PEOPLE v CHRISTIAN

PEOPLE v EDWARDS

PEOPLE v HINTON

Docket Nos. 162354, 162355, and 162374. Argued on application for leave to appeal 

March 3, 2022. Decided July 27, 2022.

Kino D. Christian, Joshun Edwards, and C’Quan M. Hinton were found guilty of murder 

by a jury in the Genesee Circuit Court in 2007 and sentenced to life in prison. Defendants’ direct 

appeals were unsuccessful. In 2014, Joshun Edwards’s family filed a request under the Michigan 

Freedom of Information Act, MCL 15.231 et seq., for documents related to the case. Among the 

documents provided in response to the request was a transcript of the first interview with the 

prosecution’s main witness, Jarylle Murphy, which the prosecution had not provided to defendants. 

Defendants moved for relief from judgment under MCR 6.508, arguing in part that because there 

were inconsistencies in the interview transcript that could have been used to impeach Murphy’s

testimony at trial, the prosecution’s suppression of the transcript violated their constitutional right 

to exculpatory evidence under Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83 (1963). The court, Joseph J. Farah, 

J., denied the motions, ruling that although the prosecution had failed to disclose favorable 

evidence to defendants before trial, the evidence was not material and, therefore, reversal was not 

required. The Court of Appeals, LETICA, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and GADOLA, JJ., affirmed in an 

unpublished per curiam opinion issued October 22, 2020 (Docket Nos. 348753, 348807, and 

349585). Defendants sought leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, which directed and heard oral 

argument on the application for leave to appeal. 507 Mich 952 (2021).

In an opinion by Chief Justice MCCORMACK, joined by Justices BERNSTEIN, CAVANAGH, 

and WELCH, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, held:

The interview transcript that the prosecution suppressed was both favorable and material 

to the defense. Having established both good cause for failing to raise the issue on direct appeal 

and actual prejudice for purposes of MCR 6.508, defendants were entitled to a new trial.

1. Motions for relief from judgment are governed by MCR 6.508 et seq. A defendant 

bringing their first motion for relief from judgment has the burden of demonstrating two things. 

First, under MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a), they must show good cause for having failed to raise the grounds 

that they allege warrant relief on appeal. One way to establish good cause is by showing that an 

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus Chief Justice:

Bridget M. McCormack

Justices:

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano

Richard H. Bernstein

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been 

prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.

Reporter of Decisions:

Kathryn L. Loomis
external factor prevented appellate counsel from raising an issue on direct appeal. Second, under 

MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b), they must show actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support 

their claim for relief. “Actual prejudice” for a convicted defendant means either that, but for the 

alleged error, the defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal, or that there 

was an irregularity so offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process that the conviction 

should not be allowed to stand, regardless of its effect on the outcome of the case. 

2. To establish a Brady violation, a defendant must show that the prosecution has 

suppressed evidence that is material and favorable to the accused. In this case, the only element 

of defendants’ Brady claim that was in dispute on appeal was materiality. To establish that 

exculpatory evidence is material, a defendant must establish a reasonable probability that, had the 

evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A 

“reasonable probability” is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. A 

defendant need not demonstrate by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence 

would have resulted ultimately in the defendant’s acquittal; rather, the relevant question is whether 

the defendant received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence. 

This standard is legally simple but factually complex, and whether the standard is met must be 

evaluated in the context of the entire record. Suppressed evidence may be material if it would 

have raised opportunities to attack the thoroughness or good faith of the underlying investigation.

3. Defendants demonstrated good cause for not raising the issue of the missing transcript 

on direct appeal because doing so was prevented by an external factor, namely, that the prosecution 

had suppressed the transcript. Defendants also demonstrated actual prejudice from the fact that 

the prosecution did not provide them with the transcript. The transcript was material because it 

would have provided more substantial impeachment evidence than any of the evidence defendants 

were provided, it would have undermined the other prosecution evidence and supported the 

defense theory, and it called the thoroughness and good faith of the investigation into question. 

To prevail at trial, defendants needed the jury to believe that Murphy was not telling the truth, and 

the suppressed transcript would have provided more support for their strategy than the evidence 

that was known to defendants at the time of trial. The transcript, which documented the first 

statement that Murphy gave to the police and the one closest in time to the crime, differed from 

Murphy’s trial testimony and his other statements in eight important ways: the time line of events 

on the day of the shooting, discrepancies regarding the possible motive, the failure to mention a

van that figured into Murphy’s later accounts, whether there was a girl present at the shooting, 

whether it was a shooter or the victim who was on a bicycle, whether Murphy and the victim were 

sitting down or walking when the shooters approached, discrepancies regarding how well Murphy 

could see, and where Murphy fled after the shooting. Despite the fact that Murphy’s story was 

inconsistent with itself and with the physical evidence, it served as the basis for the prosecution’s 

case. Had the suppressed transcript been disclosed, there is a reasonable probability that the result 

of the trial would have been different. It would have been powerful impeachment evidence of 

Murphy, the prosecution’s central witness, making defendants’ argument that he was fabricating 

his story more likely. And if the jury did not believe Murphy, the other evidence would also have 

been less believable. The state’s suppression of the transcript called the thoroughness and good 

faith of the investigation into question. Because the transcript was material, defendants were 

prejudiced by its suppression, and but for this Brady violation, defendants would have had a 
reasonably likely chance of acquittal. Having established both good cause and actual prejudice, 

defendants were entitled to a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.

Justice CLEMENT, joined by Justices ZAHRA and VIVIANO, dissenting, agreed that the 

prosecution’s failure to provide defendants with the transcript constituted suppression of favorable 

evidence under Brady, but she disagreed that the evidence met Brady’s materiality requirement 

because its impeachment value was limited and other inculpatory evidence admitted at trial 

corroborated defendants’ guilt. She noted that Murphy’s narrative was largely consistent each 

time he gave it, including the chronology of his movements on the day in question and the 

descriptions of the shooters, and she stated that the inconsistencies appeared to be the result of 

frailties in human recall rather than organized mistruths. Accordingly, she would have denied 

Christian’s and Edwards’s applications for leave to appeal. However, she would have remanded 

Hinton’s case to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel 

claim, which was based on trial counsel’s failure to call two alibi witnesses. She explained that 

although Hinton’s appellate counsel technically raised an ineffective-assistance argument on direct 

appeal by moving for a remand, the motion was denied because it failed to identify any particular 

deficiency for which factual development was required. Under those circumstances, she did not 

believe the procedural bar of MCR 6.508(D)(2) should apply.
FILED July 27, 2022

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 162354

KINO DOMINIQUE CHRISTIAN,

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 162355

JOSHUN EDWARDS,

Defendant-Appellant.

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

OPINION Chief Justice:

Bridget M. McCormack

Justices:

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano

Richard H. Bernstein

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch
2

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 162374

C’QUAN MICHAEL HINTON,

Defendant-Appellant.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

MCCORMACK, C.J.

One of the foundational principles of our criminal legal system is that the state 

cannot keep evidence from the accused—especially exculpatory evidence. The United 

States Supreme Court said so long ago in Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 

L Ed 2d 215 (1963), but you don’t have to go to law school to understand that fundamental 

fairness requires the government to disclose evidence that calls an individual’s guilt into 

question when it charges them with a crime. The legal test for determining whether relief 

follows the government’s failure to give an accused exculpatory information isn’t as 

intuitive, however: the suppressed evidence must have been “material.” 

Determining whether suppressed evidence is material is always a fact-driven task. 

As the United States Supreme Court has said, it can be “legally simple but factually 

complex” to sort out whether “ ‘there is a reasonable probability that, had the [suppressed] 

evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been 

different.’ ” Turner v United States, 582 US ___, ___; 137 S Ct 1885, 1893; 198 L Ed 2d 

443 (2017), quoting Cone v Bell, 556 US 449, 470; 129 S Ct 1769; 173 L Ed 2d 701 (2009); 

see also United States v Bagley, 473 US 667, 682; 105 S Ct 3375; 87 L Ed 2d 481 (1985). 
3

In this case, the prosecution suppressed the transcript of an interview with its most 

important witness. The transcript reveals that what the witness said in the interview 

differed from a later interview and the testimony he provided at both the preliminary 

examination and at trial. Because the suppressed evidence undermines the prosecution’s 

star witness’s testimony—testimony which is the thread that ties together the rest of the 

evidence—it meets the materiality threshold. 

Because the prosecution suppressed evidence that was both favorable and material 

to the defense, the defendants are each entitled to a new trial. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

On October 9, 2007, 14-year-old Robert Person was shot on a street corner just 

outside Flint. The prosecution eventually charged four men in connection with murder: 

Kino Christian, Joshun Edwards, C’Quan Hinton, and Dartanion Edwards. The jury found 

all four guilty of premediated murder and other charges, and they were sentenced to 

mandatory life in prison. Because Hinton was 17 at the time of the shooting, he was 

resentenced in 2015 pursuant to Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed

2d 407 (2012), to a term of 32 to 60 years’ imprisonment. 

In 2014, Joshun Edwards’s family filed a request under the Michigan Freedom of 

Information Act, MCL 15.231 et seq., for documents related to the case. Among the 

documents provided in response to the request was a transcript of the first interview with 

the prosecution’s main witness, Jarylle Murphy, which had not been provided to the 

defendants. 
4

Three of the defendants—Kino Christian, Joshun Edwards, and C’Quan Hinton—

filed motions for relief from judgment. MCR 6.500 et seq. They argued in part that the 

prosecution’s suppression of the interview transcript violated their constitutional right to 

exculpatory evidence—that is, that the failure to provide it violated Brady. The trial court 

denied the motions, holding that the prosecution suppressed the transcript, and that it was 

favorable, but that it was not “material.” The Court of Appeals affirmed. People v

Edwards, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued October 22, 2020 

(Docket Nos. 348753, 348807, and 349585), p 6. 

A. CRIME SCENE EVIDENCE AND EARLY INVESTIGATION 

Around 8:00 p.m. on October 9, 2007, Robert Person was shot to death at the corner 

of South Averill Avenue and Lippincott Boulevard in the Flint suburb of Burton. The 

Evergreen Regency Apartments, which many witnesses mentioned, are located at the 

southwest corner of the intersection. The Ten Eleven Market, which also featured in some 

witnesses’ testimony, is located about a block east of the crime scene. 

The police recovered 35 shell casings from the scene and conducted DNA analysis 

on two of them. None of the defendants’ DNA profiles were present, but the DNA profiles 

of three unknown male donors were identified. Sergeant Sergio Thomas, who responded 

to the crime scene, testified that the shell casings were found in front of an apartment 

building on the east side of Averill, and that a trail of blood droplets led west on Lippincott

and stopped at the entrance of the Evergreen Regency. The police also found a bike in a 

parking lot located at the northwest corner of the intersection. 
5

The police found a car near the scene with a bullet hole in its side after the shooting 

and spoke with the driver, Ashlie Dye. Dye told the police that she saw a boy alone on a 

bike at the time of the shooting but had not seen the shooter(s). 

The next day, the police spoke with Person’s good friend, Anthony DeJon Williams. 

Williams told the police that he and Person spent the afternoon and evening together. After 

playing football at the Evergreen Regency Apartments, they went to a store on Lippincott 

with a couple of girls. On their way to the store, a gray van approached them. Person told 

Williams, “Don’t look back.” On their return from the store, the van began to follow them

and Person told Williams to leave with the girls because something bad would happen. 

