Annotated Bibliography 

on Artificial Recharge 

of Ground Water, 

1955-67

By D. C. SIGNOR, D. J. GROWITZ, and WILLIAM KAM

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1990

A sequel to Water-Supply Paper 1477

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 70-603551

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 204O2 Price 65 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Page

Introduction ____________________________ __________--_--__-_____ 1

Bibliography __.__. _ _ _ _________ _______________________ 3

Additional author index, _ __ __________ _^__ -_.__...-___.. _ -_._.. 123

Subject-geographic index --_______________._________--_____-_-_-. 125
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ARTIFICIAL 

RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER, 1955-67

By D. C. SIGNOR, D. J. GROWITZ, and WILLIAM KAM

INTRODUCTION

Artificial ground-water recharge has become more important as 

water use by agriculture, industry, and municipalities increases. 

Water management agencies are increasingly interested in potential use of recharge for pollution abatement, waste-water disposal, and re-use and reclamation of locally available supplies. 

Research projects and theoretical analyses of operational recharge systems show increased scientific emphasis on the practice. Overall ground-water basin management systems generally 

now contain considerations of artificial recharge, whether by 

direct or indirect methods.

Artificial ground-water recharge is a means of conserving 

surface runoff for future use in places where it would otherwise 

be lost, of protecting ground-water basins from salt-water encroachment along coastal areas, and of storing and distributing 

imported water.

The biblio-graphy emphasizes technology; however, annotations of articles on waste-water reclamation, ground-water 

management and ground-water basin management are included. 

Subjects closely related to artificial recharge, including colloidal 

flow through porous media, field or laboratory instrumentation, 

and waste disposal by deep well injection are included where they 

specifically relate to potential recharge problems.

Where almost the same material has been published in several 

journals, all references are included on the assumption that some 

publications may be more readily available to interested persons 

than others.

Other publications, especially those of foreign literature, provided abstracts that were used freely as time limitations precluded 

obtaining and annotating all materials. Abstracts taken from 

published sources are noted. These are: "Abstracts of North 

American Geology," U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological 

Survey; "Abstracts of Recent Published Material on Foil and 

Water Conservation," ARS-41 series, Agricultural F.esearch 

Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; "Water and1 Water
2 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Engineering," published by Fuel and Metallurgical Journals, Ltd., 

London, England; "Journal of Geophysical Research," American 

Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.; "American Society of 

Civil Engineers Transactions," New York; "Selected Bibliography of Hydrology, United Kingdom, for the Years 1955-59," 

International Association of Scientific Hydrology; "Water Wells, 

an Annotated Bibliography," California University Water Resources Center Archives Report 13; "Re-use of Effluent in the 

Future With an Annotated Bibliography," by G. A. Whetstone, 

Texas Water Development Board Report 8, Austin, Tex.; "Journal 

of Water Pollution Control Federation," Washington, D.C.; and 

"A List of Selected Technical References on Artificial Recharge 

of Ground-Water Reservoirs," compiled by Roy W. Graves, Tulsa 

University, Information Services Department, Tulsa, Okla. Other 

notations are self-explanatory, and initials are those of the authors (DCS, DJG, WK). An unpublished compilation of recharge 

references by Arnon Arad sponsored by the United Nations 

Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization during a training period with the U.S. Geological Survey was also used.

The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author. Where 

an author has more than one publication, the arrangement is 

chronological; where an author has more than one publication in 

a given year, a, b, c, . . . are added. The indexing is by subject 

and geographic location. Each article was assigned the key words 

or phrases to best characterize its contents. Units of measure are 

as they were in the original article; abbreviations retained are 

generally those in common use such as mg/1 (milligrams per 

liter), ppm (parts per million), gpm (gallons per minute), km 

(kilometers), m (meters), cu m per hr (cubic meters p^r hour), 

cfs (cubic feet per second), me/1 (milliequivalents per liter), psi 

(pounds per square inch), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), 

sq m (square meters), gpd (gallons per day), and mgd (million 

gallons per day).

The bibliography was prepared because of the worldwide interest in the field of artificial recharge and the need for a single 

source of references to the literature published since 1954. The 

work is a sequel to the "Annotated Bibliography on Artificial 

Recharge of Ground Water Through 1954," by D. K. Todd, U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1477, published in 1959.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aberbach, S. H.

1967. (and Sellinger, A.)- Review of artificial ground-water recharge in 

the Coastal Plain of Israel [with French abs.] : Internat. / ssoc. Sci. 

Hydrology Bull., v. 12, no. 1, p. 65-77.

The Coastal Plain aquifer of Israel, of Pliocene-Pleistocene age, stretches 

from Binyamina in the north to the Gaza Strip in the south a distance of 

about 112 km and has an average width of about 15 km. The allowed withdrawal is estimated at about 200 MCM/year [million cu m per year].

As a result of an average yearly withdrawal of 426 MCM/year during the 

last 10 years, the water levels dropped to a dangerously low position below 

sea level at distances of 3-5 km from the coast, causing sea water intrusion 

which, in Tel Aviv and Emek Hefer, endangered water-supply wells.

As a countermeasure, artificial ground-water recharge through wells was 

practiced in Emek Hefer since 1959. Recharge was practiced in 7 wells at a 

rate of 6 MCM/year, the water coming from adjacent Cretaceous limestone 

aquifers.

In Tel Aviv a fresh-water barrier was established in 1964 by injecting Lake 

Kinereth water into 17 wells during winter at a rate of 6 MCM/winter. In 

the rest of the Coastal Plain, water was injected to the aquifer through 

about 40-45 wells at a total yearly rate of about 10-12 MCM.

Recharge by spreading is practiced in Yavneh at a rate of about 10-13 

MCM/winter; also recharge by spreading is practiced with flooc'water of 

Nahal Shikma at a rate of up to 8 MCM/winter. (Authors' abs.)

Alexander, W. A.

1959. Ground-water recharge in lower Tule River Irrigation D :strict, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water 

Management Research Br., p. 82-84.

Cyclic storage in the lower Tule River Irrigation District is encouraged. 

Artificial recharge from sinking basins, earth canals, overirrigation and 

percolation from the Tule River and its natural distributaries is reviewed. 

(DJG)

Amramy, Aaron

1965. Waste treatment for ground-water recharge: Internat. Jour. Air 

and Water Pollution, v. 9, n. 10, p. 605-619, table.

Plans for waste-water reclamation from the metropolitan area of Tel Aviv, 

Israel, by ground-water recharge are discussed. Infiltration studies in 

spreading basins are described. The author concludes that, for the Tel Aviv 

conditions, it is not necessary to subject waste water to conventional methods 

of biological treatment in order to produce an effluent suitable for recharge; 

instead the relatively cheaper method of sewage treatment by lagoons, at 

much heavier loadings than currently used as design criteria in the United 

States, is sufficient for the purpose. An effluent from sewage stabilization
4 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

lagoons, containing suspended organic matter largely in the form of live 

algae, can be applied to dune sand overlying suitable subsoil layers without 

the danger of clogging and without marked diminution of the infiltration 

rate. The recharged water, subsequently recovered from properly spaced 

wells, can attain potable quality providing the spreading basins ar3 operated 

intermittently. (From author's conclusions.)

Archambault, J.

1967. (and Margat, J.)- L'alimentation artificielle des nappes en France 

[Artificial recharge of aquifers in France] [in French with English 

abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 213-217.

The paper summarizes the study of artificial recharge and underground 

storage in France. It presents the objectives of the study together with the 

main achievements in these fields. (From authors' abs.)

Arya, S. P. S.

1966. (and Chandra, Satish). Design principles of artificial recharge 

projects: Irrigation and Power [India], v. 23, no. 2, p. 257-276.

The aim of the authors in presenting this paper is to formulate some 

principles and a procedure for the design of artificial recharge projects based 

on the available theoretical and experimental work on the subject. The fields 

in which further research is needed are also pointed out. (From abs. in 

Water and Water Eng.)

Baars, J. K.

1957. Artificial ground-water production by biofiltration in fine sandy 

soils: Jour. Sci. Food and Agriculture, v. 8, p. 610-616, tables.

In connection with the artificial production of ground waters, a distinction 

must be made between those systems which are continuously in operation and 

those which are only run during autumn, winter, and early spring. The 

difference between the two systems is of fundamental importance with regard 

to the oxygen supply needed for mineralization.

Given the right conditions, the purifying effect of the soil mry be considerable. These conditions include the availability of oxidizing agents and 

whether free oxygen or nitrate oxygen is present in sufficient quantity to 

oxidize the organic matter in the water. If this condition is fulfilled, fine 

sandy soil may be considered an ideal medium for this oxidation process. 

Coarser material, having a smaller ratio of surface area to volume, is less 

suitable, because the water passes through more quickly. In fissured rocks, 

considerable velocities may be attained and purification will be very doubtful. 

In such situations, layers of sand should be employed on these ro?ks, which 

may thus form a medium where oxidation can take place. (From author's 

conclusion.)

1958. (and Boorsma, H. J.). Pollution of ground water: Internat. Assoc. 

Sci. Hydrology Pub. 44, v. 2, p. 279-289, tables.

A general consideration is given on the theoretical possibilities of oxidizing polluting substances present in surface waters by bacterial action when 

this water penetrates into the soil toward the ground water.

The paramount importance of the presence of oxygen, free or in the nitrate 

form, is pointed out. This is confirmed by results of an investigation made of
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 5

the artificial ground-water scheme, now in operation, in the dures of the 

coastal region in the Netherlands. (From authors' abs.)

Baffa, J. J.

1967. (and Bartilucci, N. J.). Wastewater reclamation by ground-water 

recharge on Long Island: Water Pollution Control Federation Jour., 

v. 39, no. 3, pt. 1, p. 431-445.

All the communities in Nassau and Suffolk Counties draw their water from 

the Cretaceous-Quarternary beds with a sustained water table under unsewered areas and a falling water table under sewered areas, ^he availability of waste-water effluents offers a means of supplementing tl e natural 

supply and preventing salt-water intrusion. Methods of waste-water renovation for various ultimate uses are described. Recharge wells are compared 

with recharge basins, and preliminary results on the Riverhead, N.Y., injection-well research project are given. (From Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

Balch, W. T.

1957. (and Jans, Melvin). Water-spreading activities of the Kern County 

Land Company and North Kern Water Storage District, in Conf. 

on water spreading for ground-water recharge, Proc.: California 

Univ. Water Resources Center Contr. 7, p. 57-60.

Two aspects of water spreading are briefly discussed. The first is the effect 

of spreading on ground water and the second is the development of operation 

criteria. (WK)

Banks, H. O.

1957. (Richter, R. C., and Harder, James). Sea water intrusion in California: Am. Water Well Assoc. Jour., v. 49, no. 1, p. 71-88.

The paper discusses sea-water intrusion and its control by maintenance of 

a fresh-water ridge above sea level along the coast. Previous investigations 

by the California Division of Water Resources are reviewed, and the West 

Coast Basin project operated by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District near Manhattan Beach in Los Angeles County is discussed. Recharge 

operations, including data on recharge injection rates and results of the injection, are presented. Laboratory and model studies are cited. (DCS)

Barraclough, J. T.

1966. Waste injection into a deep limestone in northwestern Florida: 

Ground Water, v. 4, no. 1, p. 22-24.

During a 3-month trial period, 10 million gallons of industrial wastes were 

successfully injected at moderate pressures into a deep limestone in the 

westernmost part of Florida. (From author's abs.)

Barksdale, H. C.

1955. (and Remson, Irwin). The effect of land-management practices on 

ground water: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 37, v. 2, p. 

520-525.

Artificial recharge as effected by land-management practices and infiltration is briefly mentioned. Examples of waste-water spreading at Seabrook, 

N.J., are described. (WK)
6 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Baumann, Paul

1955. Ground water phenomena related to basin recharge: Am. Soc. 

Civil Engineers Proc., Hydraulics Div. Jour., v. 81, Paper 806, 25 p.

The artificial recharge of ground-water basins, which in Los Angeles 

County has been practiced for almost 60 years, has proved to be most beneficial as a conservation measure. From June 1915 to January 1955, the Los 

Angeles County Flood Control District has added some 1,200,000 g.cre-feet of 

potable water to the ground-water supply by percolation from basins in offchannel spreading grounds and injection through wells. (From author's 

synopsis.)

1957. Basin recharge, in Ground-water development A symposium: Am. 

Soc. Civil Engineers Trans., v. 122, Paper 2869, p. 458-474.

Recharge through strip basins and basins whose shape is approximately 

circular is discussed. Growth and dissipation of ground-water mounds are 

discussed in relation to the original ground-water surface, movement, control, 

and pumping.

Recharge through wells in the Manhattan Beach area, Los Ange'es County, 

Calif., to stop salt-water encroachment is cited. Data are given showing the 

fresh-water barrier at various stages and the injection rates through wells. 

(DCS)

1963a. Theoretical and practical aspects of well recharge: Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers Trans., v. 128, Paper 3442, p. 739-754.

A comparison between water wells and recharge wells as concerns the cone 

of depression and ground-water mound is made based on theoretical aspects. 

Control of native ground water by recharge wells in confined and unconfined 

aquifers is treated. Utilization of a spreading strip as opposed to recharge 

wells for ground-water control is discussed for both open aquifers and those 

with impervious surficial layers. An analysis of fresh-water barriers to saltwater encroachment is presented including performance information on the 

fresh-water barrier of the Los Angeles County Flood Control District in the 

West Basin aquifer of Los Angeles County, Calif. Practical aspects of 

recharge well operation are given. (DCS)

1963b. Hydraulics of ground-water mounds, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. 

conf. on ground-water recharge and ground-water basin management, 

4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Ground Water 

Recharge Center, 4 p.

Observations on ground-water mounds developed under spreading operations and pressure ridges developed by well recharge in the control of saltwater encroachment are discussed. (DJG)

1965. Technical development in ground-water recharge, in Chow, V. T., 

ed., Advances in hydroscience, v. 2: New York, Academic Press, 

p. 209-278.

A comprehensive discussion of ground-water recharge is presented with a 

review of the historical background of artificial recharge in California. The 

author presents a mathematical treatment of two-dimensional flow under 

steady and unsteady flow conditions based on an idealized aquifer. Theoretical aspects of the two- and three-dimensional mound phenomenon are pre-
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 7

sented with model test results for two-dimensional flow for comparison. 

Empirical formulae and operational aspects are discussed in relation to 

recharge from strip basins and circular spreading grounds, as well as 

theoretical and practical aspects of recharge through wells. (WK)

Bear, Jacob

1965. (and Jacobs, Martin). On the movement of water bodies injected 

into aquifers: Jour. Hydrology, v. 3, no. 1, p. 35-57.

The paper deals with artificial replenishment through wells and with the 

movement of water bodies injected into confined aquifers. Two cases have 

been investigated: (1) Injection through a single well under steady flow, 

and (2) the movement of injected water bodies under nonsteady flow conditions. The recovery ratio of injected water to native ground water in the 

water pumped through the same well and the extent of mixing in the 

pumped water were determined. (From authors' abs.)

1966. (and Braester, Carol). Flow from infiltration basins to drains and 

wells: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Hydraulics Div. Jour., v. 92, 

no. HY-5, p. 115-134.

Theoretical derivations of flow rates, and their dependence on geometry 

and boundary conditions which would apply to the design of a f oodwater 

interception recharge plant are made. Two types of plants are considered:

(1) Infiltration basins in the form of long parallel channels with drains 

parallel to and midway between the channels leading to recharge wells, and

(2) drainage wells used to collect the infiltering water. Characteristics of 

the flow pattern for both systems and the underlying assumptions of the 

analysis are enumerated. Three cases are treated under each of two flow 

situations, two dimensional flow and axisymmetric flow. The cases are: 

(1) With heavy clogging, the infiltration rate is small and the mound is 

created under the basin, (2) with little clogging, the infiltration rate is high 

and the water table reaches the basin's bottom, and (3) at intermediate 

infiltration rates the mound rises and touches part of the basin's bottom. 

The analysis is to be applied to an area in Israel where previous material is 

situated on an impervious stratum above the main aquifer. (DCS)

1967a. (and Bachmat, Y.). A generalized theory on hydrodynamic dispersion in porous media [with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. 

Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 7-16.

The phenomenon of hydrodynamic dispersion occurs in problems of underground mixing of waters of different quality. In these problems, any identifiable solute may serve as a tracer.whose concentration distribution indicates 

the mixing.

A review is given of the microscopic and macroscopic factors of the medium 

and the liquid, which affect the mixing phenomenon. The paper presents a 

generalized macroscopic dispersion theory based on the hydrodyramics of 

the microflow through a porous medium model and on statistical averaging 

procedures. The macroscopic parameters appearing in the averaged transport 

equations and their interrelations are analyzed. The problem of determining 

the tracer concentration distribution, under field conditions encountered in 

the practice, is stated mathematically in the form of a set of equations and 

boundary and initial conditions. (Authors' abs.)
8 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

1967b. (and Levin, O.). The optimal yield of an aquifer [with French 

abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 401-412.

The proposed approach is introduced through the analysis of a simple 

model, representing a homogeneous strip of coastal aquifer, perpendicular 

to the coast, which already includes pumping and recharge installations. 

The problem of the optimal operation of this system during a given number 

of time units (seasons) is presented as a conditional planning problem. The 

solution requires the formulation of an optimal operation policy for each of 

the seasons; that is, it requires the determination of the functional dependence of the decision variables (quantities of water pumped and recharged) 

on the state of the system (quantities of water stored in the aquifer) at the 

beginning of the season. This solution defines the optimal yield of the considered aquifer. (From authors' abs.)

Berend, J. E.

1962. Seepage tests for spreading grounds: Tel Aviv, Tahal Water 

Planning for Israel, Ltd., Pub. 267, 20 p.

Spreading-ground seepage rates are important factors in planning groundwater replenishment projects. The report deals with the soil's natural 

infiltration capacity. Types of soil underlying spreading grounds- the flow 

phenomena in uniform and layered systems, and horizontal seepage are 

treated. Seepage-testing methods designed to determine the suitability of 

sites for the purpose of spreading grounds are compared. In the conclusions, 

it was pointed out that seepage tests in small ponds have been found to be 

the most suitable testing method. (DCS)

1967a. An analytical approach to the clogging effect of suspended matter: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull., v. 12, no. 2, p. 42-55.

Suspended mineral matter was found to be the dominant factor in reducing 

infiltration rates in floodwater spreading operations, through the creation 

of an impervious film on the soil surface. Although concentration of a few 

thousand milligrams per liter is conducive to almost complete clogging after 

several hours, even a few tens of milligrams per liter generally has a greater 

influence than the other clogging factors (biological and chemophysical). 

Desilting of floodwaters prior to spreading is therefore essential, if the 

effectiveness of spreading grounds is to be kept on a high level.

In carrying out research and planning of floodwater utilization in Israel, 

analytical tools for the evaluation and prediction of the clogging process 

have obviously been required. Observations and theoretical considerations 

have led to the development of formulas and to the determination of their 

constants.

The formulas obtained not only fit laboratory experiments and field observations remarkably well but can be applied to forecast seepage rates of 

irregularly shaped spreading systems fed irregularly from detention reservoirs. A system optimization method, highest average seepage rate for 

spreading and treatment cycles, was also evolved. (From author's summ.)

1967b. (Rebhun, M., and Kahana, Yona). Use of storm runoff for artificial recharge: Am. Soc. Agr. Engineers Trans., v. 10, no. 5, p. 

678-684.

Artificial recharge into the ground has been found to be the only feasible 

method of utilizing flood runoff water in Israel. A wide program of studies
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 9

has been undertaken concerning artificial recharge, the more important of 

which referred to in the paper are: (1) quality of waters and their response 

to treatment, (2) infiltration capacity of spreading grounds, site selection, 

and analysis of infiltration phenomena, and (3) the process of clogging, its 

prevention and corrective measures. The paper contains a comprehensive 

presentation of the study areas enumerated containing data and analyses. It 

was concluded that the sediment load is the most serious problem to be 

considered in the utilization of storm runoff by artificial recharge. Future 

investigations were discussed and the elements of a proposed pilot plant 

located at the Shiqma Project in southern Israel were enumerated. (DCS)

Bernard, G. C.

1955. Effect of reactions between interstitial and injected waters on 

permeability of rocks: Producers Monthly, v. 20, no. 2, p. 2"-32.

Various waters were injected into Berea sandstone which wore incompatible with the interstitial waters that had been used to saturate the sandstone. In no case was a change in permeability of the rock observed. It is 

concluded that there is no danger of plugging a rock by injecting into it a 

water which is incompatible with the interstitial waters in the rocks. (Author's abs.)

Berry, W. L.

1962. Ground water in California's future, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. 

conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 19^1, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., 

Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 14 p.

The role of underground storage in developing California's water resources 

in the most economical manner is discussed, together with the physical, engineering, and legal problems that will be encountered with utilizatior of underground storage. (DJG)

Bianchi, W. C.

1959. A broad view of ground-water replenishment by recharge irrigation 

in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and 

Water Management Research Br., p. 100-102.

The process of replenishment by recharge irrigation is broadly categorized 

into factors of: (1) diversion, (2) transportation and distribution, (3) application, and (4) percolation. From the factors involved, a regional recharge index is defined to allow comparisons of potential recharge capacities 

of different regions. The idea of an index is extended to a seasonal basis. 

If other factors are not limiting, recharge irrigation potential is controlled 

by the percolation rate. (DCS)

1964. (and Haskell, E. E., Jr.). Field measurement of soil water movement during artificial ground-water recharge: Am. Soc. Agr. Engineers Trans., v. 7, no. 3, p. 341-343.

Two experimental plots above an alluvium profile in Fresno County, Calif., 

were instrumented with a neutron meter access tube and an observation well. 

Piezometers were jetted to the top of fine-textured soil layers and perching 

layers. The value of the observations was in their use in predicting how 

layered profiles react if flow is limited within the profile or at the surface.
10 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Nuclear scattering methods for moisture content and wet density determinations coupled with the piezometers provided sufficient information to 

define flow limiting zones and to make approximations of vertical recharge 

rate. Estimates of the area over which the vertical recharge rate is effective 

at the water table can be calculated. The recharge rate and its associated 

area are important conditions in evaluation of ground-water-mound shape 

theory. (DCS)

1966. (and Haskell, E. E., Jr.). Air in the vadose zone as it effects water 

movements beneath a recharge basin: Water Resources Research, v. 

2, no. 2, p. 315-322.

The shape of the advancing wet front beneath an experimental recharge 

area can be attributed to the distribution of entrapped air above it. The 

apparent rise of the water table prior to the arrival of the wet front results 

from a localized response of observation wells to pressures associated with 

air movements between the water table and wet front. The curvature of the 

wet front and the premature response of the observation wells make it 

difficult to determine, from observation well hydrographs, the initial position 

of the "static" water table and the time that recharge commences. (Authors' abs.)

Biemond, C.

1957. Dune water flow and replenishment in the catchment area of the 

Amsterdam water supply: Inst. Water Engineers Jour., v. 11, no. 2, 

p. 195-213, table.

To prevent further salt-water intrusion into the dune area from which 

Amsterdam draws its water supply, recharging of Rhine River water by 

means of infiltration canals is anticipated. The highly polluted Rhine River 

water is expected to undergo natural purification during recharge. Mathematical calculations are being continued in an attempt to define the boundary 

between fresh and salt water resulting from recharge. (DJG)

1965. Enkele speciale vraagstukken van ondergrondse voorraad vorming 

[Some special problems of subterraneous storage] [in Dutch with 

English summ.]: Water [Netherlands], Sept., p. 281-286.

Storage of water for public supply is common practice to variable degrees. 

Its normal purpose is equalization of transmission. The capacity of recharged 

gathering grounds for storage is very great. If, however, there enter into 

the picture not only quantity aspects but also quality aspects, the degree to 

which subterraneous reservoirs are exploited to even out differences in quality 

is still much more important. If the source from which the raw water is 

abstracted is temporarily unusable, the storage capacity in the gathering 

grounds may serve for long periods. Special problems for the system, based 

upon abstractions of polluted water from the Rhine River recharged in 

dune areas, are formed by the high degree of mineralization which makes the 

river water temporarily unfit for direct distribution. Levels of 400 ppm 

chlorides and 1,000 ppm total solids may be reached in dry years during 

periods of considerable length; examples are demonstrated showing that 

under these circumstances water can be supplied with maximum levels of 

150 ppm chloride and 500 ppm total solids. (From abs. in Water ard Water 

Eng.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 H

Biggar, J. W.

1959. Leaching of soil salines in relation to ground-water recharge, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Ft. Collins, Colo., Western Soil and 

Water Management Research Br., p. 22-31, tables.

Soils through which recharge water infiltrates should be investigated due 

to the salinity characteristics that can be imparted to the recharge water. 

Leaching curves are prepared and discussed for Yolo loam top soil mixed 

with various salt combinations. (DJG)

1962. Considerations in the use of chloride and tritium in ground-water 

recharge operations, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on groundwater recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil 

and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water 

Recharge Lab., 3 p.

The tracer-medium interaction results in serious error when estimating 

the velocity and volume of flow in the medium. Furthermore, reliable dispersion coefficients for a medium can be obtained only when the investigator 

considers spreading of the tracer by molecular diffusion as well as velocity 

dispersion and the interaction of these two processes. (Author's conclusion.)

Billingsley, Ray

1960. How much does recharge water cost: Cross Section, v. 6, no. 11, 

p. 4, table.

The author considers several variable factors in the cost of a recharge 

well operation in the High Plains of Texas. A table summarize,'? the compounded costs per acre-foot of water recharged for playa lakes of various 

sizes and the time periods for a recharge installation costing $2,000. The 

author concludes that artificially recharged water can be the source of an 

attractive return on investment. (WK)

Bittinger, M. W.

1962. Ground-water recharge research in Colorado, 1961, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, 

Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research 

Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 9 p.

Research summaries, including purpose, procedures, and status of current 

projects dealing with artificial recharge are presented. (DJG)

1965. (and Trelease, F. J.). Development and dissipation of a groundwater mound: Am. Soc. Agr. Engineers Trans., v. 8, no. 1, p. 103-104, 

106.

The equation developed in the paper describes the variation, with time, 

of the shape of the ground-water mound which forms beneath a spreading 

basin. The development is based on the usual assumptions common to 

ground-water theory plus assumption of: (1) a circular spreading basin with 

uniform infiltration rate over the entire area, (2) a mound formed by periodic 

instantaneous releases of disks of ground water, and (3) a mound top that 

does not come into contact with the bed of the spreading basin. The equation 

was used to compute the expected rise in water levels in northeastern Colorado
12 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

in observation wells located near a spreading basin for which field measurements were available.

Comparison between field observations and computed water table rises due 

to artificial recharge show that influences of recharge may be predicted. 

Knowledge of aquifer characteristics is required. It was also found that for 

distances of observation greater than 2.5 times the radius of the spreading 

basin, the Theis nonequilibrium equation may be used. (DCS)

Blair, J. F.

1959. Recharge system offers hope for irrigation wells: Land Improvement, v. 6, no. 11, p. 16.

One of the most promising methods of saving water for irrigation farmers 

in west Texas is a combination irrigation-recharge well that the farmer drills 

on the edge of a wet-weather (playa) lake. When the lake is full of runoff 

water, a valve is opened, and the water drains into the well via a constructed 

ditch. Water from rainy seasons, previously left to evaporate, now can 

recharge the partially exhausted aquifer. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. Material 

on Soil and Water Conserv.)

Bliss, E. S.

1957. (and Johnson, C. E.) Water-spreading research and rese?rch needs 

in the Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, in Conf. on 

water spreading for ground-water recharge, Proc.: California Univ. 

Water Resources Center Contr., no. 7, p. 67-77.

Objectives and results of studies in water-spreading research by the Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, 

at Bakersfield, Calif., are discussed. (WK)

Blyth, F. G. H.

1958. The use and conservation of underground water: Cherristry and 

Industry, no. 37, p. 1182-1184.

Artificial replenishment or recharge of aquifers is presented for consideration as a method of conserving ground-water sources in England. The difficulties and considerations in recharge activities are discussed and recharge 

operations cited. Some data are presented that describe replenishment of the 

Chalk Formation below east London. (DCS)

Boggess, D. H.

1962. (and Rima, D. R.). Experiments in water spreading at Newark, 

Delaware: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1594-B, 15 p., table.

Two experiments in water spreading were made at Newark, Del., to 

evaluate the prospect of using excess storm runoff to recharge the shallow 

water table aquifer serving the community. Although slightly more than 

65,000 cubic feet of water were spread in an infiltration ditch and allowed 

to seep into the subsurface, no appreciable gain was recorded in the producing 

aquifer because of the presence of an impermeable bed above the main water 

table. (From authors' abs.)

Boniface, E. S.

1959. Some experiments in artificial recharge in the Lower Lee Valley: 

Inst. Civil Engineers Proc., v. 14, p. 325-338.

Artificial recharge operations are described at three neighboring well stations in the London Basin. Potable water was passed into the Chalk Formation
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 13

and Tertiary sands during the winter, and this augmented the yield during 

the succeeding summer and autumn. The procedure adopted is exp] ained and 

the effects of the recharge on the quality of ground water is discussed. The 

economics of recharge are considered. (Selected Bibliog. of Hydrology, United 

Kingdom, 1955-59.)

Bookman, Max

1957. California's water resources and plans for their development, in 

Industrial uses of water in California: California Univ. Water Resources Center Contr., no. 3, p. 11-23.

The overall water-supply picture and plans for developing the State's 

water resources are summarized. Artificial recharge, consisting of the injection of reclaimed sewage and flood water is mentioned as a part of this plan. 

(WK)

1959. Waste water role in meeting water requirements: Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers Proc., Sanitary Eng. Div. Jour., v. 85, no. SA-6, p-^.per 2255, 

p. 111-125, tables.

In the water deficient area in the southern part of California, the recharging of ground-water basins by spreading or injection is the most promising 

market for reclaimed water. This indirect use of reclaimed water would 

serve all prevailing beneficial uses to which water secured by pumping from 

ground-water basins is put. (WK)

Boot, U. S.

1967. (Ljalko, U. I., and Falovsky, A. A.). Electromodelling as an effective method of prognosticating resources of underground water during 

their replenishment [with French abst.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 17-22.

Underground water resources replenishment is successfully being evaluated by an electromodeling method.

The corresponding devices for artificial underground water recharge and 

for their following captation are established on electroconductive models of 

explored territory.

Determined tensions (the strength of the current) given on recharging 

devices and measured on modeled captation allow to evaluate the effectiveness 

of different ways of replenishment.

This method is used for prognoses of underground water replenishment on 

Donbas drafts. (Authors' abs.)

Bosch, H.

1965. Constructie van infiltratie en winningsmiddelen [Constructional 

outlines for artificial recharge schemes] [in Dutch with English 

summ.]: Water [Netherlands], July, p. 205-211, 224-230.

Problems involved in an average scheme for artificial recharge of an 

aquifer and some of their solutions are discussed. Special attention is paid 

to artificial recharge practiced on a large scale in the Netherlands coastal 

area where the dune catchment areas are recharged with pretreated surface 

water from the Rhine River. Thus, these catchment areas constitute fresh 

water sources for many Dutch communities. (From abs. in Water and Water 

Eng.)
14 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Bouwer, Herman

1962a. Analyzing ground-water mounds by resistance network: Am. Soc. 

Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 88, no. IR-3, 

pt. 1, p. 15-36.

A technique for predicting quantitative behavior of ground-water mounds 

below recharge areas is presented. The technique is applicable to stable or 

moving mounds, two-dimensional or radial flow systems, and uniform or 

nonuniform soils. Equations are derived for estimating rate of rise or fall 

of the center of the mound. (Author's synopsis.)

1962b. Cylindrical devices in investigations of seepage, rechargre, infiltration, and hydraulic conductivity [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 

67, no. 9, p. 3531.

The flow systems occurring in saturated soil which is below a body of free 

water, when a cylinder is pushed a certain distance into the soil and when 

the water level inside the cylinder differs from that outside the cylinder, were 

analyzed with an electrical resistance network and characterized by means 

of dimensionless "flow factors." Application of these flow factors was then 

made in the development of: (1) a falling-head technique for measuring 

seepage and hydraulic conductivity of bottom material in canals, reservoirs, 

recharge pits, etc., with cup-type devices, (2) a double-tube method for 

measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity in situ above a water table with 

two concentric tubes in an auger hole, and (3) an analysis of the error in 

the infiltration rates determined with buffered cylinders if the water levels 

in cylinder and buffer are not the same. The more significant featur?s of these 

developments were discussed. Examples of application of the methods were 

presented. (Abs. in Jour. Geophys. Research.)

1962c. Measuring soil permeability above a water table, and analyzing 

ground-water mound behavior with a resistance network analog, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. 

Research Div, Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 3 p.

This contribution reports on two projects in progress at the U.S. Water 

Conservation Laboratory, Tempe, Ariz., which relate directly to grcund-water 

recharge, particularly to planning and executing research or investigation 

type programs in this field. The two projects are: (1) measuring soil permeability above a water table, and (2) analyzing ground-water mound behavior 

with a resistance network analog. (DJG)

1963a. The flow system below a water spreading basin [with French abs.] : 

Internat. Comm. Irrig. and Drainage Gong., 5th, Tokyo, Japan, Trans., 

v. 6, question 18, p. 89-106.

The flow system between a recharge basin and the lower mound may consist 

of a number of perched mounds and percolation zones. The flow conditions 

governing formation and recession of individual mounds can be of considerable complexity. With a resistance network analog, nonuniformities and 

complexities in soil and boundary conditions can be taken into account. 

Solutions may be obtained regarding rise, fall, or equilibrium state of mounds 

above original water tables and perching layers for two-dimensional or axial 

symmetric flow systems. (From author's summ.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 15

1963b. (and Rice, R. C.). Seepage meters in seepage and recharge studies: 

Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jovr., v. 89, 

no. IR-1, pt. 1, p. 17-42.

A falling-head theory and field procedures are presented for measuring 

seepage and hydraulic conductivity of bottom materials in canals or ponds 

with seepage meters. Manometer techniques are used for measuring falling 

head. The method is applicable to uniform bottoms and to material that is 

underlain by much more, or much less, permeable soil. In addition, hydraulic 

impedance of thin, slowly permeable layers can be measured. Examples are 

presented showing the application of the technique to investigation of seepage 

and recharge, and in field evaluation of artificial soil sealants for reducing 

seepage. (Abs. in Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Trans.)

1967. Field measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity in initially 

unsaturated soil [with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology 

Pub. 72, p. 243-251.

The paper discusses recent developments for measuring essentially vertical 

hydraulic conductivity, K, in the zone between soil surface and the water 

table. Seepage meters are suitable for measuring K of bottom material (including impedance of clogged surfaces) and local infiltration rates and 

gradients in spreading basins. A newly developed permeameter-type device 

enables relatively rapid field measurement of K and the negative soil-water 

pressure whereby K undergoes its first reduction. The method is applicable 

to surface and subsurface soil layers and data are obtained for sorption as 

well as for desorption. Field experiences with the double tube methcd will be 

summarized and certain desirable design and operational features will be 

presented. Relatively deep ^-measurements can be made by determining 

infiltration rates and gradients at the bottom of auger holes and we1 Is. Fastreacting piezometers which enable pressure measurement shortly after insertion were developed for this purpose. The paper concludes with a brief 

discussion how the K-data obtained can be used in analytical, analog, or 

digital models for predicting total flow system below spreading basins, including infiltration rates, or transmission losses from ephemeral streams. 

(Author's abs.)

Brewer, Elijah

1959. Ground-water replenishment in the San Joaquin Valley, Central 

Valley Project, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water 

recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western 

Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 53.

Results of surface spreading of imported water from Millerton Lake are 

discussed. (DJG)

Broadhurst, W. L.

1955a. (and Willis, G. W.). Rains activate recharge experimert: Cross 

Section, v. 1, no. 12, p. 1.

In the High Plains a recharge well experiment using runoff accumulation 

in a playa lake for injection is described. Injection rates ranged fro"n a high 

of 1,050 gpm to a low of 200 gpm. After 8 days about 13 acre-feet were 

recharged. (WK)
16 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

1955b. (and Willis, G. W.). Recharge experiment successful: Johnson 

Natl. Drillers Jour., v. 27, no. 5, p. 5-6.

See Broadhurst, W. L., 1955a.

1957a. Experiment recharge well taking over one million gallons of water 

per day: Cross Section, v. 3, no. 11, p. 3.

Artificial recharge tests through a well with surface-water runoff from a 

playa lake in the High Plains of Texas are described. Injection rates decreased as the formation clogged with sediment. Pumping only once a day to 

remove sediment indicated that a recharge rate of 920 gpm could be maintained. (WK)

1957b. Another recharge well does the job: Cross Section, v. 4, no. 2, 

p. 2-3.

Playa-lake water near Lubbock, Tex., was used in recharging 210 acre-feet 

of water through a recharge well in a 41-day period. Variation in injection 

rate is illustrated. (WK)

1960a. Practices on the High Plains of Texas in Ground-water recharge 

and conservation: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 52, no. 12, p. 

1491-1492.

The situation concerning water supply and natural recharge ir the High 

Plains of Texas was described. Artificial recharge tests through wells from 

surface-water runoff in a playa lake were discussed as were reports on the 

sediment problem encountered with playa-lake water and the use of chemicals 

to flocculate suspended solids in the water. (DCS)

1960b. Recharge well used in conducting flocculating chemical test: Cross 

Section, v. 7, no. 2, p. 1.

A recharge well which took 1,153,000 gallons of playa-lake water during a 

49-hour test in Lubbock County, Tex., is described. Aerial application of a 

liquid flocculant prior to recharge did not significantly affect the suspendedsediment concentration apparently as a result of calm wind conditions. 

(DJG)

1962. High Plains Water District tries centrifuge in artificial recharge 

studies: Cross Section, v. 9, no. 3, p. 1.

A mechanism for removing all suspended matter from playa-lake water 

prior to recharge in the High Plains of Texas was tested. The results of the 

tests indicated the centrifuge-like mechanism was inadequate. (WK)

Brown, P. G.

1965. Potential uses of reclaimed municipal waste water in Bienn. microbiology symposium, 2d, Anaheim, Calif., 1964, Proc.: Am. Petroleum 

Inst., Paper 18, p. 144-155.

A need is stated for closer working relationships between petro^um engineering and sanitary engineering personnel, particularly as to use of 

reclaimed domestic sewage and industrial waste for industrial purposes, 

including oil-field repressurization. Listed potential uses of reclaimed sewage 

and domestic wastes which are described include agricultural reuse, recreational reuse, industrial reuse, and indirect general reuse. Emphasis is placed 

on necessary quality and treatment of such reclaimed water for artificial
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 17

injection into aquifers supplying water for general purposes. A description 

is given of a proposed project in Orange County, Calif., similar to the successful demonstration in Los Angeles County, to create a ground-water mound 

and trough to halt a dangerous intrusion of ocean water into the valuable 

ground-water basins underlying the coastal plain of Orange County. (Tulsa 

Univ., Inf. Services Dept.)

Brown, S. G.

1963. Problems of utilizing ground water in the west-side business district 

of Portland, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-0, 

42 p., tables.

Water from the Troutdale sand and gravel aquifer and the underlying 

Columbia River basalt aquifer is being used for cooling and heating purposes 

and for industrial uses. Water levels are declining even though so^ne of the 

water is recharged through wells.

In some places, cooling water withdrawn from the Troutdale aquifer is 

recharged to the basalt aquifer, while in other places just the opposite is 

practiced. As a result of these practices and from leakage of connate water 

from underlying marine beds, the water quality of the aquifers has been 

impaired.

The data presently available indicate that with continued uncoordinated 

increases in pumping and artificial recharge, the problems mentioned above 

probably will increase. (DJG)

Bruington, A. E.

1959a. Progress on barrier to sea water intrusion: Am. Soc. C: vil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 85, no. IR-3, pt. 1, p. 

89-96.

The west coast barrier project in the area of Manhattan Beach, Calif., was 

described. Geologic and engineering studies, water supply, and proposed 

facilities were discussed. (DCS)

1959b. The west coast barrier project and spreading in the Montebello 

Forebay, Los Angeles County, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on 

ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, 

Colo., Western Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 71-76.

Tentative plans resulting from a geologic and hydrologic investigation in 

the Redondo Beach area call for using untreated Colorado River water and 

possibly reclaimed Hyperion effluent injected through wells into t^e permeable "Gardena zone" to create a fresh-water barrier. Water-spreading operations in the Montebello Forebay area using imported and local water are 

described. (DJG)

1965. (and Seares, F. D.). Operating a sea water barrier project: Am. 

Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 91, no. 

IR-1, pt. l,p. 117-140.

A 1.5-mile section of fresh-water barrier protecting a part of a coastal 

ground-water basin in Los Angeles County, Calif., has successfully been in 

operation for 10 years. Several modifications have evolved in the basic design 

of recharge wells and appurtenant facilities. The existing facilities, and 

proposed changes for new works, were described. Cost infoi'mation was 

included on the drilling of recharge and observation wells. Maintenance of
18 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

barrier facilities has presented problems regarding corrosion of metallic 

materials and clogging of recharge wells. The methods of alleviating or 

dealing with these situations, or both, were examined and specific applications 

of nonmetallic materials were described. Cost of maintenance was presented. 

The amount of supplemental chlorination required for continuous operation 

of the wells has been determined to be on the order of 2 mg/1. Factors 

contributing to clogging of the wells are examined and results of studies to 

evaluate the interrelationships of these factors were presented. (Abs. in 

Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Trans.)

1967. The amelioration or prevention of salt water intrusion in aquifers 

experience in Los Angeles County, California, in Salt-water encroachment into aquifers, pt. 2, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1967, symposium: 

Louisiana Water Resources Research Inst., Louisiana Strte Univ., 

12 p.

The uncompleted pressure ridge systems in Los Angeles County are creating barriers against sea-water intrusion as they were planned to do. The cost 

of such protection is high but is partially offset by the return of th^ injected 

water for use in the ground-water basin. The success of such a system 

depends upon a thorough knowledge of the aquifer geology, the availability 

of a firm supply of good quality water for injection, and the cooperation and 

control of those who pump from the basin. Equipment, maintenance, and 

costs are covered in detail. (From author's conclusions.)

Brune, Gunnar

1966. Recharge of the Edwards limestone reservoir, Texas; presented at 

the annual meeting of the Association of Engineering Geologists, 

Anaheim, Calif., October 19-23, 1966: Fort Worth, Tex., Soil Conserv. 

Service, South Regional Tech. Service Center, 26 p.

The Edwards limestone ground-water reservoir in southwest Texas is 

divided into two parts: an unconfined reservoir and an artesian reservoir. 

The Balcones fault zone has an important effect upon the movement of the 

ground water.

Recharge structures such as dams, wells, shafts, and natural openings 

which have been built are described. The Corps of Engineers' presently 

recommended program of six large recharge reservoirs would put an additional 63,900 acre-feet annually into the reservoir.

The Soil Conservation Service has assisted with installation of 75 floodwater retarding and ground-water recharge structures in the area. These are 

estimated to have increased the annual recharge by 17,000 acre-feet. A 

complete SCS program would increase this figure to 215,000 acre-feet.

Values of $7 to $10 per acre-foot are believed realistic for water recharged 

into the unconfined reservoir. In the artesian reservoir, because of the 

dwindling supply, a value of $38 per acre-foot is justified. (Frorr author's 

abs.)

Buchan, Stevenson

1955. Artificial replenishment of aquifers: Inst. Water Engineers Jour., 

v. 9, no. 2, p. 111-141.

Experiences of the following countries in using artificial replenishment to 

supplement ground-water resources are reviewed: Australia, Canada, Great 

Britain, Germany, Holland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States of
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 19

America. Possibilities of using artificial recharge in England are discussed. 

(DJG)

1957. Increase of ground-water resources by artificial recharge: Jour. 

Sci. Food and Agriculture, v. 8, p. 616-624.

The author discusses the advantage of artificial recharge, the geological 

factors to be considered before an aquifer is replenished, the sources of 

recharge water and the preliminary treatment to be used for recharge. 

Methods of infiltration and abstraction of artificial ground water are described. The Rivers Thames, Trent, and Severn are considered as sources of 

water for recharge. (Abs. in Selected Bibliog. of Hydrology, United Kingdom, 

for the years 1955-59.)

1958. Replenishment of aquifers by artificial methods, in Symposium on 

ground water, Calcutta, India, 1955, Proc.: India, Central Board of 

Geophysics, Pub. 4, p. 327-334.

Considerations in artificial recharge such as preliminary hydrogeological 

investigations, sources and pretreatment of recharge water, methods of 

recharge, and derived benefits from artificial recharge practices are reviewed. 

(DJG)

1964. The problem of ground-water recharge artificial recharge as a 

source of water: Inst. Water Engineers Jour., v. 18, no. 3, p. 239-246.

Practices and results of recharge operations in the United States are 

reviewed. Recharge operations in England with emphasis on the natural 

purification effects of some geological formations when being recharged with 

sewage are discussed. Future recharge programs utilizing the Bunter Sandstone of Nottinghamshire and the Chalk Formation are considered. (DJG)

Buhler, H. V.

1958. The importance of modern large water-supply plants for water 

supplies of the lower Rhine industrial region hydrological knowledge 

and experience: Deutsche Gewasserkundliche Mitt., "Special No.", p. 

34-40.

The author discusses water requirements and ground-water conditions in 

the industrial region of the lower Rhine, with special reference to the Moers 

district. Types of wells are described giving details and diagrams of three 

recently introduced types. An account is given of an investigation made to 

chemically determine the proportions, at different levels of the Rhine, of 

Rhine water reaching wells. (Abs. in California Univ. Water Resources 

Center Archives Rept. 13.)

Buras, Nathan

1964. Conjunctive operation of a surface reservoir and a ground-water 

aquifer: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 63, p. 492-501, tables.

A conceptual framework was developed for the problem of operating 

surface storage facilities in conjunction with ground-water aquifers. The 

complex physical system was reduced to a simplified mathematical model, 

which was cast as a problem in sequential decision-making. This problem was 

analyzed using the method of dynamic programming and indicating the form 

of the computational solution. (From author's summ.)
20 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

California Assembly Interim Committee Reports, 1961-63

1962. Ground-water problems in California a report of the Assembly 

Interim Committee on water to the California Legislature: Assembly 

of the State of California, v. 26, no. 4, 48 p.

This report is partially an educational document intended to explain 

ground-water management problems for the legislature and the public by 

evaluating the ground-water management tools now available in California 

and by synthesizing the various technical disciplines involved into a comprehensive, integrated treatment of all facets of ground-water management. 

From its 2-year study, the committee concludes that local, basinwide districts 

can best replenish overdrawn ground-water basins by using revenues collected through replenishment assessments to: (1) finance purchase of water 

for spreading, (2) equalize the burden of using high-cost imported surface 

supplies with low-cost ground water, and (3) transport surface supplies of 

water whenever ground-water basins have inadequate transmissior capacity. 

The objective is maximum utilization of the low-cost ground-water basins 

without destroying the basins. (From letter of transmittal.)

California Department of Water Resources

1958. Reclamation of water from sewage and industrial wastes progress 

report, July 1, 1953-June 30, 1955: California Dept. Water Resources 

Bull. 68, 24 p.

The report presents basic data concerning sewage treatment facilities and 

the status of reclamation projects. Proposed waste-water reclamation projects include using reclaimed water to supply injection wells to prevent seawater intrusion and spreading basins to recharge the San Luis Rey groundwater basin. (DCS)

1959. Orange County land and water use survey, 1957: California Dept. 

Water Resources Bull. 70, 57 p.

Ground-water recharge was discussed in a general way within the text as 

concerns overdraft of supplies, imported water, and waste-water reclamation. 

(DCS)

1961a. Feasibility of reclamation of water from wastes in the Los 

Angeles metropolitan area: California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 

80,155 p.

The bulletin contains detailed descriptions of methods and procedures 

followed in the investigation. Artificial ground-water recharge by spreading, 

including areas where it can be accomplished, pollution considerations, recharge capacities of spreading grounds, and other aspects, was discussed. 

Appendix A contains a bibliography, and appendix B contains examples of 

waste-water reclamation projects which include artificial recharge. (DCS)

1961b. Clear Lake-Cache Creek Basin investigation: California Dept. 

Water Resources Bull. 90, 267 p.

The bulletin includes a discussion of planned operation of ground-water 

storage involving conservation of runoff by diverting surplus winter flows 

in Cache Creek for ground-water replenishment by artificial spreading basins, 

infiltration from canals and laterals, or winter irrigation. (DCS)

1961c. Water supply conditions in southern California during 1959-60: 

California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 39-60, v. 1, 87 p., table.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 21

This report on southern California summarizes artificial recharge data. 

