United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 03-1333

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v.

NANCY J. CHEAL,

Defendant, Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

[The Hon. Rya W. Zobel, U.S. District Judge]

Before

 Torruella, Circuit Judge,

Gibson, Senior Circuit Judge*,

and Lipez, Circuit Judge,

William A. Gilmore, Jr., for appellant.

Diane C. Freniere, with whom Michael J. Sullivan, U.S.

Attorney, was on brief, for appellee.

November 15, 2004

____________________

* Hon. John R. Gibson, of the Eighth Circuit, sitting by

designation.
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LIPEZ, Circuit Judge. The defendant-appellant in this case,

Nancy J. Cheal, pleaded guilty to five counts of mail fraud (18

U.S.C. § 1341) and two counts of wire fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1343),

after being charged with bilking investors out of more than $2

million in an "international bank trading" scheme. The District

Court then sentenced Cheal to a term of imprisonment of 87 months,

with three years of supervised release to follow. The District

Court also ordered Cheal to pay restitution in the amount of $2.1

million.

Cheal now raises four issues on appeal: (1) the compliance of

her change-of-plea hearing with the requirements of Rule 11 of the

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; (2) the evidentiary basis for

the court's enhancement for obstruction of justice; (3) the court's

failure to grant a downward departure on the basis of her alleged

reduced mental capacity; (4) the timeliness of the court's entry of

a restitution order.

Cheal's argument about the timing of her restitution order

raises an issue of first impression in this circuit. Congress

passed the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996, Pub. L. No.

104-132, 110 Stat. 1227 (codified as amended in scattered sections

of 18 U.S.C.), to provide full restitution to identifiable victims

of certain crimes, including mail and wire fraud, regardless of a

defendant's ability to pay. One provision of that act, 18 U.S.C.

§ 3664(d)(5), directs that "the court shall set a date for the
1Cheal objected generally to the PSR’s description of the

facts, but she offered no specifics to counter that description.

"[I]f the defendant’s objections are merely rhetorical and

unsupported by countervailing proof, the district court is entitled

to rely on the facts in the PSR." United States v. Cyr, 337 F.3d

96, 100 (1st Cir. 2003).

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final determination of the victim's losses, not to exceed 90 days

after sentencing." Cheal argues that the restitution order in this

case, which was entered 127 days after sentencing, was invalid. As

we explain below, any error that the district court may have

committed by entering Cheal's restitution order after the 90-day

period did not constitute plain error. We therefore affirm Cheal's

convictions and sentence in their entirety.

I.

We take the facts from the presentence report ("PSR"), the

transcript of the plea hearing, and the district court’s findings.

See United States v. Voccola, 99 F.3d 37, 43 (1st Cir. 1996).1

At the time of her criminal conduct, Nancy Cheal was 60 years

old and lived in a five-bedroom double-wide trailer home along with

her second husband and four great-grandchildren. She describes

herself as the pastor to a small, nondenominational church in her

hometown of Bunnell, Florida.

Beginning approximately eight years before the criminal

conduct at issue in this case, Cheal ran a business out of her home

called Relief Enterprise, Inc. Cheal claimed to run several
2In addition to this criminal case, her conduct is the subject

of a pending civil case brought by the Securities and Exchange

Commission, titled S.E.C. v. Cheal, Civ. No. 00-10182-EFH.

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private clubs somehow connected to Relief Enterprise with such

names as the "Get America Out of Debt Private Club," the

"Fatherless Children Private Club," and the "Senior Citizens’

Private Club." Although the purpose served by these clubs is not

clear, they seemed to be perpetually short of the funds that Cheal

solicited on their behalf.

In October 1999, Cheal organized and began to advertise the

investment scheme that led to her criminal convictions.2 Its basic

nature was simple fraud: by falsely asserting that she was an

experienced trader in international securities and had the help of

another experienced trader, Cheal induced thousands of investors to

send her money in the hopes of an astronomical return on their

investment. She told investors that the scheme paid 100% of the

initial investment per week for twelve weeks.

Cheal was vague about the mechanism behind these remarkable

numbers, referring only to "overseas trading" of some kind and the

services of a renowned trader of international securities, one of

only seven people in the world licensed to trade in a certain

(unspecified) kind of investment. She also claimed to have trading

experience herself. Cheal insisted that investors’ money would not

itself be used for the trades; instead, she would place it in a

"safekeeping, non-depletion" account, which meant that it would not
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be risked in the deal.

Cheal also laced the scheme with religious and charitable

elements, sometimes claiming that Relief Enterprise had bought a

bank in Oklahoma, which, because it was on an "Indian Reservation,"

would not be subject to the usual federal regulations and could

therefore offer mortgages at extremely low rates to help poor

people buy homes. At other times, Cheal claimed that the purpose

of the enterprise was to raise money to build a church. Although

the precise charitable purposes varied, Cheal consistently

maintained that she wanted to benefit the public and "help the

little guy."

Along with other employees of Relief Enterprise working at her

direction, Cheal disseminated her investment offer through faxes,

e-mails, letters, and telephone calls. A referral fee of 1 to 5%

also provided an incentive for people to spread the word. As a

result of these efforts, Relief Enterprise managed to raise more

than $2 million in a few months.

Not surprisingly, Relief Enterprise did not make its promised

payments. Originally, the first payouts were to come in late

October or early November 1999. As those dates came and went,

Cheal offered excuses for the delay, ranging from a death in the

trader’s family to the Y2K computer bug. Then Cheal's scheme came

to the attention of law enforcement.

On October 27, 1999, a disgruntled investor contacted the U.S.
3 Later that month, the Postal Service returned these checks

to their senders.

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Secret Service with complaints about Relief Enterprise. Because of

the use of the mails to carry out the scheme, the Secret Service

passed the complaints on to the U.S. Postal Service. On October

28, a postal inspector, Louis Keith, met Cheal at a convenience

store near her home for an interview. Cheal signed two

declarations stating that she "initially had a solicitation to

obtain loans to build a church" and that others had modified this

solicitation without her knowledge or consent. Estimating that

Relief Enterprise had so far collected between three and four

thousand dollars, she said that she would refund the money by

November 1 that had been sent to her by wire transfer and would

return to the inspector all funds received in letters and packages.

Finally, she promised "to cease receiving letters and packages

relating to this solicitation and return them to the sender," and

she authorized the Postal Service to intercept and return any

future packages on her behalf.