Shortly after, Williams walked away with the girls, went into a nearby apartment, and heard 

gunshots. Williams was not called to testify at trial by any party, and there is no evidence 

that the police ever located or spoke with the girls. 

B. JARYLLE MURPHY’S POLICE INTERVIEWS 

1. OCTOBER 2007 INTERVIEW 

About a week after the shooting, on October 16, 2007, 15-year-old Jarylle Murphy 

showed up at the police station and claimed he had witnessed the shooting. He arrived 

carrying a piece of paper with detailed descriptions of four shooters that included each 

shooter’s skin tone, hair color, clothing, height, and age. For example, he described one of 

the shooters as about 5’11” to 6’0” with dark skin, black hair in long braids, a goatee, both 

ears pierced, wearing gray Dickies, a black shirt, black Jordans, a do-rag, and a black and 

gray hat. He also provided a drawing that showed the placement of the four shooters and 

a description of their four guns: two handguns, one AK-47, and one TEC-9. It is unclear 

when Murphy wrote the descriptions and made the drawing: a police summary of his 
6

interview said he did it the night of the shooting, but at trial, Murphy testified that he wrote 

the descriptions and made the drawing the night before he came to the police station.

Sergeant Lee Ann Gaspar interviewed Murphy, and Murphy explained that on the 

day of the shooting, he got on a bus with his sister, Shamonica Murphy, at 6:30 p.m. They 

then went to “the Bricks,” an apartment complex, to “talk[] to her uncle for a minute.” 

Murphy told the police the complex was off of Lapeer Road and 12th Street by the railroad 

tracks. 

After the visit, Murphy said that he and his sister walked to the Evergreen Regency 

Apartments, which is about 1.9 miles from Lapeer and 12th. While walking around the

apartment complex, they ran into Person, whom Murphy’s sister knew, and she introduced 

them. Murphy said that all three went back to Person’s apartment to get something to eat. 

Murphy said that his sister’s friends came to pick her up in a van around 7:30 p.m. And at 

some point after that, Murphy and Person linked up with a girl with long black hair. 

Murphy said he and Person headed up Lippincott toward the bus stop, but did not

explain why they went there. It’s unclear from the transcript whether the girl was already 

with them or if they met her later. As the two (or maybe three) of them were walking back 

from the bus stop, two men approached them around 8:00 p.m. One of them asked Person, 

“You the dude that snitched on my moms?” According to Murphy, Person and the two 

men argued. As the men left, one threatened that they would be back. 

And that’s what Murphy claimed happened next: the same two men, and two more, 

returned about an hour and a half later, around 9:00 p.m. or 9:30 p.m. They approached 

from behind; three on foot and one on a bike. Murphy explained that he looked back and 

“they started drawing their guns.” He urged Person to flee and then ran away toward the 
7

middle of the Evergreen Regency complex. Murphy was not sure whether he was alone 

with Person when the shooting happened, or if the girl was still with them. When asked if 

she was there for the shooting, he said, “I think so.” But he was sure that they were sitting 

on the sidewalk when the shooters approached. When asked if he could see the shooters 

he said, “Not really, it was kinda dark.”

Although Murphy’s interview contradicted Anthony Williams’s account to the 

police from the day after the shooting, the police never asked Murphy about Williams. Nor 

is there evidence that the police asked Williams about Murphy or that the police spoke to 

Williams again before the trial. 

2. NOVEMBER 2007 INTERVIEW 

Sergeant Gaspar interviewed Murphy again on November 8, 2007, and he provided 

some different information about the day of the shooting than he did in his first interview. 

He described going to the Haskell Community Center to play basketball around 4:30 p.m.

with his cousins. He played a couple of rounds of pool there and then headed to the store. 

On the way, he ran into his sister and made a plan to go to South Flint to see her uncle. 

The two traveled to the uncle’s house. But rather than stay “for a minute,” as he claimed 

in October, they stayed “[m]aybe for 30 minutes.” 

Like he said in his earlier interview, Murphy described walking with his sister the 

1.9 miles to the Evergreen Regency Apartments, meeting Person, and walking around with 

him. But Murphy added some important new information: While he was walking with 

Person, a brown and gray Dodge van pulled up with four girls in it. Person retrieved a 

phone charger and a purple and gray bike from the back of the van. 
8

Murphy said that around 7:00 p.m., two men confronted them. One of the men, 

named Tony, asked Person, “Why you go and snitch on my brother?” After that, a girl 

came up to talk with Person for about 30 minutes, but she left before the shooting occurred. 

Person and Murphy started walking on Averill and were almost to the corner of Lippincott 

and Averill when four men approached them from behind. Murphy said Person was 

pushing his bike at the time. He heard gunshots and began running. He said he “couldn’t 

see them really good,” because all he did was “turn around and take a glance.” He said 

that two of the four had confronted them earlier and all of them had guns. 

3. INFORMATION DISCLOSED TO THE DEFENDANTS BEFORE TRIAL

Before trial, the prosecution gave the defendants the transcript of Murphy’s

November interview, but not the transcript of Murphy’s October interview; instead, they 

gave the defendants a police-created “summary” of that interview. And that summary was 

incomplete in some places and false in others. It misstated Murphy’s time line. It claimed 

Murphy said the shooting happened at 8:00 p.m., which was what he said in November—

but not what he said in October, which was 9:00 p.m. or 9:30 p.m. And while Murphy said 

in that October interview that one of the men accused Person of snitching on his mom, the 

summary erroneously states that Murphy said they accused him of snitching on a brother—

again making the summary consistent with his November interview. 

The summary also excluded important details from Murphy’s October interview. It 

did not include Murphy’s statements about the bicycle or the girl, so the defendants never 

knew that Murphy said one of the shooters was on a bicycle and Person was not, or that he 

said a girl was with them when the shooting happened. Nor did the summary mention that 
9

Murphy claimed they were sitting on the sidewalk at the time of the shooting, that he could 

not see the shooters because it was “kinda dark,” and that he fled to the middle of the 

Evergreen Regency Apartments after shots were fired. 

Murphy testified at the preliminary examination. His testimony largely tracked his 

November interview but like that November interview, was inconsistent with the October 

interview suppressed by the prosecution. 

C. TRIAL EVIDENCE 

1. MURPHY’S TESTIMONY 

Murphy’s trial testimony was largely consistent with his preliminary examination

testimony, his November statement, and with the false and incomplete police summary of 

his October statement—that is, it largely tracked the previous statements he made that were 

provided to the defendants. But it was inconsistent in many important ways with what he 

said during the October interview. 

Murphy testified that his afternoon on the day of the shooting began at the Haskell 

Community Center, where he played basketball for 30 to 45 minutes. He said he ran into 

his sister on the way to the store and decided to go with her to see her uncle on the south 

side of Flint. In contrast to his November interview, when he said he was playing 

basketball at 4:30 p.m., he said they arrived at her uncle’s home around 4:30 p.m. But his 

time line contrasted more starkly with what he told Sergeant Gaspar in October, when he 

claimed he did not board the bus to travel to the uncle’s home until 6:30 p.m. 

Murphy testified that he and his sister walked to the Evergreen Regency Apartments 

and she introduced him to Person. They went to Person’s apartment to get something to 

eat, after which his sister left. He and Person walked around the complex and were 
10

approached by two men. He claimed that one of the men called Person “a snitch,” as he 

described in his November interview. Murphy testified that they were then approached by 

a van with four girls in it from which Person retrieved a phone charger and a bike. He 

switched the order of these two events in his trial testimony: in November, he recalled 

Person getting the bike before they were confronted, at trial, he recalled it happening the 

other way around. And while he recounted the two incidents happening in the same order 

at trial and during the preliminary examination, in the preliminary examination he said the 

bike was purple; at trial he claimed it was gray and purple. Murphy never mentioned any 

of these details at all in his October interview, but because the defendants were not given 

the transcript of that interview they did not know that.

Murphy told the jury that they then met the girl on their way to the store and walked

her home around 7:00 p.m., which largely tracked only his prior statements that the 

prosecution gave to the defendants (in his preliminary examination testimony he did not 

mention the trip to the store). But, in contrast, in his October interview he said the girl was 

still with them when the shooting happened. 

Murphy’s trial testimony about the shooting also was consistent with the only 

information available to the defendants, but inconsistent with his October interview. He

testified that a group of men began walking behind them before the shooting. Just as Murphy

explained in the November interview, he said that Person was pushing a bike at the time. 

The defendants never knew that in his October interview, Murphy told the police that a 

shooter was on a bike and Person was not. Murphy also told the jury that when the shots 

were fired he ran “all the way up to maybe the corner of Lippincott and Dort” Highway, or 

about a half-mile due west of the shooting. The defendants never knew that in Murphy’s 
11

October interview, he said that he ran into the Evergreen Regency Apartments complex, 

which is located right at the southwest corner of the intersection where Person was killed. 

2. OTHER TRIAL EVIDENCE 

The prosecution presented other evidence to support Murphy’s story of the shooting.

First, it presented shell casings recovered from the scene of the shooting. These shell 

casings contained DNA profiles of three unidentified males; none of the defendants’ DNA 

profiles was present. The police never recovered a gun from the scene. But the prosecution 

presented a .380 caliber gun recovered in connection with a different shooting and

testimony to connect that gun to one of the defendants, Christian. 

Here’s how (and bear with us). About a week after Person was killed, a man named 

Perry Manuel was driving an SUV with Christian in the passenger seat and two women in 

the backseat. They pulled up to another car on the street, and individuals inside that car

began shooting at them. The shooting occurred near a Speedway gas station at the corner 

of South Center Road and Court Street in Burton, Michigan. Manuel was shot in the arm; 

he had a .380 caliber handgun with him that day. Security footage from the Speedway

station showed Christian hiding a gun behind a dumpster. The police recovered that .380 

caliber gun and it was registered to a woman named Yoko Mason-Robertson, who was 

dating a man named William Harris.

The prosecution gave Harris immunity to testify. During a police interview, Harris 

had told police that he gave Mason-Robertson’s gun to Joshun Edwards before Person’s 

murder. The prosecution expected him to say so at trial, but instead he denied it. He said 

that he told Sergeant Gaspar that story when she interviewed him because she
12

“basically . . . put me in a position. She basically told me that I either would be a defendant 

or I would be a witness.” He explained that the two of them “just sat there and concocted 

a story . . . .”

Detective Ronald Ainslie was qualified as an expert witness in firearms analysis and 

tool marks. Ainslie testified that he had the ability to identify fired cartridge casings and 

fired bullets and link them to a particular firearm by “looking for . . . markings that are left 

on a fired cartridge cas[ing] or a fired bullet.” These marks would allow him to “identify 

fired cas[ings] as all being fired from a similar or from the same firearm.”

Ainslie examined the casings and fired bullets found at the scene of Person’s murder 

and the gun recovered from the gas station. When testifying about some of these bullets

and casings, Detective Ainslie discussed the “lands and grooves” in particular firearms that 

leave specific marks on fired bullets or spent casings. 