During the 1959-60 water year, a total of approximately 273,000 acre-feet of 

local and imported water was reported as being spread or injected at 51 

projects. Approximately 211,000 acre-feet of this amount, or about 77 percent 

consisted of imported Colorado River water. (WK)

1964. Water supply conditions in southern California during 1961-62: 

California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 39-62, v. 1, 92 p., tables.

This report contains a summary of artificial recharge for the water year 

1961-62 when approximately 520,000 acre-feet of local and imported water 

were reported as being spread or injected at 40 ground-water recharge 

projects. Of this total amount, about 398,000 acre-feet or 77 percent consisted 

of imported Colorado River water. This represented approximately a 100 

percent increase over the amount spread during the previous year. Most of 

this imported water was spread in the Montebello Forebay area of the 

Anaheim Basin in Orange County.

The artificial recharge activities played an important role in retarding the 

decline of water levels in the basins. The measured or estimated amounts of 

water spread during 1961-62 are tabulated. (WK)

1966. Planned utilization of ground-water basins: California Dent. Water 

Resources Bull. 104, 435 p., app. C, tables.

The planning of artificial recharge by spreading and injection is discussed 

in this comprehensive report. Operational-economic information on a wide 

range of plans that will assist agencies to achieve the maximum utilization 

of ground-water basins in coordination with surface storage and transmission 

facilities is presented. Imported water will be used in injection projects which 

will assure continued protection of the ground-water basins by the maintenance of fresh-water barriers in the coastal plain. This imported Abater will 

also be used for spreading and placing the water in storage for transmitting 

it through the ground-water basin to the point of ground-water us?. Details 

of these techniques and tabulations of data are presented. (WK)

1967. Ground-water measurements, appendix C, in Hydrologic data, 1965 

Southern California: California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 130-65, 

v. 5, 477 p.

Appendix C tabulates ground-water measurements taken in the Central 

Coastal, Los Angeles, Lahontan, Colorado River Basin, Santa Ana, and San 

Diego Drainage Provinces from July 1, 1964, through June 30, 1965. The 

tabulations list water surface elevations at wells, along with State well 

numbers, ground surface elevation at wells, depth to water from ground 

surface, date of measurement, and name of agency supplying the data.

Recharge activities for the 1964-65 water year are given. Foldout maps 

depict drainage provinces, boundaries of hydrologic areas, and areas of 

water-bearing sediments. (Author's abs.)

California Department of Water Resources, Division Resources Planning

1958. Sea-water intrusion in California: California Dept. Water Resources Bull. 63, 91 p., 31 plates, tables.

The bulletin contains a comprehensive report and review of the aspects of 

salt-water encroachment. A description of areas of known sea-water intrusion 

in California was presented. Methods of intrusion control were erumerated 

including direct recharge of overdrawn aquifers and maintenance of the
22 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

resulting fresh-water ridge above sea level along the coast. Experimental 

studies pertinent to the subject of recharge of ground-water throug^ injection 

wells and surface spreading were reviewed. Operations of the Vest Coast 

Basin experimental project in Los Angeles County were presented. Laboratory experiments performed by the University of California, Berkeley, were 

reported as well as a review of other experimental studies on grcund-water 

recharge in other States. Appendixes to the report were: (1) "Status of 

sea-water intrusion," (2) "Report by Los Angeles County Flood Control 

District on Investigational work for prevention and control of sea-water 

intrusion," West Coast Basin experimental project, Los Angeles County, 

(3) "Laboratory and model studies of sea-water intrusion," and "An abstract 

of literature pertaining to sea-water intrusion and its control," an<\ "Review 

of formulas and derivations for the equilibrium rate of seaward flow in a 

coastal aquifer with sea-water intrusion," (4) "An investigation of some 

problems in preventing sea-water intrusion by creating a fresh-water barrier," and (5) "Preliminary chemical quality study in the Manhattan Beach 

area, California." (DCS)

California Division Water Resources

1955. Water conditions in California: California Division V<T ater Resources, 1955.

This report is one of a series that summarizes water conditions in California. It contains a table in the appendix listing basic data or artificial 

recharge of ground-water basins South Coastal area. The table includes such 

information as spreading-ground areas, source of water supply, agency 

operating the facility, and the quantity of water spread. (WK)

California State Water Resources Board

1955. Water utilization and requirements of California: California State 

Water Resources Board Bull. 2, v. 1, 227 p.

Artificial recharge of fresh water by well injection to prevent salt-water 

intrusion along the coast of California is mentioned briefly. (WK)

California University Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory

1954. Investigation of travel of pollution: California State Water Pollution Control Board Pub. 11, 218 p.

This study of travel of pollution from direct recharge used a well field 

consisting of a 12-inch gravel-packed recharge well and 23 6-inch observation 

wells located in Richmond, Calif. The wells penetrate a confined aquifer, 

about 5 feet thick, overlain by about 90 feet of overburden. Both fresh water 

and water degraded with settled sewage were injected at various rates. Rates 

of travel of recharged water were determined by chemical, bacteriological, 

and radiological means. The nature of well clogging was determined, and 

methods of well redevelopment were studied. (WK)

1955a. Report on laboratory and model studies of sea-water intrusion: 

California Univ. Sanitary Eng. Research Lab. Tech. Bull. 11, 44 p.

Theoretical relationships were derived which give the distances above sea 

level to which the piezometric surface must be raised in order to halt intrusion, as well as the amount of seaward fresh-water leakage to be expected 

under these conditions for an aquifer of known characteristics. Also, a theory 

was developed which shows that a line of injection wells required for aquifers 

under different hydraulic conditions can be predicted.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 23

To confirm the theories, a model aquifer was constructed. The salt water 

was distinguished from the fresh by fluorescent dyes, and the interface could 

be observed both in a plane through an injection well and in a plare midway 

between injection wells. Experimentally, the sea water was observed to enter 

the aquifer as a wedge along the lower boundary and to move to an equilibrium position which depended on the seaward rate of fresh-water flow. 

The position and movement of this intruded sea-water wedge were recorded 

for various rates of seaward fresh-water flow and also for various rates of 

overdraft. Later the effect of injecting fresh water into the zone of intrusion 

and into the aquifer inland from the sea-water interface were observed. 

Preliminary studies were also made of a pumping trough, using the model 

wells to extract water from the aquifer in amounts sufficient to intercept all 

the intruding sea water. (From author's summ.)

1955b. An investigation of sewage spreading on five California soils: 

California Univ. Eng. Research Lab. Tech. Pub. 12, 53 p., trbles.

Infiltration data were obtained for both water and sewage spreading on 

five permeable California agricultural soils under lysimeter conditions. The 

bacterial and chemical quality of the effluents from 3-foot columns of each soil 

were determined. Additional information was secured on the mechanism of 

soil clogging, the nature of bacterial buildup in soil, and the effect of a 

commercial soil conditioner on infiltration rates. (From author's sv*nm.)

1955c. Studies in water reclamation: California Univ. Sanitary Eng. 

Research Lab. Tech. Bull. 13, 65 p., tables.

This report attempts to bring together and evaluate the pertinent studies 

conducted in water reclamation, primarily through the procedure of artificial 

recharge. The methods and some statistics of recharge by spreading and 

injection are reviewed; tabulated data of infiltration rates and pollution 

travel are cited. The report concludes with an appraisal of the engineering 

and economic aspects. (WK)

California Water Pollution Control Board

1955. A survey of direct utilization of waste waters: California Water 

Pollution Control Board Pub. 12, 80 p.

The paper presents a general survey concerning utilization of waste water 

and includes a section on its use for recharge in the United States. (DCS)

1957. Third report on the study of waste-water reclamation and utilization: California Water Pollution Control Board Pub. 18, 102 p.

Various aspects of waste-water reclamation and use are presented including 

artificial ground-water recharge. Recharge of sewage effluent at Victorville, 

Calif., and activities of the Los Angeles County Flood Control District concerned with recharge by water spreading are discussed. (DCS)

California Water Quality Control Board

1966. Waste-water reclamation at Whittier Narrows: California Water 

Quality Control Board Pub. 33, 100 p.

A comprehensive study directed toward determining the effects of intermittent percolation through soil in the Whittier Narrows area on the quality 

of ground water is reported. Wells were monitored, test spreading basins 

were constructed, and soil columns were studied in the laboratory. A review 

of ground-water recharge literature is included. (DCS)
24 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Charmonman, Srisakdi

1967. (Carstens, M. R., and May, G. D.). A fresh-water canal as a 

barrier to salt-water intrusion [with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. 

Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 374-382.

The seepage flow pattern is determined for flow from a fresh-water canal 

which parallels the sea. Numerical results are presented for case? in which 

the fresh-water seepage from the land is a small fraction of the fresh-water 

seepage from the canal. In other words, the fresh-water flow from the canal 

acts as a dam forcing the interface between the sea water and the fresh water 

down to a lower elevation. The solution of Laplace's equation is obtained by 

numerical methods for this flow situation with the boundary conditions involving a water table and a density interface. The possibility of using a 

fresh-water canal for agricultural reclamation of sea-water intruded deltas 

and marshes is discussed. (Authors' summ.)

Chase, R. W.

1955. California ground-water replenishment bill: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 47, no. 4, p. 383-388.

A bill (Assembly bill 2699) of the California Legislature intended to 

provide legal machinery for creation of districts or zones to implement 

artificial ground-water recharge is discussed. (DCS)

Chun, R. Y. D.

1967. (Weber, E. M., and Mido, K. W.). Planned utilization of groundwater basins studies conducted in Southern California [with French 

abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 426-434.

The methods and significant findings of the Los Angeles study on planned 

utilization of ground-water basins are presented in the paper. Use was made 

of a nonlinear mathematical model to simulate the dynamic behavior of the 

ground-water basin which was tested utilizing geologic and hydrclogic data 

from other studies. Formulation of alternative plans of operation for a 

ground-water basin include consideration of the controllable factors of location, amounts and timing of extractions, and artificial recharge. Coft analyses 

were made for each plan of operation, and the results were discussed. It is 

stated that the techniques presented are adaptable for use in studies in any 

area of the world. (DCS)

Clarke, F. E.

1962. Industrial re-use of water: Indus, and Eng. Chemistry, v. 54, no. 

2, p. 18-27, table.

The requirements of water for industrial use are discussed, and it is suggested that every industry and most individual plants can reduce their 

primary water needs by process improvement, water conservation, rnd return 

water reuse. One special type of return water reuse, ground-water recharge, 

is considered. Methods and problems of artificial recharge are briefly described, and examples for specific areas are given. (WK)

Clarke, J. H.

1959. Ground-water recharge activities in Santa Clara Valley, Calif., in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and 

Water Management Research Br. p. 77-81.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 25

As provided in the seventh bond issue of 1957, 400 acres of spreading 

grounds are to be acquired in addition to the 100 acres now receiving recharge 

water via canals and pipelines from reservoirs designed to store 140,400 

acre-feet of winter flood water. Considerations in the selection of these new 

spreading grounds are discussed, and results of percolation tests are given. 

Problems encountered during recharge operations and limited work with 

inverted wells are also discussed. (DJG)

1962. Problems and their solutions in ground water recharge activities in 

Santa Clara Valley, Calif., in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on 

ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., 

Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water 

Recharge Lab., 7 p.

Selection of 315 acres of new spreading ground was guided by percolation 

measurement records and well log data. The increased efficiency of the present transmission lines and recharge facilities accomplished by concrete lining 

of the canals, elimination of aquatic vegetation by use of the chemical 

Aquilan, and suspended-sediment removal by use of Separan AP-30 is 

discussed. (DJG)

Clendenen, F. B.

1957a. Conjunctive use of surface- and ground-water reservoirs, in Conf. 

on water spreading for ground-water recharge, Proc.: California Univ. 

Water Resources Center Contr. 7, p. 61-68.

Artificial recharge is included in the general discussion of the conjunctive 

use of surface- and ground-water reservoirs in California. (WK)

1957b. Ground water problems physical and economic, in Conf. on legal 

problems in water resources: California Univ. Water Resources Center 

Contr. 9, p. 143-151.

Part of the paper deals with artificial recharge. It is discussed in conjunction with utilization of ground-water storage reservoirs. Deliberate and incidental artificial recharge occurrences are defined. (DCS)

Clyma, Wayne

1960. (and Jensen, M. E.). Flocculent used to remove sediments from 

playa lake water used for ground-water recharge: Texas A&M College, 

Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Prog. Rept. 2144, 7 p.

By using a commercial flocculent, Separan AP-30, the amount of silt plus 

clay entering a recharge well in a 24-hour period was reduced 49 percent. 

The quantity of silt plus clay removed from the well during the 1-hour 

pumping cycle after recharge was 2.4 percent of the amount that entered 

the well. The combination of the flocculent and pumping cycle resulted in 

50.2 percent less sediment in the well compared with 7-10 percent removed 

using the pumping cycle alone. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. Material on Soil 

and Water Conserv.)

1961. (and Broadhurst, W. L.). Clarification of playa lake water by aerial 

application of a flocculating agent: Texas A&M College, Texas Agr. 

Expt. Sta. Prog. Rept. 2168, 6 p.

Dusting playa lakes with a nontoxic, synthetic, organic flocculent removed 

43-93 percent of the silt and clay in the water. Wave action caused by wind
26 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

mixed the flocculent, and settlement of the sediments resulted. The clarified 

lake water is used for ground-water recharge. (From Abs. of Pecent Pub. 

Material on Soil and Water Conserv.)

1963. Ground-water hydrology: Agr. Eng., v. 44, no. 2, p. 82-83.

A summary of papers on ground water is presented. Included are papers 

concerned with an analysis of two-dimensional ground-water mounds created 

by artificial recharge from surface basins, a study of the effect of pit geometry on outflow from recharge pits, and a discussion of problems faced by 

public districts in managing artificial recharge programs. (DCS)

1964. Artificial recharge by a multiple-purpose well: Texas A&M Univ., 

Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Misc. Pub. 712, 4 p.

A study of runoff-water recharge through a modified irrigation well was 

reported. Untreated water from a playa lake, excepting one test, vas injected 

through the well, and pumping tests were carried out to determine the quantity of sediment removed by pumping and the effects of sediment on well 

yield. Prior to one test, the lake was dusted with a flocculant. Specific capacity 

of the well was reduced to 10 percent of its original value and subsequent 

redevelopment returned the well yield to one-third its original value. (DCS)

Coe, Jack

1957. Water-spreading activities of the California Department of Water 

Resources, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Conf. on water spreading for 

ground-water recharge, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Contr. 7, p. 8-13.

A very brief description of projects in California dealing with artificial 

recharge by water spreading is presented. (WK)

Cohen, Philip

1966. (and Durfor, C. N.). Design and construction of a unique injection 

well on Long Island, New York, in Geological Survey research 1966: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 550-D, p. D253-D257, table.

An injection well of unique design and construction recently completed on 

Long Island, N.Y., will be used in making a series of artificial recharge 

experiments with highly treated sewage-plant effluent. The well, about 500 

feet deep, consists of two adjacent fiberglass casings (18 inches and 4 inches 

in diameter) and seven auxiliary pipes, four of which are made of fiberglass 

and three of polyvinyl chloride. Fiberglass was used because of its advantageous chemical and strength characteristics. A stainless-steel well screen, 

62 feet long, is attached to the bottom end of each casing. Water will be 

injected into the aquifer through the large casing and screen, anc1 hydraulichead changes will be measured at several points within the well and filterpack. 

Geochemical reactions related to the head changes will be monitored by means 

of instruments in each screen. (Authors' abs.)

1967. (and Durfor, C. N.). Artificial-recharge experiments utf'zing renovated sewage-plant effluent a feasibility study at Bay Park, New 

York, U.S.A. [with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 

72, p. 193-199.

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works, is conducting a series of artificial-recharge experi-
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 27

ments on Long Island, N.Y. The experiments are designed to obtain scientific 

and economic data needed to evaluate the feasibility of injecting highly 

treated sewage-plant effluent into a proposed network of "barrier" injection 

wells that are intended to prevent or retard the landward movement of salty 

water from the Atlantic Ocean into major aquifers beneath Long Island.

A tertiary sewage-treatment process has been developed to upgrade the 

quality of the effluent so that it meets the requirements that are commonly 

accepted for potability in the United States. In addition, a uniquely designed 

experimental injection well and injection plant have been completed. The 

injection-well complex, which is about 500 feet deep, consists of two adjacent 

fiberglass casings that surmount stainless-steel screens and of seven auxiliary 

plastic pipes. The casings and pipes, equipped with remote-sensing down-hole 

geochemical probes, permit the measurement of hydraulic-head changes and 

related geochemical changes at several points within the injection well and 

the filterpack.

Data from the experimental injection well and from 13 nearby observation 

wells are providing information regarding several aspects of the proposed 

artificial recharge, most notably: (1) the design and hydraulic characteristics 

of injection wells, (2) hydraulics of the leaky artesian aquifers, and (3) 

geochemical controls on artificial ground-water recharge through wells. 

(Authors' abs.)

Columbus, Nathan

1966. The design and construction of Hele-Shaw models: Ground Water, 

v. 4, no. 2, p. 16-22.

This paper deals with the model most frequently used in ground-water 

studies, the vertical Hele-Shaw model. Both the water table and the piezometric surface may be observed visually and recorded with photographic 

equipment whether the problem involves the steady or the unsteady state. 

Since the model is transparent, the progressive movement of stream lines 

can be studied with the use of injected dye. The Hele-Shaw model has recently 

been used in place of sand models because of some of the advantages listed. 

One such important advantage of the Hele-Shaw model is in studies involving 

two liquids with two differing viscosities and specific weights. By dyeing the 

liquids, the movement of the interface can be studied and problems of saltwater intrusion solved satisfactorily. Although a variety of flow situations 

can be studied with a Hele-Shaw model, it is most advantageous w.'th problems involving two-phase flow. Sea-water intrusion, tidal fluctuations, and 

recharge through variable permeabilities are some of the problems that can 

be studied effectively. (Tulsa Univ., Inf. Services Dept.)

Committee on Ground-Water, Irrigation and Drainage Division, America^ Society

of Civil Engineers

1961. Ground-water basin management, Chapter IV Recharge and withdrawal: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Manual of Eng. Practice No. 40, 

p. 72-98.

A comprehensive presentation of the considerations in planning, site selection, method selection, design, operation, and maintenance of artificial recharge operations is given. Costs and benefits are discussed. An appendix is 

included containing a tabulation of information pertaining to selected research studies undertaken between 1950 and 1958. (DCS)
28 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Cooper, H. H.

1966. (Bredehoeft, J. D., and Papadopulos, I. S.) Response of a finitediameter well to an instantaneous charge of water [Ybs.]: Am. 

Geophys. Union Trans., v. 47, no. 1, p. 86.

A solution is presented for the change in water level in a well of finite 

diameter after a known volume of water is suddenly injected or withdrawn. 

A set of type curves computed from this solution permits a determination of 

the transmissibility of the aquifer. (Tulsa Univ., Inf. Services Dept)

Costa, J. A. da

1960. (and Bennett, R. R.). The pattern of flow in the vicinity of a 

recharging and discharging pair of wells in an aquifer having areal 

parallel flow [with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology 

Pub. 52, p. 524-536.

A theoretical analysis of the flow patterns in the vicinity of recharging 

and discharging wells is presented. The relationships describing the flow 

patterns are important because of the need to dispose of various liquid 

contaminants, such as some types of radioactive waste, and the return of 

ground water after it has been warmed from use in air conditioning. (DCS)

Cox, E. R.

1967. Geology and hydrology between Lake McMillan anc? Carlsbad 

Spring, Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Wr.ter-Supply 

Paper 1828, 48 p., table.

In a section concerning dam sites, the possibility of using 45,000 acre-feet 

of storage in the Seven Rivers Formation between Lake McMillan and Major 

Johnson Springs in conjunction with a low dam appears to be the most favorable means of increasing terminal storage for the Carlsbad Irrigation District. 

Pumping from wells in the area would supply water while inducing recharge 

by the Pecos River through sinkholes under Lake McMillan and through the 

openings of Major Johnson Springs. (DJG)

Crawford, P. B.

1966. Importance of chemical composition of the injected water on effective permeability: Producers Monthly, v. 30, no. 6, p. 11-12.

According to F. O. Jones, Jr. (Pan American Petroleum Corp.), the influence of the chemical composition of water on flooding is a most important 

item. The cation exchange state of a clay mineral has a strong bearing on 

its capability to disperse and affect permeability. Clays in the sodium exchange state resist dispersion upon exposure to fresh water. Owing to 

phenomena related to ordinary mass-action behavior, calcium and magnesium 

are accepted more readily than sodium by the clays. The result if that comparatively small portions of divalent cations are able to maintain clays in a 

substantially divalent cation exchange state in the presence of lar^e excesses 

of sodium ion on the solutions bathing the clays. The laboratory work has 

shown that as little as a tenth of the salt solutions being divalent cation 

salts is sufficient to prevent trouble. Often as little as a twentieth suffices. 

Consequently, potentially sensitive cores can be exposed to fresh water with 

little significant change in permeability if the required proportions of divalent cation are present in both native and invading waters. (Tulsa Univ., 

Inf. Services Dept.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 29

Cronin, J. G.

1961. A summary of the occurrence and development of ground water in 

the Southern High Plains of Texas: Texas Board of Water Engineers 

Bull. 6107, 104 p.

See Cronin, J. G., 1964.

1964. A summary of the occurrence and development of ground water in 

the Southern High Plains of Texas with a section on Artificial 

recharge studies, by B. N. Myers: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1693, 88 p., tables.

Artificial recharge experiments have been conducted in many parts of the 

High Plains using the water that collects in the playa lakes during the 

periods of high rainfall. The method of recharge has been injection through 

wells drilled near the lakes. Experiments have shown that perhaps as much 

as 80 to 90 percent of the water caught in the lakes can be injected through 

wells to be stored in the ground-water reservoir for future use. (From 

author's abs.)

Crooke, H. W.

1958. A method of financing ground water replenishment: Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers Proc., Irrigation and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 84, no. IR-4, 

pt. 1, Paper 1860, 14 p.

A program of financing ground-water replenishment by a dual tax structure 

in which a replenishment assessment or charge for each acre-foot of water 

extracted from the ground-water basin provides the major source of revenue. 

This program has provided the necessary funds to import sufficient water to 

stop the continued depletion of the underground water basin in Orange 

County, Calif., and to start replenishment of the historical accumulated overdraft. The legal and practical procedures used to institute and admirister the 

program are outlined in the paper. (Author's synopsis.)

1959. Success from pump tax program to replenish undergrourd basin: 

Western City, v. 35, no. 3, p. 24-25,27, tables.

This article describes the results of artificial recharge in the Orange 

County Water District. During the past 2 years, 267,500 acre-feet of Colorado 

River water was imported some 275 miles into the district. More than 185,500 

acre-feet of this water was used for artificial recharge; as a result the average water levels in 3,200 wells have been raised 10.5 feet. (WK)

1961. Ground water replenishment in Orange County, California: Am. 

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 53, no. 7, p. 831-838.

The development and management operation of ground-water recharge by 

spreading is described. Recharge of imported water from the Colorado River 

was accomplished, in an expanded program, to halt the decline of groundwater levels and salt-water encroachment. Water spreading operations are 

carried out in the Santa Ana River channel and other smaller spreading 

sites outside the river channel. Water levels have risen substantially in a 

part of the area but near the coast there was no appreciable change. (DCS)

1962. (and Toups, J. M.). Ground water basin management and artificial 

recharge in Orange County California, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. 

conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.:
30 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., 

Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 8 p.

The three main areas of activity for protection of the Orange County Water 

District's ground-water supply are discussed in detail and consist of: (1) 

protecting the rights of the inhabitants and land owners of the district to 

the natural waters of the Santa Ana River watershed, (2) obtaining maximum importation and use of water outside the watershed for both direct use 

and ground-water replenishment to supplement the deficient supply of local 

water and repel sea-water intrusion, and (3) encouraging maximum beneficial use of the present water supply. (DJG)

1963. Financing a ground water replenishment program as part of 

ground water basin management in the area of Orange County Water 

District, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge 

and ground-water basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Recharge Center, 6 p.

The water management program of the Orange County Water I :strict and 

financing of water acquisitions for replenishment program are described 

against the background of the great transition which has been trking place 

in the economy of the area. (DJG)

1965. (Toups, J. M., and Aley, T. J.). Ground water recharge means 

"Progress Insurance" in Orange County, California: Water and 

Sewage Works, v. 112, no. 7, p. 257-261, table.

This is a popularized article in which the authors discuss financing, operating procedures, and future problems of ground-water recharge. (Wlr )

1966. Ground water replenishment in Orange County Water District, in 

Doneen, L. D., ed., Symposium on agricultural waste water, Davis, 

Calif., 1966, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Rept. 

10, p. 222-230, table.

Major problems in the extensive ground-water replenishment program of 

the Orange County Water District are briefly discussed. Of considerable 

interest is the description of the recharge facility, known locally, as the Grill 

Pit. This recharge pit covers 65 acres and is being excavated to rn ultimate 

depth of 50 feet and is planned to accept 300 cfs of water for recharge. 

Flooding of this incompleted facility with imported water has produced 

problems of decreased infiltration rates because of the building of f ne-grained 

sediments on walls and floor of the pit and the establishment of a groundwater mound that extended to the base of the pit. (WK)

1967. Planning and providing an adequate supply of water for Orange 

County, California, in Salt-water encroachment into aquifers, pt. 2, 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1967, symposium: Baton Rouge, Louisiana 

State Univ., Louisiana Water Resources Research Inst., 18 p., tables.

A comprehensive account of the Orange County Water District activities, 

historical and present, is given. A major activity is artificial recharge for 

both supply storage and prevention of salt-water encroachment. (DCS)

Cullinan, T. A.

1960. Preliminary study on the movement of silt and clay in a waterbearing formation: Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 37, no. 4, 

p.297-314.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 31

One of the problems connected with artificial recharge through wells in the 

High Plains of Texas is the clogging of the aquifer by suspended particles 

in the recharge water. The study investigated movement of these particles 

and their effect on the water-bearing formation. (DCS)

Cullinan, T. A.

1961. (and Reeves, C. C., Jr.). Aquifer clogging by silt and clay in 

recharge water: Water Well Jour., v. 15, no. 5, p. 14-15, 26, 51, 56-57, 

64-65, tables.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the movement of 

suspended sediments in recharge water into and out of the Ogallala aquifer 

in the southern High Plains area, Halfway, Tex. Recharge through a multipurpose well was conducted for 24 hours at an average input rate of 762 gpm. 

Approximately 40 percent and 20 percent of the original silt and clay respectively was removed by 6 hours of pumping with hourly surging. Results of a 

comparison of data reveal a decrease in permeability of 10-15 percent over 

a 14-month period. (DJG)

Curry, R. B.

1962. (and Beasley, R. P.). Flow of colloidal suspensions through porous 

media as related to reservoir sealing: Am. Soc. Agr. Engineers, Trans. 

v. 5, no. 2, p. 160-164.

Relationships of porous media particle size, colloidal suspension concentration, and hydraulic gradient were investigated. The porous media was composed of carborundum and the colloidal suspensions of Wyoming bentonite 

and distilled water. The electrokinetic property of the zeta potential using 

the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation was determined. Particle sizes of the 

carborundum ranged from 63 to 775 microns; hydraulic gradient ranged 

from 0.10 to 2.00 inch per inch; and suspension concentrations of 0.10 and 

1.00 percent were used. Conclusions included: (1) Mechanical filtering is the 

main process by which the bentonite particles are removed from suspension 

by the carborundum column, (2) degree of sealing increased with decreasing 

particle size, increasing hydraulic gradient, and increasing concentration of 

the suspension, (3) the shape of the particles of the media had a considerable 

effect on the sealing process, and (4) the calculated zeta potential of the 

carborundum can be correlated with the degree of sealing. (DCS)

Dagan, G.

1967. Linearized solutions of free-surface ground water flow with uniform recharge: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 72, no. 4, p. 1182-1193.

The movement of the water table caused by uniform recharge (spreading) 

is considered here. The flow is saturated and the aquifer is unconfined and 

underlain by an impervious bottom. For a two-dimensional flow the recharge 

applies to a finite interval, and for a three-dimensional flow it rpplies to 

a circle and a rectangle. The solutions are derived by an expansion in a 

small parameter which linearizes the exact equations of flow. Solutions of 

different cases are obtained by numerical integration. (From author's abs.)

Davis, G. H.

1959. (Green, J. H., Olmstead, F. H., and Brown, D. W.). Ground-water 

conditions and storage capacity in the San Joaquin Valley, California: 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1469, 287 p., tables

Water spreading with surplus water to augment natural recharre in the
32 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Kaweah-Tule, White Poso, and Kern River ground-water storage units is 

mentioned. (DJG)

1964. (Lofgren, B. E., and Mack, Seymour). Use of ground-water reservoirs for storage of surface water in the San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1618, 125 p., tables.

Withdrawal of ground water from storage by heavy pumping not only 

provides a needed irrigation water supply, but it also lowers the groundwater level and makes storage space available in which to conserve excess 

water during periods of heavy runoff. Infiltration studies made by various 

agencies along stream channels, canals, and irrigation ditches are summarized as are infiltration measurements made during this study.

Artificial recharge of the ground-water reservoir by deliberate spreading 

of excess surface water has been effective in five districts. Most of the water 

is spread in stream channels, canals, and spreading ponds and is dependent 

principally on the availability of low-cost water. In the North Kern Water 

Storage District, as much as 63,500 acre-feet of surface water was recharged 

into the ground-water reservoir in 1 year at infiltration rates ranging from 

0.24 to 1.71 acre-feet per acre per day. (Authors' abs.)

Dean, B. T.

1965. The design and operation of a deep-well disposal system: Water 

Pollution Control Federation Jour., v. 37, no. 2, p. 245-254.

At Pensacola, Fla., a deep injection well is being operated by Chemstrand 

Co. for the disposal of aqueous process wastes from the manufacture of nylon. The design criteria (especially the casing program), the construction, 

and operation of this system are described in detail. The geological formations involved in this disposal system are shown in a cross-section map. Disposal is into the lower limestone of the Floridian aquifer. In this aquifer, the 

direction of flow of formation water is from the surface outcrop in southern 

Alabama to some subsurface discharge in the Gulf of Mexico. The presumed 

flow of waste as it is ejected into the well is along this course. Protection is 

offered by clay layers to the surface strata of sand and gravel, from which 

potable water supplies are drawn. (Tulsa Univ., Inf. Services Dept.)

Deutsch, Morris

1962. Controlled induced-recharge tests at Kalamazoo, Michigan: Am. 

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54, no. 2, p. 181-196.

A comprehensive presentation of an induced-artificial-rechar^e test at 

Kalamazoo, Mich., was made. Water from a creek that flowed in quantities 

greater than that which could be recharged naturally was artificially recharged by forming recharge channels and pumping from a lower aquifer 

inducing water in an upper aquifer above an intervening aquitard to enter 

the lower aquifer subsequently inducing the surface-water recharge. The 

data may be used as a guide in other areas where continental glacial drift 

aquifers are important sources of water supply. (DCS)

1967. Artificial recharge by induced interaquifer leakage [with French 

abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 159-172.

The Geological Survey and the city of Kalamazoo, Mich., conducted tests 

to demonstrate the feasibility of recharging an artesian glacial-drift aquifer 

by inducing leakage to it from a surficial sand aquifer.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 33

Three tests were run by pumping from the lower aquifer under different 

conditions of recharge: In the first test the head in a small recharge channel 

replenishing the upper aquifer was allowed to decline; in the second test the 

head in the channel was maintained by diversion from the creek; snd in the 

third test the channel was greatly enlarged, and the head was maintained 

at a relatively constant stage. Each succeeding test resulted in higher water 

levels in the upper aquifer and increased head differences between the upper 

and lower aquifers, a situation which increased the rate of leakage and 

raised water levels in the lower aquifer. The rates of leakage from the 

upper to lower aquifer at the end of the three tests were 1,600, 1,800, and 

1,900 gpm, respectively. After 6 years of pumping at the well field under 

recharge conditions, water levels are in effect the same as at the time of the 

tests. Through 1965, the quantity of water recharged to the lower aouifer has 

been at least equal to the amount pumped. (From author's abs.)

De Wiest, R. J. M.

1963. Replenishment of aquifers intersected by streams: Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers Proc., Hydraulics Div. Jour., v. 89, no. HY-6, p. 165-191.

The interrelation between surface water and ground water for certain 

aquifers that are intersected by streams and subjected to water w! thdrawal 

by trenches or wells is studied. The presence of relatively thin clayey lenses 

in these aquifers creates flow conditions similar to those of leaky aquifers.

In Part I, the estimated yield of a proposed ground-water recharge project 

in the vicinity of Princeton, N.J., is evaluated numerically. It is found that 

the yield of a pilot trench, as predicted by the author of the recharge project, 

is a reasonable estimate compatible with calculations made for a mathematical model derived from idealized conditions.

To arrive at this model, a short description is given of the geol ydrology 

of the watershed for which the recharge project is proposed. The pa.rameters 

entering the model are examined and the use and construction of Green's 

functions to solve the problems is explained.

In Part II, the same mathematical techniques are extended to solve the 

problem of the flow to one well or to a group of wells in aquifers with 

different boundary conditions. The latter solutions will be useful in evaluating 

alternatives to the proposed project.

Only steady flow is treated herein. (Author's synopsis.)

1965. Geohydrology: New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 336 p.

A section of this volume contains a discussion of artificial recharge and 

includes a brief history, purposes, methods, and references. Specific data are 

tabulated for a recharge project in Sweden. (WK)

1967. Artificial recharge through augmented bank storage [witl French 

abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 53-68.

Nonsteady flow is examined for a ground-water recharge project in which 

rainfall runoff is returned to a water-table aquifer in the vicinity of Princeton, N.J. The recharge is accomplished by damming a river and its tributary 

and by reversing the hydraulic gradient between the river and its connected 

ground-water basin.

The increased water level in the rivers would automatically decrease the 

hydraulic gradient from the ground-water reservoir to the rivers and hence 

limit the effluent discharge. Simultaneously, the ground-water reservoir
34 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

would be pumped, and this would make available more storage space for 

retention of a higher percentage of the winter-spring rainfall or for quick 

recharge from flash summer runoff. A geohydrologic description of the watershed is given and various physical parameters entering the study are discussed. Use is made of Green's functions to arrive at the solutions.

The steady-state study of the project has been made before. However, it 

was felt, especially in view of the severe drought conditions in the area 

during the last few years, that a study of nonsteady flow conditions was 

necessary to complete the evaluation of the project. (From author's abs.)

Dickason, O. E.

1966. Status and needs in ground water quality management, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, development, and 

management, 5th, California Univ., Los Angeles, 1965, Pro".: Fresno, 

Calif., U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 5 p.

The water-quality problems in the field of ground-water development are 

discussed. In the field of artificial recharge the author suggests that different 

treatment criteria for renovated water need to be established defending on 

the recharge methods (deep well injections or surface spreading), nearness 

of the recharge site to the potential users of the recharged water, and the 

type of formation being recharged. (WK)

Dolcini, A. J,

1962. Comments on the Porter-Dolwig ground water basin protection law 

(Senate bill 1440) approved by the 1961 Legislature, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 

1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., 

Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 4 p.

The study of California's ground-water basins at a level of intensity such 

that competent plans can be formulated for their continued and greater 

future use in conjunction with developed surface-water supplies is anticipated. (DJG)

Doneen, L. D.

1956. Water quality problem in the Central Valley, in Conf. or California 

ground-water situation, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources 

Center Contr. 2, p. 138-145.

The author considers some of the water-quality problems or impact of 

recharging imported water. The influence these waters may have on the 

quality in the ground-water basins is unknown. (WK)

Butcher, L. C.

1966. General geological control for water spreading and disposal activities, in Doneen, L. D., ed., Symposium on agricultural waste water, 

Davis, Calif., 1966, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center 

Rept. 10, p. 198-202.

Alluvial fan deposits are generally poorly sorted and hence not ideally 

suited for water spreading; deposits beneath large rivers at the valley margins can best be used for large-scale spreading operations. Such ideal sites 

are being rapidly put to use and geologic and hydrologic principles must be 

applied in efforts to find additional suitable sites. (From author'? abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 35

Dvoracek, M. J.

1963. (and Scott, V. H.). Ground-water flow characteristics influenced 

by recharge pit geometry: Am. Soc. Agr. Engineers Trans. v. 6, no. 3, 

p. 262-265, 267.

The evaluation of geometry of recharge pits and the correlation of its 

effect upon flow from such pits were studied. Investigation of flow characteristics from 29 model pits was conducted and reported. The flow characteristics included the determination of the division of flow, that is side or 

bottom, the location of the free water surface, and the amount of flow 

from each of the simulated recharge pits. The determination of the division 

of flow was through the use of a dye stream which resulted in a flow line 

dividing the flow between the side and bottom of the pit. Results obtained 

should assist in designing recharge pits where geometric proportions will 

be influenced by economic considerations. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. Material 

on Soil and Water Conserv.)

Edward E. Johnson, Inc.

1966. Ground water and wells: St. Paul, Minn., Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 

440 p.

Artificial recharge in connection with conservation and utilizing groundwater resources is reviewed. A brief description of artificial recharge operations in Illinois, New York, California, and Holland is presentee1 . (WK)

El-Rahman Zohdy, A. A.

1964. Earth resistivity and seismic refraction investigations in Santa 

Clara County, California: Palo Alto, Calif., Stanford Univ. Ph. D. 

thesis, 142 p.; abs. in Dissert. Abs., 1965, v. 25, no. 7, p. 4087.

The purpose of this study is the location of permeable strata for groundwater artificial recharge. The results of resistivity and a few seismic refraction investigations are reported from five different areas in Santa Clara 

County, Calif. The refraction profiles at Penitencia area show that the 

alluvial strata, within the depth of interest, lack a good elastic differentiation. Both Schlumberger and Wenner configurations were used in all areas 

for resistivity measurements. At Penitencia and San Tomas areas, resistivity 

measurements indicate buried stream channels. The delineation of an underground brackish-fresh water interface was sought in the Evergreen area; 

however, due to a thick clay cover, the results of the resistivity study were 

of limited use. The investigation in the Tully Road area furnishes a field 

example, the first of its kind, showing the higher resolving power and other 

advantages of the Schlumberger configuration as compared with the Wenner. 

(Tulsa Univ., Inf. Services Dept.)

Engler, Kyle

1963. (Bayley, F. H., 3d, and Sniegocki, R. T.). Studies of artificial 

recharge in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas; environment and 

history: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1615-A, 32 p., tables.

This report, the first of a series, presents general information about the 

Grand Prairie region, as related to studies of artificial recharge, and describes the development of the region that has caused .it to become a waterproblem area. (From authors' introd.)
36 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Esmail, O. J.

1967. (and Kimbler, 0. K.). Investigation of the technical feasibility 

of storing fresh water in saline aquifers: Water Resources Research, 

v. 3, no. 3, p. 683-695, tables.

Preliminary studies indicate that the underground storage of fresh water 

in saline aquifers may be feasible from a technical viewpoint. Sue! a process 

would involve injection of fresh water, storage until needed, and subsequent 

production from the same well. This work, based upon theoretical considerations and model studies, leads to a computer technique by means of which 

the recovery of stored fresh water may be estimated. Calculations involving 

five hypothetical aquifers indicate recoveries ranging from 25 to 85 percent, 

depending upon aquifer and fluid properties. Loss of fresh water as a 

result of both dispersion (mixing) and gravitational segregatior was considered. (From authors' abs.)

Esmaili, H.

1966. A solution for determination of aquifer characteristics and unsteady 

flow through injection wells by numerical methods: Davis, California 

Univ., D. Eng. thesis, 112 p.; abs. in Dissert. Abs., 1967, v. 27, no. 11, 

p. 3923-B.

The problem considered in this study is to determine aquifer characteristics 

and obtain a solution for unsteady flow through injection wells in unconfined 

and confined aquifers. In order to solve this problem, the basic differential 

equations of flow are set up and boundary and initial conditions are specified. 

These equations are nondimensionalized by introducing appropriate dimensionless parameters. The resulting dimensionless differential equations are 

solved numerically or analytically depending on whether they are nonlinear 

or linear. From these solutions the volume of revolution created I y the area 

under the piezometric head distribution curve is obtained by numerical or 

analytical integration. Since the accumulative volume of flow at any time is 

this volume multiplied by the storage coefficient, the average rate of flow can 

be calculated. (Tulsa Univ., Inf. Services Dept.)

Falovsky, A. A.

1967. The present state of the study of the problems of ground-water 

"enrichment" in the Ukrainian S.S.R.: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology 

Pub. 72, p. 101-108.

The paper presents a general review of artificial ground wrter in the 

Ukranian S.S.R. and is concerned primarily with induced recharge. A map 

showing the objectives of a ground-water recharge scheme and a table containing tentative distribution of ground-water recharge projects within 

hydrogeological regions of the Ukranian S.S.R. are included. (DCS)

Farvolden, R. N.

1963. The Driedmeat Lake artificial recharge project in Errly contributions to the ground-water hydrology of Alberta: Research Council 

Alberta Bull. 12, p. 76-87.

The paper reports on geologic and hydrologic investigations of the aquifer 

to be recharged and experimentation with surface spreading and shallow 

pits. Surface spreading was not feasible but shallow recharge pits over 

clean gravels gave good results. Artificial recharge of lake water has been 

carried out since 1958. Economics of the project are presented. (DCS)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 37

Fazold, A.

1967. (Biro, Z., Takacs, S., and Schiefner, K.). Investigations on water 

quality at artificial recharge of ground water [with French abs.]: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 271-277.

The authors carried on research during 5 years on the chemical, b'ological, 

and bacteriological changes during artificial recharge of ground water.

They stated that the periodical operation of a new recharge I asin has 

a harmful effect on the water quality and in coarse sandy-pebble ground, 

the minimal distance between the wells and recharge basins has to be 50 

meters.

In the case of short retention of recharge water in the ground, the free 

carbonic acid, the total hardness, the iron, and manganese are decreasing; 

the quantity of the dissolved oxygen and the pH value are increasing. During 

long retention the free carbonic acid and iron content will increase; however, the quantity of dissolved oxygen will not vary and the pH value will 

decrease.

With biological growth in the recharge water, undesirable biological 

organisms appear in well water and the consumption rate of potassium 

permanganate increases.

According to bacteriological research, initial ground-water extractions 

from period operation of recharge basins reveal a deterioration of water 

quality. (From authors' abs.)

Ferris, J. G.

1959. Ground water in Wisler, C. 0., and Brater, E. F., Hydrology: 

New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 184-186.

Recharge methods and considerations are discussed briefly. Examples of 

spreading and well recharge are cited. (DCS)

Feuerstein, D. L.

1963. Activities of the Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge and 

ground-water basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Recharge Center, 3 p.

Studies of tracer investigations, recovery ratio of recharged water, and 

paths and rates of flow of sewage and surplus water during recharge are 

described. (DJG)

Fink, B. K.

1961. (and Reddell, D. L.). Gravel-filter system and new recharge well 

completed by High Plains Underground Water Conservation District: 

Cross Section, v. 8, no. 2, p. 2-3.

A gravel-filtering system to clarify recharge water in the High Plains of 

Texas is described. Costs of constructing the recharge-filtering system, 

exclusive of the well, are tabulated. (WK)

Fletcher, J. E.

1965. (and Bender, G. L. ( eds.). Ecology of groundwater in t^e southwestern United States Symposium, Arizona State Univ., 1961: 

Tempe, Ariz., Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Southwest and Rocky Mtn. Div., 

and Ariz. State Univ. Bur. Pubs., 74 p., tables.

Five chapters by separate authors give a perspective of ground water
38 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

in the southwest, its natural recharge, analog computing in arid-zone hydrology? geophysical studies, and artificial recharge which, except for the latter, 

are cited separately. (From Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

Forkasiewicz, J.

1967. (and Guillaume, M.). Experience d'exploitation de la reserve de 

la nappe sous-alluvialle et sous-fluviale de la Meuse, au nord de Verdun 

[Exploitation test on the suballuvial and subfluvial Mevse ground 

water to the north of Verdun] [in French with English summ.]: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 143-158.

To provide for increasing water needs of the north and Lorraine industrial 

areas, we have thought to regulate the seasonal overflows of underground 

waters in the Jurassic and karstic limestones in the area of Verdun and a 

survey and tests have been made, the results of which are presented.

Because it is impossible to create a surface reservoir by an elevated dam, 

it is necessary to utilize the natural subfluvial and suballuvial reservoir 

constituted of limestone under the valley level. The storage reservoir 

of the winter overflow will be created by pumping in summer (discharge = 1 

million cu m per day) without overdrawing river and alluvial water resources, 

thanks to natural damping between ground water and surface water and 

to an adequate disposition of testing wells.

Research work has been carried out for 5 years (1960-65). A punctual 

and continuous pumping test has been made during 200 days with selective 

observation of superposed aquifers. (From authors' summ.)

Fowler, L. C.

1962. Electronic analog computers and ground water management in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Watr" Conserv. 

Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lal., 11 p.

The development and theory of an electric analog model of the Coastal 

Plain of Los Angeles County is explained. Alternate plans of operation 

which can be coordinated with available imported supplemental sources of 

water to reach an optimum utilization of the basin's resources are being 

prepared using information derived from the analog model. (DTG)

1964. (and Valantine, V. E.). The coordinated use of ground-water 

basins and surface water delivery facilities [with French abs.]: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 64, p. 376-383.

Local water resources can be increased by coordinating use of groundwater basins and surface-water delivery facilities. Where pumpirg has left 

more available storage space in ground-water reservoirs than that needed 

for storage of local runoff, the space can be used to store and distribute water 

imported from other areas and, depending on the storage capacity and 

aquifer transmissibility, to regulate rates of water deliveries to seasonal, 

daily, and even hourly peak periods. (Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

Foxworthy, B. L.

1967. (and Bryant, C. T.). Artificial recharge through a well tapping 

basalt aquifers at The Dalles, Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1594-E, 55 p., tables.

The object of this study was to develop techniques applicable to a munici-
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 39

pal program of artificial recharge. A total of 81.4 million gallons of surplus 

water from the city's treated surface-water supply was injected under pressure into one of the municipal wells during four periods ranging from 8 

hours to more than 25 days at an average injection rate of 1,500 gpm. The 

wells' specific capacity decreased primarily due to viscosity effects produced 

by colder recharge water and bubbles of air coming out of solution. No 

buildup of water levels resulted, but geologic and hydrologic conditions preclude escape of substantial amounts of recharge water from the ground 

water subbasin. (From authors' abs.)

Frank, W. H.

1965. Neve ergebnisse zur verbesserung der kunstbicken grundwasseranrecherung [New findings in the improvement of artificial recharge of 

ground water] [in Dutch with English summ.]: Water [Netherlands], August, p. 249-253, September, p. 268-271.

The main objective of technological progress should be to adjust the 

unwelcome disparity of the O0 :CO0 proportion and to prolong the filter run 

of the various filters in favor of both quantity and quality. Through experiments with the ground-water pilot plant of the Dortmunder Stadtwerke AG, 

the chemical and bacteriological progress in the sand layers of the filters 

has been closely analyzed for some years. On account of the recert results, 

the Dortmunder Stadtwerke AG have developed their system of artificial 

recharge with prefiltration, in which the water is passed through a biologically reactive sand filter and then intensively aerated on cascades before 

passing to the infiltration sand bed. Thus a filter effluent with a raised O2 

content and a lower CO2 content is possible with but a single infiltration. 

Moreover, the efficiency of elimination from being polluted with oil, filthy 

waste, and so forth (even radioactivity) has been intensified. The suspended 

solids in the river water will be removed by a settling chamber which is 

installed after entrance cascades. To reduce the growth of algae, the filtration basins will not be completely submerged. In addition, the O2 :CO2 proportion will also be improved by an exchange between the pore air of the 

filter material and the atmosphere. Permanent experiments showed the good 

effect at a ground-water plant with intermittent aeration in the preliminary 

filter and periodical feed of the main infiltration basin. (From abs. in Water 

and Water Eng.)

Frankel, R. J.

1967. Economics of artificial recharge for municipal water supply [with 

French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 2°9-301.

A research project was undertaken to determine whether or not waste 

reclamation could be economically competitive with other water sources for 

municipal water supply. Numerous advanced waste treatment systems and 

recycle schemes were evaluated. Waste-water renovation through groundwater recharge proved to be the most feasible solution to reclamation of 

the effluent of any type treatment plant today.