On November 8, 1999, Cheal met again with Inspector Keith and

gave him a box containing 1,296 checks totaling approximately

$171,000.3 At this meeting, Inspector Keith confronted Cheal with

evidence that she had made the 1200% (100% per week over twelve

weeks) offer herself to at least one investor. She admitted that

she had and that she "may" have made the offer to others.
4To one investor, for example, a Relief Enterprise employee

wrote: "The Postal Inspector requested we send ALL pkgs received

back. We sent back all under $400. (Don't tell him!)" 

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Cheal, however, was deceiving Inspector Keith at this meeting.

Rather than returning to him all of the funds that Relief

Enterprise had so far collected, she had in fact instructed her

employees to segregate investments into those worth less than $400

and those worth more. The smaller investments she gave to

Inspector Keith; the larger investments, equaling at that point at

least $1.3 million, she kept.

Subsequently, Cheal contacted the senders of the smaller

investments to explain her legal difficulties and to ask them to

send their money again by a private courier such as Federal Express

or UPS. In some cases, one of Cheal's employees even explained

that she had given the postal inspector only checks for less than

$400 and had kept the rest and asked the investors to keep this

information a secret.4 Cheal continued soliciting new investments

as well.

Cheal used the proceeds from her investment scheme in a

variety of ways. She paid off more than $100,000 in personal debt,

gave $110,000 to a friend, gave bonuses to her attorney and

employees, and made numerous purchases, including a minivan, a new

trailer home for $67,000, and a big-screen TV. At one point, she

tried to buy a $400,000 home with cash but was turned down.

On February 28, 2001, a grand jury sitting in the U.S.
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District Court for the District of Massachusetts returned an

indictment charging Cheal with defrauding others of more than $2.1

million. The indictment listed five counts of mail fraud under 18

U.S.C. § 1341 and two counts of wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343.

Cheal was arrested on March 2, 2001, in the Middle District of

Florida and released on bond. On March 13, 2001, Cheal appeared

for arraignment before the U.S. District Court in Massachusetts,

which appointed counsel for her.

On September 6, 2001, the District Court ordered a psychiatric

evaluation of Cheal. On January 8, 2002, after psychiatrists hired

by the government and the defense had both advised that Cheal was

competent to stand trial, the District Court agreed and the case

moved forward.

On October 15, 2002, the first day of trial, Cheal pleaded

guilty to all seven counts against her, and the court held a

change-of-plea hearing as required by Rule 11 of the Federal Rules

of Criminal Procedure. The Probation Office then prepared a PSR

recommending a total offense level of 31 under the federal

sentencing guidelines: a base offense level of 6, plus 13 because

the total cost of the scheme to victims was more than $2.5 million,

plus 2 for more-than-minimal planning, plus 2 because the crimes

involved mass-marketing, plus 2 because Cheal misrepresented

herself as acting on behalf of a charitable or religious agency.

In addition, the PSR determined that Cheal should receive a four-
5 Cheal also filed three motions around this time, all of

which were denied. On March 24, 2003, Cheal filed a motion with

this Court asking that we stay her incarceration pending appeal.

On March 27, 2003, we denied that motion without prejudice because

she had not sought such relief in the court below and had not shown

that she met the requirements of 18 U.S.C. § 3143(b)(1) (appellant

shall be detained unless not likely to flee or pose a danger to the

community, and appeal is not for purpose of delay and raises a

substantial question of law or fact). On April 1, 2003, Cheal

filed a motion to stay with the district court, which the court

denied the next day on the grounds that Cheal had not filed a

motion for relief from judgment of conviction. On April 3, 2003,

Cheal filed a motion with the district court for relief from

judgment of conviction, which the court denied the same day without

comment.

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level upward adjustment for her leadership role and a two-level

upward adjustment for willful obstruction of justice. The PSR

recommended that she receive no credit for acceptance of

responsibility.

At the sentencing hearing on February 20, 2003, Cheal objected

to the upward adjustment for willful obstruction and asked for a

downward departure based on diminished mental capacity. The

district court ultimately accepted the PSR’s recommendations,

except that it did grant a two-level downward adjustment for

acceptance of responsibility. It also ordered restitution. Cheal

filed a timely notice of appeal on March 4, 2003.5

II.

Appellants who claim relief because of an allegedly flawed

change-of-plea hearing face a high hurdle when they have not first

raised their objections in the court below. See United States v.

Pagan-Ortega, 372 F.3d 22, 27 (1st Cir. 2004). In such cases, we
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review only for plain error. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,

733-34 (1993); see Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). After this case was

briefed and argued, the Supreme Court decided United States v.

Dominguez Benitez, __ U.S. __, 124 S. Ct. 2333, 159 L. Ed. 2d. 157

(2004), which further refined the standard for granting relief

based on a Rule 11 error that had not been preserved below. The

Court held that

a defendant who seeks reversal of his conviction after a

guilty plea, on the ground that the district court

committed plain error under Rule 11, must show a

reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would

not have entered the plea. A defendant must thus satisfy

the judgment of the reviewing court, informed by the

entire record, that the probability of a different result

is sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of

the proceeding.

124 S. Ct. at 2340 (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted). We apply this standard here. Of course, if there was no

error at all, we never reach the issue of the probability of a

different result.

A. Validity of Cheal’s Plea Colloquy

Cheal first contends that she consistently asserted her legal

innocence throughout the hearing, never fully agreeing to the

government's allegations and case against her, and that the court

therefore lacked a sufficient factual basis to accept her plea.

Second, Cheal claims that the court's failure to conduct the

change-of-plea hearing in accordance with Rule 11 meant that she

did not enter her plea intelligently, knowingly, and voluntarily.
6In our review, we consider the version of Rule 11 that was in

effect at the time of Cheal's change-of-plea hearing. See United

States v. Mercado, 349 F.3d 708, 709-10 (2d Cir. 2003), cert.

denied, __ U.S. __, 124 S. Ct. 1190, 157 L. Ed. 2d 1220 (2004). An

amended version became effective on December 1, 2002, after Cheal

pleaded guilty.

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Although Cheal’s behavior during the plea colloquy was erratic, her

admissions, when combined with the government's evidence, provided

a sufficient basis for the plea, and the court’s procedure complied

as a whole with Rule 11.6 There was no error in the conduct of the

change-of-plea hearing.

1. The Factual Basis for Cheal's Plea of Guilty

Rule 11 requires that

there be an admission, colloquy, proffer, or some other

basis for thinking that the defendant is at least

arguably guilty. . . . 

. . . .

On a plea, the question under Rule 11(f) is not whether

a jury would, or even would be likely, to convict: it is

whether there is enough evidence so that the plea has a

rational basis in facts that the defendant concedes or

that the government proffers as supported by credible

evidence.