When asked to compare the gun recovered from the gas station with “two .380 CBC 

fired cartridge cas[ings]” recovered from the scene of Person’s murder, Ainslie said that 

the cartridge casings had been fired from the gun hidden at the gas station. But he did not 

provide any evidence about the specific grooves within the gun or about corresponding 

marks on the casings that led him to this conclusion. Rather, he simply described the model 

of the gun found at the gas station—“High Point . . . model CF380”—and said it matched 

the fired cartridge casings.

Other witnesses testified about seeing either Person or one of the defendants during 

the day or evening of the shooting. Sinan Asmaro testified that he was working at the Ten 

Eleven Market the night of the shooting. Person was a frequent customer at the store and 

Asmaro recalled seeing him there that afternoon, around 3:00 p.m. or 4:00 p.m. But he 
13

couldn’t remember if Person was alone. He also recalled seeing C’Quan Hinton in the 

store that day. He had told the police in an interview before trial that Hinton and Person

might have spoken to each other, and that Person and another boy were making fun of 

Hinton, to which Hinton replied, “You better watch your back.” But he had no memory of 

this at trial. Instead, he told the jury that the boys left the store laughing and smiling, 

explaining that it was “nothing serious” and that “[i]t wasn’t words. It was more laughing.” 

He recalled seeing Person come by the store again later. Person had a bike in front of the 

store, and was speaking with someone Asmaro did not recognize. 

Shaquala Watson, who knew Person from school, testified that she also saw him at 

the Ten Eleven Market that day at about 7:30 p.m. She testified that she saw Person talking 

to an older man and that he was on a bike as she arrived at the market. When she left the 

store, she said that Person was by himself. About fifteen minutes later, she heard gunshots. 

Xavier Regimbal, who worked for Hi-Tech Security, testified that he was patrolling 

the Evergreen Regency Apartments the night of the shooting. Around 8:00 p.m., he heard 

gunshots while in the middle of the apartment complex. By the time he arrived at the 

corner of Averill and Lippincott, Person was on the ground. He didn’t see anyone else at 

the scene or running away. 

Leroy Marks, another Hi-Tech Security employee, was working at the Hi-Tech 

Security office located at the northwest corner of Averill and Lippincott the night of the 

shooting. He testified that he heard gunshots around 8:00 p.m. while he was walking in 

the parking lot. He testified that he saw Person running away from his bike before he was 

shot, and that he dropped the bike in the parking lot. He stated that he saw no one else 
14

running away that night and that the same boy who dropped his bike and ran was the boy 

who was shot. 

As she told the police the night of the shooting, Ashlie Dye testified that she was 

driving down Averill when she saw a young boy on a bike, alone. And while the night of

the shooting she told the police she did not see the shooters or anyone else in the area, she 

told the jury that she saw Kino Christian firing a gun with two other men. She also testified 

that she knew the other defendants but that none of them were the two other men she saw

that night. She also revealed that she had previously been in a relationship with Christian 

and had a personal protection order against him. 

Laquashia Blake, C’Quan Hinton’s former girlfriend, confirmed the content of a 

statement she had previously made to the police at trial. In her prior statement, she said, 

as the prosecution put it, that “[Hinton] told her a few days after the murder that he knows 

who did the murder, but he wasn’t going to snitch” and that “[Christian] did the murder 

and also got him involved in the situation.” 

But Blake also testified that Hinton told her that “he didn’t do it, and that it was a 

misunderstanding, that he didn’t have anything to do with it,” and she agreed that Hinton 

had told her—as the prosecution phrased it—that the police were trying to get people “to 

fold,” that he was “not going to fold,” and that “they can’t put me there, or pull my prints 

off any gun or bullets[.]” 

Monica McGee, Kino Christian’s friend, testified that the night of the shooting, she 

heard sirens and called a lot of people from the neighborhood to see what happened, 

including Christian. She testified that she picked Christian up that night in her car. While 

she did not recall the exact location of the pick-up, the prosecution reminded her that in a 
15

statement to the police, she described picking him up from an apartment complex on 

Lippincott near Tony’s Party Store. With her memory somewhat refreshed she said, “I 

think I picked him up at those apartments on Lippincott, but I don’t know.” She testified 

that they drove to her house in Grand Blanc and watched movies. Although she did not 

recall at trial, the prosecution reminded her that she had told the police in an earlier 

interview that while Christian was there, he got a phone call from C’Quan Hinton, who 

was his nephew. She did not recall what they talked about. 

Robert Moore, a jailhouse informant, testified that Christian confessed to the murder 

while they were locked up together. In exchange for his testimony, the prosecution helped 

him transfer his probation to another state and may have gotten him an early release (his 

testimony about the early release was equivocal and was never made clear by the 

prosecution). 

Moore overlapped with Christian in both city and county jail and with Joshun 

Edwards in county jail. Moore testified that Christian said he was upset with Person

because he “was a snitch and he had to be dealt with.” He said that Christian said he ran 

into the girls from the Dodge van at some point on the day of the shooting, who told

Christian that they planned to give Person a phone charger and bike. Moore said Christian 

told him that he and Hinton then confronted Person, and then they went to get guns. Moore 

said Christian told him that Hinton, Joshun Edwards, and Dartanion Edwards were with 

him during the shooting and that Person was pushing his bike when they shot him. Each 

of the details in Moore’s account of Christian’s detailed jailhouse confession were in police 

reports; he provided no information that was not in those reports when he was interviewed 

by the police, something that became the focus of the defense at trial.
16

The defendants maintained their innocence. They argued that Jarylle Murphy was 

not believable, that they had alibis, and that three other men were responsible for the 

shooting. 

They had material to work with in arguing Murphy was not believable, even without 

the October interview transcript. Murphy’s identifications of the defendants at trial were 

undermined by his hesitation in his November interview. And by Murphy’s own account, 

he saw the shooters at a distance, for mere seconds, in poor lighting at night. Murphy’s 

credibility was also undermined by the inconsistencies the defendants were aware of 

between his trial testimony and his earlier statements about the incident. The defendants 

argued that Murphy was lying because he was a member of a rival gang.

Two of the defendants also presented alibis. Christian testified that he was selling 

drugs at the time of the shooting out of an apartment on Lippincott and Center Road. 

Christian’s testimony was consistent with Monica McGee’s statement to the police that she 

picked him up from an apartment on Lippincott near Tony’s Party Store; Tony’s Party 

Store is about a block from Lippincott and Center. Joshun Edwards testified that he was 

at the Terrace Apartments off of Atherton Road on the evening of the shooting. He arrived 

there around 7:30 p.m. and was hanging out with friends in the parking lot.

Christian testified that he told Sergeant Gaspar that William Harris, Perry Manuel, 

and a man known as “Pooh Bear” were responsible for the shooting. He had been with 

them at the apartment at Lippincott and Center on the day of the shooting when one of 

them got a phone call, prompting the three men to grab guns and leave. He recalled Manuel 

coming back to the apartment later and saying, “Kino, you should have seen [him] fly off 

the bike.”
17

Joshun Edwards testified that William Harris admitted to him that he killed Person

with Perry Manuel and Pooh Bear. Recall that Harris was the witness whom the 

prosecution hoped would connect Christian and Joshun Edwards to his girlfriend’s gun. In 

his testimony, Harris confirmed that he was at the apartment on Lippincott and Center the 

day of the shooting and that Perry Manuel was there too, just as Christian testified. But he 

denied killing Person. 

Edwards also testified about his relationship to Robert Moore—the jailhouse 

informant. He explained that Moore told him he knew Edwards and Christian were 

innocent and that he would come forward with the information if Edwards paid him. He 

was housed in the same pod as Moore at the county jail and they were cellmates at one 

point. Because Robert Moore offered to help with his case, Edwards explained, “I let 

Robert see my paperwork. I wanted to show him how these witnesses were lying on us.” 

He even let Moore keep the police reports overnight. 

Perry Manuel died in an unrelated shooting before the trial in this case. And there 

is no evidence that Pooh Bear was ever identified by the police. Sergeant Gaspar testified 

that although Williams Harris was once a suspect in the case, the police never tested his 

DNA. Nor did they test the DNA of the other two men the defendants argued committed 

this crime, Perry Manuel and Pooh Bear, even though the casings recovered from the scene 

had three unknown male DNA profiles on them.
18

D. MOTIONS FOR RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT 

Three of the four defendants filed motions for relief from judgment,

1 arguing in part 

that the suppression of Murphy’s October interview transcript violated their right to 

exculpatory information as required by Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83.

The trial court denied all three motions. It found that the transcript of Murphy’s 

October interview had been suppressed by the prosecution and that it was favorable to the 

defense, but that it was not material. The court reasoned that because the defendants

impeached Murphy with the November interview transcript and his testimony from the 

preliminary examination, “[c]ounsel had considerable opportunity to draw out 

contradiction by Murphy for the jury’s attention” without it. And in the court’s view, the 

summary of the October interview was “substantially similar” to Murphy’s statements in 

the suppressed transcript.

The court was also persuaded that because Murphy was not the only witness to 

implicate the defendants in the shooting, more impeachment evidence would not have 

made a difference. Ashlie Dye identified Christian as one of the shooters, and Robert 

Moore testified that Christian implicated the three other defendants in a jailhouse 

confession. 

The Court of Appeals affirmed. The panel reasoned that while the defendants did 

not have the transcript of the October interview, they knew it had happened and received a 

summary. Edwards, unpub op at 6. And the defendants were able to “undermine Murphy’s 

 1 Dartanion Edwards did not file a motion for relief from judgment. 
19

credibility respecting his identification of them as the shooters” and argue that Murphy 

“fabricated his testimony” with the evidence they were provided. Id. at 6-7. 

The panel acknowledged that “discrepancies existed” between the suppressed 

transcript and Murphy’s trial testimony that were “not entirely insignificant.” Id. at 7. But, 

in the panel’s view, defense counsel were still able to question Murphy “extensively 

concerning his version of events.” Id. at 8. For example, they drew out a discrepancy

about the color of the bike. In this example, though, the panel inaccurately reported the 

record: it explained that Murphy said the bike was black at the preliminary examination, 

contrasting with his trial testimony that it was purple and gray. Id. In fact, Murphy testified 

that the bike was purple at the preliminary examination.

The panel seems to have been convinced that the other evidence in the case made 

any missing impeachment of Murphy immaterial too. That is, the panel believed that the 

prosecution “presented direct and circumstantial evidence from which the jury could find 

each defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt” apart from Murphy’s testimony. Id. at 

10. 

That testimony, according to the panel, included Moore’s testimony about 

Christian’s jailhouse confession, Dye’s testimony implicating Christian, and the security 

camera footage showing Christian disposing of a gun at a gas station after the separate 

drive-by shooting involving Perry Manuel. Id. Although Dye’s testimony and the gun 

found at the gas station were potentially probative of only Christian’s guilt, the panel, 

without explanation, analyzed the evidence as if it applied to all three defendants. And this 

analysis led the panel to conclude that the suppressed transcript was not material in any of 

the defendants’ cases. Id. at 11. 
20

The defendants sought leave to appeal in our Court. We ordered oral argument on 

the application, asking all three defendants to address whether “the lower courts erred by 

holding that the suppressed October 16, 2007 interview transcript was not material to their 

guilt such that they were not entitled to relief under Brady v Maryland and People v 

Chenault.” People v Christian, 507 Mich 952, 952 (2021) (citations omitted).2

 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

A trial court’s decision on a motion for relief from judgment is reviewed for an 

abuse of discretion. People v Washington, 508 Mich 107, 130 n 9; 972 NW2d 767 (2021). 