Further study has evaluated the chemical and physical limitations of 

artificial recharge using municipal wastes, the economic trade-offs- between 

additional treatment prior to recharge and greater land utilization, and the 

break-even point for land values as a function of economies of scale. Finally 

the economics of a particular case study in the arid West of the United 

States is discussed as well as a proposed scheme for converting the Nation's
40 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Capitol, Washington, D.C., in the humid East from using solely surface-water 

supplies to using artificial recharge of undeveloped aquifers for future 

expansion of water supplies. (From author's abs.)

Frink, J. W.

1967. (and Fulcher, M. K.). Effective use of upper Snake River water 

resources: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. 

Jour., v. 93, no. IR-1, p. 99-112.

Nearly 2,500,000 acres are irrigated in upper Snake River basin. Of these, 

1,000,000 have a deficient water supply. An additional 3,000,000 acres of 

arable land have no water supply. Yet nearly 7,000,000 acre-feet of which 

60 percent is ground-water discharge flow out of the area annually. Surface 

holdover storage sufficient to supply the above lands cannot be identified, 

and the abundant ground-water supply is mostly beneath presently irrigated 

lands. Therefore, further development must depend on coordinated surfaceand ground-water use, exchange of sources of supply, and artificial recharge. 

Numerous hydrologic and geographic factors establish limiting parameters 

within which detailed planning may proceed. Studying the possible layouts 

and operations of such projects is being undertaken by analog studies of 

the ground-water reservoir and computer studies of the river system. (Abs. 

Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Trans.)

Garraud, J.

1965. Conditions d'exploration du dispostif de realimentation de la nappe 

le long du canal de fuite de Donzere-Mondragon [Operating conditions 

for the ground-water recharging system along the Donzere-Mondragon 

plant tailwater canal] [in French with English summ.]: La Houille 

Blanche, May-June, p. 253-258.

The layout of the diversion works for the Donzere-Mondragcn scheme 

on the Rhone made it necessary to run a 10-km-long tailwater canr.l through 

a very fertile alluvial plain. In order to compensate for the estimated fall 

of 4 m in water-table levels throughout the plain, due to this canal acting 

as a drain, the Compagnie Nationale du Rhone had ground-water recharging 

systems provided along both sides of the canal.

A justification of the method adopted by the Compagnie Nationale du 

Rhone is followed by a summary description of the arrangement? provided 

and the results achieved during the first 12 years of operation, with a few 

words about the technical and financial condition. (From abs. in Vater and 

Water Eng.)

Garrett, A. A.

1962. Artificial recharge of basalt aquifers, Walla Walla, Washington, in 

Short papers in geology and hydrology: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

450-C, p. C116-C117.

Owing to a high air content in the recharge water of Mill Creek, an injection schedule of short period recharge was followed. Results of 11 such 

short-term runs are presented and discussed with the tentative conclusion 

being that replenishment of this type offers a successful means of injecting 

water containing air into basalt aquifers without loss in yield or well 

efficiency. (DJG)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 41

Garza, Sergio

1959. (and Wesselman, J. B.). Geology and ground-water resources of 

Winkler County, Texas: Texas Board of Water Engineers Bull. 5916, 

p. 23.

Artificial recharge of waste water from earthen disposal pits occurred 

in several parts of the county. The fresh water supply was beir<? polluted 

by the recharge. The area most heavily recharged was near Kermit, Tex. 

(DCS)

Glazunov, I. S.

1967. Artificial formation of fresh ground water lenses by means of 

wells [with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 

237-242.

In this report, the problems of artificial formation of new fresh groundwater lenses as well as replenishment of existing ones by means of a system 

of fully penetrating recharge and pumped wells are discussed. The developed 

technique allows formation of the lateral boundary of a lens to be calculated 

in time. The calculation relationships have been obtained for th^ constant 

and exponentially changing flow of recharge wells. In this case, piston-like 

displacement of saline water by fresh water is assumed. (Author's abs.)

Glover, R. E.

1967. (Fink, J. W., and Philips, H. B.). Snake Plain analo<r studies: 

Am. Soc. Civil Eng. Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 93, no. 

IR-4, Paper 5670, p. 97-110.

Design, construction, and operation of an electric analog tc correlate 

existing geologic and hydrologic data and to guide future exchange pumping 

and recharge operations in the Snake River Plain area in Idaho are described. Beneath this plain, fissured lavas form an aquifer of exceptional 

permeability covering an area of about 12,000 square miles. Ground-water 

discharge accounts for 4,500,000 acre-feet of the 7,000,000 acre-feet now 

flowing uncontrolled out of the area each year. The analog will be used to 

study the possibilities of developing this ground-water reservoir to supply 

pumped irrigation water and to store excess surface flows as recharge. 

(Authors' abs.)

Gong-Guy, Georges

1963. Disposal of storm water by ground-water recharge, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn, conf. on ground-water recharge and ground-water 

basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., 

Ground-Water Recharge Center, 10 p.

Owing to the absence of natural drainage channels, excavated pit-type 

recharge basins are used by the California Division of Highways to dispose 

of storm drainage from depressed roadways in the Fresno to Bakersfield area.

Basins are also being provided for roadways at grade interchange areas 

to store the increased runoff from added impervious surfacing. Although 

basin recharge is preferable, well recharge of the storm runoff has also been 

used extensively. (DJG)

Goot, H. A. van der

1957. Water reclamation experiments at Hyperion: Sewage and Indus. 

Wastes, v. 29, no. 10, p. 1139-1144.
42 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

The paper presents a progress report on water reclamation experiments by 

the Los Angeles County Flood Control District at the Hyperion treatment 

plant of the city of Los Angeles. Studies at Whittier and Azusa concerning 

waste-water reclamation conducted since 1948 were reviewed. A comprehensive account is presented of reclaiming treated sewage by percolating water 

through filter beds and subsequently collecting the filter-bed efflients for 

injection into the aquifer through a test recharge well. The effluent from the 

Hyperion sewage-treatment plant is one of the possible sources of water 

to supply the requirements of an 11-mile fresh-water barrier to prevent seawater intrusion. (DCS)

Gray, D. H.

1966. (and Rex, R. W.). Formation damage in sandstones caused by clay 

dispersion and migration, in Conf. on clays and clay minerals, 14th, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: London and New York, Pergamon Press 

(Internat. Ser. Mon. Earth Sci., v. 26), p. 355-366, table.

Severe water sensitivity or loss of permeability was observed in a suite 

of experimentally flooded sandstones in spite of almost total al <?ence of 

montmorillonite or swelling mixed layer clays. X-ray diffraction and electron 

microscopy analysis showed displacement of submicroscopic natural clay crystals of needle-shaped mica and hexagonal-shaped kaolinite, dislodged by 

change in water chemistry combined with water movement. Flooding sandstone with alkaline metal brines triggered clay dispersion upon subsequent 

flooding with fresh water; flooding with divalent calcium brine prevented 

water sensitivity. A double layer expansion effect is suggested as the dispersion mechanism. (From Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

Green, M. G.

1965. Artificial recharge to the Edwards limestone aquifer in south 

Texas: [abs.] Symposium on hydrology of fractured rocks, sponsored 

by United Nations Educ., Sci., and Cultural Organization, Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology, Internat. Hydrol. Decade, in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, Paper 16.

A plan to artificially recharge the fractured Edwards limestone aquifer 

of Texas is described. From extensive studies it has been concluded that 

additional recharge can best be provided in the drainage area by a system 

of dams on the principal streams that contribute to the Edwards limestone 

aquifer. From gauge records, it has been estimated that the infiltration rate 

along the streams in the Nueces River basin where they cross the Balcones 

fault zone ranges from about 500 to more than 1,000 cfs, which is a contribution of about 64 percent of their flows to the natural recharge of the 

aquifer. About 128,000 acre-feet per year pass the lower edge of the loss 

zone. In the San Antonio River basin only about 8 percent or 15,fOO acrefeet per year of the average annual resources pass the lower edge of the loss 

area. In the Guadalupe River basin only one stream is a major contrbutor to 

the underground reservoir. This stream has an annual average of only 8,400 

acre-feet passing the loss area.

Surface-water reservoirs constructed upstream from and in the Balcones 

fault zone would provide regulation of the recharge to the underground 

reservoir. The water would be released from the surface reservoirs at rates 

not to exceed the infiltration rates along the streams and would be allowed 

to enter the aquifer through existing natural recharge channels downstream 

from the dams. (From author's abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 43

Greenberg, A. E.

1955. (McGauhey, P. H.). Chemical changes in sewage during reclamation by spreading: Soil Sci., v. 79, no. 1, p. 33-39.

A study of chemical changes in sewage during the reclamation of water 

from sewage by spreading is reported. The spreading operation was conducted on Hanford fine sandy loam. Samples were collected and analyzed 

to a depth of 13 feet. The results indicate that quantitative charges in the 

liquid were few. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, scdium, and 

chloride ions remain the same. Potassium decreased by about fO percent. 

Ammonia and phosphates were completely removed within the first 4 feet of 

vertical water travel. Sulfates and bicarbonates increased by about 200 

percent. Explanations for the changes, which were largely due to biological 

activity in the soils, are proposed. (Authors' summ.)

Grodzensky, V. D.

1967. Formation of fresh ground-water lenses as a result of percolation 

from canals and pits [with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 360-364.

If saline unconfined ground water is of deep occurrence and if the sides 

and bed of a canal or pit are composed of less permeable rocks as compared 

with underlying ones, the rocks under the canal or pit are not fully saturated.

For possible conditions of formation of fresh ground-water lenses in this 

case, analytically obtained calculation relationships are presented. They 

allow the process of the movement of the fresh- and saline-water interface, 

the different densities of these waters taken into account, to be predicted. 

The solutions obtained are analyzed and their validity is verified by using 

a model similar to a Hele-Shaw model. (Author's abs.)

Groot, C. R.

1960. Feasibility of artificial recharge at Newark, Delaware: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 52, no. 6, p. 749-755.

Spreading of water in shallow basins appeared to be the mo?t practical 

method of ground-water recharge in the area of Newark, Del. The paper reports on a study to obtain infiltration rates utilizing double-ring infiltrometers directed toward determining the feasibility of artificial recharge. 

(DCS)

Haile, H. H.

1966. Ground water recharge experience in Los Angeles County, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, development, 

and management, 5th, California Univ., Los Angeles, 1965, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 3 p.

The experiences and problems of the Los Angeles County Flcod Control 

District with spreading and well-injection facilities for recharge are discussed. The major effort of this organization is involved with the surface 

spreading of local, imported and reclaimed water and the develcnment and 

operation of barriers to sea-winter intrusion. The writer states that new 

barrier facilities placed in operation in the past year and a half increased 

the injection rate to 70 cfs which is 10 times the previous rate.

Problems to be resolved include the handling of silt in local stcrm waters, 

reducing land areas required for spreading grounds, elimination of biological 

nuisances, and well clogging. (WK)
44 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Hall, W. A.

1955. Theoretical aspects of water spreading: Agr. Eng., v. 36, no. 6, 

p. 394-399.

Effects of variable permeability of the soil with depth on the prolonged 

submergence infiltration rates are discussed from a theoretical point of 

view. A method for analysis of a prospective location for water spreading 

is proposed. One-dimensional infiltration, infiltration into stratified soils, 

perched water tables, and infiltration with lateral flow are included in the 

analyses. (DCS)

1957a. (Hagan, R. M., and Axtell, J. D.). Recharging ground water by 

irrigation: Agr. Eng., v. 38, no. 2, p. 98-100.

Excessive irrigation on alfalfa plots was studied cooperative!" by the 

University of California, Davis, and the Kern County Land Co. It was 

concluded that excessive irrigation did not affect plant mortality for the 

treatments imposed and that, subject to the conditions of the study, a considerable volume of water can be returned to underground storage. The continuously flooded plot absorbed 31 acre feet per acre, an average of 4.5 acre 

feet per acre per week, while for all treatments the average intake was 

6.4 acre feet per acre per week. (DCS)

1957b. Perched water tables under an artificial ground-water recharge 

system: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 38, no. 3, p. 346-347.

Hydrostatic pressure measurements were made at 14 depths 1 3low the 

surface of a large ground-water recharge system. These measurements show 

the nature of the growth of the perched water tables resulting from the 

spreading operation. They demonstrate the importance of knowing subsurface 

stratigraphy for a considerable depth with respect to treatment of the surface soil to improve permeability. These factors also limit the potential capacity of a recharge area. (Author's abs.)

1957c. Water-spreading research by the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station, in Conf. on water spreading for groundwater recharge, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resource? Center 

Contr. 7, p. 52-56.

This paper deals with an experiment to study overirrigation cf alfalfa 

during the dormant season. It was concluded that, with the possible exception of the continuously wet treatment, there is no apparent damage to 

alfalfa under the conditions of the experimental tests. (WK)

Hammad, H. Y.

1961. Seepage losses from parallel canal systems: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Trans., v. 126, pt. 1, Paper 3102, p. 136-143.

This paper deals with the two-dimensional problem of steady seepage 

flow under gravity from a system of parallel, identical, and equally spaced 

canals into a semipervious clay layer of finite thickness underlain by a 

freely permeable layer of sand and gravel in which the piezometrk head is 

very near the canal water level. Two steps of conformal mapping are used 

and an approximation to the canal profile is adapted. In this approximation 

the specified canal width and depth are not changed. (Author's synopsis.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 45

Hantush, M. S.

1964. Depletion of storage, leakage, and river flow by gravitv wells in 

sloping sands: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 69, no. 12, p. 2551-2560.

Formulae are obtained for estimating the rate, at anytime after pumping begins, and the total volume, at the end of a period of continuous 

pumping, of the parts of the well yield that are derived from storage, induced leakage, and induced infiltration from the river and (or) from the 

natural flow that would have been discharged into the river if the well had 

not been pumping. It is assumed that the river cuts completely through the 

sand and flows in a fairly straight course which extends a considerable distance on both sides from the well location. Two cases are considered: A 

stream cutting across the natural flow and a stream cutting along the natural 

flow. (From author's abs.)

1965. Wells near streams with semipervious beds: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 70, no. 12, p. 2829-2838.

Currently used formulas for the drawdown distribution and the rate and 

total volume of river depletion resulting from wells pumping nearby are 

based primarily on the assumption that the bed of the stream is as permeable 

as the aquifer it completely cuts through. These formulas have been empirically modified to be approximately applicable when the stream bed is semipervious and is partially penetrating the aquifer. This modification is based 

on the assumption that the resistance to flow due to the partial penetration 

and the semiperviousness of the stream bed can be reasonably replaced by 

its equivalent owing to flow through a horizontal additional stretch of the 

main aquifer. This additional length is determined empirically by using 

pumping-test data in conjunction with the drawdown equation for the substitute system. In the present study, the approach to the problem is to replace 

the resistance to flow due to the semiperviousness of the bed of the stream 

by an equivalent resistance due to a horizontal flow through a semipervious 

layer of insignificant storage capacity which is lying between th^ aquifer 

and the channel of the stream. The conjecture is that this approacl is closer 

to reality and, consequently, yields flow formulas that reproduce the flow 

conditions in the actual system more closely. Except for the unsteady drawdown equation, this approach has led to flow equations that are as easy as 

their counterparts now in use. Tabulation of the function involved in the 

unsteady drawdown equation is not difficult, and, once completed, the equation becomes as easy to use as any other simple formula. Quantitative comparison between results of the old and the new approaches are presented 

graphically. A procedure using the steady-state drawdown equation is outlined for obtaining the transmissivity of the aquifer, the effective d:stance to 

the stream, and the "retardation coefficient" of the channel lining. (Author's 

abs.)

1967a. Growth and decay of ground-water mounds in response to uniform 

percolation: Water Resources Research, v. 3, no. 1, p. 227-234.

In the artificial recharge of irrigation waters, the response of groundwater mounds to deep percolation is of practical interest. Where the underlying aquifer is infinite in areal extent, the solution of rise and fall of the 

water table for the circular recharging area is given in terms of a function 

easily tabulated for a practical range of parameters. Approximate solutions
46 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

in terms of already tabulated functions are presented also. For the rectangular recharging area the solution function depends on two parameters. This 

function is tabulated for a wide range of parameters, which affords a means 

for relatively simple calculation. The solutions are applicable if the rise of 

water table relative to initial depth of saturation does not exceed 50 percent. 

(Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

1967b. Depletion of flow in right-angle stream bends by steady wells: 

Water Resources Research, v. 3, no. 1, p. 235-240, table.

The flow of a stream hydraulically connected to an aquifer can be reduced 

by nearby pumping wells. Such pumping will either increase infiltration 

from nearby streams or decrease the natural flow of ground water into the 

streams or both. This depletion of stream flow increases perennial yield of 

the sand to much more than would have been available as ground water 

alone. Natural streams as well as canals can meet at right angles, such as 

those in a trellis drainage pattern. Formulas are developed in terms of tabulated functions for estimating rate and volume of such stream depletion by 

pumping wells, for both domestic and irrigation use. (Abs. of North Am. 

Geology.)

Harding, S. T.

1955. Statutory control of ground water in the Western United States: 

Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Trans., v. 120, Paper 2751, p. 490-498.

Control of artificial ground water was discussed as concerns the right 

to recover the water, restriction of ground-water use, and other similar 

points. Court decisions in California are cited. It was concluded that there 

does not appear to be a need for separate statutory control of artificial 

ground waters. If abandoned, they are subject to the same controls as natural waters, and if provided under conditions in which title to their use is 

retained separately from the natural supply by an agency, such title should 

enable their use to be controlled in the agency's interest. (DCS)

Harmeson, R. H.

1959. Pit recharge at Peoria, Illinois, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Eienn. conf. 

on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, P.-oc.: Fort 

Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water Management Research Br., 

p. 40-43.

The two recharge pit operations at Peoria, 111., are described. Bearing 

the silt accumulation of a 3-year operation, recharge rates were 35.3 feet 

per day at Pit No. 1 and 45.3 feet per day at the larger Pit No. 2. (DJG)

1963. (and Vogel, 0. W.). Artificial recharge and pollution of ground 

water: Ground Water, v. 1, no. 1, p. 11-15.

In an attempt at partially counteracting the serious depletion of groundwater resources at Peoria, 111., a method for artificial replenishment has 

been developed by the Illinois State Water Survey and used in two well fields. 

Water taken from the Illinois River is chlorinated and infiltrated into the 

ground-water aquifers by means of recharge pits.

Potential pollutants of physical, chemical, bacterial, and radioactive nature 

are present in the river at all times in varying degrees. Possible pollution 

of the ground water is patently inherent with the artificial rechar.re process.

Eight years of operating experience have proven the pit method of re-
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 47

charge to be effective in the Peoria area. Substantial quantities of water are 

recharged annually and existing standards for quality have been met. The 

results serve to point out problems which are encountered, to emphasize 

the need for control measures, and to establish trends and effects which may 

become important in the future. (Authors' abs.)

Harpaz, Y.

1964. (and Bear, Jacob). Investigations on mixing of waters in underground storage operations [with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. 

Hydrology Pub. 64, p. 132-153.

At the more advanced stages of water development, ground-water aquifers 

are being used not only as sources of natural water but also as stores for 

water introduced by artificial means as reserves under various supply projects. During such underground storage operations, water of varying quality 

and composition is introduced into the aquifer, and intermixing occurs between the injected water and the indigenous water.

Displacement and mixing phenomena within the ground and in pumping 

wells are analyzed. Laboratory and analytical studies are described in which 

solutions have been found for breakthrough times and breakthrougl concentrations in wells (assuming immiscible liquids) for various well arrangements 

as well as for various recharge and pumping regimes. A graphical solution 

for complex systems is developed and demonstrated.

First results of dispersion studies performed on a sectorial sand model 

are presented.

Results of recent mixing experiments conducted in productive well fields 

exploiting limestone and sandstone aquifers are described and analyzed. The 

effect on the mixing process produced by several factors such as hydrodynamic dispersion, natural ground-water flow, and downward percolation 

of fresh replenishment water is discussed and evaluated.

The testing of a proposed field technique for determining the mixing 

characteristics of aquifers (and dispersivity) is reported. (Authors' abs.)

1965. Field experiments in recharge and mixing through wells: Tel Aviv, 

Tahal Water Planning for Israel, Ltd., Tech. Kept. 17, Pub. 483, 54 p.

Up to 1964, an extensive program of recharge and mixing experiments 

was carried out in more than 20 production wells, drilled in srndstone, 

limestone, and basalt formations. The experiments were aimed s.t determining: (1) the capacity of the formations and the wells to absorb recharge 

water, (2) the shape a recharged body of water takes in the aquifer and 

the way it spreads, and (3) the mixing process that takes place when water 

which is different from the native ground water is recharged. Injection 

was found to sustain rates of between 300 and 800 cu m per hr in sandstone 

wells and of between 1,000 and 2,000 cu m per hr in ordinary limestone wells. 

Conclusions as to the planning of a controlled underground storage and 

mixing project are presented. (From author's abs.)

1967. (and Schwarz, J.). Operating a limestone aquifer as a reservoir 

for a water supply system: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull., v. 

12, no. 1, p. 78-90.

An aquifer can be used not only as a water source but also as a regulating reservoir linked to a water-supply system. Planning the operation of 

such reservoirs calls for a good knowledge of the characteristics and limita-
48 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

tions of the aquifer, an estimate of its natural replenishment and outflows, as 

well as the determination of a program for pumping and artificial recharge.

A limestone aquifer of karstic nature, heavily exploited and artificially 

recharged, has been studied recently with respect to its storage capacity 

and responses to a planned scheme of operations established for the national 

water-supply systems.

The physical characteristics of this aquifer its inflows, outlows, and 

dynamic behaviour were first determined by geological and hydrological 

investigations. The dynamic model obtained was then verified and improved 

by use of a resistor-capacitor electric analog constructed for this purpose. 

Later on, several operational alternatives were tested on the same analog. 

An optimization analysis was performed on a simplified single cell model representing the aquifer system. The methodology of such integrational operation is discussed in light of the results obtained. (Authors' abs.)

Hart, D. H.

1957. Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, 

Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey, open-file rept., 35 p., tables.

An experimental artificial recharge program for the Walla Walla area, 

Washington, is proposed. Water available from Mill Creek is to be injected 

into a basalt aquifer at an initial rate of about 500 gpm and varied depending upon the evaluated results. The chemical compatibility and biological 

suitability of the water are discussed as well as the problems of dissolved 

and entrained air, temperatures, and sediment concentration. (WK)

1958. Artificial recharge to ground water in Oregon and Washington: 

U.S. Geol. Survey, open-file rept., 55 p., tables.

Nine installations in Oregon and Washington have been used to recharge 

ground water to replenish the supply, to conserve physical characteristics of 

the water, or to dispose of excess uncontaminated water. Five of these 

installations are in Oregon; four are in Washington.

Each year about 100 acre-feet of field drainage is recharged into irrigation wells at Pine Flat, about 200 acre-feet of river water is recharged to 

augment the pumpage from nearby wells of the Springfield public-supply 

system, and about 311 acre-feet of exhaust water from two heat-pump installations is recharged at Portland. For several years 43 acre-feet of 

excess spring water was recharged annually to a public-supply well at St. 

Helens. Nearly 384 acre-feet of exhaust water is recharged each year from 

a heat pump at Tacoma and 160 acre-feet at Vancouver. About 160 acre-feet 

of cooling water is recharged annually to two wells at the Snohomish substation. The Richland city system annually utilizes about 12,000 acre-feet 

of recharge water of which 2,200 acre-feet is pumped from the Columbia 

River and the remainder is diverted by canal from the Yakima River. The 

Richland system uses recharge ponds whereas the other uses injection wells. 

Artificial recharge has been essentially successful except in one well. (From 

author's abs.)

Haskell, E. E., Jr.

1963. (Bianchi, W. C., and Pomeroy, C. R.). Low intake rates and rising 

perched water tables hinder ground water recharge in southwestern 

Fresno County: California Agriculture, v. 17, no. 9, p. 2-3.

Water intake rates of the soils in southwestern Fresno County are low 

for recharge purposes. However, extending the period of flooding will allow 

the movement of considerable depths of water through their profiles to a
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 49

perched water table. Pumping from this shallow water table is now limited, 

and water-table elevations are continuing to rise. This threatening watertable situation, together with the poor quality of the perched water at these 

sites, makes the practice of surface spreading for artificial recharge undesirable. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. Material on Soil and Water Conserv.)

1965. (and Bianchi, W. C.). Development and dissipation of ground 

water mounds beneath square recharge basins: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 57, no. 3, p. 349-353.

An experiment is described in which square basins instrumented with 

observation wells were subjected to continuous water aplication. Buildup 

and dissipation of ground-water mounds were measured. Permeability below 

the existing water table was determined from pump tests, and its directional 

distribution for the plots did not correlate with the center of the mound at 

equilibrium. (DCS)

Hauser, V. L.

1966. Hydrology, conservation, and management of runoff water in 

playas on the Southern High Plains: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Agr. 

Research Service, Conserv. Research Rept. 8, 26 p.

The paper contains conservation and management plans for ruroff water 

which include artificial ground-water recharge. Discussion in the report 

concerns, to a large degree, artificial ground-water recharge as a management practice. (DCS)

1967a. (and Lotspeich, F. B.). Artificial ground-water recharge through 

wells: Jour. Soil and Water Conserv., v. 22, no. 1, p. 11-15, tables.

Surface runoff that accumulated in a playa lake was used to recharge the 

Ogallala Formation in the southern High Plains area near Bushland, Tex. 

Before injecting the raw water, 90 percent of its suspended material was 

removed by flocculation and settling after treatment with a cationic polyelectrolyte and alum. Recharge wells that became clogged were successfully 

redeveloped by bailing. Sixty-one acre-feet of treated water was recharged 

in 1965 through 6-inch wells.

Data showed that ground-water recharge is not likely to pollute an 

aquifer more than a few feet from a recharge well. (DJG)

1967b. (and Signor, D. C.). Water conservation and ground-water recharge research in the Texas High Plains, in West Texas w?.ter conf., 

5th, Lubbock, Tex., 1967, Proc.: Lubbock, Texas Technol. Coll., West 

Texas Water Inst., p. 41-74; condensed in 1967 in Texas A&M Univ., 

Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Misc. Pub. 850, 10 p.

Hydrology and water conservation considerations of the High Plains of 

Texas were reviewed. Past research on ground-water recharge through 

wells and current research concerning hydrogeology, water clarification, and 

recharge through shafts, wells and pits was discussed. An experimental 

field recharge system utilizing surface runoff water in a playa lake consisting 

of clarification and injection through wells was described. (DCS)

Havens, J. S.

1966. Recharge studies on the High Plains in northern Lea County, New 

Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1819-F, 52 p., tables.

Data obtained during this study indicate that about 100,000 acre-feet of 

water collects in closed depressions on the surface of the High Plains in
50 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

years of normal precipitation. Studies of water losses from ponds in selected 

depressions indicate that between 20 and 80 percent of this runoff recharges 

the ground-water body and the balance is lost to evapotranspiration, chiefly 

evaporation. Artificial recharge facilities constructed in the depressions 

could put at least 50,000 acre-feet of water underground annually that otherwise would be lost to evaporation. Recharging through pits or spreading 

ponds would cost less per unit volume of water than recharge through wells. 

Results of well recharge experiments are described. (From author's abs.)

Hazan, R.

1961a. (Chapond, G.). Hydrodynamique des captages s'influercant mutuellement (cas de 1'injection) [in French with English summ.]: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 56, p. 321-331.

A study of artificial recharge in the Sais water table (Morocco, Fez 

region) using two wells is discussed. A hydrodynamical study of the injection in each single working well and of the interaction of the two wells in 

case of simultaneous injection was made. (Authors' summ.)

1961. Nappes de Berrechid et du Charf el Akab mechanisme d'alimentation et evaluation des resources en eaux souterraines. Recharge artificielle [French with English summ.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology 

Pub. 57, p. 542-546.

Among other things an application of artificial recharge in the Charf el 

Akab area is discussed. (DJG)

Hedger, H. E.

1956. Contamination by and control of sea water intrusion, in Conf. 

on California ground-water situation, Proc.: California Univ. Water 

Resources Center Contr. 2, p. 98-105.

The use of storm runoff and imported Colorado River water for artificial 

recharge by spreading and well injection in Los Angeles County is described. 

The present off-channel spreading grounds have a combined percolation 

capacity of about 1,100 cfs. Off-channel spreading grounds have conserved 

approximately 1,300,000 acre-feet of local water during the period 1920-55. 

During the last 3 years 125,000 acre-feet of imported water has been recharged to ground-water basins, and since 1953 about 10,000 acre-feet of 

imported water has been recharged to ground-water basins, and since 1953 

about 10,000 acre-feet has been injected into recharge wells to form a freshwater pressure ridge to prevent intrusion of salt water. (WK)

Hem, J. D.

1960. Chemical equilibrium diagrams for ground-water systems [with 

French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Bull. 19, p. 45-53.

Chemical equilibrium in water in contact with calcite is expressed by means 

of a pH grid overlay on a log-log plot of activities of bicarbonate versus 

calcium ions. Solubility of ferrous iron and the solid-phase minerals that 

would be stable in a solution containing activities of 10 ppm of sulfate and 

100 ppm of bicarbonate or related species is expressed by means of a 

stability-field diagram with pH as abscissa and redox potential as ordinate.

The diagrams can be used to tell whether water injected in recharge wells 

may form precipitates that could plug the aquifer and have other uses in 

studies of natural water chemistry. (Author's abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 51

Hennessy, P. V.

1967. (Williams, L. R., and Lin, Y. S.). Tertiary treatment of trickling 

filter effluent at Orange County, California: Water Pollution Control 

Federation Jour., v. 39, no. 11, p. 1819-1833.

A pilot program for reclamation of waste water for injection into freshwater aquifers is in progress in Orange County, Calif. Facilities consist of a 

full-size injection well and a pilot-scale plant comprising flocculation-clarification procedure and gravity filtration for advanced treatment of secondary 

effluent before injection. (From abs. in Water Pollution Control Federation 

Jour.)

Hirshleifer, Jack

1960. (De Havin, J. C., and Milliman, J. W.). Water supply economics, 

technology, and policy: Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 378 p.

Artificial recharge of ground waters is discussed in appropriate chapters 

in this book in relation to specific topics of economics, law, and technology. 

(WK)

Hoffman, J. F.

1956. This diffusion well won't flood: Eng. News-Record, v. 156, no. 10, 

p. 55-56.

This article describes a "leaching-type" diffusion well which was developed 

for installation at new buildings of the New York Telephone Co. in Patchogue, Long Island, N.Y., where the requirements were to return 52 to 260 gpm 

of air-conditioning water in an area having a water table 11 feet below the 

land surface. It was designed by use of Hazen's formula, relating permeability to grain size, and the Thiem formula. Tests indicate that a 7.5-foot 

diameter, rock- and gravel-packed well, penetrating 4.5 feet below the water 

table will return 260 gpm into stratified glacial outwash sand wit1? a waterlevel buildup of only 8.5 feet without flooding of the recharge well. (DCS)

Holsinger, Henry

1956. (Murray, A. N., McSwain, Kenneth, Eversen, Burrham, and 

Harding, S. T.) Factors to be considered in establishing a groundwater policy for California, in Conf. on California ground-water 

situation, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Contr. 2, 

p. 177-207.

This panel discussion presents opposing views on the need for legislation 

in relation to the protection and preservation of the utility of ground-water 

sources. Artificial recharge is discussed. (WK)

Hoopes, J. A.

1967a. (and Harleman, D. R. F.). Dispersion in radial flow from a recharge well: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 72, no. 14, p. 3595-3607, table.

The recharge and disposal of treated and untreated waste waters in 

ground-water aquifers results in a mixing of these waters with the natural 

groundwater. The distribution and boundaries of the ensuing mixture are 

determined by the combined mechanisms of convection, dispersion, diffusion, 

and sorption. In this study, the mass conservation equation for a dissolved 

substance in two-dimensional ground-water flow is developed. An analytical 

solution and a numerical solution of this equation are obtained for the radial 

and temporal distribution of a conservative dissolved substance, which is
52 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

injected into a homogeneous isotropic confined aquifer by a single recharging well. Experimental measurements of the concentration distributions of 

a dilute salt-water tracer support the theoretical considerations. It is found 

that, for homogeneous media, the dispersed or mixed region may be less 

than 1 percent of the volume of fluid recharged at distances of only 30-60 m 

from the well. Finally, from the experimental results it is shown that the 

dispersion coefficient along the streamlines is the same for both uniform and 

nonuniform flows at the same velocity. (Authors' abs.)

1967b. (and Harleman, D. R. F.). Wastewater recharge and dispersion 

in porous media: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Hydraulics Div. 

Jour., v. 93, no. HY-5, p. 51-71.

For steady flow between a recharging and a pumping well, in an infinite 

confined aquifer of homogeneous, isotopic media, theoretical expressions 

were developed for the spatial and temporal distributions of a conservative 

substance, introduced at the recharge well. From these expressions, the 

relative influences of convection, dispersion, and diffusion on the substance 

distribution were deduced. To test the analytical results experimental measurements of the distribution of a dilute salt-water tracer on a sand model 

were presented. The model tests and field problem show that lateral dispersion has a negligible influence on the substance distribution, and molecular 

diffusion, while not important in the model tests, may be important in field 

problems. Longitudinal dispersion is important in determining the shape 

of the tracer distribution within the aquifer, but it has a significant influence on the concentration in the pumping well only for small times when 

the concentration ratio is less than 0.1. (Abs. in Am. Soc. Civil Engineers 

Trans.)

Huisman, L.

1965. Hydrologische aspecten van kunstinatige grondwaterr anvulling 

[Hydrological aspects of artificial increase of ground water] [in Dutch 

with English summ.] : Water [Netherlands], p. 131-138, 1.43-148.

When more ground water is needed than the safe yield of the catchment 

can provide, the amount of water entering the aquifer must be artificially 

increased. This may be accomplished indirectly by local wells and galleries 

as close as practicable to surface streams with pervious banks (induced 

recharge) or directly by converging water from another source to points 

from which it percolates into a body of ground water (artificial recharge). 

With both methods of artificial ground-water replenishment, care must be 

taken to prevent a rapid clogging of the area of infiltration and an excessive 

lowering of the ground-water table. To effect an improvement in the quality 

of the recharge water to the standard of the ground water, a minimum length 

of travel and a minimum retention period underground are required. In this 

paper a mathematical analysis is given of these requirements and the resulting limitation in recharge capacity is formulated. (From abs. in Water and 

Water Eng.)

1967. Artificial recharge for public water supplies in urbanized regions 

[with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 200- 

212.

In the field of drinking water, artificial recharge has already been applied 

for a long time, the main purpose being to transform surface water with
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 53

varying characteristics into ground water of more constant quality, which 

will be safe for public supply. In reality, however, the utmost stress is put on 

the removal of bacteriological pollutions, for which purpose the recharge 

and recovery works are designed and operated in such a way as to avoid 

short-circuiting as much as possible. This results in a more or less constant 

detention period for all the water abstracted, and consequently, variations in 

physical and chemical characteristics of the raw water are propagated with 

little or no damping.

Nowadays other reliable means for assuring the bacteriological safety are 

available, while in densely populated, highly industrialized regiors surface 

streams often carry a large artificial load of chemical pollutants, resulting 

in a variable composition from high to low flows. This variation, as well as 

the fluctuation in water temperature, could be smoothed out by a different 

design of the artificial-recharge system, promoting a strong variation in 

detention time and, if necessary, even accepting short-circuiting.

The paper tries to outline the problem and gives a few suggestions for 

possible solutions. As an example, the use of water from the river Rhine for 

public drinking-water supplies in the Netherlands is considered. (Author's 

abs.)

Hunziker, L. T.

1964. Aquifer recharging: Water and Sewage Works, v. 3, no. 4, p. 203- 

205.

This article is one of a general series on ground water and contains a 

review of artificial recharge programs in various parts of the country. (WK)

Imbertson, N. M.

1959a. Reclaiming the Los Angeles River: Water Works Eng., p. 1089- 

1091,1106,1113.

High turbidities in the Los Angeles River are no longer a determent to its 

diversion into reclamation spreading grounds and its use to supplement the 

water supply of the city of Los Angeles, nor are stormflows, whicl formerly 

swept away wooden diversion dams. Los Angeles has found solutions for 

both of these problems. Turbidities will be overcome by the use of r flocculating chemical which will preclarify the water and prevent rapid c"ogging of 

the recharge basins; floodflows will be saved by use of a deflatable-inflatable 

rubber dam across the Los Angeles River.

The article describes initial tests made of a product known as Separan 

2610, a new synthetic organic polymer to flocculate the colloidal material in 

storm water and settle it to the bottom of a collecting basin in a matter of 

minutes, the equipment installed for dosing the water with this polymer, and 

a 22-day test run of this equipment. (From abs. in Water and Water Eng.)

1959b. Replenishment of ground water with desilted storm water, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water reel arge, 2d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and 

Water Management Research Br., p. 66-70.

After experiments revealed that suspended sediment of storm runoff could 

be economically and efficiently removed by application of Separrn 2610, a 

collapsible dam was built on the Los Angeles River flood-control channel to 

divert storm runoff for treatment and replenishment on a 30-acre spreading 

tract. With no silt restriction, greater quantities of water are now available
54 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

for recharge. Increasing infiltration rates by pumping out the air from soil 

beneath water-spreading areas is discussed. (DJG)

1960. Collapsible dam aids Los Angeles water supply: Civil Eng., v. 30, 

no. 9, p. 42-44.

A giant inflatable nylon bag coated with neoprene is used as a dam to back 

up water in the Los Angeles River. It thus directs water to a 30-acre spreading ground for recharging the underlying aquifer. (WK)

Jacob, C. E.

1960. Ground-water mounds in two-layered aquifers [abs.]: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 65, no. 5, p. 1634.

This is a study of flow in systems of two layers, a top one of low permeability and high storativity and a bottom one of high permeability and low 

storativity, coupled hydraulically across their common interface. Partial 

differential equations are obtained for nonsteady flow in such a two-layered 

system into which water is recharged at nonuniform and varying rates over 

all or part of the aquifer. Various lateral boundary conditions are specified 

for both linear and radial systems. Finite difference equations are obtained 

as approximations of the differential equations. Solutions are obtained in 

certain illustrative cases by electric analog computer. Examples of actual 

ground-water mounds were studied in light of this theory. (Abs. in Jour. 

Geophys. Research.)

Jacobsen, J. C., Jr.

1959. Ground water recharge on the Jacobsen Ranch, in Schiff, Leonard, 

ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, 

Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 85-86.

A water-spreading operation consisting of seven basins within a 12-acre 

spreading site receiving diverted river water is described. (DJG)

Jans, Melvin

1959. North Kern Water Storage District spreading activities, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, 

Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 54-57.

Water-spreading experiments carried out through 1956 resulted in the 

discontinuing of any further soil disturbance practices such as cultivation 

or treatments to increase infiltration rates. Flooding on alternate basins, 

when spreading over an extended period of time to take advantage of rapid 

infiltration rates of dried basin surfaces, has proven successful. Operation, 

maintenance, and costs are discussed for the operations since 1957, as is 

redesign of the operations on the basis of accumulated experience in this field. 

(DJG)

1962. North Kern Water Storage District recharge activities, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, 

Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research 

Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 4 p.

General conclusions resulting from spreading studies are presented. Investigation of alternative methods of ground-water replenishment, such as using 

natural stream channels as recharge areas, is emphasized. (DJG)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 55

Jenkins, Merchant, and Nankivil, consulting engineers

1955. A program to replenish water resources of the greater Peoria area 

in Peoria and Tazewell Counties, Illinois: Springfield, 111., Jenkins, 

Merchant, and Nankivil, consulting engineers, 279 p.

After study and interpretation of the data developed in this report, construction and operation of a new recharge pit is recommended tc solve the 

immediate water-supply problem in the greater Peoria water area. One of two 

alternative permanent solutions calls for recharging fully treated Peoria 

Lake water through horizontal collecting wells operated in reverse. (DJG)

Jensen, M. E.

1959a. Ground water recharge in the High Plains of Texas, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, 

Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 88-92.

Problems of aquifer clogging due to suspended material, mostly clay, in 

playa-lake water used for recharge are discussed. Research, with an objective 

to preserve the performance of multipurpose wells, has resulted in a fieldscale model filter now being evaluated as is the use of chemicals tc flocculate 

the sediment. (DJG)

1959b. (and Clyma, Wayne). What happens to sediments in playa lake 

water when used for underground recharge in wells: Cross Section, 

v. 5, no. 8, tables, p. 2-4.

Measured quantities of sediment entering a recharge well are compared 

with measured quantities of sediments removed during the pumping cycle 

in Hockley County, Tex. (WK)

Johnson, A. H.

1955. Conservation of ground water on Long Island: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 47, no. 4, p. 348-354.

Problems of a declining water table and saltwater encroachment on Long 

Island, N.Y., are described. Diffusion wells have been required to return 

water from new cooling and air-conditioning wells. Diffusion wells are 

described and data are given on pumpage and recharge. Open basins and 

effects of artificial recharge on ground-water temperature are mentioned. 

(DCS)

Johnson, A. I.

1963. (and Kunkel, Fred). Some research related to ground-water recharge a progress report from the U.S. Geological Survey, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge and ground-water 

basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., 

Ground-Water Recharge Center, 17 p.

A model study of infiltration in layered and nonlayered porous material 

is described. De-aired tap water was introduced through small "cribs" simulating infiltration pits or recharge basins.

Also as part of a continuing study in cooperation with the California 

Department of Water Resources, appraisal of the geology and hydrology as 

they relate to various possibilities for recharge of the ground-water reservoir 

and to the use of the reservoir for cyclic ground-water storage are being 

investigated in the San Joaquin Valley. (DJG)
56 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

1966. (Moston, R. P., and Versaw, S. F.). Laboratory study of aquifer 

properties and well design for an artificial-recharge site: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1615-H, 42 p., tables.

Hydrologic and physical properties of the aquifer used were determined 

from analyses of samples taken at the recharge well site used in the artificial 

recharge study at Grand Prairie, Ark., and from nearby test ho^s. Using 

laboratory-analysis data, quantitative aquifer characteristics were estimated 

 a coefficient of transmissibility of 60,000 gpd per foot and a specific yield or 

coefficient of storage of about 0.34. Laboratory data also were used to predict 

a specific capacity of 30 gpm per foot of drawdown for the proposed recharge 

well. (From authors'abs.)

1967. (and Sniegocki, R. T.). Comparison of laboratory and field analyses 

of aquifer and well characteristics at an artificial recharge, well site 

[with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 182- 

192.

Research on artificial recharge of alluvial deposits by means of recharge 

wells was carried out in the Grand Prairie region of Arkansas. Extensive 

test drilling and construction of observation wells within the 24-scmare-mile 

research site provided detailed information on the geology and hydrology 

of the deposits of Quaternary Age.

Aquifer characteristics were determined by means of laboratory analysis 

of samples collected from the pilot test holes for the recharge wells and by 

conventional pumping tests in the field. On the basis of the laboratory 

analyses, a transmissibility of 60,000 gpd per foot, and a storage coefficient 

of 0.34 was predicted for the recharge test site.

Later pumping tests and recharge tests in the field confirmed that the 

values of transmissibility predicted from laboratory analysis were comparable 

to those obtained by the field test. Slow drainage from the fine-textured portions of the aquifer resulted in a change of storage coefficient vith time. 

However, the field data showed that the storage coefficient probably would 

have reached the value predicted by laboratory analyses if the field tests had 

been run for a much longer period of time.

The authors conclude that laboratory analysis of water-bearing materials 

can and should be used in conjunction with field tests in developing design 

and operational criteria for recharge wells. A more thorough understanding 

of the hydrologic system under injection conditions will result. (Authors' 

abs.)

Johnson, C. E.

1957. Utilizing the decomposition of organic residues to increase infiltration rates in water spreading: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 38, no. 3, 

p. 326-332.

Percolation rates of soil mixed with organic residues varied with the 

amount of material applied, decomposition rate of the material, and the 

length of the incubation period. These studies indicate that initial decomposition at a moisture content near field capacity followed by decomposition at 

saturation may produce the highest infiltration rate for a given amount of 

organic residue. Infiltration rates on 0.005-acre test ponds are presented. The 

use of organic residues to increase infiltration rate of water spreading areas 

is discussed. (From author's abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 57

1959a. (and Schiff, Leonard). Activities of the ground water recharge 

research project, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on grovnd-water 

recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western 

Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 11-17.

During experiments on infiltration rates in ponds, the authors found that 

ground water of 7.5 to 10.0 me/1 total salts infiltrated 2 to 2.5 times as fast as 

Kern River canal water with 1.2 to 2.5 me/1 total salts. While addition of 

gypsum or sulfuric acid did not increase the infiltration rate of the low 

salinity Kern River water, additions of ferric sulfate at concentrations of 

3 me/1 or 7 me/1 were very effective in increasing infiltration when applied 

continuously.

Experimental results of well recharging with river water filtered through 

flumes containing aquifer sand < 0.5 mm in size were compared with control 

models recharging unfiltered river water during the same period. (DJG)

1959b. Recharge research plans of the Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water 

recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western 

Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 103-105.

In a broad investigation concerning replenishment and utilization of 

underground storage, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley, objectives 

include: (1) characterization of sites as to their suitability for recharge, (2) 

study of ground-water replenishment by irrigation, and (3) concern with the 

quality of the water reaching the water table. A combination laboratory-field 

approach will be used. (DJG)

Johnson, Michael

1967. (Lundeen, E. W.). Alamitos barrier project Resume of geohydrologic investigation and status of barrier construction: Eng. Geology, v. 

4, no. 1, p. 37-49.

To prevent sea-water intrusion into ground-water aquifers in the Alamitos 

Gap area, Long Beach, Calif., a fresh-water barrier is being constructed. 

This consists of recharging the aquifer and developing a fresh-water mound 

by a line of injection wells inland from the zone of exposure of Recent fluvial 

deposits, which are in contact with the aquifer and with tidal waters, and by 

lowering the Recent zone water level, seaward of the injection well alignment, by a series of pumping wells. The barrier was placed across Alamitos 

Gap in an arc from the most inland margin of the exposure zone into the 

Seal Beach fault, a natural barrier, at each end. Recharge line operation, 

though incomplete, has resulted in a pressure rise at all observation wells 

and considerable freshening in all intruded zones of the aquifer. (From Abs. 

of North Am. Geology.)

Johnson, Philip

1967a. (Crawford, D. A.). An investigation of the effect on the mechanism 

of hydraulic formation fracturing in water injection of a sandface 

filter cake deposited from water carrying high colloidal and solid 

suspensions of organic and/or inorganic origin: Lubbock, Tex., Texas 

Technol. Coll., Dept. Petroleum Eng. Research Rept., Research Proj. 

191-5408, 71 p.

This report describes an investigation of surface-water recharge into sand 

of the Ogallala Formation of the southern High Plains of west Texas. Theo-
58 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

retical and laboratory investigations were carried out to determine the 

mechanics of sand-plugging and fracturing in porous media. A research well 

was drilled and instrumented. Two recharge operations were performed and 

reported. (DCS)

1967b. (Crawford, D. A.). An investigation of the effect on the mechanism 

of hydraulic formation fracturing in water injection of a sandface 

filter cake deposited from water carrying high colloidal and solid 

suspensions of organic and/or inorganic origin: Lubbock, Tex., 

Technol. Coll., Dept. Petroleum Eng. Research Rept. 2, Research Proj. 

191-5408, 18 p.

A recharge well previously utilized for gravity recharge experiments was 

modified to provide for pressure injection of water into the Ogallala formation to cause fracturing or disperse accumulations near the well bore in order 

to improve water intake rates. Pressure injection was performed with a 

400 gpm flow rate at 40 psi. No fracturing was evident. Almost 2000 gpm 

recharge was obtained at 85 psi and the pressure subsequently reduced to a 

stable level of 50 psi.

Laboratory investigations pertaining to the use of chemical floccnlents were 

made. Conclusions included that: (1) the Ogallala Formation was not fractured but that the colloidal material was removed from the well bore into the 

formation, and (2) colloidal or suspended material in playa-lake water may 

be successfully pumped into highly permeable and porous sections of unconsolidated sand formations. (DCS)

Kahana, Yona

1964. Coastal groundwater collectors as a means of intensifyirg exploitation of groundwater: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 64, p. 182- 

193.