United States v. Gandia-Maysonet, 227 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2000).

Cheal pleaded guilty to mail and wire fraud. To prove these

crimes, the government must show three elements: (1) a scheme to

defraud based on false pretenses; (2) the defendant's knowing and

willing participation in the scheme with the intent to defraud; and

(3) the use of interstate mail or wire communications in

furtherance of that scheme. United States v. Martin, 228 F.3d 1,
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15 (1st Cir. 2000). "The factual predicate for the requisite mens

rea may be inferred from all the evidence alluded to at the Rule 11

hearing." United States v. Marrero-Rivera, 124 F.3d 342, 352 (1st

Cir. 1997); see also United States v. Japa, 994 F.2d 899, 903-04

(1st Cir. 1993).

It is true that Cheal made a number of statements throughout

the change-of-plea hearing contesting the government’s version of

the facts against her. After the government's initial recitation

of facts, for example, Cheal responded: "I agree with ten percent

of what he said, about ten percent of it is correct." She then

delivered a rambling narrative of her own version of the facts,

which included several denials that she was running or even knew

about the investment scheme promising a 1200% return over twelve

weeks. Cheal claimed that she had simply solicited loans to

purchase a bank that would help fund low-cost mortgages, and that

her employees had modified this plan without her consent or

knowledge. At first, Cheal claimed she had never sent faxes to

anyone. Then, when the court asked why she had a fax machine in

her home, she said she had sometimes faxed back "a prayer request,"

and then that she had responded to people "after they had been

promised a hundred percent return."

Cheal also read a prepared statement in which she admitted

that she misrepresented herself as being an experienced securities

trader, that she "recklessly mismanaged the loan proceeds received
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for Relief Enterprise from lenders," that "in setting up these

programs I made reckless decisions and judgments," and that she

recklessly allowed persons in my office . . . to

misrepresent the facts and nature of my loan program to

prospective lenders which resulted in persons sending

loan [sic] and money and applications to me with false

information about the program. . . . Among the false

statements provided to such lenders was that: (1) lenders

could expect 100 percent of the loan value return from

each one of their loans for twelve weeks . . .; and (2)

that all lenders’ moneys were to be kept in a secured

lenders’ account. So, to all these charges I do plead

guilty.

In a subsequent exchange with Cheal, the court tried to determine

whether Cheal was admitting to having made the 1200%

misrepresentation herself, or whether she was admitting only to

failing to correct her employees' misrepresentations, which she had

overheard:

THE COURT: So you acknowledge that people on your

behalf were making these statements --

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, your honor.

THE COURT: -- but you did not correct them?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes -- well, I corrected them when I

was aware of it, but I did not correct them when I found

out afterwards. I couldn't do anything about it, I

thought. The attorney since advised me there was

something legally I could have done.

The government then submitted for the court’s consideration a

number of documents and faxes, which Cheal admitted were all in her

handwriting, and recorded telephone conversations, in which Cheal

admitted participating. This evidence showed conclusively that

Cheal herself had represented that the scheme would return 100% per

week for twelve weeks, that she was an experienced securities
7 Cheal's admissions also supported a plea of guilty on a

theory of willful blindness, permitting a defendant to be charged

with knowledge of a fact if she deliberately closed her eyes to

something that otherwise would have been obvious to her. See

United States v. Gabriele, 63 F.3d 61, 66-67 (1st Cir. 1995). As

the court put it: "Now, to the extent that the defendant doesn't

admit every detail of the government's evidence, she does admit

without question that she was reckless as to the consequences of

what she and people on her behalf did do in making representations

and in obtaining money from others."

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trader, that she had secured the services of another experienced

trader, and that the lenders’ money would be kept in a safe,

nondepletion account and would not itself be risked in the trades.

This proffer of evidence, when combined with Cheal’s own

statements to the court, satisfied Rule 11's requirement of a

factual basis for a plea of guilty, even if Cheal never admitted

explicitly to a "knowing and willing participation" in the scheme,

Martin, 228 F.3d at 15. On the basis of what it described as "her

statements to the court, on the tapes that she acknowledges are in

her voice, [and] the letters and statements that are in her hand

and/or signed by her," the district court was free to infer that

Cheal had the requisite mens rea, Marrero-Rivera, 124 F.3d at 352,

and that the plea otherwise had a rational basis in fact.7

Cheal's argument is fundamentally flawed because it assumes

that the district court could rely only on her admissions in court

to find a sufficient factual basis to accept her plea. As GandiaMaysonet and our other cases make clear, the court may find such a

basis either in the defendant's admissions or from the government's
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presentation. In this case, not only did Cheal admit to

substantial wrongdoing, including acknowledging repeatedly that she

made numerous "reckless" decisions with investors' money, but the

government also made extensive proffers of evidence -- faxes in

Cheal's handwriting and telephone calls in her voice -- that it

intended to use at trial. Given the wealth of information

available to the court from these two sources, it did not err in

finding a sufficient factual basis to accept Cheal's plea of

guilty.

2. Cheal's Understanding of the Nature of the Charges and the

Consequences of Her Plea

Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure ensures

that a defendant who pleads guilty does so with an "understanding

of the nature of the charge and the consequences of his plea."

McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 467 (1969). Cheal argues

repetitiously that her insistent denials at the change-of-plea

hearing show that she could not have understood the charges against

her or the consequences of her plea. We have already rejected this

argument's premise -- that Cheal did not admit to enough facts to

allow the court to accept her guilty plea. Moreover, her factual

disagreements, arguably skirting the edges of culpability, reveal

the extent to which she fully understood the charges against her

and the consequences of her plea.

In further support of her claim of confusion about the
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consequences of her plea, Cheal notes that, at one point in the

hearing, she denied that she had told investors that their money

would not be risked in the trades, and she said that a business

associate of hers "would come here and testify to this if it goes

to the jury. . . . I was using my own money to trade." Cheal

contends that this reference to a possible trial "clearly shows the

confusion she had regarding the purpose of the plea hearing. At

the same time that Ms. Cheal is asserting her innocence, she is

stating that she has witnesses who would testify at trial. Based

on these statements alone an obvious confusion exists."

We disagree. In assessing Cheal’s claim of confusion, we must

review the totality of the Rule 11 hearing.

What is critical is the substance of what was

communicated by the trial court, and what should

reasonably have been understood by the defendant, rather

than the form of the communication. At a minimum, Rule

11 requires that the trial court address the defendant

personally in open court to ascertain that his plea is

voluntary and intelligent.