An abuse of discretion occurs when the court makes a decision that “falls outside the range 

of reasonable and principled outcomes,” id., or “makes an error of law,” People v Duncan, 

494 Mich 713, 723; 835 NW2d 399 (2013). A trial court’s decision on a Brady claim is 

reviewed de novo. People v Smith, 498 Mich 466, 475; 870 NW2d 399 (2015). 

B. MOTION FOR RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT

The defendants filed motions for relief from judgment governed by MCR 6.508 et 

seq. A defendant bringing their first motion for relief from judgment has the burden of 

demonstrating two things. First, they must show “good cause for failure to raise such 

grounds on appeal . . . .” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(a). One way to establish good cause is by 

showing that an external factor prevented appellate counsel from raising an issue on direct 

appeal. People v Reed, 449 Mich 375, 378; 535 NW2d 496 (1995). 

 2 We also considered C’Quan Hinton’s claim that he received ineffective assistance of 

counsel. Because we conclude that all three defendants are entitled to a new trial under 

Brady, there is no need for us to address Hinton’s separate claim in this opinion. 
21

Once a defendant demonstrates good cause, a new trial is only warranted if they also 

show “actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support the claim for relief.” 

MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b). When a defendant is convicted after trial, like the defendants here, 

“actual prejudice” means that “but for the alleged error, the defendant would have had a 

reasonably likely chance of acquittal[.]” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(i)(A). Alternatively, a 

defendant can show actual prejudice where there is an “irregularity so offensive to the 

maintenance of a sound judicial process that the conviction should not be allowed to stand 

regardless of its effect on the outcome of the case[.]” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(iii). 

C. BRADY v MARYLAND 

The defendants argue in their motions for relief from judgment that the 

prosecution’s failure to provide Murphy’s October interview transcripts violated Brady v 

Maryland, 373 US 83. To establish a Brady violation, a defendant must show that: “(1) 

the prosecution has suppressed evidence; (2) that is favorable to the accused; and (3) that 

is material.” People v Chenault, 495 Mich 142, 150; 845 NW2d 731 (2014), citing 

Strickler v Greene, 527 US 263, 281-282; 119 S Ct 1936; 144 L Ed 2d 286 (1999). The 

parties do not dispute that the transcript was suppressed and is favorable, and the lower 

courts agreed. The only element of the defendants’ Brady claim in dispute on appeal is 

materiality. 

To establish that exculpatory evidence is material, a defendant must show that 

“ ‘there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the 

result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Id., quoting Bagley, 473 US at 682. 

A “reasonable probability” means “ ‘a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in 
22

the outcome.’ ” Chenault, 495 Mich at 150, quoting Bagley, 473 US at 682 (opinion of 

Blackmun, J.). A defendant need not “demonstrat[e] by a preponderance that disclosure of 

the suppressed evidence would have resulted ultimately in the defendant’s acquittal . . . .” 

Kyles v Whitley, 514 US 419, 434; 115 S Ct 1555; 131 L Ed 2d 490 (1995). Rather, the 

relevant question is whether the defendant “received a fair trial, understood as a trial 

resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Id.

3

We agree with the United States Supreme Court that the standard for materiality is 

“legally simple but factually complex.” Turner, 582 US at ___; 137 S Ct at 1893. The 

Court’s applications of this standard are helpful with the complex part. 

1. TURNER v UNITED STATES

First, in Turner v United States, the Court showed us how to evaluate the materiality 

of suppressed evidence “ ‘in the context of the entire record . . . .’ ” Id. at ___; 137 S Ct at 

1893, quoting United States v Agurs, 427 US 97, 112; 96 S Ct 2392; 49 L Ed 2d 342 (1976). 

 3 Hinton argues that this Court should follow other jurisdictions and adopt a materiality 

standard that is easier for a defendant to meet than the standard mandated under the federal 

Constitution. See, e.g., State v Laurie, 139 NH 325, 330; 653 A2d 549 (1995) (under the 

New Hampshire constitution the prosecution bears the burden to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that undisclosed evidence would not have affected the verdict); People v Fuentes, 12 

NY3d 259, 263; 907 NE2d 286 (2009) (applying the “reasonable probability” standard to 

a Brady violation in certain circumstances). This Court has never addressed under what 

circumstances withheld evidence requires granting a defendant a new trial under the 

Michigan Constitution. Cf. Chenault, 495 Mich at 155 (addressing the appropriate 

standard under the federal Constitution as provided in Brady). Because we conclude that 

the defendants are entitled to relief under the Brady standard—which provides a 

constitutional floor for the circumstances under which relief must be granted for withheld 

exculpatory evidence—we need not decide whether the Michigan Constitution requires a 

different materiality standard. 
23

The Turner defendants were convicted of robbing and assaulting a woman in a parking 

garage. Turner, ___ US at ___; 137 S Ct at 1889. The prosecution’s theory was that the 

victim had been attacked by a large group. Id. The prosecution’s evidence centered on the 

testimony of two witnesses—Calvin Alston and Harry Bennett—who confessed to 

participating in the attack and testified in exchange for leniency. Id. While their accounts 

differed on small details, both said that a large group of people (including them) had 

attacked the victim. 

The defendants argued that suppressed evidence would have allowed them to 

advance an alternative theory that the victim had been attacked by a single perpetrator. Id.

at ___; 137 S Ct at 1893. First, suppressed notes from a police interview with a man named 

Willie Luchie revealed that Luchie had walked by the garage the night of the attack and 

heard groans. Id. at ___; 137 S Ct at 1891-1892. Second, the man who discovered the 

victim in the garage testified that two men had stopped in the garage for about five minutes 

while he was waiting for the police to arrive. The police suppressed the identity of these 

two men, and one of them was later arrested for robbing and assaulting other women in the 

neighborhood. Id. at ___; 137 S Ct at 1891. 

The defendants’ view was that had they known about this suppressed evidence, they 

could have argued to the jury that the crime was committed by a single perpetrator—the 

man later arrested for a different crime—not a group. The Court held that the suppressed 

evidence was not material, because it was “too little, too weak, or too distant from the main 

evidentiary points . . . .” Id. at ___; 137 S Ct at 1894. While the prosecution’s central

witnesses, Alston and Bennett, were not completely consistent about every detail, 

“virtually every witness to the crime itself agreed as to a main theme: that [the victim] was 
24

killed by a large group of perpetrators.” Id. The suppressed evidence did not undermine

the central evidence that established the prosecution’s theory of guilt such that it created a 

reasonable probability of a different result. 

2. WEARRY v CAIN

In contrast, the United States Supreme Court found that suppressed evidence was 

material in Wearry v Cain, 577 US 385; 136 S Ct 1002; 194 L Ed 2d 78 (2016). In that 

case, a man named Sam Scott contacted the police while incarcerated and implicated the 

defendant in a brutal murder that occurred two years earlier. Id. at 386. Scott’s original 

account did not match the physical evidence of the crime, and his story changed 

substantially over time to become more consistent with the other evidence. Id. at 387. 

Still, he was the prosecution’s “star witness” at trial. Id. Another prosecution witness—

Eric Brown—testified, consistently with Scott’s account, that he saw the defendant with a 

man who looked like the victim that night. 

The defendant presented an alibi defense—his relatives testified that he was at a 

wedding about 40 miles from the crime when it occurred. Id. at 388. The Court 

characterized the prosecution’s trial evidence as “a house of cards” that required the jury 

to credit Scott’s testimony rather than the defendant’s alibi. Id. at 392.

The prosecution suppressed impeachment evidence that undermined Scott’s 

credibility further and evidence that Brown had sought a deal to reduce his sentence in 

exchange for testifying. Id. at 390. In concluding the evidence was material, the Court 

reasoned that “the only evidence directly tying” the defendant to the murder “was Scott’s 

dubious testimony, corroborated by the similarly suspect testimony of Brown.” Id. at 393
25

(emphasis added). While Scott’s credibility was challenged at trial, the Court reasoned

that it “would have been further diminished had the jury learned” about the added 

impeachment evidence. Id. And, Brown’s testimony—if believed—helped corroborate 

Scott’s testimony. The evidence that Brown had a motive to lie would have undermined 

the confidence not only in his testimony, but in Scott’s too. Id. at 394. 

3. KYLES v WHITLEY

Finally, Kyles v Whitley, 514 US 419, is also important. The defendant was 

convicted of the murder of Dolores Dye, who was shot in the head while putting grocery 

bags in her car. Id. at 423. The man who shot her took her keys and drove away. Two 

days later, a man named Beanie called the police station and reported that he had bought a 

car matching the description of the stolen car from the defendant. Id. at 424. Beanie

claimed he came forward to the police because he feared the defendant had stolen the car. 

But Beanie’s story changed over time and grew inconsistent with the details of the crime 

known to the police. And yet, “[t]he police neither noted the inconsistencies nor questioned 

[him] about them.” Id. at 427. 

The prosecution withheld recordings of the conversations between the police and 

Beanie in which his story changed. Id. at 428. The Court found that the suppressed 

evidence was material in part because it “would have raised opportunities to attack . . . the 

thoroughness and even the good faith of the investigation . . . .” Id. at 445. Beanie’s

statements to the police “were replete with inconsistencies and would have allowed the 

jury to infer that Beanie was anxious to see [the defendant] arrested” for the murder. Id. 

The statements would have “revealed a remarkably uncritical attitude on the part of the 
26

police.” Id. Kyles shows that determining whether defendants received “a trial resulting 

in a verdict worth of confidence” requires an analysis not just of the evidence presented, 

but of the quality of the investigation. 

D. THE DEFENDANTS HAVE DEMONSTRATED GOOD CAUSE

The prosecution does not dispute that the defendants have demonstrated good cause. 

While neither the trial court nor the Court of Appeals addressed the issue of good cause, 

both concluded that the prosecution suppressed the transcript. That suppression was an 

“external factor” that preventing appellate counsel from raising a Brady violation on direct 

appeal. Reed, 449 Mich at 378. 

E. THE DEFENDANTS HAVE DEMONSTRATED ACTUAL PREJUDICE 

BECAUSE THE OCTOBER TRANSCRIPT WAS MATERIAL

The transcript of Murphy’s October interview was material for three reasons. First, 

it would have provided far more substantial impeachment evidence than any of the 

evidence the defendants were provided. Second, it would have undermined the other 

prosecution evidence and supported the defendants’ theory of defense. And third, the

suppression of the transcript calls the thoroughness and good faith of the investigation into 

question. 

To prevail at trial, the defendants needed the jury to believe that Jarylle Murphy was 

not telling the truth. The transcript of his October interview would have provided far more 

support for their strategy than the evidence that was known to defendants at the time of 

trial. The transcript differed from Murphy’s trial testimony and from his prior statements

that the defendants were provided—the November interview and preliminary examination 

testimony—in eight important ways. These inconsistencies are more compelling because 
27

it was the first statement he gave to the police, and the one closest in time to the crime.

And even worse, the summary of the October interview that was provided instead of the 

transcript left out or changed the important inconsistencies.