A method is described of increasing the yield of coastal aquifers by groundwater collectors installed close to the sea coast. These collectors are to 

intercept fresh water escaping into the sea above the interface between salt 

and fresh water. A suitable form of collector is that of a series of closely 

spaced shallow wells.

The intensified exploitation of ground water is achieved with no significant 

additional intrusion of sea water inland. The interrelation between rate of 

pumping, distance of collector from coastline, and depth of filters is examined.

The optimum utilization of coastal aquifers including the utilization of 

one-time reserves and artificial recharge for the underground storage of 

water are analyzed and discussed. (Author's abs.)

1966. Some aspects of ground water management, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., 

Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, development, and management, 

5th, California Univ., Los Angeles, 1965, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., U.S. 

Dept. Agriculture, 4 p.

Ground-water management to protect the fresh-water aquifer from seawater intrusion in the coastal area of Israel is discussed. (WK)

Katz, D. L.

1968. (Coats, K. H.). Underground storage of fluids: Ann Arbor, Mich., 

Ulrich's Books, Inc.

The book is written primarily for engineers, geologists, and maragers, who 

are engaged in studies preparatory to developing storage projects, for those
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 59

who have responsibilities in designing the facilities, and for personnel who 

operate facilities for storing fluids, either liquids or gases. Many ideas or 

concepts involved in storage operations are presented at the layman's level 

prior to engaging in the more technical material. The book brings together 

many pieces of information needed for those who wish to understand the 

development, design, and operation of storage projects. The book does not 

pretend to be a treatise on the subject, but rather a representation of the 

experiences and interests of the authors. (From authors' preface.)

Katzer, M. F.

1959. Data reveal flocculating chemical clears lake water of most suspended matter: Cross Section, v. 6, no. 1, p. 2-3, tables.

A flocculating chemical, when mixed properly with playa-lake water near 

Hart, Tex., caused the suspended clay and silt particles to redeposit. Relatively free from sediment, the treated lake water is more suitable for artificial 

recharge through wells. (WK)

Kaufman, W. J. (ed.)

1961. Conference on ground disposal of radioactive wastes: Berkeley, 

California Univ., Sanitary Eng. Research Lab., 168 p., tables.

This series of papers reviews progress made in research and development 

studies related to ground disposal of radioactive wastes over the past few 

years, both in the United States and abroad. Major subjects include: (1) 

operating practices, experiences, and problems at Hanford; Oak Ridge National Reactor Testing Station; the Savannah River Plant; Chalk River, 

Ontario Canada; Saclay, France; and Mol, Belgium; (2) research on ion 

exchange and adsorption in natural media; and (3) current investigations of 

hydrodynamic problems of flow through porous media.

Methods of waste disposal discussed include spreading, well injection, and 

the use of pits, trenches and cribs. Disposal rates are tabulated. (WK)

Kazmann, R. G.

1958. Problems encountered in the utilization of ground-water reservoirs: 

Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 39, no. 1, p. 94-99.

Ground-water reservoirs are compared to surface-water reservoirs and the 

similarities and differences are pinpointed. The differences give rise to social 

and engineering problems which are not duplicated elsewhere in the field of 

water-resources development. Examples of problems encountered ir utilization of ground-water reservoirs are cited. As case histories, problems of 

industrial ground-water supply in the area of East St. Louis and of municipal ground-water supply in the area of Canton, Ohio, are discussed1 . (From 

author's abs.)

1967. Perspectives in artificial recharge in Marino, M. A., ed., Synposium 

on ground-water hydrology, San Francisco, Calif., 1967, Proc.: Urbana, 

111., Am. Water Resources Assoc., Proc. Ser. 4, p. 188-192.

The paper outlines the opportunities and obstacles of artificially recharging 

partially depleted aquifers to provide permanent water supplies that are 

safer and more reliable than most now in operation.

Aquifers are independent sources of water that can be "mined," but also 

they are functional for the natural filtration, distribution, and storage of 

water. Surface storage is discussed in the light of sedimentation considerations, and it is concluded that the loss of surface reservoir capacity will affect
60 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

the water economy of an area in the same manner as depletion of an 

aquifer. The uses of surface storage volume indicates that the least important 

reason for the "mining" of reservoir sites has been the storage of water for 

municipal and industrial use. Flood control, hydroelectric power, and irrigation account for 90 percent of all surface storage. From the long-range 

viewpoint presented, that men will always have to store water in times of 

plenty for use in periods of drought, a reexamination of the potentialities of 

aquifers as reservoirs is required.

The advantages of aquifers as reservoirs for cyclic storage are enumerated 

and present day technology is discussed. (DCS)

Kehr, Dietrich

1957. The sewage of Mexico City [abs.]: Technique de 1'Eau, v. 11, p. 

36.

The problems of land subsidence in Mexico City due to ground-water pumpage could be eased by recharging with treated effluent. (Abs. in Texas Water 

Devel. Board Kept. 8)

Kelly, T. E.

1967. Artificial recharge at Valley City, North Dakota, 1932 to 1965: 

Ground Water, v. 5, no. 2, p. 20-25, table.

Valley City obtains a daily average of 750,000 gallons of water from wells 

in partly confined gravel deposits in the Sheyenne River Valley; deposits have 

a maximum thickness of over 50 feet and areal extent of about 1 square mile. 

Since 1932 the aquifer has been artificially recharged by diversions of water 

from the river to an abandoned gravel pit, during which time the piezometric 

surface in the aquifer has been raised more than 22 feet with a gradual 

increase in quality of water. Prior to 1958 the recharge system wrs operated 

from January to June, discontinued when the piezometric surface rose to 

within 8 feet of the surface; following which it declined as ground water was 

withdrawn. Annual fluctuation was 10 feet, the change in storage about 1,000 

acre-feet. Since 1958 the recharge system has been operated throughout the 

year. (Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

Kemper, W. D.

1967. Evaluating methods of ground water recharge: Colo. Agr. Exp. 

Sta., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., Prog. Kept. PR211, 2 

p., table.

The paper is a description of the progress achieved in the study of sand 

and gravel mulches which reduce evaporation and allow more of the incident 

rainfall to percolate to the ground-water reservoir. Evaporation was reduced 

to less than 5 inches per year, a fact indicating that under a 17-inch-per-year 

rainfall, a foot of water could be recharged. If plant growth were prevented 

and a gravel mulch treatment lasted for 20 or 30 years, the cost of recharging 

the ground water might be in the vicinity of $10 per acre-foot. On gravelly 

soils, where the gravel could economically be extracted and left on the surface, 

ground-water recharge would be immediately practical. (DCS)

Key, A.

1957. The recharge of ground water problems and dangers: Jour. Sci. 

Food and Agriculture, v. 8, p. 605-610.

This paper points out that although the artificial recharge idea is simple 

in principle, it is not so simple in practice but requires the most careful 

thought and investigations. (WK)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 61

Klaer, F. H., Jr.

1963. Bacteriological and chemical factors in induced infiltration: 

Ground Water, v. 1, no. 1, p. 38-43.

The lowering of ground-water levels by pumping from horizontal or vertical wells near a surface stream may cause water to move from tl « stream 

into the water-bearing materials by the process known as induced infiltration. 

In such cases, the natural deposits of sand and gravel serve as large natural 

filter beds effectively removing or reducing turbidity, organic matter, and 

pathogenic bacteria. This paper discusses the general processes by which such 

removal is accomplished as well as the significance of certain changes in 

chemical characteristics of the water as it passes from a surface sorrce to an 

underground point of collection. By a better understanding of the processes 

involved, the bacteriological and chemical quality of infiltrated water supplies 

can be improved. (Author's abs.)

Knezek, M.

1964. (and Zajicek, V.). Realisation de Pexploration hydrologiqu^ dans la 

problematique de 1'infiltration et 1'accumulation artificielle des eaux 

souterraines [Utilization of hydrological research in problems of artificial recharge and artificial storage of ground water] [with French 

summ.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 64, p. 414-423.

The paper reports on the importance of correct determinations of hydraulic 

conductivity and effective porosity in the evaluation of infiltration areas for 

artificial recharge. Laboratory and field methods for determining hydrogeologic conditions suitable for artificial recharge as well as storage of 

ground water are presented. Method verification was carried out by research 

on the watershed of the Jizera River through means of a pilot plant infiltration system. Time of retention as it concerns removal of organic mrtter was 

investigated. (DCS)

Korver, John A.

1966. Fluid flow from nuclear chimneys: Water Resources Research, v. 

2, no. 2, p. 297-310.

To assess the feasibility of using nuclear explosives to create larfe underground rubble chimneys into which liquid wastes can be injected, a predictive 

capability has been developed by matching laboratory model studies with 

mathematical analogs. The effects of varying permeability, porosity, input 

flow rates, and chimney dimensions were examined; variations between 

laboratory and methematical model results were less than 10 percent. This 

paper describes the laboratory model studies of two hydrologic environments, 

the development of the mathematical models, and the numerical solutions 

obtained with the latter. Also summarized are two examples of potential 

applications of nuclear explosives to the field of waste disposal; results indicate that for many selected hydrologic conditions, it is feasible tc use the 

rubble chimney in permeable but unsaturated formations. (Abs. of North 

Am. Geology.)

Kramer, M. C.

1963. Vector control considerations in ground-water spreading, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge and ground-water 

basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresm, Calif., 

Ground-Water Recharge Center, 4 p.

Vector control methods, particularly in the case of mosquitoes and gnats,
62 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

require slight modification of water spreading practices and are described. 

(DJG)

Krieger, J. H.

1955. Progress in ground water replenishment in southern California: 

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 47, no. 9, p. 909-913.

Water rights, The Water Replenishment District Act (Assembly bill 2,908) 

and an act to compel the recording of water extractions and diversions 

(Senate bill 1,557) of the State of California are discussed. (DCS)

Krone, R. B.

1957a. McGauhey, P. H., and Gotaas, H. B.). Direct recharge of ground 

water with sewage effluents: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Sanitary 

Eng. Div. Jour., v. 83, no. SA-4, Paper 1335, 25 p., tables.

Mixtures of settled raw sewage and water were used to recharge a 5-foot 

thick confined aquifer located 95 feet underground. Observations of pressure 

and of pollution travel were made in 23 sampling wells surrounding the 

recharge well. The bacterial pollutants traveled a maximum of 100 feet in 

the direction of normal ground-water movement even though steep gradients 

were imposed. The maximum distance of travel was quickly reached, but 

intensity of pollution regressed as the aquifer face in the recharge well 

became increasingly clogged. An injection rate (8.4 gpm per foot of aquifer) 

equal to the best reported for fresh-water recharge was found to be practical. 

With mixtures of fresh water and 20 or 27 percent primary sewage, recharge 

well redevelopment was necessary after 7 to 9 days of recharge. About half 

a day was required for redevelopment and a maximum of 4 percent of the 

recharged water was returned to the surface in the process. After a brief 

settling period this water was suitable for re-injection. (WK)

1957b. Water spreading research by the Sanitary Engineering Research 

Laboratory, University of California, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Conf. on 

water spreading for ground-water recharge, California Univ., Berkeley, 1957, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Contr. 7, 

p. 21-25.

When a suspension is applied to a water-bearing medium, the travel of 

bacteria through porous media with ground-water flow is limited by straining 

developed in the clogged zone, and beyond the clogged region, by straining 

and sedimentation in the soil pores. The infiltration rate is deteTnined by 

the permeability of the clogging solids at the soil surface. The penetration 

of these solids into the soil surface depends on the pressure difference applied 

across the clogged region. (Author's summ.)

Landon, R. A.

1967. Geologic studies as an aid to ground-water management: Illinois 

Geol. Survey Environmental Geology. Note 14, 9 p.

Geologic studies of areas suitable for natural and artificial ground-water 

recharge have been conducted in the Chicago region on regional and local 

scales, based on maps, well records, and borings filed with the Stete Survey. 

Sand and gravel bodies in glacial deposits and underlying Silurian dolomite 

were the principal aquifers considered, with the former acting as a recharge 

medium for the latter. Selected sand and gravel deposits occurred in stream
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 63

valleys and were at least 20 feet thick, with 15 feet below stream level. The 

Park Forest-Chicago Heights study is given as an example. (From Abs. of 

North Am. Geology.)

Larson, T. E.

1957. (Suter, Max, and Vogel, O. W.). Recharge of ground water at 

Peoria, Illinois: Water and Sewage Works, v. 104, no. 11, p. 488-491.

During experiments in recharge of chlorinated Illinois River water through 

infiltration pits, observation shows that most of the recharge takes place 

through the sides of the pit. Construction of an adjacent pit interfered very 

little, and changing to a pea-gravel lining increased the recharge rate. Success 

of this experimental pit has stimulated the construction of two other pits in 

the Peoria area by private industry. Findings from 6 years of s-tudy are 

discussed. (DJG)

Laverty, F. B.

1955. (Goot, H. A. van der). Development of a fresh-water barrier in 

southern California for the prevention of sea water intrusion: Am. 

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 47, no. 9, p. 886-908.

A comprehensive review of the fresh-water barrier project to halt saltwater encroachment at Manhattan Beach in the West Coast Basin, Los 

Angeles County, Calif, is given. Recharge-well construction and operation are 

described and results are presented. (DCS)

1957. Water spreading activities of the Los Angeles Flood Cortrol District in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Conf. on water spreading for ground-water 

recharge, California Univ., Berkeley, 1957, Proc.: Califorria Univ. 

Water Resources Center Contr. 7, p. 14-20.

A general review of the water spreading and conservation activities of the 

Los Angeles Flood Control District is given. (WK)

1958. Recharging ground water with reclaimed sewage effluent: Civil 

Eng., v. 28, no. 8, p. 49-51.

To combat sea-water intrusion in California, injection wells are used for 

recharge and to maintain fresh-water ridges above sea level along the coast. 

Aside from imported water, effluent from waste treatment plants is being 

used as a supplementary source of supply for injection. Various tests show 

that, where enough land of proper infiltration characteristics is available, 

trickling-filter plant effluent can be spread economically so as to create no 

pollution to the ground water when the latter is more than 7 feet below the 

surface and that high-rate activated-sludge effluent can be sufficiently treated 

through spreading techniques to furnish a percolate which, when chlorinated, 

can be injected into a well with no important maintenance problem. (WK)

1961. (Stone, Ralph, and Meyerson, L. A.). Reclaiming Hyperion effluent: 

Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Sanitary Eng. Div. Jour., v. 87, no. 

SA-6, Paper 2985, p. 1-40.

The reclamation of high-rate activated sludge type sewage effuent by 

means of normal practices of continuous surface spreading on well-sorted 

dune sand was unsuccessful because of gradual sealing off by anaerobic slimes. 

Neither chlorination of the effluent before spreading or increased water depth 

resulted in practical improvement of percolation rates. Continuous ^reading
64 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

accompanied by raking of the test basin surfaces permitted operation at average percolation rates of 0.6 cfs per acre to 1.0 cfs per acre for several months 

but demanded excessive maintenance. Injection well tests demonstrated that 

a suitable water could contain about 6 ppm suspended solids and 2 ppm BOD, 

provided the solids were of suitable particle size, fully oxidized, and contained 

a minimum of inert clay or silt. Chlorine dosage sufficient to maintain a free 

chlorine residual of 0.1 ppm at the injection well appeared suitable for 

efficient injection operation, while at the same time affording adequate protection against contamination of ground water. Standard-rate activated sludge 

containing 25 ppm suspended solids was entirely unsatisfactory for direct 

recharge into an injection well. (From authors' conclusions.)

1962. Ground water recharge conference, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. 

conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., 

Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 5 p.

The recharge program involves spreading of local and imported water, 

preservation of existing fresh-water supplies by prevention of sea-water 

intrusion, and reclamation of waste water.

Studies have determined the areas affected by salt-water encroachment in 

the Alamitos and Dominguez gap areas; plans are being developed for stemming this intrusion by using well recharge to create a fresh-water barrier.

The "Whittier Narrows Demonstration Waste Water Reclamation Project" 

and other activities of the District are also described. (DJG)

Leczfalvy, S.

1961. Hydraulic analysis of some simple cases of artesian water recharge: 

Hidrologiai Kozlony [Hungary], Aug., p. 317-325.

The first part of this paper is devoted to problems relating to recharge to 

artesian waters, while temperature variations of the water gained are discussed in the second. In the last section practical examples are described, 

where water was recharged to artesian layers.

A single inverted well and a single yielding well, as well as two inverted 

wells and a single yielding well, were investigated, and a computat; on method 

valid for several wells is derived therefrom. In several inverted wells, the 

paper applies only to well arrangements where the yielding well is located at 

the center of a ring of inverted wells. The theoretically possible highest yield 

is attained by a gallery concentrically surrounding the yielding well. The 

water quantity yielded in one, two, and so forth inverted wells (Q^) is related 

to the highest possible yield (Q2 ) by the coefficient (B). The forrrulas given 

were derived by summing the velocity potentials. The validity of the Darcy 

law and a constant influence range (R = constant) has been assumed, which 

is deemed justified for this case. The elasticity of the layers has been 

neglected.

The problem of several wells can be approached by summing up the velocity 

potential. In such a problem a linear set of equations must be solved, in 

which the number of available equations always exceeds by one the number 

of wells. Finally, temperature variations of the withdrawn water are discussed. An equation, included for the gallery surrounding the centrally located 

yielding well, gives a fair degree of approximation. (From abs. in Water and 

Water Eng.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 65

Leeflang, K. W. H.

1965. Kwaliteits verandering door infiltratie [Changes in quality by artificial ground-water replenishment] [in Dutch with English summ.] : 

Water [Netherlands] June, p. 167-170, 177-183.

The changes in quality by infiltration are discussed on the basis of the 

infiltration of Rhine water in the dunes. The smoothing out of temperature 

and salt content is dealt with. As to the chemical amelioration, the importance 

of free oxygen and nitrates is amply described. Stress is laid upon the denitrification to free nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. The bacteriological purification and the removal of radioactive isotopes are found to be highly satisfactory. No pollution of the soil by badly assimilated organic substance has as 

yet been observed. The conditions of infiltration as to duration of flow through 

the soil, the accessibility of oxygen, and the need of periodical craning of 

the infiltration basins are discussed in detail. (From abs. in Water and 

Water Eng.)

Leggat, E. R.

1957. Geology and ground-water resources of Lamb County, Texas: Texas 

Board of Water Engineers Bull. 5704, p. 18-19.

Three methods of artificial recharge of playa-lake water in Lamb County, 

Tex., are briefly described. These are a single-purpose drainage well, a 

dual-purpose well (irrigation and drainage), and a drainage tr?nch. The 

wells had not been tested to any extent but the trench was reported to have 

drained a small quantity of water and subsequently failed. It was estimated 

that playa accumulation was equivalent to only about 15 percent of the well 

discharge in 1950 and artificial recharge of all the playa-lake water would be 

relatively small compared to irrigation pumpage. (DCS)

1962. Development of ground water in the El Paso district, Teras, 1955- 

60, Progress Rept. 8: Texas Water Commission Bull. 6204, 56 p., 

tables.

Injection of treated water through wells is probably the most satisfactory 

method of artificially increasing the recharge to the aquifer underlying the 

Hueco Bolson. (From author's abs.)

LeGrand, H. E.

1965. Environmental framework of ground-water contamination: Groundwater, v. 3, no. 2, p. 11-15.

Methodology of managing contamination problems calls for appropriate 

classification of the hydrogeologic environment; these classificatiors include 

aspects of interdependent factors such as permeability, sorption, hydraulic 

gradient, position of water table relative to some base, and distance from 

source of contamination. Ways of contamination and pertinent parts of the 

physical environment include: waste-disposal practices (at or rear land 

surface and in deep formations), artificial recharge (at land surface and in 

aquifers), accidents, and salt-water contamination of aquifers (shallow depth 

from salty surface water and at variable depths from subjacent salty aquifers) . Evaluation of waste-disposal problems calls for appreciation of two 

opposing tendencies the tendency of wastes to move with groundwater and 

the tendency to be attenuated near disposal sites by decay or inherent decrease 

in potency, by chemical and physical sorption, and by dilution through disper-
66 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

sion of ground water. Mixed wastes of differing attenuation habits represent 

special complex problems. (Tulsa Univ., Inf. Services Dept.)

Lehr, J. H.

1964. Relation of shape of artificial recharge pits to infiltration rate: Am. 

Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 56, no. 6, p. 699-702.

Sand tank models of two configurations of recharge pits, wedge-shaped and 

rectangular-shaped, were tested to determine the difference in performance 

due to shape. Average flow paths from the rectangular pit model were only 

3 percent greater than from the wedge model with corresponding differences 

in recharge rates. (DCS)

Linsley, R. K.

1958. (Kohler, M. A., and Paulhus, J. L. H.). Hydrology for engineers: 

New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., 340 p.

Artificial recharge methods are briefly discussed in general terns in this 

book on hydrology. (WK)

1964. (and Franzini, J. B.). Water resources engineering: New York, 

McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 654 p.

A short section of the book is devoted to artificial recharge methods and 

considerations. Salt-water intrusion and development of a fresh-water barrier 

by artificial recharge are also discussed. (DCS)

Lofgren, B. E.

1957. Infiltration and percolation rates in valley sediments in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Conf. on water spreading for ground-water recharge, 

California Univ., Berkeley, 1957, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Contr. 7, p. 46-49.

A brief description of infiltration rate measurement in specially constructed 

spreading areas made in conjunction with studies of land subsidence in the 

San Joaquin Valley is presented. The surface infiltration rate at on-? test plot 

was between 0.75 and 0.25 foot per day; percolation rates were about 5 feet 

per day near the surface, 2.1 feet per day at a 50-foot depth, 1.0 foot per day 

at a 75-foot depth, and 0.4 foot per day at a 100-foot depth. (WK)

Longenbaugh, R. A.

1966. Artificial ground-water recharge on the Arikaree River rear Cope, 

Colorado: Fort Collins, Colorado State Univ., Civil Eng. D^pt., Eng. 

Research Center, no. CER 66 RAL 35,12 p.

Water-spreading structures were constructed on the Arikaree Piver near 

Cope, Colo., in 1964 and 1965. The structures consisted of low earthen dams 

designed to retard the flow and spread water on the adjacent permeable areas 

for recharge. Floodflows provided recharge and the benefits exceeded the cost 

of the construction. Recharge amounts were computed from observation-well 

measurements. A floodflow destroyed the structures, but they were rebuilt and 

the study is continuing. (DCS)

McDonald, C. K.

1967. (and Sasman, R. T.). Artificial ground-water recharge investigations in northeastern Illinois: Ground Water, v. 5, no. 2, p. 26-30, 

table.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 67

Rapidly increasing development of ground-water resources in northeastern 

Illinois has created regional and local problems of supply and interest in the 

feasibility of artificial recharge. Five systems now in operation in this 

primarily metropolitan region recharge annually from 25,000 to 395,000 gpd; 

an initial study in the Park Forest-Chicago Heights area indicates that 

recharge to the Silurian dolomite aquifer is feasible. This study provides 

guidelines to aid in additional studies of artificial recharge in northeastern 

Illinois. (From Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

McKee, J. E.

1963. (and Wolf, H. W., eds.). Water quality criteria: California State 

Water Quality Control Board Pub. 3-A, 548 p.

Quality considerations pertaining to recharge water are discussed. These 

considerations should be made before water is recharged by means of spreading grounds or recharge wells. (DCS)

McMichael, F. C.

1966. (McKee, J. E.). Waste-water reclamation at Whittier Narrows: 

California State Water Quality Control Board Pub. 33, 100 p., tables.

The result of a study of the effects of intermittent percolation through soil 

of highly treated activated-sludge effluent on the quality of ground water in 

the Whittier Narrows area is described. The Whittier Narrows Water Reclamation Plant has been discharging about 12 to 16 mgd of effluent since 

August 1962. The effluent is conveyed to spreading basins of the I^ontebello 

forebay along the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel River, where it is allowed to 

percolate into water-bearing strata. To determine the effect of intermittent 

spreading on the quality of percolating effluent, sampling pans were located 

at depths of 2, 4, 6, and 8 feet below the surface of each of two spreading 

basins. The results indicate no detrimental effect on the quality of ground 

water. (WK)

Maddox, G. B.

1960. (Jordan, R. M., Cluf, C. B., and Resnick, S. D.). Artificial groundwater recharge at Litchfield Ranch, Arizona: Tucson, Ariz., Inst. of 

Water Utilization, Agr. Expt. Sta.

Treated water was injected into an aquifer through an irrigation well. The 

suspended sediments were removed by treatment with a chemical flocculent. 

Suggestions are given for modification of procedures which would allow larger 

volumes of water to be recharged. (DCS)

Maddox, G. B.

1962. (and Resnick, S. D.). Artificial recharge activities in Arizona, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 7 p.

Even with the scattered, intermittent, uncontrolled type of water supply 

existing in Arizona, artificial-recharge programs are feasible when integrated 

with flood-control projects. A promising recharge method under investigation 

will utilize dry shallow permeable alluvial zones. Existing irrigation wells 

will be perforated in this zone and transmit water from spreading operations 

through the aquiclude to the main aquifer. Recharge activities anc1 research 

in suspended-sediment removal are also described. (DJG)
68 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Mandel, Samuel

1967. Underground water: Internat. Sci. and Technology, no. 66, p. 35-41.

The principal problem in water management is one of determining how 

much water can be pumped safely. To determine this the hydrologist relies on 

field tests, meteorological data, geophysical measurements, mathematical 

models, and other techniques. He may also turn to methods of artificial 

recharge, and he must take care to prevent accretions of impurities and to 

guard against intrusion of sea water. The ultimate problem, however, is 

securing cooperation between those who tap the water and those who are 

attempting to manage it. (From Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

Marino, M. A.

1967. Hele-Shaw model study of the growth and decay of grcundwater 

ridges: Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 72, no. 4, p. 1195-1205.

Analytical expressions are available which describe the grovth of a 

ground-water ridge in response to a uniform deep percolation occurring in a 

strip of infinite length but of finite width over an aquifer that is really 

infinite. The primary assumptions in these equations are that the aquifer is 

homogeneous and isotropic, the height of the water table above the b-^se of the 

aquifer is approximately equal to the average head over the depth of saturation, the rise of the water table is less than 50 percent of the initial depth of 

saturation, and the rate of vertical percolation is small relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. This flow problem describing the growth 

and decay of a ground-water ridge has been studied in a viscous-flovr model in 

which the actual two-dimensional flow was reproduced. The experimental 

results confirm the theoretical equations at least when the rate of deep percolation is equal to or less than 0.2 of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, 

a ratio that has not been exceeded in the present investigation. (From 

author's abs.)

Marmion, K. R.

1962. Hydraulics of artificial recharge in non-homogeneous formations: 

Berkeley, California Univ. Water Resources Center Contr. nc. 48, 88 p.

The problem of ground-water mounds created by the artificial recharge of 

ground-water reservoirs was investigated for the two-dimensional case by a 

model analogy. Equations were developed to describe the free surface of the 

growing mounds and were compared to the results of the model studies and 

analytical studies of others. (From author's abs.)

1967. Can recharged water be recovered? in West Texas water conf. 5th, 

Lubbock, Texas, 1967, Proc.: Lubbock, Texas Technol. Coll., West 

Texas Water Inst., p. 79-83.

The paper describes a simple analogy to ground-water flow illustrating to 

the layman the effects of pumping and recharge on an aquifer. T" e conclusion indicated is that, for the conditions of the Ogallala Formation, recharged 

water can be recovered from the well through which it was recharged. (DCS)

Massoulie, G.

1961. Realimentation de la nappe de Croissy [Recharge of tl e Croissy 

aquifer] : L'Eau [France], May, p. 118-122.

Since 1959 a water distributing company has been using a 30,000 sq m 

abandoned sand pit to replenish the Croissy aquifer with filtered water from
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 69

the Seine River. The sand pit, which previously connected with the Seine, has 

been isolated and the slime has been removed from it, as a result of which 

the gravel covering the fissured chalk was laid bare. A station previously used 

to tap water from the Seine was equipped with a revolving strainer and two 

electric motor pump sets of 400 cu m per hr capacity, the water being filtered 

through two batteries of sand filters providing a total surface of 260 sq m. 

The recharge operation resulted in a rise in water level and an improvement 

in the quality of the water, with total disappearance of the iron and a reduction in the ammonia content.

Studies are under way to determine optimum operating conditions, such as 

those for ventilation problems, the best way to prevent clogging, and the 

choice of recharge periods. Once the sand pit is completely equipped the operations will involve 5 million cu m of water yearly. (From abs. in Water and 

Water Eng.)

Matlock, W. G.

1966. Sewage effluent recharge in an ephemeral channel: Water and 

Sewage Works, v. 113, no. 6, p. 225-229.

The hydraulic feasibility of using sewage effluent for artificial recharge in 

an ephemeral stream channel such as the Santa Cruz River at Tucson, Ariz., 

is clearly evident from the results of this study. In the 6.3-mile reach investigated, almost two-thirds of the total flow infiltrated at a rate of about 6 

acre-feet per mile of channel per day. The remaining flow below this reach 

infiltrated completely but at a lower rate estimated at 2 acre-feet per mile per 

day. (From author's conclusions.)

Mercado, A.

1965. Recharge and mixing tests at well Lod 20 (1964) : Tel Aviv, Tahal 

Water Planning for Israel, Ltd., Tech. Rept. 16, Pub. 485, 19 p.

Three recharge-withdrawal tests at the same well were carried out with 

different injected volumes of up to 500,000 cu m and different pause intervals 

of up to 500 hours. The recharge rate was about 1000 cu m per hr, while the 

pumping rate was 550 cu m per hr. The recharge water was labeled with 

radioactive cobalt-60. It was ascertained, as anticipated, that the time interval 

between the injection and the pumping phases is an important factor in the 

mixing process. At Lod 20, an interval of 50 days was sufficient to remove 

the injected water from the pumping region of the well after several million 

cubic meters of water were injected and the same recharge and withdrawal 

rates were maintained. The recharge rate capacity of the well increased 

threefold when the water was recharged between the casing and the column 

pipe. (From author's abs.)

1966a. Recharge and mixing tests at Yavne 20 well field (1963/64 and 

1964/65) : Tel Aviv, Tahal Water Planning for Israel, Ltd., Tech. 

Rept. 12, Pub. 611, 62 p., tables.

Eight recharge-pumping tests were carried out with different injected 

volumes (1,000-1.4 X 106 cu m) and different pause inervals (0-290 hours), 

with injection rates ranging from 270 to 650 cu m per hr, and pumping rates, 

from 260 to 320 cu m per hr.

Several factors governing the spreading and mixing pattern of injected 

water bodies in aquifers were studied, particularly the natural flow and the 

aquifer's dispersivity.
70 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

The sanitary aspects related to the recharge of surface water into pumping 

wells were investigated by analyzing the quality of the pumped water.

The clogging of the well, due to injection of surface water, was investigated by carrying out several step-drawdown pumping tests. (From author's 

abs.)

1966b. Underground water storage study, recharge and mixing experiments in the Haifa Bay field: Tel Aviv, Tahal Water Planning for 

Israel, Ltd., Tech. Kept. 18, Pub. 495, 37 p., tables, pis.

The investigation was to determine: (1) the spreading pattern of injected 

water bodies in two different flow nets, (2) the breakthrough curves at the 

pumping wells, and (3) the transition zone between injected and local water, 

the zone being caused by the dispersivity and the permeability distribution in 

the aquifer. The results of the test measurements were related to theoretical 

models. The experimental results are applicable to large-scale recharge and 

mixing operations. (DCS)

1967. The spreading pattern of injected water in a permeability stratified 

aquifer [with French abs.] : Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, 

p. 23-36.

The paper describes an explanation of the existence of a transition zone 

between the injected and the aquifer's waters, the explanation being' developed 

on the assumption of a flow through an aquifer with horizontally stratified 

permeability, in which it is assumed that the frequency of permeabilities 

follows approximately the normal distribution function. The resulting transition zone is S-shaped and similar to that caused by dispersion. Its shape 

depends on the permeability distribution factor.

The width of the transition zone caused by the horizontally stratified flow 

is directly proportional to the distance traveled, while the width of the transition zone caused by dispersion is proportional to the square root of the distance traveled. In the latter case, the width of the transition zone increases 

also during the return flow, whereas it decreases in the case of horizontally 

stratified return flow. It is believed that in nature the dispersion and the 

horizontally stratified flow occur simultaneously, and thus the shape and 

width of the transition zone is a resultant of the two processes.

A field experiment of the "injection-pumping pair" type carried out at the 

Haifa Bay Experimental Field is described and interpreted. The values of the 

permeability distribution factor as determined from the experimental breakthrough curves lie within the limits of 0.1 and 0.2.

The results of the investigations in the experimental field are applicable 

to large-scale underground recharge and mixing operations. (From author's 

abs.)

Meyboom, Peter

1963. Induced infiltration, Medicine Hat, Alberta, in Early contributions 

to the ground-water hydrology of Alberta: Research Council of Alberta 

Bull. 12, p. 88-97.

An investigation was carried out to determine the potential of induced 

recharge for an industrial plant supply. Geologic, hydrologic, and water 

quality considerations were made indicating an adequate source of good 

quality. The economic advantages to such a source were pointed out. (DCS)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 71

Meyers, L. J.

1959. (McKillop, D. H.). A report on artificial recharge in California, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water reel arge, 2d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and 

Water Management Research Br., p. 7-10.

A detailed investigation by the Department of Water Resources of artificial 

recharge activities in California is described. The study is directed toward 

summarizing the recharge activities in California and developing a handbook 

for the uninitiated entering this field. The results of the investigation were 

summarized. (DJG)

Mikels, F. C.

1956. (and Klaer, F. H., Jr.). Application of ground-water hydraulics to 

the development of water supplies by induced infiltration: Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology, Pub. 41, p. 232-242.

The paper describes the particular problem of developing ground-water 

supplies from an unconsolidated aquifer which is dependent upon induced 

infiltration from a nearby surface source. The discussion of gronnd-water 

hydraulics is confined to the analysis of equilibrium pumping-test methods. 

The Darcy law and fundamental equilibrium methods of ground-water hydraulics are utilized to develop criteria for design, construction, and development 

of large water supplies.

Practical application of the analysis is described and comparison of 

pumping-test determinations to actual results is made for various locations 

in the United States. (DCS)

Minton, E. G.

1955. Report and recommendations on artificial recharge in underground 

water basins, New Mexico: New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, 

Roswell, N. M., 42 p.

A review including pictures and diagrams of recharge installations in the 

High Plains of Texas is presented. A detailed presentation of tl ? geology 

and hydrology of the High Plains of New Mexico is made. Specific areas and 

methods of artificial recharge are described. These include contouring to 

retard runoff allowing more time for infiltration and diverting water into 

natural openings in the San Andres limestone, and installation of recharge 

wells. (DCS)

Mobasheri, F.

1963. (and Todd, D. K.). Investigation of the hydraulics of flovr near recharge wells: California Univ. Hydraulic Lab., Water Resources 

Center Contr. 72, 32 p.

Flow behavior in the immediate vicinity of a well in a confined formation 

was studied to determine if the hydrodynamics of flow is the same for converging and diverging conditions. Flow near a well where turbulence might 

exist was studied in more detail.

A porous media model representing a radial sector of a prototype confined 

aquifer was used. Three different types of material were used as the porous 

media. In addition, the effect of a gravel pack around a well was studied. A 

constant-head permeameter was used to determine the relation between 

Reynolds' number and Fanning function factor for each of the media, used.

Model results indicate that for identical flow rates, the head loss in the
72 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

transition and turbulent flow regions of the porous media is larger for a 

recharging well than for a discharging well. The difference is srrall and is 

on the order of 4 percent or less. The head loss in the laminar region of a 

recharging well is equal to that of a discharging well when flow rates are 

identical. (From authors' abs.)

Monke, E. J.

1967. (and Edwards, D. M.). Electrokinetic measurements of colloidalladen flow through a sand column: Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc., v. 76, p. 

377-385.

The operation of a colloidal clay-silica sand system was studied by introducing a bentonite clay suspension into a 20-inch silica sand column. The 

purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pH, period of operation, 

and depth within a column on the electrokinetic properties of the clay colloids 

and total colloidal clay-silica sand system.

The fact that the column zeta potential approached an isoelectric (neutral) 

condition quickly at a pH of 7.0 indicates its propensity for rapid clogging. 

This was subsequently verified in terms of head loss. The total herd loss for 

the column at a pH of 5.1, 7.8, and 8.4 at the end of 60 hours was around 4 

inches of water as compared to the head loss of nearly 18 inches at a pH of 

7.0 at the end of 45 hours. Most of this difference occurred in the tort 2 inches 

of the column. Control of pH in systems where suspensions containing colloidal 

particles are introduced onto porous media is very important. The control 

level, however, would depend on whether the system is used to promote or 

inhibit the rapid clogging of pores.

Perhaps the most important finding was that bacteria, at least of the type 

accumulating on soil surfaces, may exhibit a positive electrical charge. The 

positively charged bacteria may attract the net negatively charged clay 

colloids and bind them to the negatively charged silica sand. Electrokinetic 

forces thus augmented by the charge orientation of bacteria may well be the 

principal mechanism by which colloidal particles are retained in porous media. 

(From authors' summ.)

Moore, J. E.

1966. (and Jenkins, C. T.). An evaluation of the effect of ground-water 

pumpage on the infiltration rate of a semipervious streambed: Water 

Resources Research, v. 2, no. 4, p. 691-696.

A quantitative evaluation of the effect of ground-water pumpage on the 

Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado using both ground-water and 

surface-water data has shown that, in at least one reach of the vallQy, pumping has lowered the water table below the level of the apparently pervious 

streambed; thereby breaking the hydraulic connection between tl e stream 

and the water table. The river is gaining except in reaches where withdrawals 

of water from the valley fill are large. However, a large cone of depression 

has formed directly beneath the stream because of continuous withdrawal of 

about 10 cfs of groundwater at Lamar. The cone extends under the losing 

reach of the stream without appreciable distortion and has been as much as 

12 feet below the streambed. In the 1-mile reach immediately upstream from 

the wells, the stream lost about 2 cfs during each of three sets of obs°rvations. 

Once the water table is lowered below the streambed, hydraulic connection is 

broken, and changes in depth to water table have no measurable effect on 

the rate of depletion of streamflow. The major control on infiltration loss,
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 73

where hydraulic connection is broken, is probably the permeability of the least 

permeable layer of the streambed. Studies of stream reaches that have beds 

with wide ranges of grain size and sorting suggest that the range in maximum 

infiltration rates is small if the streambeds are undisturbed and depth of 

water in the stream is less than about 1 foot. A maximum infiltration rate of 

20 gallons per square foot per day is suggested as a reasonable first approximation in the absence of observed rates. (Authors' abs.)

Motts, W. S.

1964. (and Cushman, R. L.). An appraisal of the possibilities of artificial 

recharge to ground-water supplies in part of the Roswell Basin, New 

Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1785, 85 p., tables.

The amount of recharge to the main consolidated aquifer and an alluvial 

aquifer probably could be substantially increased by inducing infiltration of 

surface water through sinkholes and through permeable sections cf stream 

channels to halt the decline of water levels and saline-water encroachment. 

The area of the main aquifer is divided into seven subareas. The artificial 

recharge potential through wells of these areas is described. Sources of water 

that probably could be made available for artificial recharge are described. 

(From authors' abs.)

Moulder, E. A.

1957. (and Frazor, D. R.). Artificial recharge experiments at NcDonald 

Well Field, Amarillo, Texas: Texas Board of Water Engineers Bull. 

5701, tables, 34 p.

This study examines the hydraulic possibility of storing water in the 

McDonald well field by intra-aquifer transfer. Due to excellent well development, no clogging resulted. Wells recharged up to 1000 gpm; this rate could 

be doubled with modification of the recharge facilities. The water table was 

affected very little beyond 0.5 mile of the recharge points. (DJG)

Muckel, D. C.

1955. (and Schiff, Leonard). Replenishing ground water by spr?ading in 

The Yearbook of Agriculture 1955: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, p. 302-310.

A general review of water-spreading methods and operational procedures is 

presented. (DCS)

1956. Ground water recharge investigations, in Todd, D. K., ed., Conf. on 

California ground-water situations, Proc.: California Univ. Water 

Resources Center Contr. 2, p. 82-97.

A partial review of information and data on artificial recharge investigations in California is given. (WK)

1958. Artificial recharge in relation to ground water storage, in Ann. 

conf. on water for Texas, 4th, College Station, Tex., 1958, Prcc.: Texas 

A&M Coll. System, Water Research and Inf. Center, p. 85-94.

Considerations in the selection of artificial recharge sites are listed. 

Methods of recharge including streambed percolation, basin, flooding, ditches 

or furrows, overirrigation, pits and shafts, and injection wells are discussed. 

Artificial-recharge operations in California, and one in the High Plains of 

Texas are described. (DJG)
74 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

1959a. Replenishment of ground-water supplies by artificial rreans: U.S. 

Dept. of Agriculture Tech. Bull. 1195, 51 p.

Factors that govern the use of either water spreading or recharge-well 

replenishment are described. The problem of decreased infiltration rates 

presents itself in all types of surface spreading where the water is applied 

for long uninterrupted periods, particularly in the case of silt-laden recharge 

water. In general, infiltration rates can be improved by adding organic matter 

to the surface soil and permitting it to decompose under moist conditions 

followed by a drying period. Soil surveys and well logs should be examined 

carefully when selecting an area for spreading. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. 

Material on Soil and Water Conserv.)

1959b. Replenishing underground-water supplies on the farm: U.S. Dept. 

Agriculture Leaflet 425, 8 p.

Beneath the surface of the ground are water basins with unused storage 

capacity far in excess of the largest surface reservoirs. In many localities, 

farmers who irrigate can use these underground reservoirs as supplements to 

ponds and other surface basins by storing water in them for later use. Floodwater, waste water, and water above that needed for irrigation are good 

sources for potential underground storage. A general discussion pertaining to 

the location of artificial-recharge sites and the most beneficial method of 

recharge for an area is given. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. Material on Soil 

and Water Conserv.)

1960. Groundwater recharge: Land Improvement v. 7, no. 2, p. 14-17.

Water-spreading practices using basins, ditches, or flooding techniques as 

well as recharge through shafts, pits, or wells to augment naturrl recharge 

are discussed. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. Material on Soil and Water 

Conserv.)

1962. Artificial recharge of ground water in Internat. seminar on soil and 

water utilization, Proc.: Brookings, South Dakota State Coll., p. 31-32.

Purposes of artificial recharge of ground water are presented and considerations to be made prior to site selection are enumerated. (DCS)

Muegge, O. J.

1958. Artificial recharge of water-bearing formations: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 50, no. 2, p. 168-174.

A general review of ground-water recharge projects in the United States 

is presented. Operations in Wisconsin and proposed research are discussed. 

(DCS)

Muir, Joe

1959. Refilling our wells: Farm Quart., v. 14, no. 1, p. 72-74,106-114.

A historical background of agricultural development and increased irrigation in California and other areas and the resultant ground-water depletion 

is presented. Development in the Salinas Valley, Calif., is covered in detail. 

Building of the Nacimiento Reservoir to control floodflows in the influent 

Salinas River recharging depleted underground reservoirs is described. Recharge through wells in the High Plains of Texas and raising of water tables 

by construction of surface reservoirs in Utah are briefly covered. (DCS)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 75

Muller-Feuga, R.

1965. (and Ruby, P.). L'alimentation artificielle de la nappe des alluvions 

de la basse-Durance [Artificial recharge of the alluvial aquifer in the 

lower-Durance] [in French with English summ.] : La Houille Blanche 

[France], May-June, p. 261-266.

The effectiveness of a suitable method of countering possible effects of the 

lower Durance diversion scheme on the water table in the local alluvium has 

been demonstrated by Electricite de France. The method is to recharge the 

alluvium with flows and supply points determined by theoretical methods 

aimed at achieving a certain effect after recharging for 1 month. In other 

words, the method is mainly based on Theis' formula and image procedure. 

Several tests were carried out in the field, three of which are described. The 

results obtained agreed well with predictions. (From abs. in Water and 

Water Eng.)

Mullnix, L. A.

1959. The interest of the Department of Water Resources in artificial 

recharge, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western 

Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 5-6.

The California Water Plan as a guide to the solution of the distribution 

of available runoff water to areas of need is discussed. A significant portion 

of this water is intended for artificial recharge and underground conservation 

storage. (DJG)

Mundorff, M. J.

1964. ( Crosthwaite, E. G., and Kilburn, Chabot) . Ground water for irrigation in the Snake River Basin in Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper 1654, 224 p., tables.

In a section considering the possibility of artificial recharge in which 

surplus surface water is used, the author points out that extended storage is 

possible only if the recharge areas are remote from discharge points because 

of the high transmissivity of the aquifer. Areas suitable for recharge are 

described. (DJG)

Muravev, I. M.

1967. Determining the permissible amount of impurities in injection 

water: Neft. Khoz. [Russia], v. 45, no. 3, p. 47-49.

Injectivity data from 12 wells were analyzed in an effort to determine the 

maximum amount of suspended matter which can be tolerated in injection 

water. Some wells were found to be unaffected by injection of 70,000 kilograms 

of suspended solids, while other wells were affected by injection of 15,000- 

30,000 kg of solids. The data indicate that water injection rates did not 

decrease, as long as specific suspended-solids load was in the range 0.0035- 

0.0040 mg/1 per square centimeter. Analysis of suspended-particle size and 

of pore size showed that particles 1-30 microns in diameter can readily pass 

through reservoir rocks. From field data, the authors developed the following 

equation for calculating maximum permissible suspended-matter content in 

injection water:

where b is maximum suspended matter in milligrams per liter, n is permissible 

amount of suspended matter per unit of formation permeability in milligrams
76 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

per liter per square centimeter per millidarcy, K is average permeability in 

millidarcys, and F is average formation well bore surface in square centimeters. For river water, n is about 0.00001, while for produced water, n is 

about 0.000025. (Tulsa Univ., Inf. Services Dept.)

Nevo, Z.

1967. (and Mitchell, R.). Factors affecting biological cloggir<r of sand 

associated with ground-water recharge: Water Research [Great 

Britain], v. 1, no. 3, p. 231-236.

Clogging of sand beds by microbial polysaccharides during ground-water 

recharge of waste water appears to be correlated with a decline in measured 

potential in the sand, which inhibits degradation of the polys^ccharides. 

Growth of paddy rice was found to be an effective alternative to periodic 

resting as a means of keeping the sand bed oxidized. Adjustment of pH could 

also be used to prevent polysaccharide accumulation. A correlation between 

water temperature and clogging was observed. Preliminary evidence that 

sandy soils might be used for infiltration of waste water is presented. 

(Authors' abs.)

Norris, S. E.

1966. (and Fidler, R. E.). Use of type curves developed from electric 

analog studies of unconfined flow to determine the vertical permeability 

of an aquifer at Piketon, Ohio: Ground Water, v. 4, no. 3, p. 43-48.

A type-curve method for determining anisotropy of unconfined aquifers, 

developed from electric analog simulation, is applied to drawdowns observed 

near a well pumping from a glacial outwash aquifer at Piketon, Ohio. The 

coefficient of vertical permeability, averaged 365 gpd per square foot. Computed drawdown for the pumped well, based on this value, differed by only 

a small amount from the observed drawdown. The coefficient of storage 

determined from type curves for an image well system averaged 0.20, typical 

of unconfined aquifers. Application of the methods required a thorough 

knowledge of geohydrologic controls operating at the test site. (Authors' abs.)

1967. Effects on ground-water quality and induced infiltration of wastes 

disposed into the Hocking River at Lancaster, Ohio: Ground Water, 

v. 5, no. 3.

The discharge of wastes to the Hocking River at Lancaster, Ohio, seriously 

retards the induced infiltration of streamflow to the aquifer ard thereby 

lessens the available yield of the wells. (WK)

Noseda, Giorgio

1967. L'alimentazione artificiale delle falde sotterranee [Artificial recharge of ground water] [in Italian with English summ.] : L'Acqua 

[Italy], Jan.-Feb., p. 2-19.

In this paper a survey is presented of the more usual methods and works 

for artificial ground-water recharge; the operating data of sever? 1 installations and the results of important research investigations undertaken in all 

parts of the world are discussed to develop significant criteria for the design, 

construction, operation and maintenance of the recharge projects and to show 

the advantages and the disadvantages of each method. A review of some 

typical plants shows the cultural, hydrologic, and geologic conditions of the 

sites where artificial ground-water recharge has given good results. (From 

abs. in Water and Water Eng.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 77

Ogata, Akio

1963. Effect of the injection scheme on the spread of tracers in a groundwater reservoir, in Short papers in geology and hydrology: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 475-B, p. B199-B202.