United States v. Cotal-Crespo, 47 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 1995)

(citations omitted). We find that this minimum requirement was met

here when, later in the hearing, the court explicitly asked Cheal

if she understood that, with a guilty plea, she was giving up her

right to a jury trial and her right to call witnesses on her

behalf. To those questions, Cheal answered yes.

Cheal also complains that, after the government's proffer, the

court did not immediately follow up by asking her whether she
8 Cheal also overlooks the fact that, when the government had

finished its presentation, the court actually asked defense

counsel's permission to move on, saying, "Now may I continue with

my questioning of the defendant?" Cheal's counsel responded, "You

may, your Honor." Rule 11 does not require the court to follow a

precise sequence of questions, and, in any event, by that point in

the hearing, Cheal evidently had had plenty of time to express her

disagreement with the government's version of the facts.

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agreed with the evidence presented. Instead, the court launched

into a series of questions asking Cheal whether she understood the

maximum penalties under the mail and wire fraud laws, the

sentencing guidelines, her right to trial, her right to counsel,

and the other usual inquiries. "Thus," Cheal says, "despite the

[court's] being cognizant of the Appellant's assertion of

innocence, [it] makes no further inquiry of the Appellant regarding

an acknowledgment of guilt nor does the [court] ascertain through

further inquiry whether the Appellant's plea was knowing, voluntary

and intelligent." Yet the colloquy cited by Cheal, required by

Rule 11 and routine in change-of-plea hearings, is designed to

confirm a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent plea. In Cheal's

case, the colloquy did just that. Cheal's responses to the court's

questions asking whether she understood the proceedings were almost

always in the affirmative. When she said that she did not

understand her right against self-incrimination, the court

explained that right to her until Cheal said she did understand it.

Cheal's insistence on that explanation confirms that she was not

merely giving mindless answers to the court's other questions.8
9All references to the United States Sentencing Guidelines are

to the November 2002 version in effect at the time of Cheal's

sentencing. See United States v. Harotunian, 920 F.2d 1040, 1041-

42 (1st Cir. 1990) ("Barring any ex post facto problem, a defendant

is to be punished according to the guidelines in effect at the time

of sentencing."). 

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There was no error in the court's conduct of the change-of-plea

hearing and its eventual acceptance of her guilty plea.

B. Sentencing Adjustment Based on Obstruction of Justice

Cheal challenges the two-level upward adjustment to her

sentence under USSG § 3C1.1 for obstruction of justice, arguing

that the court made no "suitable findings" at the sentencing

hearing to support the adjustment.9 This argument has no merit.

As usual, we review a district court’s legal interpretation of

the guideline de novo and review the court's fact-finding for clear

error, giving due deference to the court's application of the

guidelines to the facts. United States v. Mitchell, 85 F.3d 800,

813 (1st Cir. 1996). USSG § 3C1.1 provides for a two-level upward

adjustment where the defendant "willfully obstructed or impeded, or

attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice

during the course of the investigation . . . of the instant offense

of conviction . . . ." The adjustment's commentary advises that it

applies to, among other kinds of conduct, a defendant who has given

a "materially false statement to a law enforcement officer that

significantly obstructed or impeded the official investigation or

prosecution of the instant offense." USSG § 3C1.1, cmt. n.4. At
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Cheal's sentencing hearing, the district court stated that the

adjustment was "primarily based on Ms. Cheal's conduct with the

postal inspector, Keith. She did not follow his orders, the money

was not returned, and the scheme continued at least for a period of

time after that. It seems to me that does amount to obstruction of

justice."

Cheal argues that we should set this adjustment aside because

the district court failed to take direct testimony on this point

and failed to make a specific finding that her actions

"significantly" obstructed the investigation, in the commentary's

words. In support of this argument, she repeats her claim here,

made to the district court as well, that the postal inspector never

gave her a copy of the laws she was violating and never told her

that the laws prohibited her from receiving monies through private

couriers like Federal Express as well as through the U.S. mail.

In fact, the district court did address these points at the

hearing and quickly rejected them, saying simply: "I understand

that, and that objection is overruled." No more was needed,

especially when the court had already adopted the whole of the

PSR’s factual findings, which thoroughly cover the details of

Cheal's meetings with the postal inspector (and do not support her

version of the encounters advanced in her brief). The district

court committed no error by imposing the adjustment for obstruction
10 The Supreme Court decided Blakely v. Washington, ___ U.S.

___, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), after oral argument

in this case. Cheal has not submitted a letter of supplemental

authority under Fed. R. App. P. 28(j) challenging her sentence

based on Blakely's possible application to the federal sentencing

guidelines. Consequently, we do not address the issue.

11 USSG § 5K2.13 provides that a "sentence below the applicable

guideline range may be warranted if the defendant committed the

offense while suffering from a significantly reduced mental

capacity."

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of justice in the way it did.10

C. Denial of Downward Departure Based on Diminished Mental Capacity

Cheal argues that the district court erred by failing to hold

a hearing on whether she was entitled to a downward departure based

on diminished mental capacity.11 The decision to hold an

evidentiary hearing during the sentencing phase is within the

discretion of the district court. United States v. Robles-Torres,

109 F.3d 83, 85 (1st Cir. 1997). Consequently, if the district

court had denied a request from Cheal for such a hearing, we would

review for abuse of discretion.

In this case, however, Cheal did not even make such a request.

"It is . . . clear that, at a bare minimum, he who expects to

receive a discretionary dispensation must first seek it. Thus, the

failure to ask the district court to convene an evidentiary hearing

ordinarily spells defeat for a contention that one should have been

held." United States v. Tardiff, 969 F.2d 1283, 1286 (1st Cir.

1992). That is so because our review under these circumstances is

for plain error only.
12 The psychiatrist added that Cheal appeared to hold some

bizarre ideas about the United States government. She believed

that there are dozens of lawyers working behind the scenes in the

White House to bring the United States back to "constitutional law"

instead of the current "judicial law." These lawyers intend to

abolish the Internal Revenue Service in favor of a consumption tax

and have already secretly converted one-third of the country's

banks to "treasury banks" backed by the gold standard.

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Although Cheal registered no such objection at the sentencing

hearing, she now contends that the court erred in its description

of the evaluations from the psychiatrists for the government and

the defense. At the sentencing hearing, the court said that the

reports "agree that she's not entitled to a finding of diminished

capacity." In fact, the defense psychiatrist's evaluation stated

that, while Cheal was competent to stand trial, "it is my opinion

that she would meet the statutory criteria of the United States

sentencing guidelines for diminished capacity." He added that

Cheal "did . . . have a significantly reduced mental capacity."12

At the same time, however, the evaluation of the defense

psychiatrist contained observations suggesting that Cheal possessed

a normal mental capacity, at least at the time of the evaluation.