First, the time line of events on the day of the shooting. The suppressed transcript

reveals that Murphy told Sergeant Gaspar that he boarded a bus to South Flint at 6:30 p.m.

and that the shooting took place around 9:00 p.m. or 9:30 p.m. Testimony of other witnesses, 

including Xavier Regimbal, the security guard patrolling the Evergreen Regency Apartments 

that night, made clear that the shooting happened around 8:00 p.m., as Murphy himself 

would later say in his November interview and preliminary examination testimony. The jury 

never learned about this change in Murphy’s story because the summary changed the detail; 

it says he reported that the shooting took place at 8:00 p.m. 

Besides the changed story, Murphy’s statement that he did not board the bus to South 

Flint with his sister until 6:30 p.m. in his original interview would have made it virtually 

impossible for him to be present at the shooting by 8:00 p.m. He would have had to ride the 

bus across town, visit with his sister’s uncle, walk 1.9 miles, meet Person for the first time, 

have the initial confrontation with the two shooters, and meet the girl—all in an hour and a 

half. Because Murphy never again mentioned boarding the bus at 6:30 p.m.—and that detail 

did not appear in the summary of the October interview—the defendants could not question 

Murphy on how he would have been able to be present at the crime scene when it happened. 

Second, motive. The suppressed transcript reveals that Murphy said that one of the 

men accused Person of snitching on his mom—unlike his later accounts, where he says one 

of the men accused Person of snitching on his brother. The jury never knew about this 
28

inconsistency either, as the summary falsely changed this detail to make it consistent with 

Murphy’s revised story. 

Third, the van. The suppressed transcript reveals that Murphy never mentioned

Person getting a phone charger and bike from a Dodge van during the October interview. 

Those details first emerged in his November interview and remained consistent moving 

forward. But because the defendants only had the summary, the jury never found out that 

Murphy never mentioned the van in his original interview. 

Fourth, the girl. The suppressed transcript reveals that Murphy claimed that the girl 

was still with him and Person when the shooting happened, unlike his later statement and 

trial testimony that the girl had left before Person was killed. The jury never learned about 

this change in Murphy’s story either because the summary omits this detail too. 

Fifth, the bike and who rode it. The suppressed transcript reveals that in October 

Murphy was adamant that one of the shooters, and not Person, was on a bike; and he sticks 

to this story even when asked multiple times. By his November interview, Murphy said

that Person was on a bicycle at the time of the shooting, and this is what Murphy told the 

jury as well. But the jury never learned that Murphy’s story changed in this important way 

because the misleading summary omitted this inconsistency too.

Sixth, the location of the shooting. The suppressed transcript reveals that Murphy 

claimed he and Person were sitting down when the shooters approached. By his November 

interview he said they were walking at the time, and he told the jury that as well. The jury 

never knew about this change of story either; it too was omitted from the summary. 

Seventh, Murphy’s ability to see. The suppressed transcript reveals that Murphy 

did not express confidence in his ability to see the shooters because it was “kinda dark.” 

He told the jury, however, that he was confident that the defendants shot Person. The 
29

defendants challenged Murphy’s ability to identify the shooters given the time of night and 

the fact that the shooters approached from behind. But their challenge would have been 

more convincing if they had known that when Murphy first spoke to Sergeant Gaspar he 

told her he was not confident he could identify the assailants. The jury never learned that 

fact because the inaccurate summary omitted it. 

And eighth, where Murphy fled after the shooting. The suppressed transcript reveals 

that Murphy claimed that as shots were fired he ran into the middle of the Evergreen Regency 

complex, which is at the intersection where Person was killed. But he told the jury that he 

ran about a mile due west of the shooting, just as he had at the preliminary examination. The 

jury never learned about this story change either—it, too, was omitted from the summary.

Each inconsistency is significant, but the sum of them is striking. 

Suppressed 

October 

Transcript 

Summary of 

October 

Interview 

November 

Interview 

Preliminary 

Examination 

Testimony 

Trial 

Testimony 

Time of shooting 9:00 p.m. or 

9:30 p.m.

8:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. Not discussed 

Motive for the shooting Snitching on 

“moms”

Snitching on 

“brother” 

Snitching on 

“brother” 

Snitching on 

“brother” 

Snitching 

Whether Person obtained a 

phone charger and bicycle 

from four girls in a van 

No Not 

Mentioned in 

Summary 

Yes Yes Yes 

Whether the girl was still 

with Murphy and Person

during the shooting 

Yes Not 

Mentioned in 

Summary 

No No No 

Who had a bicycle during 

the shooting 

One of the 

shooters 

Not 

Mentioned in 

Summary 

Person Person Person

Where Person and Murphy 

were located during the 

shooting

Sitting on the 

sidewalk 

Not 

Mentioned in 

Summary 

Walking Walking Walking 

How well Murphy could see 

the shooters 

Not well 

because it 

was “kinda 

dark” 

Not 

Mentioned in 

Summary 

Not well 

because all he 

could do was 

“take a 

glance” 

He could see

the shooters 

well 

He could see

the shooters 

well

Where Murphy ran after 

the shooting 

Into the 

Evergreen 

Regency 

Apartments 

Not 

Mentioned in 

Summary 

Not discussed Up Lippincott 

toward 

Crocker (due 

west) 

Up Lippincott 

toward Dort 

Hwy (due 

west) 
30

Murphy’s testimony was central to the prosecution’s case, and the suppressed

transcript would have significantly undermined it. The jury never knew the extent to which 

Murphy’s story changed from his first interview. The transcript of that interview was not 

“too little, too weak, or too distant from the main evidentiary points . . . .” Turner, 582 US 

at ___; 137 S Ct at 1894. Quite the opposite.

The Court of Appeals acknowledged some of these inconsistences, although 

incorrectly in part, but was not persuaded the additional impeachment evidence mattered. 

It is true that the defendants were able to highlight some inconsistencies between the 

versions of Murphy’s story they were aware of, but the inconsistencies that could have 

been emphasized with the October interview are more significant. That the defendants 

argued to the jury that there were reasons to doubt Murphy’s story does not make more

evidence that he was lying immaterial. To the contrary, it makes the possibility that the 

result of the trial would have been different more likely. 

The Court of Appeals made a second error in its consideration of the other evidence 

presented. The panel concluded that the transcript was also not material because “the 

prosecution presented direct and circumstantial evidence from which the jury could find 

each defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the charged offenses independent of 

Murphy’s testimony.” Edwards, unpub op at 10 (emphasis added). Put another way, 

because there was sufficient evidence notwithstanding Murphy’s testimony, even if the 

transcript led the jury to discredit him completely, the panel concluded that there was not 

a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. 
31

But this reasoning misses the quality of the other evidence, and Murphy’s centrality 

to it. That other evidence “would have been further diminished had the jury learned” about 

the suppressed evidence. Wearry, 577 US at 393. 

Beyond Murphy’s testimony, the prosecution’s evidence included: (1) the .380 

caliber casings and the .380 caliber gun hidden by Christian at the gas station, (2) Ashlie 

Dye’s testimony implicating Christian, (3) Laquashia Blake’s testimony about Christian 

and Hinton’s possible involvement, and (4) Robert Moore’s testimony about a jailhouse 

confession by Christian implicating the other defendants. Without Murphy’s testimony to 

organize and tie together the remaining fractured stories, the sum of this other evidence 

loses much of its value. 

If Murphy was discredited, the fact that Christian was found with a .380 caliber gun 

after his involvement in an unrelated shooting becomes less relevant. Without Murphy 

implicating Christian as one of the shooters, then Christian likely hid the gun because of 

its connection with the drive-by shooting we know it was connected to. And without 

Murphy’s testimony connecting Christian to the shooting, that gun implicates Perry 

Manuel and William Harris at least as much as Christian; it was registered to Harris’s 

girlfriend and used in connection with the 2007 shooting of Manuel. Manuel and Harris, 

of course, are two of the three men the defendants argued were responsible for this crime. 

Detective Ronald Ainslie’s expert testimony would also lose its relevance in 

connecting Christian to the murder without Murphy’s testimony. Detective Ainslie 

testified that the spent .380 caliber casings recovered from the scene of Person’s murder 

had been fired from the gun found at the gas station. But his opinion was based not on a 

unique attribute of the recovered casings or on the particular gun found, but on generic 
32

characteristics of that model of gun. That is, a .380 caliber was fired by Person’s assailants, 

and while Ainslie told the jury the casings were from the particular .380 caliber recovered, 

he apparently did not identify any “lands” or “grooves” or other specific markings that 

supported his conclusion. 

Put differently, while he told the jury about how a ballistics expert can tie a 

particular bullet or casing to a particular firearm, and that some of the bullets recovered 

from the crime scene had markings that would allow such a connection to be made, he 

offered no information about the particular casings he said came from the gas station gun. 

If the jury didn’t believe Murphy, it would have had more reason to doubt Ashlie 

Dye too. Dye, who told the police the night of the shooting that she did not see the shooters,

identified Christian as one of them a year later. The jury learned about this inconsistency, 

and about Dye’s possible motive to implicate Christian, but Murphy’s identification of

Christian as one of the shooters bolstered Dye’s. 

If the jury didn’t believe Murphy, the value of Blake’s testimony would also 

diminish. Blake told the police before trial that Hinton had told her that Christian 

committed the murder and “got him involved.” But at trial, she testified that Hinton told 

her unequivocally that “he didn’t do it.” Murphy’s testimony bolstering her first statement 

made this impeachment evidence more believable. Blake also testified that Hinton told 

her, “[T]hey can’t put me there or pull my prints off any gun or bullets.” Without Murphy’s 

testimony identifying Hinton as one of the shooters, this statement would have been 

consistent with Hinton claiming that he was falsely accused of this crime. 

And if the jury did not believe Murphy, Robert Moore’s account of Christian’s 

alleged confession would likely also not be believed. Moore claimed that Christian 
33

confessed to committing the shooting exactly as Murphy described it happening in his 

November interview, and as recorded in the police reports Moore had access to before he 

came forward. That coincidence would have been far more salient if the jury disbelieved 

Murphy. And since neither the gun found at the gas station nor Ashlie Dye implicated

Hinton or Edwards, if the jury did not believe Murphy, Moore’s testimony would have 

been the only evidence linking Edwards to the crime. Similarly, only Moore’s and Blake’s 

testimony would have linked Hinton to the crime. 

Finally, exculpatory evidence is material if it calls into question “the thoroughness 

and even the good faith of the investigation . . . .” Kyles, 514 US at 445. The transcript of 

the October interview surely does. When Murphy came into the police station for his first 

interview, the police knew that a good friend of Person, Anthony Williams, told the police

the day after the shooting that he had spent the afternoon and evening hanging out with 

Person until moments before the shooting. Williams did not mention Jarylle Murphy. And 

Murphy never mentioned Williams. Murphy’s story contradicted Williams’s, and yet the 

police never asked Murphy about Williams. And neither the police nor the prosecution 

ever contacted Williams again, despite his willingness to testify. Murphy’s story also 

contradicted both Ashlie Dye’s and Williams’s accounts that Person was alone when he 

was shot. Murphy’s story also contradicted Leroy Marks’s testimony at trial that after 

hearing gunshots, he saw one boy running away from his bike before getting shot with no 

one else around. Yet the police “neither noted the inconsistencies nor questioned” Murphy 

about them. Id. at 427. 

Murphy arrived at the police station with a detailed written description of the four 

shooters down to the color and brand of their shoes and the guns they carried, and yet told 
34

the police that he could not get a good look at them because it was “kinda dark,” they were 

approached from behind, and the interaction happened in a matter of seconds. But the 

police failed to question Murphy about how he generated such a detailed description of the 

four men. 