Commonly, the dispersion of a tracer or contaminant injected into an 

isotropic granular medium, in which the regional flow is unidirectional, is 

attributed principally to microscopic velocity variations and ionic diffusion. 

This is true provided the injection scheme neither disturbs nor alters the 

preexisting flow regime. The effect on the spread of tracers, caused by injection disturbance, is discussed using two examples. The first example, concerns 

injection from an elliptic source and the second concerns injection from a 

point source. These examples demonstrate that the spread of tracers caused 

by these methods of injection may be much larger than the spread due to 

diffusion. (Author's abs.)

Oldsen, C. B.

1962. (and Gutierrez, L. V.). Attractive plant reclaims waste wrter for a 

small community: Public Works, v. 93, p. 120-122.

Rancho Santa Fe, San Diego County, Calif., has recently completed a plant 

which recharges its effluent through a dry river bed for later agricultural and 

domestic well supply. (Abs. in Texas Water Devel. Board, Kept. 8.)

Ongerth, H. J.

1959. (and Harmon, J. A.). Sanitary engineering appraisal of wastewater reuse: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 51, no. 5, p. 647-658.

Sanitary aspects of waste-water reclamation or disposal are discussed 

including methods of ground-water recharge by infiltration and percolation 

and by direct injection. (DCS)

Orlob, G. T.

1956a. Effect of water reclamation practices on quality of ground water 

in Conf. on California ground-water situation, Proc.: California Univ. 

Water Resources Center Contr. 2, p. 146-156.

The feasibility of waste-water reclamation by artificial recharge is largely 

dependent on the economics of source development. Water quality problems, 

although they may be formidable, particularly in the field of public health, 

do not appear as serious limitations on the use of either surface spreading or 

direct injection. (From author's conclusions.)

1956b. (and Butler, R. G.). Use of soil lysimeters in waste-water reclamation studies: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Sanitary Eng. Div. Jour, 

v. 82, no. SA3, paper 1002, 25 p., tables.

In their study of the mechanism of infiltration, the writers have determined 

the infiltration capacities of five pervious California agricultural soils during 

prolonged spreading with water and primary effluent. Each of the soils 

exhibited time-infiltration rate curves of a characteristic shape. Infiltration 

rates for continuous spreading ranged from 0.6 to 40 feet per day. Spreading 

of primary sewage produced an abrupt decrease in the infiltration rates and 

surface permeabilities of two of the coarsest soils within a few hours. Little 

or no change occurred in the rates of infiltration into the finer soils for a 

period of 1 month after the onset of spreading. Sustained infiltration rates
78 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

during prolonged sewage spreading ranged from about 0.1 to 0.3 foot per day. 

(From authors' summ.)

1957. Assimilative capacity of receiving waters in relation to th^ pulp and 

paper industry, in Waste treatment and disposal aspects: California 

State Water Pollution Control Board Pub. 17, p. 73-100.

The author examines the particular wastes of typical pulping processes 

together with the characteristics of potential receiving waters w'th a view 

toward determining the general requirements for disposal of pulprrill wastes. 

The author discusses the underground disposal of these wastes which involves 

the artificial comingling of waters of widely variant quality and the resulting 

problems. (WK)

1958. (and Butler, R. G.). Soil lysimeters in waste-water reclamation 

studies: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Trans., v. 123, Paper 2914, p. 116- 

136.

The behavior of five typical pervious California agricultural soils under 

water and sewage spreading conditions are evaluated, and a coirparison is 

made between field and lysimeter performance of two of these so^'ls. (From 

authors' synopsis.)

Owen, L. D.

1967. The challenge of water management, Orange County Water District, 

in Salt-water encroachment into aquifers, pt. 2, Baton Eouge, La., 

1967, Symposium: Louisiana State Univ., Louisiana Water Resources 

Research Inst., 19 p., tables.

The paper presents a comprehensive overall view of water management in 

the Orange County Water District, Calif. Artificial recharge and groundwater basin storage are integral parts of water management and are discussed according to sources, amounts, quality, economics, and basin protection 

against salt-water encroachment. (DCS)

Palmquist, W. N., Jr.

1962. (and Johnson, A. I.), Vadose flow in layered and nonlayered materials, in Short papers in geology and hydrology: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 450-C, p. C142-C143.

Studies of downward flow of water in two porous-media models were made 

to demonstrate general patterns of flow and volume of wettec1 material 

beneath disposal pits. The first model consisted of homogeneous glass beads 

0.47 millimeters in diameter which were initially dry. The second model 

consisted of three beds of glass beads 0.036 mm in diameter separated by two 

beds of beads 0.47 mm in diameter. In the homogeneous material, the wetted 

area was confined to a relatively narrow vertical column. Flov^ through 

stratified material resulted in lateral spreading. The results indicated qualitatively that pits for disposal of nuclear waste can be operated more safely 

where the underlying granular materials are highly stratified and have different grain sizes. These results apply chiefly to arid regions .(DCS)

Parker, G. G.

1967. (Cohen, Philip, and Foxworthy, B. L.). Artificial recharge and its 

role in scientific water management, with emphasis on Long Island, 

New York, in Marino, M. A., ed., Symposium on ground-water hydrology, San Francisco, Calif., 1967, Proc.: Urbana, 111., The Am. 

Water Resources Assoc. Proc., ser. 4, p. 193-213.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 79

The paper places a particular emphasis on the role of ground-water reservoirs and artificial recharge in deriving optimum benefit from water resources. 

A comprehensive discussion of aquifer systems and artificial recharge is 

presented in which problems and considerations associated with artificial 

recharge by various methods are dealt with.

A brief review of the advances, problems, and scope of artificial recharge 

and related operations in Israel, California, and the High Plains of Texas is 

included. A detailed account of ground-water recharge in Long Island, N.Y., 

includes sections on: (1) the general hydrologic situation, (2) recharge 

through cesspools and septic tanks, (3) recharge through basins, (4) recharge 

through injection wells, (5) recharge from leaky pipes and sewers, and (6) 

artificial recharge studies in Riverhead and Bay Park, Long Island. (DCS)

Parkhurst, J. D.

1964. (and Garrison, W. E.). Whittier Narrows water reclamation plant 

two years of operation: Civil Eng., v. 34, no. 9, p. 60-63, table.

More than 1,000 acre-feet per month of effluent from the Whittier Narrows 

water reclamation plant in southern California has been renovrted and 

recharged to the underlying shallow aquifer through the use of spreading 

techniques. Percolation rates for undiluted reclaimed water average about 

2 feet per day during the wetting cycle of about 5 days. (WK)

1965. Progress in waste-water reuse in Southern California: Am. Soc. 

Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 91, no. IK-1, 

p. 79-91.

Reuse of waste water in Los Angeles County, Calif., is being accomplished 

through operation of the Whittier Narrows water reclamation pknt. Considerations important in waste-water reuse and plans for development in the 

area were presented. Of the uses to which reclaimed water may be applied, 

recharging of underground water basins was included. Approximate^ 24,000 

acre-feet of water was salvaged in the 2 years of operation with approximately 12,000 acre-feet being released to the flood control district's spreading 

facilities and returned to the underground water supply. (DCS)

Peter, Yebuda

1958. Sewage effluent into sand dunes: Water and Sewage Work?, v. 105, 

no. 11, p. 493.

Sand dunes in the "Dan Region" of Israel are used to receive effluent from 

several simple primary treatment plants. Two years of experience has established that the permissible rate of application by sprinkling is 80-100 cu m 

per day per dunim (1000 sq m), or about 10 times the desirable rate used 

for agricultural purposes, and has resulted in a rise in water table by several 

decimeters. As the ground-water level has declined by overpumping and the 

aquifer is endangered by salt-water intrusion, the above method of recharge 

serves a dual purpose. (WK)

Peters, J. H.

1967. (and Cuming, Donald). Water conservation by barrier injection: 

Water and Sewage Works, v. 114, no. 2, p. 63-68, table.

An account is given of an investigation of artificial recharge by injection 

on Long Island, N.Y. The injection system is to establish a barrier, by utilizing 

renovated water, along the south shore of Nassau County that would prevent
80 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

27 mgd of fresh water from wasting to the ocean. The barrier will also maintain the fresh-water-salt-water interface and prevent salt-water intrusion. 

(WK)

Pettyjohn, W. A.

1967. Geohydrology of the Souris River valley in the vicinity of Minot, 

North Dakota: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1844, 53 p.

The Minot area of the Souris River valley in north-central NoHh Dakota 

is covered primarily by late Wisconsin glacial drift averaging 100 feet in 

thickness. Although six glacial aquifers were studied, only the Minot aquifer 

was examined in detail; it is a thick deposit of sand and gravel recharged 

from buried glaciofluvial deposits and from the Souris River. The water level 

has declined more than 70 feet since 1916 and more than 20 feet in some places 

during 1961-63. This rapid decline could be counteracted by artificial recharge; several possible recharge sites of highly permeable sand and gravel 

crop out in the western Minot area. (From Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

Pickett, Arthur

1957. Industrial wastes and their relation to the re-use of water, in Industrial uses of water in California; California Univ. Water Resources 

Center Contr. 3, p. 31-36.

Artificial recharge of pretreated connate water, derived from o;l-field production, is accomplished through injection wells and replaced in tt ^ oil sands 

from which it came. These wells are injecting more than 5,600,000 gpd under 

a casing head pressure in some wells of more than 2,000 psi. In soir^ oil fields, 

controlled injection is being used to increase total production of of -producing 

zones by 50 percent or more. (WK)

Plotnikov, N. I.

1967. Artificial control of static fissure-karst water resources in carbonate 

rocks [with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 

132-135.

Carbonate rocks are characterized by high collector properties, Given the 

rock thickness required and the intermittent source of runoff (streamflow), 

artificial recharge and static storage control of the ground water can be 

conducted by means of water-supply wells.

To solve the above problem, the practice is to construct water-supply wells 

as a contour well system in the river valley, in the zone of n^ar-surface 

ground-water occurrence, at a depth of 150-200 m. Under the effect of the 

intensive ground-water pumping, the cone of depression is formed around 

the water intake at a large area. Favorable conditions are thus created for 

the intensive recharge by floodwater and for complete return of the static 

storage previously used.

Operation practice of water-supply wells in the U.S.S.R. shows that in 

arid regions a constant well yield up to 100,000-150,000 cu m per day may be 

obtained by means of artificial recharge and static storage pumping control 

of the ground water in carbonate rocks. (Author's abs.)

Pluhowski, E. J.

1964. (Kantrowitz, I. H.). Hydrology of the Babylon-Islip ar«a, Suffolk 

County, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1768,119 p., tables.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 81

In a short section on artificial recharge, the authors discuss the possibilities 

of recharging treated sewage effluent to retard salt-water encroachment and 

supplement natural recharge. (DJG)

Poland, J. F.

1956. Land subsidence and ground-water development in California, in 

Conf. on California ground-water situation, Proc.: California Univ. 

Water Resources Center Contr. 2, p. 106-119.

The writer speculates on the effect of land subsidence in relation to artificial recharge or cyclic storage. (WK)

1959. Notes on rate of water penetration in subsidence test plots, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water 

Management Research Branch, p. 87.

Rates of vertical penetration beneath a test plot on the west side of the 

San Joaquin Valley in Fresno County were determined. Owing to the presence 

of fine-grained material of low permeability impeding vertical percolation, 

much of the applied water moved laterally. (DJG)

Price, C. E.

1961. Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla 

Walla area, Washington: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 

1594-A, 31 p., tables.

During an experiment to determine the feasibility of artificial recharge in 

the Columbia lava plateau area, 71.3 acre-feet (23 million gallons) of surface 

water containing 2 ppm suspended sediment (and chemically compatible with 

the native ground water) was injected into basalt aquifers through a city 

well at rates ranging from 630 to 670 gpm. The water level rose, but subsequent yield and specific capacity decreased. Data obtained suggest that 

hydraulic boundaries limit the lateral movement of water. (From author's 

abs.)

Price, Don

1965. (Hart, D. H., and Foxworthy, B. L.). Artificial recharge in Oregon 

and Washington, 1962: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1593-C, 

65 p., tables.

Natural recharge to basalt, sand, and gravel aquifers was augmented by 

more than 17,000 acre-feet of artificially recharged water in 1961 about 

12,000 acre-feet coming from a water-spreading operation at Richland, Wash,, 

and the rest, from 22 separate water-spreading and well-injection operations. 

(DJG)

Price, W. P., Jr.

1959. (and Brown, R. L.). Ground-water recharge activities of the United 

Water Conservation District of Ventura County, California, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, 

Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 58-65.

A historical summary of studies, practices, problems, and effects of 

replenishment in the Peru, Saticoy, and El Rio spreading grounds is presented. Future programs are also discussed. (DJG)
82 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

1962. (Watson, R. M., and Babcock, B. A.). Problems and Programs of 

the United Water Conservation District of Ventura County, California, 

in the field of ground-water recharge with appendix, in Schiff, Leonard, 

ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, 

Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 5 p.

Problems encountered during the past 2 years of operation were: (1) 

accumulation of silt in spreading basins, (2) use of existing wells as multipurpose wells in a program of well recharge, (3) desilting of stormflows, (4) 

reduced infiltration rates caused by mounding, (5) salt-water encroachment, 

and (6) iron in Fox Canyon water. Solutions to these problems are discussed. 

(DJG)

1963. (and Baker, C. W.). Ground-water recharge activities ir the United 

Water Conservation District of Ventura County, California, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge and ground-water 

basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963 Proc.: Fresno, Calif., 

Ground-Water Recharge Center, 6 p.

The Ocean View Municipal Water District's injection well operation receiving treated El Rio well-field water via the United Water Conservation District's Oxnard-Port Hueneme pipeline to increase depleted ground water and 

retard salt-water intrusion is discussed. After recharge, the wells are used 

for alternate irrigations, when possible; thus they serve a redevelopment 

scheme. (DJG)

Prudhomme, P.

1967. Representativite des simulateurs utilises pour 1'etude de la recharge 

artificielle des nappes [Representativity of models used for the study 

of the artificial recharge of aquifers] [in French with English abs.]: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 46-52.

The use of mathematical programs or of laboratory models is particularly 

recommendable for the determination of efficiency of devices used for the artificial recharging of underground water reservoirs.

However, in order that the results obtained are valid, it is necessary for 

the model to be representative of the aquifer. It is known that pump tests 

alone are insufficient to determine the exact distribution of transmissibilities 

and storage coefficients. To this difficulty, owing to the insufficient knowledge 

of the distribution of hydrodynamic characteristics, is added the lack of 

precision of the conditions at the limits.

The author explains how, in spite of the poor knowledge of certain parameters, it is possible to construct models that faithfully represent actual conditions. The demonstration is divided into two parts. The first develops the 

basic theories on which the possibility of constructing such mode^ is based; 

the second presents how the construction phase of a model contributes efficiently to the determination of the characteristics of the aquifer in particular, transmissibility and conditions at the limits. (Author's abs.)

Rawn, A. M.

1957. (and Bowerman, F. R.). Planned water reclamation: Sewage and 

Indus. Wastes, v. 29, no. 10, p. 1134-1138.

Locating a protected sewage treatment plant in the impounding area 

behind Whittier Narrows Dam in Los Angeles County and applying reclaimed
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 83

sewage to existing spreading basins along the Rio Hondo channel 3 miles 

downstream was proposed. The utility of the spreading basins, use! about 2 

months out of the year for recharging released storm runoff, could be extended 

to the entire 12-month period. (DCS)

Rayner, F. A.

1967. Artificial recharge: Cross Section, v. 13, no. 8, p. 1-4.

In addition to presenting a historical review of recharge projects in the 

southern High Plains of Texas, the author also discusses "the artificial 

recharge controversy" including mechanical and contamination problems associated with playa-lake water recharge. (DJG)

1967b. Potential for storage of water in southern High Plains of Texas: 

Cross Section, v. 13, no. 11, p. 1.

The economics of using imported water for recharge in the Southern High 

Plains of Texas is discussed. Several methods evaluated include tl <? use of 

unlined canals, water spreading, and recharge wells. (WK)

1967c. Potential for storage of water in southern High Plains cf Texas: 

Cross Section, v. 13, no. 12, p. 2-3.

The author states that because of the anticipated importation of water to 

the southern High Plains area, an adequate means of storing this water in 

the underlying Ogallala Formation must be found. Criteria to be used in the 

selection of recharge methods for specific areas are enumerated. (DJG)

Rebhun, M.

1967. (and Hauser, V. L.). Clarification of turbid water with poT yelectrolytes for recharge through wells [with French abs.] : Internet. Assoc. 

Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 218-228.

Storm-runoff water is a good source of additional water supply for arid 

and semiarid regions; however, it must be stored for later use. There waters 

may be stored in aquifers by artificial recharge; however, suspended solids in 

the water often prevent recharge. Where recharge must be done by injection 

through wells, removal of suspended solids must be nearly complete. Polyelectrolyte flocculents effectively clarified suspensions typical of flood-runoff 

water. A simple field system was built and tested, where for the first time all 

elements of a complete system including treatment with polyelectrolytes, a 

simple clarification system, and ground-water recharge through wells were 

combined into a successful operating unit. Seventy-five thousand cubic meters 

of clarified water was successfully recharged through wells. (Authors' abs.)

Reed, E. L.

1959. City of Midland artificial recharge project, McMillen Field; report 

presented to the city of Midland, Tex.: 9 p., 29 plates.

The report summarizes the results of an experimental recharge project at 

the McMillen field during the winter of 1957-58. The experiment was to 

determine if water from a remote source could be injected into the groundwater reservoir and if water so injected could be contained in and recovered 

from the reservoir. An analysis was made of the geology of the erea. Recharge was conducted for a 107-day period utilizing ground water from 

another area. Data are presented and analyzed. (DCS)
84 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Reed, J. E.

1966. (Deutsch, Morris, and Wiitala, S. W.). Induced recharge of an 

artesian glacial-drift aquifer at Kalamazoo, Michigan: U.S. Geol. 

Water-Supply Paper 1594-D, 62 p., tables.

The object of three recharge tests was to observe the effects of induced 

recharge on the main lower aquifer by varying conditions in a recharge 

channel receiving diverted water from West Fork Portage Creek. Aquifer 

tests showed that the transmissibility of the upper and lower aquifer ranges 

from 50,000 to 100,000 gpd per foot with nearly 200 gpm leaking through 

the confining layer separating the two aquifers. The principal effect of 

induced recharge on the two aquifers was to reduce the amount and rate of 

drawdown; therefore, where water levels and artesian pressures can be maintained at high stages, the result is lower pumping costs and increased rates 

of withdrawal during periods of peak demand. (From authors' abs.)

Reeves, C. C., Jr.

1967. (and Parry, W. T.). Geology of water importation: Cross Section, 

v. 14, no. 3, p. 4.

Because of the importance of geology on any surface or subsurface storage 

scheme for water imported to the southern High Plains section of Texas, the 

authors propose complete evaluation of geological factors. (DJG)

Richards, W. P.

1958. (and Watts, B. B.). Spacing wells to control water temperatures 

and drawdown: Water Works Eng., v. Ill, no. 5, p. 464 466.

Lincoln, Nebr., obtains its water supply from wells in gravel aquifers 

receiving induced water from the adjacent Platte River. Over a period of 24 

years, the city has developed 33 wells, properly spaced to control water temperature and provide optimum discharge and minimum drawdown. (DJG)

Richter, R. C.

1955. Geological considerations of artificial recharge [abs.]: Geol. Soc. 

Am. Bull. v. 66, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1661.

Artificial recharge to ground water is now an important technique and will 

become increasingly significant in the future conservation of California's 

water resources. Selection of recharge sites must be based on evaluation of 

surface material for maximum percolation rates and physical characteristics 

of underlying sediments for storage capacity and transmissivity of aquifers. 

(From author's abs.)

1959. (and Chun, R. Y. D.). Geologic and hydrologic factors affecting 

infiltration rates at artificial recharge sites in California, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, 

Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Research Br., p. 48-52.

In the selection of a recharge site, consideration should be given to factors 

affecting infiltration rates such as ground shape, surface soils, and physiography as a guide to subsurface conditions. These factors are discussed and 

information is presented on using them as guides in obtaining an estimate of 

the infiltration rate. (DJG)

1961. (and Chun, R. Y. D.). Artificial recharge in California: Am. Soc. 

Civil Engineers Trans., v. 126, pt. 3, Paper 3274, p. 742-762.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 85

The major types of artificial-recharge projects in California are described 

and the extent of artificial-recharge activities in California are summarized. 

Some of the important factors related to selection of artificial-recharge project sites are reviewed with particular emphasis on infiltration rate. A partial 

bibliography on artificial recharge is appended. (From authors' synopsis.)

Robinson, A. R., Jr.

1957. (and Rohwer, Carl). Measurement of canal seepage: Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers Trans., v. 122, Paper 2865, p. 347-363.

Existing methods of measuring seepage have been investigated by the 

authors in an effort to develop new methods and to study the factors affecting 

seepage. Special studies include the effect of depth of water on seepage, the 

effect of depth to ground water, and the effect of temperature on the seepage 

rate. Seepage meters were found to indicate the order of magnitude of loss, 

although they do not provide accurate measurement. A method of analysis 

was developed for using the well-permeameter test results in forecasting seepage. (Authors' synopsis.)

Roll, J. R.

1963. (Page, L. M., and Wright, L. E.). Ground water recharge in Santa 

Clara Valley, California, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on 

ground-water recharge and ground-water basin management, 4th, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Recharge 

Center, 17 p. tables.

New operational problems resulting from the fact that Santa Clara Valley 

has reached the point where it must import substantial quantities of water 

are discussed. Problems dealt with are changes in ground-water quality 

resulting from importation and sediment removal. These two problems are 

covered in detail, including treatment costs.

The costs associated with salvaging and importing water are presented. 

Pertinent data concerning the district's eight dams and each percolation area 

are included in tables. (DCS)

Rorabaugh, M. I.

1956. Ground Water in northeastern Louisville, Kentucky, with reference 

to induced recharge: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1360-B, 

p. 101-168, tables.

Analysis of a pumping test made during the investigations proves that 

infiltration supplies can be developed. It is estimated that under adverse 

temperature and river-stage conditions, infiltration supplies could be developed to the extent of 280 mgd in the entire 6.4 mile reach investigated; at 

average river stage conditions and at water temperature of 59° F, about 

400 mgd could be developed. Diagrams were drawn showing the estimated 

yield of wells of different radii, at various distances from the river, and at 

various spacings. (From author's abs.)

Russell, R. H.

1960. Artificial recharge of a well at Walla Walla: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 52, no. 11, p. 1427-1437.

Experimentally recharging a well of the public supply system at Walla 

Walla, Wash., is described. Water diverted from a stream was recharged 

into a basalt aquifer totaling 71.3 acre-feet in a 26-day period. T" e water 

was of high quality, containing a maximum of 6 ppm sediment, ard chemi-
86 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

cally compatible with the ground water. Some deterioration in well performance resulted. The relative importance of three recognized factors which 

could cause the deterioration, namely, sediment, dissolved air, and entrained air in the recharge water, could not be determined. There was evidence 

of large amounts of entrained air being carried into the well. The problems 

are further discussed and considerations for continuing the experiments are 

presented. (DCS)

Salisbury, M. E.

1963. Water conservation in Los Angeles County, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., 

Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge and ground-water basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., GroundWater Recharge Center, 5 p.

Current activities of the Los Angeles Flood Control District including 

spreading of local water with emphasis on chemical treatment to remove 

suspended sediments; spreading of imported Colorado River water and reclaimed water from the Whittier Narrows water reclamation project which 

recently began operation; and sea-water barrier projects using treated 

Colorado River water and possibly effluent from the Hyperion treatment 

plant are discussed. (DJG)

Scalapino, R. A.

1955. Artificial recharge of ground water reservoirs: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 47, no. 3, p. 230-234.

Artificial recharge tests at El Paso, Tex., are described where highly 

treated water was injected through a recharge well. Aquifer constants derived from pump tests worked well in computing expected rises at observation points and the well's ability to take or produce water was not impaired 

by long periods of recharge. Salt-water encroachment into the well field is 

considered. Other areas where recharge was being carried out are discussed. 

(DCS)

Schiff, Leonard

1955. The status of water spreading for ground-water replenishment: 

Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 36, no. 6, p. 1009-1020.

Methods of spreading water on land surfaces and by injection are reviewed 

and some results are given. Included are: (1) developments in vegetative, 

chemical, and mechanical treatments to increase infiltration rate, (2) shaft, 

trench, and pit injection methods which cut through less pervious soil and 

inject water into aquifers, and (3) operational procedures such ss cultural 

methods, length of wetting and drying periods, and surface head. Limitations 

in the use of treatments based on the surface soil and stratigraphy are 

described. Tools to determine the suitability and characteristics of a proposed spreading area are discussed. (From author's abs.)

1955a. The Darcy law in selection of water-spreading systems for groundwater recharge: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 41, p. 99-110.

Ground-water recharge is accomplished by surface spreading methods 

utilizing basins, furrows, and flooding or by injection methods employing 

shafts, wells, pits, and trenches. Effects of the following conditions on flow 

to the ground-water table are discussed on the basis of Darcy's law: (1) 

surface and subsurface soils which permit rapid infiltration and percolation
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 87

to the ground-water table, (2) surface soil conditions restricting infiltration, 

(3) shallow, less pervious, soil layers which restrict percolation and infiltration, and (4) deep, less pervious, soil layers restricting percolation to the 

ground-water table. Soil and water treatments and operational procedures 

tending to increase permeability or hydraulic gradient are considered. The 

Darcy law is basic to interpretation of problems and to selection of the 

method of spreading. It also is the basis for selection of systems of spreading, 

involving spacing and arrangement of spreading areas, and combinations of 

methods used to achieve maximum recharge with minimum area. Procedures 

and experimental data are discussed in terms of Darcy's law. (Author's abs.)

1956b. (and Muckel, D. C.). Keplenishing underground water supplies for 

irrigation purposes: Internat. Soil Sci. Cong., 6th, Paris, Proc. p. 

683-689.

Water spreading is one approach to replenishing underground water and 

storing water. High land values justify treatments that increase soil permeability and that thus reduce the size of spreading areas. Areas devoted to 

spreading are divided into four general categories based on permeability of 

surface and subsurface soil. Surface permeability was increased on small 

ponds by soil treatments with grasses, organic residues, and chemicals. Such 

treatments are beneficial on large areas where subsurface layers are not 

limiting. A strip system of surface spreading is suggested where relatively 

shallow limiting layers occur at sufficient depth to permit appreciable lateral 

flow. Further reduction in area can be accomplished by treating strips to increase the infiltration rate.

A strip system of long narrow trenches which cut through shallorv limiting 

layers and inject water laterally into aquifer lenses may reduce the area 

devoted to spreading severalfold. Where restrictive layers are deep, shafts 

show promise. (Authors'summ.)

1958a. (and Johnson, C. E.). Some methods of alleviating surface clogging in water spreading with emphasis on filters: Am. Geopl ys. Union 

Trans., v. 39, no. 2, p. 292-297.

Methods of preventing or alleviating clogging of soil pores when spreading 

water on soil surfaces or injecting water into aquifers for recharge are discussed. Observation of methods such as suction cleaning or scraping to 

remove clogging materials and restore the infiltration rate in some installed 

systems are pointed out. Certain past experimental work on the subject is 

reviewed.

Of various filter materials used in infiltrometers at Bakersfield, Calif., sand 

ranging in size from 0.02 to 0.06 inch maintained a higher infiltration rate 

than pea gravel 0.12 or 0.25 inch in size or the existing aquifer material. 

Information is given on particle size distribution of both the filter and aquifer 

materials. Head loss due to filters and within the underlying acmifer are 

shown. (Authors' abs.)

1958b. The use of filters to maintain high infiltration rates ir aquifers 

for ground water recharge [with French abs.] : Internat. / ssoc. Sci. 

Hydrology Pub. 44, p. 207-212.

A method of recharging ground water is the injection of water into 

aquifer material through pits, trenches, shafts, and wells. Grit sand and 

aquifer sand filters doubled and more than doubled the total infiltration into
88 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

aquifer material over a 70-day period at Bakersfield, Calif. Decreases in 

infiltration rate are associated with increases in suspended load in the water 

supply. Increases in infiltration rate are attributed to decreases in viscosity 

and increases in total salts in the water supply. Losses in hydraulic head in 

the filter material and in the aquifer material are presented. (Author's abs.)

1960. Ground-water recharge need, progress, and research in California, 

in Irrig. Assoc. Conf., Fresno, Calif., 1960, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Calif. 

Irrig. Assoc., p. 63-70.

Water-storage needs of California are reviewed. The availability of large 

ground-water reservoirs and a shortage of surface-storage capacity indicate a 

greater dependence, in the future, on ground water.

The results of ground-water recharge research in California are summarized including work on soil factors relating to infiltration rate, soil and 

water treatments to increase infiltration, filters, operational procedures, and 

water-spreading systems. A new research program is described which emphasizes the relationships of site characteristics to: (1) recharge potential 

and the feasibility of recharge by over irrigation of crops, and (2) recharge 

water characteristics and the resulting quality of ground water. (DCS)

1961. Effect of filtering on model recharge wells: Am. Soc. C: vil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 87, no. IR-4, pt. 1, p. 

55-63.

Maintenance of injection rates is important in the use of shafts and wells 

for recharge. In an experiment covering 75 days, water rose about four 

times higher in wells receiving unfiltered water than in those receiving 

filtered water because of clogging by suspended solids. Filtering tl rough 0.2 

foot of material reduced the suspended load from about 20 ppm to 1 ppm. 

Two filtering arrangements were used where water was ponded and made 

to flow over the filter material.

Flowing river water passed through the filter at more than twice the rate 

than when ponded. Fines carried into the filter were returned to the flowing 

water by raking the filters to a depth of about 0.5 inch and infiltrrtion rates 

recovered. (From author's synopsis.)

1962. (Johnson, C. E., Bianchi, W. C., and Dyer, K. L.). Activities of the 

ground-water recharge research project, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. 

conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 19?!, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., 

Ground-Water Recharge Laboratory, 11 p., tables.

Results on the movement of a wetted front traced with neutron moisture 

meters after flooding of field plots in the San Joaquin Valley are described. 

Present plans call for comprehensive study of the ground-water mounds 

associated with flooding practices. Factors influencing the quality of recharged water are also discussed. (DJG)

1963a. Ground-water recharge methods based on site characteristics and 

on sediment in flood water [with French abs.] : Internat. Comm. Irrig. 

and Drainage Cong., 5th, Tokyo, Japan, Trans., v. 6, question 18, p. 

17-31.

This paper is concerned with types of recharge facilities and comparative 

rates of recharge, soil and water treatments, and operational procedures
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 89

developed to increase the infiltration rate and percolation rate; operations 

and maintenance of recharge facilities, including methods of alleviating or 

preventing clogging due to sedimentation and to microbial activity; and the 

design of recharge facilities. (From author's introd.)

1963b. (and Dyer, K. L.). Some physical and chemical considerations in 

artificial ground-water recharge, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., B-'enn. conf. 

on ground-water recharge and ground-water basin management, 4th, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Recharge 

Center, 12 p., table.

Efficient, economical, artificial recharge requires the logging of tl ^ physical 

and 'chemical characteristics of the soil and stratigraphy. It requires a 

knowledge of the relation of these characteristics to infiltration and the subsurface storage and movement of water. Recharge facilities should be made 

multipurpose whenever possible. Such facilities should be desigred in the 

light of comprehensive plans for the conservation and use of water resources. 

(Authors' conclusion.)

1964a. Devices for measuring soil water movement in designing recharge 

facilities: Am. Soc. Agr. Engineers Trans., v. 7, no. 1, p. 67-69.

The paper is concerned primarily with measurements of water movement 

in soil, but it is also concerned with measurements of soil moisture factors 

which govern the amount of subsurface storage space available for water 

and specific yield. Emphasis is placed on measurements in the field and on 

the use of soil cores in the laboratory. A new permeameter developed to 

measure various soil-water movements is described. (From author's text.)

1964b. Ground-water recharge hydrology: Ground Water, v. 2, no. 3, p. 

16-19.

The hydrology of ground-water recharge depends upon the physical and 

chemical characteristics of both soil and water. These characteristics must be 

measured and related to subsurface storage space and water movements to 

determine the feasibility of a site for recharge and to select appropriate 

methods and systems of recharge. Then water may be efficiently stored 

underground to be used independently or conjunctively with releases from 

surface-storage reservoirs. (Author's abs.)

1964c. (and Dyer, K. L.). Some physical and chemical considerations in 

artificial ground-water recharge [with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. 

Sci. Hydrology Pub. 64, p. 347-358, table.

Maintaining or raising ground-water levels by artificial recharge provides 

a water source for irrigation, industrial, and domestic use and prevention of 

salt-water intrusion along coastal areas. Programs are being carr'ed out in 

western United States, especially in California, where ground water furnishes 

almost half the water used and few economical surface reservoir sites are 

available in areas of need. A key factor is the infiltration rate tl at is, the 

rate at which water can enter the soil so that facilities must be based on 

the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and substrata. Areas 

chosen should preferably be those with little change in the salt content of the 

soil or the water. (From Abs. of North Am. Geology.)

1966a. (and Dyer, K. L.). Some physical and chemical considerations in 

artificial ground-water recharge, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf.
90 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

on ground-water recharge, development, and management, California 

Univ., Los Angeles, 1965, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 

12 p.

A general discussion of some of the physical and chemical aspects of 

artificial recharge is presented. A key factor, infiltration rate and the problems of soil clogging and its prevention, is discussed. The effect of th*>. chemistry of both soil and percolating water in relation to recharge is examined. 

The design of recharge facilities based on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and substrata is considered. (WK)

1966b. Disposal (conservation) of water by percolation in soil, in Doneen, 

L. D., ed., Symposium on agricultural waste water, Davis, Calif., 1966, 

Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Kept. 10, p. 203-214.

The author discusses most of the factors that control the movement of 

water through the soil. In a step by step approach the relationship between 

soil texture and infiltration rates is described. The process of recharge from 

surface ponding to the development of a ground-water mound is diagnosed 

and explained. Treatments to increase permeability are discussed and cases 

are cited. The design of several types of recharge facilities is also described 

and quantitative data for many recharge works in the United Spates are 

cited. (WK)

1967. (and Muckel, D. C.). Ground-water recharge and storage, in Hagan, 

R. M., Haise, H. R., and Edminster, T. W., eds., Irrigatior of agricultural lands: Madison, Wis., Am. Soc. of Agronomy, Agronomy 

mon. ser. no. 11, p. 92-103.

Considerations in artificial recharge are discussed. Site selection, water 

movement and its measurement, methods of recharge, and design of facilities are covered. Water-spreading methods and results particularly in regard 

to infiltration rates are treated comprehensively. Recharge wells and hydraulics of ground-water mounds are dealt with briefly. (DCS)

Schneider, Robert

1964. Cenomanian-Turonian aquifer of central Israel its development 

and possible use as a storage reservoir: U.S. Geol. Survey WaterSupply Paper, 1608-F, 20 p.

Israel's master plan for water-resources management includes the underground storage of seasonally available surplus water. Storage is possible 

almost any place within the highly permeable dolomite and limestone aquifer, 

but the movement and recovery of injected water could be controlled most 

easily if local depressions in the piezometric surface were utilized for 

storage. (DJG)

1967. Geologic and hydrologic factors related to artificial recharge of the 

carbonate-rock aquifer system of central Israel [with Frerih abs.]: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 37-45.

In central Israel, one of the main sources of ground water is a thi".k, highly 

permeable dolomite and limestone aquifer system known as the CenomanianTuronian aquifer. Its porosity is characterized mainly by solutior channels 

and by cavities produced by faulting and folding. Owing to the scarcity of 

suitable surface-reservoir sites, excess water is injected into the aquifer
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 91

through supply wells and specially constructed recharge wells for storage 

during the nonirrigation season.

In view of the permeable nature of the aquifer, one of the most important 

considerations in planning artificial recharge is the selection of injection 

areas that are remote from discharge areas or that are so located that the 

flow of water toward the discharge area is delayed by detours in its path. 

There is one large spring discharge site near the center of the rrea and a 

much smaller one in the north.

The piezometric surface is very flat but under natural conditions flow is 

generally westward and northwestward. Intensive pumping from about 1950 

to the present has produced several irregularly shaped shallow depressions. 

There are also several northeast-trending "hills" or "ridges" on the piezometric surface and several of the depressions have lobate protusicns extending to the northeast. The ridges appear to coincide with downfaulted blocks 

or structural basins, regarded as regions of relatively lower permeability 

than adjacent regions of lower piezometric levels.

As the piezometric depressions remote from the discharge areas' are deepened by pumping, they will become increasingly useful as storage areas for 

injected water. An ideal condition for an injection area is a well-defined 

piezometric depression with one or more piezometric "ridges" between it 

and the discharge area. (Author's abs.)

Schwiesow, W. F.

1965. Playa lake use and modification in the High Plains, in Studies 

of playa lakes in the High Plains of Texas: Texas Water Devel. 

Board Rept. 10, p. 1-8.

Artificial recharge of playa-lake water is discussed as a means of utilizing 

surface runoff collecting in the playas on the High Plains of Texas Recharge 

methods are discussed in general and some specific well-recharge projects 

reviewed including some operating data and problems encountered such as 

clogging wells with suspended sediment. (DCS)

Scott, Gayno

1961. Saving runoff water: Crops and Soils, v. 13, no. 9, p. 10-13.

A discussion of ground-water recharge is presented as applied to surface 

runoff on the High Plains of Texas. Recharge experiments are described 

including a 500-foot trench with a shutter screen enveloped in gravel located 

in the bottom of a playa lake. (DCS)

Scott, V. H.

1963. Summary of research activities related to ground water recharge 

in the Department of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge and groundwater basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, 

Calif., Ground-Water Research Center, 4 p.

In a study concerning "ground-water flow characteristics of recharge pits 

as influenced by pit geometry" using a Hele-Shaw viscous-fluid model, results 

show that the location of the free water surface was unaffected by side slope 

and depth of impermeable layer, that the amount of flow from the side of the 

pit as compared to the bottom was greatly affected by the side slope, and 

that the percentage of flow through the sides of the recharge pit was not 

significantly affected by the depth of the impermeable layer or by the depth 

to the water table.
92 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Results of another study, "dynamic project planning and c'eveloping 

ground-water supplies," stress the integration of flood control and recharge 

facilities. (DJG)

1966. Ground-water research, University of California, Davis, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, development, and 

management, California Univ., Los Angeles, 1965, Proc.: Fresno, 

Calif., U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 3 p.

This paper reports briefly some of the research activities being conducted 

by staff of the Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of 

California at Davis. The research in artificial recharge concerns quality of 

recharge water, recharge through a multiple well system along a coastal 

aquifer, and the potential for recharge by a trench or wells. (WK)

1967. (and Aron, G.). Aquifer recharge efficiency of wells and trenches: 

Ground Water, v. 5, no. 3, p. 6-12.

Artificial recharge through wells and trenches was investigated. These 

methods were explored according to construction and operating cost and 

hydraulic efficiency as influenced by such factors as the depth to the aquifer; 

the thickness, depth of saturation, permeability, and specific yield of the 

aquifer; interference of closely spaced wells; and duration of continuous 

operations of the wells or trenches. Furthermore, effects of bacterial growth 

and chemical composition of the recharge water on the hydraulic performance 

of wells or trenches are discussed. (From authors' abs.)

Scares, F. D.

1966. Disposal of flood and agriculture waste waters by spreading, in 

Doneen, L. D., ed., Symposium on agricultural waste water, Davis, 

Calif., 1966, Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Rept. 10, 

p. 215-222, table.

A multipurpose spreading operation which emphasizes the disposal of suitably treated agricultural waste waters, and which also incorporates the 

spreading of local storm water and imported water for additional groundwater replenishment, provides a promising method of handling this pending 

problem. If these waters are of a quality similar to those from domestic 

sources receiving standard rate secondary treatment, their spreading may 

be found to enhance the infiltrating characteristics of the basins. However, 

experience thus far indicates that a rotational operation of the spreading 

basins to allow significant drying periods must be incorporated. If waste 

water is to be the primary source for significant periods of time, the intermittent spreading cycle may have to be as short as one day, with the distribution facilities designed accordingly. Costs of spreading, including amortizations of facilities, should not exceed $20 per acre-foot at the very maximum 

and could be as low as $5 per acre-foot if year-round sources of water are 

utilized. (From author's conclusion.)

Shamir, U. Y.

1967. (and Harleman, D. R. F.). Numerical solutions for dispersion in 

porous mediums: Water Resources Research, v. 3, no. 2, p. 557-581.

A numerical method is presented for the solution of problems of dispersion 

in steady three-dimensional potential flow field in porous mediums, in which 

the miscible fluids have the same density and viscosity. The method is devel-
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 93

oped and tested for two-dimensional problems, and the extension to three 

dimensions is presented. Emphasis is put on the efficiency of the numerical 

scheme and on its generality. It is shown to be independent of the geometry of 

the flow field. The computer program for carrying out the computations as 

described is tested with simple problems, for which exact or approximate 

analytical solutions exist. It is also used to obtain solutions to a fevT problems 

for which no other solution is known. (Authors' abs.)

Shestakov, V. M.

1967. (and Kravchenko, I. P.). A contribution to the technique for evaluation of natural and workable resources of near-canal fresh-water 

lenses [with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, 

p. 83-90.

The fresh-water lenses which are formed near large canals, as r rule, are 

hydraulically connected with the canal and located immediately over an 

aquiclude. For such conditions, the technique of evaluating the workable 

resources, when a linear water intake is located along canals, is developed. 

Alongside the use of the analytical calculation methods, the application of the 

modeling methods is described. For the "hanging" (perched) lenses, the 

approximate methods of calculations and the methods of model ;ng using 

solid and net-like electrical models are presented. Also, the technical problems of hydrogeological investigations required for determining the initial 

hydrogeological parameters are discussed. (Authors' abs.)

Sieckman, D. L.

1957. Water-spreading activities of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation at 

Fresno, Calif., in Conf. on water spreading for ground-water recharge, 

Proc.: California Univ. Water Resources Center Contr. 7, p. 50-51.

A brief description of the progress of ground-water replenishment in the 

Millerton Lake service area, California, from 1951-55 is presented. (WK)

Sisson, W. H.

1955. Recharge operations at Kalamazoo: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

v. 47, no. 9, p. 914-922.

Artificial recharge of waste water from a plant through constructed and 

natural ponds was reported. Percolation rates, ground-water levels, and 

temperatures were determined. Polluted water from industrial wastes entered 

the aquifer, and disposal wells in brine strata were subsequently utilized 

while only clean waste water was placed in the ponds. (DCS)

Skinner, M. M.

1963. Artificial ground-water recharge in the Prospect Valley area, Colorado: Colorado State Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta. Gen. Ser. 792, 89 p., tables.

A general description of the Prospect Valley area is presented, including 

the physiography, geology, and hydrology with special emphasis on surfaceand ground-water for irrigation. The procedure and results of a quantitive 

ground-water recharge investigation at Olds Reservoir are discvssed, and 

an equation is evaluated for describing the dissipation of a gronnd-water 

mound beneath a spreading basin. A ground-water inventory for Prospect 

Valley is itemized for the period 1942-62, and the "current, permissive, sustained ground-water yield" is discussed. Based on historical water-supply 

deliveries, some water-resources management aspects are proposed involving 

conjunctive use of surface- and ground-water supplies. (Author's abs.)
94 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Skinner, R. A.

1966. Economics and acceptability of ground-water recharge, in Schiff, 

Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, development, and 

management, California Univ., Los Angeles, 1965, Proe.: Fresno, 

Calif., U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 7 p.

This paper is a summary of salient points of the economics an-\ acceptability of ground-water recharge and contains the author's opinion regarding 

recharge in long-range planning of water resources in California. (WK)

Smith, H. F.

1967. Artificial recharge and its potential in Illinois [with French abs.] : 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 136-142.

A definite relationship has been shown between the grain siz°. of filter 

blankets and the percentage of sediment that penetrated the aquifer through 

a recharge pit. High rates of recharge have been achieved und°r certain 

conditions where the filter grain size was optimum, the pit was the correct 

shape, and the permeability was high. Recharge data are sumr< arized in 

a table.

Criteria established for evaluating the recharge potential of aquifers 

include: thickness of aquifers, areal extent of aquifer, and minimum economical withdrawal rate; as well as limits of turbidity, temperature, and mineral 

and bacteriological quality of recharge water.

These recharge criteria were applied to areas of Illinois where aquifers 

were known to exist. Estimates were made of the potential artificial recharge 

into surface sands and gravels of the State, particularly in northeastern 

Illinois where population is dense and where withdrawals exceed natural 

and induced recharge. (Author's abs.)

Smith, S. C.

1964. (and Bittinger, M. W.). Managing artificial recharge through public districts: Jour. Soil and Water Conserv., v. 19, no. 1, p. 7-11.

Artificial-recharge operations generally require group action, commonly 

resulting in the formation of public districts which are public corporations 

empowered by the State to accomplish certain objectives for this purpose. 

Various characteristics of districts involved in the planning, financing, construction, and operation of artificial-recharge facilities are examined in this 

paper. (From authors' summ.)

Smith, W. O.

1967. Infiltration in sands and its relation to ground-water recharge: 

Water Resources Research, v. 3, no. 2, p. 539-555.

Several experiments on the mechanics of infiltration with sands and glass 

beads involve one or the other of the following: a bulk mass of liquid 

originating at the surface of the medium in a stream ranging from a thin 

thread to a sizable flow, a sheet of liquid laid entirely across t^e surface 

of the medium, and, finally, drops of liquid similar to raindrops falling on 

the surface. All result in virtually the same picture, that of a drop of liquid 

falling in a capillary tube.

The equations of capillarity are reviewed according to thermodynamics 

and are given in both differential and integral form. It is conceded that 

infiltration is a downward movement of water in bulk form unde^ ordinary 

hydraulic laws, subject only to the reduced or otherwise altered pressures
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 95

caused by capillarity within the bulk mass of liquid. Film flow appears to be 

confined to local flow to contact points, which situation is compatible with 

the condition that the free energy of capillary surfaces in a sand must be at 

a minimum. The results when applied to the infiltration process agree with 

field data. (From author's abs.)

Sniegocki, R. T.

1956a. (and Geurin, J. W.). Artificial-recharge experiments in the Grand 

Prairie region, Arkansas: Arkansas Water and Sewage Conf., 25th 

ann., Proc., v. 39, no. 9, p. 22-25.

The paper contains an outline of the testing procedures used and control 

points from which data were collected. The results of the first recharge test 

are discussed. (DCS)

1956b. Progress report on studies of artificial recharge in the Grand 

Prairie region, Arkansas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 207 p.

The collection and interpretation of geologic and hydrologic data collected 

prior to recharge tests are discussed. Two artificial-recharge tests were made. 

The equipment, procedures, and data collected are included. (DCS)

1957. Artificial recharge experiments in the Grand Prairie region of 

Arkansas, in Ann. conf. on water for Texas, 3d, College Stat: on, Tex., 

1957, Proc.: Texas A&M Coll. System, Water Research and Inf. 

Center, p. 75-76.

After an initial test of recharging ground water through wells to determine 

the feasibility of well recharge under the most favorable conditions surface 

water treated in various ways was then used in 10 other recharge tests in 

the Grand Prairie region where the main emphasis of the study was io investigate fundamental principles of well recharge under varying conditions. Wellclogging problems resulting from entrained air and precipitation of iron are 

discussed. (DJG)

1958. Tests show how recharge wells work: Johnson Natl. Drillers Jour., 

v. 30, no. 5, p. 6-7.

This report is a paper that was presented at the third annual conference 

"Water for Texas" at College Station, Tex., in September 1957. 

See Sniegocki, R. T., 1957.

1959. Plugging by air entrapment in artificial recharge tests: Water 

Well Jour., v. 13, no. 6, p. 17-18, 43-44.

During experiments to determine whether untreated surface water could 

be used successfully to recharge the alluvial deposits of the Grand Prairie 

region of Arkansas, air entrainment resulting from the equipment arrangement was the most serious cause of plugging. Special redevelopment procedures, involving the use of sodium hexametaphosphate and vigorous surging 

and pumping, were necessary to restore the specific capacity of the well. 

(DJG)

1960. Ground-water recharge and conservation effects of viscosity and 

temperature: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 52, no. 12, p. 1487- 

1490.