It noted that she did not "appear to have any disorganization in

her thought flow, nor does she suffer from any hallucinations. Her

intellectual faculties appear to be intact with no cognitive

deficits or decrease in her intellectual ability." Ultimately, the

psychiatrist concluded that "she knew that what she was doing was

wrong, but did not fully appreciate the wrongfulness of her conduct
13Restitution for such crimes is not mandatory only where the

number of victims is so large and the issues of fact so complex

"that the need to provide restitution to any victim is outweighed

by the burden on the sentencing process." 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(3).

While the number of victims here gave the government considerable

trouble in compiling a full, accurate list of losses, Cheal has not

suggested that this provision applies here.

-22-

because, in her psychotic state, [she] believed that what she was

doing was proper and moral."

Although the district court erred when it stated that both

psychiatrists had the same opinion as to Cheal's entitlement to a

departure based on mental capacity (they did not), the more

critical consideration for plain-error review is whether the

reports were so divergent that the court could not reasonably rely

on them to reject Cheal's claim of diminished mental capacity

without holding an evidentiary hearing. They were not. The court

committed no plain error when it stated, on the evidence before it,

that "I do not believe that any of the grounds advanced by the

defendant are sufficient for a departure."

D. The Restitution Order

Cheal’s last claim of error on the timing of her restitution

order presents an issue of first impression for us. As part of the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),

Congress passed the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA),

which, as its title suggests, made restitution mandatory for the

victims of certain crimes, including mail and wire fraud,

regardless of the defendant's ability to pay.13 See 18 U.S.C. §§
-23-

3663A and 3664. Section 3664, titled "Procedure for issuance and

enforcement of order of restitution," provides:

If the victim’s losses are not ascertainable by the date

that is 10 days prior to sentencing, the attorney for the

Government or the probation officer shall so inform the

court, and the court shall set a date for the final

determination of the victim’s losses, not to exceed 90

days after sentencing. If a victim subsequently

discovers further losses, the victim shall have 60 days

after discovery of those losses in which to petition the

court for an amended restitution order. Such order may

be granted only upon a showing of good cause for the

failure to include such losses in the initial claim for

restitutionary relief.

Id. § 3664(d)(5).

At Cheal’s sentencing hearing on February 20, 2003, the

government asked the district court to order restitution, estimated

at around $2.5 million, but requested an additional 90 days under

18 U.S.C. § 3664 to provide a final list of victims and amounts

owed. The court informed Cheal of its ruling on this request:

You shall pay restitution. There will be a restitution

order. I cannot now designate the amount nor the payees.

And under 18 U.S.C. 3664(d)(5), I will grant a 90-day

period for the U.S. Attorney’s office to come to a number

and share with Mr. Murray [trial counsel for the defense]

so that we can have hopefully an agreed amount.

On February 25, 2003, the court entered judgment in the case,

stating: "The determination of restitution is deferred until

5/25/03. An amended judgment in a criminal case will be entered

after such a determination." On May 21, 2003, the government filed

a memorandum with the court identifying 2,350 individual victims

and the amounts owed them, which totaled just under $2.1 million.
-24-

On the same day, it served this memorandum on Cheal’s trial

counsel, Robert Murray.

In the prior three months, however, with the approval of this

Court, Cheal had changed attorneys. On March 4, 2003, Cheal had

filed her notice of appeal. On April 4, 2003, Cheal filed a pro se

motion requesting us to appoint an attorney "to handle my appeal,

my stay, and whatever else is necessary at this time." On the same

day, we ordered that "new appellate counsel shall be appointed."

On April 10, 2003, we appointed Cheal’s current appellate counsel,

allowed trial counsel (Murray) to "withdraw as counsel for

appellant," and ordered Murray to forward the case record to

appellate counsel by April 24, 2003. It appears that the district

court was not advised of this change in Cheal's counsel.

Finally, on June 27, 2003, the district court issued an

Amended Judgment and Order requiring Cheal to make restitution in

the amounts and to the victims specified in the government's list.

This order noted: "No opposition to these numbers and amounts has

been filed."

Cheal makes three arguments based on this history. First, the

district court did not enter its order for restitution until June

27, 2003 -- 127 days after the February 20, 2003 sentencing

hearing, rather than within the required 90 days. Cheal contends
1418 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5) uses two phrases whose precise

meanings have not been explored by this Court. First, § 3664(d)(5)

refers to a "final determination of the victim’s losses" but not

specifically to the initial order for restitution. Other courts to

consider this point have found that "final determination" in this

context must mean the initial order itself. "[T]he provision that

a victim may 'petition the court for an amended restitution order'

would have no meaning unless the order had been entered." United

States v. Stevens, 211 F.3d 1, 4 (2d Cir. 2000). See also United

States v. Jolivette, 257 F.3d 581, 584 (6th Cir. 2001); United

States v. Maung, 267 F.3d 1113, 1121 (11th Cir. 2001); United

States v. Grimes, 173 F.3d 634, 639-40 (7th Cir. 1999). We agree

with these courts, although we note that, elsewhere, § 3664 does

distinguish between the determination and the order. See §§ 3664

(f)(1)(A) ("In each order of restitution, the court shall order

restitution to each victim in the full amount of each victim's

losses as determined by the court . . . .") and 3664(f)(2) ("Upon

determination of the amount of restitution owed to each victim, the

court shall . . . specify in the restitution order the manner in

which, and the schedule according to which, the restitution is to

be paid . . . .").

Second, § 3664(d)(5) keys its time periods to "sentencing" --

"10 days prior to sentencing," "90 days after sentencing" -- but

does not specify whether this term refers to the sentencing hearing

or to the district court's actual entry of judgment. We conclude

that "sentencing" in this provision refers to the sentencing

hearing for four reasons. First, we read this provision in

conjunction with § 3664(d)(1), which requires the government to

provide the probation officer with a listing of the amounts subject

to restitution "not later than 60 days prior to the date initially

set for sentencing." It makes more sense to speak of the district

court setting a date for the sentencing hearing, rather than for

entry of judgment, which is not usually done on some preset date.