Murphy’s version of events also was inconsistent with the physical evidence. In the 

suppressed interview, he had the time of the shooting wrong, said Person had been sitting 

on the sidewalk at the time of the shooting, claimed that Person did not have a bike, that 

one of the shooters was on a bike, and that a girl was with them. But the bike was 

discovered right by Person’s body, suggesting he had been riding or walking it at the time

he was shot, not sitting on a sidewalk, and the police did not locate a girl who had been 

with Person during the shooting. Finally, none of the defendants’ DNA matched the DNA 

recovered from the .380 caliber casings found at the scene—three other DNA profiles were

identified on those casings. 

Despite all these problems with Murphy’s story, the prosecution built its case around 

it—and kept the most significant problems with his story from the defendants by providing

them with a false and incomplete summary of his first interview instead of the transcript. 

The investigation reveals an “uncritical attitude” on the part of the police, Kyles, 514 US 

at 445, and the suppressed transcript “would have raised opportunities to attack . . . the 

thoroughness and even the good faith of the investigation,” id.

Because we conclude the transcript is material, the defendants easily meet the 

standard for actual prejudice under MCR 6.508. Evidence is material if there is a 

“ ‘reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of 

the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Chenault, 495 Mich at 150, quoting Bagley, 
35

473 US at 682. The standard for actual prejudice is strikingly similar; a defendant can 

show it where “but for the alleged error, the defendant would have had a reasonably likely 

chance of acquittal[.]” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(i)(A). 

Given the centrality of Murphy’s testimony and the strength of the suppressed

impeachment evidence, we conclude that if the defendants had had access to the transcript, 

they would have had both a “reasonable probability” of a different result and at least a

“reasonably likely chance of acquittal.” Chenault, 495 Mich at 150; MCR 

6.508(D)(3)(b)(i)(A). 

III. CONCLUSION 

The transcript is material because the defendants have demonstrated a reasonable 

probability that had it been disclosed, the result of the trial would have been different. It

would have been powerful impeachment evidence of Murphy, the prosecution’s central 

witness, making the defendants’ argument that he was fabricating his story more likely. 

And if the jury did not believe Murphy, the other evidence would also be less believable. 

The state’s suppression of the transcript calls the thoroughness and good faith of this 

investigation into question. 

Because the transcript is material, the defendants were prejudiced by its suppression. 

But for the Brady violation, “the defendant[s] would have had a reasonably likely chance 

of acquittal[.]” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(i)(A). Having established both good cause and actual 

prejudice, the defendants are entitled to a new trial. 

Bridget M. McCormack

Richard H. Bernstein

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 162354

KINO DOMINIQUE CHRISTIAN,

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 162355

JOSHUN EDWARDS,

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 162374

C’QUAN MICHAEL HINTON,

Defendant-Appellant.

CLEMENT, J. (dissenting).
2

I respectfully disagree with the majority’s decision to award new trials to 

defendants. While I agree with the majority that the prosecution’s failure to provide 

defendants with the transcript of witness Jarylle Murphy’s first interview with law 

enforcement constituted suppression of favorable evidence under Brady v Maryland, 373 

US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963), I disagree that this evidence fulfills Brady’s 

materiality requirement such that defendants are entitled to a new trial. Accordingly, I 

would deny defendants Kino Christian’s and Joshun Edwards’s applications for leave to 

appeal, and I would remand defendant C’Quan Hinton’s case to the trial court for an 

evidentiary hearing on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND TRIAL

These cases arise from the fatal shooting of 14-year-old Robert Person on October 9, 

2007, for which the prosecutor charged Christian, Joshun Edwards, Hinton, and Dartanion 

Edwards1 with first-degree premeditated murder, assault with intent to murder, carrying a 

concealed weapon, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony.2

 

Among the evidence introduced against defendants at trial was the testimony of Jarylle 

Murphy, who spent the hours preceding the murder with Person and witnessed the 

shooting. Because defendants argue that Murphy’s testimony has been significantly 

 1 Dartanion Edwards was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. Because he is not a 

party to this appeal, references to “Edwards” hereinafter are to Joshun Edwards, and 

“defendants” will refer only to Edwards, Hinton, and Christian.

2 The prosecutor also charged both Christian and Edwards with being a felon in possession 

of a firearm.
3

undermined by the posttrial discovery of evidence withheld by the prosecution, a detailed 

review of both Murphy’s testimony and the other evidence presented at trial is necessary.

According to Murphy’s trial testimony, after basketball practice at a community 

center, he ran into his sister at a nearby bus stop and decided to accompany her to visit her 

uncle at Howard Estates. He estimated that they arrived at the uncle’s home “probably 

around 4:30ish” and stayed for 30 to 45 minutes before walking to the Evergreen Regency 

Apartments, where Murphy’s sister planned to meet some friends. Upon their arrival, 

Murphy’s sister introduced him to Person, and the trio eventually went to Person’s house 

for food. After “[m]aybe ten to 15 minutes at the most,” Murphy’s sister left. Murphy and 

Person thereafter walked around the apartment complex, where they were then approached 

by two individuals. According to Murphy, one of the individuals “asked [him] why was 

[he] with [Person] because [Person] was a snitch” and verbally confronted Person, 

“[b]asically telling him that they were going to get him and he was a snitch.” At trial, 

Murphy identified the two individuals as defendants Christian and Hinton. 

Murphy testified that after the confrontation, he and Person went to the store. En

route, they were joined by a girl with whom Murphy was unfamiliar. They also came into 

contact with multiple people riding in a van, from whom Person retrieved an item—

possibly a phone charger—and a bicycle before they departed. Murphy described the 

bicycle as “a mountain bike, gray and [he] believe[d] purple.”

Murphy testified that later that evening—“after 7,” as the sky “was in transition” 

between light and dark and “towards nighttime”—he and Person walked the unknown girl

to another apartment complex. They spoke briefly, “for maybe five more minutes,” at the 

front of the apartment complex before walking back toward the Evergreen Regency 
4

Apartments. As they approached the intersection of Lippincott Boulevard and Averill 

Avenue, Murphy noticed four men following them. He asked whether Person noticed 

them, and Person said no. Murphy looked back again, and “that’s when [he saw] them, 

you know, pulling out the guns . . . .” Murphy alerted Person and fled. According to 

Murphy, he “made it to around maybe about the corner” when he heard gunshots. 

Afterward, Murphy returned to the Evergreen Regency Apartments. He learned that 

Person had not survived the shooting when he saw the news on television later that evening.

According to Murphy, his grandparents eventually convinced him to disclose his 

involvement in the shooting to law enforcement, and he was voluntarily interviewed by 

law enforcement on October 16, 2007, one week after the shooting. Before the interview, 

Murphy expressed in writing detailed information about the shooters and their firearms

based on his observations.

3

 He would later testify at trial that, when the shooters were 

pursuing him and Person, the shooters were near and then underneath a streetlight and at a 

 3 At trial, Murphy read the following descriptions from his written statement regarding the 

shooters:

Suspect number one, Jobos [sic: Girbauds], orange stripes, orange, 

white, navy blue hightop Forces, orange, white tee shirt, and a hoody. 

Suspect number two, blue jean pants, white tee shirt, all white Forces, black 

hoody. Suspect number three, gray Dickey’s, black shirt, black Jordan’s, do 

rag, and black and gray hat. Suspect number four, Jobos [sic], red stripes, 

black and red shirt, black and red Jordan’s, black coat. Suspect number one, 

about 6’3” or 6’4”, dark skin, peach fuzz, small mustache, brown eyes, short 

black wavy hair. Suspect number two, about 5’9” or 5’10”, light or brown 

skin, short nappy hair, peach fuzz, light mustache, light brown eyes. Suspect 

number three, about 5’11” or 6’, dark skin, black hair, long braids, goatee, 

sideburns, both ears were pierced. Suspect number four, about 5’6”, brown 

skin, brown eyes, short even cut hair, stocky build.
5

distance of “somewhere around” 35 to 50 feet away.4

 According to Murphy, the light, the 

distance, and his photographic memory allowed him to perceive and recall these details 

despite the short amount of time he viewed the shooters. From this information, Murphy 

was able to identify defendant Hinton from a photographic lineup during his October 16, 

2007 interview and the remaining defendants during his November 8, 2007 interview.

At trial, each defendant’s counsel thoroughly cross-examined Murphy about this 

narrative, including specific challenges to his identification of defendants as the shooters. 

After Murphy acknowledged having seen the shooters for only about five seconds, the 

cross-examiners pressed him on the details of his observations and thoroughly impeached 

his assertion that he had a photographic memory. Specifically, upon questioning, Murphy 

was unable to recall what clothing defendants Hinton and Christian were wearing when 

they initially confronted Person on the day of the shooting, and he was also unable to recall 

Hinton’s and his defense counsel’s clothing or facial hair from the previous day of trial. 

(In return, Murphy explained that his photographic memory encompasses only what he 

focuses on, and that colors and sometimes scenery are difficult to recall.) Further, Murphy 

struggled to match each defendant to the shooter descriptions he created before the October 

16, 2007 interview. Finally, the defense also emphasized that Murphy’s descriptions of 

the shooters came one week after the shooting, as Murphy fled the scene and did not give 

a statement to law enforcement on the evening of the shooting. 

 4 At trial, Murphy related the distance in terms of the courtroom, and counsel and the trial 

court estimated that distance to be 45 to 50 feet. At the preliminary examination, Murphy 

testified that the distance was 35 yards, but at trial he testified that he had meant feet, not 

yards.
6

Defendants also challenged Murphy’s testimony on the basis of inconsistencies 

between his trial testimony and earlier statements. The defense had in its possession a 

summary of Murphy’s October 16, 2007 interview with law enforcement, a transcript of 

Murphy’s November 8, 2007 interview with law enforcement, and the transcripts of 

Murphy’s preliminary-examination testimony. The defense demonstrated that, at the 

preliminary examination, Murphy had testified that Person’s bicycle was purple, not purple 

and gray; they also elicited testimony from Murphy that he recalled the additional color at 

trial only after viewing the photograph of the bicycle admitted into evidence. The defense 

emphasized that Murphy had also previously testified that the shooters were, at closest, 35 

yards away. When Murphy testified that he had meant “feet” rather than “yards,” the 

defense elicited testimony regarding Murphy’s football experience and argued that it was 

unbelievable for him to have mixed up the two units of length given that experience. 

Murphy had also previously testified at the preliminary examination that he saw two police 

vehicles as he fled from the shooting, in direct contrast to his testimony at trial that he heard 

sirens but did not see any police vehicles as he fled.5

In addition to Murphy’s testimony, the prosecution introduced several other pieces 

of inculpatory evidence. Ashlie Dye, defendant Christian’s former girlfriend, testified that 

she was driving in the area during the shooting and that a bullet hit her vehicle. Dye 

 5 The defense also noted that Murphy had testified repeatedly at the preliminary 

examination that he and Person did not go into the store; at trial, Murphy testified that he 

and Person went to the store before walking the unknown girl to her home. However, as 

the prosecution noted on redirect, Murphy’s preliminary-examination testimony was given 

in the context of questions regarding what occurred once Person and Murphy realized they 

were being followed by the four individuals. Murphy did not testify at the preliminary 

examination that he and Person never went to the store on the evening in question.
7

identified Christian as one of the shooters, and testified that he had apologized to her for 

her vehicle being shot. Robert Moore, a cellmate of Christian and defendant Edwards, 

testified that Christian admitted to murdering Person and that both defendants solicited 

Moore to murder Murphy on multiple occasions. Laquashia Blake, defendant Hinton’s 

former girlfriend, testified that Hinton told her that “his Uncle Kino [Christian] did the 

murder and also got him involved in the situation.” Monica McGee also testified that, on 

the night of the shooting, Hinton appeared nervous and later spoke to Christian on the 

phone regarding the media coverage of the shooting. 

