librarian for Washington’s Division of Geology and Earth Resources, provided 

much assistance in locating documents for the authors’ review. Lori Tuck, Hydrologist in the USGS 

Montana Water Science Center, provided loan copies of many documents that were otherwise 

unavailable. USGS Libraries in Menlo Park, California and Denver, Colorado promptly provided loan 

copies of additional documents needed for review. James R. Bartolino (Groundwater Specialist in the 

USGS Idaho Water Science Center) and Bob Bergantino (Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, 

retired) provided peer reviews of the document that resulted in the addition of key documents relating to 

groundwater in Idaho and Montana, respectively. 

References Cited

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Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-738-B, 1 sheet, scale 1:750,000. 

(Available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha738B.) 

Clark, D.W., and Dutton, D.M., 1996, Quality of ground water and surface water in intermontane basins 

of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic 

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Whitehead, R.L., 1996, Ground-water atlas of the United States, segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, 

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Wiltshire, D.A., Lyford, F.P., and Cohen, A.J., 1986, Bibliography on ground water in glacial-aquifer 

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Kahle and Futornick—Bibliography of Groundwater Resources of the Glacial-Aquifer Systems in Washington, Idaho, and Northwestern Montana, 1905–2011—Open-File Report 2012–1053