Second, because of the usual uncertainty about precisely when a

district court plans to enter judgment, it would be difficult to

calculate the date that would fall "10 days prior to sentencing" as

provided by § 3664(d)(5) (which provides that "[i]f the victim's

losses are not ascertainable by the date that is 10 days prior to

sentencing, the attorney for the Government or the probation

officer shall so inform the court.") Third, our interpretation is

more consistent with the language of Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i), titled

"Sentencing," which begins: "At sentencing," and goes on to refer

to the sentencing hearing. Fourth, keying this 10-day deadline to

the sentencing hearing gives better expression to a Congressional

intent to allow the defendant to develop objections to the

-25-

that this delay rendered the order invalid.14 Second, Cheal claims
government's data in time to present them at the sentencing

hearing.

-26-

that she was not given notice of, and hence had no opportunity to

object to, the government’s victims’ loss list because the list was

sent to her old trial counsel instead of her new appellate counsel.

Third, the court should have considered her ability to pay in

calculating the amount of restitution owed.

We review restitution orders for abuse of discretion and their

subsidiary findings of fact for clear error. United States v.

Cutter, 313 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2002). If the appellant’s

challenge is based on a legal conclusion, we review that conclusion

de novo. Id. at 6. Where the defendant has failed to object

below, however, we review only for plain error. United States v.

Theodore, 354 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2003). Under this standard,

Cheal must show "(1) that an error occurred (2) which was clear or

obvious and which not only (3) affected [her] substantial rights,

but also (4) seriously impaired the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of the judicial proceedings." United States v. Duarte,

246 F.3d 56, 60 (1st Cir. 2001). After considering Cheal's

arguments, we affirm the restitution order in its entirety.

1. The Timing of the Restitution Order

Although the government concedes that the order was not

entered within 90 days of sentencing, it urges us to overlook this

irregularity to further the statute's purpose of increasing the
-27-

likelihood that victims of crime will receive restitution from the

defendant. The government also argues that the court’s statements

about restitution at the change-of-plea and sentencing hearings and

in the original judgment gave notice to Cheal that she would face

a restitution order after a delay of 90 days. Finally, the

government notes that Cheal has never objected to restitution,

either at the sentencing hearing or after the original judgment,

and even now has not identified any actual disagreement with the

order.

Cheal had the opportunity to object to the district court's

scheduling of a deferred restitution order but did not. When the

court entered judgment on February 25, 2003, it deferred

determination of restitution until May 25, 2003, and indicated that

it would enter an amended judgment at some unspecified time

thereafter. Even though it was now a virtual certainty that the

restitution order would be entered more than 90 days after her

sentencing, Cheal did not object. By failing to object at the

time, Cheal subjected her appellate claim of error to plain-error

review.

Cheal cites no prejudice from the delay in entering the

restitution order. Indeed, as the government points out, she does

not claim even now that she disagrees with the government’s

accounting of her victims' losses and the court’s final

determination. In an effort to avoid the prejudice showing
15See United States v. Vandeburg, 201 F.3d 805, 814 (6th Cir.

2000):

Section 3664(d)(5) is not a jurisdictional statute. Were

we to read it as terminating a court's jurisdiction 90

days after a sentencing hearing, we would be effectively

nullifying its provision that a victim may petition the

court for an amended restitution order 60 days after the

discovery of any additional losses. The MVRA permits

amendments to restitution orders to reflect changed

circumstances, and neither confers nor terminates a

court's jurisdiction.

201 F.3d at 814 (citation omitted). A year later, however, United

States v. Jolivette, 257 F.3d 581 (6th Cir. 2001), came to a

different and seemingly irreconcilable conclusion: "We believe that

[the MVRA] makes clear the congressional intent to prohibit courts

from making restitution determinations after the statutory period

has run. . . . [W]e hold that when the 90-day clock runs out, the

judgment of conviction and sentence, including the restitution

provision, becomes final by operation of the statute." Jolivette,

257 F.3d at 584. Strangely, Jolivette did not cite Vandeburg or

refer to it in any way. As noted, we reject Jolivette’s

jurisdictional view of § 3664.

-28-

required by plain error, Cheal argues that § 3664 is a

jurisdictional provision. That is, by not entering a restitution

order within 90 days after her sentencing hearing, Cheal argues,

the district court no longer had jurisdiction to enter any

restitution order. This jurisdictional argument is undermined by

§ 3664's provision for continued revision of the restitution order

in light of later discoveries of losses. Indeed, the title of the

provision (“Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order of

restitution”) advertises its procedural nature, including the 90-

day time frame.15

The legislative history of the MVRA reveals Congress’s
16 The conference managers of the final version of AEDPA

directed that S. Rep. 104-179 "should serve as the legislative

history for [the MVRA]." H.R. Conf. Rep. 104-518, at 112 (1996),

reprinted in 1996 U.S.C.C.A.N. 944, 945. At the time of S. Rep.

104-179, the text that would become 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5) was in

substantially final form and included the 90-day period.

17 The committee also noted its desire "that defendants not be

able to fraudulently transfer assets that might be available for

restitution," id., although it did not tie this concern

specifically to the 90-day rule.

-29-

determination to provide full restitution to victims of fraud if at

all possible. The Senate Judiciary Committee, in its report on the

bill that would become the MVRA, stated: "It is essential that the

criminal justice system recognize the impact that crime has on the

victim, and, to the extent possible, ensure that [the] offender be

held accountable to repay these costs." S. Rep. No. 104-179, at 18

(1995), reprinted in 1996 U.S.C.C.A.N. 924, 930.16 Although the

Committee acknowledged the importance of "the need for finality and

certainty in the sentencing process," it added that "justice cannot

be considered served until full restitution is made." Id. at 20.17

The Committee did not relate the 90-day requirement to the

interests of defendants, stating that the "sole due process

interest of the defendant being protected during the sentencing

phase is the right not to be sentenced on the basis of invalid

premises or inaccurate information." Id. See United States v.

Zakhary, 357 F.3d 186, 191 (2d Cir. 2004) ("As this court has now

twice explained, the purpose behind the statutory ninety-day limit

on the determination of victims’ losses is not to protect
18 It is also important to understand the difficult

circumstances confronting the district court and the government in

a case such as this. In truth, § 3664's one-size-fits-all 90-day

deadline seems poorly suited for complex cases involving thousands

of victims and millions of dollars in losses. Other courts of

appeals have offered advice on how to comply with § 3664’s time

limits and still render a complete and accurate accounting of the

defendant’s misconduct. The Eleventh Circuit, for example, has

suggested that if district courts foresee a problem with getting

the restitution order entered within 90 days of sentencing, they

"can postpone sentencing and thereby put off the start of the 90-

day period." United States v. Maung, 267 F.3d 1113, 1121 (11th

Cir. 2001). We note this suggestion without expressing an opinion

-30-

defendants from drawn-out sentencing proceedings or to establish

finality; rather, it is to protect crime victims from the willful

dissipation of defendants’ assets."). The Seventh Circuit has also

emphasized that the MVRA's "intended beneficiaries are the victims,

not the victimizers." United States v. Grimes, 173 F.3d 634, 639

(7th Cir. 1999).