The prosecution also presented evidence regarding law enforcement’s recovery of 

one of the firearms involved in the shooting. The firearm belonged to the girlfriend of 

William Harris, an acquaintance of defendants’. Although he later rejected this narrative 

at trial, Harris initially told the police that he had obtained the firearm from his girlfriend 

and gave it to Christian for the express purpose of murdering Person. Harris also averred 

that Christian bragged to him about being responsible for Person’s murder. The firearm 

was recovered because of its involvement in a shooting a few days after Person’s murder. 

During that shooting, Christian was a passenger in one of the two vehicles whose 

passengers shot at one another. Surveillance camera footage showed Christian hiding the 

firearm behind a gas station after the shooting. Detective Sergeant Ronald Ainslie of the 

Michigan State Police Department later matched four fired cartridges from the scene of

Person’s shooting to this firearm.

Defendants, for their part, maintained their innocence. In addition to challenging 

the credibility of the various witnesses against them, defendants also presented the 

testimony of various witnesses who observed Person walking alone on the day of the 
8

shooting. Defendants Christian and Edwards also pursued alibi defenses. Christian 

testified that, at the time of the shooting, he had been selling drugs in an apartment; 

Edwards testified that, at the time of the shooting, he had been hanging out with friends in 

an apartment parking lot. Both defendants also posited that the persons responsible for 

Person’s murder were actually Harris; a man known as “Pooh Bear”; and Perry Manuel, 

who had been involved in the October 13 shooting with Christian. Christian testified that 

the three men had been present with him at an apartment on the day of the shooting and, 

after receiving a phone call, had retrieved guns and left the apartment abruptly; upon their 

return, Manuel bragged about murdering Person. Defendants also emphasized that law 

enforcement did not identify “Pooh Bear” and never tested the DNA of these suspects 

against the DNA recovered from the scene.

At the close of trial, the jury found defendants guilty as charged. Defendants were 

unsuccessful on direct appeal. People v Christian, unpublished opinion per curiam of the 

Court of Appeals, issued September 22, 2011 (Docket Nos. 291578, 291687, and 291744), 

lv den 492 Mich 864 (2012) and 492 Mich 865 (2012).

II. MOTIONS FOR RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Years after defendants’ convictions, a relative of defendant Edwards requested and 

received documents related to his case from the Flint Police Department pursuant to

Michigan’s Freedom of Information Act, MCL 15.231 et seq. The documents revealed 

that a full transcript of Murphy’s first interview with law enforcement on October 16, 2007, 

had been withheld from defendants. Instead, the defense had received a summary of the 
9

interview created by law enforcement—a summary defendants argue was incomplete and 

inaccurate. 

Defendants moved for relief from judgment on the basis of the undisclosed 

transcript. They argued that the transcript contained favorable evidence insofar as it 

established inconsistencies in Murphy’s statements that could have been used to impeach 

his testimony at trial and that its suppression therefore violated their constitutional dueprocess rights as established in Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 

215 (1963). Specifically, defendants identified the following differences with Murphy’s 

statements during the October 16, 2007 interview: the timing of the initial bus ride with his 

sister (at trial, sometime before their arrival at the uncle’s home “around 4:30ish” and at 

the interview, “6:30”), the timing of the shooting (at the preliminary examination, “around 

8:00”, which was consistent with other testimony and the 911 call, and at the interview, 

around 9:00 or 9:30), the details regarding Person’s encounter with defendants Christian 

and Hinton before the shooting (at the November 8, 2007 interview and preliminary 

examination, Christian and Hinton accused Person of snitching on a little brother, and at 

the interview, of snitching on a mother), whether the unknown girl was present during the 

shooting (at trial, she was not, and in the interview, she was), whether Person was on a 

bicycle at the time of the shooting (at trial, he was, and in the interview, he was not), and 

where Person and Murphy were at the time of the shooting (at trial, they were walking, and 

at the interview, they were sitting talking to the unfamiliar girl). 

The trial court—which presided over defendants’ entire trial, sentencing, and 

resentencing—ultimately denied defendants’ motions for relief from judgment, concluding 

that although the prosecution had failed to disclose favorable evidence to defendants before 
10

trial, the favorable evidence was not material and, therefore, reversal was not required. In 

so doing, the trial court reasoned that the inconsistencies between the October 16, 2007 

transcript and Murphy’s later statements were “minor at best” and that the defense had 

thoroughly cross-examined Murphy despite lacking the October 16, 2007 interview 

transcript. On appeal, the Court of Appeals agreed, emphasizing the inculpatory evidence 

presented at trial that was independent of Murphy’s testimony.

Defendants subsequently applied for leave to appeal in this Court, and we issued an

order to schedule oral argument on the applications and directing the parties to address 

“whether the lower courts erred by holding that the suppressed October 16, 2007 interview 

transcript was not material to their guilt such that they were not entitled to relief under 

Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83, 87 (1963), and People v Chenault, 495 Mich 142, 149-150, 

155 [845 NW2d 731] (2014).” People v Christian, 507 Mich 952, 952 (2021).

III. BRADY ANALYSIS

In order to succeed on a Brady claim, a defendant must prove that “(1) the 

prosecution has suppressed evidence; (2) that is favorable to the accused; and (3) that is 

material.” Chenault, 495 Mich at 150. Whether the prosecution’s suppression occurred in 

bad faith is irrelevant to the inquiry. United States v Agurs, 427 US 97, 110 & n 17; 96 S 

Ct 2392; 49 L Ed 2d 342 (1976). Notably, the prosecution’s duty to disclose favorable 

evidence includes all favorable evidence held by other government actors, including law 

enforcement. Kyles v Whitley, 514 US 419, 437; 115 S Ct 1555; 131 L Ed 2d 490 (1995); 

People v Dimambro, 318 Mich App 204, 213; 897 NW2d 233 (2016). Further, both 

substantive exculpatory evidence and impeachment evidence are considered favorable 
11

evidence for purposes of the Brady inquiry. Turner v United States, 582 US ___, ___; 137 

S Ct 1885, 1893; 198 L Ed 2d 443 (2017). 

I agree with the majority that the first two prongs of the Brady inquiry are met here. 

The prosecution failed to turn over the October 16, 2007 transcript of Murphy’s first 

interview with law enforcement to defense counsel before trial, and that transcript 

contained favorable evidence insofar as it contained inconsistencies with Murphy’s other 

statements. However, I disagree with the majority regarding the materiality of the October 

16, 2007 interview transcript. In order to demonstrate that a piece of evidence is material, 

a defendant must

show that “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been 

disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been 

different. A ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine 

confidence in the outcome.” United States v Bagley, 473 US 667, 682; 105 

[S Ct] 3375; 87 L Ed 2d 481 (1985). This standard “does not require 

demonstration by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence 

would have resulted ultimately in the defendant’s acquittal . . . .” Kyles, 514 

US at 434. The question is whether, in the absence of the suppressed 

evidence, the defendant “received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting 

in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Id. In assessing the materiality of the 

evidence, courts are to consider the suppressed evidence collectively, rather 

than piecemeal. [Chenault, 495 Mich at 150-151.]

Further, while impeachment evidence can be material under Brady, see Wearry v Cain, 577 

US 385; 136 S Ct 1002; 194 L Ed 2d 78 (2016), its materiality in any particular case is 

dependent on the extent of the impeachment and the strength of the other evidence 

presented, see Agurs, 427 US at 112-113; Smith v Cain, 565 US 73, 76; 132 S Ct 627; 181 

L Ed 2d 571 (2012). See also People v Salazar, 35 Cal 4th 1031, 1050; 112 P3d 14 (2005) 

(“In general, impeachment evidence has been found to be material where the witness at 

issue supplied the only evidence linking the defendant(s) to the crime, or where the likely 
12

impact on the witness’s credibility would have undermined a critical element of the 

prosecution’s case.”) (quotation marks and citations omitted). 

I believe that the impeachment evidence contained in the October 16, 2007 

interview transcript is not material under Brady because its impeachment value is limited 

and because other inculpatory evidence admitted at trial corroborated defendants’ guilt. 

Defendants identify several inconsistencies between the October 16, 2007 transcript and 

Murphy’s other statements, but many do not present new avenues for impeachment. For 

example, the October 16, 2007 transcript indicates that Murphy had previously been less 

certain about his identification of defendants than his trial testimony would suggest.” But 

defendants were aware of Murphy’s uncertainty. In the November 8, 2007 interview 

transcript, Murphy stated that he “couldn’t see [the shooters] really good” and that “[a]ll I 

did was turn around and take a glance.” And Murphy testified similarly at the preliminary 

examination that he had had “less than a minute,” perhaps “20 to 15 seconds,” to view the 

approaching shooters. These statements were substantially similar to Murphy’s statements 

from the October 16, 2007 interview that he could “[n]ot really” see the shooters’ faces 

clearly because “it was kinda dark” and that he would likely recognize the faces of the two 

shooters who had initially confronted him and Person but “[p]robably not” the other two.

6

 6 Specifically, the exchange between Murphy and Sergeant Lee Ann Gaspar was 

transcribed as follows:

Sergeant Gaspar: Would you know their faces if you saw them again?

Murphy: Possibly.

Sergeant Gaspar: Yes?

Murphy: Yes.
13

Given the substantial similarity of Murphy’s previous statements to the October 16, 2007 

transcript, the October 16, 2007 transcript would not have added a new avenue for

impeachment by the defense. With the information it was supplied from the November 8, 

2007 interview and preliminary examination, the defense elicited testimony from Murphy 

regarding the brief time he was able to observe the shooters, and the defense successfully 

challenged Murphy’s claim of having a photographic memory through demonstrations of 

Murphy’s failure to recall appearances and outfits from trial and the day of the shooting. 

The addition of the October 16, 2007 interview transcript to this issue would not have 

introduced a new avenue for impeachment, and it would not have greatly increased the 

strength of the impeachment evidence that did exist such that the jury might have found 

Murphy’s testimony identifying defendants as the shooters incredible.

There is other impeachment evidence within the October 16, 2007 interview 

transcript that potentially would have presented new avenues for impeachment by the 

defense, including what time Murphy left the community center, the motive for the initial 

confrontation with defendants Christian and Hinton, what time the shooting occurred, 

whether the unknown girl was present during the shooting, whether Person was on a bicycle 

at the time of the shooting, and whether Person and Murphy were sitting or standing at the 

 

Sergeant Gaspar: Yes or no?

Murphy: Probably not the other two suspects.

Sergeant Gaspar: But the original two. Okay. The one that did all 

the talking?

Murphy: Yeah.
14

time of the shooting.