Several recharge tests through wells were described. Two tests were made 

in which effects of water viscosity variation due to different water tempera-
96 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

tures were observed. One test was made with water at an average temperature of 66°F, and the other, at 43°F. Native ground-water temperature was 

65°F. Recharge specific capacity was 9.4 gpm per foot higher for the warmer 

water; computed temperature corrections applied to permeability would 

predict a difference of 8.7 gpm per foot. It was indicated that differences in 

recharge specific capacity and ground-water mound buildup during the two 

tests were caused by changes in the water viscosity. The problems arising 

from a ground-water temperature reduction were discussed. (DCS)

1962. (and Reed, J. E.). Principles of siphons with respect to the artificial 

recharge studies, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water 

recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and 

Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge 

Lab., 15 p.

See Sniegocki, R. T., 1963b.

1963a. (Bayley, F. H., 3d., and Engler, Kyle). Equipment and controls 

used in studies of artificial recharge in the Grand Prairie region, 

Arkansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1615-C, 39 p.

The purpose of this report is to present information about the equipment, 

controls, and control procedures used during a series of recharge tests using 

waters of different quality and two differently constructed injection wells. 

(From authors' introd.)

1963b. (and Reed, J. E.). Principles of siphons with respect to the artificial recharge studies in the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1615-D, 19 p.

In artificial-recharge experiments in the Grand Prairie region, siphoning 

has caused both favorable and adverse effects. This report discusses these 

effects and methods of utilizing or minimizing them. For any recharge rate, 

negative pressure exists in the injection line when water is siphoned into the 

recharge well. The length of the injection line in which the vapor-pressure 

limit prevails is principally controlled by the depth to water in the recharge 

well. Filtering through a closed system into the recharge well allows the 

negative head to increase normal filter-head loss and destroys filter effectiveness. A valve at the discharge end of the injection line provides a means of 

eliminating negative pressure in the line. (Authors' abs.)

1963c. Geochemical aspects of artificial recharge in the Grard Prairie 

region, Arkansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1615-E, 

41 p., tables.

Chemical changes in the injected water and native ground water during 

artificial recharge through a well have an important bearing on the success 

or failure of recharge-well operation. In this study, the principal chemical 

changes observed that may cause clogging of the recharge well and aquifer 

were a change in calcium carbonate saturation of the injected and native 

water whereby the calcium carbonate precipitated, a precipitation of iron 

when reducing and oxidizing waters are mixed, an iron exchange, and clay 

dispersion, and changes in water stability caused by water treatment. (From 

author's abs.)

1963d. Problems in artificial recharge through wells in the Grand Prairie 

region, Arkansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1615-F, 

25 p.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 97

Most of the problems of recharge through wells involve clogging of the 

well and aquifer. In this study, the principal causes of clogging were air 

entrainment, suspended particles in the recharge water, and micro-crganisms. 

Other problems in operating a recharge well included the effects of injecting 

water with a high viscosity and the interpretations of water-level changes in 

the aquifer during recharge tests. The results of this investigation indicate 

that wells should be recharged with treated water. Water-treatment cost and 

contemplated use of the reclaimed water are the principal factors involved in 

determining the economic feasibility of artificial recharge (From author's 

abs.)

1964. Hydrogeology of a part of the Grand Prairie region, Arkansas, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1615-B, 72 p., tables.

The first phase of the study of artificial recharge through wells in the 

Grand Prairie consisted of the collection and interpretation of detailed geologic and hydrologic information in the vicinity of the proposed recharge test 

site. This report describes that investigation. (From author's abs.)

1965. (Bayley, F. H., 3d., Engler, Kyle, and Stephens, J. W.). Testing 

procedures and results of studies of artificial recharge in the Grand 

Prairie region, Arkansas, U.S. Geol. Survey Water-SuppV Paper 

1615-G, 56 p., table.

The purpose of this report is to present a summary of testing procedures, 

the pertinent data collected, the results of 23 recharge tests, and sn estimation of the cost of recharging by methods used in the Grand Prairie study 

started in 1953. (From authors' introd.)

Soil Conservation Service

1967. Ground-water recharge: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Soil Conserv. 

Service, Eng. Div., Tech. Release 36, 22 p.

This report presents a general review of the field of artificial gro'ind-water 

recharge including criteria for artificial recharge methods and site selection, 

effect of water quality on recharge, evaluation of benefits and damages from 

artificial recharge, value of recharged water, and a few case histories. (DJG)

Sternau, R.

1966. Underground water storage study, recharge and mixing investigations at well Yarkon 4: Tel Aviv, Tahal Water Planning for Israel, 

Ltd., Tech. Kept. 14, Pub. 478, 60 p. tables, pis.

The report describes a recharge-discharge test of a well in a karstic limestone carried out at high recharge rates, exceeding 1500 cu m per hr. Low 

recovery of the recharged water was obtained, presumably because of high 

natural flow rates in the aquifer. Chloride and radioactive cobalt-60 were 

used as tracers. (DCS)

1967. Artificial recharge of water through wells Experience and techniques [with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, 

p. 91-100.

During recent years recharge operations were carried out in Israel in more 

than 100 wells. The amount of injected water totaled over 100 million cu m. 

In the wells of the limestone-dolomite aquifer, the recharge rates reached 

2,000 cu m per hr and more during prolonged uninterrupted periods. The 

performance of the recharge wells was very satisfactory.
98 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Experience shows that it is most unsuitable to recharge a well with 

free-falling water. In places where a locally confined limestone well was 

recharged by free-falling water, air was sucked into the well during the 

process. When the inflow of water was stopped, air was released and burst 

out powerfully from the well casing, the air gathering water on its way.

Much care had to be taken of wells where the limestone aquifer was 

directly overlain by layers of loose sand. Where the injected water rose up 

into the loose sand and then dropped upon stoppage of injection, subsidence 

of the ground occurred and caused complete loss of one well.

The two above-mentioned phenomena are discussed. Recommendr.tions are 

made for adequate injection procedures and well construction.

Various types of installation were used in the recharge operations. These 

are described and discussed. The installations differ in cost and in injection 

rates. The choice of type of installation depends on the required hy^rological 

benefits and on the type of operation (depending on whether a pause between 

injection and pumping is desired.)

The various techniques are compared and a proposal is made for a standardized cheap installation to be used in wells for both pumping and recharging. 

(Author's abs.)

Stevens, P. R.

1960. Ground-water problems in the vicinity of Moscow, Latal County, 

Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1460-G, p. 325-357, 

tables.

Consideration is given to augmenting the municipal ground-water supply 

with surface water of which 12,000 acre-feet is potentially available. Treated 

surplus water from this source could be used to replenish the artesian aquifer 

in the Moscow basin. Injection through wells is considered the most feasible 

way of recharge. (DJG)

Sunada, D. K.

1963a. Investigations on flow through porous media at the University of 

California, Berkeley, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. or groundwater recharge and ground-water basin management, 4th, Berkeley, 

Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Recharge Center, 

lip.

Results are described of a porous-media model investigation of the hydraulics of flow near recharge wells, and glass bead-oil model studies of: (1) 

nonsteady flow from a large storage capacity well into unsaturated confined 

formations, and (2) the effect of boundary conditions such as size and shape 

of the surface recharge source and initial ground-water depths on the recharge rate from a surface cavity. (DJG)

1963b. (and Todd, D. K.) Radial flow behavior of artificial recharge from 

surface cavities: Berkeley, California Univ., Hydraulic Lab., 57 p.

This investigation presents a model study of several radial flow problems 

related to surface-water recharge operations. Boundary conditions cf geometry and size of the recharge area and initial ground-water depths were 

studied. Conical and cylindrical recharge sources of various dimensions were 

used as the recharge area. Several ground-water depths were selected to 

evaluate the growth of ground-water mounds beneath a circular spreading 

area. In addition to the above boundary conditions, the effect of a silt layer
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 99

around the recharge area was evaluated for the conical and cylindrical 

shapes.

A wedge-shaped porous-media model of lucite was employed for the flow 

tests. Glass spheres as the porous medium and mineral oil as the fluid made 

the medium translucent, so that the flow conditions were readily observable.

The time and space distribution of the flow from cavities of vario'is shapes 

and sizes are presented graphically for ease in interpretation. It was found 

that for the same depth and radius, a cylindrical cavity was mor?: efficient 

than a conical cavity in recharging water. An empirical steady-state flow 

equation which relates the flow from a cavity to its size and shape was 

obtained from the model data.

Model results indicate that theoretical contributions on the growth of a 

ground-water mound beneath a circular spreading area are difficult to apply 

to actual problems due to air entrapment beneath the recharge source. 

However, qualitative descriptions of the limitations of theoretical approaches 

are presented. (Authors'abs.)

Suter, Max

1954. High-rate artificial ground-water recharge at Peoria, Illinois, 

U.S.A.: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 37, p. 219-224.

The pilot plant recharge operation consists of a pit 40 by 62.5 feet with 

sloping sides dug to a depth 10 feet below river pool stage and fed by gravity 

with screened and chlorinated river water. Some findings are: (1) most flow 

occurs through the sides of the pit, as flow through the bottom is slowed 

down by backwater effect, (2) hydraulic studies with a model and comparison 

of various existing pits show that the rate of inflow is higher in small pits 

than in large ones, other factors being equal, (3) rate of inflow depends 

more on the facility to get water away from the pit in the strata than through 

the bottom layer into the strata, (4) clogging of the filter bed is of minor 

importance, (5) effects of infiltration on chemical, temperature and bacteriological conditions are described. (From author's summ.)

1956a. High-rate recharge of ground-water by infiltration: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 48, no. 4, p. 355-360.

The development, design, and operation of the recharge pit at Peoria, 111., 

were discussed. High rates of recharge were obtained. Comparison of recharge from previous years showed the use of pea gravel instead of sand on 

the pit bottom had the greatest effect on increasing the rate of flow from the 

pit. (DCS)

1956b. The Peoria recharge pit its development and results: Am. Soc. 

Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 82, no. IR-3, 

p. 1102-1117.

Research on artificial recharge was done in Peoria, 111., by the State Water 

Survey to find methods for overcoming the losses in ground-water storage due 

to overpumpage. A method was found to obtain the high rate of inflow of 

from 23 to 27 mgd per acre. Many types of hydrologic, chemical, and bacterial 

observations were made. Some of the relations found cannot yet be explained. 

(Author's synopsis.)

1959. Artificial ground-water recharge at Peoria, Illinois: 111. State Acad. 

Sci. Trans., v. 52, no. 3, 4, p. 96-99.

Owing to economic considerations, artificial-recharge operations designed
100 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

for a high rate of recharge over a small area consisted of pits rather than 

wells. The progress made on artificial ground-water recharge by use of these 

pits is discussed. (From Abs. of Recent Pub. Material on Soil and Water 

Conserv.)

1960. (and Harnieson, R. H.). Artificial ground-water recharge at Peoria, 

Illinois: Illinois Water Survey Bull. no. 48, 48 p.

This report summarizes research and demonstration of the pit method of 

artificial recharge at Peoria and its contribution to solution of the problem 

of declining ground-water levels.

Described in this report are the types of recharge pits and operating 

techniques developed by the Illinois State Water Survey and tl ose which 

were built by local industries. Summaries of operating records over an 8-year 

period show capacity and cost information. (From authors' abs.)

Task Group 2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge

1956. Artificial ground-water recharge: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

v. 48, no. 5, p. 493-498.

A summary of developments in ground-water recharge subsequent to the 

1952 report is contained in the article. Answers from States to questions 

concerning legislation, underground disposal, present recharge practices, and 

future possibilities were reported. (DCS)

1958. Developments in artificial ground-water recharge: Am. Water 

Works Assoc. Jour., v. 50, no. 7, p. 865-871.

Recharge projects and development by States are summarized from returns 

of a questionnaire sent in 1957. Answers from States to questions pertaining 

to various aspects of artificial ground-water recharge were reported. Data 

giving recharge rates were included in the report. (DCS)

1960. Developments in artificial ground-water recharge in the United 

States: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 52, no. 2, p. 1220-1224.

Results of a biennial questionnaire circulated in 1959 are reported. Information concerning national and State legislation, recharge activities in several 

States, and past studies was presented. (DCS)

1960b. Purposes of artificial recharge: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

v. 52, no. 10, p. 1315-1318.

The purposes for which artificial recharge is practiced were enumerated. 

Illustrations of each purpose were made by presenting an example of an 

operating or experimental installation along with a brief discussion. (DCS)

1963a. Design and operation of recharge basins: Am. Water Works Assoc. 

Jour., v. 55, no. 6, p. 697-704.

A general discussion of recharge basins including purposes, geologic considerations, design details, construction, and operation is mad^. Specific 

examples of use and operation are presented. (DCS)

1963b. Artificial ground-water recharge: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

v. 55, no. 6, p. 705-709.

Results of a biennial questionnaire are reported. Recharge in various 

States is discussed and data are presented concerning different aspects of
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 101

artificial recharge such as types reported by State, acreages used, and infiltration rates. (DCS)

1965. Experience with injection wells for artificial ground-water recharge: 

Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 57, no. 5, p. 629-639.

A comprehensive review of recharge-well construction and operation is 

presented. (DCS)

1967. Artificial ground-water recharge: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., 

v. 59, no. 1, p. 103-113.

Results of the Task Group's biennial questionnaire are reported. Reports 

of special interest were received from Illinois, Nevada, New Jersey, and Ohio. 

Replies to the questionnaire concerning various aspects of ground-water 

recharge are discussed. Data are presented on infiltration rates of tl 9. Peoria 

recharge pits, irrigation-water recharge to ground water, and irrigationwater recharge from wells and surface water. (DCS)

Taylor, G. H.

1961. Recharging ground-water reservoirs: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 31 p.

A simplified version of artificial ground-water recharge for the layman is 

presented in the form of questions and answers. (WK)

Taylor, L. E.

1964. The problem of ground-water recharge with special reference to 

the London Basin: Inst. Water Engineers Jour. v. 18, no. 3, p. 247-254.

Selected artificial-recharge operations in Germany, Sweden, and tl e United 

States are reviewed as well as various recharge possibilities in overpumped 

areas in the London Basin. (DJG)

Thomas, R. O.

1955. General aspects of planned ground-water utilization: Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 81, Paper 706, 11 

p., tables.

This paper briefly reviews the legal status of ground water in California, 

discusses the present development of ground-water supplies with particular 

reference to current problems caused by haphazard development, recommends 

a suitable organization for full beneficial control and use of available water 

supplies through coordinated use of surface- and ground-water storage capacity, discusses briefly the probable outstanding problems of such coordination operations, and concludes with an illustrative operational example of the 

benefits attributable to the planned utilization of underground storage. 

(Author's synopsis.)

1961. Legal aspects of ground-water utilization: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers 

Trans., v. 126, pt. 3, Paper 3238, p. 633-654.

The historical basis of water-rights doctrines, their application to rights to 

the use of ground water, general considerations affecting the regulation of 

rights, and various aspects of ground water utilization, including problems 

of recharge and water demand, are presented. A presentation is made of 

some of the possible legal-problem areas that may arise in planning and 

administering future ground water operations. (Author's synopsis.)
102 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Thomasson, H. G., Jr.

1960. (Olmsted, F. H., and LeRoux, E. F.). Geology, water resources, and 

usable ground-water storage capacity of part of Solano County, California: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1464, 693 p., tables.

A part of this study deals with the artificial recharge necessary to the 

utilization of the artificial reservoir capacity of 400,000 acre-feet in the Putah 

area. This recharge can be accomplished in one or more ways. The most 

important possibility appears to be in the application of imported water to 

the lands for the irrigation of crops. The channels of Putah Creek and of the 

small stream to the south offer natural recharge facilities that might permit 

the conservation of 100,000-150,000 acre-feet in a period of 5-10 wet years. 

Spreading ponds on the more permeable soils might be needed to distribute 

the recharge properly. The use of wells or shafts, however, appears to be the 

least practicable because of the difficulty in getting large rates of flow into 

and away from them in most of the area. (From authors' abs.)

Tiemer, Klaus

1967. Sur le probleme de 1'emmagasinement souterrain des eaux superficielles par infiltration artificielle dans des zones de rebattement [The 

problem of underground storage of surface water by artificial recharge 

in cones of depression] [in French with English abs.] : Internat. Assoc. 

Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 229-236.

Commonly, the underground storage of surface water influences the groundwater regime in an extensive area. The influences are to be estimated in 

advance, particularly if the intensity of the artificial infiltration varies in 

time. For these purposes, a suitable mathematical model is developed. The 

possibilities of the practical application are discussed. (Author's abs.)

Tixeront, J.

1967. (and Daniel, J. M.). Alimentation et suralimentation des nappes 

souterraines observation d'un cas de suralimentation par pompage 

L'oued, BISKRA, Algerie[ Recharge and induced recharge of ground 

water Observation of a case of induced recharge by pumping, Wadi 

BISKRA, Algeria] [in French with English abs.]: Internat. Assoc. 

Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 173-181.

Artificial recharge of aquifers is considered under different poirts of view. 

An analysis in depth of natural-recharge conditions is outlined rs essential 

to operate an artificial-recharge plant.

Water quality, particularly with respect to suspended load, is presented as 

the main factor of this analysis. Drying of mud crust after floods and blowing 

by wind during summer could explain the continuous recharge of arid-zone 

aquifers, in spite of decreasing surface permeability of alluvial deposits 

during the floods under effect of mud load.

The study at Wadi BISKRA, Algeria, gives an example of sucl a process 

and shows the regularization of discontinuous recharge into a continuous 

discharge through an underground reservoir. Moreover this example shows 

that recharge can be induced by modifying the initial natural state by 

pumping.

Starting from observed variations of ground-water level under the effects 

of floods and computing the daily natural rate of recharge into the reservoir, 

it has been possible to calculate the optimal value of useable discharge of
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 103

the ground-water reservoir by means of an analog model. (From authors' 

abs.)

Todd, D. K.

1959a. Annotated bibliography on artificial recharge of ground water 

through 1954: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1477, 115 p.

Domestic as well as available foreign references on artificial ground-water 

recharge are listed and annotated. (DJG)

1959b. Ground-water hydrology: New York, John Wiley & Sens, Inc., 

336 p.

A comprehensive account of the fundamentals and recent metl ods and 

problems encountered in the field of ground-water hydrology is given. The 

subject of artificial recharge of ground water is covered where a description 

of the several methods is summarized. Data on artificial recharge in many 

parts of the United States and Sweden are cited and tabulated. (WK)

1960. Salt water intrusion of coastal aquifers in the United States [with 

French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 52, p. 452-461.

The paper describes the occurrence of salt-water intrusion, originating 

from connate or oceanic sources, in coastal aquifers of the United States. The 

present status of intrusion in 23 coastal States is reviewed. Mention if made of 

areas, causes, effects, remedial measures (including artificial recharge), and 

future possibilities of intrusion. Advances in knowledge of intrusion and 

current research are reported. An understanding of the hydrodynamics of 

the phenomenon is developing. Particularly significant is progress in analysis 

of the formation and maintenance of the interfacial transition zone. (Author's 

summ.).

1961. The distribution of ground water beneath artificial recharge areas: 

Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 56, p. 254-262.

The time and space distribution of ground water below artificial recharge 

areas is analyzed for idealized conditions. Assuming constant recharge into 

a homogeneous horizontal formation, good approximations to the unsteady 

ground-water distributions can be obtained. Effects of finite and infinite 

boundary conditions are considered for their longitudinal influence on flows. 

The importance of geometric variables such as size of recharge basin, depth 

to ground water, and thickness of the formation is reviewed. Practical problems of recharge into layered and nonhomogeneous formations are discussed. 

Mdoel techniques for studying flows from recharge areas where rnalytical 

approaches cannot be applied are described and results from experiments in 

progress are presented for illustration. (Author's abs.)

1962. (and Marmion, K. R.). Artificial recharge research in the Hydraulic 

Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., 

Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif., 1961, 

Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Soil and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water Recharge Lab., 2 p.

Research underway included: (1) solving Philip's theoretical equation for 

infiltration of water into porous media for specific boundary conditions, (2) 

model study of subsurface flow below recharge areas, (3) a model and analytical study of the effects of nonhomogeneous flow, and (4) flow of fluids from
104 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

recharge wells connected with large underground cavities in permeable 

formations. (DJG)

1964. Ground water, in Chow, V. T., ed., Handbook of applied hydrology: 

New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., sect. 13, p. 1-55.

Practices, methods, and problems of artificial recharge are summarized. 

Data for California agencies conducting recharging, types and rumbers of 

recharge projects, and quantities of water recharged during tl-<j 1957-58 

season are cited and tabulated. Spreading-basin and well-recharge rates for 

numerous areas in the United States are also cited. (WK)

1965a. Economics of ground water recharge: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers 

Proc., Hydraulics Div. Jour., v. 91, no. HY-4, p. 249-270, tables.

The author summarizes benefits and alternatives to artificial recharge, 

reviews cost components of artificial recharge projects, and summarizes costs 

of selected recharge projects. On the basis of economic data avrilable, the 

writer concludes that the variables governing costs and benefits of artificial 

recharge preclude development of any concise summary; however, the data 

presented can be of assistance to engineers concerned with planning and 

designing such projects. (WK)

1965b. Nuclear craters for ground water recharge: Am. Water Works 

Assoc. Jour., v. 57, no. 4, p. 429-436.

Technical and economic considerations of constructing nuclear craters for 

basin storage and artificial ground-water recharge were made. Properties 

of nuclear craters were discussed. Cost data were given and an economic 

comparison between a crater project and a conventional reservoir and basin 

project was made. Safety considerations were also presented. (DCS)

Toups, J. M.

1963. Spreading for ground water recharge in the Orange County Water 

District, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge 

and ground-water basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Recharge Center, 3 p.

Spreading of 240,000 acre-feet per year will be sufficient to fill the Orange 

County Water District basin with between 300,000 and 500,000 acre-feet of 

remaining storage. Tentative plans call for using reclaimed sewage and 

imported water to create mounds at strategic places for protection against 

salt-water intrusion in the basin.

Operations at the Santa Ana River spreading grounds and at the new 

Carbon Creek spreading ground, including the 64-acre Grill Pit where current 

spreading rates exceed 3 vertical feet per day, are discussed. (DJG)

Trauger, G. W.

1962. (and Trauger, F. D.). Description of an early experiment in 

ground-water recharge through wells at Lindsay, Califorria [abs.] : 

Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 67, no. 9, p. 3534.

In the winter of 1931-32, the Lindsay-Strathmore Irrigation District used 

its facilities to recharge privately owned wells with surface water brought 

by canal and flume from the Kaweah River. The water injected into the wells 

was free of suspended sediments, low in dissolved solids, screened, and chlorinated. A total of 1,914 acre-feet of water was injected into 75 wells in a
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 105

period of 3.5 months. The temperature of the water pumped during the 

subsequent irrigation season indicated that most of the recharge water was 

recovered. No case of well failure or damage was reported. (Abs. in Jour. 

Geophys. Research)

Trueb, Ernst

1962. Hydrological interpretations of temperature measurements in 

ground-water currents, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. or groundwater recharge, 3d, Berkeley, Calif. 1961, Proc.: Fresno, Cflif., Soil 

and Water Conserv. Research Div., Southwest Br., Ground-Water 

Recharge Lab., 8 p.

Approximate equations dealing with temperature gradient permit the 

development of information about ground-water flow in Switzerland. Sufficient 

measurements at numerous depths in the profile provide informaticn on the 

porosity of the gravel and its temperature characteristics. For the interpretation of the results of pumping experiments, continued temperature measurements are a helpful approach to the understanding of the influence of infiltration. (From author's summ.)

Uppal, H. L.

1966. (and Khanna, P. L.). Artificial charging of brackish ground water: 

Irrig. and Power [India], v. 23, no. 2, p. 151-162.

In the first part of this paper the authors review the advantages, necessity, 

and methods of ground-water recharge. Artificial charging is a useful measure 

of enriching the underground water with good water, in areas of excessive 

salinity, and of raising the water level.

Following the general review the authors state that this measure is being 

tried in Rewari Tehsil where it is proving quite useful.

The object in introducing the measure of artificial charging is not to 

improve the entire ground water of the areas, as its quantity is unlimited 

as compared to the stream water which can be sent underground, but to 

superimpose it with fresh water. The results so far achieved show a favorable 

trend inasmuch as the water table has risen in the sowing season, and withdrawal from wells has thus been facilitated. The quality of water has also 

improved to some extent. (From abs. in Water and Water Eng.)

Vachaud, Georges

1967. Etude de la valeur du coefficient d'emmagasinement des nappes a 

surface libre, considerant 1'ecoulement dans la zone non saturee [On 

the storage coefficient of unconfined aquifers, considering the flow in 

the unsaturated zone] [in French with English summ.]: Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 69-82.

It is generally assumed that the flow of water, per unit volume of soil, after 

a change of the water-table level in an unconfined aquifer, is given by the 

specific yield or effective porosity.

During drainage or recharge of the aquifer, the moisture profiles above 

the water table will tend towards a limit, given by the corresponding branch 

of the capillary pressure-moisture content curves, and the storage coefficient 

reaches a constant value after a certain period of time t, depending upon the 

permeability of the material. Furthermore, that limit is a function of the 

drawdown, and the storage coefficient is equal to the specific yield only in the 

case of a very large drawdown.
106 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Taking into account the initial depth of the water table and considering 

equilibrium conditions of drainage, the storage coefficient is dependent on: 

(1) the initial depth H of the water table, and (2) the drawdown Z. For a 

given drawdown Z, the value of the storage coefficient does increase when H 

increases and reaches a constant limit equal to the specific yield for a 

critical depth corresponding to the suction for which the residual moisture 

content is attained. For values of H larger than this critical depth, the 

storage coefficient is constant and independent of Z.

Using the capillary pressure-moisture content curves, we have computed, 

for different types of soil, the values of the storage coefficient as a function of 

Z and H. The results obtained give the amount of the error made in considering the initial assumption. It is very easy to apply that method to recharge 

problems. The next step will be to consider the time-dependent value of the 

storage coefficient given H and Z. (From author's summ.)

Valliant, J. C.

1960. Ground-water recharge and soil management: High Plains Research 

Found. Rept. 2, 3 p., Halfway, Tex.

Research on an experimental recharge well is described. The effect of silt, 

the movement of water underground, and the effect of chemicals on the water 

are being studied. Data are given on the amount of recharge and pumpage 

in 1959 and economic considerations are discussed. (DCS)

1961a. Artificial ground-water recharge: High Plains Research Found. 

Rept. 18, 8 p., Halfway, Tex.

The paper presents a general discussion of the need for artificial recharge 

in the High Plains of Texas. An experimental recharge well and its operation 

are described. Use of flocculating agents and mechanical filters to remove 

suspended materials is discussed. (DCS)

1961b. How to install and operate a recharge well: High Flairs Research 

Found. Rept. 23, 3 p., Halfway Tex.

Construction and operation of a recharge well for utilization in recharging 

playa-lake water are described. (DCS)

1962. Artificial recharge of surface water to the Ogallala Formation in 

the High Plains of Texas: High Plains Research Found. Bull. 1, 17 p., 

Halfway, Tex.

Recharge studies and operations conducted from June 1959 to June 1962 

showed that artificial recharge of ground water through properlv installed 

and maintained wells is a practical means of replenishing the underground 

water source in the High Plains of Texas. A total of 325 acre-feet of untreated playa-lake water was recharged through two research wells. Installation and operating procedures to obtain a properly functional recharge well 

are discussed. Rate of recharge is the main controlling factor in recharge of 

raw lake water. No reduction in pumping capacity or recharge rate (850 gpm) 

has resulted due to pumping and surging practices. (From Abs. of Recent 

Pub. Material on Soil and Water Conserv.)

1963. Artificial recharge of surface water to the Ogallala Formation in 

the High Plains of Texas, in West Texas water conf., Is4:, Lubbock 

Tex., 1963, Proc.: Lubbock, Texas Technol. Coll., West Texas Water 

Inst., p. 60-64.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 107

Artificial recharge through dual purpose wells, mechanical filter systems, 

and chemical flocculants under study were discussed. A total of 325 acre-feet 

of water recharged in a 3-year period constituted 32 percent of the pumpage 

on the research farm for the same period. Some privately owned recharge 

wells utilized to recharge untreated playa-lake water had been in cperation 

for 10 years. It was concluded that recharge through properly installed and 

maintained wells is practical. (DCS)

1963b. Artificial recharge of surface water to the Ogallala Formation in 

the High Plains of Texas, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on 

ground-water recharge and ground-water basin management, 4th, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Pecharge 

Center, 7 p.

Well-maintenance practices, including proper development, and filtration 

and chemical-treatment practices for the removal of suspended sediments 

from playa-lake water which is injected through multipurpose wells in studies 

by the High Plains Research Foundation are described. (DJG)

1964. Artificial recharge of surface water to the Ogallala Forrration in 

the High Plains of Texas: Ground Water, v. 2, no. 2, p. 42-45.

In 1957, the High Plains Research Foundation, Halfway, Tex., initiated a 

full-scale program to investigate all factors affecting the recharge of surface 

water to the ground-water formation. Some of the factors being investigated 

and studied are: rate of recharge, effects of solids contained in the lake water 

being recharged, maintenance practices, and evaluation of different filtering 

materials. This program was started because of concern about the declining 

water table and the potential of the lakes as a means of recharging the 

formation.

Artificial ground-water recharge in the High Plains is accomplished by 

injecting water collected in playa lakes into a well constructed for this 

purpose. Either by gravity or pumping, water is placed back into tie underground formation through the well casing in reverse of the pumping process. 

These wells can be used for irrigating crops as regular irrigation wells. 

(Author's abs.)

1965. Research with multiple-purpose (recharge) wells and artificial 

recharge of run-off water in the Texas High Plains, in West Texas 

water conf., 3d, Lubbock, Tex., 1965.: Lubbock, Texas Technol. Coll., 

West Texas Water Inst., p. 94-96.

Experimental recharge of playa-lake water through irrigation at the High 

Plains Research Foundation is reviewed. Recharge and irrigation pumpage 

for the period 1959 through 1964 were 499 and 1778 acre-feet respectively. 

Mechanical filters for suspended-sediment removal proved unsuccessful; however, chemicals and grass filtration were being investigated. Pollution research 

and storage aspects of recharge were discussed. (DCS)

1966. Managed recharge can work for you: Irrig. Age, v. 1, no. 4, p. 38-39.

Ground-water recharge is discussed and examples of multiple-purpose wells 

used for recharge and irrigation in the High Plains of Texas rre cited. 

Utilization of grasses to assist in removing suspended solids from surface 

runoff water in playa lakes is also discussed. (DCS)
108 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

1967. Ground-water recharge research High Plains Research Foundation, in West Texas water conf., 5th, Lubbock, Tex., 1967, Proc.: 

Lubbock, Tex., Texas Technol. Coll., West Texas Water Inst., p. 75-78.

Declining water level in the Ogallala Formation and the supply of surface 

runoff into playa lakes are discussed. An example of recharge well installation and of its operation resulting in clogging the well is described. Other 

examples of recharge well installations and their use to drain playa lakes 

were cited. (DCS)

Van Haaren, F. W. J.

1965. Infiltratie van water van de Lek in de duinen [Infiltration of river 

water in a dune area] [in Dutch with English summ.]: Water 

[Netherlands], March 1965, p. 61-68.

Water from the River Lek, a branch of the Rhine, is being infiltrated in a 

dune area in the North Sea coast near Haarlem, Holland. The infiltration 

system, built and owned by the Municipal Water Works of Amsterdam, 

comprises infiltration basins, capturing canals, and drainage systems. These 

are described in some detail and technical information on water velocities in 

the system, retention time, and capacity, is given. Before infiltration, the 

river water, the quality of which is rather variable (graphs are given), is 

prefiltered and chlorinated. Improvement of chemical, radiological, and bacteriological quality during infiltration is described. Experience gained here 

during 7 years of successful artificial-recharge operation of a dune-water 

catchment area has shown that underground storage is a valuable method 

from the point of view of quantity as well as quality. (From abs. in Water 

and Water Eng.)

Venhuizen, K. D.

1967. -The storage capacity in the dunewater catchment area of Amsterdam and its effect on the water quality [with French abs.] : Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 109-123.

The dunewater catchment area of Amsterdam is situated south of Zandvoort 

and covers approximately 3,650 hectares.

The extraction of water was started in 1853 by means of open cenals, later 

on also by means of wells.

By 1915, the amount of the extraction equaled the total effective rainfall. 

After that, more water was extracted than percolated in the dune area. Since 

1957 part of this area is being infiltrated with prefiltered water from the 

Rhine River, transported by a pipeline with a total length of 53 km. The 

infiltration water is captured by means of horizontal drains, which carry it 

to the open canals. At present the infiltration area is about 430 hectares and 

the maximum capacity amounts to 70 million cu m per year. In another part 

of the dunes, storage canals have been built with a total storage capacity of 

10 million cu m. The infiltration area combined with the storage capacity and 

well system fixes the probable aggregate capacity at 82 million cu m per 

year. By mixing the types of water by a preconceived method, it is possible 

to influence the quality of the final product. (Author's summ.)

Vibert, A.

1965. Un aspect essentiel de la realimentation artificielle des gisements 

aquifers naturels [An essential aspect of ground-water recharge]: 

L'Eau [France], v. 52, p. 227-232.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 109

Artificial recharge, having become increasingly necessary in many parts of 

the world, has led to many problems of ground-water contamination and of 

reduction of permeability. The recharging waters should usually receive 

preliminary treatment.

Other problems of quality degradation of ground water are due to inflows 

from salt water or from polluted rivers, such as the Seine at Croissy. Watertable elevations must be kept high enough to prevent these incursions. A 

mound of recharge water of acceptable quality is often the best solution. 

(Abs. in Texas Water Devel. Board Kept. 8,)

Viparelli, M.

1961. Les courants d'air et d'eau dans les puits verticaux [Air and water 

currents in vertical shafts] [in English and French] La Houille 

Blanche [France], v. 16, no. 6, p. 857-869.

When the shaft inlet and outlet pressures are equal, the water falls freely 

along the walls. At low discharges, a central air core forms, surrounded by an 

annular flow of water; at high discharges, the air core breaks up into large 

bubbles or air pockets. At both discharges, the air velocity tends more and 

more towards the water velocity as the length of the shaft increases.

When the pressure at the outlet exceeds that at the inlet, a hydraulic jump 

generally forms in the lowest part of the shaft. If the jump is complete, the 

air entrainment rate depends on both the free-falling distance of the water 

alone and the flow down stream. If the jump is incomplete, the air flow 

depends on the water velocities before they are damped out by the very 

agitated conditions in the jump. Air-to-water discharge ratios for sor^e of the 

cases described are given in terms of pressure difference between the shaft 

inlet and outlet and of the free-falling distance of the water. (From author's 

abs.)

Walker, T. R.

1961. Ground-water contamination in the Rocky Mountain Arsenal area, 

Denver, Colorado: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., v. 72, no. 3, p. 489-494.

Improper waste-disposal practices by spreading in surface waste basins 

have been responsible for contamination of the underlying ground-water 

aquifer by unintentional artificial recharge. Contaminated grourd water 

within the affected area is toxic to agricultural crops and unpotable for 

humans. Corrective measures have been taken to halt further contamination 

but the area of toxicity is expanding owing to migration of the body of 

ground water already contaminated. (WK)

Walton, W. C.

1964. Estimating the infiltration rate of a stream-bed by aquifer-test 

analysis: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 63, p. 409-420, tables.

The nonequilibrium formula, the image-well theory, and aquifer-test data 

for observation wells near a stream and within the streambed area of infiltration are used to determine the hydraulic properties of an aquifer, the amount 

of water being diverted from a stream, the streambed area of infiltration, the 

average head loss due to vertical percolation of water through the streambed, 

and the infiltration rate per foot of head loss.

Potential recharge by the induced infiltration of surface water is evaluated 

from the computed infiltration rate and streamflow records, the variability 

of the viscosity of water with temperature changes being taken into consideration.
110 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Methods used in quantitatively appraising the infiltration rate of a reach 

of the streambed of the Mad River near Springfield, Ohio, are described. 

Infiltration rates range from 39,800 to 1,000,000 gpd per acre of streambed 

per foot of head loss. (From author's abs.)

1966. (and Ackroyd, E. A.). Effects of induced streambed infiltration on 

water levels in wells during aquifer tests: Minnesota Water Resources 

Research Center Bull. 2, p. 43, tables.

Electric analog computers, in which the streambed is simulated as an area 

of recharge in accordance with natural conditions instead of as a recharging 

image well, were used to appraise the accuracy of estimated effects of induced 

infiltration on water levels based on the image well theory. Electric analog 

computers for two aquifer test sites for which field data are available were 

constructed. The selected aquifer test involves two aquifer-stream situations: 

(1) where the cone of depression spreads beneath and beyond the entire 

streambed, and (2) where the cone of depression spreads only part way 

beneath the streambed.

It is concluded that, during induced infiltration aquifer tests, the imagewell theory closely describes drawdowns on the land sides of strerms with a 

high degree of accuracy whether the cone of depression spreads beneath and 

beyond or only part way beneath the streambed. Drawdowns beneath and 

beyond the streambed and the streambed areas of infiltration based on the 

image-well theory are not those which are observed in the field. However, the 

streambed infiltration rates per foot of head loss, based on hypothetical drawdowns beneath streambeds and streambed areas of infiltration computed with 

the image-well theory, seem to be empirically correct. (From authors' abs.)

1967. (Hills, D. L., and Grundeen, G. M.). Recharge from induced streambed infiltration under varying ground water-level and st~eam-stage 

conditions: Minnesota Univ. Water Resources Research Center Bull. 

6, 43 p.

An aquifer-stream system was studied using electric analog computers and 

analytical methods to gain information regarding the magnitude of induced 

recharge. Factors which must be considered to obtain valid estimates of 

recharge were dealt with. (DCS)

Warner, D. L.

1965. Deep-well injection of liquid waste. A review of existing knowledge 

and an evaluation of research needs: Public Health Service Pub. 999- 

WP-21, 55 p.

A review of the knowledge pertinent to the use of deep weT ls for the 

subsurface injection of liquid waste has been carried out to evaluate the 

technical and economic feasibility and desirability of this method and to 

outline existing research needs. This review has shown that the deep-well 

injection of liquid waste is technically feasible to many areas of the country 

and, if properly planned and implemented, is not likely to be 1 armful to 

natural resources. While most of the technical knowledge and experience 

necessary to carry out the deep-well injection of liquid waste ir presently 

available, further investigation is necessary to solve specific problems that 

remain as barriers to the safe, efficient, and economic use of this method. 

(Author's abs.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 111

1966. Deep well waste injection-reaction with aquifer water: Am. Soc. 

Civil Engineers Proc., Sanitary Eng. Div. Jour., v. 92, SA-4, p. 45-69.

A theoretical and laboratory study was made of the mixing between interstitial and injected waters in porous media and the effect of this mixing on 

permeability when the liquids involved react to form a precipitate.

The mixing that occurred during the displacement of various solutions 

from a column of unconsolidated sand was a result of hydrodynamic dispersion. Once the dispersive character of the porous medium was determined, 

the amount of mixing and the amount of chemical reaction between the 

displacing and displaced solutions could be quantitatively predicted adequately.

The precipitates formed during the displacement of barium chloride by 

ammonium sulfate and during the displacement of calcium chloride by sodium 

sulfate were not found to cause measurable permeability reduction. The ferric 

hydroxide precipitate formed during the displacement of ferric chloride by 

ammonium hydroxide reduced the permeability of the sand column by about 

30 percent.

A zone of nonreactive solution injected between two reactive solutions 

prevented any reaction. The minimum size of the zone necessary to prevent 

reaction in the laboratory experiment was determined from dispersion theory. 

(From author's summ. and conclusions.)

1967a. (and Doty, L. F.). Chemical reaction between recharge water and 

aquifer water [with French abs.]: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology 

Pub. 72, p. 278-288.

Chemical reaction between recharge water and aquifer water may influence 

water quality and aquifer permeability and may cause fouling in discharge 

wells. However, evidence suggests that the danger of permeability reduction 

may not be very great.

Precipitates of calcium and magnesium carbonate and iron compounds are 

most likely reaction products.

The amount and distribution of reactive chemicals remaining in solution 

can be related to the dispersive characteristics of a porous medium. Reactions 

of various rates are considered.

It may be desirable to prevent reaction. It is suggested that, in some cases, 

this can be accomplished by emplacing a buffer zone of nonreact: ve water 

between the recharge water and aquifer water. (Authors' abs.)

1967. Deep wells for industrial waste injection in the United States, 

summary of data: Federal Water Pollution Control Adm., Water 

Pollution Control Research Ser. Pub. WP-20-10, 45 p.

This publication contains a summary of data for deep wells used for industrial waste injection and some of their characteristics including: operation, 

location, well depth, depth of injection horizons, geologic formation used for 

injection, chemical and physical character of waste, injection rate, injection 

pressure, and sources of information. The data cover 110 wells from 16 States. 

(DJG)

Warnick, F. M.

1955. (and Greenhalgh, W. H.). Ground water and drainage problems of 

the Weber Basin project Utah: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. 

and Drainage Div. Jour., v. 81, Paper 619, 7p.
112 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Recharge experiments have shown that the Weber River rechargre area has 

a high infiltration rate and indicate that artificial recharge is feasible. The 

amount of water dissipated in a recharge pit, having a maximum surface area 

of 3.25 acres during the 7-week test period, totaled 2,172 acre-feet. This 

amounts to an average continuous intake of about 7 cfs per acre for the 

entire period of the experiment. The intake fluctuated between 5 and 9 cfs per 

acre, generally increasing from a lower to higher rate as the experiment 

proceeded. The recharge affected the water levels in an observation well onefourth of a mile west of the recharge pit. The overall rise in vrater level 

amounted to 34.3 feet, reaching a high point on March 26, 1953, and being 

141.3 feet below ground surface at that time. (WK)

Watt, A. K.

1958. Ground-water problems and recharging operations: The Municipal 

Utilities Magazine [Canada], July, p. 46-55, 76-79.

The recharge of wells which can be increased indirectly or directly is 

briefly discussed. One form of indirect recharge is the placing of wells close 

to a stream or lake into which the aquifer normally discharges. BTT lowering 

the water levels in the region of the pumped wells sufficiently, a reversal in 

hydraulics gradient will be set up, inducing recharge into the aquifer. Direct 

methods of recharge can be divided into two categories: (1) recharge by 

some form of surface application, and (2) recharge through wells. (From 

abs. in Water and Water Eng.)

Wegenstein, M.

1954. La recharge de nappes souterraines au moyen de puits centraux et 

galeries d'alimentation horizontales [Recharge of aquifers by means of 

horizontal collector wells] [in French with English summ.] : Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 37, p. 232-237.

A new and very efficient method of recharge has been realized by adopting 

horizontal type collector wells introducing the surface water into the groundwater stream.

In artificial recharge, the surface water is to be cleaned of its coarser 

suspended particles. The remaining mineral pollution, however, still causes 

a slow but steadily increasing clogging. It therefore has to be removed from 

time to time. In comparison with common vertical wells where this cleaning 

proves to be very intricate and rather uncertain as to its effects', the horizontal type collector offers great advantages. During the period of infiltration, 

all valves mounted on the 10 to 20 horizontal screen pipes remain open, 

resulting in a minimum inlet velocity for the surface water ertering the 

water-bearing stratum. During the cleaning procedure, however, when the 

direction of flow is reversed, one valve only is open at a time, while the others 

are closed. Since the whole discharge has to pass through the gallery pertaining to the one open valve, the scouring velocity is far greater than the 

infiltration velocity. Thus, all impurities which have entered the ground 

during the period of infiltration are washed out. (From author's summ.)

Welsch, W. F.

1956. Conservation of ground water: Water and Sewage Works, v. 103, 

no. 10, p. 468-473.

A description of the recharge basins and diffusion wells used to conserve 

ground-water supplies on Long Island, N.Y., is given. (DJG)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 113

1959a. Replenishment of ground water by artificial recharge of storm 

water runoff Nassau County, New York, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. 

conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort 

Collins, Colo., Western Soil and Water Management Research Br., p. 

44-47.

Recharge basins used in Nassau County are described. The combined 

capacity of a settling basin and infiltration basin is sufficient to impound the 

estimated runoff from the tributary watershed area caused by a 5-inch rainfall in 2 days which statistically occurs every 5 years. At present, approximately 123 acre-feet per day is recharged; future development may ultimately 

increase this to 215 acre-feet per day. (DJG)

1959b. Storm water recharge on a wholesale basis: Water Works Eng., 

v. 112, no. 10, p. 906-907, 935.

The successful replenishment of sand and gravel aquifers on Long Island, 

N.Y., through storm-water recharge basins is discussed. Approximately 40 

mgd and 10 mgd are estimated to be annually recharged in Nassau and 

Suffolk Counties respectively. (DJG)

1960. Ground-water recharge and conservation Conservation in Nassau 

County: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 52, no. 12, p. 1494-1498.

A discussion of ground-water recharge through basins and wells on Long 

Island, N.Y., was presented. Salt-water encroachment resulted from overdrafts on ground-water reservoirs. Aquifers are being recharged by storm 

runoff and uncontaminated waste water to halt encroachment and conserve 

ground-water supplies. (DCS)

Whetstone, G. A.

1955a. Replenishment of ground-water reservoir practices being studied: 

Cross Section, v. 1, no. 7, p. 1, 3.

A survey is made of a number of examples, methods, and problems of 

artificial recharge in California; Brooklyn, N.Y.; Louisville, Ky.; and El 

Paso, Tex. Methods reviewed include spreading, ditches or furrows, pits and 

wells. (WK)

1955b. Replenishment of ground-water reservoir practices being studied: 

Cross Section, v. 1, no. 8, p. 1.

Several promising methods of artificial recharge are suggested as applicable to the High Plains of Texas, such as "sausage" dams for water spreading, various types of surface treatment to increase infiltration, collection and 

return of clean process water, and the use of wells and pits. (WK)

1956. Artificial recharge through tunnels [abs.] : Am. Water Well Assoc. 

Jour., v. 48, no. 11, p. 1444.

At Famagusta, Cyprus, ground-water recharge through wells was increased 

by connecting the wells, just above the water table, with a horizontal tunnel. 

It is suggested such a method merits consideration at other locations. (DCS)

1957. Replenishment of ground-water reservoirs: Water Power, v. 9, no. 

8, p. 297-300.

This article contains a general discussion of artificial recharge, its advantages, some criteria for selecting sites, methods of recharging, and recharge
114 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

in power schemes. Several examples are cited and references are included. 

(WK)

White, A. H., Jr.

1958. Artificial recharge wells in Texas High Plains will aid in prolonging 

area economy: Cross Section, v. 4, no. 11, p. 3-4.

Recharging underlying formations through wells in the High Plains of 

Texas by surface runoff which collects in lakes appears to be one major 

solution to the problems confronting the area in prolonging its present agricultural, industrial, and municipal economy. (WK)

1959. Underground water district promotes water conservation programs: 

Cross Section, v. 6, no. 5, p. 2-3.

Functions of the Texas High Plains Underground Water Conservation 

District, including its artificial-recharge practices and research studies, are 

described. (DJG)

Whitfield, M. P.

1963. Ground-water recharge operations of the Alameda Covnty Water 

District, in Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge 

and ground-water basin management, 4th, Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc.: 

Fresno, Calif., Ground-Water Recharge Center, 4 p.

District activities in the Alameda Creek alluvial fan ground-water basin 

include increasing use of off-stream spreading areas, storage of flood flows in 

the proposed Del Valle Reservoir, and use of available gravel pits for recharge 

operations. (DJG)

Wichman, S. H.

1967. (and Ahlers, G. K.). Recharging conserves nuclear reactor cooling 

water: Water and Wastes Eng., v. 4, no. 3, p. 79-81.

After untreated well water is used to cool a closed loop of highly purified 

water which in turn cools a nuclear reactor, it is then piped into one of two 

basins for recharge in Upton, Long Island, N.Y. A sustained percolation rate 

of 4 inches per minute is attributed to: (1) sandy soil of the recharge basin, 

(2) location of the recharge basin on high ground, and (3) alternate daily 

use of the two recharge basins. No measurable increase has been found in 

the ground-water temperature, although recharge of this warm water has 

occurred over the years. (DJG)

Widmer, Kemble

1966. Study of ground-water recharge in Santa Clara Valley, California, 

and its application to New Jersey: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 

58, no. 7, p. 893-904.

Application of ground-water recharge could make a substantirl contribution towards increasing the available total water supply in mary parts of 

the State of New Jersey. The paper discusses the water-supply situation and 

some problems in New Jersey. The development and operation of the Santa 

Clara Valley Water Conservation District, San Jose, Calif., if presented 

outlining its recharge activities and the results in restoring ground-water 

levels. Data are given of infiltration rates in the recharge areas. Conditions 

in New Jersey are compared to those in the Santa Clara Valley. Salt-water 

encroachment and recharge through wells are discussed. (DCS)
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 115

Wiener, Aaron

1962. (and Wolman, Abel). Formulation of national water resources policy 

in Israel: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54, no. 3, p. 257-263.

The author discusses the master plan of water-resources develcnment in 

Israel in which treated sewage and intermittent runoff will be grtincially 

recharged. Included in the plans is a coastal collector that will consist of a 

system of shallow wells and drains near the Mediterranean coast which will 

control the outflow of fresh water to the sea. The otherwise unavoidable loss 

of fresh water protecting the aquifer from salt-water intrusion will be 

reduced from the usual 20-25 percent of the average annual natural replenishment to 6-8 percent. This plan will provide large-scale underground storage 

without risk of increasing fresh-water leakage into the sea. (WK)

1963. Water development procedures in arid and semi-arid Tel Aviv: Tel 

Aviv, Tahal Water Planning for Israel, Ltd., Pub. 269, 14 p.

Brief mention is given to the greater Tel Aviv sewage-reclamation recharge 

project on which construction will begin by the end of 1963 after a successful 

2-year pilot study. (DJG)

1967. The role of advanced techniques of ground-water management in 

Israel's national water supply system: Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology 

Bull., v. 12, no. 2, p. 32-38.

A general review of arguments for and against ground-water utilization 

was presented. Israel's situation and the various aspects of grovnd-water 

management were discussed. An underground storage study was completed; 

however, implementation of the underground storage management policy 

based both on indirect storage and on direct injection underground started 

immediately after the first basic results of the study concerning qualitative 

management measures, the question of travel of injected water bodies, and 

dispersion and mixing phenomena had become available. (DCS)

Willets, D. B.

1957. (and McCullough, C. A.). Salt balance in ground-water reservoir 

operation: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc., Irrig. and Drainage Div. 

Jour., v. 83, Paper 1359, no. IR-2, 10 p.

Planning by the California Department of Water Resources for development of water in California to meet ultimate water requirements of the 

State revealed the necessity of planned operation of the State's ground-water 

reservoirs for seasonal and cyclic storage of water. A problem that must be 

solved in such operations is maintenance of suitable mineral quality of the 

ground water. This paper discusses the sources and disposal of salt in 

ground-water reservoirs, presents an illustration of relationships and requirements for water to maintain salt balance in a hypothetical ground-water 

reservoir, and discusses the deficiencies in present knowledge and in datacollection programs for evaluation of salt-balance problems. (Authors' synopsis.)

Williams, R. E.

1967. (and Farvolden, R. N.). The influence of joints on the movement 

of ground water through glacial till: Jour. Hydrology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 

163-170.

Hydrographs of piezometers installed at various depths in glacial till in
116 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

northeastern Illinois indicate variations in the rate and magnitude of responses of potential to precipitation. Zones of oxidation along these joints 

suggest that water moves farther in joints before losing its oxygen than does 

water moving through intergranular pore spaces. A relatively high permeability for the joints is thus indicated. It appears, therefore, that the paths of 

high permeability in which some piezometers are installed are joints. Theoretical reasoning predicts the observed variation of potential in the vicinity 

of joints in a compressible layer. An analysis based on one-dimensional consolidation is given. The influence of joints in glacial till on waste disposal, on 

groundwater recharge, and on the behavior of water levels in the vicinity of 

a pumped well in an aquifer confined by glacial till is discussed. (Tulsa Univ., 

Inf. Services Dept.)

Wilson, L. G.

1967. Sediment removal from flood water by grass filtration: T'rans. Am. 

Soc. Agr. Engineers, v. 10, no. 1, p. 35-37.

This paper summarizes work conducted by the Institute of Water Utilization at the University of Arizona on the effectiveness of grass filters for 

sediment reduction and on the factors involved in the successful use of this 

method. It is pointed out that development of efficient and economics! methods 

of sediment removal is one of the principal problems facing workers in artificial-recharge research. It was concluded that grass filtration appears to be 

an effective and economical first-stage procedure for reducing sediment in 

floodwater. Interrelated factors affecting sediment removal are length of 

check, initial turbidity, application rate, slope, grass height and degree of 

ramification, and degree of submergence. Bermuda grasses were the most 

effective for sediment removal. (DCS)

Winn, R. W.

1960. Clarification of lake water prior to artificial recharge by wells: 

Lubbock, Texas Technol. Coll., Dept. Geology, M.S. thesis, 56 F

Various methods of applying flocculating agents to playa-lake water and 

their effectiveness in reducing suspended-sediment content of the water were 

studied. Artificial recharge operations using treated lake water were performed. Twenty-six to 76 percent of the suspended solids in the lake water 

were removed with the smaller percentage being attributed to remixing by 

wind action. Measurements of the amount of material entering the well and 

amounts recovered by pumping were made. (DCS)

Winn, R. W.

1961. (and Reeves, C. C., Jr.). Replenishment in the High Plains: Water 

Well Jour., v. 15, no. 2, p. 6-7, 34-35, 37.

The use of playa-lake water to recharge the Ogallala Formation is discussed. Up to 75 percent of the lake's suspended sediment was removed by 

airplane spraying of an anionic water-soluble flocculant, Separrn AP-30. 

The rate as well as the method of application affect the amount of suspended 

sediment removed. (DJG)

Wright, K. R.

1960. Use of models to study ground-water problems: Am. Soc. Civil 

Engineers Trans., v. 125, paper 3017, p. 133-140.

Two types of models, electric analog plotter and hydraulic, were found 

satisfactory for the investigation of a problem concerning ponding of paper-
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 117

mill wastes on the surface and allowing subsequent infiltration into the 

ground water. The field location of the waste disposal was near Wausau, 

Wis., in the Wisconsin River valley. (DCS)

Wyatt, Wayne

1958. Procedure outlined for installation of a recharge well: Crors Section, 

v. 5, no. 1, p. 1, 4.

A detailed description of the installation procedure of a recharp? well in 

Hockley County, Tex., is presented. (WK)

Zajicek, Vaclav

1967. Hydrological documentation for the exploitation of reservoirs in 

permeable solid rocks for the purpose of artificial infiltration: Internat. 

Assoc. Sci. Hydrology Pub. 72, p. 124-131b.

In older water-management plans, sites for future impounding reservoirs 

were determined on the basis of geomorphological conditions in areas of 

Cretaceous rocks. Geological investigations carried out in the final stage 

showed that there were porous permeable sandstone rocks belonging to the 

basal layer of the Cretaceous beds; since the filtration losses were assumed 

to be considerable, the chosen dam profiles were abandoned.

At present there is a new approach to such valley sites. In the representative area, a dense network of hydrogeological probes has been developed 

covering an area of several square kilometers. This network permits following 

the permeable layer up to the place where the layer is naturally drained in 

the form of large springs due to defects in the artesian upper confining layer. 

A large town is interested in utilization of this permeable layer for watersupply purposes. Other hydrological surveys supply data on the direction and 

velocity of flow, on the filtration and storage capacity of the rocks, and also 

on their amelioration ability with regard to water quality. This proves the 

feasibility of the construction of the impounding reservoir and other similar 

reservoirs in the infiltration zone of the Cretaceous rocks, since the filtration 

losses resulting from the large-space infiltration appear as a positive item in 

the budget of artesian aquifers. A combination of surface and underground 

storage has a favorable effect also from the point of view of evaporation. 

(From author's abs.)

Zaoui, J.

1965. Le Probleme de 1'alimentation artificielle des nappes puits d'injection zone d'epandage, intervention des modeles mathematiq'aes [The 

artificial recharge of aquifers recharge wells, water-spreading areas, 

the use of mathematical models] [in French] : La Houille Blanche 

[France], v. 20, no. 3, p. 247-250.

A brief history is given in this article of recharging methods, and various 

methods using wells, tunnels, dams, ditches, basins, and so forth are examined. 

The effect of natural factors and technical measures applied in practice are 

discussed.

Other points reviewed include the expression of the phenomenon in equation 

form and the integration of these equations, and finally, the possibilities of 

constructing mathematical models as a means of predicting the behavior of 

a water table under artificial recharging conditions. (From abs. in Water 

and Water Eng.)
118 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

Zielbauer, E. J.

1966. Sea water intrusion and the barrier projects, in Ergineering 

geology in southern California: Glendale, Calif., Assoc. Erg. Geologists, Los Angeles Sec. Spec. Pub., p. 264-269.

Hydrogeologic investigations of sea-water intrusion have been made in the 

coastal margins of Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura Counties. The first 

successfully operated sea-water barrier formed by well injection was constructed along Santa Monica Bay to protect and recharge the west coast 

ground-water basin, and a pumping project for ultimate barrier use was 

recently initiated on an experimental basis in the Hueneme area. Two other 

barriers are planned at Dominguez Gap and Alamitos. Detailed geologic and 

hydrologic studies were conducted along each barrier alinement. Aq'iifers are 

Pliocene-Holocene, and only in the Alamitos project are structural features 

such as the Seal Beach fault and an elongated dome important. (Frcm Abs. of 

North Am. Geology.)

Zodtner, Harlan

1959. The use of nuclear explosions as an aid in artificial recharge, in 

Schiff, Leonard, ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, 2d, 

Berkeley, Calif., 1959, Proc.: Fort Collins, Colo., Western Soil and 

Water Management Research Br., p. 93-95.

From the results of the experiments it appears possible to influence the 

movement and storage of water as follows: (1) increase porosity by shattering rock or other "tight" material and thus provide ground-water storage, 

(2) provide an area through which water can move by shattering materials of 

relatively low permeability, (3) increase the rate of flow through an area by 

shattering a soil layer and thus increasing its hydraulic conductivity, (4) 

increase the rate of flow by increasing the hydraulic head in the chimney of 

disrupted material, and (5) minimize salt-water intrusion by reducing permeability near the shot point. (DJG)

1966. Ground water resources using nuclear techniques, in Schiff, Leonard, 

ed., Bienn. conf. on ground-water recharge, development, and management, California Univ., Los Angeles, 1965, Proc.: Fresno, Calif., U.S. 

Dept. Agriculture, 4 p.

The author examines ground-water recharge applications in relation to 

nuclear craters. He suggests that a nuclear crater located in permeable alluvial material and supplied with water which is permitted to infiltrate into the 

ground would serve as an excellent structure for artificial recharge of ground 

water. It could be compared to a combination of the conventional basin-andpit projects, having the large contact area of a basin and the depth and 

storage characteristic of a pit. In terms of size and nature of water that can 

be handled, a nuclear crater would exceed any present conventional individual 

project. (WK)

Anonymous

1955. Small wells near river bed provide emergency supplv; Public 

Works Mag., v. 86, no. 8, p. 100-101.

Irregular sand or gravel aquifers along stream courses offer an emergency 

water supply. By regulating the flow of an upstream reservoir and pumping 

from four small closely spaced wells, the city of Perry, Okla., was able to 

induce stream water into the aquifer with a resulting yield of 91,000 gpd.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 119

Probably the yield cannot be sustained owing to the nature of the deposit. 

(DJG)

1956. Wells will do double duty: Johnson Natl. Drillers Jour., v. 28, no. 1, 

p. 8-9.

Using the "heat pump" principal on a big scale, ground water from two 

aquifers will be called upon to work both summer and winter for air conditioning and for heating a large suburban shopping center south of Minneapolis, Minn. Much of the water used for air conditioning in the summer will 

be put back underground through wells and this same water will be reused 

for heating in winter. (DJG)

1957a. Artificial recharge in the Texas High Plains: Cross Section, v. 3, 

no. 10, p. 3.

A large part of the natural recharge in the High Plains of Texrs is from 

depression ponds. However, much of this water is evaporated; thus, any 

recharge of this water by multipurpose wells will be of public benefit. (WK)

1957b. District attempts to establish ground water recharge as "Great 

Plains" practice: Cross Section, v. 3, no. 11, p. 1-2.

This article presents the reasons for the efforts being made by the Board 

of Directors of the High Plains Water District to encourage the adoption of 

ground-water recharge as one of the practices to be set up under the Great 

Plains bill, a soil- and water-conservation measure. (DJG)

1957c. Declining underground water levels spur interest in wef weather 

lake water: Cross Section, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-4.

Various methods used by farmers on the High Plains of Texas for recharging playa-lake water are pictured and briefly described. (DJG)

1957d. L.A. looks further into well recharge: Eng. News Rec., v. 158, no. 

18, p. 24.

The brief article describes the aims of a study that would protect the 

ground-water quality in the Los Angeles area. The study is to determine the 

feasibility of constructing recharge wells to extend the salt-water barrier 

from the present length of 1 mile to that of 11 miles. A pipeline wovld import 

untreated Colorado River water for barriers as well as for spreading-ground 

use. (WK)

1957e. Multi-purpose recharge well program is discussed with Soil Conservation Service: Cross Section, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1.

Cost-benefit data are generally discussed as related to the economic justification for the inclusion of a multipurpose recharge-well program to be 

established by the Soil Conservation Service as a water conservation practice 

under the Great Plains Act (Public Law 1021). (DJG)

1957f. Progress report ground-water recharge project: Stuttgart, Ark., 

Ground-Water Recharge Proj. Comm., Stuttgart Chamber of Commerce, 8 p.

Recharge experiments in the Grand Prairie region of Arkansas are reviewed. Equipment used is described, recharge tests are discussed, and causes 

of a well plugging are enumerated. (DCS)
120 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE

1957g. Rainfall runoff salvaged by Texas Technological College: Cross 

Section, v. 4, no. 5, p. 3.

A portion of runoff diverted into a large playa lake from road ditches will 

be used to recharge the underlying Ogallala aquifer at Lubbock, Tex. (DJG)

1957h. Recharge operations can conserve water resources: Johnson Natl. 

Drillers Jour., v. 29, no. 2, p. 8-9.

A general discussion is given of the Peoria, 111., recharge pits and the Long 

Island, N.Y. recharge basins and wells. (DJG)

1958a. Rivers or lakes can recharge aquifers: Johnson Natl. Drillers 

Jour., v. 30, no. 5, p. 1-4,11, 14.

Considerations in the development of induced recharge facilities are discussed. Results of a test using a series of vertical wells to induce infiltration 

of Lake Superior water into shallow sand and gravel aquifers at Superior, 

Wis., is described. Advantages of vertical wells or infiltration galleries and 

radial collector wells for induced infiltration are generally discussed. (DJG)

1958b. Texas Highway Department will drain area right-of-way with 

recharge wells: Cross Section, v. 5, no. 5, p. 1.

A study involving the drainage of playa lakes using recharge wells was 

approved for the Texas Highway Department. (DJG)

I959a. Chemical offers new approach to solving problem of sediments 

suspended in lake water: Cross Section, v, 5, no. 11, p. 2-3.

Attempts are being made at a farm near Dimmitt, Castro County, Tex., to 

remove suspended sediment from playa-lake water intended for recharge. A 

solution of Separan AP-30, a flocculating chemical, will be added £ s the lake 

water passes into a gravity flow line leading to an earthen pit settling basin. 

Then the water will be drained by gravity into a recharge well. Effectiveness 

and costs will be determined. (DJG)

1959b. Texas Technological College constructs a drainage-filtering recharge system in a playa lake: Cross Section, v. 5, no. 9, p. 2-4.

A system of lateral lines buried beneath a playa lakebed is being investigated in an attempt to develop a method of filtering the lake water prior to 

recharge. The laterals are connected to a main which feeds the water into a 

recharge well by gravity flow. Various designs of pipe material and backfill 

are being tested. (DJG)

1961a. Gravel filters used in laboratory to extract suspended solids from 

water: Cross Section, v. 7, no. 12, p. 1.

During a model gravel-filter efficiency study at Texas Technological College, 

85 percent of suspended silt and clay was removed from the water when the 

flow rate through the filter ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 gpm per scmare foot. 

(DJG)

1961b. District installs new experimental recharge well, filter system: 

Cross Section, v. 8, no. 1, p. 2.

The efficiency of a filter system consisting of 500 feet of 16-inch shutterscreen type of casing laid horizontally in a ditch cut in a playa lakebed and 

backfilled with pea-sized gravel is being determined in Floyd County, Tex.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1955-67 121

After a rain, water will move through the system by gravity to ? recharge 

well. (DJG)

1964. Water is stored in underground bank: West Texas Today, v. 45, no. 

11, p. 22-23, 48-49.

The operation of the Colorado River Municipal Water District which is 

storing water in the Ogallala Formation in Martin County, Tex., is described. 

(Abs. in Texas Water Devel. Board Kept. 8)

1965a. Unique water conservation project at DuPont Industr: es, Deepwater, New Jersey: Water Well Jour. v. 19, no. 7, p. 50-51.

Treated surplus water from a canal adjacent to the Chambers Works 

Power Division's treatment plant is being injected into upper Raritan strata 

to make good quality water available, when needed. The recharged water is 

intended to displace water of undesirable quality already in the formation. 

Water is being injected into the aquifer through one well at approximately 

300 gpm, and plans call for storing of 60 million gallons before the beginning 

of the drought season. (DJG)

1965b. Water conservation with a recharge well: Johnson Natl. Drillers 

Jour., v. 37, no. 2, p. 1-2.

Injection of properly treated runoff water at Deepwater, N.J., under 

relatively high pressure, would be practical on a large scale, using- injection 

wells constructed to provide high efficiency. Storing of water in the Raritan 

Formation, with greater recharge than withdrawal, would also block encroachment of salt water. (DJG)

1966. Going to the well: Chem. Week, v. 98, no. 7, p. 59-60.

In the northeastern United States, ground-water levels that normally rise 

during winter in this area of the Nation are remaining unusually low, and 

there are predictions of a fifth consecutive year of low rainfall. The~e factors 

could make this the most difficult year for plants to get water supplies. However, at Du Font's huge 6,000-employee Chambers Works (Deepwater, N.J.), 

a newly tried well-injection technique is helping management breathe a little 

easier, even though its 820-million-gallon fresh-water reservoir, a dammed, 

10-mile stretch of the Salem Canal, is only slightly more than half full. In 

principle, the well-injection is simple. Surface water, that is suitable for 

process use and that collects in ponds and so forth at this time of the year, is 

pumped down a well after it has been treated; it is used as needed, instead 

of being allowed to evaporate or run to the sea. In addition, the injection 

project might help hold back invasion of sea water a constant and growing 

threat in many areas. In all, Du Pont plans a total of five injection wells 

each capable of holding roughly 100 million gallons of water and delivering 

700 gpm. Test drilling obtained data needed to design the inject''on wells. 

The injected water pushes impure water in ground formations away from 

the well and mixes to only a small extent at the interface. (Tulsa Univ., Inf. 

Services Dept.)
ADDITIONAL AUTHOR INDEX

Ackroyd, E. A. See Walton, W. C., 1966. 

Ahlers, G. K. See Wichman, S. H., 1967. 

Aley, T. J. See Crooke, H. W., 1965. 

Aron, G. See Scott, V. H., 1967. 

Axtell, J. D. See Hall, W. A., 1957a.

Babcock, B. A. See Price, W. P., Jr., 1962.

Bachmat, Y. See Bear, Jacob, 1967a.

Baker, C. W. See Price, W. P., Jr., 1963.

Bartilucci, N. J. See Baffa, J. J., 1967.

Bayley, F. H., 3d. See Engler, Kyle, 1963; Sniegocki, R. T., 1963a, 1965.

Bear, Jacob. See Harpaz, Y., 1964.

Beasley, R. P. See Curry, R. B., 1962.

Bender, G. L. See Fletcher, J. E., 1965.

Bennett, R. R. See da Costa, J. A., 1960.

Bianchi, W. C. See Haskell, E. E., Jr., 1963, 

1965; Schiff, Leonard, 1962.

Biro, Z. See Fazold, A., 1967.

Bittinger, M. W. See Smith, S. C., 1964.

Boorsma, H. J. See Baars, J. K., 1958.

Bowennan, F. R. See Rawn, A. M., 1957.

Braester, Carol. See Bear, Jacob, 1966.

Bredehoeft, J. D. See Cooper, H. H., 1966.

Broadhurst, W. L. See Clyma, Wayne, 1961.

Brown, D. W. See Davis, G. H., 1959.

Brown, R. L. See Price, W. P., Jr., 1959.

Bryant, C. T. See Foxworthy, B. L., 1967.

Butler, R. G. See Orlob, G. T., 1956b, 1958.

Carstens, M. R. See Charmonman, Srisakdi,

1967.

Chandra, Satish. See Arya, S. P. S., 1966. 

Chapond, G. See Kazan, R., 1961a. 

Chun, R. Y. D. See Richter, R. C., 1959, 1961. 

Cluf, C. B. See Maddox, G. B., 1960. 

Clyma, Wayne. See Jensen, M. E., 1959b. 

Coats, K. H. See Katz, D. L., 1968. 

Cohen. Philip. See Parker, G. G., 1967. 

Crawford, D. A. See Johnson, Phillip, 1967a,

1967b.

Crosthwaite, E. G. See Mundorff, M. J., 1964. 

Cuming, Donald. See Peters, J. H., 1967. 

Cushman, R. L. See Motts, W. S., 1964.

Daniel, J. M. See Tixeront, J., 1967. 

DeHavin, J. C. See Hirshleifer, J., 1960. 

Deutsch, Morris. See Reed, J. E., 1966. 

Doty, L. F. See Warner, D. L., 1967a. 

Durfor, C. N. See Cohen, Philip, 1966, 1967. 

Dyer, K. L. See Schiff, Leonard, 1962, 1963b, 

1964c, 1966a.

Edwards, D. M. See Monke, E. J., 1967. 

Engler, Kyle. See Sniegocki, R. T., 1963a, 1965. 

Eversen, Burnham. See Holsinger, Henry, 1956.

Falovsky, A. A. See Boot, U. S., 1£67. 

Farvolden, R. N. See Williams, R. E., 1967. 

Fidler, R. E. See Norris, S. E., 1966. 

Foxworthy, B. L. See Price, Don, 1965; Parker,

G. G., 1967.

Franzini, J. B. See Linsley, R. K., 1964. 

Frazor, D. R. See Moulder, E. A., 1957. 

Frink, J. W. See Glover, R. E., 19f7. 

Fulcher, M. K. See Frink, J. W., 1967.

Garrison, W. E. See Parkhurst, J. D., 1964. 

Geurin, J. W. See Sniegocki, R. T., 1956a. 

Goot, H. A. van der. See Laverty, F. B., 1955. 

Gotaas, H. B. See Krone, R. B., 1957a. 

Green, J. H. See Davis, G. H., 1959. 

Greenhalgh, W. H. See Warnick, F. M., 1955. 

Grundeen, G. M. See Walton, W. C., 1967. 

Guillaume, M. See Forkasiewicz, J., 1967. 

Gutierrez, L. V. See Oldsen, C. B., 1962.

Hagan, R. M. See Hall, W. A., 1957a. 

Harder, James. See Banks, H. O., 1957. 

Harding, S. T. See Holsinger, Henry, 1956. 

Harleman, D. R. F. See Hoopes, J. A., 1967a,

1967b; Shamir, U. Y., 1967. 

Harmeson, R. H. See Suter, Max, 1960. 

Harmon, J. A. See Ongerth, H. J., 1959. 

Hart, D. H. See Price, Don, 1965. 

Haskell, E. E., Jr. See Bianchi, W. C., 1964,

1966.

Hauser, V. L. See Rebhun, M., 1967. 

Hills, D. L. See Walton, W. C., 19C7.

Jacobs, Martin. See Bear, Jacob, 1965. 

Jans, Melvin. See Balch, W. T., 1957. 

Jenkins, C. T. See Moore, J. E., 1966. 

Jensen, M. E. See Clyma, Wayne, 1960. 

Johnson, A. I. See Palmquist, W. N., Jr., 1962. 

Johnson, C. E. See Bliss, E. S., 1957; Schiff,

Leonard, 1958a, 1962. 

Jordan, R. M. See Maddox, G. B., 1960.

Kahana, Yona. See Berend, J. E., 1967b. 

Kantrowitz, I. H. See Pluhowski, E. J., 1964. 

Khanna, P. L. See Uppal, H. L., 1966. 

Kilburn, Chabot. See Mundorff, J. J., 1964. 

Kimbler, O. K. See Esmail, O. J., 1967. 

Klaer, F. H., Jr. See Mikels, F. C., 1956. 

Kohler, M. A. See Linsley, R. K., 1958. 

Kravchenko, I. P. See Shestakov, V. M., 1967. 

Kunkel, Fred. See Johnson, A. I., 1963.

LeRoux, E. F. See Thomasson, H. G., Jr., 1960. 

Levin, O. See Bear, Jacob, 1967b. 

Lin, Y. S. See Hennessy, P. V., 1967. 

Ljalko, U. I. See Boot, U. S., 1967.

123
Lofgren

Lofgren, B. E. See Davis. G. H., 1964. 

Lotspeich, F. B. See Hauser, V. L., 1967a. 

Lundeen, E. W. See Johnson, Michael, 1967.

McCullough, C. A. See Willets, D. B.. 1957. 

McGauhey, P. H. See Greenberg, A. E., 1955;

Krone, R. B., 1957a. 

Mack, Seymour. See Davis, G. H., 1964. 

McKee, J. E. See McMichael, F. C., 1966. 

McKillop, D. H. See Meyers. L. J., 1959. 

McSwain, Kenneth. See Holsinger, Henry, 1956. 

Margat, J. See Archambault, J., 1967. 

Marmion, K. R. See Todd, D. K.. 1962. 

May, G. D. See Charmonman, Srisakdi, 1967. 

Meyerson, L. A. See Laverty, F. B., 1961. 

Mido, K. W. See Chun, R. Y. D., 1967. 

Milliman, J. W. See Hirshleifer, J., 1960. 

Mitchell, R. See Nevo. Z., 1967. 

Moston, R. P. See Johnson, A. I., 1966. 

Muckel, D. C. See Schiff, Leonard, 1956b, 1967. 

Murray, A. N. See Holsinger, Henry, 1956.

Olmsted, F. H. See Davis, G. H., 1959; Thomasson, H. G., Jr., 1960.

Page, L. M. See Roll, J. R., 1963. 

Papadopulos, I. S. See Cooper, H. H., 1966. 

Parry, W. T. See Reeves, C. C., Jr., 1967. 

Paulhus, J. L. H. See Linsley, R. K., 1958. 

Philips, H. B. See Glover, R. E., 1967. 

Pomeroy. C. R. See Haskell, E. E., Jr., 1963.

Rebhun, M. See Berend, J. E., 1967b. 

Reddell. D. L. See Fink, B. K., 1961. 

Reed, J. E. See Sniegocki, R. T., 1962, 1963b. 

Reeves, C. C., Jr. See Cullinan, T. A., 1961;

Winn, R. W.,.1961.

Remson, Irwin. See Barksdale, H. C., 1955. 

Resnick. S. D. See Maddox, G. B.. 1960, 1962. 

Rex, R. W. See Gray, D. H., 1966. 

Rice, R. C. See Bouwer, Herman, 1963b. 

Richter, R. C. See Banks, H. O.. 1957. 

Rima, D. R. See Boggess, D. H., 1962.

I Rohwer, Carl. See Robinson, A. R., 1957. 

! Ruby, P. See Muller-Feuga, R., 196f.

Sasman, R. T. See McDonald, C. K.. 1967.

Schiefner, K. See Fazold, A., 1967.

Schiff, Leonard. See Johnson, C. E., 1959a; 

Muckel, D. C.. 1955.

Schwarz, J. See Harpaz, Y., 1967.

Scott, V. H. See Dvoracek, M. J., 1963.

Scares, F. D. See Bruington, A. E., 1965.

Sellinger, A. See Aberbach, S. H., 1967.

Signer, D. C. See Hauser, V. L., 1967b.

Sniegocki, R. T. See Engler, Kyle, 1963; Johnson, A. I., 1967.

Stephens, J. W. See Sniegocki, R. T., 1965.

Stone, Ralph. See Laverty, F. B., 1P61.

Suter, Max. See Larson, T. E., 1957.

Takacs, S. See Fazold, A., 1967.

Todd, D. K. See Mobasheri. F.. 1£63; Sunada,

D. K., 1963b.

Toups, J. M. See Crooke, H. W., 19C52, 1965. 

Trauger, F. D. See Trauger. G. W., 1962. 

Trelease, F. J. See Bittinger, M. W.. 1965.

Valantine, V. E. See Fowler. L. C., 1964. 

Versaw, S. F. See Johnson, A. I., 1966. 

Vogel, O. W. See Harmeson, R. H., 1963; 

Larson, T. E., 1957.

Watson, R. M. See Price, W. P.. Jr., 1962. 

Watts, B. B. See Richards, W. P.. 1958. 

Weber, E. M. See Chun, R. Y. D., 1967. 

Wesselman, J. B. See Garza, Sergio, 1959. 

Wiitala. S. W. See Reed, J. E., 196C. 

Williams, L. R. See Hennessy, P. V., 1967. 

Willis. G. W. See Broadhurst, W. L., 1955a,

1955b.

Wolf, H. W. See McKee, J. E., 1963. 

Wolman, Abel. See Wiener, Aaron, 1962. 

Wright, L. E. See Roll, J. R., 1963.

Zajicek, V. See Knezek, M., 1964.

124
SUBJECT-GEOGRAPHIC INDEX

Air conditioning.

Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Cooling-water recharge: Anonymous, 1956 

Oregon, Portland.

Effect of cooling-water recharge: Brown,

1963 

Air entrainment.

Vertical shafts: Viparelli, 1961 

Algeria.

Induced recharge: Tixeront, 1967 

Analog model.

Ground-water flow: Marmion, 1967 

Aquifer properties.

Arkansas, Grand Prairie. 

Laboratory and field determination of:

Johnson, A. I., 1966 and 1967 

Arizona.

Recharge: Maddox, 1962 

Tempe.

Recharge research: Bouwer, 1962c 

Tucson, Santa Cruz River.

Sewage recharge: Matlock, 1966 

Well recharge: Maddox, 1960 

Arkansas.

Grand Prairie region.

Aquifer properties: Johnson, A. I., 1966

and 1967 

Hydrogeology as related to recharge: Sniegocki, 1956b and 1964 

Recharge, environment and history: Eng.

ler, 1963 

Well recharge.

Clogging: Sniegocki, 1959, 1963c, and

1963d 

Effects of temperature and viscosity:

Sniegocki, 1960

Equipment and controls: Sniegocki, 1963a 

Experiments: Anonymous, 1957f; Sniegocki, 1956a, 1957, and 1958 

Siphon effect: Sniegocki, 1962 and 1963b 

Summary: Sniegocki, 1965 

Australia.

Recharge: Buchan, 1955

Bacterial travel.

Factors affecting: Krone, 1957b 

Basin recharge.

Effect of entrapped air on: Bianchi, 1966 

Bibliography.

Recharge: Todd,1959a

California.

Alameda County.

Spreading: Whitfield, 1963 

Alamitos Gap.

Fresh-water barrier: Johnson, Michael, 

1967

California Con. 

Bakersfield.

Infiltration, filter experiments: Schiff,

1958a

Spreading: Bliss, 1957 

Central Valley.

Recharge of imported water, effect of

quality: Doneen, 1956 

Clear Lake-Cache Creek basin.

Spreading: California Department of

Water Resources, 1961b 

Davis.

Research summary: Scott, 1933 and 1966 

Fresh-water barriers: Zielbauer, 1966 

Fresno, Millerton Lake.

Spreading: Sieckman, 1957 

Fresno County.

Spreading, perched water table: Haskell,

1963 

Fresno County, San Joaquin Valley.

Infiltration experiments, land subsidence:

Poland, 1959 

Infiltration rates.

Effect of geologic and hydrologic factors:

Richter, 1959 

Injection wells.

Recharge of connate water, oil flooding:

Pickett, 1957 

Kern County.

Spreading: Balch, 1957; Jans, 1959 and

1962

Overirrigation, rates: Hall, 1957a and 1957c 

Land subsidence.

Effect on recharge and storage: Poland,

1956 

Legislation.

Recharge: Chase, 1955 

Lindsay.

Well recharge, water recovery: Trauger,

1962 

Los Angeles.

Salt-water encroachment: Anonymous,

1957d

Spreading, collapsible dam, suspended sediment removal: 

Imbertson, 1959a and 19591 

Spreading, waste-water reclamation: California Department of Water Resources, 

1961a

Waste-water recharge: Laverty, 1958 

Los Angeles County.

Fresh-water barrier project: Banks, 1957; 

Baumann, 1963a; Bruington, 1965 and 

1967

Ground-water basin management: Chun, 

1967

125
California

California Con.

Los Angeles County Con.

Recharge experiences, problems: Haile, 

1966

Recharge-well operation: Baumann, 1963a

Spreading, recharge wells: Baumann, 1955; 

Salisbury, 1963

Spreading strips: Baumann, 1963a

Spreading, waste-water reclamation: California Water Pollution Control Board, 

1957; Laverty, 1962

Spreading, well recharge: Haile, 1966; 

Hedger, 1956

Waste-water reclamation: Parkhurst, 1965;

Rawn, 1957; Goot, 1957 

Los Angeles County, Coastal Plain.

Analog model, ground-water basin management: Fowler, 1962 

Los Angeles County, Manhattan Beach.

Fresh-water barrier: Baumann, 1957; Bruington, 1959a; Laverty, 1955 

Los Angeles County, Montebello Forebay.

Spreading: Bruington, 1959b 

Los Angeles Flood Control District.

Spreading: Laverty, 1957 

Ground-water management: Thomas, 1955

Salt balance: Willets, 1957 

Ground-water basin management: California

Assembly Interim Committee Reports,

1961-63, 1962; California Department of

Water Resources, 1966; Clendenen, 1957a

and 1957b; Mullnix, 1959 

Orange County.

Ground-water basin management: Crooke, 

1962, 1965 and 1967; Owen, 1967

Recharge: California Department of Water 

Resources, 1959

Recharge financing: Crooke, 1958 and 

1963

Recharge of imported water: Crooke, 1959

Recharge pit: Crooke, 1966

Spreading: Crooke, 1961; Toups, 1963

Treated sewage recharge: Hennessy, 1967

Waste-water reclamation: Brown, 1965 

Recharge: California Department of Water 

Resources, 1961c, 1964, and 1967; California Division Water Resources, 1955; 

Baumann, 1965; Edward E. Johnson, 

Inc., 1966; Meyers, 1959; Muckel, 1956 

and 1958; Richter, 1961

Economic considerations: Skinner, 1966

Pits, wells: Gong-Guy, 1963

Sewage, floodwater: Bookman, 1957

Waste water: California University Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 

1955c 

Recharge research.

Review: Schiff, 1960

Theory, model studies: Bliss, 1957; Todd,

1962 

Redondo Beach area.

Fresh-water barrier: Bruington, 1959b

California Con. 

Richmond.

Pollution travel: California University 

Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 1954 

Salinas Valley.

Spreading: Muir, 1959

Salt-water encroachment: California State 

Water Resources Board, 1955; California 

Department of Water Resources, 1958 

San Diego County.

Waste-water reclamation: Olds?n, 1962 

San Joaquin Valley.

Infiltration rates: Lofgren, 1957 

Recharge research: Johnson, A. I., 1963;

Johnson, C. E., 1959b; Schiff, 1962 

Spreading: Brewer, 1959; Dav's, 1959 and

1964 

Santa Clara County.

Resistivity, seismic refraction survey: ElRahman Zohdy, 1964 

Santa Clara Valley.

Recharge: Roll, 1963; Widmer, 1966 

Spreading: Clarke, 1959 and 1961 

Sewage and industrial waste reclamation: 

California Department of Wate- Resources,

1958 

Sewage spreading.

Chemical changes during: Greenberg, 1955 

Solano County.

Recharge potential, spreading: Thomasson, 1960 

Southern.

Recharge summary: California Department

of Water Resources, 1961c and 1964 

Spreading: Coe, 1957

Collapsible dam: Imbertson, 1959a, 1959b,

and 1960

Overirrigation: Hall, 1957a and 1957c 

Suspended-sediment removal: Imbertson,

1959 

Tehachapi.

Spreading: Jacobsen, 1959 

Tule River Irrigation District.

Spreading, storage: Alexander, 1959 

Underground storage.

Physical, engineering, legal problems:

Berry, 1962 

Ventura County.

Multipurpose wells: Price, 1963

Operational problems and solutions: Price, 

1962

Spreading: Price, 1959 

Victorville.

Sewage recharge: California Water Pollution Control Board, 1957 

Waste-water reclamation.

Spreading, injection: Bookman, 1959 

Water quality.

Criteria: McKee, 1963 

Water rights.

Legislation: Krieger, 1955

126
California Con. 

Whittier Narrows.

Waste-water reclamation: California Water 

Quality Control Board, 1966; McMichael, 

1966; Parkhurst, 1964 

Canada. 

Alberta.

Recharge pits, economics of operation:

Farvolden, 1963 

Alberta, Medicine Hat.

Induced recharge, investigation of: Meyboom, 1963

Recharge: Buchan, 1955 

Canals.

Formation of fresh-water lenses.

Models, theory: Grodzensky, 1967; Shestakov, 1967 

Seepage.

Conformal mapping: Hammad, 1961

Flow pattern, fresh-water barrier: Charmonman, 1967

Measurement of: Bouwer, 1963b; Robinson, 1957 

Chemicals.

California, Los Angeles.

Suspended-sediment removal: Imbertson,

1959a and 1959b 

California, Los Angeles County.

Suspended-sediment removal: Salisbury,

1963 

California, Santa Clara Valley.

Suspended-sediment removal: Clarke, 1961;

Roll, 1963 

Texas, Castro County.

Suspended-sediment removal: Anonymous,

1959a. 

Texas, High Plains.

Suspended-sediment removal: Broadhurst, 

1960a; Cylma, 1960 and 1961; Hauser, 

1967a and 1967b; Katzer, 1959; Rebhun, 

1967; Valliant, 1963; Winn, 1961 

Texas, Lubbock County.

Suspended-sediment removal: Broadhurst,

1960b 

Clogging.

Arkansas, Grand Prairie region.

Causes of: Anonymous, 1957f; Sniegocki,

1959 and 1963d 

Well recharge, geochemical aspects of:

Sniegocki, 1963c 

Biological: Nevo, 1967 

Incompatible water, effect of: Bernard, 1955;

Crawford, 1966

Israel, Yavne well field: Mercado, 1966 

Mechanics of: Johnson, Philip, 1967a 

Methods of prevention, filters: Schiff, 1958a 

Model study.

Effect of pH and bacteria on: Monke, 1967 

Oregon, The Dalles.

Viscosity effects, dissolved air: Foxworthy,

1967 

Sandstone.

Clay dispersion and migration: Gray, 1966

Czechoslovakia

Clogging Con.

Suspended sediment.

Permissible amounts: Muravev, 1967 

Texas, High Plains.

Well recharge: Cullinan, 1960: Schwiesow,

1965

Theoretical formula: Berend, 1967a 

Washington, Walla Walla. 

Air, elimination of: Garrett, 1962 

Recharge well: Russell, 1960 

Collapsible dam.

California, Los Angeles.

Spreading: Imbertson, 1959a, 1959b, and

1960

Collector well. 

Illinois, Peoria.

Recharge: Jenkins, 1955 

Operation of: Wegenstein, 1954 

Colloid.

Flow through porous media.

Effect of media, particle size, hydraulic

gradient, concentration: C irry, 1962 

Effect of pH and bacteria on: Monke, 1967 

Colorado.

Arkansas River.

Induced recharge: Moore, 1966 

Cope.

Spreading, stream modification: Longenbaugh, 1966 

Denver.

Ground-water contamination: Walker, 1961 

Prospect Valley.

Spreading, ground-water mound dissipation: Skinner, 1963 

Recharge research.

Summary: Bittinger, 1961 

Spreading: Bittinger, 1965 

Construction. 

Florida.

Waste-injection system: Dean. 1965 

New York, Long Island.

Recharge well: Cohen, 1966 and 1967;

Hoffman, 1956 

United States.

Recharge wells: Task Group 2440-R on 

Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1965 

Cooling-water recharge.

Industrial reuse: Clarke, 1962 

New York, Long Island. 

Basins: Wichman, 1967 

Effect of temperature: Johnson, A. H.,

1955 

Costs.

California, Los Angeles County.

Pressure ridge system: Bruington, 1967 

Texas High Plains.

Recharge well operations: Bil ingsley, 1960 

Cyprus.

Famagusta, Recharge tunnel, wells: Whetstone, 1956 

Czechoslovakia.

Reservoir-site selection. 

Infiltration: Zajicek, 1967

127
Darcy's law

Darcy's law. 

Use in spreading system selection: Schiff,

1956a

Delaware.

Newark.

Spreading: Boggess, 1962; Groot, 1960 

Dispersion.

Theory, models: Bear, 1967a; Harpaz, 1964; 

Hoopes, 1967a and 1967b; Mercado, 1967; 

Ogata, 1963

Numerical solutions: Shamir, 1967 

Tracer considerations: Biggar, 1962 

Disposal wells.

Michigan, Kalamazoo: Sisson, 1955

Economics.

Recharge: Todd, 1965a

Use of nuclear craters: Todd, 1965b 

Electric analog.

Algeria: Tixeront, 1967 

California, Los Angeles County.

Ground-water basin management; Fowler,

1962 

Ground-water mound: Bouwer, 1962a, 1962c,

and 1963a; Jacob, 1960 

Idaho, Snake River Plain.

Ground-water basin management: Glover,

1967

Induced recharge: Walton, 1966 and 1967 

Israel.

Ground-water basin management: Harpaz, 1967 

Ohio, Piketon.

Aquifer simulation, determination of vertical permeability: Norris, 1966 

Russia, Donbas.

Recharge evaluation: Boot, 1967 

England.

London basin.

Recharge possibilities: Blyth, 1958; Taylor,

1964

Recharge wells: Boniface, 1959 

Recharge: Buchan, 1955 and 1957 

Sewage recharge: Buchan, 1964 

Entrapped air.

Effect on basin recharge: Bianchi, 1966 

Experiments.

Arkansas, Grand Prairie region.

Well recharge: Anonymous, 1957f; Sniegocki, 1957 and 1958 

Delaware, Newark.

Spreading: Boggess, 1962 

Infiltration: Smith, 1967 

Soil-water movement: Bianchi, 1964 

Texas, High Plains.

Pressure injection: Johnson, Philip, 1967a

and 1967b

Well recharge: Clyma, 1960 and 1964; 

Cronin, 1961 and 1964; Hauser, 1967a 

and 1967b; Rebhun, 1967; Valliant, 1962 

and 1964 

Texas, Midland.

Well recharge, analysis: Reed, 1959 

Waste-water recharge.

Chemical reactions, effects on permeability: 

Warner, 1966

Filters.

California, Bakersfield.

Clogging: Schiff, 1958a and 1958b 

Effect on well recharge: Johnson, C. E.,

1959a; Schiff, 1961 

Germany, Dortmunder.

Chemical and biological considerations:

Frank, 1965 

Illinois, Peoria.

Recharge pits: Smith, H. F., 1967 

Model study: Anonymous, 196la 

Texas, Floyd County.

Suspended-sediment removal; Anonymous,

1961b 

Texas, Lubbock County.

Suspended-sediment removal: Anonymous,

1959b

Texas High Plains: Scott, 1961; Valliant, 

1963

Construction cost: Fink, 1961 

Florida.

Recharge wells.

Waste injection: Barraclough, 1966; Dean,

1965 

Fracturing.

Porous media model: Johnson, Philip, 1967a 

France.

Paris, Seine River.

Recharge pit: Massoulie: 1961 

Recharge: Garraud, 1965; Muller-Feuga, 1965

Summary: Archambault, 1967 

Verdun.

Induced recharge: Forkasiewicz, 1967 

Fresh-water barrier.

California, Alamitos Gap.

Salt-water encroachment: Johnson,

Michael, 1967 

California, Los Angeles.

Salt-water encroachment: Aronymous,

1957d

California, Los Angeles County. 

Operation, maintenance, costs: Bruington,

1965

Salt-water encroachment: Salisbury, 1963 

California, Manhattan Beach: Bruington,

1959a

California, Orange County: Toups, 1963 

California, Redondo Beach: Bruinpton, 1959b 

California, statewide: Zielbauer, 1966 

California. Ventura County: Prne, 1963 

New York, Long Island.

Salt-water encroachment: Peters, 1967 

Fresh-water storage in saline aquifers. 

Recovery.

Porous flow model, theory: Esmtil, 1967

Geochemical considerations.

Arkansas, Grand Prairie region.

Well recharge, clogging: Sniegocki, 1963c 

Geological considerations. 

Ground-water movement.

Influence of joints: Williams, 19f7 

Spreading: Butcher, 1966

128
Germany. 

Dortmunder.

Filters: Frank, 1965 

Induced recharge: Buhler, 1958 

Recharge: Buchan, 1955; Taylor, 1964; Tiemer, 1967 

Grass filters.

Suspended-sediment removal: Wilson, 1967 

Great Britain.

Recharge: Buchan, 1955

Ground-water basin management: Committee 

on ground-water, Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil 

Engineers, 1961 

California.

Recharge: Clendenen 1957a and 1957b 

Replenishment assessments: California Assembly Interim Committee Reports 1961- 

63, 1962

Spreading, fresh-water barrier, economics: 

California Department of Water Resources, 1966

California, Los Angeles County. 

Analog model: Fowler, 1962 

Mathematical model: Chun, 1967 

California, Orange County: Crooke, 1961, 

1965, and 1967

Recharge financing: Crooke, 1958 and 1963 

Colorado, Prospect Valley: Skinner, 1963 

France, Verdun.

Induced recharge: Forkasiewicz, 1967 

Idaho, Snake River Basin: Frink, 1967 

Idaho, Snake River Plain.

Electric analog: Glover, 1967 

Israel.

Electric analog: Harpaz, 1967

Selection of recharge areas: Schneider,

1964 and 1967 

Israel, coastal area: Kahana, 1964

Salt-water encroachment: Kahana, 1966 

Legislation: Dolcini, 1962 

Problems of utilization: Kazmann, 1958 

Russia.

Induced recharge: Plotnikov, 1967 

Storage: Fowler, 1964 

Ground-water contamination. 

Colorado, Denver.

Waste disposal: Walker, 1961 

Ground-water flow.

Analog: Marmion, 1967

Ground-water management.

California: Thomas, 1955

Salt balance: Willets, 1957 

Considerations: Mandel, 1957 

Illinois, Chicago: Landon, 1957 

Israel: Wiener, 1967 

Ground-water mound.

Development and dissipation of: Bittinger, 

1965; Hantush, 1967a; Haskell, 1965; 

Skinner, 1963

Hele-Shaw model study: Marino, 1967 

Electric-analog investigation: Bouwer, 1962a,

1962c, and 1963a 

Hydraulics: Baumann, 1963b 

Model study: Marmion, 1962; Sunada, 1963a

Induced recharge

Ground-water mound Con. 

Theory:

Canals and pits: Grodzensky, 1967 

Electric analog study: Jacob, 1960 

Spreading: Dagan, 1967 

Ground-water storage.

Theory: Tiemer, 1967 

Ground-water temperatures. 

Switzerland.

Induced recharge: Trueb, 1962 

Ground-water utilization.

Legal aspects, problems: Thomas, 1961

Holland.

Amsterdam.

Spreading, water quality: Van Haaren,

1965; Venhuizen, 1967

Recharge: Buchan, 1955; Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 1966 

Hungary.

Spreading, water quality: Fazold, 1967 

Hydraulic conductivity.

Measurement of: Bouwer, 1962b and 1967 

Hydrogeology as related to recharge.

Arkansas, Grand Prairie region: Sniegocki.

1964 

Pollution problems: Le Grand, 19i35

Idaho.

Moscow, Latah County.

Recharge potential: Stevens, 1?60 

Snake River Basin.

Ground-water basin management: Frink,

1967

Recharge potential: Mundorff, 1964 

Snake River Plain. 

Ground-water management, electric analog:

Glover, 1967 

Illinois. 

Chicago.

Ground-water management: Lrndon, 1967 

Peoria.

Pit recharge: Larson, 1957

Pit recharge, pollution potential: Harmeson, 1963 

Recharge: Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 1966;

Jenkins, 1955

Recharge pit: Anonymous, 19f7h; Harmeson, 1959; Suter, 1954, l£56a, 1956b, 

1959, and 1960

Recharge potential: Smith, H. F., 1967 

Recharge rates: McDonald, 1967 

Image-well theory.

Induced recharge: Walton, 1966 and 1967 

India.

Rewari Tehsil.

Recharge: Uppal, 1966 

Induced recharge.

Algeria: Tixeront, 1967

Analog model, image well theo-y: Walton,

1966 and 1967 

Canada, Alberta.

Investigation of: Meyboom, 1963 

Colorado, Arkansas River.

Infiltration rate: Moore, 1966

129
Induced recharge

Induced recharge Con.

Estimation by aquifer test analysis: Walton,

1964 

France, Verdun.

Ground-water basin management: Forkasiewicz, 1967 

Germany: Buhler, 1958 

Kentucky, Louisville.

Yield estimates: Rorabaugh, 1956 

Michigan, Kalamazoo: Deutsch, 1962 and

1967

Effects of: Reed, 1966 

Nebraska, Lincoln.

Well spacing: Richards, 1958 

New Jersey, Princeton: De Wiest, 1963

Augmented bank storage: De Wiest, 1967 

New Mexico, Eddy County: Cox, 1967 

Ohio, Lancaster.

Effects of waste disposal on: Norris, 1967 

Oklahoma, Perry: Anonymous, 1955 

Russia, Ukrainia.

Review: Falovsky, 1967 

Switzerland: Trueb, 1962 

Theory.

Rates, quantity: Hantush, 1964, 1965,

1967b 

United States

Design, construction, development criteria: Mikels, 1956

Water quality changes during: Klaer, 1963 

Wisconsin, Superior: Anonymous, 1958a 

Industrial reuse of water.

Cooling-water recharge: Clarke, 1962 

Industrial-waste injection. 

Florida.

Limestone aquifer: Barraclough, 1966;

Dean, 1965 

Infiltration.

Arizona, Santa Cruz River.

Sewage, rates: Matlock, 1966 

Chemical and physical considerations: Schiff,

1963b, 1964c, and 1966a 

Effect of filters: Schiff, 1958a and 1958b 

Effect of surface and subsurface conditions

on: Schiff,1956a 

Experiment, theory: Smith, 1967 

Measurement of: Bouwer, 1962b 

Netherlands.

Effect on water quality: Leeftand, 1965 

Procedures to increase: Schiff, 1963a 

Relationship to soil texture.

Soil treatments to increase: Schiff, 1966b 

Soil-conditioning methods: Schiff 1955 and

1956b 

Infiltration basins.

Effect of boundary conditions.

Theory: Bear, 1966 

Infiltration canals.

Netherlands, Amsterdam: Biemond, 1957 

Infiltration rates. 

California.

Estimation of: Richter, 1959

Increasing by pumping out soil air: 1mbertson, 1959b

Infiltration rates Con. 

California, Fresno County.

Effect of land subsidence on: Piland, 1959 

California, Kern County.

Effect of soil practices: Jans, 1959 

California, San Joaquin Valley: Davis, 1964;

Lofgren, 1957

California, Santa Clara Valley: Widmer, 1966 

California, Whittier Narrows.

Waste-water reclamation: Park! urst, 1964 

Delaware, Newark.

Infiltrometers: Groot, 1960 

Effect of organic residues: Johnson, C. E.,

1957

Effect of variable permeability on: Hall, 1955 

Effect of various salts: Johnson, C. E., 1959a 

Factors effecting: Krone, 1957b; Schiff, 1967

Experiments: Muckel, 1959a 

Illinois, Peoria.

Recharge pit: Suter, 1956a 

Michigan, Kalamazoo.

Waste-water recharge through ponds: Sisson, 1955 

Model pit.

Effect of shape: Lehr, 1964 

New York, Long Island.

Recharge basins: Wichman. 1967 

Injection.

Incompatible water: Bernard, 1955; Warner,

1966 and 1967a 

Industrial waste.

Summary: Warner, 1965 and l£67b 

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Instrumentation.

Seepage meters: Bouwer, 1962b, 1963b, and

1967

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Irrigation.

California, Kern County.

Recharge by: Hall, 1957a and 1957c 

Recharge.

Factor analysis: Bianchi, 1959 

Israel. 

Central.

Ground-water basin management, selection 

of recharge areas: Schneider, 1964 and 

1967 

Coastal area.

Ground-water management: Kahana, 1964

and 1966 

Coastal Plain.

Fresh-water barrier, recharge wells, recharge rates, spreading: Ab^rbach, 1967 

Dan region.

Sewage recharge: Yebuda, 1958 

Electric analog.

Ground-water basin management: Harpaz,

1967

Exploitation of coastal aquifers: Kahana, 

1964

Ground-water management, storage: Wiener, 1967 

Haifa Bay field.

Injection spreading pattern: Mercado, 

1966b and 1967

130
Israel Con.

Mixing experiments.

Laboratory and field studies: Harpaz, 1964 

Recharge rate, mixing experiment: Mercado,

1965; Sternau, 1966 

Recharge wells.

Construction, installation, operation: Sternau, 1967 

Runoff-water recharge.

Study of: Berend, 1967b 

Spreading.

Clogging, seepage rates: Berend, 1967a 

Site evaluation: Berend, 1962 

Tel Aviv.

Sewage recharge: Amramy, 1965; Wiener,

1963

Water-resources planning: Wiener, 1962 

Well recharge, recharge rates: Harpaz, 1965 

Yavne well field.

Recharge rates, mixing tests, clogging, 

sanitary aspects of recharge water: Mercado, 1966a

Kentucky. 

Louisville.

Induced recharge: Rorabaugh, 1955

Laboratory studies.

Recharge: Feuerstein, 1963 

Land subsidence. 

California.

Effect on recharge and storage: Poland,

1956

Leaching. 

Saline soil.

Effect on recharge water: Biggar, 1959 

Legislation. 

California.

Recharge: Chase, 1955; Holsinger, 1956 

Water rights: Krieger, 1955 

Ground-water basin management: Dolcini,

1962 

Lysimeter study.

Waste-water reclamation.

Soil clogging: California University Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, 1955b; Orlob, 1956b and 1958

Management. 

California.

Ground-water basins: California Assembly Interim Committee Reports 1961- 

63, 1962

Underground storage: Mullnix, 1959 

California, Kern County: Balch, 1957 

California, Orange County: Crooke, 1961;

Owen, 1967 

Mathematical model: Bear, 1967b; Buras,

1964 

Public districts: Clyma, 1963

Characteristics of: Smith, 1964 

Texas, Southern High Plains: Hauser, 1966 

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Mathematical model.

California, Los Angeles County.

Ground-water basin management: Chun, 

1967

Model

Mathematical model Con.

Chemical reactions: Warner, 1967a 

Management: Bear, 1967b; Buras, 1964 

Water-table predictions: Zaoui, 1965 

Methods.

Recharge: Linsley, 1958 and 1964; Muckel,

1958, 1959b, and 1960 

Texas, High Plains: Whetstone, 1955b 

Underground storage of fluids: Fatz, 1968 

Mexico.

Mexico City.

Sewage recharge, Kehr, 1957 

Michigan. 

Kalamazoo.

Induced recharge: Deutsch, 1962, 1966,

and 1967

Waste-water recharge: Sisson, 1955 

Minnesota. 

Minneapolis. 

Air conditioning, cooling-water recharge:

Anonymous, 1956 

Mixing experiments: Bear, 1965

Israel: Harpaz, 1965; Mercado, 1965, 1966a, 

1966b; Sternau, 1966

Laboratory and field studies: Harpaz, 1964 

Theory: Hoopes, 1967a and 1967t 

Model.

Electric analog.

Canal seepage, formation of fresh-water

lenses: Shestakov, 1967

Electric analog and hydraulic, waste disposal: Wright, 1960 

Ground-water mounds: Marmion, 1962 

Hele-Shaw: Columbus, 1966

Effect of recharge pit geometry: Dvoracek,

1963; Scott, 1963

Ground-water mound response to deep percolation: Marino, 1967 

Mixing theory tests: Hoopes, 1967a and

1967b

New Jersey, Princeton. 

Mathematical, induced recharge: De Wiest,

1963

Porous media: Sunada, 1963a and 1963b 

Clogging, fracturing of: Johnson, 1967b 

Colloidal flow through: Curry, 1962; Monke,

1967

Effect of recharge pit geometry: Lehr, 1964 

Fresh-water storage in salire aquifers:

Esmail, 1967

Hydrodynamic dispersion: Bear, 1967a 

Infiltration: Johnson, A. I., 1963; Smith,

W. O., 1967

Surface cavities: Sunada, 19631 

Waste disposal: Palmquist, 196? 

Recharge well.

Hydraulics of flow: Mobasheri, 1963 

Salt-water encroachment.

Fresh water barrier: California University 

Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 1955a

Spreading: Todd, 1961 

Suspended-sediment removal. 

Filter: Anonymous, 1961a

131
Model

Model Con. 

Theoretical. 

Aquifer constants, boundary conditions:

Prudhomme, 1967 

Morocco. 

Charf el Akab.

Recharge: Kazan, 1961b 

Fez Region.

Recharge wells: Kazan 1961a 

Multipurpose wells.

California, Ventura County: Price, 1963 

Conservation practice: Anonymous, 1957e 

Texas, High Plains: Valliant, 1963 and 1966 

Effects of suspended sediment: Clyma, 1964 

Playa-lake water recharge: Blair, 1959

Nebraska. 

Lincoln.

Induced recharge: Richards, 1958 

Netherlands. 

Amsterdam.

Recharge, infiltration canals, salt-water

encroachment: Biemond, 1957 

Coastal area.

Recharge: Bosch, 1965 

Recharge.

Quality considerations: Baars, 1957 and 

1958; Biemond, 1965; Huisman, 1967; 

Leeflang, 1965 

New Jersey. 

Deepwater.

Recharge well: Anonymous, 1965a, 1965b,

and 1966 

Princeton.

Induced recharge: De Wiest, 1967 

Model studies, numerical evaluation, induced recharge: De Wiest, 1963 

Recharge potential: Kemble, 1966 

Seabrook.

Waste-water spreading: Barksdale, 1955 

New Mexico. 

Eddy County.

Induced recharge: Cox, 1967 

High Plains.

Recharge methods: Minton, 1955 

Lea County.

Well recharge, recharge potential: Havens,

1966 

Roswell Basin.

Recharge potential: Motts, 1964 

New York. 

Long Island.

Cooling-water recharge: Johnson, A. H.,

1955 

Recharge: Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 1966;

Anonymous, 1957h 

Recharge basins, storm runoff water:

Welsch, 1959b

Recharge basins, wells: Welsch, 1956 

Recharge potential, sewage effluent: Pluhowski, 1964 

Recharge, water management: Parker,

1967 

Recharge well construction: Cohen, 1966

New York Con. 

Long Island Con. 

Sewage recharge, well construction: Cohen,

1967 

Sewage recharge, wells and basins: Baffa,

1967 

Long Island, Patchogue.

Recharge well construction: Hoffman, 1956 

Long Island, Upton.

Recharge basins: Wichman, 1967 

Nassau County.

Fresh-water barrier, salt-water encroachment: Peters, 1967 

Recharge basins: Welsch, 1959a 

Recharge wells, basins: Welsch, 1960 

North Dakota. 

Minot.

Potential recharge sites: Pettyjohn, 1967 

Valley City.

Pit recharge: Kelly, 1967 

Nuclear craters.

Recharge: Zodtner, 1959 and 1965

Economics, safety, technology: Todd, 1965b

Ohio. 

Canton.

Recharge wells: Kazmann, 195? 

Lancaster.

Induced recharge, effects of waste disposal: Norris, 1967 

Piketon.

Determination of vertical permeability

type curves: Norris, 1966 

Springfield.

Induced recharge, methods of analysis:

Walton, 1964 

Oklahoma. 

Perry.

Induced recharge: Anonymous, 1955 

Oregon. 

Portland.

Air-conditioning water recharge: Brown,

1963

Recharge summary: Hart, 1958; Price, 1965 

The Dalles.

Well recharge, rates, clogging: Foxworthy, 

1967

Perched water table.

California, Fresno County. 

Spreading: Haskell, 1963 

Effect on spreading: Hall, 1957b 

Permeability.

Measurement: Bouwer, 1963 

Ohio, Piketon.

Determination of vertical: Norris, 1966 

Pit recharge.

Formation of fresh-water lenses

Theory: Grodzensky, 1957 

Illinois, Peoria: Larson, 1957

Pollution potential: Harmeson, 1963 

Recharge rates: Harmeson, 1959 

North Dakota, Valley City: Kell/, 1962 

Texas, Winkler County.

Ground-water pollution from waste water: 

Garza, 1959

132
Playa-lake drainage. 

Texas, High Plains.

Recharge well: Anonymous, 1958b 

Pollution.

Ground-water: Baars, 1958

Hydrogeologic environment considerations:

LeGrand, 1965 

Netherlands.

Recharge water: Biemond, 1965 

Texas, Winkler County.

Waste-water: Garza, 1959 

Pollution travel.

California, Richmond.

Recharge wells: California University Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 

1954

Sewage recharge: Krone, 1957a 

Pressure injection. 

Texas, High Plains.

Recharge well: Johnson, Philip, 1967b 

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Pressure-ridge system.

California, Los Angeles County costs: Bruington, 1967 

Public districts.

Management: Smith, 1964

Quality.

California, Central Valley.

Effect of recharged water on: Doneen, 1956

Radioactive waste disposal. 

Methods of: Kaufman, 1961 

Radioisotope movement: Feurstein, 1963 

Recharge: Taylor, 1961 

Arizona: Maddox, 1962

Arkansas, Grand Prairie region: Engler, 1963 

Australia: Buchan, 1955 

Bibliography: Todd, 1959a

California: Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 1966; 

Meyers, 1959; Muckel, 1958 

Economic considerations: Skinner, 1966 

Ground-water basin management: Clendenen, 1957a and 1957b 

Legislation: Chase, 1955 

Summary: Baumann, 1965 

Underground storage: Berry, 1962 

Waste-water reclamation, engineering and 

economic aspects: California University 

Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 1955c

California, Central Valley. 

Quality effect of imported water: Doneen,

1956

California, Orange County: California Department of Water Resources, 1959 

Financing: Crooke, 1958 

Imported water: Crooke, 1959 

California, Richmond. 

Injection wells: California Univ. Sanitary

Eng. Research Lab., 1954 

California, Santa Clara Valley.

Water quality: Roll, 1963

California, Southern: California Department 

of Water Resources, 1967

Recharge

Recharge Con.

California, Ventura County.

Operational problems and solutions: Price,

1962

Canada: Buchan,1955 

Chemical reactions.

Precipitates, effect on permeability: Warner, 1967a

Collector wells: Wegenstein, 1954 

Colorado.

Research summary: Bittinger, 1961 

Considerations: Committee on G-ound-Water,

Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1961; Key,

1957; Parker, 1967 

Considerations in tracer use.

Molecular diffusion and velocit*' dispersion:

Biggar, 1961

Design criteria, principles, Arya. 1966 

Economics: Todd, 1965a

Economics, law, technology: Hirshleifer, 1960 

Effect of gravel and sand mulches on: Kemper, 1967

Effect of land management: Barksdale, 1955 

Engineering: Committee on Ground-Water,

Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers 1961 

England: Buchan, 1955 and 1964

Sources, methods, general considerations:

Buchan, 1957

England, London Basin: Blyth, 1958; Boniface, 1959; Taylor, 1964 

Florida.

Industrial-waste injection: Barraclough,

1966; Dean, 1965 

France: Garraud, 1965; Muller-Feuga, 1965

Summary: Archambault, 1967 

Fresh-water storage in saline aq jifers.

Technical feasibility: Esmail, 1967 

General discussion: Whetstone, 1957 

Germany: Buchan, 1955; Taylo-, 1964; Tiemer, 1967 

Ground-water basin management: Fowler,

1964 

Holland: Buchan, 1955; Edward E. Johnson,

Inc., 1966 

Hydrology.

Site selection, method selection: Schiff,

1964b 

Illinois.

Feasibility: McDonald, 1967 

Illinois, Peoria: Edward E. Johnson, Inc.,

1966

Pit, collector wells: Jenkins, 1955 

India, Rewari Tehsil: Uppal, 19C6 

Infiltration rate.

Chemical and physical corsiderations:

Schiff, 1963b, 1964c, and 1966a 

Israel: Kahana, 1964

Mixing experiments: Harpaz, 1964 and

1965 

Israel, Coastal Plain.

Recharge wells, rates, fresh-water barrier:

Aberbach, 1967 

Leaching experiment: Biggar, 1?59

133
Recharge

Recharge Con.

Legislation: Holsinger, 1956

Maintenance: Committee on Ground-Water, 

Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1961

Methods: Committee on Ground-Water, Irrigation and Drainage Division, American 

Society of Civil Engineers, 1961; De Wiest, 

1965 

Effects of natural factors: Zaoui, 1965

Model study: Sunada, 1963a and 1963b

Morocco, Charf el Akab: Kazan, 1961b

Netherlands, Coastal Area: Baars, 1958 

Construction scheme: Bosch, 1965

Netherlands, Rhine Eiver.

Water quality: Huisman, 1967

New Mexico, High Plains. 

Methods: Minton, 1955

New York, Long Island: Edward E. Johnson, 

Inc., 1966; Welsch, 1956

Nuclear craters.

Economics, safety: Todd, 1965b

Operation: Committee on Ground-Water, Irrigation and Drainage Division, American 

Society of Civil Engineers, 1961

Oregon.

Summary: Price, 1965

Perspectives: Kazmann, 1967

Planning: Committee on Ground-Water, Irrigation and Drainage Division, American 

Society of Civil Engineers, 1961

Recovery ratio: Feuerstein, 1963

Site selection: Committee on Ground-Water, 

Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1961 

Geologic considerations: Richter, 1955

Summary: Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 1966

Sweden: Buchan, 1955; Taylor, 1964

Switzerland: Buchan, 1955

Texas, Edwards Plateau. 

Water value: Brune, 1966

Texas, High Plains: White, 1959 

Effect on economy: White, 1958 

Multipurpose wells: Anonymous, 1957a;

Blair, 1959; Valliant, 1966 

Wells, clogging: Cullinan, 1960 

Wells, rate: Broadhurst, 1957a

Texas, Lamb County.

Recharge wells, multipurpose wells, trench: 

Leggat, 1957

Texas, Lubbock.

Runoff: Anonymous, 1957g

Texas, Southern High Plains.

Geological considerations: Reeves, 1967

Management: Hauser, 1966

Methods and site selection: Rayner, 1967b

and 1967c 

Summary: Rayner, 1967a

Treatment criteria for waste water: Dickason, 1966

Underground storage of waste: Katz, 1968

United States: Buchan, 1955; Taylor, 1964 

Summary: Muegge, 1958; Task Group 

2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1956, 1960a, 1963b, and 1967; 

Todd, 1964

Recharge Con.

United States, Southwest: Fletcher, 1965 

Washington.

Summary: Price, 1965 

Waste-water reclamation. 

Economics of: Frankel, 1967 

Sanitary considerations: Onge-th, 1959 

Water-quality considerations, fresh-water

barriers: Vibert, 1965 

Wells, trenches: Scott, 1967 

Wisconsin, Muegge, 1958 

Recharge basins.

California: Gong-Guy, 1963 

Ground-water mounds.

Development and dissipation o*: Baumann, 

1957 and 1963b; Bittinger, 1965; Bouwer, 

1962a and 1963; Hantush, 19^a; Haskell, 

1965; Skinner, 1963

Infiltration study model: Johnson, A. I., 1963 

New York, Long Island.

Cooling-water return, infiltration rates:

Wichman, 1967

Storm runoff water: Welsch, 1959b 

New York, Nassau County: Welsch, 1959a

and 1960 

United States.

Summary of design and operation: Task 

Group 2440-R on Artificial GroundWater Recharge, 1963a 

Recharge capacity. 

Water quality.

Mathematical analysis on effert of: Huisman, 1965 

Recharge economics.

California: Skinner, 1966 

Recharge facilities.

Design of: Schiff, 1964a

Operational data: Schiff, 1966t 

Operation.

Clogging, bacterial activity: Schiff, 1963a 

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Recharge feasibility.

Washington, Walla Walla.

Factors affecting: Hart, 1957 

Recharge methods: Linsley, 1958; lluckel, 1960;

Watt, 1958 

Considerations: Linsley, 1964

Spreading, well recharge; Ferris, 1959 

Research, operating data; Noseda, 1967 

Review: Whetstone, 1955a 

Selection of: Muckel, 1959a, g'ehiff, 1964b 

and 1967 

Site characteristics, suspended-sediment

characteristics: Schiff, 1963a 

Site selection: Muckel, 1958 and 1962 

Spreading: Schiff, 1955 

Summary: Todd, 1959b and 1964 

Texas, Southern High Plains.

Canals, spreading, wells: Rayner, 1967b 

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Recharge pits.

California, Orange County.

Operation, problems: Crooke, 1966 

Canada, Alberta.

Economics of operation: Farvolden, 1963 

France, Paris, Seine River: Ma^soulie, 1961

134
Recharge pits Con. 

Illinois, Peoria: Jenkins, 1955; Suter, 1956b

and 1959 

Filter blankets, data summary: Smith,

H. F.. 1967

Infiltration rates: Suter, 1956a 

Operational findings: Suter, 1954 

Summary of operation: Suter, 1960 

Model study. 

Effect of geometry: Clyma, 1963; Dvoracek,

1963; Lehr, 1964; Scott, 1963 

North Dakota, Valley City: Kelly, 1967 

Utah.

Rates: Warnick, 1955 

Recharge plans. 

Israel.

Sewage, runoff water: Wiener, 1962 

Recharge potential.

California, Solano County.

Spreading: Thomasson, 1960 

Idaho, Moscow: Stevens, 1960 

Idaho, Snake River basin: Mundorff, 1964 

New Jersey: Widmer, 1966 

New Mexico, Lea County: Havens, 1966 

New Mexico, Roswell basin: Motts, 1964 

New York, Long Island.

Sewage effluent, fresh-water barrier: Pluhowski, 1964 

New York, Nassau County.

Recharge basins: Welsch, 1959a 

Recharge purposes. 

United States.

Summary: Task Group 2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1960b 

Recharge rates.

Arizona, Santa Cruz River.

Sewage recharge: Matlock, 1966 

California, Los Angeles County: Banks,

1957; Baumann, 1957 

Illinois: McDonald, 1967 

Illinois: Peoria.

Pits: Harmeson, 1959 

Israel. 

Wells: Harpaz, 1965; Mercado, 1965 and

1966; Sternau, 1966 

Israel, Dan Region.

Sewage, sprinkler application, sand dunes:

Yebuda, 1958

New Jersey, Deepwater: Anonymous, 1965a 

North Dakota, Valley City: Kelly, 1967 

Texas, Amarillo.

Well recharge: Moulder, 1957 

Texas, High Plains. 

Well recharge: Broadhurst, 1957a and

1957b 

Texas, Lubbock.

Well recharge: Broadhurst, 1957b 

United States: Task Group 2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1958 and 

1963b 

Utah.

Recharge pit: Warnick, 1955 

Washington, Walla Walla.

Well recharge: Price, 1961; Russell, 1960

Recharge

Recharge research. 

Arizona, Tempe. 

Soil permeability, ground-water mounds:

Bouwer, 1962c 

California.

Review: Schiff, 1960 

Theory, model studies: Todd, 1962 

California, Davis.

Models, management: Scott, 1963 

Water quality, wells, trenches- Scott, 1966 

California, San Joaquin Valley: Johnson, 

C. E.. 1959b 

Long Island, Bay Park, Riverhead: Parker,

1967

Specific yield: Johnson, A. I., 1933 

Texas, southern High Plains.

Wells, pits, shafts: Hauser, 1937b 

Recharge review: Hunziker, 1964; Soil Cons. 

Service 1967; Whetstone, 1955a 

California: Muckel, 1956

Recharge site selection: Muckel, 1959a, 1959b, 

and 1962; Schiff, 1967 

California: Richter, 1961 

Geologic and hydrologic considerations:

Richter, 1959 

California, Santa Clara Valley: Clarke, 1961

Percolation tests: Clarke, 1959 

Recharge sites.

North Dakota, Minot: Pettyjohn, 1967 

Recharge structures.

Texas, Edwards Plateau: Brune, 1966 

Recharge summary.

California: Richter, 1961

California, Southern: California Department

of Water Resources, 1961c and 1964 

Oregon: Hart, 1958 

Recharge trenches.

Construction, factors affecting hydraulic efficiency: Scott, 1967 

Texas, Lamb County: Leggat, IS57 

Recharge tunnel.

Cyprus, Famagusta: Whetstone, 1956 

Recharge water.

Compatibility with native water.

Determination of: Hem, 1960 

Netherlands.

Quality considerations: Biemond, 1965 

Quality.

Theory: Baars, 1958 

Recovery, mixing: Bear, 1965 

Recharge wells. 

Arkansas, Grand Prairie Region: Sniegocki,

1956b 

California.

Sewage: California University Sanitary 

Engineering Research Laboratory, 1955c 

California, Los Angeles County: Baumann, 

1955

Construction, operation: Laverty, 1955 

Recharge rates: Bauman, 1957 

Salt-water intrusion prevention: Bruington, 1967

California, Manhattan Beach: Bruington, 

1959a

135
Recharge

Recharge wells Con.

California, Redondo Beach.

Fresh-water barrier: Bruington, 1959b 

California, Richmond.

Operation, clogging: California University 

Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 1954

Construction, factors affecting hydraulic efficiency: Scott, 1967 

Drainage: Bear, 1966 

England, London Basin.

Economics, procedures: Boniface, 1959 

Ground-water mound.

Theory, operation: Baumann, 1963a 

Illinois, Peoria.

Collector well: Jenkins, 1955 

Israel.

Construction installation, operation: Sternau, 1967 

Model studies.

Hydraulics of flow: Mobasheri, 1963 

Morocco, Fez region.

Interference effects: Hazan, 1961a 

Movement of water bodies: Bear, 1965 

New Jersey, Deepwater: Anonymous, 1965b

and 1966

Rates: Anonymous, 1965a 

New York, Long Island.

Cooling-water recharge: Johnson, A. H., 

1955

Construction: Cohen, 1966 and 1967; Hoffman, 1956

New York, Nassau County: Welsch, 1960 

Ohio, Canton: Kazmann, 1958 

Patterns of flow.

Theory: da Costa, 1960 

Salt-water encroachment.

Pressure ridge: Baumann, 1963b 

Texas, El Paso.

Use of aquifer constants: Scalapino, 1955 

Texas, High Plains: Anonymous, 1957c; Valliant, 1960

Construction, operation: Valliant, 1961b

Cost: Billingsley, 1960

Experiment: Valliant, 1961a and 1962

Playa-lake drainage: Anonymous, 1958b

Playa-lake water, clogging: Valliant, 1964 

and 1967

Pressure injection: Johnson, Philip, 1967b 

Texas, Hockley County

Installation procedure: Wyatt, 1958 

United States

Construction, operation: Task Group 

2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1965 

Washington, Walla Walla

Experiments: Russell, 1960 

Replenishment assessment 

California, Orange County

Ground-water basin management: Crooke,

1958

Reservoir infiltration. 

Czechoslovakia.

Site selection: ZajiCek, 1967

Resistivity survey.

California, Santa Clara County: El-Rahman

Zohdy, 1964 

Review.

California recharge projects: Sehiff, 1960 

Spreading methods: Muckel, 1955 

Waste disposal: Warner, 1965 

Runoff-water recharge. 

Israel.

Studies: Berend, 1967b 

Russia. 

Donbas.

Electric analog evaluation of recharge:

Boot, 1967 

Induced recharge.

Ground-water basin management: Plotnikov, 1967 

Ukrainian S. S. R.

Recharge: Falovsky, 1967

Salt-water encroachment. 

California.

Prevention of: California State Water Resources Board, 1955 

Review: California Department of Water

Resources, 1958 

California, Alamitos Gap.

Fresh-water barrier: Johnsor. Michael,

1967 

California, Los Angeles.

Fresh-water barrier: Anonymous, 1957d 

California, Los Angeles County.

Fresh-water barrier: Banks, 1957; Bruington, 1967; Hedger, 1956; Laverty, 1955 

and 1962 

California, Manhattan Beach.

Fresh-water barrier: Baumann, 1957; Bruington, 1959a 

Fresh-water barrier.

Canal: Charmonman, 1967 

Netherlands, Amsterdam.

Fresh-salt water boundary calculation: Biemond, 1957 

New York, Long Island.

Fresh-water barrier: Peters, 19("7 

New York, Nassau County: Welsch, 1960 

Pressure ridge, recharge wells: Baumann,

1963b

Texas, El Paso: Scalapino, 1955 

Theory.

Model studies: California University Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 

1955a

United States: T§dd, 1960 

Seepage. 

Canal.

Conformal mapping: Hammad, 1961 

Factors affecting: Robinson, 1957 

Seepage meters.

Measurement of hydraulic conductivity and

infiltration: Bouwer, 1963b 

Seepage rates.

Prediction of: Berend, 1967a

136
Sewage recharge. 

Arizona, Tucson.

Infiltration: Matlock, 1966 

Biological clogging: Nevo, 1967 

California, Victorville: California Water Pollution Control Board, 1957 

Economics of: Frankel, 1967 

England.

Natural purification: Buchan, 1964 

Israel, Dan Region.

Sand dunes, sprinkler application: Peter,

1958

Israel, Tel Aviv: Amramy, 1965; Wiener, 1963 

Pollution travel: Krone, 1957a 

Sewage spreading. 

California.

Chemical changes during: Greenberg, 1955 

Lysimeter study.

Infiltration: California University Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 

1955b; Orlob, 1956b and 1958 

Siphon effect.

Well recharge: Sniegocki, 1962 and 1963b 

Site selection.

Considerations: Schiff, 1964b 

Delaware, Newark.

Infiltrometers: Groot, 1960 

Recharge: Muckel, 1958, 1959b, and 1962 

Spreading: Knezek, 1964 

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Soil salinity.

Effect on recharge water: Biggar, 1959 

Soil-water movement.

Devices for measurement of: Schiff, 1964a 

Recharge experiment: Bianchi, 1964 

Spreading.

California: Coe, 1957

Collapsible dam: Imbertson, 1959a, 1959b,

and 1960

Overirrigation: Hall, 1957a and 1957c 

Recharge pit, storm runoff: Gong-Guy, 1963 

Waste water: Bookman, 1959 

California, Alameda County.

Gravel pits: Whitfield, 1963 

California, Bakersfield. 

Summary: Bliss, 1957

California, Clear Lake-Cache Creek Basins. 

Basins, canals: California Department of

Water Resources, 1961b 

California, Fresno: Sieckman, 1957 

California, Fresno County.

Perched water table: Haskell, 1963 

California, Kern County: Jans, 1962 

Operation criteria: Balch, 1957 

Operation, cost, maintenance: Jans, 1959 

Over irrigation: Hall, 1957a and 1957c 

California, Los Angeles.

Investigation of waste-water reclamation: 

California Department of Water Resources, 1961a 

Sewage: Laverty, 1958

California, Los Angeles County: California 

Water Pollution Control Board, 1957; 

Hedger, 1956; Laverty, 1962 

Basins: Baumann, 1955

Spreading

Spreading Con. 

California Con.

Local, imported and reclaimed water: 

Haile, 1966

Waste-water reclamation: Parkhurst, 1964

and 1965; Salisbury, 1963 

California, Los Angeles Control District:

Laverty, 1957 

California, Montebello Forebay: Bruington,

1959b 

California, Orange County: Torws, 1963

Imported water: Crooke, 1961 

California, Salinas Valley: Muir, 1959 

California, San Joaquin Valley: Davis, 1959

Imported water: Brewer, 1959

Stream channel, canals, ponds: Davis, 1964 

California, Santa Clara Valley.

Infiltration rates: Widmer, 1966

Problems, solutions: Clarke, If61

Recharge-site selection: Clarke, 1959 

California, Tehachapi.

Basins: Jacobsen, 1959 

California, Tule River Irrigation District.

Earth canals, overirrigation, river percolation, sinking basins: Alexander, 1959 

California, Ventura County.

Summary: Price, 1959 

California, Whittier Narrows.

Waste water: California Water Quality 

Control Board, 1966

Water quality: McMichael, 1966 

Colorado: Bittinger, 1965 

Colorado, Cope.

Stream modification: Longerbaugh, 1966 

Colorado, Prospect Valley.

Ground-water mound dissipation: Bittinger, 1965; Skinner, 1963 

Electric analog.

Flow-system analysis: Bouwer, 1963a 

Delaware, Newark.

Site selection: Groot, 1960

Storm runoff: Boggess, 1962 

Geological considerations: Dutcher, 1966 

Ground-water mounds: Baunann, 1957:

Clyma, 1963

Hydraulics: Baumann, 1963b

Theory: Dagan, 1967 

Holland, Amsterdam.

Water quality, operation: Van Haaren, 

1965

Water quality, storage capacity: Venhuizen, 1967 

Hungary.

Basins: Fazold, 1967 

Infiltration basins.

Theory: Bear, 1966 

Infiltration rates.

Effects of organic residues: Johnson, C. E., 

1957

Factors affecting: Schiff, 1967

Ponds: Johnson, C. E., 1959a 

Israel.

Seepage rates, clogging: Berend, 1967a

Site evaluation: Berend, 1962

137
Spreading

Spreading Con. I Israel, Tel Aviv.

Sewage: Amramy, 1965 ' Methods.

Review: Muckel, 1955 

Methods, considerations: Schiff, 1956b 

Methods, site selection, operation procedures:

Schiff, 1955 

Michigan, Kalamazoo.

Infiltration rates: Sisson, 1955 

Models: Todd, 1961 

New Jersey, Seabrook.

Waste water: Barksdale, 1955 

Perched water table.

Effect of subsurface stratigraphy: Hall,

1957b

Selection of areas: Hall, 1955 

Sewage effluent: Laverty, 1961 

Site selection: Knezek, 1964 

Strip basins, circular basins, formulae:

Baumann, 1965 

System selection.

Use of Darcy's law in: Schiff, 1956a 

Texas. Edwards Plateau.

Stream modification: Green, 1965 

Theory.

Effect of basin geometry, boundary conditions: Todd, 1961

Vector control considerations: Kramer, ]963 

Waste water.

Operation procedures: Seares, 1966 

Spreading basins.

California, San Joaquin Valley.

Ground-water movement beneath: Schiff,

1962 

Spreading strips.

California, Los Angeles County: Baumann,

1963a 

Storage coefficient.

Influence of initial water thickness and

drawdown: Vachaud, 1967 

Studies. 

Israel.

Runoff-water recharge: Berend, 1967b 

Summary.

Arkansas, Grand Prairie region. 

Well recharge: Sniegocki, 1965 

California: California Division Water Resources, 1955 

California, Ventura County.

Spreading: Price, 1959 

Colorado.

Recharge research: Bittinger, 1961 

France.

Recharge, storage: Archambault, 1967 

Illinois, Peoria.

Recharge pit operation: Suter, 1960 

Industrial-waste injection wells: Warner,

1967b

New York, Long Island: Parker, 1967 

Recharge: Edward E. Johnson, Inc., 1966;

Noseda, 1967

Recharge methods: Todd, 1959b 

Texas, Southern High Plains. 

Recharge: Rayner, 1967a

Summary Con. 

United States.

Recharge: Muegge, 1958; Task Group 

2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1956, 1958, 1960a, 1963b and 

1967; Todd, 1964

Recharge basins, design, operation: Task 

Group 2440-R on Artific'al GroundWater Recharge, 1963a

Recharge purposes: Task Group 2440-R 

on Artificial Ground-Wate~ Recharge, 

1960b 

Suspended sediment.

Permissible amounts: Muravev, 1967 

Suspended-sediment removal. 

California.

Chemicals: Imbertson, 1959a and 1959b 

California, Los Angeles County.

Chemicals: Salisbury, 1963 

California, Santa Clara Valley.

Chemicals: Roll, 1963 

Filters: Schiff, 1961 

Grass filters: Wilson, 1967 

Model study.

Filter: Anonymous, 1961a 

Texas, Castro County.

Chemicals: Anonymous, 1959a 

Texas, Floyd County.

Filter: Anonymous, 1961b 

Texas, High Plains.

Centrifuge: Broadhurst, 1962 

Chemicals: Broadhurst, 196")a; Clyma, 

1961; Katzer, 1959; Rebhun, 1967; Winn, 

1960 

Chemicals, filters: Valliant, 1961a and

1963

Chemicals, pumping: Clyma, 1S60 

Filters, chemicals: Jensen, 1959a 

Texas, Lubbock County.

Chemicals: Broadhurst, 1960b 

Filters: Anonymous, 1959b 

Texas, Southern High Plains.

Chemicals: Hauser, 1967a; Winn, 1961 

Sweden.

Recharge: Buchan, 1955; Taylor, 1964

Data on: De Wiest, 1965; Todd. 1959b 

Switzerland.

Induced recharge.

Effect on ground-water te-nperatures:

Trueb, 1962 

Recharge: Buchan, 1955

Temperature. 

Well recharge.

Effect on: Sniegocki, 1960 

Texas. 

Amarillo.

Well recharge: Moulder, 1957 

Castro County.

Suspended-sediment removal vith chemicals: Anonymous, 1959a 

Edwards Plateau.

Recharge structures: Brune, 1966 

Spreading, stream modification: Green, 

1965

138
Texas Con. 

El Paso.

Well recharge: Leggat, 1962

Recharge wells: Scalapino, 1955 

Floyd County.

Suspended-sediment removal: Anonymous;

1961b 

High Plains.

Filters: Scott, 1961

Gravel filter system: Fink, 1961

Multipurpose wells: Blair, 1959; Clyma, 

1964; Jensen, 1959a

Multipurpose wells, suspended-sediment 

removal: Valliant, 1966

Recharge: Anonymous, 1957a; White, 1959

Recharge as a conservation measure: 

Anonymous, 1957b

Recharge costs: Billingsley, 1960.

Recharge well: Anonymous, 1957c and 

1958b; Valliant, 1960, 1961a, 1961b, and 

1962; White, 1958

Recharge wells, aquifer clogging: Cullinan, 

1960

Recharge wells, clogging, recharge rate: 

Broadhurst, 1957a

Recharge wells, playa-lake water: Valliant, 

1964 and 1967

Recharge wells, suspended-sediment removal: Valliant. 1963

Suggested recharge methods: Whetstone, 

1955b

Suspended-sediment removal: Clyma, 1960 

and 1961; Katzer, 1959

Well recharge: Broadhurst, 1955a and 

1955b; Rebhun, 1967

Well recharge, playa-lake water: Schwiesow, 1965; Valliant, 1963 and 1965

Well recharge, suspended-sediment removal: Broadhurst, 1960a; Winn, 1960 

Hockley County.

Recharge well installation: Wyatt, 1958

Well recharge, suspended sediment: Jensen, 1959b 

Lamb County.

Recharge wells, multipurpose wells: Leggat, 1957 

Lubbock County.

Recharge rates, suspended-sediment removal: Broadhurst, 1960b

Suspended-sediment removal: Anonymous,

1959b 

Martin County.

Underground storage, well recharge, lake

water: Anonymous, 1964 

Midland.

Well recharge: Reed, 1959 

Southern High Plains.

Management: Hauser, 1966

Recharge: Rayner, 1967b

Recharge research: Hauser, 1967b

Recharge summary: Rayner, 1967a

Storage schemes: Reeves, 1967

Recharge methods, site selection: Rayner, 

1967c

Theory

Texas Con.

Southern High Plains Con. 

Recharge wells: Johnson, Philip, 1967a

and 1967b 

Well recharge, experiments, playa-lake

water: Cronin, 1961 and 1964 

Well recharge, suspended sediment removal: Hauser, 1967a; Winn, 1961 

Well recharge test: Cullinan, If61 

Winkler County.

Waste-water recharge, pit recharge:

Garza, 1959 

Theory.

Canal seepage.

Formation of fresh-water lenses: Grodzensky, 1967; Shestakov, 1967 

Dispersion: Ogata, 1963

Numerical solutions: Shamir, 1967 

Electric analog.

Ground-water mounds: Jacob, 1960 

Evaluation of.

Model study: Sunada, 1963a 

Ground-water mound.

Development and dissipation of: Bittinger,

1965; Hantush, 1967a 

Model study: Marmion, 1962 

Recharge well: Baumann, 1963a 

Spreading: Dagan, 1967 

Ground-water storage: Tiemer, 1967 

Hydrodynamic dispersion: Bear, 1967a 

Induced recharge.

Non-steady flow: De Wiest, 1967

Rates, quantity: Hantush, 1964, 1965,

1967b

Infiltration: Smith, W. O., 1967 

Infiltration basins: Bear, 1966 

Mathematical model.

Canal seepage: Charmonman, 1967 

Mixing.

Model studies: Hoopes, 1967a and 1967b 

Models.

Aquifer constants, limit conditions: Prudhomme, 1967 

Pit recharge.

Formation of fresh-water lenses: Grodzensky, 1967

Recharge water quality: Baars, 1958 

Recharge wells.

Determination of aquifer constants: Esmaili, 1967

Patterns of flow: da Costa, 1960 

Recharge wells. ground-water mounds:

Baumann, 1965 

Recovery.

Fresh-water storage in saline aquifers:

Esmail, 1967 

Salt-water encroachment.

Model studies: California University Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, 

1955a 

Spreading.

Effect of basin geometry, boundary conditions: Todd, 1961

Perched water tables, lateral flow: Hall, 

1955

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Theory

Theory Con.

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

Well recharge: Cooper, 1966; Glazunov, 1967;

Leczfalvy, 1961

Well recharge, mixing: Mercado, 1966b 

Tracers. 

Recharge.

Use considerations: Biggar, 1961

Underground storage of fluids: Katz, 1968 

United States.

Induced recharge.

Equilibrium pumping test method of analysis: Mikels, 1956 

Recharge: Buchan, 1955; Taylor, 1964

Summary: Muegge, 1958; Task Group 

2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1956, 1958, 1960a, 1963b and 1967 

Recharge data: Todd, 1959b 

Recharge purposes.

Summary: Task Group 2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1960b 

Recharge wells.

Construction, operation: Task Group 

2440-R on Artificial Ground-Water Recharge, 1965

Salt-water encroachment: Todd, 1960 

Southwest.

Recharge: Fletcher, 1965 

Summary.

Recharge basins, design, operation: Task 

Group 2440-R on Artificial GroundWater Recharge, 1963a 

Waste-water recharge: California Water

Pollution Control Board, 1955 

Western.

Water rights: Harding, 1955 

Utah.

Experiment.

Recharge pit, infiltration rate: Warnick, 

1955

Viscosity.

Well recharge.

Effects on: Sniegocki, 1960

Washington.

Recharge summary: Hart, 1958; Price. 1965 

Walla Walla.

Recharge feasibility: Hart, 1957 

Recharge well experiments: Russell, 1960 

Well recharge: Garrett, 1962; Price, 1961 

Washington, D.C.

Economics of municipal waste-water recharge: Frankel, 1967 

Waste disposal.

Feasibility of nuclear exposions for.

Laboratory and mathematical studies:

Korver, 1966 

Porous media.

Model: Palmquist, 1962 

Recharge.

Pulp and paper industry, problems: Orlob,

1957 

Review: Warner, 1965 and 1967b

Waste disposal Con. 

Wisconsin.

Infiltration, models: Wright, 1960 

Waste Water.

Treatment criteria.

Recharge methods and locations: Dickason,

1966

Waste-water recharge. 

California.

Spreading: Bookman, 1959 

Spreading, recharge wells: California University Sanitary Engineering Research 

Laboratory, 1955c 

California, Los Angeles.

Fresh-water barrier: Laverty, 1958 

California, Orange County.

Treated sewage: Hennessy, 1967 

Chemical reactions.

Precipitates, effects on permeability:

Warner, 1966 

Mexico, Mexico City.

Sewage: Kehr, 1957 

Michigan, Kalamazoo: Sisson, 1955 

Movement: Feuerstein, 1963 

New York, Nassau County: Wehch, 1960 

Spreading.

Operational procedures: Scare? 1966 

United States: California Water Pollution

Control Board, 1955 

Waste-water reclamation.

California: California Water PoMution Control Board, 1957 

Sewage and industrial waste: California

Dept. Water Resources, 1958 

Sewage spreading: Greenberg, 1955 

California, Los Angeles County.

Spreading: Parkhurst, 1965; Rawn, 1957;

van der Goot, 1957 

California, San Diego County.

Spreading: Oldsen, 1962 

California, Whittier Narrows: Laverty, 1962

Spreading: Parkhurst, 1964 

Infiltration, direct injection.

Sanitary considerations: OngerMi, 1959 

Lysimeter study.

Infiltration: Orlob. 1956b and 1958 

New York, Long Island.

Sewage recharge: Baffa, 1967 

Quality and treatment: Brown, 1£65 

Recharge.

Water quality: Orlob, 1956a 

Spreading, well injection: Laverty, 1961 

Waste-water spreading.

California, Whittier Narrows.

Effects on ground-water quality: California

Water Quality Control Board, 1966 

Water quality. 

California.

Criteria: McKee, 1963 

California, Santa Clara Valley.

Monitoring program: Roll, 1963 

California, Whittier Narrows.

Effect of intermittent spreading: McMichael, 1966

140
Water quality Con.

Changes during induced recharge: Klaer,

1963

Effect of soil nitration: Baars, 1957 

Effect of retention time and travel: Huisman, 1965 

Holland, Amsterdam.

Effects of infiltration: Van Haaren, 1965

Spreading, storage, storage capacity:

Venhuizen, 1967 

Hungary.

Effect of spreading: Fazold, 1967 

Netherlands.

Effects of infiltration: Leefiang, 1965 

Netherlands, Rhine River.

Effect of retention time on: Huisman, 1967 

Problems: Vibert, 1965 

Waste-water reclamation.

Spreading, injection: Orlob, 1956a 

Well recharge, geochemical aspects, clogging:

Crawford, 1966; Sniegocki, 1963c 

Water rights: Thomas, 1961 

California.

Legislation: Krieger, 1955 

United States, Western: Harding, 1955 

Well recharge.

Arizona: Maddox, 1960

Arkansas, Grand Prairie region: Sniegocki,

1956a

Clogging by air entrainment: Sniegocki,

1959

Clogging due to air and iron precipitation: Sniegocki, 1957 and 1958

Effect of temperature, viscosity: Sniegocki,

1960

Equipment and controls: Sniegocki, 1963a 

Geochemical aspects: Sniegocki, 1963c 

Problems, clogging: Sniegocki, 1963d 

Siphon effect: Sniegocki, 1962 and 1963b 

Summary: Sniegocki, 1965

California.

Sewage and flood water: Bookman, 1957 

Waste water: Bookman, 1959

California, Lindsay.

Water recovery: Trauger, 1962

California, Los Angeles County.

Fresh-water barrier: Haile, 1966; Hedger, 

1956

Wisconsin

Well recharge Con. 

Effects of filters: Johnson, C. E., 1959a;

Schiff, 1961 

Israel, Haifa.

Spreading pattern: Mercado, 19"7 

New Mexico, Lea County.

Experiments: Havens, 1966 

Oregon, The Dalles.

Pressure injection: Foxworthy, 1967 

Sewage: Laverty, 1961

Operation of: Krone, 1957a 

Texas, Amarillo.

Intra-aquifer transfer: Moulder, 1957 

Texas, El Paso: Leggat, 1962 

Texas, Hockley County.

Suspended sediment: Jensen, 1959b 

Texas High Plains.

Playa-lake water: Broadhurst, 1960a; Schwiesow, 1965; Valliant, 1963, 1965

Rates: Broadhurst, 1955a and 1955b

Suspended-sediment removal: Rebhun,

1967; Winn, 1960 

Texas, Lubbock.

Playa-lake water, rates: Broadhurst, 1957b 

Texas, Martin County.

Lake water: Anonymous, 1964 

Texas, Midland: Reed, 1959 

Texas, southern High Plains: Winn, 1961

Experiments, playa-lake water: Cronin, 

1961 and 1964; Cullinan, 1961

Pollution travel: Hauser, 1967a

Suspended-sediment removal: Hauser,

1967b 

Theory: Cooper, 1966; Glazunov, 1967;

Leczfalvy, 1961 

Washington, Walla Walla.

Effect on well, water quality: Price, 1961

Elimination of air clogging: Garrett, 1962 

Waste-water mixing:

Theory: Hoopes, 1967a and 1967b 

Wisconsin.

Recharge: Muegge, 1958 

Superior.

Induced recharge: Anonymous, 1958a 

Wausau.

Waste disposal: Wright, 1960

 & U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1969 0 357-779

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