Cheal's timing argument would abrogate an obligation to pay

more than $2 million in restitution to thousands of defrauded

investors. On the facts here, such an outcome would be

antithetical to the purpose of the MVRA. Moreover, a finding of

plain error in Cheal’s favor would turn the plain-error doctrine on

its head by "seriously impair[ing] the fairness, integrity, or

public reputation of the judicial proceedings." Duarte, 246 F.3d

at 60. See Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 470 (1997)

("Indeed, it would be the reversal of a conviction such as this

which would have that effect.") We will not countenance such a

result.18
on it.

-31-

2. Notice to Cheal’s Trial Counsel

As noted, the court entered judgment in this case on February

25, 2003. Cheal filed her notice of appeal from that judgment on

March 4, 2003. On April 4, she filed a pro se motion in this Court

for new counsel. We issued an order on April 10, 2003, allowing

her trial counsel to withdraw and appointing new appellate counsel,

even though Cheal's restitution order was still pending in the

district court and she continued to need the services of her trial

counsel. Although Cheal's motion asked for counsel to be appointed

for her appeal and "for whatever else is necessary at this time,"

our order requiring trial counsel to forward the case record to new

appellate counsel by April 24 implies that we thought the

proceedings in the district court were finished.

Meanwhile, both the district court and the government seemed

unaware of the change in counsel that we had approved. When the

government finished preparing its memorandum identifying Cheal's

victims and their losses, it sent the memo to Cheal's trial

counsel, whom we had allowed to withdraw a month and a half before.

When the district court entered an amended judgment a month after

receiving the government's memo, it also listed Cheal's trial

counsel on its order and wrote that "[n]o opposition to these

numbers and amount has been filed."

Cheal argues that she filed no opposition because the failure
-32-

of coordination between the district court and our court on the

important matter of which attorney represented her meant that her

attorney never received notice of the pending restitution order.

Regrettably, it appears that there was uncertainty among everyone

involved -- former trial counsel, new appellate counsel, the

government, and the district and appellate courts -- over the

question of Cheal's legal representation in the still incomplete

restitution proceedings. This uncertainty lends force to Cheal's

claim that she never received proper notice of the pending

restitution order. The absence of such notice is a serious matter.

However, even after the five-and-a-half months between the court's

entry of its restitution order and the filing of Cheal's brief on

appeal (from June 27 to December 12, 2003), Cheal's brief does not

contain even a bare-bones assertion that she disputes anything in

the restitution order. She merely asserts that she is entitled to

an evidentiary hearing because she did not get one before.

Cheal's due process claim cannot succeed without at least some

showing of the challenge she would mount to the restitution order.

See United States v. Luciano-Mosquera, 63 F.3d 1142, 1158 (1st Cir.

1995) ("[t]he defendant must show prejudice" to prove that his

right to due process was violated when a court reporter's failure

to provide transcripts delayed processing of his appeal); see also

United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783, 790 (1977) ("[P]roof of

prejudice is generally a necessary but not sufficient element of a
-33-

due process claim . . . .") Cheal has not made even a minimal

showing of the challenge to restitution that she would make at an

evidentiary hearing. Under these circumstances, despite the

regrettable problems with notice of the proposed restitution order,

we must reject her due process claim.

However, we must add an explanatory note about future cases,

like this one, involving deferred restitution orders at the time

that a defendant files a notice of appeal from the entry of

judgment. There might be a question whether the judgment of

conviction entered on February 25, 2003, which imposed Cheal's

sentence but only ordered restitution in general terms, was a final

judgment that triggered the running of the appeal period.

Arguably, the judgment was not truly final until June 27, 2003,

when the district court issued an Amended Judgment and Order

requiring Cheal to make restitution in the amounts and to the

victims specified in the government's list. Despite these

plausible arguments, we must treat the February judgment as final

and appealable because of a statutory provision in the MVRA.

18 U.S.C. § 3664(o) provides: "A sentence that imposes an

order of restitution is a final judgment notwithstanding the fact

that such a sentence can subsequently be corrected . . .; appealed

and modified . . .; amended under subsection (d)(5); or adjusted .

. . ." As we have already mentioned, subsection (d)(5) addresses

itself to two situations that may require changes to a restitution
-34-

order. First, where the victim's losses cannot be determined

before sentencing, it provides an extra 90 days for a "final

determination." Second, where the "final determination" has failed

to account for some victims who did not discover their losses until

later, subsection (d)(5) provides such victims "60 days after

discovery of those losses in which to petition the court for an

amended restitution order." 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5). Section

3664(o)'s instruction, then, to disregard for purposes of finality

restitution orders "amended under subsection (d)(5)" could be read

narrowly as encompassing only the second situation, which

specifically provides for "an amended restitution order."

However, we decline to read § 3664(o) so narrowly. The

provision states that courts should treat a "sentence that imposes

an order of restitution" as final, notwithstanding the possibility

of subsequent modification. In Cheal's case, the February judgment

imposed a restitution obligation. The court stated in the

judgment: "The defendant shall pay the balance of the restitution

according to a court-ordered repayment schedule." Although the

specific amounts of restitution and the list of victims were yet to

be determined, an "order of restitution" (the phrase used in §

3664(o)) had been entered. Sensibly and properly, the court

advised Cheal of her right to appeal from the sentence that it had

just imposed: "You are advised, Ms. Cheal, that you have the right

[to] appeal from the sentence by filing a notice of appeal. I ask
19 United States v. Kapelushnik, 306 F.3d 1090 (11th Cir.

2002), by contrast, takes the opposite view that a notice of appeal

is premature if filed before final determination of restitution.

Id. at 1093-94. We also disagree with that court's interpretation

of § 3664's 90-day period as jurisdictional. See id.

-35-

Mr. Murray to talk with you about this and file such a notice

within ten days if you decide to appeal."

A contrary rule -- one that linked the finality of the

judgment of conviction to a later restitution order that included

specific amounts and victims -- would have troubling consequences

for defendants, who have an obvious and legitimate interest in

pursuing a timely appeal. This interest would be compromised if

the judgment of conviction were not final until the final

restitution determination was reflected in an order of the court.

Indeed, a defendant could already be incarcerated without the

ability to pursue an appeal until the specifics of restitution are

later determined. For these reasons of statutory language and

policy, we conclude that the February judgment was one that

"impose[d] an order of restitution" on Cheal within the meaning of

§ 3664(o) and was final and appealable.19

However, this conclusion raises a question as to whether

Cheal's notice of appeal from the February judgment, filed pro se

on March 4, 2003, served to bring before us the Amended Judgment

and Order of June 27, 2003, which specified the restitution amounts

owed to identified victims. Fed. R. App. P. 3(c)(1)(B) provides

that the notice of appeal must "designate the judgment, order, or
20 The same rule applies in criminal cases. See United States

v. Rapoport, 159 F.3d 1, 3 n.4 (1st Cir. 1998). The guide in such

situations remains Federal Trade Commission v. MinneapolisHoneywell Regulator Co., 344 U.S. 206 (1952), which cautioned that

the mere fact that a judgment previously entered has been

reentered or revised in an immaterial way does not toll

the time within which review must be sought. Only when

the lower court changes matters of substance, or resolves

a genuine ambiguity, in a judgment previously rendered

should the period within which an appeal must be taken or

a petition for certiorari filed begin to run anew. The

test is a practical one.

Id. at 211-212.

-36-

part thereof being appealed." The defendant must file the notice

of appeal within ten days after the entry of judgment or the order

being appealed. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(b). Typically, these rules

prevent a court of appeals from considering any orders or judgments

besides those designated in the appellant's notice of appeal. In

the case of an amended judgment or a later order that is

substantively different, an appellant may have to amend his notice

of appeal or file a new one. "The settled rule is that the nonsubstantive revision of a previously entered judgment does not

restart or otherwise affect the period within which appellate

review must be sought. It is only when the judgment-issuing court

alters matters of substance or resolves some genuine ambiguity that

the entry of an amended judgment winds the appeals clock anew."

Air Line Pilots Ass'n v. Precision Valley Aviation, Inc., 26 F.3d

220, 223 n.2 (1st Cir. 1994) (internal citations omitted).20

Cheal's March 4 notice of appeal stated in full: "Notice is hereby
21 Despite the reference to the Sixth Circuit, Cheal in fact

sent her notice to the clerk of this Court, as well as the district

court and counsel.

22See, e.g., United States v. Ferrario-Pozzi, 368 F.3d 5, 7-8

(1st Cir. 2004) (defendant filed first notice of appeal from entry

of judgment and second from preliminary order of forfeiture); In re

Keeper of Records (Grand Jury Subpoena Addressed to XYZ Corp.), 348

F.3d 16, 19 (1st Cir. 2003) (corporation filed first notice of

appeal from order to produce documents and second from citation of

contempt for failure to produce them).

-37-

given that Nancy Cheal in the above named case hereby appeals to

the United States Court of Appeals for the 6th [sic] Circuit from

a judgment and sentence entered in this action on the 20th [sic]

day of February, 2003."21 Arguably, she should have filed a second

notice of appeal from the Amended Judgment and Order of restitution

of June 27, 2003. Indeed, looking to the future, we think that, as

a general proposition, a deferred restitution order entered

pursuant to § 3664(d)(5), subsequent to a final judgment of

conviction which has already been appealed, should be the subject

of a second notice of appeal.22

In this case, however, we consider the adequacy of Cheal's

March 4 notice of appeal in light of general principles that

"encourage us to construe notices of appeal liberally and examine

them in the context of the record as a whole." Chamorro v. Puerto

Rican Cars, Inc., 304 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 2002); see also Blockel

v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 337 F.3d 17, 23-4 (1st Cir. 2003). The

core purpose of a notice of appeal is to "facilitate a proper

decision on the merits." Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182
23 For example, we overlook the fact that her notice of appeal

expressed a determination to appeal to the Sixth Circuit, despite

Rule 3's requirement that the notice "name the court to which the

appeal is taken." Fed. R. App. P. 3(c)(1)(C).

-38-

(1962).23 Cheal's notice of appeal was sufficiently clear in its

intent to challenge all elements of her conviction and sentence,

which, as we have noted, imposed a general restitution obligation.

There is also no question here of surprise or prejudice to the

government. See United States v. Winn, 948 F.2d 145, 154-55 (5th

Cir. 1991) (treating a pre-judgment notice of appeal as effective,

where the defendant's intent to appeal ruling was clear and the

government was not prejudiced or misled). Both sides fully briefed

the restitution issues on appeal. Therefore, on the facts here, we

conclude that Cheal's notice of appeal filed on March 4, 2003,

served to bring the restitution order of June 27, 2003, before us

for appellate consideration.

3. Considering Cheal's Ability To Pay When Ordering Restitution

Cheal argues, citing United States v. Haddock, 50 F.3d 835

(10th Cir. 1995), that the district court erred by not reviewing

her financial resources before deciding whether to order

restitution and in what amount. Haddock, decided the year before

Congress passed the MVRA, interpreted the MVRA's predecessor

statute, the Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-

291, 96 Stat. 1248. The MVRA gives the court no discretion in

ordering restitution in cases of fraud, see 18 U.S.C. §
-39-

3663A(c)(1), or in calculating the amount of restitution owed:

In each order of restitution, the court shall order

restitution to each victim in the full amount of each

victim's losses as determined by the court and without

consideration of the economic circumstances of the

defendant.

Id. § 3664(f)(1)(A). See United States v. Chay, 281 F.3d 682, 686

(7th Cir. 2002) (noting that the MVRA "prohibits the court from

examining the defendant's ability to pay restitution"); United

States v. McGlothlin, 249 F.3d 783, 784 (8th Cir. 2001) (same);

United States v. Alalade, 204 F.3d 536 (4th Cir. 2000) (same);

United States v. Myers, 198 F.3d 160, 168-69 (5th Cir. 1999)

(same); United States v. Coates, 178 F.3d 681, 683 (3d Cir. 1999)

(same).

The court may take a defendant's financial resources into

account only insofar as they affect "the manner in which, and the

schedule according to which, the restitution is to be paid . . . ."

Id. § 3664(f)(2). Cheal did not object below to the repayment

plan, and she does not do so now. In any event, § 3664(k) requires

her to notify the court of "any material change in the defendant's

economic circumstances that might affect the defendant's ability to

pay restitution." This provision accounts both for windfalls and

for tighter times. Cheal remains subject to its strictures.

Affirmed.