7

 However, I would emphasize that these new avenues for 

impeachment are still of a similar character as those that were presented at trial (i.e., 

asserting that Murphy’s narrative of events and identification were false because Murphy 

was not consistent in his reiteration of the shooting). The October 16, 2007 interview does 

not, for example, offer evidence that Murphy was not credible for other reasons, like that 

Murphy was testifying in exchange for leniency in a pending case or that other evidence 

demonstrates that Murphy’s narrative was impossible. See, e.g., Napue v Illinois, 360 US 

264, 270; 79 S Ct 1173; 3 L Ed 2d 1217 (1959) (wherein a witness’s attempt to obtain a 

plea deal before testifying was material). 

 7 I note that some of these inconsistencies are somewhat unclear and, had they been 

presented at trial, are likely to have been cured by redirect examination. For example, the 

majority argues that the October 16, 2007 interview transcript establishes an inconsistency 

regarding Murphy’s description of the initial confrontation between two of the shooters 

and Person. The majority notes that, in the October 16, 2007 interview, “Murphy said that 

one of the men [who initially confronted Person] accused Person of snitching on his 

mom—unlike his later accounts, where he says one of the men accused Person of snitching 

on his brother.” This is true—Murphy reported that one of the men who confronted Person 

asked him, “You the dude that snitched on my moms?” and commented, “My moms don’t 

play with no snitches.” However, in the same interview, Murphy also expanded that 

“[Person] was around when this dude got caught with the weed . . . [and] [t]hey said he 

snitched on the dude that got caught with the weed.” Although Murphy’s reference to a 

mother is unique to the October 16, 2007 interview, Murphy does refer to a man who was 

allegedly snitched on because of a marijuana sale, which is consistent with his later 

statements. Accordingly, this statement is not irreconcilable with Murphy’s later 

statements. The majority also argues that the October 16, 2007 interview transcript shows 

that Murphy previously stated that the unknown girl was present at the shooting, but a more 

thorough review of the transcript shows that Murphy was somewhat ambivalent about that 

fact. He stated at the beginning of the interview that the girl was not there when the 

shooting started, but he later answered “I think so” when asked whether the girl was there 

for the shooting. While these pieces of the October 16, 2007 transcript present avenues for 

impeachment, given their ambiguity, their value is low. 
15

Moreover, I am unconvinced that these inconsistencies—even combined with the 

cumulative impeachment evidence described earlier—would have materially undermined 

Murphy’s identification of defendants. Murphy’s repeated recollections of the shooting

are not identical, but inconsistencies are common in eyewitness testimony and do not 

necessarily render evidence of those inconsistencies material. See, e.g., Chenault, 495 

Mich at 157-158 (finding that minor discrepancies in the identification of a shooter in 

different interviews did not undermine the identification). Murphy’s narrative of the event 

was largely consistent each time he gave it, including the chronology of his movements on 

the day in question and the descriptions of the shooters. Each time Murphy reiterated his 

narrative, he described traveling from the community center with his cousin, visiting an 

uncle’s home, meeting Person, wandering around the neighborhood, being confronted by 

two men regarding snitching and gang affiliations, and being chased and shot at by four 

persons later on in the evening. The inconsistencies identified by defendants appear to be 

the result of frailties in human recall, not organized mistruths. Accordingly, I cannot 

conclude that these minor inconsistencies present in the October 16, 2007 interview 

transcript would significantly affect Murphy’s credibility given his otherwise consistent 

narrative. Further, none of the inconsistencies presented in the October 16, 2007 interview 

transcript would cast new light on the strength of Murphy’s identifications of defendants 

as the shooters (for defendant Hinton, at the October 16, 2007 interview, and for the 

remainder of defendants, at the November 8, 2007 interview). And while the defense did 

not have access to the October 16, 2007 interview transcript at trial, it is worth noting that 

defense counsel challenged Murphy’s credibility at trial—specifically regarding his 
16

identification of defendants and narrative of events—and the jury nonetheless found 

Murphy to be credible. 

Moreover, significant other inculpatory evidence was presented at trial that 

corroborated Murphy’s narrative. That inculpatory evidence included defendant 

Christian’s possession of a weapon involved in the shooting about one week later, 

Christian’s ex-girlfriend and witness to the shooting placing Christian at the scene of the 

shooting, Christian apologizing to her after the crime, Christian and defendant Edwards 

repeatedly soliciting their cellmate to murder Murphy, Christian admitting to his cellmate

and to another acquaintance that he murdered Person, defendant Hinton stating to his 

former girlfriend that “his Uncle Kino [Christian] did the murder and also got him involved 

in the situation,” and Hinton and Christian’s suspicious phone call on the evening of the 

shooting. This inculpatory evidence is independent of Murphy’s testimony and is 

unaffected by the October 16, 2007 transcript’s potential for impeachment. And although 

the inculpatory evidence is independent of Murphy’s testimony, it does also bolster 

Murphy’s narrative. Notably, the trial judge, who personally and directly observed the 

admission of this evidence as well as Murphy’s testimony and therefore is better suited to 

judge Murphy’s credibility, concluded that the withholding of the evidence contained 

within the October 16, 2007 interview did not undermine confidence in the jury’s verdict. 

See People v Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 650 n 5; 576 NW2d 129 (1998) (M. F. CAVANAGH, 

J., concurring) (“The judge sees the witnesses, hears the testimony, and has a special 

perspective of the relationship between the evidence and the verdict which cannot be 

recreated by a reviewing court from the printed record.”) (quotation marks and citation 
17

omitted). On this record, I cannot say that the trial judge’s conclusion fell outside the range 

of reasonable and principled outcomes.8

In sum, I believe that the October 16, 2007 interview transcript would not “put the 

whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” Kyles, 514 

US at 435. Accordingly, I would not award defendants new trials on this basis.

IV. DEFENDANT HINTON’S ADDITIONAL CLAIM

In addition to his Brady claim, defendant Hinton also argues that his trial counsel 

rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to call two alibi witnesses, Joanna 

Tedford and Anthony Williams. At trial, Hinton argued that he was not involved in or 

present at the shooting and had instead been at Tedford’s apartment. In support of that 

alibi, defendant Edwards testified that he saw Hinton in the parking lot near Tedford’s 

apartment between 7:45 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. Additionally, Mickey Jones testified that he 

saw Hinton leave Tedford’s apartment at some point after the shooting. However, the 

shooting occurred around 8:00 p.m., and neither of these witnesses could testify as to 

whether Hinton was at Tedford’s apartment at this exact time. And despite having filed an 

alibi notice before trial identifying Tedford herself as a witness, defense counsel never 

called Tedford. Hinton now asserts that Tedford would have testified that he was present 

in her apartment during the shooting. Regarding the potential testimony of Williams, 

Hinton argues that Williams would have testified, contrary to Murphy’s testimony, that 

 8 “This Court reviews a trial court’s decision regarding a motion for relief from judgment 

for an abuse of discretion.” People v Washington, 508 Mich 107, 130 n 9; 972 NW2d 767 

(2021). “An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s decision falls outside the range 

of reasonable and principled outcomes.” People v Franklin, 500 Mich 92, 100; 894 NW2d 

561 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
18

Williams was with Person until shortly before the shooting and that Murphy had not been 

present.

Both the United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee criminal defendants 

the right to effective assistance of counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. To 

demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must (1) “ ‘show that counsel’s 

performance was deficient,’ ” and (2) “ ‘show that the deficient performance prejudiced 

the defense.’ ” People v Carbin, 463 Mich 590, 600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001), quoting 

Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 687; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). In 

proving deficient performance, defense counsel’s actions are measured against an objective 

standard of reasonableness, People v Reed, 449 Mich 375, 396; 535 NW2d 496 (1995), 

and the defendant must overcome “a strong presumption of effective counsel when it comes 

to issues of trial strategy,” People v Odom, 276 Mich App 407, 415; 740 NW2d 557 (2007). 

If a defendant shows that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard 

of reasonableness, the defendant must then “show the existence of a reasonable 

probability” that, but for this deficient performance, “the result of the proceeding would 

have been different.” Carbin, 463 Mich at 600. 

Hinton raised this ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim within a motion for relief 

from judgment. Generally speaking, a defendant may not raise in a motion for relief from 

judgment “grounds for relief which were decided against the defendant in a prior

appeal . . . .” MCR 6.508(D)(2). Further, if a defendant could have raised the issue on 

direct appeal, but did not, the defendant must establish “good cause” for the failure to do 

so, as well as “actual prejudice.” MCR 6.508(D)(3). To demonstrate “actual prejudice,” a 
19

defendant must show that “but for the alleged error, the defendant would have had a 

reasonably likely chance of acquittal[.]” MCR 6.508(D)(3)(b)(i). 

The Court of Appeals rejected Hinton’s claim, reasoning with regard to Tedford that 

appellate counsel had previously raised this claim on direct appeal—thus barring 

consideration under MCR 6.508(D)(2)—and that Tedford’s testimony was superfluous 

because Hinton’s alibi was established through the testimony of Jones and defendant 

Edwards instead. The Court of Appeals found Hinton’s argument with regard to Williams 

similarly meritless, reasoning that Williams’s testimony would not have challenged the 

prosecution’s witnesses. 

I disagree, and I would have remanded for an evidentiary hearing to further develop 

the factual record on this argument. Although defense counsel on direct appeal did 

technically raise an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel argument as to Tedford, Hinton 

makes a convincing argument that defense counsel’s performance in that matter was 

deficient. Defense counsel initially moved for a remand in the Court of Appeals, but failed 

to identify any particular deficiency for which factual development was required. 

Accordingly, the motion was denied. Defense counsel subsequently filed a supplemental 

brief with more thorough argument, but failed to renew the motion to remand. Under these 

circumstances, I do not believe the procedural bar of MCR 6.508(D)(2) should apply. 

Further, although Hinton’s alibi that he was at Tedford’s apartment at the time of 

shooting was generally supported by Jones’s and Edwards’s testimony, neither of these 

witnesses testified as to where Hinton was at the exact time of the shooting. Although the 

witnesses could place him generally near Tedford’s apartment on the evening in question, 

their testimony did not conclusively establish Hinton’s whereabouts at the time of the 
20

shooting. Tedford’s testimony may provide the specificity that the testimony elicited from 

Jones and Edwards at trial lacked. Williams’s proposed testimony—that he was with 

Person in the time leading up to the shooting—may also be probative of Hinton’s 

involvement in the shooting. Given that the additional inculpatory evidence presented at 

trial was arguably weakest against Hinton as compared to his fellow defendants, it is also 

possible that Hinton could succeed in proving that he received deficient performance of 

counsel and that the deficiency prejudiced him. 

To be clear, I express no opinion regarding whether Hinton should receive relief 

pursuant to his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel argument. However, considering the 

circumstances of the direct appeal, I believe Hinton has made a sufficient offer of proof to 

warrant an evidentiary hearing to further develop the record. 

V. CONCLUSION

Although the prosecution in this case failed to disclose Murphy’s October 16, 2007 

interview transcript to defendants before trial, there is not a reasonable probability that, had 

defendants received this evidence, the trial result would have been different. Accordingly, 

I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the withheld evidence was material, and I 

would not grant new trials to defendants. I would, however, remand for an evidentiary 

hearing to further explore defendant Hinton’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel argument.

Elizabeth T. Clement

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano