DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRKCTOB

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 285

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OF THE 

UNITED STATES

1910

- PAET V. HUDSON BAY AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF M. 0. LEIGHTON

BY

ROBERT FOLLANSBEE, A. H. BORTON

AND G. C. STEVENS

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1912
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

WATER- SUPPLY PAPER 285

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OF THE 

UNITED STATES

1910

PART V. HUDSON BAY AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF M. 0. LEIGHTON

BY

ROBERT FOLLANSBEE, A. H. HORTON 

AND G. C. STEVENS

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1912
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction.............................................................. 7

Authority for investigations................................. c........... 7

Scope of investigations.................................................. 8

Publications................................................."......... 9

Definition of terms..................................................... 12

Convenient equivalents................................................ 12

Explanation of data.................................................... 13

Accuracy and reliability of field data and comparative results............. 15

Cooperative data...................................................... 17

Cooperation and acknowledgements...................................... 18

Division of work...................................................... 19

Gaging stations maintained in Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River drainage basins.............................................................. 19

Hudson Bay drainage area in the United States.............................. 22

Principal streams........................................................ 22

St. Mary River........................................................ 22

General features of area drained.................................... 22

St. Mary River near Babb, Mont.................................... 23

St. Mary River below Swiftcurrent Creek, at Babb, Mont............ 25

St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta.............................. 27

Swiftcurrent Creek near Babb, Mont................................ 29

Red River. ....^...................................................... 31

General features of area drained.................................... 31

Ottertail River near Fergus Falls, Minn ............................. 35

Red River near Fergus Falls, Minn................................. 38

Red River at Fargo, N. Dak....................................... 39

Red River at Grand Forks, N. Dak. ....]..........................; 41

Pelican River near Fergus Falls, Minn............................... 44

Wild Rice River................................................... 47

General features of area drained............................... 47

Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minn.......................... 50

Devils Lake near Devils Lake, N. Dak............................... 52

Red Lake River.................................................... 53

General features of area drained............................... 53

Red Lake River at Thief River Falls, Minn...................... 57

Red Lake River at Crookston, Minn.v.......................... 59

Thief River near Thief River Falls, Minn........................ 62

Clearwater River at Red Lake Falls, Minn...................... 65

Pembina River.................................................... 67

Pembina River at Neche, N. Dak................................. 67

Mouse River....................................................... 70

General features of area drained............................... 70

Mouse River at Minot, N. Dak.................................. ^ 71

Evaporation at University, N. Dak.................................. 73

3
4 CONTENTS.

Hudson Bay drainage in the United States Continued. Page.

Rainy River........................................................... 75

General features of area drained.................................... 75

Rainy River at International Falls, Minn........................... 80

Rainy Lake near Ranier, Minn...................................... 81

Little Fork River................... , ............................. 82

General features of area drained................................ 82

Little Fork River at Little Fork, Minn ......................... 83

Big Fork River.................................................... 86

General features of area drained................................ 86

Big Fork River at Big Falls, Minn.............................. 87

Upper Mississippi River drainage basin..................................... 90

General features....................................................... 90

Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn............................. 95

Mississippi River near Fort Ripley, Minn............................... 106

Mississippi River at Anoka, Minn....................................... 107

Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn...................................... Ill

Sandy River.......................................................... 135

Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn...................... 135

Pine River............................................................ 148

Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn........................ 148

Crow Wing River....................................................... 160

General features of area drained.................................... 160

Crow Wing River at Nimrod, Minn................................. 162

Crow Wing River at Pillager, Minn.................................. 163

Long Prairie River near Motley, Minn.............................. 166

Sauk River........................................................... 169

General features of area drained.................................... 169

Sauk River near St. Cloud, Minn.................................... 171

Crow River........................................................... 174

General features of area drained.................................... 174

North Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn...................... 175

Crow River at Rockford, Minn...................................... 176

South Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn...................... 178

Bum River........................................................... 180

General features of area drained.................................... 180

Rum River at Onamia, Minn........................................ 183

Rum River at Cambridge, Minn..................................... 186

Minnesota River...................................................... 189

General features of area drained.................................... 189^

Minnesota River near Odessa, Minn................................. 194

Minnesota River near Montevideo, Minn............................ 197

Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn................................ 199

Whetstone River near Big Stone, S. Dak............................. 210

Lac Qui Parle River at Lac Qui Parle, Minn........................'. 211

Chippewa River near Watson, Minn................................. 212

Redwood River near Redwood Falls, Minn.......................... 214

Cottonwood River near New Ulm, Minn ............................ 217

Blue Earth River at Rapidan Mills, Minn........................... 219

St. Croix River........................................................ 223

General features of area drained................................... 223

Kettle River....................................................... 224

General features of area drained................................ 224

Kettle River near Sandstone, Minn.............................. 226
CONTENTS. 5

Upper Mississippi River drainage basin Continued. Page.

St. Croix River Continued.

Snake River........................................................ 228

General features of area drained................................ 228

Snake River at Mora, Minn..................................... 230

Cannon River.......................................................... 232

General features of area drained..................'.....,............ 232

Cannon River at Welch, Minn....................................... 234

Chippewa River........................................................ 237

General features of area drained.................................... 237

Chippewa River at Chippewa Falls, Wis............................. 240

Red Cedar River at Cedar Falls, Wis................................ 241

Zumbro River......................................................... 242

General features of area drained.................................... 242

Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn................................ 243

Boot River........................................................... 246 

General features of area drained.................................... 246

Root River near Houston, Minn..................................... 249

North Branch of Root River near Lanesboro, Minn................... 252

Wisconsin River....................................................... 253

General features of area drained.................................... 253

Wisconsin River near Rhinelander, Wis............................. 256

Wisconsin River at Merrill, Wis..................................... 257

Wisconsin River near Necedah, Wis................................. 259

Wapsipinicon River................................................... 260

General features of area drained.................................... 260

Wapsipinicon River at Stone City, Iowa............................. 261

Iowa River............................................................ 262

General features of area drained.................................... 262

Cedar River near Austin, Minn....................................... 264

Des Moines River...................................................... 267

General features of area drained.................................... 267

Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn................................. 268

Illinois River......................................................... 270

General features of area drained.................................... 270

Sangamon River.................................................. 270

General features of area drained................................ 270

Sangamon River near Monticello, 111............................. 271

Sangamon River at Riverton, 111................................ 273

Sangamon River near Oakford, 111.............................. 275

South Fork of Sangamon River near Taylorville, 111 ............. 277

Salt Creek near Kenney, 111.................................... 280

Cahokia Creek........................................................ 282

General features of area drained.................................... 282

Cahokia Creek near Poag, 111....................................... 283

Kaskaskia River...................................................... 285

General features of area drained.................................... 285

Kaskaskia River near Arcola, 111................................... 285

Kaskaskia River at Shelbyville, 111.................................. 287

Kaskaskia River at Vandalia, 111.................................... 289

Kaskaskia River at Carlyle, HI..................................... 294

Kaskaskia River at New Athens, 111................................ 294

Shoal Creek near Breese, 111......................................... 296

Silver Creek near Lebanon, 111................................__. 299
6 CONTENTS.

Upper Mississippi River drainage basin Continued. Page.

Big Muddy Biver...................................................... 301

General features of area drained.................................... 301

Big Muddy Biver near Cambon, 111........................... r ..... 302

Beaucoup Creek near Pinckneyville, 111............................ 304

Miscellaneous measurements................................................ 306

Summary of mean discharge per square mile ............................... 307

Index.................................................................... 309

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Typical gaging stations: J., For bridge measurement; B, For wading

measurement.................................................. 14

II. Small Price current meters ...................................... 14

III. A, Dayton Hollow dam on Ottertail Biver below Fergus Falls, Minn.;

B, Measurement of Rainy Biver at International Falls, Minn...,. 38

IV. A, Log jam on Little Fork Biver, Minn.; B, Dam on St. Louis Biver

6 miles below Skibo, Minn....................................... 82
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OF HUDSON BAT AND UPPER 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS, 1910.

By ROBERT FOLLANSBEE, A. H. HORTON, and G. C. STEVENS.

INTRODUCTION.

AUTHORITY FOR INVESTIGATIONS.

This volume contains results of measurements of the flow of certain 

streams in the United States. The work was performed by the 

United States Geological Survey, either independently or in cooperation with private or State organizations. The organic law of the 

Geological Survey (Stat. L., vol. 20, p. 394) contains the following 

paragraph:

Provided, That this officer [the Director] shall have the direction of the geological 

survey and the classification of public lands and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain.

As water is the most abundant and most valuable of the minerals 

the investigation of water resources is authorized under the provision for examining mineral resources. The work has been supported 

since the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, by appropriations in successive sundry civil bills passed by Congress under the following 

item:

For gaging the streams and determining the water supply of the United States, and 

for the investigation of underground currents and artesian wells, and for the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing the water resources.

The various appropriations that have been made for this purpose 

are as follows:

Annual appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30 

1895................................................................. 112,500

1896................................................................. 20,000

1897 to 1900, inclusive............................................... 50,000

1901 to 1902, inclusive............................................... 100,000

1903 to 1906, inclusive............................................... 200,000

1907.................!............................................... 150,000

1908 to 1910, inclusive............................................... 100,000

1911.....,.. ...................................................... 150,000
8 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V. 

SCOPE OF INVESTIGATIONS.

These investigations are not complete nor are they inclusive of all 

the streams that might purposefully be studied. The scope of the 

work is limited by the appropriations available. The field covered 

is the widest and the character of the work is believed to be the best 

possible under the controlling conditions. The work would undoubtedly have greater scientific importance and ultimately be of more 

practical value if the money now expended for wide areas were 

concentrated on a few small drainage basins; but such a course is 

impossible because general appropriations made by Congress are 

applicable to all parts of the country. Each part demands its proportionate share of the benefits.

It is essential that records of stream flow shall be kept during a 

period of years long enough to determine within reasonable limits 

the entire range of flow from the absolute maximum to the absolute 

minimum. The length of such a period manifestly differs for different streams. Experience has shown that the records for some 

streams should cover 5 to 10 years, and those for other streams 20 

years or even more, the limit being determined by the relative 

importance of the stream and the interdependence of the results 

with other long-time records on adjacent streams.

In the performance of this work an effort is made to reach the 

highest degree of precision possible with a rational expenditure of 

time and a judicious expenditure of a small amount of money. In 

all engineering work there is a point beyond which refinement is 

needless and wasteful, and this statement applies with especial force 

to stream-flow measurements. It is confidently believed that the 

stream-flow data presented in the publications of the Survey are in 

general sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. Many of the 

records are, however, of insufficient length, owing to the unforeseen 

reduction of appropriations and consequent abandonment of stations. 

All persons are cautioned to exercise the greatest care in using such 

incomplete records.

Records have been obtained at nearly 2,000 different points in 

the United States. The surface water supply of small areas in 

Seward Peninsula and the Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, and in 

Hawaii has also been investigated. During 1910 regular gaging 

stations were maintained by the Survey and cooperating organizations 

at about 1,100 points in the United States, and many discharge measurements were made at other points. Data were also obtained in 

regard to precipitation, evaporation, storage reservoirs, river profiles, 

and water power in many sections of the country, and will be made 

available in the regular surface water-supply papers and in special 

papers from time to time.
INTRODUCTION. 9

PUBLICATIONS.

The data on stream flow collected by the United States Geological 

Survey have appeared in the annual reports, bulletins, and watersupply papers. Owing to natural processes of evolution and to 

changes in governmental requirements the character of the work 

and the territory covered by these different publications have varied 

greatly. For the purpose of uniformity in the presentation of reports 

a general plan has been agreed upon by the United States Reclamation 

Service, the United States Forest Service, the United States Weather 

Bureau, and the United States Geological Survey, according to which 

the area of the United States has been divided into twelve parts, 

whose boundaries coincide with certain natural drainage lines. The 

areas so described are indicated by the following list of papers on 

surface water supply for 1910. The dividing line between the north 

Atlantic and south Atlantic drainage areas lies between York and 

James rivers.

Papers on surface water supply of the United States, 1910.

Part.

I

II

III

IV

V 

VI

VII 

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

No.

281

282

283

284

285 

286

287 

288

289

290

291 

292

Title.

North Atlantic coast.

South Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico.

Ohio River basin.

St. Lawrence River basin.

Upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay basins. 

Missouri River basin.

Lower Mississippi River basin. 

Western Gulf of Mexico.

Colorado River basin.

Great basin.

California, Pacific coast. 

North Pacific coast.

The following table gives the character of data regarding stream 

flow at regular stations to be found in the various publications" of the 

United States Geological Survey, exclusive of special papers:

Stream-flow data in reports of the United States Geological Survey. 

[A=Annual Report; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper.]

Report.

10th A, pt. 2..........

llth A, pt. 2..........

12th A, pt. 2..........

]3thA,pt.3..........

14thA,pt.2..........

B131..... .............

16th A, pt. 2..........

B140..................

WS 11....... ..........

18th A, pt. 4..........

WS15.................

Character of data.

.....do...........................................................

Descriptions, measurements, gage heights, ratings, and monthly 

discharge (also many data covering earlier years).

Descriptions, measurements, ratings, and monthly discharge 

(also similar data for earlier years). 

Descriptions, measurements, and gage heights, eastern United 

States, eastern Mississippi River, and Missouri River above 

junction with Kansas.

Year.

1884 to Sept., 

1890. 

1884 to June 30, 

1891. 

1884 to Dec. 31, 

1892. 

1888 to Dec. 31, 

1893. 

1893 and 1894.

1895.

1896. 

1895 and 1896.

1897.
10 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Stream-flow data, in reports of the United States Geological Survey Continued.

Report.

W816.................

19th A, pt. 4..........

WS27.................

WS28.................

20thA.pt. 4.. ........

WS 35 to 39 ...........

21st A, pt. 4...........

WS 47 to 52 ...........

22d A, pt. 4. ..........

WS65V66..... ........

WS75..... ............

WS82to85... ........

WS 97 to 100..........

WS 124 to 135. ........

WS 165 to 178.........

WS 201 to 214.. .......

WS 241 to 252.. .......

WS 261 to 272. ........

WS281 to 292... ......

Character of data.

Descriptions, measurements, and gage heights, western Mississippi River below junction of Missouri and Platte, and western United States. 

Descriptions, measurements, ratings, and monthly discharge 

(also some long-time records). 

Measurements, ratings, and gage heights, eastern United States, 

eastern Mississippi River, and Missouri River. 

Measurements, ratings, and gage heights, Arkansas River and 

western United States.

.....do...........................................................

.....dor . .........................................................

.....do...........................................................

Year.

1897.

1897. 

1898. 

1898.

1898. 

1899. 

1899. 

1900. 

1900. 

1901. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907-8. 

1909. 

1910.

NOTE. No data regarding stream flow are given in the fifteenth and seventeenth annual reports.

The records at most of the stations discussed in these reports extend 

over a series of years. An index of the reports containing records 

prior to 1904 has been published in Water-Supply Paper 119.

The first table which follows gives, by years and drainage basins,1 

the numbers of the papers on surface water supply -published from 

1899 to 1910. Wherever the data for a drainage basin appear in two 

papers the number of one is placed in parentheses and the portion 

of the basin covered by that paper is indicated in the second table. 

For example, in 1904 the data for Missouri River were published in 

Water-Supply Papers 130 and 131, and the portion of the records 

contained in Water-Supply Paper 131, as indicated by the second 

table, is that relating to Platte and Kansas rivers.

Numbers of water-supply papers containing results of stream measurements, 1899-1910.

Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico: 

New England rivers. . ...........................

Hudson River to Delaware River, inclusive..... . 

Susquehanna River to York River, inclusive ....

Mississippi River: 

Ohio Kiver... ...................................

Western Gulf of Mexico... . ..........................

Pacific coast and Great Basin:

South Pacific coast to Klamath River, inclusive. .

18991

35

35 

35 

(35), 36

36

36

36

36

(36), 37

37

37

(37), 38

38, (39)

(38), 39 

38

19002

47

47, (48) 

48 

48

48

49

Aft (AQ)

49

49, (50)

50

50

50

51

51 

51

1901

65,75

65,75 

65,75 

65,75

65,75

65,75

66,75

65,75

65,75

66,75

/ (65),

\ 66,75 

66,75

66,75

66,75

66,75 

66,75

1902

82

82 

82 

(82), 83

83

(82), 83

85

83

83

84

} (83), 84-

84

85

85

85 

85

1903

97

97 

97 

(97), 98

98

97

100

98

98, (99)

99

(98), 99

99

100

100

100 

100

i Rating tables and index to Water-Supply Papers 35-39 contained in Water-Snpply Paper 39. 

3 Rating tables and index to Water-Supply Papers 47-52 and data on precipitation, wells, and irrigation 

in California and Utah contained in Water-Supply Paper 52.
INTRODUCTION. 11

Numbers of water-supply papers containing results of stream measurements, 1899-1910 

Continued.

Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico:

Hudson River to Delaware River, inclusive. . ....

Susquehanna River to York River, inclusive. ....

Hudson Bay .........................................

Mississippi River: 

Ohio River.. .....................................

Upper Mississippi River. ........................

Missouri River. . .................................

Pacific coast and Great Basin:

' South Pacific coast to Klamath River, inclusive. .

1904

124

125

126 

126

127

129

130

128

/ 128,

I (130) 

1 130,

I (131) 

/ (128),

\ 131 

132

/ 133,

I (134) 

/ 133,

I (134) 

134

toe

1905

165

166

167 

167

168

170

171

169 1 '"

\ 172

(169),

173 

174

175,

^^

*&

1 (177),

\ 178

1906

201

202

203 

203

204

206

207

205

JU7 

208

(205),

209 

210

211,

(213) 

212,

(213) 

213

1 214

1907-8

241

241

241 

242

242

244

245

94<*

245 

246

| 247

248

249,

(251) 

250,

(251) 

251

252

1909

261

261

261 

262

262

264

265

263

265 

266

267

268

269,

(271) 

270,

(271) 

271

979

1910

281

281

281 

2S2

282

284

285

283

JXM

286

287

288

\ 289 / 

\ 290

291 

292

Numbers of water-supply papers containing data covering portions of drainage basins.

No.

35

36

37

38

39

48

49

50

65

82

93

Q7

OS

99

198

130

134

IRQ

177

305

213

951

971

River basin.

Ohio...............................

Missouri. . .........................

\Great Basin. ......................

i Great Basin........................

Tributaries included.

Gallatin.

junction with Platte.

T>o.

Platte, Kans.

Data at Hardyville repeated; at Yuma, Salton Sea.

Yuma and Salton Sea stations repeated. v

The order of treatment of stations in any basin in these papers is 

downstream. The main stem of any river is determined by measuring or estimating the drainage area; that is, the headwater stream 

having the largest drainage area is considered the continuation of the 

main stream, and local changes in name and lake surface are disregarded. Records for all stations from the source to the mouth of the
12 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

main stem of the river are presented first, and records for the tributaries in regular order from source to mouth follow, all records in each 

tributary basin being given before those of the next basin below.

The exceptions to this rule occur in the records for Mississippi 

River, which are given in four parts, as indicated above, and in the 

records for large lakes, where it is simpler to take up the streams in 

regular order around the rim of the lake than to cross back and forth 

over the lake surface.

DEFINITION OF TERMS.

The volume of water flowing in a stream the "run-off" or "discharge" is expressed in various terms, each of which has become 

associated with a certain class of work. These terms may be divided 

into two groups (1) those which represent a rate of flow, as secondfeet, gallons per minute, miner's inches, and run-off in second-feet per 

square mile, and (2) those which represent the actual quantity of 

water; as run-off in depth in inches and acre-feet. The units used in 

this series of reports are second-feet, second-feet per square mile, and 

run-off in inches and acre-feet. They may be defined as follows:

"Second-foot" is an abbreviation for cubic foot per second and is 

the rate of discharge of water flowing in a stream 1 foot wide, 1 foot 

deep, at a rate of 1 foot per second. It is generally used as a fundamental unit from which others are computed by the use of the factors 

given in the following table of equivalents.

"Second-feet per square mile" is the average number of cubic feet 

of water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on 

the assumption that the run-off is distributed uniformly both as 

regards time and area.

"Run-off in inches" is the depth to which the drainage area would 

'be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period were conserved and uniformly distributed on the surface. It is used for comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed in depth in 

inches.

"Acre-foot" is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet, and is the quantity 

required to cover an acre to the depth of 1 foot. It is commonly used 

in connection with storage for irrigation work.

CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS.

The following is a list of convenient equivalents for use in hydraulic 

computations:

1 second-foot equals 40 California miner's inches (law of March 23, 1901). 

1 second-foot equals 38.4 Colorado miner's inches. 

1 second-foot equals 40 Arizona miner's inches.

1 second-foot equals 7.48 United States gallons per second; equals 448.8 gallons per 

minute; equals 646,272 gallons for one day. 

1 second-foot equals 6.23 British imperial gallons per second.
INTRODUCTION. 13

1 second-foot for one year covers 1 square mile 1.131 feet or 13.572 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one year equals 31,536,000 cubic feet.

1 second-foot equals about 1 acre-inch per hour.

1 second-foot for one day covers 1 square mile 0.03719 inch deep.

1 second-foot for one 28-day month covers 1 square mile 1.041 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one 29-day month covers 1 square mile 1.079 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one 30-day month covers 1 square mile 1.116 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one 31-day month covers 1 square mile 1.153 inches deep.

1 second-foot for one day equals 1.983 acre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 28-day month equals 55.54 acre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 29-day month equals 57.52 acre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 30-day month equals 59.50 acre-feet.

1 second-foot for one 31-day month equals 61.49 acre-feet.

100 California miner's inches equals 18.7 United States gallons per second.

100 California miner's inches equals 96.0 Colorado miner's inches.

100 California miner's inches for one day equals 4.96 acre-feet.

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 2.60 second-feet.

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 19.5 United States gallons per second.

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 104 California miner's inches.

100 Colorado miner's inches for one day equals 5.17 acre-feet.

100 United States gallons per minute equals 0.223 second-foot.

100 United States gallons per minute for one day equals 0.442 acre-foot.

1,000,000 United States gallons per day equals 1.55,second-feet.

1,000,000 United States gallons equals 3.07 acre-feet.

1,000,000 cubic feet equals 22.95 acre-feet.

1 acre-foot equals 325,850 gallons.

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 2,323,200 cubic feet.

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 0.0737 second-foot per year.

1 foot equals 0.3048 meter.

1 mile equals 1.60935 kilometers.

1 mile equals 5,280 feet.

1 acre equals 0.4047 hectare.

1 acre equals 43,560 square feerr

1 acre equals 209 feet square, nearly.

1 square mile equals 2.59 square kilometers.

1 cubic foot equals 0.0283 cubic meter.

1 cubic foot equals 7.48 gallons.

1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 poundH.

1 cubic meter per minute equals 0.5886 second-feet.

1 horsepower equals 550 foot-pounds per second.

1 horsepower equals 76.0 kilogram-meters per second.

1 horsepower equals 746 watts.

1 horsepower equals 1 second-foot falling 8.80 feet.

1J horsepower equals about 1 kilowatt.

To calculate water power quickly: Sec --ft- x^n m feet=net horsepower on water 

wheel realizing 80 per cent of theoretical power

EXPLANATION OF DATA.

For each drainage basin theie is given a brief general description 

covering such items as area, source, tributaries, topography, geology, 

forestation, rainfall, irrigation, storage, power, and other interesting or important facts.
14 SUEFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

For each regular current-meter gaging station the following data, 

so far as available, are given: Description of station, list of discharge 

measurements, table of daily gage heights, table of daily discharges, 

table of monthly and yearly discharges, and run-off. For stations 

located at weirs or dams the gage height table is omitted.

In addition to statements regarding the location and installation 

of current-meter stations, the descriptions give information in regard 

to any conditions which may affect the constancy of the relation of 

gage height to discharge, covering such points as ice, logging, shifting channels, and backwater; also information regarding diversions 

which decrease the total flow at the measuring section. Statements 

are also made regarding the accuracy and reliability of the data.

The discharge-measurement table gives the results of the discharge 

measurements made during the year, including the date, name of 

hydrographer, width and area of cross section, gage height, and 

discharge in second-feet.

The table of daily gage heights records the daily fluctuations of 

the surface of the river as found from the mean of the gage readings 

taken each day. At most stations the gage is read in the morning 

and in the evening. The gage height given in the table represents 

the elevation of the surface of the water above the zero of the gage. 

All gage heights affected by the presence of ice in the streams or 

by backwater from obstructions are published as recorded, with 

suitable footnotes. The rating table is not applicable for such 

periods unless the proper corrections to the gage heights are known 

and applied. Attention is called to the fact that the zero of the 

gage is placed at an arbitrary datum a^d has no relation to zero 

flow or the bottom of the river. In general the zero is located somewhat below the lowest known flow, so that negative readings shall 

not occur.

The discharge measurements and gage heights are the base data 

from which rating tables, daily discharge tables, and monthly discharge tables are computed.

The rating table gives, either directly or by interpolation, the 

discharge in second-feet corresponding to every stage of the river 

recorded during the period for which it is applicable. It is not published in this report, but can be determined from the daily gage 

heights and daily discharges for the purpose of verifying the published results as follows:

First plot the discharge measurements for the current and earlier 

years on cross-section paper, with gage heights in feet as ordinates 

and discharge in second-feet as abscissas. Then tabulate a number 

of gage heights taken from the daily gage-height table for the complete range of stage given and the corresponding discharges for 

the days selected from the daily discharge table and plot the values
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 285 PLATE I

A. FOR BRIDGE MEASUREMENT.

B. FOR WADING MEASUREMENT. 

TYPICAL GAGING STATIONS.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 285 PLATE II

SMALL PRICE CURRENT METERS.
INTBODTJCTION. 15

on cross-section paper. The last points plotted will define the rating 

curve used and will lie among the plotted discharge measurements. 

After drawing the rating curve, a table can be developed by scaling 

off the discharge in second-feet for each tenth foot of gage height. 

These values should be so adjusted that the first differences shall 

always be increasing or constant, except for known backwater 

periods.

The table of daily discharges gives the discharges in second-feet 

corresponding to the observed gage heights as determined from the 

rating tables.

In the table of monthly discharge the column headed "Maximum" 

gives the mean flow, as determined from the rating table, for the day 

when the mean gage height was highest. As the gage height is 

the mean for the day, it does not indicate correctly the stage when the 

water surface was at crest height and the corresponding discharge 

was consequently larger than given in the maximum column. Likewise, in the column of "Minimum" the quantity given is the mean 

flow for the day when the mean gage height was lowest. The 

column headed "Mean" is the average flow in cubic feet for each 

second during the month. On this the computations for the remaining columns, which are defined on page 12, are based.

The field methods used in the collection of the data presented in 

this series of reports are described in the introductory sections of 

Water-Supply Papers 261 to 272, inclusive, "Surface water supply 

of the United States, 1909." Plate I shows typical gaging stations, 

indicating the method of suspending the current meter; Plate II 

shows the types of current meters * used in the work.

ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF FIELD DATA AND COMPARATIVE

RESULTS.

The accuracy of stream-flow data depends primarily on the natural 

conditions at the gaging station and on the methods and care with 

which the data are collected. Errors of the first group depend on the 

degree of permanency of channel and of permanency of the relation 

between discharge and stage.

Errors of the second class are due, first, to errors in observation 

of stage; second, to errors in measurements of flow; and, third, to 

errors due to misinterpretation of stage and flow data.

Practically all discharge measurements made under fair conditions 

are well within 5 per cent of the true discharge at the time of observation. Inasmuch as the errors of meter measurements are largely

1 See Hoyt, J. C., and others, Use and care of current meter as practiced by the U. S. Geol. Survey; 

Trams. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., vol. 66,1910, p. 70.
16 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

compensating, the mean rating curve, when well defined, is much 

more accurate than the individual measurements. Numerous experiments made to test the accuracy of current-meter work show that 

it compares very favorably with the results from standard weirs and, 

owing to simplicity of methods, usually gives results that are much 

more reliable than those from stations at dams, where the coefficient 

may be uncertain and conditions of flow are complicated.

The work is, of course, dependent on the reliability of the gage 

observers. With relatively few exceptions the observers perform 

their work honestly. The records are, however, closely watched, 

and the cause of any discrepancy is investigated. It is obvious that 

one gage reading a day does not always give the mean height for 

that day. As an almost invariable rule, however, errors from this 

source are compensating and virtually negligible in a period of one 

month, although, a single day's reading may, when taken by itself, be 

considerably in error.

An effort is made to visit every station at least once each year for 

the purpose of making a measurement to determine the constancy 

of conditions of flow since the last measurement made in the preceding 

year, and also to check the elevation of the gage. On account of lack 

of funds or for other causes some stations were not visited during the 

current year. If conditions of flow have been reasonably permanent 

up to the time of the last preceding measurements, it is considered 

best to publish estimates of discharge based on the latest verified 

rating curve rather than to omit then altogether, although it should 

be distinctly understood that such records are at times subject to 

considerable error. This is also true, although to a less degree, of the 

period of records since the date of the last measurement of the current 

year. As a rule, the accuracy notes are based on the assumption that 

the rating curve used is strictly applicable to the current year.

In order to give engineers and others information regaiding the 

probable accuracy of the computed results, footnotes are added to 

the daily discharge tables, stating the probable accuracy of the rating 

tables used, and an accuracy column is inserted in the monthly discharge table. For the rating tables "well defined" indicates, in 

general, that the rating is probably accurate within 5 per cent; "fairly 

well denned," within 10 per cent; "poorly defined" or " approximate," 

within 15 to 25 per cent. These notes are very general and are based 

on the plotting of the individual measurements with reference to the 

mean rating curve.

The accuracy column in the monthly discharge table does not apply 

to the maximum or minimum nor to any individual day, but to the 

monthly mean. It is based on the accuracy of the rating, the probable reliability of the observer, and knowledge of local conditions. In 

this column A indicates that the mean monthly flow is probably
INTRODUCTION. 17

accurate within 5 per cent; B, within 10 per cent; C, within 15 per 

cent; D, within 25 per cent. Special conditions are covered by 

footnotes.

In general, the base data which are collected in the field each year 

by the Survey engineers are published, not only to comply with the 

law but also for the express purpose of giving to any engineer the 

opportunity of examining the computed results and of changing and 

adjusting them as may seem best to him. Although it is believed 

that the rating tables and computed monthly discharges are as good 

as the base data up to and including the current year will warrant, it 

should always be borne in mind that the additional data collected at 

each station from year to year nearly always throw new light on data 

already collected and published, and hence allow more or less improvement in the computed results of earlier years. It is therefore 

expected that the engineer who makes serious use of the figures 

presented in these papers will verify all ratings and make such adjustments for earlier years as may seem necessary. The work of 

compiling, studying, revising, and republishing data for different 

drainage basins for 5 or 10 year periods or more is carried on by the 

United States Geological Survey so far as the funds for such work 

are available.

The estimates in the table of monthly discharge are so arranged as 

to give only a general idea of the conditions of flow at the station, 

and it is not expected that they will be used for other than preliminary 

estimates.

The daily discharges are published to allow a more detailed study 

of the variation in flow and to determine the periods of deficient flow.

COOPERATIVE DATA.

Cooperative data of various kinds and data regarding the run-off 

at many stations maintained wholly by private funds are incorporated 

in the surface water-supply reports of the United States Geological 

Survey.

Many stations throughout the country are maintained for specific 

purposes by private parties who supply the records gratuitously to 

the United States Geological Survey for publication. When such 

records are furnished by responsible parties and appear to be reasonably accurate, they are verified, so far as possible, and estimated 

values of accuracy are given. Records clearly worthless or misleading are not published. As it is, however, impossible to completely 

verify all such records furnished because of lack of funds or for 

other causes they are published for what they are worth, as they 

are of value as a matter of record and afford at least approximate 

information regarding stream flow at the particular localities. The 

21502° WSP 285 12 2
18 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Survey does not, however, assume any responsibility for inaccuracies 

found in such records, although most of them are believed to be 

reasonably good.

COOPERATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Assistance has been rendered or records furnished by the following, 

to whom special acknowledgment is due: United States Engineer 

Corps, for unpublished records of flow from the reservoirs on the 

upper Mississippi and miscellaneous low-water measurements; 

United States Reclamation Service, for maintenance of stations in the 

St. Mary basin; United States Weather Bureau, for records of gage 

heights at St. Paul, Mankato, and Chippewa Falls; Minnesota & 

Ontario Power Co., for cooperation in the maintenance of the station 

at International Falls; St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co., for records 

of Mississippi at Minneapolis; Kettle River Co., for cooperation in 

maintenance of the Sandstone station; Consumers Power Co., for 

cooperation in maintenance of the station at Rapidan Mills; Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co., for gage-height records at Rhinelander, Merrill, and Necedah; Chippewa Valley Railway, Light & 

Power Co., for gage records at Cedar Falls; Mr. Frank Dearborn, for 

gage records at Stone City.

The work in Minnesota during 1910 has been done with State cooperation under the terms of an act of the legislature of 1909, as embodied in joint resolution 19, which reads as follows:

Whereas the water supplies, water powers, navigation of our rivers, drainage of our 

lands, and the sanitary condition of our streams and their watersheds generally form 

one great asset and present one great problem: Therefore be it resolved by the house of 

representatives, the senate concurring, That the State drainage commission be and is 

hereby directed to investigate progress in other States toward the solution of said 

problem in such States, to investigate and determine the nature of said problem in this 

State. * * *

The work has been carried on in conjunction with the State drainage 

commission, George A. Ralph, chief engineer.

The work in Illinois during 1910 has been done with the cooperation 

of the internal improvement commission, the organic law of which 

provides (Session Laws, Forty-fifth General Assembly, adjourned 

session, p. 33):

The duties of the commission shall be to investigate * * * the reclamation of 

lands subject to overflow or inundation * * * and such other statistics and data 

as will enable the next general assembly to properly formulate and devise ways and 

means whereby legislative enactment may be had to carry out and put into effect the 

benefits to be derived by the * * * reclamation of lands subject to inundation ia 

Illinois.

Mr. Isham Randolph was chairman of the internal improvement 

commission.
GAGING STATIONS. 19 

DIVISION OF WOBK.

The field data for the Hudson Bay drainage basin were collected 

under the direction of Robert Follansbee and W. A. Lamb, district 

engineers, assisted by E. F. Chandler, G. A. Gray, M. E. McChristie, 

and J. O. Nomland.

The field data for the upper Mississippi drainage basin were collected under the direction of Robert Follansbee and A. H. Horton, 

district engineers, assisted by C. R. Adams, G. A. Gray, C. J, Emerson, H. J. Jackson, C. T. Bailey, and P. S, Monk. *

The ratings, special estimates, and studies of the completed data 

were made by Robert Follansbee, A. H. Horton, W. A. Lamb, G. C. 

Stevens, and E. F. Chandler.

The computations and preparation of the completed data for publication were made under the direction of G. C. Stevens, by G. A. 

Gray, Raymond Richards, R. C. Rice, M. I. Walters, J. G. Mathers, 

G. H. Canfield, J. J. Phelan, and B. E. Jones. The report was edited 

by Mrs. B. D. Wood.

GAGING STATIONS MAINTAINED IN THE HUDSON BAY 

AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER DRAINAGE BASINS.

The following list comprises the gaging stations maintained in 

the Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins by the United 

States Geological Survey and cooperative parties. Data for these 

stations have been published in the reports listed on pages 9 to 11. 

The stations are arranged by river basins, in downstream order, 

tributaries of main streams being indicated by indention. (See 

p. IDHUDSON BAT BASIN.

St. Mary River above Swiftcurrent Creek near Babb (formerly Main), Mont., 1902-

1910. 

St. Mary River below Swiftcurrent Creek at Babb (formerly Main), Mont., 1901-2,

1910. 

St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta, 1902-1910.

Swiftcurrent Creek near Babb, Mont., 1902-1910.

Kennedy Creek near Babb, Mont., 1903-1906.

Ottertail River (head of Red River), near Fergus Falls, Minn., 1904-1910. 

Red River near Fergus Falls, Minn., 1909-10. 

Red River at Fargo, N. Dak., 1901-1910.

Red River at Grand Forks, N. Dak., 1901-1910 (gage height record 1895-1901). 

Red River at Emerson, Manitoba, 1902.

Pelican River near Fergus Falls, Minn., 1909-10.

Sheyenne River at Haggart, N. Dak., 1902-1907.

Devils Lake near Devils Lake, N. Dak., 1901-1910.

Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minn., 1909-10.

Red Lake River at Thief River Falls, Minn., 1909-10.
20 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Red River Continued.

Red Lake River at Crookston, Minn., 1901-1910.

Thief River near Thief Ri/er Falls, Minn., 1909-10. 

Clearwater River at Red Lake Falls, Minn., 1909-10. 

Pembina River at Neche, N. Dak., 1903-1910. 

Mouse River near Foxholm, N. Dak., 1904-1906. 

Mouse River at Minot, N. Dak., 1903-1910.

Des Lacs River at Foxholm, N. Dak., 1904-1906. 

Rainy Lake near Rainier, Minn., 1910. 

Rainy River at International Falls, Minn., 1909-10. 

 Little Fork Rainy River at Little Fork, Minn., 1909-10. 

Big Fork River at Big Falls, Minn., 1909-10. 

Big Fork River near Laurel, Minn., 1909. 

Black River near Loman, Minn., 1909.

UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN.

Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn., 1895-1910. 

Mississippi River near Fort Ripley, Minn., 1909-10. 

Mississippi River near Sauk Rapids, Minn., 1903-1906. 

Mississippi River at Anoka, Minn., 1905-1910. 

Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., 1873-1901.

Sandjr River below Sandy Lake Reservoir, Minn., 1910.

Pine River below Pine River Reservoir, Minn., 1910.

Prairie River near Grand Rapids, Minn., 1909.

Crow Wing River at Nimrod, Minn., 1910.

Crow Wing River at Motley, Minn., 1909.

Crow Wing River at Pillager, Minn., 1903 and 1909-10.

Long Prairie River near Motley, Minn., 1909-10.

Sauk River near St. Cloud, Minn., 1909-10.

Crow River, North Fork, near Rockford, Minn., 1909-10.

Crow River at Rockford, Minn., 1909-10.

Crow River near Dayton, Minn., 1906.

Crow River, South Fork, near Rockford, Minn., 1909-10. 

Rum River at Onamia, Minn., 1909-10. 

Rum River at Cambridge, Minn., 1909-10. 

Rum River at St. Francis, Minn., 1903. 

Rum River near Anoka, Minn., 1905-1909. 

Minnesota River near Odessa, Minn., 1909-10. 

Minnesota River near Montevideo, Minn., 1909-10. 

Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn., 1903-1910.

Whetstone River near Big Stone, S. Dak., 1910.

Lac qui Parle River at Lac qui Parle, Minn., 1910.

Chippewa River near Watson, Minn., 1909-10.

Redwood River near Redwood Falls, Minn., 1909-10.

Cottonwood River near New Ulm, Minn., 1909-10.

Blue Earth River at Rapidan Mills, Minn., 1909-10. 

St. Croix River:

Kettle River near Sandstone, Minn., 1909-10.

Snake River at Mora, Minn., 1909-10. 

Cannon River at Welch, Minn., 1909-10. 

Chippewa River at Chippewa Falls, Wis., 1899-1910. 

Chippewa River near Eau Claire, Wis., 1902-1910.

Flambeau River near Ladysmith, Wis., 1903-1906.

Red Cedar River at Cedar Falls, Wis., 1907-1910.

Red Cedar River at Menominee, Wis., 1907-8.
GAGING STATIONS. 21

Mississippi River Continued.

Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn., 1909-10. 

Black River at Neillsville, Wis., 1905-1910. 

Black River at Melrose, Wis., 1902-3. 

Root River near Houston, Minn., 1909-10.

Root River, North Branch, near Lanesboro, Minn., 1910. 

Wisconsin River near Rhinelander, Wis., 1905-1910. 

Wisconsin River at Merrill, Wis., 1902-1910. 

Wisconsin River near Necedah, Wis., 1902-1910. 

Wisconsin River at Muscoda, Wis., 1902-3. 

Maquoketa River at Manchester, Iowa, 1903. 

Wapsipinicon River at Stone City, Iowa, 1903-1910. 

Rock River above mouth of Pecatonica River at Rockton, 111., 1903. 

Rock River below mouth of Pecatonica River at Rockton, 111., 1903-1910. 

Rock River near Nelson, 111., 1906. 

Rock River at Sterling, 111., 1905-6.

Catfish River at Madison, Wis., 1902-3.

Lake Mendota at Madison, Wis., 1902-3. 

Iowa River at Marshall town, Iowa, 1903. 

Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa, 1903-1906.

Cedar River near Austin, Minn., 1909-10.

Red Cedar River at Janesville, Iowa, 1905-6.

Cedar River at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1903-1910. 

Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn., 1910. 

Des Moines River at Fort Dodge, Iowa, 1905-6. 

Des Moines River at Des Moines, Iowa, 1902-3, 1905-6. 

Des Moines River at Keosauqua, Iowa, 1903-1906.

Raccoon River near Des Moines, Iowa, 1902-3. 

Illinois River near Minooka, 111., 1903-4. 

Illinois River near Seneca, 111., 1903. 

Illinois River near Ottawa, 111., 1903-4. 

Illinois River near La Salle, 111., 1903. 

Illinois River near Peoria, 111., 1903-1906.

Kankakee River at Da vis, Ind., 1905-6.

Kankakee River at Momence, 111., 1905-6. 

Yellow River at Knox, Ind., 1905-6.

Desplaines River above mouth of Jackson Creek near Channahon, 111., 1903- 

1906.

Desplaines River above Kankakee River near Channahon, 111, 1902-3.

Fox River at Sheridan, 111., 1905-6.

Fox River at Ottawa, 111., 1903.

Sangamon River at Monticello, 111., 1908 and 1910.

Sangamon River at Decatur, 111., 1905.

Sangamon River at Riverton, 111., 1908-1910.

Sangamon River near Springfield, 111., 1903.

Sangamon River near Oakford, 111., 1909-10.

Sangamon River near Chandlerville, 111., 1908.

Sangamon River, South Fork, near Taylorville, 111., 1908-1910. 

Salt Creek near Kenny, 111., 1908-1910. 

Cahokia Creek at Poag, 111., 1909-10. 

Kaskaskia River near Arcola, 111., 1908-1910. 

Kaskaskia River at Shelbyville, 111., 1908-1910. 

Kaskaskia River at Vandalia, 111., 1908-1910. 

Kaskaskia River at Carlysle, 111., 1908-1910.
22 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Mississippi River Continued.

Kaskaskia Eiver at New Athens, 111., 1909-10.

Shoal Creek near Breese, 111., 1909-10.

Silver Creek near Lebanon, 111., 1908-1910. 

Big Muddy River near Cambon, 111., 1908-1910. 

Beaucoup Creek near Pinckneyville, 111., 1908-1910.

HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA IN THE UNITED STATES.

PRINCIPAL STREAMS.

All the waters that reach Hudson Bay from the United States pass 

through Lake Winnipeg and thence into the bay through Nelson 

River. The principal tributaries of Lake Winnipeg, and thus, indirectly, of Nelson River, are Saskatchewan, Red, and Winnipeg rivers. 

The Saskatchewan drains the major portions of the Provinces of 

Alberta and Saskatchewan in the Dominion of Canada, and, through 

St. Mary River, a small area in northwestern Montana in the United 

States. Red River drains a large basin in the United States, covering portions of Minnesota and North and South. Dakota. Winnipeg 

River is the outlet of Lake of the Woods, which receives Rainy River, 

an international stream rising in Rainy Lake.

ST. MARY RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

St. Mary River heads in northern Montana, near the Canadian 

boundary line, on the eastern slope of the main range of the Rocky 

Mountains, in a region of perpetual snow and in the midst of innumerable glaciers. It starts from the great Blackfoot Glacier, probably the largest in the Rocky Mountains within the United States, 

and receives affluents from at least a dozen lesser glaciers. These 

small streams unite within a short distance from their sources and flow 

into a lake which is hemmed in by high mountains and is known as 

Upper St. Mary Lake. Below this lake and separated from it by a 

narrow strip of land is Lower St. Mary Lake. The aggregate length 

of these two lakes is about 22 miles. The river flows out of the lower 

lake, the elevation of which is 4,460 feet above sea level, and within 

2 miles is joined by Swiftcurrent Creek, which is fed by waters of 

Grinnell Glacier and four small glaciers. From the confluence of 

these streams to the international boundary, a distance of 12 miles, 

the St. Mary flows in a northerly direction, receiving Kennedy Creek 

a few miles before crossing the boundary. Entering the Province of 

Alberta it empties into Belly River, its waters eventually finding 

their way through the Saskatchewan into Hudson Bay.1

1 Information and data on stations maintained by the Dominion of Canada in this basin are contained in 

a Report of Progress of Stream Measurements for 1909, published by tbe Department of Interior, Dominion 

of Canada.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE ABEA. 23

That portion of the drainage area below the region of glaciers is 

heavily forested, the timber consisting of spruce and fir on the higher 

slopes and a dense growth of willows and aspen on the lower portions.

The mean annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and occurs in 

greater part in the form of snow. The altitude of the drainage basin 

within the United States ranges from 4,000 feet to 10,000 feet.

The only diversion from the St. Mary in the United States is that 

which is being made by the United States Reclamation Service in 

connection with the Milk River project. It is proposed to reservoir 

Lower St. Mary Lake and divert 850 second-feet of water into the 

Milk River drainage basin. Both Upper and Lower St. Mary lakes 

can be made into storage reservoirs. Water power is not important 

in this basin, as the many small streams which form the river are 

frozen over during the winter months.

ST. MARY RIVER NEAR BABB, MONT.

This station, which was established April 9, 1902, for the purpose 

of procuring run-off data for use in connection with irrigation projects 

on the Blackfoot Indian Reservation and in the Milk River valley is 

located below Lower St. Mary Lake, above the mouth of Swiftcurrent 

Creek, the nearest tributary, and about 2 miles south of Babb. The 

run-off at this point is that from Upper and Lower St. Mary lakes. 

The drainage area is 177 square miles. No water is diverted above 

the station, but the United States Reclamation Service has appropriated 850 second-feet of water which will be diverted near the station. A reservoir will also be formed at Lower St. Mary Lake.

Discharge measurements are made from a cable or by wading. The 

cable was originally located about 4,500 feet below Lower St. Mary 

Lake and about 2,500 feet above the mouth of Swiftcurrent Creek. 

It was moved about 300 feet upstream to a better location on September 13,1909. The chain gage, which is located about 1,000 feet above 

the original cable, has been maintained at a constant datum since the 

station was established.

Discharge measurements of St. Mary River near Babb, Mont., 1910.

Date.

Apr. 19

May 12

23

Aug. 1

Sept. 16

Nov. 18

Dec.30a

Hydrographer.

W. A. Lamb...............................................

.....do.....................................................

M. E. McChristie ..........................................

W. A. Lamb...............................................

M. E. McChristie ..........................................

.....do.....................................................

B. E. Jones.. . .............................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

103

108

109

104

103

so

103

94

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

359

536

519

479

373

287

376

274

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.22

3.80

3.62

3.50

2.28

1.42

2.20

1.06

Discharge

See.-ft. 

480

1,580

1,400

1,250

567

204

515

(M

Ice at gage. Height is referred to regular gage, and was obtained by use of a temporary gage with a 

known relation to the regular gage.
24 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height in feet of St. Mary River near Babb, Mont., for 1910. 

[Chas. E. Hayes, observer.]

Day.

1.. .................

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9.. .................

10. ..................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

16...................

20. ..................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29. ..................

30...................

31...................

Mar,

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.30

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.40

1.50

1.50

1 60

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.70

Apr.

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.60

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.60

1.60

1.80

1.70 i:so

1.85

1.90

2.00

2.05

2.10

2.10

2.15

2.30

2.35

2.45

2.55

2.65

2.70

2.85

3.00

3.25

3.45

3.50

May.

3.50

3.40

3.30

3.15

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.15

3.40

3.65

3.80

3.80

3.70

3.65

3.65

3.55

3.40

3.20

3.25

3.20

3.10

3.10

3.10

3.35

3.55

3.75

3.80

3.80

3.85

3 on

June.

3.85

3.90

3.95

3.90

3.75

3.60

3.55

3.70

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.65

3.60

3.60

3.70

3.75

3.80

3.80

3.75

3.65

3.60

3.45

3.30

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.25

3.25

July.

3.25

3.20

3.20

' 3.20

3.15

3.10

3.00

2.95

2.90

2.85

2.80

2.75

2.75

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.65

2.65

2.85

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.55

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.35

2.30

2.30

Aug.

2.25

2.20

2.20

2.10

2.10

2.05

2.05

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.98

1.95

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.70

1.70

1.80

1.70

1.70

1.60

1.60

1.60

1.50

1.50

Sept.

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.45

1.45

1-45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.60

1.60

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

Oct.

1.80

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.20

2.50

2.30

2.60

2.70

2.70

2.80

2.90

2.90

2.80

2.70

2.60

2.50

2.40

2.30

2.30

2.20

2.10

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.10

2.30

2.20,

2.20

*

Nov.

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.10

2.10

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.10

2.10

2.00

2.00

1.90

1.90

1.85

1.85

1.80

& 1-70

Dec.

1.60

1.60

1.50

1.60

1.60

1.60

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.40

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1 to Mar. 12 and Dec. 25 to 31.

Daily discharge in second-feet of St. Mary River near Babb, Mont., for 1910.

Day.

1........ ...........

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19. ..................

20. ..................

21...................

22. ..................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26. ..................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar.

143

143

143

143

143

143

143

170

143

170

200

200

230

230

260

260

295

330

295

Apr.

295

295

295

260

230

230

230

260

260

330

295

OQA

350

O7A

430

450

475

575

625

675

728

755

845

os 1;

1,100

1 OCA

1 OQA

May.

1,290

1,210

1,130

1,030

935

935

935

1 030

1,560

1,470

1,420

1,420

1,340

1,210

1,060

1,100

1,060

995

QQC

995

AQK

1,170

1,340

1,560

1,560

1 600

l'660 '

June.

1,600

1,660

1,710

1,660

1,510

1,380

1,340

1,470

1,380

1 380

1,380

1,380

1,420

1,380

1 380

1,470

1,510

1,560

1,560

1,510

1,420

1,380

1,250

1,130

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,100

1,100

July.

1,100

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,030

995

935

905

875

845

815

785

785

755

755

755

755

755

728

728

845

700

700

700

675

600

600

600

550

550

Aug.

525

500

500

450

450

430

430

410

410

410

410

402

390

370

370

370

370

330

330

330

00 A

295

295

330

295

295

260

260

260

230

230

Sept.

230

230

230

230

230

230

230

230

230

215

215

215

215

215

215

216

230

230

230

260

OCA

260

295

330

330

330

330

330

330

<wn

Oct.

330

410

410

410

500

650

550

700

755

755

815

875

875

755

700

650

600

550

550

Kf)fk

450

410

410

450

450

KCA

enn

tnn

Nov.

500

500

500

450

450

410

410

410

410

410

450

450

450 COA

500

500

500

KCA

450

450

410

370

Q7A

OCA

350

OCA

OQC

Dec.

260

260

230

260

260

260

230

230

230

230

230

oon

230

230

230

200

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

170

140

i^n

140

120

100

100

75

NOTE. Dally discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve. 

31 because of presence of ice.

Discharge estimated Dec. 25 to
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AEEA. 25

Monthly discharge of St. Mary River near Babb, Mont., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 177 square miles.]

Month.

July........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

330 

1,290 

1.660 

1,710 

1.100 

525 

330 

875 

500 

260

1,710

Minimum.

230 

935 

1,060 

550 

230 

215 

330 

295

Mean.

90 

100 

169 

519 

1,250 

1,380 

793 

363 

255 

573 

433 

193

511

Per

square 

mile.

0.508 

.565 

.955 

2.93 

7.06 

7.80 

4.48 

2.05 

1.44 

3.24 

2.45 

1.09

2.88

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.59 

.59 

1.10 

3.27 

8.14 

8.70 

5.16 

2.36 

1.61 

3.74 

2.73 

1.26

39.25

Total in 

acre-feet.

5,530 

5,500 

10,400 

30,900 

76,900 

82,100 

48,800 

22,300 

15,200 

35,200 

25,800 

11,900

371,000

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

D. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B.

NOTE. Mean discharges for January and February estimated by comparison with other St. Mary stations. Mean discharge for Mar. 1 to 12 estimated at 120 second-feet.

ST. MARY RIVER BELOW SWIFTCURRENT CREEK, AT BABB, MONT.

This station, which was established May 13, 1910, for the purpose 

of collecting run-off data for use in connection with the St. Mary 

irrigation project, is located at Babb below the mouth of Swiftcurrent 

Creek and about 3 miles below Lower St. Mary Lake. No water is 

diverted above the station, but the United States Reclamation Service 

has appropriated 850 second-feet of water, which will be diverted near 

the outlet of Lower St. Mary Lake.

Discharge measurements are made from a cable or by wading. In 

1910 measurements were made from a footbridge at the station. 

The gage which was installed when the station was established was 

located on the left bank opposite the post office at Babb. It was an 

ordinary staff nailed to an old bridge pier. On July 19, 1911, a chain 

gage was installed on the right bank below the old gage, and at a 

different datum. A gaging station was maintained at this point 

from July, 1901, to November, 1902, but the gage was set at a different datum. The town was then called Main.

Discharge measurements of St. Mary River below Swiftcurrent Creek, at Babb, Mont.,

1910.

Date.

May 13

25

Aug. 1

Sept. 15

Nov. 19

Dec. 29

Hydrographer.

M. E. McChristie ..........................................

W. A . Lamb ..............................................

M. E . McChristie ..........................................

.....do.....................................................

W. A. Lamb ..............................................

Width.

Feet. 

145

149

148

141

]06

125

04

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

4QS

400

338

233

169

196

55

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.40

6.20

5.78

4.70

3.82

4.55

«3.38

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,050

1,930

1,460

795

312

681

115

Small amount of ice at gage.
26 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height in feet of St. Mary River below Swiftcurrent Creek, at Sabb, Mont.,

' for 1910.

[C. E. Hayes, observer.]

Day.

1........... .........................

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

10....................................

11..................... ...............

12. ...................................

13....... ............................

14....................................

15..........--......----.-..---.-.....

16....................................

17......................----....---.--

18....................................

10

20....................................

21....................................

22....................................

23. ...................................

24....................................

OK

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31. ...................................

May.

6

Af\

6.35

6.30

6.20

6.05

5.90

6.05

6.00

5.95

5 fin

5.90

5.65

6.40

6.55

6.60

6.55

6.60

6.60

6.65

June.

6.60

6.65

6.60

6.40

6.30

a 20

6.20

6.40

6.30

6.20

6.20

6.30

6.40

6.35

6.35

6.40

6.45

G *3K

fi 3fl

6.25

G 1 K

6.00

5.85

5.95

5.90

S on

5.95

5

QK

K on

 July.

5.90

5.85

5.85

5.80

5.75

5.70

5.60

5.55

5.50

5.45

5.40

5.10

5.20

5.30

5.20

5.20

5.25

5.30

5.25

5.20

5.20

5.05

5 nn

5.05

4.85

4 80

4.75

4.70

Aug.

4.72

4.62

4.60

4.55

4.60

4.45

4.25

4.40

4.45

4.40

4.40

4.38

4.35

4.35

4.30

430

420

4.20

420

4.10 

4.10

410

400

3.95

3 OK

3.90

3.90

Sept.

3.85

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.90

3.90

3.90

3.90

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.85

4.00

4.00

4.20

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.40

4.30

4.35

4.25

4.20

4.20

4.20

Oct.

450

4.90

5.20

5.20

5.20

5.20

5.30

5.65

5.80

5.75

5.70

5.70

5.60

5.50

5.30

5.25

495

490

480

470

460

450

440

4 30

450

5.10

5.10

5.00 A on

480

480

Nov.

4.70

4.70

4.60

450

440

4.30

440

430

4.30

4.30

4.40

4.95

4.95

4.90

4.80

4.70

4.60

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.40

4.40

4.30

430

420

4.20

4.20

4.10

Dec.

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

3.90

3.90

3.90

3.90

3.90

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.70

3.70

3.70

3.70

3.70

3.70

3.70

3.70

3.70

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.50

3

A(\

3,40

3.30

NOTE. Gage heights affected by ice Dec. 24 to 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of St. Mary River below Swiftcurrent Creek, atBabb. Mont.,

for 1910.

Day.

1............... .....................

2....................................

4....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10. ...................................

11......................... ...........

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

10

20....................................

21....................................

22. ...................................

23....................................

24....................................

25

26................ ...................

27.................................... 28...;-... .............................

29

30....................................

31....................................

May.

2.050

2,000

1,940

1,740

1,620

1,730

1 680

1 640

1,520

1,600

1,640

2,030

2,160

2,200

2,160

2,200

2,240

June.

2.240

2; 200

1,960

1,920

1,850

1,850

2 000

1^910

1,820

1,820 i onn

2,000

1,940

1 940

1 Qfifl

1 QfiA

1 940

i oftft

1,850

1 760

l' 640

1^520

1,620

1 <av>

1 "ififl

1,600

1 600

i' t;fifi

July.

1,560

1,520

1,520

1,460

1,430

1,390

1,320

1,260

1,200

1,000

1,070

1,030

1,060

1,060

1,100 i iin

1.130

1,100

1,100

1,0*0 o&n

o^n

OCR

QOQ

fifiO

830

800

770

Aug.

782

722

710

682

710

628

520

600

628

600

600

589

K7O

572

545

KAK

495

AQK

495 44*;

441

AAK

445

445

AJK

445

OQR

3'0

qoo

345

345

Sept.

322

300

?nft

300

300

300

300

145

345

OAK

345

q/v\

300

1(V\

300

QOO

395

OQK

4Q£.

655

655

600

KAK

K7O

520

495

495

495

AQK

Oct.

655

895

1,100

1,100

1,100

1,100

1,170

1 440

1^560

1,520

1 480

l'480

1 ' 4flO

1,320

1,170

1 140 '928

QQK

OOfi

770

710

ficc

600

545

655

1,030

1,030

Qfirt

so*

oon

830

Nov.

770

770

710

655

606

545

600

<\tR

545

KAK

600

QOQ

928

895

830

770

710

655

655

600

600

R.jfe

KAK

Anti

405

495

445

AJK

Dec.

10*;

395

395

395

?4S

145

345

345

44K

300

tOrt

qflA

qflA

tOrt

300

nee

255

255

91%

*)*. i»

255

ORK

255

255

91ft

*>1ft

210

170

IDA

Q*

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating 

the rating was applied indirectly. Discharge interpolated from Aug. 25 curve, 

to 25.

From May 13 to July 26
HUDSON BAY DEAINAGE AREA. 27 

Monthly discharge of St. Mary River below Swiftcurrent Creek, at Babb, Mont., for 1910.

Month.

May 13-31. ...............

July......................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,240 

2.240 

1,560 

782 

655 

1,560 

928 

395

Minimum.

1,520 

1,520 

770 

322 

300 

545 

445 

95

Mean.

1,910 

1,890 

1,140 

528 

WU6 

1,030 

641 

276

Per square 

mile.

6.41 

6.34 

3.83 

1.77 

1.40 

3.46 

2.15 

.926

Run-off.

Depth, in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

4.53

7.07 

4.42 

2.04 

1.56 

3.99 

2.40 

1.07

Total in 

acre-feet.

72,000 

112,000 

70,100 

32,500 

24,800 

63,300 

38,100 

17,000

430,000

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A 

A. 

A. 

B.

ST. MARY RIVER NEAR CARDSTON, ALBERTA.

This station was established September 4, 1902, near Shaw's ranch, 

one-fourth mile north of the boundary line between the United States 

and Canada and 17 miles south of Cardston, Alberta, for the purpose 

of obtaining data for use in connection with irrigation projects in the 

Milk River valley.

The station is 6 miles below the mouth of Kennedy Creek, the last 

tributary entering from the United States. With the exception 

of the area drained by Boundary Creek, a small stream entering 

a short distance above the station, the drainage basin lies within 

the United States. The total area drained is 452 square miles.

The only diversion above the station is that which will be made 

at Babb by the United States Reclamation Service in connection 

with the Milk River project. About 850 second-feet of water will 

be diverted into the Milk River drainage basin.

The chain gage was originally located about 1 ;200 feet above the 

cable. This gage was destroyed during the high water of June, 1908, 

and a new chain gage was installed July 17, 1908, about one-fourth 

mile below the cable. There is no determined relation between the 

gages. An auxiliary staff gage, with the same datum as the chain 

gage, was established October 14, 1909, and was used during low 

water. Results at this station are affected by shifting channel and 

heavy ice during the winter months.

Discharge measurements are made from the cable or by wading.
28 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

Discharge measurements of St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta, 1910.

Date.

Apr. 20

May 13

June 10

24

July 31

Sept. 14

Nov. 19

20

Dec. 29

Hydrographer.

W. A. Lamb...............................................

.....do.....................................................

M. E. MeChristie... .......................................

W. A. Lamb..... ......:...................................

.....do.....................................................

B. E.Jones................................................

W. A. Lamb...............................................

Width.

Feet. 

109

110

111

108

103

100

104

103

94

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

349

483

455

388

280

206

267

266

162

Gage 

he'gnt.

Feet. 

2.85

4.15

3.90

3.32

- 1.98

1.06

1.93

1.90

(a)

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,240

2,450

2,220

1,640

793

374

700

698

134

o Gage height affected by ice.

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta, for 1910. 

[Mrs. H. F. Cook, observer.]

Day.

1... ................

2...................

3...................

4...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20. ..................

21...................

22. ..................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30. ..................

31..........~.......

Mar.

3 A

2 Q

2.6

2 0

1.9

1 Q

1.8

1.7

1.9

2 A

1.9

1.9

2.0

1 9

1.9

1.9

1.9

Apr.

1.85

1.8

1.75

1.75

1.55

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.1

9 Q

9 HH

o q

2

E

9 A

2 45

2.5

2 7

3.0

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.05

3.2

3.7

4.7

4 OR

4.3

4.0

May.

3.6

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.4

4.2

4.6

4.5

,4.4

4.2

4

0

4.15

4.15

Q Q

3 6

3.55

3.8

3.6

3.5

3 4K

4

K

4

EK

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

June.

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.55

4.25

4.0

4.0

4.3

4.2

3.9

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4 1

4.15

4.2

4.15

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.55

3

0

3.35

3.35

3.4

1 i

3.35

3.25

July.

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.15

3.05

3.0

2.85

2.85

2.8

2.7

2.6

9 HH

2.6

9 ft

2.55

2.6

2.55

2.6

2.6

2.55

2.55

2.45

2.5

2.45

2.45

2.4

2.25

2.2

2.05

2.05

2.0

Aug.

2.0

1.95

1.95

1.85

1.85

1.8

1.75

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.5

1.45

1.4

1 si

1.3

1.2

1.05

1.05

1.0

1.05

1.1

1.05

1.1

Sept.

1.1

1.05

1.1

1.05

1.05

1.05

1.1

1.05

1.1

1.05

1.05

1.1

1.05

1.25

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.45

1.65

1.9

2.0

2.05

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.15

Oct.

2.3

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.8

2.9

2.9

3.1

s 1

2.6

2.5

2.5

2 4

2.3

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.9

2.0

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.25

1.9

Nov.

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.85

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.7

1.8

2.5

9 H

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.0

1.9

1.8

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.9

1 Q

1.9

1.7

Dec.

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1 9

1.15

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

NOTE. Relation of gage height to discharge probably affected by ice about Jan. 1 to Mar. 13 and Dec. 

10 to 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta, for 1910.

Day.

1............ .......

2...................

3...................

4....................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

Mar. Apr.

667

643

620

528

596

596

643

691

790

May.

1,970

1,720

1 640

1,640

1,610

1,700

1 800

2,490

2,860

2,770

June.

2,960

2,960

2 «fin

2,810

2,540

2,310

2 01 A

2,580

2,490

a, 220

July.

1,640

1,600

1,560

1,530

1,450

1,420

1,310

1,310

1,280

1,210

Aug.

803

777

777

726

726

701

677

701

701

677

Sept.

394

374

394

374

374

374

394

W7A.

394

374

Oct.

969

1,090

1,090

1,150

1,090

1,150

1

1 KA

1,270

1,340

1.330

Nov.

696

696

fiQI

691

667

687

687

682

588

634

Dec.

505

461

461

418

338

338

338

338

338
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 29 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta, for 1910 Con.

Day.

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar.

1,340

1,270

1,070

740

691

691

643

596

691

716

740

691

691

740

691

691

691

691

Apr.

816

896

1,040

896

1,010

952

982

1,010

i i4n

1,340

1,420

1,420

1,380

1,380

1,490

1,900

2,820

2,530

2,520

2,290

May.

2,670

2,490

2,490

2 440

2,440

2,220

1,760

1,920

2,130

1 760

1,880

1,840

2,300

2,770

2,810

2,860

2,960

2,960

2,960

2,960

June.

2,310

2

0Qfl

2,380

2,370

2 ^fin

2,350

2,390

2,430

2

070.

2 9 on

2,130

1,820

1 640

1,670

1,670

1,710

1,710

1,670

1,600

July.

1,150

1,120

1,150

1,150

1,120

1,120

1,150

1,150

1,120

1,120

1,060

1,090

1 060

1,030

940

019

830

830

803

Aug.

677

653

653

653

630

606

584

606

fifil

wt

517

496

475

. 434

374

374

355

V7i

394

374

394

Sept.

374

380

387

3Q4

374

454

584

606

fiflA

539

630

751

768

785

803

830

857

857

912

884

Oct.

1,470

1,470

1,350

1 240

1,120

1,060

1 060

1,000

940

825

825

767

716

738

761

922

918

918

894

798

701

Nov.

760

885

1,010

1,010

896

896

842

740

691

643

740

740

740

790

74ft

740

691

691

691

596

Dec.

NOTE. Daily discharge computed by shifting channel method, giving each discharge measurement 

madedurjng the year full weight. Standard curve used is well denned between gage heights l.o foot and 

5.5 feet.

Daily discharge Mar. 1 to 13, and Dec. 10 to 31 estimated, because of ice, on basis of climatological records and discharge at other stations in St. Mary River drainage basin.

Mean discharge Mar. 1 to 13 estimated 180 second-feet.

Mean discharge Dec. 10 to 31 estimated about 254 second-feet, varying from 120 to 320 second-feet.

Daily discharge interpolated for other days when gage was not read.

Monthly discharge of St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta, for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 452 square miles.]

Month.

May........................

July........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,820 

2,960 

2,960 

1,640 

803 

912 

1,470 

1.010 

505

Minimum.

528 

1,610 

1,600 

803 

355 

374 

701 

588

Mean.

150 

160 

530 

1,190 

2,320 

2,240 

1,170 

580 

553 

1,040 

742 

293

917

Per 

square 

mile.

0.332 

.354 

1.17 

2.63 

5.13 

4.96 

2.59 

1.28 

1.22 

2.30 

1.64 

.648

2.03

Bun-ofl.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

' 0.38 

.37 

1.35 

2.93 

5.91 

5.53 

2.99 

1.48 

1.36 

2.65 

1.83 

.75

27.52

Total in 

acre-feet.

9,220 

8,890 

32,600 

70,800 

143,000 

133,000 

71,900 

35,700 

32,900 

64,000 

44,200 

18,000

664,000

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

NOTE. Monthly discharge, January and February, estimated by means of comparisons with discharge 

at other stations in St. Mary Eiver drainage basin. 

See footnotes to table of daily discharge for other periods estimated.

SWIFTCTJRRENT CREEK NEAR BABB, MONT.

This station, which is located about 1 mile from the mouth of the 

stream, at a point where it leaves the foothills, and about 2 miles 

south of Babb, was established April 8, 1902, to obtain data for use in 

connection with irrigation projects on the Blackfoot Indian Reservation and in the Milk River valley.
30 SUBFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

No water is diverted or stored above this station. The construction of storage reservoirs is, however, feasibb, and because of the 

great fall of the stream considerable power could be developed. 

Although the current is swift the flow during the winter months is 

to some extent affected by ice.

Discharge measurements are made from a cable or by wading. 

The cable has been located at different positions since the station 

was first established. Low-water measurements are made by wading 

near the gage.

The first gage was destroyed by high water in June, 1902, and the 

station was reestablished July 30, 1902, at a point 1,800 feet above 

the first gage. It was again moved September 27, 1902, to a point 

about 900 feet farther upstream and set at a different datum. At 

this location it remained until it was destroyed by the flood of June 

5, 1908. July 26, 1908, the gage was reestablished, with a new 

datum, about 100 feet above its former location and 400 feet above 

the present cable.

This station was discontinued May 13, 1910, when a new station 

was established on St. Mary River below Swiftcurrent Creek. The 

difference between the records at this station and that of the St. 

Mary near Babb will indicate the flow of Swiftcurrent Creek.

The following discharge measurement was made by W. A. Lamb:

April 21: Width, 85 feet; area of section, 140 square feet; gage height, 3.75 feet; 

discharge, 682 second-feet.

Daily gage height, in feet, and discharge, in second-feet, of Swiftcurrent Creek near Babb,

Mont., for 1910.

[Chas. E. Hayes, observer.]

Day.

1. .........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6.......... 

7..........

9.......... 

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

M

1

O

2.5

2.5

2.5

ar.

o5

IW

5

90

90

90

A

Gage height.

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.8 

2.8

2

Q

2.8 

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.4

3.35

pr.

o5 So

5

166

130

130

130

10ft

166 

J65

165 

290

340

400

460

460

430

M

Gage height.

3.5

3.4

3.25

3.2

3.25

3.4 

3.7 

4.1

4.2 

4.1

3.9

3.75

3.65

ay.

§ 

1

3

520

460

370

340

370

460 

670

1,140 

1,030

840

710

630

Day.

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21 .......... 

22.......... 

23..........

24.......... 

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

M

Gage height.

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.8

3.0 

3.1

3.2

3.1 

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

ar.

Discharge.

110

110

130

130

165

240 

290 

340

290 

290

240

205

205

165

165

165

'A

O

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.4

3.7

3.8 

3.65 

3.5

3.5

3.7

3.95

4.1

4.1

3.95

3.7

pr.

S

370

370

370

460

670

750 

630 

520

520 

670

890

1,030

1,030

890

670

Ms

1

iyS

NOTE. Discharge computed from a rating curve fairly well defined.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 31

Monthly discharge of Smftcurrent Creek near Babb, Mont., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 101 square miles.]

Month.

April.......................

May 1-13...................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,030 

1,140

Minimum.

130 

340

Mean.

40 

45 

135 

 452 

659

Per 

square 

mile.

0.396 

.446 

1.34

4.47 

6.52

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.46 

.46 

1.54 

4.99 

3.15

Total in 

acre-feet.

2,460 

2,500 

8,300 

26,900 

16,900

AccU'- 

racy.

D. 

D. 

C. 

B. 

B.

NOTE. Mean discharge for January and February estimated. Mean discharge for Mar. 1-12 estimated 

at 55 second-feet.

BED BIVEE. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Red River rises in Minnesota, its most remote source being a small 

lake near the southwest corner of Clearwater County, about 13 miles 

west of Lake Itasca, at an elevation of about 1,550 feet above sea 

level. From this lake it flows southward 60 miles (measured in a 

direct line) through a succession of small lakes to Ottertail Lake 

(elevation about 1,320 feet), thence westward 42 miles to Breckenridge, Minn., and Wahpeton, N. Dak. (elevation 943 feet); from this 

point it runs northward 285 miles (measured in a direct line) to the 

southern end of Lake Winnipeg, passing the Canadian boundary at 

Pembina at a distance of 190 miles and the city of Winnipeg at about 

250 miles. On account of the meandering of the river the length of 

its channel is nearly double the length of the direct line.

Lake Winnipeg is about 250 miles long, and from its north end 

Nelson River flows northeastward 400 miles to Hudson Bay.

The upper part of Red River is called Ottertail River, that name 

being variously applied down as far as Ottertail Lake, Fergus Falls, 

or exceptionally to Breckenridge and Wahpeton as a lower limit; the 

portion flowing northward from Wahpeton to Lake Winnipeg is 

universally called Red River.

The upper course of Red River lies in that region of many lakes 

known as the park region of Minnesota. In Ottertail County there 

are more than 1,000 lakes, the largest being Ottertail Lake itself, 

which is 8 miles long and 2| miles in average width. Many of these 

lakes have no visible outlet except during high water. In this 

portion of the drainage basin the country is a rolling prairie.

Although the main branch of Red River is Ottertail River, the 

term Red River valley is applied to the valley of the Bois des Sioux 

rather than to that of the Ottertail and extends from Lake Traverse 

northward to Lake Winnipeg. This valley is a plain from 30 to 50
32 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

miles wide and 315 miles long. As the elevation of Lake Traverse is 

970 feet and that of Lake Winnipeg 710 feet, the fall of the valley in 

the entire distance is 260 feet or considerably less than 1 foot per 

mile. Lake Traverse is 15 miles long and from 1 to 1^ miles wide 

and is shallow, being for the most part less than 10 feet in depth; it 

is bordered on either side by bluffs rising from 100 to 150 feet above 

the lake level. Those bluffs continue on each side of Browns Valley 

to Big Stone Lake, where they have the same height. During the 

glacial epoch Red River valley was occupied by an immense lake, 

now called Lake Agassiz, which had its outlet through Browns 

Valley into Big Stone Lake and through the present Minnesota Valley. 

At the present time there is water connection between the two lakes 

during periods of very high water, as the watershed between the two 

is a marsh that is only 3 feet above Lake Traverse and 11 feet above 

Big Stone Lake.

In addition to the gentle northward slope of the valley, there is a 

gentle slope toward the center from each side. In this axial depression Red River has cut a channel 20 to 60 feet deep. Between the 

drainage lines of the tributaries, which cross the valley at right angles 

to the river, there are areas from 5 to 15 miles wide that have no 

watercourses.

The entire area is covered with a sheet of blue till, consisting of a 

mixture of sand, clay, and gravel. The portion of the basin formerly 

occupied by Lake Agassiz is covered with a deposit of lacustrine clay. 

The basin is underlain by Cretaceous rocks. In one of these rocks, 

the Dakota sandstone, is found the source of the artesian water in 

North and South Dakota. In the lower portion of the valley, 

especially in Kittson County, salt water is found not only in the gravel 

beds of the glacial drift, but also in the underlying rock; much of the 

surface water is also permeated by salt.

At the margins of the Red River drainage basin elevations range 

between 1,200 and 1,600 feet, but the boundaries are not precisely 

defined. Along much of the eastern side the country is so level that 

many swamps and marshes drain with equal facility to either side; 

along the western side there are wide belts whose drainage systems 

were destroyed by the accumulation of drift and moraines left by the 

ice of the glacial epoch, and in these belts the surface water collects 

in innumerable hollows, kettle holes, and sloughs, and stands till it 

evaporates. If the rainfall were greater these many sink holes and 

lakelets would overflow and natural erosion would perfect the 

drainage system.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas in Red River basin.

River.

Ottertail ......................

Do........................

Do........................ 

Do. .......................

Red.......................... 

Do........................

Do........................

Do........................

Do........................

Buffalo.. .....................

Do........................

Sand HID... ..................

Snake........................

Middle River.................

Tamarack. . ..................

Drainage area above 

Sec. 19, T. 134 N., R. 42 W. ...................................

Sec. 6, T. 132 N., R. 43 W ....................................

South Fork ...................................................

Mdu th ........................................................

....do.........................................................

....do.........................................................

....do.........................................................

....do..... ...................................................

Square 

miles.

690

1,160

1,310 

1,360

1,800 

6,020

25,000

34,300

450

1,110

1,740

573

1,400

535

1,040

397

578

East of a north-south line drawn about 50 miles east of the main 

Red River the whole country is heavily timbered; west of such a line 

it is open prairie,- treeless except along the streams.

The mean annual rainfall of the Red River drainage area increases 

uniformly from west to east, being 15 to 18 inches at the western 

boundary, 19 to 24 inches at stations in the middle of the valley, and 

24 to 26 inches at the eastern boundary. Owing to the larger rainfall 

on the eastern side of the area the run-off per square mile from the 

tributaries on this side is from two to ten times as great as that on 

the west side. About 75 per cent of the total rainfall occurs in the 

six months from April 1 to September 30.

Drainage work is being carried on rapidly in this basin, especially 

in that portion lying in Minnesota. As a result, the following areas 

have been benefited by ditching:

Areas improved by drainage.

Acres. 

Traverse County.............. 89,000

Grant County................ 54,000

Polk County................. 972,000

Clearwater County............ 23,000

2,170,000

	Acres. 

Kittson County.............. 222,000

Roseau County............... 160,000

Norman County.............. 164,000

Clay County................. 262, 000

Wilkin County............... 196,000

Ottertail County............. 27,000

Becker County................ 3,000

The best reservoir site in the portion of the drainage basin drained 

by the principal river itself is Ottertail Lake, which has an area of 

about 22 square miles and receives the run-off from an area of 1,160 

square miles.

During 1911 a topographic survey of this lake was made by the 

United States Geological Survey, which shows the possibilities of the 

lake as a reservoir.

21502° WSP 285 12 3
34 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

A survey of Ottertail River from the dam at Phelps to a point 

several miles below the Dayton Hollow dams was made to determine 

the amount of power available on the river. From the data collected 

on this survey, sheets have been prepared showing a profile of the 

water surface, a plan of the river, and the topography adjacent to 

the river. The results of this survey have been published on separate 

sheets and may be had upon application to the district engineer, 

United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, 

Minn. From this survey the following table of elevations and distances has been compiled:

Elevations and distances along Ottertail River.

Place.

Highway bridge, S. 26, T. 132 N., R. 44 W ........................................

Red River Milling Co. tailwater. ..................................................

Range line 42-43 W ...............................................................

Distance 

below 

Phelps 

Dam.

Miles. 

51

45

45

39

38

35

35

35

35

34

34

32

32

28

21

15

13

9

9

6

0

, 0

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,035

1,073

1,108

1,118

1,125

1,157

1,167

1,168

1,182

1,185

1,198

1,203

1,215

1,232

1,251

1,268

1,287

1,298

1,302

1,303

1,309

1,318

The following table of approximate elevations and distances has 

been compiled chiefly from the reports of the Minnesota Geological

Survey:

Elevations and distances along Pelican River.

Place.

Carlisle ( Great Northern Ry .).....................................................

Erhard.. ..........................................................................

Pelican Rapids ( Great Northern Ry.) . ............................................

Miles

above 

mouth.

0

4

11

11

18

23

25

25

30

31

40

46

51

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,118

1,149

1,215

1,228

1,268

1,280

1,289

1,301

1,315

1,320

1,330

1,335

1,345
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA.

Water power is developed at the following points:

Developed water powers in Red River basin.

35

Place.

MaineMHIs...................

Pelican Rapids. . .............

Stream.

.....do............... ...............................

.....do...............................................

.....do...............................................

.....do.. .............................................

.....do...............................................

Fall 

utilized.

Feet.

8

65

36

11

12

11

15

Average 

horsepower.

50

860

250

30

100

100

40

Red River is navigable from Grand Forks down to Winnipeg. 

Theoretically it is navigable from Grand Forks up to Breckenridge 

except during low water, but in recent years there has been no traffic 

except in the lower 25 miles of this stretch, and many fixed bridges 

have been cheaply built, practically closing it to navigation.

Records of discharge have been maintained in the upper portion 

of the basin since 1899. These records show that the driest year was 

1910 and the wettest 1906. The ratio of flow during these two years 

was 1 to 3.09.

The records of the gaging stations in this area provide data of value 

in determining the seasonal or total flow of the whole river or any of 

its tributaries, information necessary in studies of navigation and the 

prevention of flood damage, water-power development, and drainage.

Water storage on Red River and its tributaries has been made the 

subject of an investigation by the United States Engineer Corps, the 

results being published in House Document 127, Fifty-second Congress, first session, and House Document 539, Fifty-eighth Congress, 

second session.

The quality of the water in Red River has been examined by the 

United States Geological Survey in connection with a general study 

of the quality of surface waters in Minnesota. The results of the 

investigation have been published by the Survey as Water-Supply 

Paper 193.

OTTERTAIL RIVER NEAR FERGUS FALLS, MINN.

This station, which was established May 9, 1904, is located at Threemile Bridge, about 3J miles northeast of Fergus Falls, Minn., on the 

line between sees. 18 and 19, T. 133 N., R. 42 W.; because of the loop 

in the river, however, this point is 8 miles up the valley from Fergus 

Falls. The gage is attached to the bridge and discharge measurements are made at the same section.
36 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The records furnish information of especial value in connection 

with the future development of water power, for which this stream is 

particularly available.

The nearest tributary is the outlet of Wall Lake, which enters 

Ottertail River several miles below the station. Twenty miles above 

the station is Ottertail Lake, about 22 square miles in area, through 

which the river flows and by which its flow is so well regulated that the 

recorded range of stage has not exceeded 2 feet. On the upper part of 

the river there are a number of logging dams used to drive logs to the 

sawmill at Frazee, but there are none between the lowest logging dam 

at Frazee and the dam at Maine, several miles below Ottertail Lake, 

in about sec. 35, T. 134, R. 41. During the low-water season, the 

closing of the turbine gates at Maine may affect the flow immediately 

below the dam, but the small lakes through which the river flows 

before reaching the gaging station serve to equalize the flow at the 

latter point. Below this station there are a number of power plants, 

but owing to the fall of the river the operation of the plants produces 

no effect at the gage.

There have been no changes in either gage datum or discharge curve 

since the station was established. The records are affected to some 

extent by the use of incorrect chain length and staff gages when the 

chain gage was out of commission. From December to March the 

river is frozen over and occasional discharge measurements are made 

through the ice to determine the winter flow.

The records at this station and those at the outlet of Ottertail Lake 

furnish 12 years' record of flow of the river below Ottertail Lake.

The United States Engineer Office maintained a gaging station on 

Ottertail River at the outlet of Ottertail Lake from May 1, 1899, to 

May 14, 1904. As there is no important tributary between, these 

records are almost directly comparable with those of the Geological 

Survey given herewith, the difference in drainage area being about 

12 per cent.

The daily discharge and monthly estimates for all years prior to 

1910, inclusive, have been republished in "Report of water resources 

investigation of Minnesota during 1909-10," by the State drainage 

commission, St. Paul, Minn.

Discharge measurements of Ottertail River near Fergus Falls, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Feb. 21

July 16

Aug. 236

Dee. 23

Hydrographer.

E . F . Chandler ............................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

90

90

54

85

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

90.0

104

38.7

49.1

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

o4.08

2.60

2.14

C3.17

Discharge

Sec.-ft. 

219

167

48.1

85.2

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice approximately 1.7 feet.

6 Wading measurement.

c Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice 1,2 feet*
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 37

Daily gage height, in feet, ofOttertail River near Fergus Falls, Minn., for 1910. 

[H. G. Evensen, jr., observer.]

Day.

1,. ........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

Feb.

4.4

4.2

4.5

4.0

Mar.

3.25

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.05

3.05

3.15

3.15

Apr.

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

May.

3.3

3 3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.25

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2 *

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.15

3.15

3.15

3.15

3.1

June.

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.95

2.95

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.85

2.85

2.85

2.85

2.85

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

July.

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.75

2.75

2.7

2.7

2.65

2.65

2.65

2.65

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.55

2.55

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.45

2.45

2.4

2.4

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.35

Aug.

2.35

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.25

2.25

2.15

2.15

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

Sept.

2.1

2.15

2.1

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.0

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

<2.0

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.15

2.2

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

Oct.

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.0

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.0

2.05

2.05

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.15

2.15

2.25

2.3

2.3

2.35

2.35

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

Nov.

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.35

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

Dec.

2.25

2.25

2.25

3.0

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.2

NOTE. Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 14 and from Dec. 5 to 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofOttertail River near Fergus Falls, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1.. .............

2... .............

3...............

4.... ...........

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9. .............

10........ ......

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17........ ......

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan. Feb.

«219

Mar.

426

402

357

357

336

336

336

336

336

315

315

315

315

315

336

336

380

380

Apr.

402

402

402

402

402

426

426

426

426

426

426

426

426

426

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

May.

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

449

426

426

426

426

402

402

402

402

402

402

402

402

402

402

380

380

380

380

380

357

June.

357

357

336

336

336

336

336

315

31 <;

315

315

315

315

315

294

294

274

274

274

274

255

255

255

255

255

236

236

236

236

July.

236

236

236

218

218

201

201

184

184

184

184

168

168

168

168

168

168

168

153

153

138

138

138

124

124

111

111

98

98

98

98

Aug.

98

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

OK

OE

74

74

74

74

62

62

62

62

62

74

74

52

52

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

Sept.

43

52

43

36

36

36

36

28

22

22

22

22

16

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

43

43

28

52

62

28

28

28

28

Oct.

28

28

28

22

22

22

28

36

36

36

36

28

36

36

28

28

28

43

43

52

52

74

85

85

98

98

85

85

85

85

Nov.

85

85

85

98

111

111

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

85

74

74

74

74

74

74

74

74

74

62

62

62

62

62

62

Dec.

68

74

74

74

a 85

a Discharge nieasurement. 

NOTE. Discharge at this station computed from an excellent rating curve.
38 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge ofOttertail River near Fergus Falls, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area 1,310 square miles.]

Month.

April....................................

May....................................

July....................................

August. .................................

October. ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

426 

449 

449 

357 

236 

98 

52 

98 

111

449

Minimum.

402

357 

236 

98 

36 

16 

22 

62

16

Mean.

325 

240 

285 

434 

417 

294 

163 

64.8 

32.6 

48.3 

79 

80

205

Per 

square 

mile.

0.248 

.168 

.218 

.331 

.318 

.224 

.124 

.049 

.025 

.037 

.060 

.061

.156

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.27 

.17 

.25 

.37 

.37 

.25 

.14 

.06 

.03 

.04 

.07 

.07

2.09

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

NOTE. Mean discharge for January and February estimated. Mean discharge, Mar. 1 to 14, esttmated, 200 second-feet; Dec. 5 to 31, 81second-feet.

BED RIVER NEAR FERGUS FALLS, MINN.

This station, which is located at Dewey Bridge, 3£ miles west of 

Fergus Falls and about 1 mile below the mouth of Pehcan River, was 

established June 19, 1909, to obtain data for use in connection with 

water power development on Red River.

Except Pelican River no tributary enters within several miles of the 

station. The drainage area above this point is 1,800 square miles.

The nearest dam above the station is at Fergus Falls. Although the 

intermittent operation of the mills at this point may cause a daily 

fluctuation, its effect is very slight at the station, as there is no consistent difference between the recorded morning and evening gage 

heights. Three or four miles below the vertical staff gage at the bridge 

section is the Dayton Hollow dam, which is the control for the gaging 

section, as is shown by the drop in the gage heights when the water 

level above the dam is lowered for repairs to that structure. (See 

PI. Ill, A.) When the station was established, it was believed that 

this control was reasonably permanent, but the data were so unsatisfactory that the station was discontinued March 31, 1910.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge.

Owing to the short time that the station was operated, it was not 

completely rated; hence no estimate of daily flow can be given.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 285 PLATE I

A. DAYTON HOLLOW DAM ON OTTERTAIL RIVER BELOW FERGUS FALLS, MINN 

A typical rr.odern power development.

B. MEASUREMENT OF RAINY RIVER AT INTERNATIONAL FALLS, MINN.

HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 39 

Daily gage height, infect, of Red River near Fergus Falls, Minn.,for 1910.

Day.

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10......

Jan. Feb.

7.12

7.22

Mar.

7.29

7

qc

Day.

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19

20......

Jan.

6.99

6 91

Feb.

6.99

Mar.

7.40

7.48

6.17

5 on

Day.

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

in

31......

Jan.

7.12

Feb.

7.21

Mar.

5.48

5.51

5.47

5.42

5.44

5.48

5.42

5

AK

5.51

5.46

NOTE. Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 15. The average thickness of ice during this period was 1.6 feet. 

RED RIVER AT FARGO, N. DAK.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge connecting 

Front Street, Fargo, N. Dak., with Moorhead, Minn., was established 

May 23, 1901. Discharge measurements are made half a mile farther 

upstream, at the footbridge at the Fargo waterworks pumping station, except at very high stage, when the Front Street Bridge or the 

Northern Pacific Railway bridge is used.

The drainage area above this station is about 6,020 square miles, 

3,770 being in Minnesota, 500 in South Dakota, and 1,750 in North 

Dakota. The nearest tributary is Sheyenne River, which enters Red 

River 10 miles below.

The vertical staff gage is attached to the breakwater for the center 

pier of the Front Street Bridge and is read from the bridge or the 

banks by the aid of a field glass.

The gage datum has not been changed since the establishment of the 

station. The channel is in clay and silt, and slight changes in depth 

occur from time to time. The fall is so slight that any accidental 

obstruction in the channel is likely to cause an appreciable effect for a 

long distance upstream and to affect the rating. Hence, unless frequent discharge measurements are made, slight errors will enter, but 

there have been no very great changes in the rating curves for nine 

years, and the records are fairly good except when affected by ice, by 

which the stream is smoothly closed for about four months of the year. 

At the spring break-up, on account of the comparatively sluggish 

current and the fact that the river flows northward into a colder district, a pronounced backwater effect is usually caused by ice jams 

and partial ice jams, and the river is raised disproportionately high for 

several days or weeks. At that season, therefore, the records can 

only be approximate unless daily discharge measurements are made.

The estimates of daily and monthly discharge for all years prior to 

1910, inclusive, have been published in "Report of water resources 

investigation in Minnesota during 1909-10" by the State drainage 

commission, St*. Paul, Minn.
40 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Discharge measurements of Red River at Fargo, N. Dak., in 1910.

Date.

July 27

Aug. 16

Hydrographer.

E. F. Chandler. ...........................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

93

95

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

142

163

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.74

5.98

Discharge.

Sec.ft. 

150

56

Daily gage height, in feet, of Red River at Fargo, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[H R. Grasse, observer.]

Day.

1..........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11 ..........

12..........

13..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21 ..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31 ..........

Feb.

9.4

9.4

Mar.

, 9.4

9.4

9.5

10.5

11.5

11.8

11.8

11.9

12.8

13.6

15.3

17.8

19.5

23 1

21.7

18.3

16.0

14.3

13.3

12.5

12.3

12.0

11.8

Apr.

11.6

11.6

11.4

11.4

11.4

11.4

11.3

11.1

11.0

11.0

10 9

11.7

11.6

11.5

11.5

11.5

11.0

10.5

10.5

10.5

10.6

In Q

12.7

13.0

19 Q

12.5

11.8

11.5

11.1

May.

11.0

10.9

10.9

10.8

10.7

10.7

10.6

10.6

^10.5

10.5

10.4

10.4

10.4

10.0

9 8

9 7

9 7

9.7

9 6

9.5

9 5

9.5

9 3

9 3

Q 9

9 0

9.0

9 n

8.9

June.

8.8

8.7

8.6

8.6

8.5

8.6

8.6

8.6

8.5

8.5

8.5

8.4

8.4

8 A

8.3

8.2

8

0

8 A

8.1

8

n

7 9

7 Q

7 9

7.8

7.8

7.8

7 ft

7.8

7.8

7.8

July.

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.5

7.5

7.5

7.4

7.4

7.3

7.1

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.2

7 9

7.1

7.1

7.0

6.9

6.8

6.9

6.9

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.6

6.6

Aug.

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.4

6.4

6.3

6.4

6.4

6.4

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.1

5.9

6.0

6.1

5.8

6.0

6.1

6.1

5.8

6.1

6.2

6.1

5.9

Sept.

5 9

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.9

5 9

5 9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

t; Q

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.9

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

Oct.

6.0

6.0

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.9

5 9

5

QK

5.95

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.3

6.2

6.4

6.1

6.2

6.2

6.0

6.2

5.8

5.6

5.6

5.7

Nov.

5.7

5.9

6.0

6.0

5.8

5.8

5.9

6.0

6.0

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.1

6.2

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.3

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.5

6.5

Dec.

5.4

5.3

5.7

5.8

6.0

6.2

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 22 and from Nov. 9 to Dec. 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Red River at Fargo, N. Dak., for 1910.

Day.

1.. .........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11....................... ...

12...........'................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

Mar.

270

270

97fl

270

290

520

790

850

820

820

1,070

1 qnn

1,850

2,700

3,300

Apr.

1,470

1,470

1,400

1,400

1,400

1,400

1,370

1,310

1,280

1 280

1,250

1,500

1,470

1,440

1,440

May.

1,280

1,250

1,250

1,220

1,190

1 i',m190

1,160

1,120

1,120

I

AQfl

1,090

1,090

1,090

969

June.

635

608

582

582

556

582

582

582

556

556

556

530

530

530

504

July.

356

332

309

309

309

309

286

286

264

221

201

201

201

201

201

Aug.

131

131

131

90

102

116

116

116

102

102

90

102

102

102

Sept.

51

51

51

43

43

51

51

43

43

43

43

43

43

43

. 51

Oct.

60

60

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

55

55

Nov.

36

51

60

60

43

43

51

60
HtTDSOtf BAY DBAINAGE AREA. 41 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Red River at Fargo, N. Dak., for 1910.

Day.

16............................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

3,800

4,000

4,300

4

Kf|A

4,700

4,600

4,400

4,100

3 inn

2,070

1,780

1,710

1,600

1,532

Apr.

1,440

1,280

1,120

1,120

1,120

1,160

1,250

1,850

1,960

1,920

1,780

1,600

1,530

1,310

May.

911

882

882

882

853

824

824

797

770

770

743

689

689

689

662

June.

478

504

530

453

428

404

404

404

380

380

380

380

380

380

380

July.

242

242

221

221

201

182

164

182

164

147

147

147

131

Aug.

60

60

60

69

51

60

69

43

60

69

69

43

69

79

69

51

Sept.

51

51

43

43

43

43

51

43

43

43

51

60

60

60

60

Oct.

60

60

60

60

90

79

102

69

79

79

CO

79

43

30

30

36

Nov.

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from well-defined rating curve except from Mar. 1 to 22, when the 

discharge was estimated.

Monthly discharge of Red River at Fargo, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 6,020 square miles.]

Month.

March. . ....................

April.......................

May... .....................

July........................

November. .................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,960 

1,280 

635 

356 

131 

60 

102

Minimum.

1,120 

662 

380 

131 

43 

43 

30

Mean.

2,130 

1,430 

967 

491 

220 

85.3 

47.9 

58.3 

o45.0

Per 

square 

mile.

0.354 

.238 

.161 

.081 

.037 

.014 

.0080 

.0097 

.0075

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area. 

0.41 

.27 

.19 

.09 

.04 

.02 

.009 

.01 

.008

Total in 

acre-feet.

131,000 

85,100 

59,500 

29,200 

13,500 

5,240 

2,850 

3,580 

2,680

332,650

Accuracy.

C. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

a Mean discharge, Nov. 9 to 30, estimated 43 second-feet. 

RED RIVER AT GRAND FORKS, N. DAK.

This station, which is located at the Northern Pacific Railway 

bridge between Grand Forks, N. Dak., and East Grand Forks, Minn., 

was established May 26, 1901. Gage-height records had, however, 

been kept by the United States Army engineers for many years at this 

point, their staff gage being located on the breakwater to which the 

original United States Geological Survey gage was attached, but at 

a datum 5.00 feet higher. A chain gage later installed on the downstream side of the bridge at -the same datum has remained unchanged 

since the establishment of the station.

Discharge measurements are usually made from the Great Northern 

Railway bridge about 1,000 feet above the chain gage. The chain
42 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

gage is one-half mile below the mouth of Red Lake River. The drainage area at this station includes about 13,400 square miles in Minnesota, 500 in South Dakota, and 11,100 in North Dakota, a total of 

25,000 square miles. Red Lake River, which drains 5,680 square 

miles of the total area, is much more steady in its flow than Red River, 

so that at low stages (in winter, and often in late summer and fall) 

Red Lake River brings from one-half to three-fifths of all the water 

passing this station.

The channel is cut in clay and silt and is subject to small gradual 

changes, but unusually precise gage records have been kept; the range 

of the river in height is so great 47 feet between the extremes of low 

and high water that a change of 0.1 foot in gage height causes only a 

small percentage change in flow, and as frequent discharge measurements have been made the records are satisfactory, being as a rule 

excellent through the open season.

The river flows under smooth ice from about November 15 to April 

10; the flow during the winter fluctuates little, and since 1895 enough 

discharge measurements have been made each winter to give fairly 

satisfactory summaries for the winter.

When the ice breaks up in the spring, because the river has only a 

gentle current and because it flows north into cooler regions where the 

river is not yet open, the gage reading is usually excessively and disproportionately high for a few days or weeks, so that the figures for 

quantity of flow must depend largely on estimation; actual measurements when the river appeared entirely open and clear of ice at this 

point have sometimes shown the gage reading to be 5 feet greater 

than would have been needed for the same discharge later in the season, after the whole length of the river was entirely open.

The daily and monthly discharge estimates for all years prior to 

1910, inclusive, have been published in "Report of water resources 

investigation of Minnesota during 1909-10," by the State drainage 

commission, St. Paul, Minn.

Discharge measurements of Red River at Grand Porks, N. Dale., 1910.

Date.

Jan. 14

Feb. 28

Mar. 23

July 25

Aug. 20

Oct. 14

Dec. 13

Hydrographer.

.....do...'..................................................

E. F. Chandler............................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Chandler and Ebner . . .....................................

Width.

Feet. 

215

208

543

128

115

70

73

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,300

897

7,580

621

384

319

253

Gage 

height.

Feet.

o8.77

67.67

30.17

5.12

3.39

3.36

C3.74

Discharge.

Sec.-/*. 

1,530

983

18,300

830

366

395

312

o Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.10 feet. 

6 Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.80 feet, 

c Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice,9 .95 foot.
HUDSOtf DRAINAGE ABfiA.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Red River at Grand Forks, N. Lak.,for 1910. 

[H. L. Hayes, observer.]

Day.

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

g

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14.... ...........

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20....... ........

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

97

28......--......-

29............... 

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

9.50

9.i6

8.70

8.88

8.85

Feb.

8 92

8.60

8.10

Mar.

8.90

is. so

28.50

29.60

30.55

30.70

30.25

29.40

29.25

26.45

94 7>!

22.60

20.20 

18.80

18.28

Apr.

18.20

18.48

18.30

18.25

17.95

17.62

17.35

16.95

16.55

16.18

15.70

15.32

14.70

13.98

13.75

13.65

13.50

13.22

13.15

11 7>;

15.25

17.05

19.30

20.25

20.40

20.52

20.58

20.15

19.35 

18.65

May.'

17.80

16.95

16.20

15.45

14.80

14 45

13.90

13.50

12.92

12.55

12.00

11.90

11.65

11.39

10.90

10.95

10.85

10.80

10.50

10.40

10.49

10.42

10.08

9.92

9.70

9.52

9.42 

9.29

9.32

June.

8.95

8.69

8.70

8.78

8.80

8 89

8.81

8.78

8.75

8.60

8.45

8.20

8.25

8.18

8.00

7.98

7.68

7.52

7.35

7 99

7.10

6.95

6.68

6.50

6.45

6.38

6.20

6.19

6.10 

6.05

July.

5.98

5.88

5.72

5.62

5.65

5.60

5.50

5.40

t 49

5.42

5.40

5.38

5.20

5.05

5.00

5.07

4.90

4.88

4.92

4.82

4 80

4.78

4.72

5.05

5.15

5.16

5.08

4.98

4.96 

4.88

4.80

Aug.

4.65

4.68

4.48

4.40

4.42

4.30

4.22

4.30

3.75

4.38

3.97

3.92

4.00

3.90

3.82

3.82

3.82

3.62

3 OK

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.45

3.45

3.30

3.30 

3.30

3.45

Sept.

3.60

3.35

3.25

3.40

3.60

3.98

4.20

3.75

3.70

3.70

3.65

3.66

3.55

3.62

3.65

3.65

3.70

3.95

3.45

3.35

3.25

3.35

3.25

3.92

3.19

3.75

3.48

3.35

3.48

Oct.

3.50

3.45

3.50

3.45

3.60

3.50

3.35

3.25

3.12

3.62

3.62

3.65

3.50

3.35

3.35

3.45

3.30

3.65

3.25

3 40

3.25

3.58

3.72

3.75

3.65

3.80

3.90

3.68

3.65 

3.55

3.50

Nov.

3.38

3.68

3.52

3.60

3.00

3.18

2.70

3.22

3.30

3-40

3.52

3.10

3.42

3.40

3.20

3.38

3.38

3.30

3.38

3.45

3.45

3.42

3.38

3.40

3.75

3.80

3.70

3.68

3.60 

3.58

Dec.

3.62

3.68

3.70

3.10

3.70

3.90

4.10

4.20

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 25 and from Nov. 5 to Dec. 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Red River at Grand Forks, N. Dak., for 1910.

Day.

1.... ................................

2....................................

3....................................

4............... ....................

5....................................

6....................................

7 ....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21............. :.....................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Mar.

6,500

9,000

12,500

16,100

17,200

18,200

18,500

18,400

18,100

18,400

16,000

14,500

12,600

10,500

9,260

8,730

Apr.

8,760

8,990

8,850

8,800

8,560

8,290

8,080

7,760

7,450

7,170

6,810

6,530

6,090

5,590

5,420

5,360

5,250

5,020

5,420

6,480

7,840

9,690

10,500

10,700

10,800

10,800

10 400

9,730

9,140

May.

8,440

7,760

7,180

6,610

6,160

5,920

5,530

5,250

4,870

4,620

4,290

4,230

4,080

3,920

3,640

3,640

3,660

3,580

3,510

3,420

3,360

3,410

3,370

3,180

3,100

2,980

2,880

2,820

2,750

2,770

June.

2,560

2.420

2,430

2,470

2,480

2,530

2,540

2,470

2,460

2,380

2,300

2,180

2,200

2,170

2,080

9 n?n

1,920

1,840

1,760

1,690

1,630

1,560

1,440

1,360

1,340

1,310

1,230

1,230

1,190

1,170

July.

1,140

1,100

1,040

1,000

1,010

995

960

925

932

932

925

918

856

806

790

813

758

764

733

727

721

703

806

840

843

817

784

777

752

727

Aug.

682

691

635

613

618

587

567

587

552

460

608

508

497

515

492

474

433

382

410

410,

410

410

400

400

391

373

373

373

400

Sept.

429

382

364

391

429

510

562

460

449

449

439

441

420

433

439

439

449

504

400

382

364

382

364

497

354

460

406

382

406

391

Oct.

410

400

410

400

429

410

382

364

343

433

433

439

410

382

382

400

373

439

364

391

364

425

453

460

439

470

492

44fi

434

420

410

Nov.

387

445

414

429

325

353

280

359

373

391

414

340

395

391

356

387

387

373

387

400

400

395

38?

391

460

470

449

44K

429

425

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except from Mar. 16 to 27, which 

was estimated from the gage heights and a measurement.
44 SURFACE WATEft SUPPLY, 1MO, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Red River at Grand Forks, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 25,000 square miles.]

Month.

February. . .................

July........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

18,500 

10,800 

8,440 

2,560 

1,140 

691 

562 

492 

470

Minimum.

5,020 

2,750 

1,170 

703 

373 

354 

343 

280

Mean.

1,520 

1,300 

8,420 

7,840 

4,340 

1,950 

860 

490 

426 

413 

395 

310

Per 

square 

mile.

0.061 

.052 

.336 

.314 

.174 

.078 

.034 

.020 

.017 

.017 

.016 

.012

.094

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.07 

.05 

.39 

.35 

.20 

.09 

.04 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.01

1.28

Total in 

acre-feet.

93,500 

72,200 

518,000 

467,000 

267,000 

116,000 

52,900 

30,100 

25,300 

25,400 

23,500 

19,100

1,710,000

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B.

NOTE. Mean discharge for January, February, and December estimated from discharge measurements, gage heights, and notes regarding ice. Mean discharge, Mar. 1 to 15, estimated, 2,430 second-feet.

PELICAN RIVER NEAR FERGUS FALLS, MINN.

Pelican River rises in Rice Lake near Rich wood, Becker County, and 

flows southward through a chain of lakes, the chief of which are 

Floyd, Little Floyd, Elsa (elevation, 1,345 feet), Detroit (1,335 feet), 

Sallie, Melissa (1,330 feet), Pelican (1,320 feet), Lizzie (1,315 feet), 

and Lida lakes.

The gaging station, which was established June 19, 1909, in connection with the general investigation of the water resources of 

Minnesota, is located 6 miles northwest of Fergus Falls, in sec. 18 of 

that township, at a private bridge, from which discharge measurements are made.

Pelican River enters Red River about 5 miles below the gaging 

station, and as the range of stage in Red River is small, there is no 

danger of backwater. The nearest dam is at Elizabeth, 6 or 8 miles 

above the station, and the intermittent operation of the mill at that 

point causes a slight daily fluctuation in the gage heights. The staff 

gage at the bridge is read twice each day and the mean of these readings is taken as the mean for the day. It k located at the measuring 

section.

From the middle of November to the 1st of April, when the river is 

ice-bound, gage readings are taken through a hole in the ice.

With the exception of the daily fluctuation, due to the mill at 

Elizabeth, conditions of flow are excellent, and therefore the records 

should be considered good.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 45 

Discharge measurements of Pelican River near Fergus Falls, Minn., 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

July 12

Aug. 4

Oct. 4

Dec. 12

1910. 

Feb. 20

July 16

Aug. 23«

Dec. 23

Hydrographer.

E. F. Chandler ............................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

E. F. Chandler. ...........................................

.....do....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

29

29

29

29

29

28

26

15

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

53.0

48.1

66.1

68.5

63.0

46.7

37.2

7.2

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.26

5.99

6.54

6.56

07.40

68.55

5.78

5.44

d5.8

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

126

74.6

193

195

128

73.4

35.8

5.5

el.O

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.90 feet. 

& Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 2.50 feet. 

c Wading section.

<t Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice about 2 feet. 

e Discharge estimated.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Pelican River near Fergus Falls, Minn., for 1910. 

[Henry W. Luther, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3............... 

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12............... 

13...............

14............... 

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19............... 

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23............... 

24...............

25...............

26............... 

27. .............. 

28............... 

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

7.85

"7." 85"

.......

8.00

8.35

Feb.

8.35

8.55

"8.'55~

9.00

8.65

Mar.

8.70

9.45

9.50

8.50

"6.54

6.50

6.51

6.54 

6.51

6.49

6.49 

 6.46 

6.45 

6.46

6.48

6.49

Apr.

6.42

6.46

6.49 

6.51

6.59

6.50

6.49

6.44

6.51

6.39 

6.49 

6.46

6.50 

6.46

6.60

6.64

6.61 

6.61 

6.61

6.70

6.69

6.70 

6.64

6.51

6.49 

6.48 

6.55 

6.44

6.49

May.

6.51

6.49

6.50

6 4.Q

6.46

6.45

6.41

6.44

6.41

6.42

6.41 

6.39 

6.40

6.34 

6.45

6.42

6.38

6.42 

6.40 

6.34

6.31

6.32

6.28 

6.32

6.31

6.31 

6.24 

6.21 

6.20

6.16

6.14

June.

6.11

6.11

6.14 

6.11

6.14

6.19

6.14

6.14

6.18

6.11

6.09 

6.06 

6.04

6.00 

6.04

5.75

6.00

5.96

5.78 

5.76

5.90

5.92

5.86 

5.88

5.90

5.89 

5.82 

5.81 

5.74

5.71

July.

5.82

5.81

5.70 

5.48

5.46

5.80

5.50

5.46

-5.54

5.52

5.80 

5.54 

5.60

5.48 

5.58

5.48

5.41

5.88 

5.45 

5.46

5.49

5.51

5.52 

5.45

5.49

5.51 

5.52 

5.52 

5.80

5.55

5.49

Aug.

5.50

5.56

5.50 

5.51

5.49

5.46

5.44

5.42

5.41

5.42

5.41 

5.42 

5.45

5.44 

5.46

5.48

5.45

5.48 

5.46 

5.45

5.44

5.41

5.70 

5.45

5.40

5.68 

5.40 

5.40 

5.39

5.41

5.41

Sept.

5.36

5.45

5.39 

5.36

5.36

5.35

5.35

5.36

5.35

5.36

5.34 

5.35 

5.41

5.55 

5.41

5.54

5.52

5.46 

5.40 

5.34

5.36

5.44

5.40 

5.44

5.41

5.40 

5.40 

5.40 

5.36

5.39

Oct.

5.39

5.40

5.58 

5.56

5.61

5.60

5.59

5.51

5.46

5.54

5.61 

5.60 

5.55

5.45 

5.41

5.31

5.32

5.38 

5.39 

5.32

5.29

5.31

5.35 

5.34

5.35

5.35 

5.36 

5.34 

5.34

5.36

5.41

Nov.

5.52

5.68

5.70 

5.78

5.82

5.55

5.45

5.44

5.45

5.46

5.45 

5.46 

5.48

5.50 

5.46

5.51

5.50

5.49 

5.54

5.52

5.50

5.60

Dec.

5.88

6.00

"6." 15

6.50

"5." 80

5.80

5.70

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 19 and from Nov. 20 to Dec. 31.
46 SITBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PABT V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pelican River near Fergus Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1.. ........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11 ..... .

12..........

13........ .

14..........

15..........

June. July.

Ill

107

107

93

93

56

77

82

66

75

93

111

120

91

80

Aug.

89

103

84

73

75

84

138

147

144

135

154

182

218

218

185

Sept.

170

178

190

180

182

190

190

180

182

180

190

182

180

170

185

Oct.

ion

10*

185

180 toe

ISO

1st;

182

200

226

168

180

168

170

168

Nov.

111

154

154

151

151

144

1M

1M

151

156

1K1

147

151

150

150

Day.

1909. 

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

91

22. .........

23..........

24. .........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30. .........

31..........

June.

170

170

144

147

142

129

208

138

71

73

109

113

July.

75

83

77

77

36

175

1U

144

133

113

101

91

93

91

84

89

Aug.

166

154

151

144

144

135

138

168

190

182

195

182

180

180

178

170

Sept.

200

205

180

192

185

200

200

190

195

192

200

200

205

200

192

Oct.

166

185

158

142

156

168

158

168

180

168

168

166

147

142

158

168

Nov.

150

150

140

140

140

140

130

130

130

130

130

120

120

120

1?0

NOTE. Discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except from Nov. 14 to 30, for which period 

the discharge is estimated.

Day.

1910. 

1.... ......

2..........

3..........

4........ .

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22. .........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

Feb.

a 73

Mar.

190

180

182

190

182

178

178

170

168

170

178

Apr.

161

178

182

180

178

166

178

182

1^4

178

170

180

170

205

215

208

208

208

231

228

231

215

182

178

175

192

166

178

May.

182

180

178

170

IfiS

1 f*ft

166

158

161

IP;S

~\*A

IP&

142

Iftft

161

151

161

Ififi

142

1QC

138 toe

IQC

113

111

103

QQ

June.

93

QO

QQ

99

109

QQ

107

QO

SO

84

80

73

SO

36

73

66

40

37

KC

KQ

53

56

55

4C

43

35 *l

July.

45

43

30

9.8

8.6

42

11

8.6

15

13

42>*;

20

9.8

18

9.8

5.6

53

8.0

8.6

10

12

13

8.0

10

12

13

13

42

16

10

Aug.

11

16

11

12

10

8.6

7.4

6.2

5

fi

6.2

5.6

6.2

8.0

7.4

8.6

9.8

8.0

9.8

8.6

8.0

7.4

5.6

30

8.0

5.0

28

5.0

5.0

4.6

15 fi

5.6

Sept.

3.4

8.0

4.6

3.4

3 A

3 A

3 ft

3.4

3 ft

3 A

9 fi

3.0

5.6

16

5.6

15

1O

8.6

5

2.6

3 A

7.4

5

7.4

5.6

5

5

K

3.4

4.6

Oct.

4.6

5

18

16

21

19

12

8.6

15

21

20

15

8

5.6

1.4

1.8

4.2

4.6

1.8

1.4

3

2.6

3.4

2.6

2.6

3 A

5.6

Nov.

13

28

30

40

APL

16

8.0

7.4

8.0

8.6

8.0

8.6

9.8

11

8.0

12

11

10

15

10

10

8.0

8.0

8.0

8.0

7.0

7.0

6.0

6.0

5.0

Dec.

a 1.0

a Discharge measurement.

NOTE. Discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except from Nov. 20 to 30, for which 

period it is estimated.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AEEA. 47

of Pelican River near Fergus Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

(Drainage area, 433 square miles.)

Month.

1909.

July....................................

October. ................................

1910.

March...................................

April....................................

May....................................

July....................................

November. .............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

208 

175 

218 

205 

226 

156

231 

182 

109 

53 

30 

16 

21 

45

231

Minimum.

71

36 

73 

170 

142 

120

154 

99 

31 

5.6 

4.6 

2.6 

.8

Mean.

134 

96 

151 

189 

173 

142 

125

125 

80 

180 

188 

149 

70.8 

18.5 

9.15 

5.58 

8.06 

12.7 

3.00

70.6

Per 

square 

mile.

0.309

.222 

.349 

.436 

.400 

.328 

.289

.289 

.185 

.416 

.434 

.344 

.164 

.043 

.021 

.013 

.016 

.029 

.0069

.163

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.14 

.26 

.40 

.49 

.46 

.37 

.33

.33 

.19 

.48 

.48 

.40 

.18 

.05 

.02 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.01

2.20

Accuracy.

A. 

\. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

Bl 

C.

C.

c. 

c.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

D. 

D.

NOTK. Mean discharge for December, 1909, and for January, February, and December, 1910, estimated. 

Mean discharge, Mar. 1 to 19, estimated at 181 second-feet.

WILD RICE RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Wild Rice River, next to Red Lake River the most important tributary of Red River, rises in Upper Rice Lake (at an elevation of 1,500 

feet above sea level) in To 145 N., R. 37 W., in the southern part of 

Clearwater County. It flows southwestward into Lower Rice Lake, 

which has an area of about 4 square miles, and thence in a general 

westerly course to its junction with Red River (at an elevation of 

about 870 feet), near Hendrum post office in Norman County. Its 

chief tributaries are Simon Lake outlet, Twin Lake outlet, White 

Earth and Marsh rivers, and the South Branch. During periods of 

high water Wild Rice River overflows to Marsh River, which is a 

slough near Ada and has no connection with the Wild Rice at any 

other time.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas on Wild Rice River.

Square miles.

Above Lower Rice Lake outlet................................. 128

Above Faith................................................... 567

Above sec. 20, T. 144 N., R. 43 W.............................. 752

, AboveTwin Valley............................................ 805

Above sec. 18, T, 144 N., R. 44 W.............................. 908

Above mouth. ................................................ 1,440
48 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

For the first 2 miles below Lower Rice Lake the river is an arm of 

the lake controlled by a logging dam which stores water on the lake 

to a depth of 8 feet or more. Below the dam the slope becomes 

steeper, and between the mouth of White Earth River and a point 10 

miles below Heiberg the average is 4.8 feet per mile. From this 

point the slope gradually decreases until it nearly disappears below 

range line 46-47. Notwithstanding this comparatively steep slope 

the river is in places extremely tortuous. Between Mahnomen and 

Faith, for example, 7 miles, the distance along the river is 20 miles.

Above Beaulieu the area is rolling and there is no well-defined bluff 

line, but below that point the ground becomes more level and welldefined bluffs appear. From White Earth River to Heiberg the 

Wild Rice flows through a valley having an average width of onefourth mile and lying 20 to 30 feet below the general surface level. 

Below Heiberg the valley is much narrower. In the upper portion 

of tthe basin the surface is somewhat undulating, but along the lower 

course it is in general flat. Elevations in the basin range from 870 

to 1,550 feet above sea level.

With scarcely an exception the valley lands, although not subject 

to overflow except during unusual floods, are not under cultivation 

but are heavily timbered. In the prairie section west of Beaulieu 

much of the land is under cultivation. East of Beaulieu the area is 

largely covered with brush interspersed with tracts of prairie which 

constitute possibly a third of this part of the basin. The brush and 

prairie prevail to a point within a few miles of Lower Rice Lake, and 

the rest of the basin is heavily covered with pine.

The geology of the basin is very similar to that of the Red Lake 

basin, the surface formation consisting of chiefly blue till overlain in 

its lower portion by lacustrine clays and underlain by Cretaceous 

rocks. The area contains about 50 lakes, all located in its upper 

third, the lake surface making 5 to 10 per cent of that part of the 

basin. Many of these lakes are small and have no visible outlet.

The mean annual rainfall ranges from 25 inches in the upper area 

to 21 inches at the mouth of the river. Of this amount about 2 

inches fall as snow, which remains during the winter. ; From November 

to April the river flows under ice 2 feet thick. As there are no winter 

thaws, the winter flow is derived from the lakes and from ground 

water and is very uniform, decreasing gradually till midwinter, when 

it is usually a minimum.

No good reservoir sites exist in the basin, as the lakes are too far 

up on the headwaters to have sufficient tributary run-off to make 

them of value except as log-driving reservoirs. Although the river 

itself flows between banks 20 to 30 feet high for a considerable part 

of its course, the fall of the river is so great that the storage capacity 

is limited. In order to determine this fact, as. well as to determine
HUDSON BAY DBAINAGE AREA. 49

the availability of Wild Rice River for power development, a survey 

was made in 1911 by the United States Geological Survey from the 

mouth of White Earth River near Mahnomen to a point 11 miles 

below the Heiberg dam. At this point the survey was tied to a 

drainage survey by the State drainage engineer, extending to a point 

below Ada. From the data collected on these surveys sheets have 

been prepared showing the profile of the water surface, a plan of the 

river, and the contours along the river bank. These sheets have 

been published separately and may be had on application to the 

district engineer, United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol 

Building, St. Paul, Minn. From these surveys the following table 

of elevations and distances has been compiled:

Elevations and distances on Wild Rice River.

River.

Section line 11-10 ...............................................................

Highway bridge section line 10-9 ................................................

Range line 42-43 W .............................................................

Section line 13-14 ...............................................................

Faith...........................................................................

Section line 21-22 ...............................................................

Range line 43-44 W .............................................................

Section line 26-27. ..............................................................

Section line 21-22 ...............................................................

Section Hne 17-18 ...............................................................

Section line 23-24. ..............................................................

Section 16-17. ...................................................................

Section line 25-36 ...............................................................

South Branch Wild Rice River. ................................................

Township line 143-144. ..........................................................

Distance 

below 

mouth of 

White 

Earth 

River.

Miles. 

0

2

4

6

14

17

20

21

23

24

25

OO

32

36

ss

40

42

An

43

45

50

53

56

60

66

71

75

83

88

92

92

Q7

101

105

Election 

above sea 

level.

Feet. 

1,187

1 184

l'l80

1,173

1,164

1,156

1,139

1,128

1,110

1,102

i (ton

1,076

1,072

1,057

1,033

1,012

1,005

1,001

991

987

977

963

944

933

920

910

891

874

871

861

857

857

852

845

841

839

At present water power is used at Heiberg, where a fall of 15 feet 

develops 100 horsepower, and at a point near Perley, where about 65 

horsepower is developed.

The Wild Rice is used extensively for log driving, and dams have 

been built at the outlet of Lower Rice Lake and at Twin Lakes. 

21502° W8P 285 12 1
50 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

These dams hold back the flow during the fall and winter months in 

order to obtain a sufficient supply to drive the logs to Ada during 

the spring months. Thus the fall and winter discharge of the river 

is less than the natural run-off, and the spring discharge is increased 

by the amount of the stored water. Water can be stored on Lower 

Rice Lake to a depth of 8 feet by the present dam.

WILD RICE RIVER AT TWIN VALLEY, MINN.

This station, which is located at the steel highway bridge at Twin 

Valley, Mum., was established June 30, 1909, to obtain data for use 

in determining available water power and in studying means of flood 

prevention, which are much needed in this valley.

The nearest tributary is at Heiberg, 2 miles below.

A staff gage is located at the bridge from which discharge measurements are made.

There is a dam across the river at Heiberg, but the highest backwater effect is at a point a mile below Twin Valley. At the outlet of 

Wild Rice Lake is a logging dam used to store the flow through the 

winter and early spring months for the purpose of driving the logs 

to Ada. During the winter period, therefore, the flow at Twin 

Valley is less than normal, and in the spring the flood flow is augmented by the stored water. There is also a dam at Twin Lake outlet which is used in the same way. An exceptionally severe flood 

in July, 1909, overflowed the lower part of the valley and wrecked 

the power dam at Faith by cutting around the end of it and greatly 

increasing the width of the channel. The maximum stage of this 

flood was 20 feet at Twin Valley and the corresponding discharge 

9,200 second-feet.

The river overflows at a stage of 12 feet and covers a width of 

several hundred feet.

Sufficient measurements have been made to enable computation 

of the daily flow. The estimate for the flood discharge above 14 

feet is based on Kutter's formula hi connection with the known area 

of the cross section, and may be somewhat in error, but it is believed 

this error will not exceed 10 per cent. The remaining estimates are 

based on a well-defined rating curve and should be reliable.

Discharge measurements of Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Apr. 16

17

July 14

14o

Dec. 18

Hydrographer.

E. F. Chandler. . ..........................................

.....do.....................................................

.. ...do... ................................................. .

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

63

63

54

65

55

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

169

188

69.9

60.1

36.0

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.22

6.55

4.81

4.81

&5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

345

416

61.1

55.9

20.8

a Wading measurement.

6 Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice approximately 0.80 feet.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AEEA. 51

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minn., for 1910.

[Axel Johnson, observer.]

Day.

1...................

2... ................

5...................

6...................

T. ..................

g

W... ................

11. ..................

19

1Q

15...................

16..-....--....-.....

17........ ....... ....

18...................

19...................

20...................

21. . .................

"i2. ..................

23. ..................

24. ..................

25...................

26.--.-.........-....

27...................

28--.....--..........

9Q

30. ..................

31...................

Mar.

5.60

5.50

5.50

5.55

5.60

5.75

Apr.

5.70

5.60

5.50

5.50

5.45

5.55

5

JK

5 4ft

5.30

5.20

5.10

5.00

4 on

4 90

4.95

6.60

6.80

7.20

7.65

7.78

7 QO

7 ce

8.80 Q 9n

9 en

9 10

8.90

8.70

8.65

May.

8.48

8.65

8.38

7 on

7.50

7.42

7 fifi

7 4ft

7 45

7.25

7.05

6.95

6.80

6.68

6.60

fi OP;

7.20

6.57

6.40

6.55

6.55

6.50

6.45

6.50

6.35

6.30

6.30

6.20

6.15

6.10

June.

5.90

5.90

5

0C

5 90

S on

5 Qft

6.00

6.70

6

QA

6.50

6.45

6.75

6.55

6.65

6 45

6.55

6.00

S

en

5.50

5.60

5.45

5 40

5 40

5.30

5.20

5.20

5

nK

5.00

July.

5.00

5.00

4 90

4 80

4 go

4 80

4.80

4 80

4 80

4.80

4.80

4 80

4 80

4.80

4 80

4.70

4.70

4.65

4.60

4 60

4.75

4.80

4.85

4.80

4.70

4 60

4 60

Aug.

4.60

4.60

4 60

4 60

4.55

4

CC

4

CC

4

CC

4.50

4.50

4 45

A Af\

4.40

4.40

4

QC

4.35

4.40

4 40

A. dn

4 4ft

4.40

4 40

4 Aft

A Af\

4 40

4 4ft

4 4ft

Sept.

4.40

4.40

4.45

4.45

4.45

A. da

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.45

4.45

4.45

4^45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.55

4.55

4 fin

4 60

Oct.

4.60

4.50

A Kfi

4.50

4.50

4

CA

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4 45

4 45

4.50

4.50

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4

CC

4.55

4.55

Nov.

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

5.7

Dec.

4.4

5.0

5.4

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 25, and from Nov. 7 to Dec. 31. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..................

1. ..................

3.. .................

5...................

6...................

7...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14....................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20. --.......-..-.....

Zi. ..................

99

23...................

24. ..................

25.. .................

26...................

27. ..................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar.

208

188

188

198

208

239

Apr.

228

208

188

188

178

198

178

168

148

129

110

92

75

75

84

133

445

501

622

777

827

843

855

1,250

1,430

1,560

1,380

1,300

1,210

1,180

May.

1,110

1,070

Q7C

722

695

722

688

705

638

575

545

501

467

445

545

622

437

AAK.

432

41 Q

406

419

380

367

367

343

331

250

June.

979

272

261

272

250

OQK

47Q

530

419

406

487

432

459

406

295

1 QQ

188

208

178

168

168

148

148

129

129

129

101

92

July.

92

92

75

CO

59

59

CO

59

59

59

f;a

59

59

59

fiCt

P;Q

44

QQ

QO

32

v>

V)

59

67

59

44

44

32

32

32

Aug.

V)

V)

32

QO

28

28

OQ

OQ

OQ

OQ

93

20

17

17

17

17

17

14

14

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

Sept.

17

17

20

OH

20

20

Oft .

Oft

20

20

O5

OO

OQ

23

OQ

on

20

20

Oft

20

20

20

20

20

20

9n

28

28

32

32

Oct.

OO

91

23

OQ

23

23

OQ

OQ

9Q

OQ

20

20

Oft

20

20

20

20

OQ

OQ

oc

28

OQ

OQ

28

28

OQ

28

28

28

28

28

Nov.

28

28

28

OQ

28

28

Dec.

o21

a Discharge measurement. 

NOTE. Discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve.
52 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minn^for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 805 square miles.]

Month.

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,560 

1,180 

530 

92 

32 

32 

32

Minimum.

75 

250 

92 

32 

14 

17 

20

............

Mean.

552 

563 

274 

53.8 

21.0 

21.6 

24.5 

25.0 

o20.0

Per 

square 

inile.

0.686 

.699 

.340 

.067 

.026 

.027 

.030 

.031 

.025

Run-off 

(depth ininches on 

drainage 

area).

0.77 

.81 

.38 

.08 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03

Accuracy

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C. 

C. 

D. 

D.

a Estimated. 

NOTE. Mean discharge, Nov. 7 to 30, estimated at 24.7 second-feet.

DEVILS LAKE NEAR DEVILS LAKE, N. DAK.1

Devils Lake, in the north-central part of North Dakota, affords 

an interesting example of the ratios between, rainfall, evaporation, 

and run-off. This lake has no outlet, its size depending entirely 

upon the relations between the evaporation from its surface, the 

rainfall upon it, and inflow from the surrounding country. The total 

area draining to Devils Lake is theoretically somewhat more than 

3,500 square miles. Surveys made about 25 years ago, when the 

region was first settled, showed the lake to have a length of 35 miles, 

a width ranging from 1 mile to 15 miles, and an area of approximately 

120 square miles; because of its many bays and slender arms, the 

shore line measured more than 200 miles. The present area of the 

lake is not precisely known but is estimated as not more than 60 

square miles.

Since June 8, 1901, the United States Geological Survey has maintained on Devils Lake a staff gage, which is attached to the piles of 

the pier at the Chautauqua grounds steamer landing, 6 miles southwest of the city of Devils Lake. This gage is read occasionally by 

Capt. E. E. Heerman. A standard United States Geological Survey 

bench-mark post is set in the bank directly behind the gage and 

about 8 rods distant. The gage zero is 1,416.2 feet above sea level, 

and the bench mark is 22.90 feet above the gage zero.2

1 For description of Devils Lake and all data available from 1867-1908 see Water-Supply Paper U. S. 

Geol. Survey No. 245, pp. 51-54.

* In the description of the station published in Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 66, p. 14, 

and No. 85, p. 238, the statement of the elevation of the bench mark above mean sea level was in error.
HUDSON BAY DEAINAGE AREA. 53

That the lake level is still being lowered is shown by the following 

gage heights, those at the close of the season being the lowest ever 

recorded:.

Gage heights of Devils Lake, N. Dak., in 1910.

	Feet. 

June 25........................... 9.67

July 2. .......................... 9. 57

July 12.......................... 9.21

July 20. ......................... 9. 02

July 27.......................... 9. 01

Aug. 1............................ 8.90

Feet.

Aug. 4............................ 8.85

Aug. 13........................... 8.75

Aug. 22........................... 8. 66

Sept. 1.......................... 8.60

Sept. 13......................... 8. 80

EED LAKE EIVEE. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Red Lake River, the principal tributary of Red River, drains a 

large area in Beltrami and Polk counties. It is the outlet of Red 

Lake, which is the largest lake wholly in Minnesota, its area being 

441 square miles. From Red Lake the river flows in a general 

westerly though very tortuous course until it reaches Red Lake 

Falls, where it receives the water from Thief River, and turning 

sharply to the south pursues a southerly and then a westerly course 

to Red River, joining that stream at Grand Forks. Above the junction it carries a larger volume than Red River.

From the outlet of Red Lake to Thief River Falls the river has 

very little fall and is bordered by low banks. For a distance of 30 

miles below Red Lake the river is bordered by swampy banks, whose 

elevation is nearly the same as the river. Below Thief River Falls 

the stream flows through a narrow valley that increases in depth 

from 20 feet at the upper end to 60 feet at Red Lake Falls. In this 

portion there are stretches of river that have a heavy fall. From 

Red Lake Falls to Crookston the valley becomes deeper and has an 

average width of three-quarters of a mile, except for the first few 

miles below Red Lake Falls, where the width is one-quarter mile. 

The fall below Red Lake Falls becomes less. No tributaries enter 

the river between Red Lake and Thief River, a distance of 71 miles; 

below Thief River the only important tributaries are Clearwater and 

Black rivers. The following drainage areas have been measured in 

the basin:

Drainage areas in Red Lake River basin.

Square miles.

Red Lake River above Red Lake outlet......................... 1,950

Red Lake River above Thief River.............................. 2,420

Red Lake River above Huot (including Black River)............. 5,070

Red Lake River above Crookston............................... 5, 320

Red Lake River above mouth................................... 5, 760

Thief River above mouth....................................... 1,020

Clearwater River above Lost River............................. 521

Clearwater River above mouth................................... 1,310
54 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The entire basin is very flat and is covered with a sheet of blue till 

of glacial origin. Overlying the till and separated from it is a layer 

of clay loam. In the lower part of the basin in the valley of the Red 

River are lacustrine deposits of clay. The drift is underlain by Cretaceous rocks which form the source of supply of the water in the 

artesian basin in North and South Dakota.

The lakes in the area are chiefly in the section above Red Lake and 

in the upper part of the region drained by Clearwater River. In the 

former section lake surface comprises about 500 square miles, or 25 

per cent of the area of 1,950 square miles. Of the 1,310 square miles 

drained by the Clearwater, not more than 1 per cent is lake surface.

The basin is forested except in the part, chiefly below Crookston, 

which lies in the Red River valley. North of Red Lake there are 

extensive areas of muskeg containing chiefly a dense growth of 

short and stubby spruce. Beside the muskeg there are considerable 

areas of virgin pine north of the lake. West and south of the lake 

the basin is within the heavy timber belt where white and Norway 

pine, spruce, cedar, balsam, and tamarack are found. Although this 

region has been logged over the growth is dense.

In the middle third of the basin, in Marshall, Pennington, and Red 

Lake counties, the dense forest is interspersed with open prairie which 

comprises one-third of this part of the area. Above Red Lake Falls 

very little of the land is under cultivation, but below that point the 

cultivated area is larger.

The annual rainfall ranges from 25 inches on Red Lake to 21 inches 

at the mouth. Of this amount 3^ inches are precipitated as snow, 

which remains during the winter. From November to April the 

lakes and rivers are frozen over with ice 2 feet or more in thickness. 

As there are no winter thaws the winter flow is derived from the lakes 

and from ground water and is very uniform, decreasing gradually till 

midwinter when it is at the minimum.

A survey to determine the availability of Red Lake River for power 

development was made during 1910 from Red Lake to Crookston, 

and in 1911 a special survey was made of Red Lake, which is by far 

the best reservoir site in the basin. From the data thus collected 

sheets have been prepared showing the profile of the water surface, 

a plan of the river and the contours along the river bank, the shore 

line of the lake, and the location of the 5-foot contour above and 

below the lake surface. These maps may be obtained by applying to 

the district engineer, United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol 

Building, St. Paul, Minn.
fittJDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 55

From the river survey the following table of elevations and distances has been compiled:

Elevations and distances along Red Lake River.

Place.

Do..........................................................................

Section line 7-8. ... ..............................................................

Folk-Red Lake County line. . ...................................................

Huot Bridge.. ..................................................................

Section line 26-27 ...............................................................

Range line 44-45 W.............................................................

Northern Pacific Railway. . .....................................................

Lower dam, headwater. ........................................................

Upper dam, headwater .........................................................

Hangetine43-44W.... .........................................................

Section line 17-20. ...............................................................

St. Hilaire, tailwater............................................................

Section line 17-20. ...............................................................

Thief River Falls, headwater. ...................................................

Range line 42-43 W .............................................................

Section line 10-15 ...............................................................

R«DgeltoB41-42W. ............................................................

Section line 22-23...............................................................

Township line 152-153 N ........................ . .............................

Distance 

above 

Crookston.

Miles. 

0

0

6

11

14

18

23

26

28

30

32

37

38

38

39

42

42

45

47

49

56

61

61

67

72

72

77

85

90

99

110

124

143

Elevation 

above sea 

level.

Feet. 

842

852

853

861

865

873

883

887

893

904

917

937

943

955

955

973

981

1,007

1,027

1,062

1,075

1,080

1,085

1,102

1,116

1,118

1,130

1,136

1,145

1,154

1,165

1,175

,The following table of approximate distances and elevations has 

been compiled chiefly from the reports of the Mnnesota Geological 

Survey:

Elevations and distances along Clearwater River.

Place.

Red Lake River..... ...........................................................

Sec. 26, T. 151 N ., R . 44 W ......................................................

Sec. 6, T. 150 N.. R. 42 W., The Forks ..........................................

Sec. 32, T. 152 N., R. 41 W...... ................................................

Sec. 2, T. 151N..R.39W.......................................................

Sec. 27, T. 150 N.,R. 37 W. .....................................................

Sec. 6, T. 149N..R.36W.......................................................

Sec.ll,T. 149 N.,R. 36 W. .....................................................

Sec.29,T. 149 N.,R. 35 W. .....................................................

Bagley. .........................................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

3

16

28

49

69

73

80

86

112

120

Elevation 

above sea 

level.

Feet. 

955

1,000

1,050

1,100

1,150

1,200

1,250

1,300

1,350

1,400

1,440
56 SURFACE WA^TSfe SUPPLY, MO, PART V.

Water power is developed at the following points:

Developed water power on Red Lake and Clearwater Rivers.

Place.

Red Lake Falls. ..............

Do.......................

Stream.

.....do..............................................

.....do..............................................

.....do..............................................

Fall utilized.

Feet. 

12

12

14

10

10

Average horsepower.

225

125

125

850

80

The upper part of the basin contains large areas of swamp land. 

In the part drained by Thief River drainage work is being actively 

carried on. Three systems, draining 470,000 acres lying west of 

Thief River, have their outlets in that stream in Tps. 155 and 156. 

One of the outlets passes through Mud Lake, which has been drained. 

The channel of Thief River has been enlarged and straightened for a 

distance of 21 miles, beginning a few miles above the gaging station 

and extending upstream. The average width is 50 feet and the 

depth 12 feet.

Red Lake River is used extensively for log driving, the logs being 

brought from Red Lake to Crookston. These logs frequently jam 

on the rapids and cause backwater. There are no logging dams to 

control the flow.

Until 1910 the upper river was navigable and small steamers ran 

from Red Lake to Thief River Falls. The low water of 1910 and 1911 

made navigation impossible, both on account of shallow water and 

frequency of log jams.

An examination of Red Lake and Red Lake River was made by the 

United States Engineer Corps and the results published in House 

Document No. 127, Fifty-second Congress, first session, and House 

Document No. 539, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session.

An investigation of the swamp lands tributary to Mud River in the 

Thief River basin was made by the United States Geological Survey 

and the results (including a plan for drainage) published in House 

Document 607, Fifty-ninth Congress, second session. This report 

contains a topographic map with 10-foot contours.

An examination of the ceded Chippewa lands in Red Lake and 

Rainy River basins was made by the United States Geological Survey, and the results, including a plan for drainage, were published in 

House Document 27, Sixty-first Congress, first session. The report 

contains a list of bench-mark elevations and a topographic map on 

a scale-of 1:125,000.

Records of flow have been maintained in the basin since 1901. 

During that period the driest year was 1910 and the wettest 1906.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 57

The ratio of flow of these two years was 1 to 1.80. This uniformity is 

accounted for by the regulating effect of Red Lake and the fact that 

much of the area was flat and swampy.

RED LAKE RIVER AT THIEF RIVER FALLS, MINN.

This station, which is located one-third mile below the dam at 

Thief River Falls, was established July 2, 1909, to obtain data for use 

in connection with the development of water power and the practicability of storage on upper Red Lake River as an aid to navigation 

and flood prevention.

The nearest tributary, Thief River, enters a mile or more above 

the station. The drainage area above this point is 3,430 square miles.

The dam which supplies head to the Hansen & Barzen mill and 

the city-lighting plant is a short distance above the station. The 

varying loads on the turbines cause a fluctuation in the river below 

the dam. This fluctuation is reduced by the operation of the lighting 

plant at night and of the mill, chiefly during the daytime. The gage 

is read morning and evening and the mean of the two readings is taken 

as the mean for the day. Logs are floated down Red Lake River 

and by jamming may cause backwater for a few days or may hold 

back the normal flow above the gage. The log jams interfered with 

the records in 1910 to such an extent that no estimates of flow are 

presented after July 31.

Discharge measurements are made by means of a car and cable 

located at the gage section.

From the later part of November to the 1st of April the river is 

frozen over and the gage heights are taken through the ice.

Conditions at this station are not satisfactory, but are typical of 

the entire upper river, and therefore the records can not be considered 

better than fair.

Discharge measurements of Red Lake River at Thief River Falls, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

Aug. 19

20

Sept. 15

27

1910. 

Feb. 5

Mar. 23

25

Apr. 9

25

May 6

July 13

Dec. 20

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

E. F. Chandler. ...........................................

.....do....................................................

.....do....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

E . F . Chandler ............................................

Width.

Feet. 

142

140

139

144

127

142

144

140

142

141

137

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

426

414

442

524

' 402

784

818

682

674

568

329

262

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.83

5.74

5.96

6.55

06.78

8.37

8.51

7.80

7.68

7.02

5.20

64.62

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

972

886

906

1,020

690

2,830

3,010

2,470

2,320

1,630

543

136

<* Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.05 feet. 

& Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.70 foot.
58 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Red Lake River at Thief River Falls, Minn., for 1910.

[Chas. P. Quist, observer.]

Day.

.1. .............. .............................

2............................................

3........... .................................

4............................................

5.............................................

6............................................

7............................................

8............................................

9............................................

10............................................

11............................................

12............................................

13............................................

14............................................

15............................................

16............................................

17............................................

18............................................

19............................................

20............................................

21............................................

22............................................

23............................................

24............................................

26............................................

26............................................

27............................................

28............................................

29............................................

30............................................

31............................................

Jan.

6.60

6.70

6.70

6.60

6.70

Feb.

6.80

6.80

6.70

6.45

6.45

6.40

Mar.

6.45

6.60

6.70

7.60

7.65

7.50

8.70

8.60

Apr.

8.20

8.15

8.08

8.15

8.14

8.10

7.98

7.88

7.80

7.75

7.55

7.25

6.92

7.05

6.92

7.20

7.38

7.55

7.96

8.35

8.25

8.05

7.74

7.66

7.68

7.52

7.42

7.41

7.45

7.45

May.

7.32

7.08

7.18

7.05

6.95

6.95

6.80

6.54

6.68

6.62

6.60

6.55

6.50

6.65

6.90

7.10

7:25

6.45

6.39

6.42

6.39

6.20

6.29

6.16

6.18

6.14

6.16

6.35

6.10

6.12

6.25

June.

6.50

6.60

6.85

6.54

6.04

6.02

6.15

6.05

5.95

5.86

5.78

5.78

5.85

5.65

5.70

5.68

5.65

5.50

5.50

5.36

5.30

5.30

5.35

5.60

5.36

5.35

5.38

5.25

5.05

5.25

July.

.5.08

5.10

4.95

4.95

5.05

5.12

5.05

4.95

4.80

4.82

4.78

4.78

4.84

4.84

4.80

4.64

4.75

4.75

4.75

4.92

4.95

4.80

4.75

4.81

4.82

4.80

5.05

4.92

4.92

4.92

5.05

NOTE. The river was frozen across from Jan. 1 to about the middle of March. The river was clear of 

ice on Mar. 23. Gage heights for. May 16 and 17, and June 1 to 4 were affected by logjams. After July 31 

the readings are not an index of the flow, because of backwater from a large logjam down stream.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Red Lake River at Thief River Falls, Minn., for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1.......

2.......

3.......

4.......

5.......

6.......

8.......

9.......

10.......

11.......

12.......

13.......

14.......

15.......

July.

850

872

710

685

834

1,090

1,000

1,090

1,160

1;080

1,070

1,700

1,800

1,900

1,940

Aug.

735

757

779

779

801

762

779

900

936

948

1,110

1,120

1,110

1,050

936

Sept.

972

960

960

930

872

845

817

735

665

710

675

710

845

845

Oct.

725

7R2

779

746

735

735

640

834

1,020

984

924

900

Nov.

1,050

1,040

1,030

1,050

1,090

1,130

1,110

1,180

1,130

1,080

1,160

1,130

1,020

a 100

Day.

1909. 

16.......

17.......

1 fi

19.......

20.......

21.......

99

23.......

24. ......

25.......

26.......

27.......

28.......

29.......

30.......

31.......

July.

1 980

l'820

1 660

2' 970

3,500

2,920

1,780

1,210

1,090

1,010

990

1,070

900

845

695

710

Aug.

QQH

906

872

801

746

735

762

735

1,020

1,280

1,350

1,240

1 140

l'070

1,140

1,090

Sept.

872

872

930

900

912

1,050

1 140

1,210

1,320

1,320

1,280

1,280

1,280

1,270

1,010

Oct.

889

* 930

QOft

966

954

1,080

1 140

1,170

1,110

1,170

1,180

1,070

1,020

1,030

1,040

1,050

Nov.

 o90

635

9on

735

762

750

Tun

750

725

725

791

725

7OK

700

700

o Water held back by ice and log jams and discharge estimated.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 59

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Red Lake River at Thief River Falls,. Minn., for

1909-10 Continued.

Day.

1910. 

1.......

2. ......

3.......

4.......

5.......

6.......

7.......

8.......

9.......

10.......

11.......

12.......

13.......

14.......

15.......

Feb.

&690

Apr.

2,720

2,670

2,610

2,670

2,660

2,620

2,510

2,420

2,340

2,290

2,120

1,860

1,590

1,700

1,590

May.

1,920

1,720

1,800

1,700

1,620

1,620

1,500

1,310

1,410

1,360

1,350

1,320

1,280

1,390

1,580

June.

al,080

a 1,010

984

972

1,050

990

930

878

834

834

872

762

790

July.

486

430

430

472

504

472

430

370

378

362

362

386

386

Day.

1910. 

16.......

17.......

18.......

19.......

20. ......

21.......

23......

24. ......

25.......

26. ......

27.......

28. ......

29.......

sn

31.......

"Feb. Apr.

1,820

1,970

2,120

2,490

2,870

2,270

2,570

2,290

2,210

2,320

2,090

2,000

1,990

2,030

2,030

May.

a. 1, 470

al,360

1,240

1,200

1,220

1,200

1,080

1,140

1,060

1,070

1,040

1,060

1,180

1,020

1,030

1,110

June.

779

762

685

685

615

585

585

610

735

615

610

625

562

472

562

July.

309

350

350

350

418

430

370

350

374

378

370

472

418

418

418

472

<* Water held back by ice and log jams and discharge estimated. 

NOTE. Discharges based on a rating curve that is not well defined.

& Discharge measurement.

Monthly discharge of Red Lake River at Thief River Falls, Minn., for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 3,430 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

July....................................

December. ..............................

1910.

March. .................................

April...................................

May....................................

June....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,500 

1,350 

1,320 

1,180 

1,180

2,870 

1,920 

1,080 

504

M inimum.

685 

735 

665 

640

1,590 

1,020 

472 

309

Mean.

1,380 

948 

967 

926 

828 

o700

«530 

a 530 

o2,200 

2,260 

1,330 

786 

406

Per 

square 

mile.

0.402 

.276 

.282 

.270 

.241 

.204

.155 

.155 

.641 

.659 

.388 

.229 

.118

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.46 

.32 

.31 

.31

.27 

.24

.18 

.16 

.74 

.74 

.45 

.26 

.14

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

C.

c. 

c. 

c.

c. 

c.

D. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

C.

o Estimated. 

BED LAKE RIVER AT CROOKSTON, MINN.

This station, which is located a short distance below the dam in 

Crookston, at the new highway bridge, was established May 19, 1901, 

to obtain data necessary in developing water power on Red Lake 

River, and also in planning relief for the serious floods in the lower 

Red River valley.

No tributaries enter within several miles of Crookston. Less than 

a quarter of a mile above this station are the dam and power house 

of the Crookston Waterworks, Power & Light Co. As the power 

plant operated almost continuously, though with varying load, the
60 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

gage heights below the dam fluctuate less than they would if the 

plant were shut down during a portion of the time with the water 

below the crest of the dam. The gage is read twice a day or oftener 

to determine the daily mean stage.

Until July 1, 1909, the chain gage and auxiliary staff gages were 

located at the old "Sampson's Addition" bridge, but on that date a 

new chain gage was installed on the new steel bridge, 20 rods below, 

and set to read the same as the original gage, whose datum has 

remained constant since the station was established. Discharge 

measurements are now made from this bridge.

The river channel at the old gaging section was wholly or partly 

open during the winter, owing to the presence of the dam, but at the 

the present section the river freezes entirely across from December 

to March, and discharge measurements are made through the ice to 

determine the approximate winter flow.

The daily fluctuation of the water surface may possibly cause a 

slight error in the daily mean gage height, but otherwise the records 

of this station should be considered good.

The daily discharge and monthly estimates for all years prior to 

1910, inclusive, have been published in "Report of water-resources 

investigation of Minnesota during 1909-10," by the State drainage 

commission, St. Paul, Minn.

Discharge measurements of Red Lake River at Croolcston, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Jan. 8

Mar. 1

Apr. 6

July 13

Nov. 7

7c

7c

Dec. 21

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.... .do. ....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

149

147

184

153

150

146

145

141

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

394

342

1.580

356

258

148

146

477

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

«6.57

66.30

10.04

3.76

3.18

2.49

2.42

<*3.76

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

767

646

5,070

461

275

56.2

67.4

185

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 2.10 feet. Stage rose .48 foot during measurement.

6 Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 2.60 feet.

c Low water due to closure of turbines in the power house above gage.

d Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.10 feet.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Red Lake River at Crookston, Minn., for 1910. 

[J. E. Carroll, observer.]

Day.

l. .........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

Jan.

6.60

Mar.

6.30

Apr.

10.90

10.80

10 60

10.40

10.30

10.00

10.00

9

Crt

9.30

9.10

May.

8.28

8.03

7.88

7.55

7 15 K

7.50

7.30

6.85

6.70

6.50

June.

5.25

5.25

5.27

5.28

4.80

5.40

5.65

5.40

5.40

July.

4.25

4.15

3 QK

4.12

4.05

4.17

4.10

3.75

Aug.

4.65

3.68

3

KQ

3.52

3

KA

3.50

3 9O

3.75

3.45

Sept.

2.93

3.16

3.27

2.90

3 on

3.85

4.00

3.80

3.40

3.30

Oct.

3.63

3 on

3.35

3.40

3 OK

3.30

3.40

3.40

3.63

Nov.

2.90

3 on

2.40

2.75

2.70

2.80

2 sn

3.15

3.05

Dec.

3.35

3.30

3.33

3.25

3.23

3.05

3.50

3.30

3.75

3.75
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AEEA. 61 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Red Lake River at Crookston, Minn.,for 1910 Continued.

Day.

11..........

12..........

13..........

14.......... 115

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26. .........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

Jan.

6.80

6.60

Mar.

8.90

10.20

10.85

11.10

11.40

12.15

13.25

13.80

11.60

10.25

10.60

10.75

10.85

11.00

10.80

9.75

9

KA

10.25

10.60

Apr.

8.90

8.50

8.00

7.80

7.80

7.80

8.10

8.15

8.60

9.95

10.90

11.10

10.55

9.60

9.40

9.15

9.00

8.70

8.60

8.50

May.

6.62

6.30

6.25

6.20

6.10

6.17

6.15

6.15

6.00

6.00

6.05

6.05

6.02

5 oe;

6.01

5.80

5.80

5.70

5.75

5.70

5.38

June.

5.20

6.00

K OK

K. 97

4 93

K Art

4.95

4.80

4 70

4 80

4.62

4.50

4

OO

4.48

4 60

4 00

4.65

4.45

A KA

4.35

July.

3

QK

3

0A

3.85

4 05

4 ft*.

3.88

3 90

3 7fi

3.70

3.55

3.67

4.20

4 9H

4.10

4.10

4.07

4.03

4 00

4.00

3.75

Aug.

3.58

3.48

3

AK

3.35

3 49

3.42

3.25

2

0A

3.30

3.25

3

Af\

3.25

3 O1

3

00

3.30

3.42

3.20

3.40

3.20

3.40

3.18

Sept.

3.20

3 40

3

Ort

i 35

3.35

3.30

3.30

3 9(1

3 OK

3.30

3.30

2.97

3.40

3.62

3.45

3.35

3.17

3.40

3.37

"Oct.

3.38

3

OQ

3 17

S

oft

9 Qft

2.90

2.90

3

10

3.30

3 4ft

3.40

3.37

3.30

2

QK

3.37

2.95

3.08

3.10

3.07

Nov.

3.10

3 1(1

3.15

3 no

9 tin

3.10

3.30

3 9(1

3 in

9 tin

3 no

3.10

3.00

3

f\K

3.00

2.98

9 on

2

QK

Dec.

3

AK

3.45

3 7ft

3 OK

3 sxn

3 7A

3

RA

3

RA

3

RA

3

AR

3.55

3 OK

3.45

3 40

3.65

3.65 3 K.*.

3 Af\

3

A(\

3

A(\

3.50

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 12 and from Dec. 3 to 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Red Lake River at Crookston, Minn.,for 1910.

Day.

1. .........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7.. ........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14... .......

15..........

16..........

17.. ........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28

29..........

Oft

31..........

Jan.

0767

Mar.

o646

650

fiCA

650

700

700

700

700

800

900

1,000

1,500

3,760

4,800

5,340

5,540

5,800

6,430

7,360

7,830

5,960

4,840

5,130

5,260

5,340

5,460

5,300

4,240

4,840

5,130

Apr.

5,380

5,300

5,130

4,970

4,890

4,640

4,640

4,240

4,080

3,920

3,760

3,450

3,060

2,910

2,910

2,910

3,140

3,180

3,530

4,600

5,380

5,540

5,090

4,320

4,160

3,960

3,840

3,610

3, 530

May.

3,280

3,080

2,720

2,720

2,680

2,540

2,220

2,110

1,980

2,060

1,850

1,820

1,790

1,730

1,770

1,760

1,760

1,670

1,670

1,700

1,700

1,680

1,640

1.680

1,550

1,550

1,490

1,520

1,490

1,300

June.

1,230

1,230

1,250

980

1,260

1,320

1,460

1,320

1,320

1,200

1,670

1,230

1,240

1,050

1,090

1,060

980

925

980

881

815

716

804

870

560

898

788

815

732

July.

680

630

538

495

615

596

582

ft Aft

605

458

538

475

412

495

582

582

507

515

440

440

388

430

680

605

605

592

574

560

560

458

Aug.

898

433

382

379

372

372

326

4VJ

356

398

366

356

325

346

346

295

170

310

295

340

295

313

316

310

346

280

340

280

340

2V4

Sept.

204

269

301

196

515

495

560

A7K

340

310

280

340

310

325

325

310

310

280

295

310

310

216

340

412

356

325

272

340

340

331

Oct.

416

224

325

340

325

310

340

340

340

416

334

289

272

310

196

196

196

196

260

310

340

340

340

331

310

210

331

210

246

252

244

Nov.

196

224

72

157

144

96

170

170

266

238

252

252

266

224

196

252

310

280

252

196

224

252

238

266

224

238

224

218

' 196

210

Dec.

325

310

319

« 185

a Discharge measurement.

NOTE. Discharge determined from well defined rating curves, except for Mar. 2 to 12, which, were 

estimated.
62 STJBFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Red Lake River at Crookston, Minn., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 5,320 square miles.]

Month.

January... . .............................

April.... . ...............................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

7,830 

5,540 

3,280 

1,670 

680 

898 

560 

416 

310 

325

7,830

Minimum.

646 

2.910 

1,300 

560 

388 

170 

196 

196 

72

Mean.

754 

700 

3,630 

4,120 

1,980 

1,060 

546 

352 

333 

293 

217 

219

1,180

Per

square 

mile.

0.142 

.132 

.682 

.774 

.372 

.199 

.103 

.066 

.063 

.055 

.041 

.041

.222

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.16 

.14 

.79 

.86 

.43 

.22 

.12 

.08 

.07 

.06 

.05 

.05

3.03

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

D.

NOTE. Mean discharge for January and February estimated. Mean discharge, for Dec. 3 to 31, estimated 

at 209 second-feet.

THIEF RIVER NEAR THIEF RIVER FALLS, MINN.

This station, which is located at the Drybrooke ford, 6 miles north 

of Thief River Falls, in sec. 3, T. 154 N., R. 43 W., was established 

July 1, 1909, in connection with the general plan of investigating the 

water resources of Minnesota and also to determine the practicability 

of draining swamp lands in the basin.

Thief River, which is the outlet of Thief Lake in the northeastern 

part of Marshall County, has its ultimate source in Moose River, 

which rises in the western part of Beltrami County. The entire area 

drained by Thief River is 1,030 square miles.

The nearest tributary is the outlet of Mud Lake, which enters 

Thief River in the northeastern part of T. 156 N., R. 42 W.

The nearest dam is at Thief River Falls at the mouth of Thief 

River. This dam backs up the water in Thief River for several miles, 

but produces no effect at the gage, owing to rapids below the station.

During 1910 drainage has been carried on extensively in Thief 

River basin, and the effect will be to modify the regimen of the 

river. The extremely low flow of 1910 was caused partly by the 

fact that temporary dams were built on the upper river to hold 

back the flow for the floating dredges.

Discharge measurements are made by means of a boat and cable 

a short distance below the staff gage, or by wading at the ford at 

very low stages.

From the middle of November to the first of April the river is 

entirely frozen over and readings are taken through the ice.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. ,63 

Discharge measurements of Thief River near Thief River Falls, Minn. , in 1909-10.

Date.

1909.

Aug. 2o

16

19

Sept. 15

Oct. 1

1910. 

Feb. 7

Mar. 22

25

May 6

Oct. 6

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

..... do............................. ----.-.--. ..............

.....do..............................................-.....'.

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do............................................:........

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet.

Ill

82

81

81

80

75

82

90

89

84

74

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

212

248

233

220

227

210

73.5

251

464

387

298

117

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.21

6.36

6.36

6.14

6.25

6.12

66.24

6.49

8.82

8.05

7.08

4.86

3.35

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 097

381

371

288

QO4

298

62.3

442

1,270

998

645

53.4

cO. 2

o Wading measurement.

6 Gage height of water surface; thickness of ice, 1.70 feet.

c Discharge estimated.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Thief River near Thief River Falls, Minn., for 1910.

[H. J. Maland, observer.]

Day.

1.......... .................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7..................... ......

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16 ...........................

17 ...........................

18 ...........................

19 ...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23 ...........................

24...........................

25..... ......................

26...........................

27 ...........................

28 ...........................

29 ...........................

30 ...........................

31

Jan.

6.50

6.50

6.48

6.40

Feb.

6.30

6.24

6.10

5.80

5.42

Mar.

5.30

6.45

6.72

7.98

6.54

6.90

7.00

7.10

7.14

7.29

7.55

8.05

8.60

8.76

Apr.

8.92

9.06

9.20

9.20

9.20

9.20

9.12

8.98

8.78

8.68

8.48

8.35

8.24

8.14

8.12

8.21

8.14

8.16

8.48

8.69

8.60

8.45

8.06

8.12

8.06

7.98

7.88

7.72

7.65

7.62

May.

7.56

7.48

7.30

7.22

7.16

7.08

7.01

6.91

6.82

6.72

6.62

6.56

6.51

6.49

6.46

6.46

6.32

6.30

6.36

6.32

6.22

6.19

6.14

6.11

6.10

6.09

6.01

6.00

5.94

5.90

5.90

June.

5.88

5.84

5.85

5.88

5.88

5.86

5.84

5.82

5.76

5.72

5.71

5.66

5.64

5.60

5.56

5.51

5.50

5.46

5.42

5.39

5.36

5.34

5.44

5.42

5.30

5.22

5.25

5.21

5.04

5.08

July.

5.08

5.04

5.00

5.00

5.30

5.30

5.04

5.00

4.95

4.78

4.87

4.87

4.92

4.92

4.91

4.90

4.90

4.89

4.84

5.58

5.74

5.72

5.72

5.68

5.65

5.62

5.60

5.56

5.51

5.48

5.45

Aug.

5.28

5.25

5.10

5.10

4.98

4.82

4.80

4.78

4.69

4.60

4.60

4.60

4.60

4.60

4.60

4.65

4.65

4.65

4.61

4.55

4.48

4.48

4.45

4.51

4.65

4.68

4.60

4.41

4.40

4.40

4.40

Sept.

4.36

4.32

4.38

4.40

4.48

4.48

4.48

4.44

4.40

4.28

4.05

3.85

3.72

3.68

3.65

3.59

3.65

3.62

3.60

3.55

3.55

3.55

3.55

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 15. 

River below 3.4 feet the entire month of October. 

and December; water held back for dredging.

Practically no flow during October, November,
64 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Thief River near Thief River Falls, Minn., for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1.. ................

2..................

3..................

4..................

5..................

6..................

7..................

8..................

9..................

10..................

11............... ..

12 ..................

13 ..................

14 .............. .

15 ..................

16............... ..

17..................

18..................

19 .................

20 ..................

21 ..................

22 ........

23..........

24 .............

25 .............

26 ........

27..................

28 ..............

29..........

30 ...........

31 ........

1910. 

1.................

2........ ...

3............... .

4........ .

5......... ...

6........ .

7.................

8..................

9......... ...

10 ..................

11..................

12 ........

13......... . .

14..................

15 ..................

16 .........

17-----.............

18............. ...

19......... .

20 ..................

21 ..........

22 ...........

23............ ....

24........ .....

25........

26 ..................

27 ..................

28 ..................

29 ..................

30 ..................

31............... ..

Feb.

«62

Mar.

Q7Q

437

EfiQ

643

658

713

el n

1 000

1,210

1,270

Apr.

1,330

1 3Qft

1 440

1 440

1,410

1,350

1,280

1,160

1,110

1,170

1,030

1 030

1 060

1^030

1,040

1,160

1,240

1,210

1 1 ^ft

1,000

1,000

070

Q7E

848

837

May.*

814

784

717

665

610

E70

EOQ

EAO

466

445

427

409

409

361

374

361

017

301

291

288

285

OCQ

940

233

OQ*?

June.

228

Q1 Q

991

900

223

219

214

200

189

179

174

166

158

1 ^19

122

135

1 ^t9

112

100

104

Qfi

77

CO

July.

097

249

219

187

146

112

103

97

97

97

221

228

209

221

191

166

150

1,970

1,700

1,440

1,040

sin

736

488

430

361

O47

77

79

112

77

67

50

>»Q

EQ

64

64

63

62

62

61

56

196

191

191

176

170

1 ^S

148

142

Aug.

334

423

392

406,

361

337

569

525

514

532

525

473

459

427

385

327

304

282

259

307

441

495

466

430

388

QJ.7

288

282

109

104

84

84

70

54

en

43

36

36

36

36

36

36

40

40

4ft

07

27

27

OC

29

40

36

OO

99

22

99

Sept.

288

288

276

264

282

282

262

259

259

259

259

259

294

327

337

320

301

288

320

320

368

361

097

317

307

304

304

9Q1

288

20

18

21

22

27

27

24

16

7.5

3 fi

1.2

.9

.8

.8

.6

.4

.3

.3

.3

.3

.3

Oct.

288

288

314

320

 340

354

371

381

381

381

374

357

354

354

361

361

368

361

361

368

406

395

395

395

395

388

374

361

368

368

361

Nov.

361

361

357

354

354

354

347

337

337

337

327

320

294

a Discharge measurement.

NOTE. Discharge based on a well-defined rating curve. Practically no flow during OctobepjlNovem 

ber, and December, 1910.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 65

Monthly discharge of Thief River near Thief River Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 1,010 square miles.]

Month.

1909.

1910.

May....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,970 

669 

368 

406 

361

1,270 

1,440 

814 

228 

196 

109 

27 

0 

0 

0

1,440

Minimum.

97 

282 

269 

288

837 

233 

77 

60 

22 

.3 

.0 

.0 

.0

.0

Mean.

444 

396 

300 

363 

290 

200

100 

45 

330 

1,160 

438 

160 

108 

44.2 

8.12 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00

199

Per 

square 

mile.

0.440 

.392 

.297 

.369 

.287 

.198

.099 

.046 

.327 

1.14 

.434 

.168 

.107 

.044 

.0080 

.000 

.000 

.000

.197

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.61 

.46 

.33 

.41 

.32 

.23

.11

.06 

.38 

1.27 

.50 

.18 

.12 

.05 

.009 

.00 

.00 

.00

2.67

Accuracy.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C. 

D.

C. 

C. 

B.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A.

NOTE. Mean discharge estimated for December, 1909, January and February, 1910. Mean for 

Nov. 14 to 30 estimated at 251 second-feet. Mean for March 1 to 20 estimated at 67 second-feet.

CLEAKWATEK KIVEE AT BED LAKE FALLS, MINK.

Clearwater River rises in the western part of Clearwater County, 

near Ebro (elevation 1,440 feet), and flows northwest and southwest, 

emptying into Red Lake River (elevation 955 feet) at Red Lake 

Falls.

The gaging station, which is located 30 rods southeast of the Great 

Northern Railway station at Red Lake Falls and 1| miles above the 

mouth-of the Clearwatei, was established June 18, 1909, to determine 

the amount of available power on this stream.

The nearest tributary is 2 miles above Red Lake Falls. The station 

is at least half a mile above the influence of the Healy dam, which is 

located a short distance below the mouth of Clearwater River.

The gage is an inclined staff on the right bank. Discharge measurements are made at high stage from a car and cable located at a 

tag-wire section a short distance below the gage; during medium and 

low stages wading measurements are made at the tag-wire section.

From the middle of November to the first of April, when the river 

is frozen over, gage readings are taken through a hole in the ice.

Conditions at this station are excellent, and the records may be considered reliable.

21502° WSP 285 12 5
66 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V. 

Discharge measurements of Clearwater River at Red Lake Falls, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Feb. 4

Mar. 23

July 11&

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

151

182

78

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

91.4

600

43.7

101

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

«7.52

9.40

5.66

c6.62

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

117

2,190

32.4

50.8

o Gage height and water surface; thickness of ice, 1.30 feet.

6 Wading measurement.

c Gage height to water surface; thickness of iee, 1.30 feet.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Clearwater River at Red Lake Falls, Minn., for 1910.

[James Benoit, observer.]

Day.

1...............

5...............

6...............

8...............

g

10...............

11...............

12..... ..........

13...............

14... ............

15...........---.

16...............

17...............

18.... ...........

19...............

20.. .............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

9Q

30...............

31...............

Jan.

7.80

7.82

7.85

7.62

7.32

7.30

Feb.

7.52

7.48

7.50

Mar.

7.35

7.40

9

m

9 40

9.21

9.16

9.11

9

O.9

8 99

8.96

8

QQ

9

10

Apr.

9.29

9 94.

9 16

9.09

9 no

8.91

8.82

8.66

8.52

8.51

8.44

Q 04

8.28

8.10

8.06

8.18

8.59

9.19

9 in

9 08

C nn

8.81

8.78

8.69

8 EC

8 46

8

00

8 19

May.

8.16

8.10

8.02

7.80

7.62

7.39

7.29

7 19

7.06

6.99

6.88

6.78

6.67

6.65

6.68

6.62

6.65

6.62

6.61

6

KQ

6.56

ft C«

6.52

6.52

6.55

6

KA

6.52

6

KJ.

6 49

ft PiO

June.

6.60

6.82

6.89

6.92

ft Qfi

6.96

6.96

6.80

6.51

6.54

6.56

6 49

6.50

6.35

6.21

6 14

5.91

6.00

6.00

6.00

5.85

5.65

5 P\fi

5.36

5.68

5.72

5.68

5.65

5 64

5.62

July.

5.61

S

KA

5.62

5.64 K. m

5.69

5.68

5.65

5.62

5.65

5.59

C KA

5.59

5.68

5.60

5.60

5.62

5.65

5.65

5.70

5.68

5.65

5.68

5.74

5.79

5.81

5.80

E Q1

5.74

5.74

Aug.

5.74

5.68

5.70

5.68

5.68

5.69

5.70

5.70

5.69

5.64

5.68

5.68

5.61

5 en

5.65

5.68

5.68

5.61

5.61

5.65

S fift

5.70

5.70

5.74

5 74.

5.78

5.78

5.78

5.72

5.71

Sept.

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.75

5.79

5.90

5.85

5.82

5.84

5.79

5.72

5.75

5.72

5.72

5.76

5.85

5.84

5.82

5.81

c QO

5.79

5.75

5.74

5.72

5.70

5.62

5.62

5.65

Oct.

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.82

5.78

5.78

5,78

5.78

5 7Q

5.80

5.85

5.88

5.88

5.86

5.84

5 Q1

5.89

^ on

5 Q1

5.86

5 90

5.90

5.79

E a?

Nov.

C Q9

5.90

5.90

5 no

5.95

5.98

5.95

6 no

7.75

Dec.

6

OC

6.65

6.62

6.62

6.68

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 21 and from Nov. 1 to Dec. 31. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Clearwater River at Red Lake Falls, Minn. ,for 1910.

Day.

1. ..................

2...................

3...................

4...................

5-....-.-.-........-

6...................

7...................

8..................

9...................

10...................

Feb.

oll7

Mar.

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

125

Apr.

1 790

1^750

1,680

1,630

1,570

1 480

l'420 i °j*ifl

1 1QA

1,190

May.

949

858

7QO

71 1\

607

470

OCR

310

June.

166

247

OC7

272

272

979

91 O

146

153

July.

00

04

00

34

34

36

36

34

00

34

Aug.

Ai\

36

07

OA

oc

07

07

34

Sept.

/>7

07

°.7

4040

to

48

48

43

Oct.

07

07

07

07

07

07

46

43

43

43

Dee.

o Discharge measurement.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AEEA. 67

Daily discharge in second-feet, of Clearwater^ River at Red Lake Falls, Minn.,for 1910-

Continued.

Day.

11...................

12...................

IS...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20. ..................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30

31...................

Feb. Mar.

125

1 9P\

150

200

200

200

200

250

Oflfl

400

1,960

1 880

1,680

1,640

1,570

1,520

Apr.

1,140

1,070

1,030

923

910

904

962

1,240

1,710

1,710

1,480

1,410

1 380

1,320

1,220

1,150

1,100

968

May.

282

244

183

185

178

171

164

157

157

148

148

155

1 W

148

1 W

142

144

June.

157

112

89

79

54

63

63

63

48

34

31

27

36

38

36

34

34

33

July.

32

30

32

36

00

00

33

34

34

37

36

34

36

40

43

44

40

40

Aug.

36

32

32

^14

36

36

32

32

34

36

37

37

40

40

43

43

43

38

38

38

Sept.

38

40

38

38

41

48

48

46

45

46

43

40

40

38

37

33

33

34

36

36

Oct.

43

43

44

48

51

51

49

48

54

52

53

54

49

53

53

43

44

48

44

44

44

Dec.

o51

a Discharge measurement.

NOTE. Discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except Mar. 1 to 21, when discharge is 

estimated.

Monthly discharge of Clearwater River at Red Lake Falls, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,310 square miles.]

Month.

April...................................

May....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,960 

1,790 

949 

272 

45 

43 

53 

54

Minimum.

100 

884 

142 

27 

30 

32 

33 

37

Mean.

o220 

ol!5 

666 

1,300 

324 

118 

35.7 

36.7 

41.0 

45.5 

048.0 

050.0

250

Per 

square 

mile.

0.168 

.088 

.508 

.992 

.247 

.091 

.027 

.028 

.031 

.035 

.037 

.038

.191

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.19 

.09 

.59 

1.11 

.28 

.10 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.04

2.57

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C. c. 

C.

c.

D. 

D.

o Estimated.

PEMBINA RIVER.

PEMBINA RIVER AT NECHE, N. DAK.

Pembina Eiver rises in Manitoba, flowing from the northern part 

of Turtle Mountain in a rather crooked easterly course through 

southern Manitoba and the edge of North Dakota about 130 miles, 

measured in a direct line, to its mouth at Pembina and St. Vincent. 

From its junction with the outlet of Pelican Lake to Walhalla, at the 

foot of First Pembina Mountain, its valley ranges from 175 to 450
68 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

feet in depth. Rock Lake and Swan Lake, on this part of the river, 

are several miles long and from half a mile to a mile wide. At the 

crossing of the Red River valley the Pembina flows in a channel 20 

to 40 feet deep. Its descent from the north base of Turtle Mountain 

to Walhalla is about 700 feet; and thence to its mouth 186, its junction with Red River being 748 feet above sea leveh Long, or White 

Mud River, Clearwater, or Cypress River, and Tongue River are its 

chief tributaries, all from the south side.1

The gaging station, which was established April 29, 1903, is located 

at the Great Northern Railway bridge two-thirds of a mile north of 

Neche, N. Dak.

The records of this stream are necessary to determine the value of 

the many water-power sites on the Pembina, and are valuable in 

connection with problems of navigation -and flood damages on Red 

River and in drainage investigations.

The total drainage area above this station is about 2,940 square 

miles, of which 2,020 are in Manitoba.

The datum of the staff gage, which is spiked to a bridge abutment, 

has remained unchanged.

A loose-rock dam, about 3 feet high, at the railway water-tank 

intake pipe, one-third mile below the gage, raises the water at the 

gage from 1 to 2 feet at low stage. As the dam is changed somewhat 

by the ice each spring, the lower part of the rating curve requires 

revision each year. Hence unless several low-stage discharge measurements are made each season the summaries for the low-water 

season are merely approximate or fair.

Discharge measurements of Pembina River at Neche, N. Dak., in 1910.

Date.

July 28

28

Hydrographer.

.....do....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

30

16

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

15.6

12.5

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.36

2.36

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

8.6

8.6

NOTE. Wading measurements.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Pembina River at Neche, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[Roy Young to May 31, Willie Young to November, observers.]

Day.

1. ..........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

Mar. Apr.

3.8

3.85

3

0

3 7

3.7

3.8

3.8

3.75

3.8

3.7

May.

3.8

3.75

3.7

3.65

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.5

3

K

3.55

June.

3.3

3.3

3.35

3.3

3.4

3.35

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

July.

0 A

3.4

3.2

3 9

3.2

t rt

3.0

3.0

0 A

3.0

Aug.

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2 9

2.1

Sept.

2.5

Oct.

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.8

3

0

4.0

Nov.

3

0

3.8

3.7

i Description abstracted from Report of exploration of the glacial Lake Agassiz in Manitoba, by Warren 

Upham: Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Canada, new ser., vol. 4,1888-89, p. 23 E.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AEEA. 69

Daily gage height, in feet, ofPembina River at Neche, N. Dak., for 1910 Continued.

Day.

11...........................

1 9

1^

14. ..........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20. ..........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25. ..........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

6.5

6.5

6.0

^ i

f> fi

5.3

5.3

4.8

<; d

4.15

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.8

3.9

Apr.

3.7

3

7K

3

0

3.8

3.8

3.75

3

7K

3 7

4.0

4.3

4.1

4.0

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.7

May.

3.5

3.5

3

KK

3.6

3.5

3.5

3 EC

3

C

3.5

3.5

3.6

3.6

q cc

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.4

3.4

June.

3.2

3 9

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.1

3

1

3

1

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.5

2.5

2.3

July.

3.0

3 A

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

9 S

2.8

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2

K

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

Aug.

2.1

O Q

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

2 A

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2 A

2.4

Sept.

2.7

2.7

3.2

3.4

3.5

3.7

1 7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.8

3.8

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

Oct.

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

3 O

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

4.0

4.0

3.8

3.8

3

0

3

0

3

O

Nov.

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 14 and from Nov. 4 to Dec. 31. From Aug. 25 to Sept. 9 the 

gage height was less than 2.2 feet. The rock dam was raised approximately 1.6 feet from Sept. 10 to 

Sept. 16. This had no effect on the discharge.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pembina River at Neche, N. Dak., for 1910.

Day.

1....................................

2....................................

3....................................

4. ...................................

5. ...................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12. ...................................

13....................................

14....................................

15. ...................................

16. ...................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20. ...................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28. ...................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Mar.

685

685

580

518

498

438

438

341

458

224

164

164

147

131

115

164

181

Apr.

164

172

164

147

147

164

164

156

164

147

147

156

164

164

164

156

147

198

250

215

198

198

164

147

147

164

147

147

147

May.

164

156

147

139

131

131

131

115

IT;

191?

115

115

123

115

115

115

115

115

131

131

115

' 115

100

93

86

86

100

100

June.

86

86

93

86

100

Q3

86

73

7O

73

7O

73

73

61

61

61

61

61

61

61

49

49

49

27

27

27

14

14

7

54

July.

100

100

73

73

73

49

49

49

49

49

49

49

27

27

27

27

27

27

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

10

10

10

10

10

10

Aug1.

10

10

10

10

5

5

5

5

5

4

4

7

7

7

7

7

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

4

4

4

4

3

3

Sept.

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

5

5

7

7

7

7

7

7

Oct.

5

3

3

3

3

3

3

5

5

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

7

7

5

3

7

7

7

7

10

10

5

5

5

5

5

NOTE. Discharge computed on a well-defined rating curve, except from Sept. 10 to Oct. 31, when it 

was estimated because of a change in the control.
70 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge ofPembina River at Neche, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 2,940 square miles.]

Month.

March 15-31 ................

July........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

685 

250 

164 

100 

100 

10 

7 

10

Minimum.

115 

147 

86 

7 

10 

3 

3 

3

Mean.

349 

166 

120 

60.4 

34.9 

6.87 

3.93 

6.39

Per 

square 

mile.

0.118 

.056 

.041 

.020 

.012 

.0023 

.0013 

.0022

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.08 

.06 

.05 

.02 

.01 

.003 

.001 

.003

Total in 

acre-feet.

11,800 

9,880 

7,380 

3,590 

2,150 

422 

234 

393

25,200

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

D. 

D. 

D.

MOUSE RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Mouse (or Souris) Kiver rises in the southeastern part of the 

Province of Saskatchewan, Canada, and flows southeastward 230 miles 

to the northern boundary of North Dakota; thence it continues in a 

southeasterly direction for 80 miles to the southwestern part of 

McHenry County, where it makes a loop by swinging to the northeast, north, and northwest, and in 90 miles reaches the Canadian 

boundary again; thence it flows north and east 120 miles' through 

the Province of Manitoba to Assiniboine Kiver, which discharges 

into Ked Kiver 120 miles farther east, at Winnipeg.

The drainage area above the point where the river enters the 

United States is about 7,200 square miles, nine-tenths of this area 

being in Saskatchewan and the remainder comprising a narrow strip 

along the northern edge of North Dakota. Above the point where 

the river leaves the United States the total drainage area is about 

12,000 square miles.

The Mouse has only three important tributaries in North Dakota 

Des Lacs River, draining about 700 square miles, and Cut Bank and 

Willow creeks, draining each about 1,100 square miles. All three 

streams flow from a rolling prairie whose surface was left uneven 

by the ice of the glacial epoch,and whose drainage is imperfectly 

developed. Hence in ordinary years the run-off from only a small 

portion of the drainage area perhaps one-fourth reaches the 

streams, but the water stands in scattered pools and lakelets that 

dry away through the season. In unusually wet or stormy years 

these pools and sloughs overflow, causing abnormal increases in the 

flow of the river.

The whole area is deeply covered with glacial drift, except a portion 

of the "Mouse River loop," which is covered with silt and is more
BAY MANAGE ASIA.

level, having been in the glacial epoch the bottom of Lake Souris, 

an arm of Lake Agassiz, which filled the Red Eiver valley at that 

time.

The elevation of this drainage basin is 1,450 feet above sea level 

at the lowest point in North Dakota and about 2,000 feet at its 

western margin in North Dakota.

In the upper part of its course the river occupies a valley a hundred 

feet deep and a mile wide; after turning north around the loop, it 

runs through a prairie scarcely above the water level. The whole 

stretch in North Dakota is very sluggish on account of its small fall, 

and in the last 40 miles before the river reenters Canada its total fall 

is only 8 feet.

The area is without forests or trees except small scattered clumps 

or groves on the steep hillsides and fringes along the streams. The 

mean annual rainfall is from 13 to 17 inches, half of which falls in the 

three months of May, June, and July.

During the winter the streams are closed for at least four months, 

and the flow beneath the ice is very small. Thaws sufficient to cause 

any considerable rise or flood in winter are unknown.

The stations in the Mouse River basin were established to determine the practicability of irrigation, and the records have shown that 

(except in years so wet that the irrigation would be of little value) 

the flow of the streams is too small to justify as expensive construction as would be necessary for extensive irrigation works in a country 

of such small slope. The station records are now found to be essential 

for investigating the methods of reclamation by drainage in the Mouse 

River loop, and for flood prevention.

The tributaries afford some storage sites, as, for example, at Des 

Lacs Lakes on Des Lacs River, but losses by evaporation would be 

so great that this storage would probably be useless except for flood 

prevention.

MOUSE RIVER AT MINOT, N. DAK.

This station, which is located north of the Great Northern Railway 

roundhouse, at Minot, N. Dak., was established May 5, 1903.

Des Lacs River enters 7 miles above the station.

The original staff gage was located at a footbridge near the roundhouse. This bridge was removed June 28, 1909, but the gage was 

left undisturbed. On December 28, 1909, a new staff gage was 

installed at the Anne Street Bridge about 40 rods downstream. 

Both gages read practically the same because of the flat slope of the 

river. The character of the channel remains nearly constant. Gage 

heights at low stages are controlled by a 3-foot rock-filled dam with 

plank core wall at the "Soo" Railway water tank, a mile below 

the former location of the gage. At extreme low water this dam 

raises the water at the gage about 2 feet. During the summer of
72 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

1904 the dam was rebuilt and has since remained practically unchanged. It has an approximately level crest. Weir formulas have 

been found to apply satisfactorily except at extreme low stages, 

when the slight leakage has to be considered. A good rating curve 

for nearly all stages has been developed.

Discharge measurements of Mouse River at Minot, N. Dak., 1910.

Date. Hydrographer.

.....do...............---...-...-.........-....--.---......

Width.

Feet. 

48

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

28.8

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.89

3.01

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

19.6

0.6

o Wading section. 6 Float measurement.

Daily'gage height, in feet, of Mouse River at Minot, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[Ephraim Cox, observer.]

Day.

1.. .........................

3...........................

5...........................

7..........................

8. .................... ......

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

15...........................

18...........................

19

20...........................

21...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25. ..........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

4.15

4.25

4.35

4.4

4.45

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.75

4.7

4.65

4.65

4.6

4.55

4.55

4.6

4.6

4.55

4.55

4.6

4.65

4.65

4.7

4.75

4.8

4.8

Apr.

4.85

4.85

4.85

4.85

4.8

4.8

4.75

4.75

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.65

4.65

4.65

4.65

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.55

4.6

4.7

4.8

4 7f;

4.6

May.

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.4

4.4

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.3

4.3

4.25

4.25

June.

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.05

4.05

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.0

3.95

3.95

3 95

4.0

4.0

4.0

July.

4.0

4.0

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.95

3.95

3.90

3.90

3.85

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.85

3.85

3.85

3.85

3.85

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

Aug.

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.65

3.65

3.65

3.65

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.1

3.0

Sept.

3.0

3.0

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.05

3.08

Oct.

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3-0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

Nov.

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

3.05

s 1

3.1

3.15

3.15

3.20

3.25

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 6 and from Nov. 28 to Dec. 31. Gage heights below 3 feet from 

Aug. 18 to Sept. 14.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mouse River at Minot, N. Dak., for 1910.

Day.

1...... .....................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7.............. ...........

8............. .............

9...........................

10............. .............

Mar.

6

8

10

20

61

79

99

109

119

Apr.

207

9fl7

207

196

185

174

174

May.

141

141

 10A

130

1QA

ion

119

June.

70

70

70

70

52

52

43

43

52

52

July.

38

QQ

OK

35

qc

35

38

QQ

38

38

Aug.

7

7

7

7

7

4

C

4

C

A K

2.5

2.5

Sept.

0.2

.2

.2

.2

Oct.

0.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

Nov.

0.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.3
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE ABEA. 73 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mouse River at Minot, N. Dak., for 1910 Continued.

Day.

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19......................'.....

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...i............ ...........

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

130

1 KO

174

185

174

163

163

1 5.9

141

141

152

141

141

152

163

163

196

196

Apr.

174

174

163

163

163

163

1 59

1 V)

141

141

1 £9

174

196

185

152

1 £.9

141

May.

110

119

109

1AQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

QQ

89

QQ

QQ

79

June.

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

52

qc

qc

35

OQ

90

28

OQ

35.

W?

35

35

July.

^5

91

91

15

10

10

10

10

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

10

10

M

10

10

Aug.

9 5

9 Z

.7

.7

.5

.4

3

g

Sept.

0

0

g

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.6

.6

Oct.

0.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

Nov.

0.5

.5

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

NOTE. Discharge computed from a rating curve well defined between 36 and 2,600 second-feet. Below 

36 second-feet the curve is only fairly well defined. From Mar. 1 to 5, Aug. 18 to Sept. 14, and Nov. 28 to 

30 the discharge is estimated.

Monthly discharge of Mouse River at Minot, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 8,400 square miles.]

Month.

April.......................

July........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

196 

207 

141 

70 

38 

7 

.6 

.6 

.7

207

Minimum.

141 

79 

28 

10 

.3 

.2 

.5 

.5

Mean.

o0.5 

o.5 

127

171 

110 

46.6 

21.9 

2.13 

.40 

.52 

.57 

0.5

40.1

Per 

square 

mile.

0.000060 

.000060 

.015 

.020 

.013 

.0055 

.0026 

.00025 

.000048 

.000061 

.000068 

.000060

.0047

Run-oft.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.00007 

.00006 

.02 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.003 

.0003 

.00005 

.00007 

.00008 

.00007

.06

Total in 

acre-feet.

31 

28 

7,810 

10,200 

6,960 

2,770 

1,350 

131 

24 

32 

34 

31

30,400

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

0. 

D.

o Estimated. 

EVAPORATION AT UNIVERSITY, N. DAK. 1

The evaporation gage at University, N. Dak., was established April 

17, 1905. It is located on a pool in a ravine called English Coulee, 

which runs through the campus of the University of North Dakota, 

which is immediately west of Grand Forks, N. Dak., and 2 miles west 

of the Minnesota boundary.

1 For complete description of this station and records of evaporation, rainfall, and temperature for 1905> 

1908, see Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 245, p. 64-67.
74 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1010, PART V.

The coulee drains about 60 square miles of very level prairie. 

Except for brief freshets the flow in the coulee is small, varying from 

1 second-foot or less to 20 second-feet. In very dry weather the water 

lies in pools with scarcely any perceptible flow.

A heavy galvanized-iron tank, 3 feet square and 18 inches deep, is 

placed in the center of an anchored raft, so that the water in the tank 

is at the same level as the water surface outside. The tank is filled 

nearly to the top, to a height precisely marked by the pointed tip of 

a vertical rod in the center of the tank. Once each day, after the 

change produced by evaporation or rainfall, the water level is restored 

to the original height, the precise amount of water transferred being 

measured with a cup of such size that one cupful of water is equivalent 

to 0.01 inch depth in the tank.

A standard rain gage is Igcated on the open prairie about 10 rods 

distant. On days of rainfall the difference (which is usually small) 

between the quantity measured by the rain gage and the surplus in 

the tank is considered the total evaporation for the day. Observations were made usually about 6 p. m. The water temperature is the 

mean temperature of the water at that hour; the air temperature is 

the mean of the maximum and minimum thermometer readings for 

each day. On account of the unusually dry weather in 1910, the 

evaporation was greater than in any previous year since this gage was 

established.

Results of observations of evaporation, rainfall, and temperature 

for 1910 are presented in the following table:

Evaporation, rainfall, and temperature at University, N. Dak., for 1910. 

[Observer, W. R. Holgate.]

Date.

Apr. 3-10......................................................

Apr. 11-20......................... ......

Apr. 21-30.............................. . .. ...............

May 1-10......................................................

May 11-20............................... . . ...............

May 21-31.......................... .....

June 11-20..... . ...............................................

June 21-30.... . ................................................

July 1-10.. . ...................................................

July 11-20............................. ..... ............

July 21-31. ....................................................

Aug. 1-10......................................................

Aug. 11-20..... . ................................................

Aug. 21-31 .....................................................

Sept. 1-10. .....................................................

Sept. 11-20. . ...................................................

Sept. 21-30 .....................................................

Oct. 1-10. . ....................................................

Oct. 11-20.......................... . .......

Oct. 21-31.....................................................

Evaporation.

Inches. 

0.95 

.74 

1.12 

1.50 

1.59 

1.99 

1.63 

2.63 

2.69 

2.58 

2.06 

2.37 

1.50 

1.80 

1.46 

1.04 

.90 

1.09 

1.29 

1.25 

.78

32.96

Rainfall.

Inches. 

0.11 

.78 

.24 

.00 

.67 

.04 

.63 

.05 

.00 

.09 

.54 

.13 

.40 

.09 

.41 

2.69 

.00 

.35 

.00 

.56 

.05

7.83

Temperature of 

Water.

"F. 

47 

40 

40 

51 

52 

54 

60 

73 

77 

70 

72 

67 

70 

71 

61 

60 

60 

55 

55 

50 

40

Air.

"F. 

50 

42 

47 

48 

49 -53 

53 

74 

77 

73 

- 74 

70 

66 

65 

61 

57 

55 

54 

56 

50 

39
HUDSON BAY DBAINAGE AREA. 75

RAINY RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Rainy River connects Rainy Lake with Lake of the Woods, but 

above Rainy Lake is a succession of lakes connected by rapids, at 

the head of which, in T. 65 N., R. 2 W. on the international boundary, 

is North Lake. From North Lake a stream flows westward, passing 

through Gunflint, Pine, Granite, Saganaga, Otter Track, Knife, 

Sucker, Basswood, Crooked, and Iron lakes, Lac La Croix, and Namekan River into Rainy Lake. With the exception of Namekan 

River, whose course lies in Ontario, these waters form a portion of 

the boundary between Minnesota and Canada, but no general term 

other than "boundary waters" has been applied to the chain above 

Rainy Lake.

The principal American tributaries of the boundary waters are 

Cross River, which flows through Kaskadinna, Sucker, and Ham 

lakes into Gunflint Lake; a line of drainage passing through Charley, 

Bashitanaqueb, Greenwood, East and West, Little Saganaga, Gabimichigami, Ogishke-Muncie, Frog Rock, West Sea Gull, and Sea 

Gull lakes and emptying into Saganaga Lake; Kawishiwi River, 

which rises in Syenite Lake and flows through Polly, Boulder, Alice, 

Wilder, Crab, Copeland, Birch, White-Iron, Garden, Fall, and Newton 

lakes into Basswood Lake; Loon River, which enters Loon Lake 

and flows through Little Vermilion and Sand Point lakes into 

Namekan Lake; Vermilion River, which flows through Crane and 

Sand Point lakes into Namekan Lake; Ash River, which flows 

through Kabetogama Lake into Namekan Lake; Rat Root River, 

which flows into Rainy Lake; and Little Fork, Big Fork, Black, 

Rapid, and Winterroad rivers, which discharge into Rainy River.

The chief Canadian tributaries are a line of drainage through 

Weikwabinonaw, Koss, and Northern Light lakes into Saganaga 

Lake; Maligne River, which drains a region thickly dotted with 

lakes (the largest being Pickerel and Sturgeon lakes) and discharges into Lac La Croix; Pipestone, Manitou, Turtle, and Otukamamoan Lake outlets, which enter Rainy Lake; and La Valle and Pine 

rivers, which enter Rainy River.
76 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas in Rainy River basin.

River.

Do.............

Do.............

Stony..............

Ash................

Rat Root..........

Do.............

Warroad...........

AboveForks

.....do....................................................................

.....do....................................................................

.....do....................................................................

.....do....................................................................

Wnot TTnrV

.....do....................................................................

Drainage 

area.

Sq. miles. 

al4,600

a20,800

61

242

1.410

254

146

146

283

288

408

256

a Revised since 1909 report.

Above Kaiiiy Lake the drainage area is rough and hilly and thickly 

dotted with lakes which lie in rock-bound basins and have outlet 

over rocky rims that have been little eroded. The southern boundary 

of this part of the drainage area is a broad undulating plateau which 

rises 1,800 to 1,900 feet above sea level. This is the region of light 

glacial drift or bare rocks, the latter comprising granites, gneisses, 

mica schists, gabbros, and greenstones. The valleys of the Vermilion and other rivers show a thin layer of fine clay, probably 

deposited by a glacier-dammed lake.

West of Rainy Lake the basin is deeply covered with glacial drift, 

lakes are rare, and the country is, for the most part, flat with a few 

hills rising 50 to 75 feet above the plain. During the glacial period 

this part of the basin was covered by a lake, now called Lake Agassiz, 

and in consequence the surface is very smooth. The northward 

slope of the area south of Rainy River is insufficient to afford good 

drainage and extensive tracts are swampy. In general dry land is 

only found along the banks of the streams which flow in very tortuous 

channels cut 5 to 40 feet below the general surface level. Settlers 

are few except along the streams, as the infrequent roads are almost 

impassable during the open season.

Between the southern end of Bow String Lake and Lake Winnibigoshish is a continuous river valley that during high stages affords 

water connection between Mississippi River and Hudson Bay. 

In the eastern portion of the area there is probably a connection 

between North Lake in the Hudson Bay drainage area and South 

Lake in the Lake Superior drainage area. Altitudes in the Rainy 

River basin range from 1,025 to 2,000 feet above sea level.
HUDSON BAY DEAINAGE AEEA. 77

The portion of the drainage area in Minnesota and probably also 

that in Ontario lies within the forested region and contains very little 

cleared land. East of Rat Root River are tracts of dense timber 

interspersed with patches of thin timber. The western part of the 

basin is covered with dense, heavy forests, in which white and Norway 

pine, spruce, cedar, balsam, and tamarack are the principal growths. 

In the extreme western end of the basin, south of Lake of the Woods, 

are extensive areas of muskeg which are covered with short, scrubby, 

fairly dense growths of black spruce.

Many of the tributary streams are used for driving logs which are 

carried either to International Falls or to Baudette and Spooner.

As no rainfall records have been kept within the Rainy River area 

for any considerable time, the rainfall is not known accurately, but 

stations outside the basin indicate a probable mean annual precipitation of 30 inches or more in the extreme eastern portion with a 

decrease to some 24 inches at Lake of the Woods. The annual 

snowfall equals about 5J inches of the precipitation. From November to March (except at falls) the streams are frozen over and the 

ground is covered with several feet of snow. The melting of this 

snow causes very high water on rivers uncontrolled by lakes or other 

natural storage; on streams fed by many lakes the rise is much less.

The best reservoir sites are the lakes forming the boundary waters, 

of which the largest (excepting Lake of the Woods) is Rainy Lake. 

This lake embraces about 344 square miles and is thickly dotted with 

islands. The power dam at International Falls is said to store water 

on Rainy Lake to a depth of 4 feet. Beside the reservoir sites 

afforded by the boundary waters other sites can be found on the 

tributary streams, notably on Vermilion Lake and River and Kawishiwi River in Minnesota, and the larger of the numberless lakes in 

Canada.

The following table of elevations and distances along the boundary 

waters is presented to give an idea of the available power. Above 

Basswood Lake the elevations are only approximate, being largely 

aneroid readings taken from the final report of the Minnesota Geological Survey. Below that point the elevations are based on a survey 

made by E. B. Banks, city engineer of Superior, Wis., and furnished 

the United States Geological Survey through his courtesy.
78 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Elevations and distances along boundary waters.

Point.

Distance below 

North Lake 

outlet.

Miles. 

0

0.5-8

10 - 12. 5

22. 5- 32. 5

34 - 39

39. 5- 49

51 - 52

53 - 57

57.5- 84

88 -104

105 -108

109 -125

143 -161

16L 5-201

203

203

236

236.5

243.5

245.5

254

Elevation 

above sea 

level.

Feet.

1,550

1,547

1,465

1 448

1,434

1,385

1,381

1,335

1,330

1,299

1,246

1,217

1,183

1,115

1,106

1,106

1,077

1,069

1,068

1,065

1,060

1,054

In order to determine the availability of the South Branch of the 

Kawishiwi for water-power development and storage, a survey was 

made during 1911 from Birch Lake to Fall Lake. From the data 

collected on this survey sheets have been prepared showing a profile 

of the water surface, a plan of the river and the lakes through which 

it flows, and the contours on the river and lake banks. These sheets 

have been prepared separately and may be obtained by applying to 

the district engineer, United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol 

Building, St. Paul, Minn.

The following tables of approximate elevations and distances have 

been compiled chiefly from the State drainage engineer's "Report 

on the topographical survey of Minnesota" and from the reports of 

the Minnesota Geological Survey:

Elevations and distances along streams in Rainy River basin.

Place.

Cross River.

Sec. 26, T. 65 N., R. 4 W ........................................................

Kawishiwi River.

Fall Lake inlet. .................................................................

Crab Lake outlet. .............................. ................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

2

4

7

10

0

11

14.5

15

18

19

27

31

Elevation.

Feet. 

1 547

i fiftn

1,706

1,740

1,767

1 299

l'307

1 Wt

1 9H

'1 384

1,388

1,451

1.487
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA.

Elevations and distances along streams in Rainy River basin Continued.

79

Place.

KawisMwl River Continued. 

Sec. 31, T. 63 N.,K. 8 W. .......................................................

Sec. 8, T. 63 N..R. 6 W. ........................................................

Township line 62-63. ............................................................

Rat Root River.

Sec. 3, T. 69 N., R. 23 W ........................................................

Sec. 10, T. 69 N., R. 24 W. ......................................................

Sec. 18, T. 68 N., R. 22 W .......................................................

Black River.

Settler. .........................................................................

Sees. 34-35 ......................................................................

Sec. 27, T. 158 N., R. 27 W ......................................................

Brook. ..........................................................................

Sec. 16, T. 157 N., R. 27 W. .....................................................

Sec.28, T. 157 N.,R. 27 W. .....................................................

Rapid River. 

Rainy R iver ....................................................................

Sec. 19, T. 160 N.,R. 29 W. .....................................................

Sec. 31, T. 160 N., R. 29 W. .....................................................

Sec. 1, T. 158 N., R. 31 W .......................................................

Sec. 1, T. 158 N., R. 32 W .......................................................

Warroad River.

Sec. 12, T. 162 N. R. 37 W ......................................................

Sec. 23. T. 162 N. R. 37 W. .....................................................

Sec. 26; T. 162 N. R. 37 W. .....................................................

Sec. 26, T. 162 N. R. 37 W ......................................................

Sec. 12, T. 161 N. R. 37 W ......................................................

Sec. 13, T. 161 N. R. 37 W ......................................................

Sec. 20, T. 161 N. R. 36 W ......................................................

Sec. 6, T. 160 N., R. 36 W .......................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

39

44

50

56

61

62

64

67

69

8

16

27

38

0

9

12

14

23

26

32

34

0

4

6

28

36

8

10

11

13

16

17

19

23

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,503

1,540

1,544

1,560

1,580

1,587

1,617

1,714

1,777

1,117

1,120

1,125

1,128

1,144

"1,078

1,086

1,095

1,106

1,122

1,126

1,155

1,163

1,061

1,073

1,074

1,098

1,140

1,057

1,080

1,090

1,100

1,110

1,120

1,130

1,152

1,200

Most of the streams in the basin have a good fall and many of 

them afford excellent power sites. By far the best site, and the only 

one utilized at the present time, is that at International Falls, where 

12,000 horsepower is being developed on the American side and 8,000 

on the Canadian. This power is used largely in operating the paper 

mill located at the American power site.

Although the basin includes a vast amount of swamp land, the 

country is so undeveloped that little drainage work has been undertaken. About 40,000 acres have been drained in Koochiching 

County.

Rainy River is navigable for small steamers between International 

Falls and Lake of the Woods. The Canadian Government is investigating the river with a view to improving navigation by building 

locks on the Long Sault and Manitou Rapids.
80 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

An examination of the ceded Chippewa lands in Kainy Biver basin 

was made by the United States Geological Survey, and the results 

(including a plan for drainage) were published in House Document 

27, Sixty-first -Congress, first session. The report contains a list of 

bench-mark stations and a topographic map (with 10-foot contours) 

on a scale of 1:125,000.

The quality of the water in Kainy Kiver is described in a report 

entitled "The quality of surface waters in Minnesota," published by 

the United States Geological Survey as Water-Supply Paper 193.

RAINY RIVER AT INTERNATIONAL FALLS, MINN.

This station, which was established by the Minnesota & Ontario 

Power Co. March 1, 1907, is located at the American power house 

just below the dam at International Falls. As the dam controls the 

stage of water in Kainy Lake, this latter acts as a reservoir, and 

accordingly any change of water surface in the lake indicates that 

the natural run-off of Kainy Kiver at International Falls is being 

increased or partially withheld. Therefore it is necessary to know 

the changes of lake level in order to determine the natural run-off 

from the Kainy Kiver basin. These data are of value in connection 

with studies of water power and navigation.

The gage heights have been furnished through the courtesy of the 

power company. In 1909 the Geological Survey began to rate the 

section by means of discharge measurements made from a boat and 

cable several hundred yards below the gage. (See PL III, B.) 

When that rating is completed it will be possible to estimate the 

daily discharge since 1907, as conditions of flow are practically 

permanent. During the latter part of 1909 a portion of the natural 

run-off was held back to fill the reservoir.

Discharge measurements of Rainy River at International Falls, Minn., 1910.

Date. Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

564

523

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

8,300

7,410

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

466.72

a465.74

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

11,400

10,600

Gage height rose 0.53 foot during measurement.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AEEA. 81 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Rainy River at International Falls, Minn.,for 1910.

Day.

1...

2...

3... 

4...

5... 

6...

7... 

8... 

9...

10...

11...

1?

13

14...

15...

16... 

17...

18

19...

20...

21... 

22... 

33

24... 

25...

26...

27

28... 

29...

30...

31

Jan.

467.95

468.08

468.06 

468.05

468.11 

468.14

468.05

468.03

468.04

467.92

467.90

467.85 

"467.~55~

467.65

467.65

467.65

467.66 

467.54

467.40 

467.40

467.25

467.20 

467.10

467.15

467.15

Feb.

467.00 

467.00

467.10 

467.10

467.35

467. 15 

467.15 

467.10

467.45

467.30

467. 30

467.30

467.36 

467.66

467.56 

467.56 

467.56

467.56 

467.56

467.56

467.26

Mar.

467.36 

467.26

467.06 

466.86

466.86 

466.76

466.66 

466.61 

466. 56

466.56

465.91

465.66 

465.50 

465.36

466.16 

465.76

466 36

466.50

466.36 

466. 76

466.76

467.06

Apr.

467. 16 

467.16

467. 16 

466.86

466.76

466.66 

466.50 

466.46

466.05

466.06

465.96

465.96

465.96

465.96 

466 06

466.26

466.76

467.56

467.96 

467.96 

467.96

467.96 

467.50

dfk? 1^

467.15

466.76 

466.76

May.

466.76 

466.86

466.86 

466.76

466. 76 

466. 76

466.76 

466.76 

466.76

466.96

467.06

467.26

465.46-

465.46

465.56 

465 56

466.26

464 41

465.01 

464.46

jlfifi 3fi

466. 36 

465.86

464 86

465.56

465.50 

465.50

465.25

465. 25

June.

464.86 

465. 86

464.86 

464.86

464.86 

465. 16

466.26 

465.86

466.66

466.86

466.86

466.36

466.86

466.56

466.61 

466.56

464.81

464 86

464.86 

465.46 

465.26

465.96

AG.K CA

465.86

465.36

465.36 

465.36

465.06

July.

465.46

465.56 

465.50

464.46

464. 86 

463.96 

463.81

463.36

463. 56

463. 76

463. 66

463.56

463.36 

463 38

"461. 36

463.21

463.16

463.06 

462.76

462.36

JAO Qft

AOfy Ifi

jfi9 nn

462.00 

462.86

463.06

463. 16

Aug.

0461. 66 

463.16

463.16 

463.36

463.21 

463.21

"461. 76 

462. 66

jco Oft

462.76

462.26

462.56

JCO OR

461.96

461.96 

462.46

462.46

462.56

A£\<) KG

462. 56 

462. 56

462.56 

462. 66

JftO fifi

df\9 7^

463. 66 

0461.46

462. 76

Sept.

462.66 

462.46

462.46 

462.46

462.46

462.46 

462.46 

462.46

462.46

462.46

462. 46

462.56

462.36

462.36 

462. 36

AC*) Oft

462.46

462.46

462.46 

462.46 

462.46

462.46 

462 46

462. 56

462. 36

462.46 

462.46

Oct.

462. 36

462.26 

462. 26

462.26

463.04 

462.76 

462. 76

"460. 42

462.96

462.96

463.11

463.26

463. 36 

o460.22

462.61

463.11

463.16

463.11 

463.21

461.35 

463 54

Apft KA

463.51

463.45 

463.46

462. 74

Nov.

463.55 

461 24

463.46 

463.66

463.66

0461. 21 

463.51 

463.51

463.53

463.51

463.61

462.76

463.51

463.61 

463 76

463.86

464.21

463.76 

464.86 

464.46

464.16 

464.26

464.06

o461. 7C 

463.36

463.86

Dec.

463.86 

463.86

464.01

0462.66 

463.36

463.36 

463.96 

464.06

464.16

462.66

463. 16

463.06

463. 76

463.56 

463.56

o461.46

463.16

463.46 

463.56 

463. 10

463.00

a461.40

462.86 

462.56

462.66

462.76

o Low water caused by closing of dam on Sunday. 

NOTE. Gage heights were affected by presence of ice during the winter months.

RAINY LAKE NEAE RANIER, MINN.

This station is located above the Minnesota & Ontario Power Co.'s 

dam at International Falls, 2 miles below Ranier. Although 

there is a slope of several tenths of a foot between the water surface 

at the dam and that of the lake, the surface of the latter is controlled 

by the dam. Thus any change of stage in the lake indicates that 

the natural run-off is not passing the dam. Rainy Lake has an 

approximate area of 344 square miles but its effective reservoir capacity is somewhat uncertain, owing to the many small islands in the 

lake. The existing maps are too small to indicate accurately the 

areas of these islands.

The gage heights given herewith are furnished through the courtesy 

of the power company. By adding 460.82 feet the gage heights are 

referred to the same datum as the gage heights of Rainy River. 

21502° WSP 285 12 6
82 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Rainy Lake River near Ranier, Minn.,for 1910.

"Day.

1...............

2...............

3. .............

4....... .......

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12......... .....

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16. ..............

17. ..............

18. .............. 

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22..... ... .

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

7.45

7.48

7.47

7.47

7.42

7 40

7.38

7.37

7.35

7.35

7 30

7.25

7.28

7.25 

7.25

7.24

7.25

7.15

7.10

7.10

7.05

7.00

..6.95

6.90

6.90

Feb.

6.90

6.90

6.85

6.85

6.80

6.65

6.65

6.55

6.50

6.45

6.45

6

0S

6.30

6.25

.......

5.95

5.90

5.85

5.85

5.85

<; 7<;

5.65

Mar.

5.55

5.55

5.55

5.55

5.55

5.55

5.45

5 OK

5.25

5.25

5.00

5.00

5.00

4 Q7

4.75

4.75

4.70 

4.65

4.65

4.65

4.75

4.75

4.65

4 65

4.70

4.70

4.65

4.75

4.85

A Qfl

Apr.

4 90

A Qf\

5.00

5.05

5.15

5 OK

5.25

5 OK

5 OK

5.35

5.45

5.45

5

AK

5.45

5.55

5.55

5

7K

5.75 

5.90

6.05

6.05

5.95

5

QK

f» QK,

6.10

6.15

6 OK

6.10

6.15

6.25

May.

6.15

6.15

6.15

6.15

6.15

6.15

6.15

6.15

6.10

5.95

5.85

5.65

6.30

A on

6.30

6.25

6 OK

6.10 

6.15

6 45

6.35

6.35

6 OK

6.10

6.35

6.35

6.10

5

0C

5 95

6.00

6.25

June.

6.05

5.90

6.05

6.20

6.20

6.15

5.75 *i a";

5.55

5.35

5.35

5.35

5.30

5.20

5.25

5.25

5.25

5.65 

5.65

5.55

5.50

5.25

5.30

5.15

5

AK,

5

AK

5.05

5

nn

5.00

4.90

July.

4.85

4.65

4.65

4.65

4.65

4.55

4.75

4 80

4.85

4.95

4.85

4.90

4.85

4.75

4.75

4.90

4.90

4.75 

4.60

4.55

4.55

4.65

4 70

4.70

4.75

4 55

4.75

4.65

4.45

4.50

4.50

Aug.

4.55

4.50

4.25

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.15

4.25

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.25

4.25

4.20 

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.05

4.05

4.05

A ftft

3.85

3.90

3

Qf\

3.90

3.65

3.75

Sept.

3.75

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.75

3.65

3.45

3.35

3.30

3.25

3.15 

3.16

3.15

3.15

3.15

3 on

3.15

3 OK

3.05

3.05

3 nn

3.05

2.95

Oct.

2.95

2.80

2.75

2.45

2.51

2.49

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.50

2.35

2.35

1.85

2.75

2.55

2.10 

2.40

2.11

2.07

2 00

2.32

1 74

1.71

1.61

1 60

1.55

1.57

Nov.

1.30

2.20

1.15

1.07

.95

.90

.80

.80

.70

.66

.6

.6

.5

.35

.30

.20 

.30

.5

.05

.60

.50

.4

.60

.60

.20

Dec.

0.30

.20

.10

.00

.30

+ .10

-.14

-.15

-.27

.00

.00

+.20

-L 99

-.15

-.10

-.10

"+."08

-.25

 .25

-.20

.00

.00

+.10 -.15

-.35

-.35

-.35

-.35

LITTLE FORK RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Little Fork River, the largest tributary of Rainy River from the 

Minnesota side, rises in the central part of St. Louis County, a few 

miles south of Vermilion Lake, at an elevation of about 1,440 feet 

above sea level, and flows westward and then northwestward to its 

junction with Rainy River about 12 miles below International Falls. 

Fifteen miles below its source it receives Rice River from the southeast, and about 15 miles farther downstream it is joined by Sturgeon 

River, its principal tributary. Other tributaries are Valley, Cross, 

and Net Lake rivers and Beaver and Willow creeks. The total 

length of the river is about 160 miles and its drainage area is 1,900 

square miles.

The river meanders through a narrow valley between wooded banks 

and throughout its length there are very few clearings. The region 

is flat and is deeply covered with blue till a mixture of clay, sand, 

and gravel which is underlain by crystalline rocks. Rock outcrops 

in a few places along the river. Altitudes in the basin range from 

1,100 to 1,450 feet. The greater part of the area is too wet for cultivation without being drained and. little drainage work has been done 

up to the present time,
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 285 PLATE IV

A. LOG JAM ON LITTLE FORK RIVER, MINIM. 

Jam extended 4 miles upstream.

B. DAM ON ST. LOUIS RIVER 6 MILES BELOW SKIBO, MINN. 

Typical logging dam on a northern Minnesota river.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 83

The area supports a dense growth of heavy timber. Little of the 

land has been cleared. Little Fork River is used extensive^ for log 

driving, and although there are no logging dams on the main river 

the flow of the upper river is to a certain extent controlled by dams 

on one or two tributaries. (See PI. IV, B.)

The mean annual rainfall ranges from about 30 inches in the upper 

end of the basin to about 25 inches near the mouth of the river. Of 

this amount 5J inches falls as snow. Frbm November to March the 

rivers are frozen except at heavy rapids and the ground is covered 

with several feet of snow, the spring melting of which causes a river 

rise of 15 feet or more. Winter thaws are unknown and groundwater 

is the principal source of supply for the streams. The flow is, therefore, very uniform during the winter, decreasing gradually till midwinter, when it is a minimum. The flatness of the topography and 

absence of lakes except on the extreme headwaters preclude the possibility of any large amount of storage except such as could be formed 

within the main channel of Little Fork River.

In order to determine the availability of Little Fork River for 

power development, a survey was made in 1911 from the big falls 

located in sec. 9, T. 62 N., R. 20 W., to the mouth of the.river. From 

the data collected on this survey sheets have been prepared showing 

a profile of the water surface, a plan of the river, and the contours 

along the river bank. These sheets have been published separately, 

and may be had on application to the district engineer, United States 

Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn. No water 

power is developed in the basin at the present time.

LITTLE FORK RIVER AT LITTLE PORK, MINN

This station, which is located at the lower of the two highway 

bridges at Little Fork, Minn., in sec. 9, T. 68 N., R. 25 W., was 

established June 23, 1909, in connection with the general investigation of the water resources of Minnesota.

Beaver Brook, the nearest tributary, enters the river 1| mile 

below the station.

. Little Fork is used extensively for log driving during the spring 

and summer months and log jams frequently occur which cause 

backwater for some time. (See PI. IV, A.) The river is frozen 

over at the station and observations are discontinued from November to April.

The datum of the staff gage has remained unchanged since the 

station was established.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge at ordinary 

stages and by wading at extreme low stages.

Conditions at the station are favoiable and the records of flow 

should be reliable.
84 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Discharge measurements of Little Fork River at Little Fork, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. July 4

24

Aug. 26

Sept. 30

1910.

July 22

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray . . ..............................................

Width.

Feet. 

122

122

133

132

136

54

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

201

184

452

445

914.

82.6

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.52

5.41

7.66

7.50

5.30

4.82

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

237

190

910

824

180

87.3

Daily gage height, in feet, of Little Fork River at Little Fork, Minn., for 1910. 

[Theo. La Chapell, observer.]

Day.

1............ ........................

2....................................

3....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7...... ..............................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30.. ...................................

31....................................

Apr.

14.00

13.70

13.21

1O fin

12.66

19 AK

12.00

11.50

11.00

10.58

10.05

9

fiQ

9.35

9 10

9 60

10.80

H QK

15.60

1 K OK

15.00

14.32

12.95

11 92

11.20

10.75

10.25

9 on

Q tt

9.10

May.

- 8.88

8.65

8.42

8.16

7 95

7.70

7 49

7 S^

7.25

7.01

6.79

6.80

6.69

6.58

6

Kf\

6 40

6.35

6 40

6.38

6.62

6.78

7 00

7.10

7.15

7 00

7.00

7 00

7.10

7.06

6

00

June.

6. 75

6.58

6.40

fi 4fi

6.45

6.40

6 45

6.60

6.55

6.35

6.24

6.05

6.00

5.95

5.75

5.62

5.58

5.54

5.46

5-38

5.28

5.21

5.16

5.10

5.04

5.00

4.96

5.60

5 70

July.

5.42

5.35

5.15

4.92

5.02

4.95

4.80

4.78

4.72

4.75

4.%

5.00

5.00

4.88

5.02

5.02

5.15

5.20

4.90

4.88

5.10

5.15

5.02

5.02

5.08

5.08

5.85

6.10

6.05

Aug.

5.72

5.48

5.32

5.28

5.28

5.20

5.05

5.00

5.00

4.95

4.85

4.95

4.95

4.90

4 98

4.95

4.92

4 95

4.98

4.96

4.95

4.93

4.95

4.95

4.95

4.95

4.86

4.85

4.83

4.83

Sept.

4.83

4.84

4.86

4.75

4.40

4.70

4.75

4.84

4.80

4.85

4.85

4.86

4.90

4.88

4.80

4.71

4.70

4.76

4.90

4.96

4.89

4 80

4.80

4.80

4.80

4.80

4.86

5.00

Oct.

5.00

5.30

5.40

5.45

5.40

5.40

5.30

5.30

5.25

5.18

5.10

5.10

5.18

5.15

5 in

5.05

5.00

5.00

5.38

5.20

5.22

5.20

5.19

5.20

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

Nov.

5.30

5.21

5.28

5

Ofl

5 40

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.50

5

Cf\

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. to Mar. 31, and from Nov. 16 to Dec. 31. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Little Fork River at Little Fork, Minn., for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

June. July.

240

237

224

208

199

193

184

184

178

166

148

137

141

166

160

Aug.

247

224

208

215

237

291

304

502

852

1,650

3,760

4,120

4,380

4,240

Sept.

1,030

757

667

940

512

440

405

371

9Qfi

291

OQfi

266

254

Oct.

708

634

614

518

463

393

Q71

347

Q77

422

479

407

487

518

Nov.

1,360

1,170

1,090

980

932

802

621

680

694

598

Day.

1909. 

16......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30

31......

June.

377

360

333

307

296

281

268

261

July.

160

156

164

189

193

193

197

193

184

252

294

307

347

358

328

286

Aug.

3,980

3,650

3.120

2,070

1,860

1,260

1,080

932

908

908

868

852

868

1,050

1,080

1,140

Sept.

247

242

228

237

268

288

366

382

640

920

988

988

920

802

Oct.

598

630

687

698

778

1,230

2,010

2,340

2,700

2,700

2,560

2,410

2,180

1,860

1,600

1,490

Nov.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 85

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Little Fork River at Little Fork, Minn.,for 1909-10 

Continued.

Day.

1910. 

1... ..................... .. . ......

2....................................

3....................................

4......................... ......

5....................................

6............................. ......

7....................................

8....................................

9.. ................... . .....

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................... ..... ......

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22.......................... .. ......

23....................................

24....................................

25....................... ............

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Apr.

2,200

1,940

1,750

1,720

2,310

4,580

5,000

4,770

4,610

4,200

3,430

2,870

2,510

2,280

2,040

1,860

1,690

1,490

May.

1,390

i 9on

1,190

1,080

1,000

onn

768

732

650

578

581

546

487

457

442

457

454

451

524

575

647

680

698

647

647

647

680

667

588

June.

565

512

457

457

479

479

518

502

AAt)

358

344

330

278

247

237

228

210

193

172

158

148

137

126

119

112

112

242

266

July.

201

186

146

105

110

86

83

75

7Q

112

119

119

QQ

123

123

146

156

102

102

99

137

146

123

123

133

133

304

371

358

304

Aug.

271

215

180

172

1 79

156

128

119

119

110

94

110

110

116

110

105

110

116

116

112

110

107

110

110

110

110

96

94

91

91

Sept.

91

no

96

79

40

79

7Q

92

86

QA

Q4

96

102

QQ

86

73

72

86

83

80

102

112

100

86

86

86

86

86

96

119

Oct.

119

197

208

197

176

176

166

152

137

152

146

137

128

119

119

193

156

160

156

154

156

176

176

176

176

176

176

176

Nov.

176

158

172

176

3

NOTE. Discharges computed from a rating curve well defined below 1,000 second-feet.

Monthly discharge of Little Fork River at Little Fork, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 1,720 square miles.]

Month.

1909.

July....................................

Nov. 1-13. . .............................

1910. 

Apr. 11-30.. .............................

May....................................

July....................................

November

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

377 

358 

4,380 

1,030 

2,700 

1,360

1,390 

565 

371 

271 

119 

208

Minimum.

261 

137 

208 

228 

344 

598

1,490 

442 

112 

75 

91 

40 

119

Mean.

310 

212 

1,540 

516 

1,080 

680

2,720 

703 

309 

149 

125 

88.4 

163 

160

Per 

square 

mile.

0.180 

.123 

.895 

.300 

.628 

.395

1.58 

.409 

.180 

.087 

.073 

.051 

.095 

.093

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.05 

.14 

1.03 

.33 

.72 

.19

1.17

.47 

.20 

.10 

.08 

.06 

.11 

.10

Accuracy.

A. 

A. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B.

B.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B.

NOTE. Mean discharge, Mar. 6 to 30, estimated at 157 second-feet.
86 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

BIG FORK RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Big Fork River, the second largest tributary of Rainy River from 

the Minnesota side, rises in Jessie Lake in T. 147 N., R. 25 W., in 

Itasca County, at an elevation of about 1,320 feet above sea level. It 

flows into Bowstring Lake, thence north into Wabatawangang Lake 

and thence east and north into Rainy River near Laurel. Its chief 

tributaries are Caldwell Brook, Sturgeon River, Deer Lake outlet, 

and Rice River. The entire length of river is about 160 miles.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas in basin of Big Fork River.

Square miles.

Above Lake Wabatawangang.................................. 259

Above Big Falls............................................... 1, 320

Above mouth................................................. 1,840

The entire basin is covered with a sheet of blue till. In a large 

part of the area the till is covered with deposits of lacustrine clay 

from the glacial Lake Agassiz. So thick is the drift that rock outcrops are not found except in a few places along the river.

Underlying the glacial deposits are crystalline schists and gneisses 

and greenstones. Some outcrops of Cretaceous rocks are also found. 

The big falls where the river descends 30 feet in a few hundred yards 

are caused by an outcrop of Archean schist.

The region is very flat and so poorly drained that, except in a comparatively narrow strip along Big Fork River, the area is swampy. 

There is very little cleared land in the basin, as settlers are few, and 

the entire area is heavily forested. Altitudes range from 1,080 to 

1,325 feet above sea level. There are practically no lakes in the basin 

below the outlet of Lake Wabatawangang, but above that point 

about 15 per cent of the area is water surface.

Owing to a lack of records within the basin the mean annual rainfall is not precisely known, but records at stations farther south 

indicate that the average precipitation is about 26 inches; of this 

amount 4^ inches occurs as snow.

The winters are severe. The river flows under ice several feet thick 

and the ground is covered with several feet of snow. There are no 

winter thaws and the sources of supply are the ground water and the 

lakes on the headwaters. The flow is very uniform, decreasing 

gradually till midwinter, when it is a minimum.

The chain of lakes on the headwaters of the Big Fork afford a possible storage reservoir, and as the drainage area at their outlet is 

between 400 and 500 square miles, the control of the flow above 

that point would considerably increase the low-water flow. Aside 

from the headwaters, there are no lakes in the basin. The topography
HtJDSON BAY DKAItf AGE AREA. 87

is too flat to admit of the presence of reservoir sites, and except at 

Big Falls there is little concentrated fall. No water powers are 

developed in the basin.

Big Fork Kiver is used extensively for log driving, and at different 

points, notably the Big Falls, jams occur, which .cause backwater for 

considerable periods. There are no logging dams to control the 

flow.

Although the records of the only gaging station maintained in the 

basin, namely at Big Falls, extend back only to 1909, it is probable 

that the flow of 1910 was the lowest in many years, owing to the 

very low rainfall.

In order to determine the availability of Big Fork Kiver for power 

development, a survey was made in 1912 from Stanley to the 

mouth. From the data collected on this survey sheets have been 

prepared showing a profile of the water surface, a plan of the river, 

and the contours along the bank. These sheets have been published 

separately, and may be obtained by applying to the district engineer, 

United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, 

Mum.

BIG FORK RIVER AT BIG FALLS, MINN.

This station, which is located on the Minnesota & International 

Kailroad bridge crossing Big Fork Kiver from Big Falls to Grand 

Falls, was established August 27, 1909, for the purpose of obtaining 

data concerning the power available at the falls, a short distance 

below the station.

The nearest important tributary is Sturgeon River, which enters 

Big Fork about 3 miles below Big Falls.

Like most of the streams in northern Minnesota, Big Fork is used 

in the spring for log driving, and the log jams that frequently occur 

may cause temporary backwater at the gage and render it impossible 

to make discharge measurements. However, conditions at the head 

of the falls (which is the control point for the gage section) are such 

that the logs simply float on the water surface for the most part and 

cause little or no backwater. This is shown by a comparison of gage 

heights with the Little Fork station, which is free from log jams. 

The two stations show the same general fluctuations of water surface, 

which would not be the case were one of them seriously affected by 

backwater. The stream is icebound from December to April.

The bridge from which the discharge measurements are made is 

oblique to the current. The datum of the staff gage, which is located 

at the measuring section, has remained unchanged since the gage was 

installed. Owing to the possibility of slight backwater from log 

jams and to the uncertainty in the lower part of the rating curve, 

records of flow at this station can be considered only fair.
88 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Discharge measurements of Big Fork River at Big Falls, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

Aug. 27

Oct. 1

1910. 

July 22

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray . . ..............................................

.....do. ....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

266

246

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,510

1,210

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.66

4.01

2.78

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

960

535

o65

o Estimated from rough measurement.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Big Fork River at Big Falls, Minn., for 1910. 

[Mark St. Louis, observer.]

Day.

1... .................................

2......................... .

3..... ...............................

4............ ......................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10............... .....................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14......................... ....... ..

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20. ...................................

21....................................

22.........................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31......................... . ..

Apr.

6.90

7.15

7.25

7.20

6.80

6.82

6.95

6.88

6.86

6.60

6.42

6.25

6.18

6.08

6.12

6.30

8.22

8.68

8.62

8.58

8.19

7 60

7.32

7 f\f\

6.58

6.40

6.28

6.15

6.28

May.

6.32

6.24

6.35

6.10

6.05

6.12

6.02

5.92

5.60

5.32

5.08

4.72

5

AO

5.56

5.62

5.48

5.35

5

OC

5.42

5.34

5

0fi

^ 9O

5.15

5.05

4.94

4.88

4.81

June.

4.76

4.72

4.65

4.52

4.68

4.82

4.79

4.68

4.59

4.52

4.41

4.39

4.56

4.51

4.41

4.35

4 30

4.26

4.21

4.11

3

Qfi

4.15

4 00

3.89

3.81

3.76

3.71

3.64

3.60

3.54

July.

3.49

3.41

3.36

3.34

3.28

3.38

3.31

3.26

3.20

3.16

3.42

3.35

3.28

3.22

3.11

3.00

2.94

2.86

2.80

2.74

2.94

2.90

2.85

2.96

2.96

9 01

3.00

Aug.

2.95

2.90

2.86

2.91

2.86

2.80

2.75

2.70

2.69

2.65

2.66

2.80

2.86

2.82

2.79

2.76

2.74

2.70

2.66

2.64

2.86

2.81

2.74

2.68

2.79

2.71

2.62

2.80

2.80

2.76

2.71

Sept.

2.69

2.65

2.80

2.82

2.92

2.96

2.91

2.86

2.85

2.94

2.95

2.91

2.89

2.98

2.95

2.92

2.91

2.98

2.94

2.91

2.89

2.96

3.00

2.98

2.94

2.96

3.01

3.11

3.19

3.25

Oct.

3.26

3.29

3.35

3.31

3.24

3.20

3.16

3.19

3.21

3.25

3.28

3.35

3.42

3.50

3.62

3.61

3.59

3.55

3.65

3.78

3.81

3.79

3.75

3.72

3.69

3.69

3.76

3.75

3.71

3.69

3.61

Nov.

3.52

3.48

3.39

3.32

3.29

3.22

3.16

3.12

3.04

2.92

2.89

2.81

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 31 and from Nov. 13 to Dec. 31. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Big Fork River at Big Falls, Minn. ,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1. ..............

2. ..............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

It)...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

Aug. Sept.

812

731

628

574

530

481

465

415

400

375

366

Q4Q

360

360

375

QQK

Oct.

536

492

470

465

460

460

445

ddz

470

W9

679

784

840

840

840

875

Nov.

1,140

1,070

1,000

01 o

a.zd

QAr

770

770

738

628

CQft

w«

Day.

1909.

18...............

1Q

20...............

21 ...............

22...............

oq

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29.........---.-.

OA

^1

Aug.

........

978

1,040

1,110

1,060

948

Sept.

395

375

430

470

514

616

738

784

777

718

653

604

580

652

Oct.

910

910

948

1,100

1,340

1,820

2,140

2,140

2,100

1,960

1,780

1,600

1,430

1,310

1,210

Nov.
HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE AREA. 89 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Big Fork River at Big Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10 Con.

Day.

1910. 

1....................................

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9.................................. .

10....................................

11....................................

12. ...................................

n............... .....................

14............ ...... ............

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22. ...................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Apr.

2,960

3,260

2,860

2,880

3,000

2,940

2,920

2,660

2,330

2,260

2,170

2,380

4,310

4,790

'4,730

4,690

4,280

3,660

3,380

3,060

2,640

2,470

2,360

2,230

2,360

May.

2,390

2,070

2,420

2,180

2,140

2,200

2,110

2,020

1 QRA

1,730

1,490

1,280

1,110

1 000

1,240

1,540

1,690

1,750

1,620

1,510

1,450

1,570

1,500

1,440

1,380

1,340

1,260

1,170

1,120

1,070

June.

1, 030

1,000

948

854

970

1,080

1,050

970

903

854

777

764

882

847

777

738

705

779

646

586

503

610

525

465

425

400

375

343

325

301

July.

281

94 Q

231

224

203

238

214

196

175

163

253

228

203

182

148

120

105

86

72

61

61

59

82

105

108

95

84

110

110

98

120

Aug.

108

QC

86

98

86

72

61

50

48

40

42

72

86

77

70

63

59

50

42

38

86

74

59

46

70

52

34

72

72

63

52

Sept.

48

40

72

77

100

110

98

86

84

105

108

98

93

115

108

100

98

115

105

98

93

110

120

115

105

110

122

]48

172

192

Oct.

196

206

227

214

189

175

163

172

179

192

203

227

253

285

334

329

321

' 305

347

410

425

415

395

380

366

366

400

395

375

366

329

Nov.

293

277 "242

217

206

182

163

151

130

100

94

74

NOTE. Discharge based on a rating curve not well defined.

Monthly discharge of Big Fork River at Big Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10.

[Drainage area, 1,320 square miles.]

Month.

1909.

1910.

May.....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,110 

812 

2,140 

1,140

4,790 

2,420 

1,080 

281 

108 

192 

425 

293

Minimum.

948 

348 

445

2,170 

1,000 

301 

59 

34 

40 

163 

74

Mean.

1,030 

527 

1,040 

660

3,080 

1,650 

714 

150 6s;s

105 

295 

177

Per 

square 

mile.

0.780 

.399 

.788 

.500

2.33 

1.25 

.541 

.114 

.049 

.080 

.223 

.134

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.15 

.45 

.91 

.56

2.60 

1.44 

.60 

.13 

.06 

.09 

.26 

.06

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

D. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

B. 

C.

NOTE. Mean for Nov. 16 to 30,1909, estimated at 520 second-feet.
90 SURFACE WATEH SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN.

GENERAL FEATURES.

Mississippi River drains the greater part of the territory of the 

United States lying between the Alleghenies and the Rockies. Its 

basin, irregular in shape, occupies the central part of the United 

States, and is best described as an oblong, with the major axis, 1,700 

miles in length, running southeastward from the northwestern part 

of Montana, through North Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Tennessee, into the northwestern corner of Alabama. On each side of this 

line the basin spreads out from 300 to 500 miles, and on the east is a 

large protuberance from the general outline extending to the Alleghenies. The basin comprises about 1,240,000 square miles, and 

includes wholly or in part 30 States, besides a small area in the 

Dominion of Canada. Of the total area, about 527,000 square miles 

drain to the Missouri, about 171,500 square miles to the upper Mississippi above the mouth of the Missouri, and about 204,000 square 

miles to the Ohio. The mean annual flow of the Missouri is about 

100,000 second-feet; of the upper Mississippi, about 125,000 secondfeet; of the Ohio, about 300,000 second-feet.

Immediately beneath the covering of drift at the sources of the 

Mississippi lie the oldest rocks known to the geologist. Its mouth is 

surrounded by the soft marshes of its own delta now forming. Between these two extremes rocks of all geologic ages are represented.

All varieties of topography are likewise exhibited in the drainage 

basin, mountain and prairie, arid plain, and alluvial bottom covered 

with vegetation, being fully represented; but the greater part of its 

broad extent is very uniform in contour.

For convenience in publication of reports the basin of Mississippi 

River has been divided into the upper Mississippi, Missouri River, 

lower Mississippi, and Ohio drainage basins. The upper Mississippi 

Basin, as considered in this discussion, is that portion lying above 

the mouth of the Missouri. The upper Mississippi Basin therefore 

occupies the north-central part of the United States, including 

Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and a few 

square miles in South Dakota and the northern peninsula of Michigan. 

The sources of this branch of the great river are almost exactly in 

the center of the continent on an east and west line.

The Mississippi rises, not in Lake Itasca, so long considered the 

source, but in a smaller lake called Hernando de Soto, which is 

situated in the northeastern part of Becker County, Minn., and which 

drains into Lake Itasca through Nicollet Creek. From these lakes to 

the mouth of Crow Wing River it flows almost in a circle, as at this 

point it is only 75 miles from its sources, while the distance following 

the river is 350 miles. Leaving the lakes its course is northward, 

but below the junction with the Crow Wing it turns to the south
UPPER MISSISSIPPI BIVEB BASINS. 91

and continues in this direction until it finally reaches the Gulf of 

Mexico.

The total length of the river is about 2,555 miles; from the source 

to the mouth of the Ohio is about 1,500 miles. 1

The important tributaries of the upper Mississippi, beginning at 

the source and following down the west bank, are Leech Lake, 

Willow, Pine, Crow Wing, Sauk, Crow, Minnesota, Cannon, Zumbro, 

Root, Turkey, Wapsipinicon, Iowa, Des Moines, and Missouri rivers; 

on the east bank are Prairie, Elk, Rum, St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, 

La Crosse, Wisconsin, Rock, Illinois, Kaskaskia, Big Muddy, and 

Ohio rivers.

From Lake Hernando de Soto to the Falls of St. Anthony the river 

flows almost exclusively through a drift-covered region. Down to 

Pokegama Falls it occupies a valley which is in some places narrow, 

in others broad and savanna-like, with many rapids in the narrower 

and with gentle or sluggish currents in the broader portions. In this 

part of its course it drains a number of lakes, among which Bemidji, 

Cass, Winnibigoshish, and Leech are the most important. The first 

rock hi place is at Pokegama Falls, and thence to the mouth of Crow 

Wing River, which enters from the west, the average width of the 

stream is 300 feet, the valley is less winding, and the current is good, 

with many rapids of small extent.

Below the mouth of the Crow Wing the river flows in a general 

southeasterly direction for about 475 miles. Within this stretch are 

several rapids the chief being Little Falls and Sauk Rapids and 

many timbered islands. The banks are abrupt, of clay or sandy 

loam, and lead to meadows that stand 60 feet above the river. At 

the falls of St. Anthony the river pitches down a vertical fall and 

rapids amounting to 80 feet in half a mile, and in so doing leaves the 

prairie and clay banks for a channel that lies between rocky bluffs of 

limestone and sandstone, which continue for many miles, gradually 

increasing to a height of 500 feet as the bed sinks below the general 

prairie level. The sides of the bluff are not vertical bare surfaces 

of rock, but are composed of easily eroded stone and drift, which 

form well-wooded or grassy slopes. It is believed by geologists that 

the gorge from the mouth of the Minnesota River to St. Anthony 

Falls was caused by the gradual wearing away of the falls, which 

were originally at the mouth of the Minnesota.

Minnesota River enters the Mississippi about 16 miles below 

St. Anthony Falls, and below its mouth the width of the main stream 

averages 1,000 feet. From this point to the mouth of the Missouri it

i The Twenty-second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, pt. 4, p. 210, contains a 

detailed description of the Mississippi from the sources to St. Paul, taken from the Reports of the Chief of 

Engineers, U. S. Army. The hydrographic investigations of the United States Engineer Corps on the 

upper Mississippi extend over a period of 32 years, from 1866 to 1898, and form, according to the Report 

of the Chief of Engineers for 1897, " the largest continuous record over large drainage areas that has been 

made in the United States."
92 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

is a broad, placid stream, containing innumerable islands, the entire 

width of the valley averaging 1 mile. In many places, especially 

where tributaries enter, fertile flats lie between the river and the 

bluffs. Fifty-five miles below the mouth of the Minnesota is Lake 

Pepin, an expansion of the river apparently caused by the immense 

quantities of sand brought down by the Chippewa. At two places 

exceptions occur to the otherwise placid character of the river. At 

Rock Island, 111., 384 miles from St. Paul, there are rapids by which 

the river falls about 20 feet in 12 miles; and at Keokuk, Iowa, 509 

miles from St. Paul, is the foot of the Des Moines Kapids, where in a 

distance of 11 miles the river falls about 22 feet.

The following table, compiled chiefly from the charts of the Mississippi River Commission, shows the elevations at different points of 

the upper river. (The distances are measured along the river 

channel.)

Elevations and distances along Mississippi River.

Ball Club River. ................................................................

Vermilion River ................................................................

Above Pokegama dam .........................................................

Prairie River...................................................................

Dinky Rapids. .................................................................

Oxbow Rapids .................................................................

Willow River............ .............. ...................................

Indian Lake outlet. .............................................................

B uffalo Creek ...................................................................

Pike Creek......................................................................

Silver Creek. . ..................................................................

Elk R iver ......................................................................

St. Paul........................................................................

Lake St. Croix ..................................................................

RedWing......................................................................

Winona. ........................................................................

Distance 

below 

Lake 

Itasca.

Miles. 

0

42

85

117

120

142

149

158

161

164

203

215

226

234

262

282

309

313

334

340

347

358

372

374

383

404

407

410

422

430

439

450

456

464

482

482

485

490

496

522

542

553

570

574

590

608

638

658

Elevation. "

Feet.

1 479

1,340

1,304

1,285

1,282

1,278

1,277

1,277

1,268

1,246

1,229

1,225

1,217

1,212

1,203

1,194

1,189

1,180

1,172

1,152

1,149

1,138

1,102

1,078

1,032

1,014

992

978

936

929

897

859

843

827

796

728

702

692

689

673

668

667

664

663

652

643

628

615
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 93

The headwaters of the main stream and its tributaries which lie in 

Wisconsin and in Minnesota north of a line drawn diagonally through 

Douglas, Stevens, Meeker, McLeod, Sibley, Lesueur, Rice, and 

Dakota counties are in a region that was originally forested. Most 

of this area has been cut over extensively, though a comparatively 

small proportion has been cleared, except in the southern part of 

the area, where agriculture is making rapid progress. The remainder 

of the drainage area is prairie land.

The entire basin, at least as far south as the southern boundary of 

Minnesota, is covered with glacial drift of varying thickness. The 

tributaries north of St. Anthony Falls at Minneapolis flow over the 

drift without uncovering the underlying rock, while those farther 

south have worn deep valleys through both the drift and the rock. 

Along these bluffs are found many springs.

Rainfall records have been kept in the upper basin for many years, 

and from them the following data have been compiled:

Mean annual rainfall at points in upper Mississippi basin.

Inches.

Lake Winnibigoshish, 1888-1909.................................. 26.5

Leech Lake, 1888-1909.......................................... 27. 4

Pokegama Falls, 1888-1909...................................... 27. 9

Sandy Lake, 1893-1909.......................................... 27.1

Pine River dam, 1888-1909 ...................................... 28. 2

Park Rapids, 1885-1909.......................................... 26.7

Long Prairie, 1893-1909........................................... 26.1

Collegeville, 1893-1909........................................... 23. 3

New London, 1897-1909......................................... 23. 8

St. Paul, 1837-1909....... ...................................... 27. 8

Bed Wing, 1886-1909............................................ 30. 2

Wabasha, 1893-1909............................................. 30. 5

Winona, 1886-1909............................................. 30. 5

The winters in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa are severe; snowfall is heavy throughout the greater part of this area, the snow lasts 

for considerable periods, ice forms to thickness of 1 to 2 feet, and 

lasts for three to four months. In other parts of the drainage basin 

the winters are milder.

According to some authorities the basin of the upper Mississippi 

contains from 5,000 to 6,000 lakes, nearly all of which are near the 

sources of the main river and its northern tributaries. In addition, 

there are vast swamp areas in this region, so that there is great natural 

storage for steadying the flow of the river. Practically none of this 

swamp land has been drained at the present time. By building 

comparatively low dams it will be possible to create reservoirs on 

many of the lakes.

The river is navigable as far up as St. Anthony Falls, and above 

that there are navigable stretches from 10 miles below Brainerd to
94 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Grand Rapids; from Cohasset to Pokegama Lake and Ball Club; 

on Winnibigoshish and Cass lakes; and on Lake Bemidji, Lake 

Irving, and. Lake Plantagenet.

The United States Engineer Corps has built six reservoirs on the 

Mississippi headwaters for the purpose of aiding navigation during 

the low-water open season. These reservoirs have the following 

storage capacity:

Feet 

head.

14

5.7

7.5

9.4

16.2

3

Cubic feet.

44,000,000,000

33,000,000,000

5,300,000,000

3,200,000,000

7,700,000,000

2,700,000,000

Although the reservoirs are operated primarily in the interest of 

navigation, water power and flood control are also benefited. The 

operation during the winter, or nonnavigation season, is based on 

the necessity for having 39,000,000,000 cubic feet empty storage 

capacity on April 1 to take care of the spring high water. Thus 

if the preceding year has been very dry and the storage has been 

nearly exhausted, the reservoirs allow only the normal minimum 

winter flow (as determined previous to building the reservoirs) to 

pass down the river. If the preceding navigation season has not 

drawn heavily on the reservoirs, the winter flow is increased by a 

sufficient amount to make possible the required empty storage 

capacity April 1.

That there are valuable power sites on Mississippi River is shown 

by the facts that plants at Bemidji, Grand Rapids, Brainerd, Little 

Falls, Sartell, St. Cloud, and Minneapolis develop about 80,000 

horsepower. Besides these there are several other points where a 

heavy fall occurs within a comparatively short distance, especially 

between Minneapolis and Brainerd. The United States Government 

is building a 30-foot dam on the Mississippi just above the mouth of 

the Minnesota, which will develop a large amount of power, and a dam 

is being built at Keokuk which will develop one of the largest powers 

in the country.

The river is used extensively for logging as far down as Minneapolis, 

and log jams frequently occur on the various bars that cause more or 

less backwater for short periods.

The quality of the water in the portion of the Mississippi basin lying 

in Minnesota has been investigated by the United States Geological 

Survey, and the results published in Water-Supply Paper 193, entitled 

"The quality of surface waters in Minnesota."
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVEE BASINS- 95

Records of discharge of Mississippi River have been kept for many 

years. Since 1892 the year of least flow has been 1895 and that of 

greatest flow 1906. The greatest flood flow, however, occurred in 

1897.

MISSISSIPPI K1VEB ABOVE SANDY K1VEB, MINN.

This station, which was established September 1, 1895, is located a 

short distance above the mouth of Sandy River, near Libby post office, 

in Aitkin County, and is maintained by the United States Engineer 

Corps.

The discharge represents chiefly the water from the Government 

reservoirs at Winnibigoshish, Leech, and Pokegama lakes, as the 

streams between the lower reservoir and the gaging stations are relatively small. The largest are Prairie and Swan rivers, which drain 

501 and 340 square miles, respectively. The flow from the other two 

reservoirs in the system Sandy Lake and Pine River is shown by 

the tables on pages 136-148 and 149-159. The sum of the discharge 

at the three stations represents the flow of the upper Mississippi as 

affected by the reservoir systems.

Frequent discharge measurements are made throughout the year 

by an employee stationed at Sandy Lake dam. The daily discharge 

is computed almost directly from discharge measurements.

The daily discharge and monthly mean discharge for this station 

have been compiled from unpublished records in the United States 

engineer office at St. Paul. The run-off per -square mile, depth in 

inches on drainage area, and total run-off in millions of cubic feet have 

been computed by the Geological Survey.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn.,for

1895-1910.

Day.

1895. 

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Sept.

2,192

2,193

2,194

2,195

2,196

2,197

2,198

2,199

2,200

2,201

2,201

2,202

2,203

2,204

2,205

Oct.

2,322

2,375

2,256

2,281

2,240

2.295

2,350

2,429

2,193

2,177

2,240

2,293

2,218

2,142

2,248

Nov.

2,128

1,866

1,908

1,951

1,993

1,974

1,954

1,995

2,036

2,077

2,118

2,159

2,200

2,229

2,258

Dec.

1,216

1,161

1,106

1,070

1,034

999

963

923

883

843

804

768

733

698

683

Day.

1895. 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21 ...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Sept.

2,206

2,207

2,208

2,209

2,211

2,212

2,213

2,213

2,213

2,214

2,214

2,215

2,251

2,286

Oct.

2,059

1,870

1,988

2,008

2,009

2,011

2,183

2,012

,2,042

1,911

1,977

2,043

2,109

2,176

2,163

Nov.

2,087

2,047

2,007

1,967

1,880

1,794

1,707

1,620

1,533

1,447

1,360

1,333

1,306

1,278

1,251

Dec.

668

653

638

636

634

633

620

606

592

579

565

552

538

518

498

477
96 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn., for 

1895-1910 Continued.

Date.

1896. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16.:.............

17...............

18..............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24..............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28. ..............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1897. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6. ..............

7. ..............

8............. .

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26.. .............

27. ..............

28. ..............

30. ..............

31...............

1898. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

Jan.

430

400

380

400

450

480

420

380

410

410

410

410

465

465

445

440

460

460

420

470

520

520

445

490

530

520

520

520

495

425

438

1,010

Qflft

802

699

595

590

585

580

585

590

594

599

603

606

609

702

796

OQA

905

920

922

924

QOfi

928

930

893

900

908

Oil

QOO

930

1,716

1,693

1,670

1,647

1.577

Teh.

438

435

432

49Q

423

4.1 Q

416

yllQ

410

407

4fU

392

380

368

460

445

415

270

180

130

115

125

130

145

160

175

200

225

900

860

851

843

834

833

831

830

828

769

710

651

662

674

685

696

693

fiQA

687

688

689

690

RQ1

692

689

685

681

685

1 9W

1,207

1,207

1,217

1.227

Mar.

230

235

230

225

210

185

"iSfi

165

165

175

IQO

OOA

258

290

330

348

350

350

360

365

365

375

385

405

422

4T)Q

455

484

513

541

fiort

694

681

fififi

654

641

633

625

638

fiKQ

fifiQ

667

671

fV7K

679

686

AQO

699

706

7q«

765

Sfin

836

871

906

947

987

1,028

1,069

1 9fiQ

1 ">SQ

1,289

1 9fiQ

1.300

Apr.

600

620

CQC

565

545

516

530

COK

KCK

610

QKft

1,750

2,150

2,425

2,550

2,655

2,750

2,826

2,925

2,820

2,400

2,350

2,675

2,960

3,250

3,547

3,913

4,279

4,645

1,590

1 764

9 IfU

2 444

2,784

3,124

3 464

^ SfU

4,143

4,483

4,823

5,163

5

e(y>

5

040

5 143

5,040

4

cco

4,683

A KM

4

QOO

3,962

3,782

3,602

3,422

3

qy(9

3 1 CO

3

1AO

1 472

l'467

1,472

1,502

1.513

May.

5,011

5,376

3,062

S

ftOQ

2,983

2 004

3,174

3,444

3,582

3,719

3,857

3 771

3,686

3,600

3

4ee

3,371

3,256

3,141

2 914

2,686

2

AKQ

2,232

2,176

2,119

2,063

2,007

1,951

1 894

1^838

2

1CQ

2 498

2^828

1 t;i A.

1 608

1*737

1,876

1.725

June.

3

QAf\

3,763

3,687

3,611

3,534

3,458

3,382

3,305

3,229

3,153

3,077

3,000

2,848

2,800

2,750

2,860

2,925

2,675

2,375

1,814

1,920

1,975

2,025

2,000

2,754

2,680

2 fin";

2,531

2 457

2,382

2,308

2,5*5

2,762

2,989

3,210

3,432

3,653

3,591

3,529

3,467

3,405

3

KA1

3,717

3,873

3,828

3,739

3,763

3,695

3,650

3,517

3,384

3,252

3,119

2,878

2 V77

2,344

2,592

3,584

4.261

July.

2,065

2,120

2,180

1,994

1 911

1^829

1,746

1,663

1,580

1,544

1,509

1,473

1,438

1,402

1,367

1,331

1,291

1,251

1,210

1,170

1,172

1,175

1,210

1,300

1,390

1,485

1,590

2,999

2,758

3,714

4,671

5,793

5,960

6,292

6,459

6,625

6,791

6,957

7,124

7 90f)

7,456

7,623

7,789

7,567

7,346

7,124

6,902

6,681

6,459

6,237

6,015

5,794

5,572

5,129

4,907

3,481

3,558

3,580

3,851

3.851

Aug.

1,687

1,754

1,821

1 QQfi

1,957

9 ft94

2,091

2,157

2

ooq

2,289

2,357

2,423

2,489

2,555

2,558

2,562

2,565

2,569

2,572

2,575

2,531

2,487

2,443

2,400

2,356

2,312

2,239

2,166

2,094

2,021

1,948

4,685

4,464

4,242

4,020

3,798

3,576

3,468

3,359

3,251

3,142

3,116

3,090

3,064

3,069

3,073

3,078

3,082

3,051

3,021

2,990

2,903

2,817

2,730

2,643

2,557

2,470

2,383

2,296

2,010

2,123

2,148

3,278

3,278

3,225

3,198

3,104

Sept.

1,965

1,985

2,080

2,175

2,365

2,323

2,348

9 ofi7

2,450

2,400

2,350

2,300

2,250

2,200

2,150

2,100

2,050

2,100

2,150

2,200

2,250

2,300

2,350

2,400

2,420

2,360

2,300

2,240

2,180

2,174

9 100

2,224

2,333

2,443

2,552

2,661

2,736

2,811

2,886

2,961

2,935

2,908

2,882

2,878

2,874

2,870

2,866

2,862

2,859

2,870

2,881

2,902

2,915

2,789

2,662

2,536

2,609

2,683

3,156

3,276

3,446

3,557

3.589

Oct.

2,120

2,059

2,103

2,148

2,193

2.238

2,282

2,327

2

07O

2,417

2,462

2,507

2,551

2,596

2,641

2,686

2,731

2,775

2,820

2,865

2,910

2,955

3,000

3,000

3,000

3,000

3,000

3,000

3,000

3,043

3,085

2,756

9 704

2,832

2,869

2,907

2,607

2,307

2,007

2,105

2,203

2,301

2,256

2,210

2,165

2,119

2,155

2,192

2,228

2,264

2,420

2,576

2,732

2,811

2,890

2,969

3,048

3,030

3,011

2,993

3,060

3,127

2,971

2,976

3,025

3,038

2.957

Nov.

3 1 *^

3,181

3,230

3,245

3,235

3,200

2,600

2,030

i onn

1,785

1,755

1 745

1*74(1

1,740

1,740

1,740

1,694

1,648

1,603

1,557

1,511

1,466

1,420

1,374

1,329

1,283

1,237

1,192

1,146

1,100

3,597

3,551

3,538

3,591

3,371

Dec.

1,055

1,009

o«a

01 ft

QQC

874

853

832

01 A

808

806

Sfl4

803

801

799

807

816

824

833

841

850

858

867

901

935

969

1,002

1,036

1,070

1,104

1,138

2,958

2,971

2,889

2.846

2,742

2,733

2,621

2,625

2,612

2,526

2,405

2,345

2,272

2,280

2,190

2,117

2,018

1,872

1,576

1,339

1,473

1,659

1,746

1,785

1,828

1,832

1,815

1,802

1,794

1,768

1,746

2,042

2,037

2,037

2,037

2,032
TJPPEB MISSISSIPPI EIVEB BASINS. 97

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn.,for 

1895-1910 Continued.

Date.

1898. 

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

38... ............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1899. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

It...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

1Q

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1900. 

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

Jan.

1,507

1,507

1 3Q3

1 9Q1

1,291

1,302

1,313

1,324

i qqe

1 337

1 3fiQ

1 AM

1,403

1 405

1,407

i dno

1,448

1,487

1,487

1,426

1,365

1 304

1 304

1,305

1,306

1,306

1,378

1,353

1 341

1,335

1,329

1 39Q

1,304

1 2°2

1,304

1 907

1 9Q9

1,297

1 9Q9

1,292

1,286

1,280

1,300

1,281

1,281

1,323

1,323

1,317

1,262

1,268

1,268

1,268

1,262

1,267

1,261

1,328

1,316 

2,062

2,036

1,949

1,924

1 Oil

1,876

1,841

1,808

1,788

1,759

Feb.

1 937

1,237

1,299

1,361

1,361

1 OKA

1,339

1 'DOC

1,316

1 DOQ

1,340

1 3*19

1 364

1^379

1 397

1,275

1,266

1 9*17

t 94ft

1,237

1 9^5

1,273

1,291

1,228

1,228

1 9flft

1,251

1 1Q4

1,222

1,216

1 911

1 IOQ

1 179

1 044

1^016

OQ9

1,019

1,019

1,101

1,101

1,101

1,090

1,079

1,079

1,011

QQ4

971

QfiA

971

1,099

1,122

1,672

1,637

1,602

1,595

1 <?47

1,528

1,528

1,500

1,550

1,563

Mar.

1,322

1,324 i <aw

1 9S9

1,259

1 9Q7

1 33^

1 373

1 411

1*397

1 93C

1 397

1,351

1 37£

1,399

1 493

1,447

1,471

1 495 i' 1510

1,543

1 ^fi?

1,591

1,594

1,514

1,476

1 199

1,122

1 1 DO

1,122

1,122

1 199

1,101

1,074

1,013

1,022

1,050

1,103

1,145

1,134

1,155

1,207

1 1 37

1,127

1 107

1,112

1 119

1 119

1 133

1,143

1 143

1,164

1,136

1)177

1,363

1,519

1,612 

1,323

1,323

1,323

1,323

1 34n

1,340

1,340

1,350

1,350

1,390

Apr.

1

C1 D

1 47%

1,511

1,500

1,511

1 404

i' AVf

1 3O3

1 404

2

1QD

1,515

1 280

1,216

1 173

1 14fi

1 104

1,221

1,424 i PIQP;

1,708

1,745

1,836

1,809

1,574

1,499

1,322

1,365

1,396

1,368

1,381

1,368

1,385

1,350

1,387

1 907

1,345

1,396

1 448

I

Crtfi

1,539

1 1^30

1,452

1,409

1 47ft

1,591

1,808

1,855

1,778

1, 795

1 Qfl7

2,098

2,135

2,283

2,314

1,385

1,416

1,426

1,472

1,477

2,097

2,188

2,199

2,364

2,558

May.

1 647

1^636

1,626

],626

1 748

1,814

1,876

1,898

1,937

2,110

2 997

2 3A7

2,439

2 371

2,019

2,098

2

(\(\O

2,297

2

CQD

2,570

2,394

2,148

2,386

2,341

2 9fiO

4 9QQ

4,706

4,674

4,744

4,728

4,728

4,811

4 Q(\«

4,891

5 (\OK

5 9Q3

5,346

5 33ft

5

DOK

5,114

5,141

5,151

5 307

5,285

5 864

5 OA7

5 189

5,000

5 91 4

5,144

5,214

i UR4

4,808

4,650

4,821 

2,099

1,833

1,511

1,384

1 QftQ

2,119

773

843

983

913

June.

4 404

4,' 490

4

KA"7

4,633

4 088

4,112

4,121

4 17ft

4,236

4,207

d 441

4 465

4,' 438

4,385

4,383

4,192

4,001

3 C3fl

3, 619

3,449

3 4A4

3,285

3 97fi

3,324

3 34Q

7,705

7,730

7 7SQ

7 343

7,' 896

7 ft07

7942

7,987

8,026

8,045

8 064

8,080

Q /V17

ft 113

8

193

8,134

8 154

8,161

8,160

8,158

8

1 K7

8,156

8,153

8,146

8,139

8,125

8,109

8,099

8,084

8,064

2,054

2,084

2,017

1,447

1 384

1,495

1,510

1,517

1,613

1,532

July.

3,941

3 QRfi

4,053

3,615

3,570

4,121

4,121

4,008

3 Q4f>

4,396

4,283

4,211

4,170

4,361

4,361

4,057

3,852

3

7C7

S fifift

3,536

3,504

3,468

3 445

3' 423

3,577

3,541

6,446

6,317

6,168

5,760

5,178

4,291

4 <i4S

4,496

4 4Qfi

4,535

4,405

4,217

4,185

4 1Q1

4,081

3,971

3,862

3,756

3,691

3,659

3,551

3,499

3,454

3,369

3 97O

3,326

3,191

3,012

2,851

2, 657

2,440 

1,288

1,087

1,035

1,020

1,370

1,258

1,191

1,153

1,459

1,691

Aug.

2

070

2,740

2,770

2 604

2 coo

2 47ft

2

CO7

2,461

9 3Q4

9 C197

2

7KQ

3 ft93

3 fY?3

2,714

2,682

2,781

2,847

2,815

2 74Q

2 74Q

2,742

2 7fi9

2,874

2,894

2,841

2,697

2,783

2,761

3 O31

3,385

3 **U\

3,498

3 497

3

AQQ

3,554

3,786

3,786

3,545

3,428

3,335

3 971

3,568

3,342

3,696

4,193

d VM

4,788

5,432

4,232

4 430

4,430

4,381

4,317

4,203

3,664

3,487 

891

763

750

555

549

1,072

1,535

1,877

1,837

1.780

Sept.

3

CAO

3,616

3

COT|

3,304

3 304

3 9ft1

3

9KC

3

1 DO

3 191

2 191

3,167

3 3Oft

3

CQ1

3,672

3,563

3 384

3,362

3 319

3,401

3,289

3,070

3,047

3,114

3,204

3 4fifl

4,824

4,912

4,906

4,580

4,416

4,384

4,416

4,267

4,354

4,403

4,234

4,234

4,278

4,229

4,523

4,464

4,172

4,112

4,074

4,052

4,211

4,205

4,297

4,134

4,030

3,970

3,954

4,103

4,081

4,230

3,573

3,408

3,077

3,392

3,901

3,599

3,599

3,484

3,069

Oct.

9 Q4O

9 QSJfl

2 O8Q

2,976

2 QQ8

2,989

2

QKQ

2,954

2 940

9 ona

2,895

2 900

o 004

2 Q3fi

2

(\AK

2,954

2 Q97

2 Q13

9 QO4

2,895

2,891

2,895

2,886

2,878

2,869

2,846

3,381

3,437

3,480

3,462

3,391

3,479

3,422

3,026

2,985

3,125

3,054

3,295

3,379

3,379

4,725

4,202

5,916

6,581

7,629

4,853

6,057

6,085

6,531

6,474

6,375

6,304

5, 724

5,511

5,369

5,040

4,757 

5,774

5,792

5,574

5,384

3,121

5,216

5,216

4,673

4,655

4,854

Nov.

3

A19

3 AOQ

3,724

3,671

3 707

3,739

3 fiQ3

3 Rfif\

3,613

3,654

3,594

3 %t\%

3,407

3, 4] 4

3 731

3 K1 q

3,506

1,821

1,953

2,059

2 442

2,' 488

2,521

4 Ufi

4,437

4,394

4,286

4,205

4 ogo

4' 722

4 fi94

4,510

4,661

4,590

4,487

4,521

4 4O4

4 IQ1)

4,033

4 119

3,947

3,887

3,752

3,714

3,654

3,627

3,578

3,627

3,638

3,835

3,803

3,765

3,760

2,586

2,490

2,539

2,645

2,653

2,463

2,456

2,421

2,396

2,526

Dec.

2

AOO

9 nna

1,930

I

ftoq

1,845

1 794

1,680

1,619

1 t&fi

1,457

1,423

1 33ft

1 3Qfi

1 399

1,327

i us

1 084

1,'050

1,033

1,011

958

934

O9O

onn

2,153

2,101

2,084

1 Q84

1,481

1,226

3,187

1,468

1,705

1,890

2,136

2,351

2,515

2,644

2,653

2,631

2,686

2,734

2,764

2,734

2,592

2,424

2,338

2,338

2,351

2,179

1,869

1,857

1,964

2,029

2,007

852

852

831

831

831

831

661

639

618

618

21502° WSP 285 12-
98 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn.,for

1895-1910 Continued.

Date.

1900. 

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1901. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11..............

12...............

13...............

14..............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

1902. 

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

6..............

7..............

8..............

9..............

10..............

11..............

12..............

13..............

14..............

15..............

Jan.

1,720

1,635

1,635

1,625

1,615

1,823

1,842

1,818

1,777

1,767

1,762

1,757

1,757

1,757

1,752

1,752

1,792

1,816

1,635

1,625

1,596

601

610

610

633

633

628

584

584

584

684

627

627

627

619

628

646

650

519

528

519

510

510

528

546

598

620

643

629

633

633

633

1,656

1,056

1,656

1,629

1,614

1,595

1,536

1,517

1,507

1,324

1,324

1,314

1,522

1,522

1,512

Feb.

1,550

1,578

1,557

1,524

1,524

1,459

1,452

1,438

1,438

1,452

1,433

1,424

1.390

1,355

1,335

1,387

1,387

1,387

753

763

770

780

813

913

997

851

753

858

901

964

1,047

1,080

1,118

1,052

1,079

1,146

1,196

1,319

1,419

1,523

1 543

l',620

1,519

1,485

1,519

1,519

1,492

1 ^Q7

1,216

1,238

1,365

1 AAA

i ^11

1 295

1^271

1,192

1 128

1,176

1,161

1,136

Mar.

1,400

1,408

1,397

1,365

1,276

1,276

1,349

1,412

1,449

1,439

1,439

1,449

1,459

1,314

1,345

1,371

1,401

1,401

1,417

1,466

1,476

1,533

1,453

1,388

1,348

1,348

1.284

1,228

1,448

1,414

1,430

1,612

1,620

1,724

1,741

1,821

1,813

1,829

1,749

1,765

9 finfi

1,894

1,861

1,820

2,286

2 QQ4,

2,286

2,181

2,119

2,031

1,951

1,859

1 448

1 448

I'dQfi

1,396

1 438

1,475

1 4fiO

1,470

1,474

1,506

1,513

1,463 i **flfl

1 645

l',708

Apr.

2,722

2,917

2,851

2,569

2,220

2,210

2,664

2,631

2,210

1,954

1,918

1,800

1,775

2,224

2,173

2,265

2,332

2,614

2,152

2,148

2,053

2,053

2,104

2,171

2,293

2,324

2,293

2,113

2,688

2,837

3,154

3,458

3,995

4,267

4,416

4,687

4,772

4,901

5,030

5,192

5,289

5,354

5,464

5,587

5,677

5,768

5,826

5,890

5,993

6,220

3,192

3 f\dti

2,783

2,385

2,269

2,648

2 7SQ

2,473

2

AAA

2,286

2,222

2 9&Q

2,123

2.006

May.

1,406

1,763

1,588

1,641

1,697

1,851

1,920

2,176

2,071

2,127

2,043

2,022

2,064

2,022

1,952

2,003

1,894

1,939

1,904

1,911

1,848

5,851

6,025

6,129

6,185

6,206

6,185

6,192

6,241

6,234

6,486

6,430

6,402

6,354

6,399

6,301

6,176

4,657

4,490

4,072

4,404

3,972

4,002

4,049

4,243

3,922

3 7Q7

4,335

4,238

4,203

4,342

3 81Q

1,962

2 104

2 ' 94R

2,822

2

C7n

2,750

2,678

2 A752

3,038

2,750

2,822

2,827

2

Qf)A

3,036

3,097

June.

1,405

1,290

1,186

1,179

1,428

1,461

1,350

1,266

1,282

1,245

1,208

1,106

1,001

1,067

1,284

1,309

1,346

1,309

1,264

1,153

4,640

4,640

4,681

4,647

4,640

4,536

4,509

4,446

4,315

3,887

3,566

3,465

3,472

3,437

3,499

3,983

4,363

4,577

4,674

4,736

4,770

4,575

4,630

6,598

7 *?44

7,682

7,979

o ocfl

8,588

8,823

4 141

4,413

4,447

4,233

4,062

4,021

4,166

4,121

4,164

4,206

4,181

4,085

3,999

3,914

July.

1,616

1,213

1,377

1,675

1,474

1,571

1,871

1,802

1,340

974

959

1,257

1,422

1,496

1,489

1,272

994

1,054

994

758

549

6,878

6,905

6,950

6,950

6,950

6,591

6,546

6,495

6,428

6,332

6,265

5,318

5,177

5,161

5,054

5,542

4,918

4,188

3,860

3,287

3,062

2,787

3,087

3,059

2,468

2,412

2,446

2,835

2,779

2,756

2,588

2,525

2,404

2,404

9 ^4Q

2

4A1

2,353

2

OCQ

2,529

2,626

2,684

2,684

2

AQJ

2 fift4

1.990

Aug.

2,088

2,129

1,909

2,083

2,124

2,117

2,365

2,419

2,365

2,461

2,588

2,823

3,125

3,660

3,528

3,628

3,716

3,501

3,333

3,360

3,176

3,255

2,860

2,662

2,544

2,480

2,423

2,692

3,292

3,324

2,250

2,242

2,336

2,423

2,352

2,344

2,348

2,316

2,308

2,143

2,158

2,474

2,774

2,940

3,035

4,028

3,972

3,845

3,727

3,178

2,996

1,708

2

ncn

2,163

1,629

1 4O9

1

KAf\

1 586

1,673

1,653

1,595

1,589

1,524

1,511

1,452

1.417

Sept.

3,562

3,890

4,745

4,903

7,023

7,516

9,078

9,145

9,391

9,572

9,196

9,032

8,994

9,032

8,966

8,999

8,900

8,834

8,538

7,552

3,346

3,306

3,219

3,158

3,102

2,790

2,734

2,632

2,880

2,900

2,900

2,900

2,773

2,763

2 712

2,773

2,834

2,854

2,854

2,720

2,720

2,730

2,565

2,550

2,550

2,580

2,889

2

Q4D

2,848

2,865

2,272

2

AKf\

2,552

2,640

2

£QQ

2,705

2,679

2,660

2 AftQ

2

&QA

2

KCQ

2

0,11

2 ^.70

2

*pjj»

2.407

Oct.

5,081

4,914

4,823

4,642

4,724

4,497

4,279

3,999

3,808

3,618

3,446

3,876

3,557

3,215

2,762

2,566

2,502

2,539

2,883

3,155

2,901

2,683

2,648

2,708

2,825

3,030

3,124

3,453

3,553

3,574

3,609

3,344

3,385

3,385

3,397

3,408

3,322

3,310

3,310

3,281

3,287

3,639

3,639

3,645

3,651

3,641

3,629

3,617

3,374

3,386

3,421

3,433

2,374

2,425

2 907

2,168

2 1 PiA

9 AAft

9 049

9 11Q

2

990

2

oq,i

2

00 1

2,231

2 COO

2,467

2.377

Nov.

2,474

2,552

2.443

2; 376

2,300

2,224

2,259

2,295

2,219

2,043

1,990

1,937

1,919

1,902

1,866

1,849

1,813

1,803

1,778

932

3,700

3,694

3,717

3,717

3,717

3,759

3,653

3,688

3,747

3,747

3,717

3,653

3,571

3,453

3,453

3,453

S

ftOQ

3,559

3,489

3

4OQ

3,489

3,489

3,489

3,489

3

4OQ

3,489

3,489

3 78Q

3,676

3,541

3,110

3,625

4,165

4 449

4^839

K. QTO

5 7ftQ

5

74J6,011

6,153

6,330

6,608

6,543

6.661

Dec.

728

719

694

578

574

574

653

641

641

641

673

673

673

696

704

713

704

694

694

694

633

2,325

2,334

2,325

2,136

2,127

2,001

1,992

1,974

2,001

2,001

2,046

2,046

2,046

2,023

1,978

1,955

1,739

1,622

1,626

1 622

1,604

1,595

1 IW5

1,595

1 654

1,659

1,659

1 fiEQ

1,659

1,668

1,673

2 O43

2

QKA

2 936

2*936

2,975

3,038

3,153

3,194

O OCQ

S

Ortrt

9 fida

2

tu&

2 *"!£

2

CEA

2.425
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEB BASINS. 99

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn.,for

1895-1910 Continued.

Date.

1902. 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

9O

30...............

31...............

1903. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26..:............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1904. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15..............

16..............

17..............

18. .............

19..............

20...............

Jan.

1,517

1,470

1,460

1,355

1,435

1,416

1,416

1,449

1.521

1,422

1,427

1,436

1,415

1,348

1,401

1,434 

1,880

1,760

1,754

1,716

1,753

1,696

1,658

1,620

1,431

1,399

1,361

1,595

1,563

1,544

1,531

1,466

1,434

1,396

1,371

1,402

1,472

1.292

1,273

1,241

1,235

1,281

1,268

1 287

1,249

1,190

1,158

654

707

721

730

725

663

654

673

668

654

664

664

664

664

739

734

720

776

773

773

Feb.

1,107

1,117

1,139

1,148

1 148

1,155

1,161

1,202

1,270

1,301

1,301

1,321

1,439

1,133

1,162

1,147

1,123

1,104

1,088

1,078

1,073

1,154

1,149

1,125

1,115

1,130

1,120

1,115

1,091

1,085

1,051

1,037

1,075

1,065

1,041

1,020

986

~ Q7R

964

964

964

698

644

638

583

coa

550

568

604

610

604

610

646

AOQ

628

634

616

536

584

612

624

Mar.

1,856

1,909

1,909

1,877

1,937 '

2,008

2,036

2,036

2,056

1,961

1,945

2,130

2,262

2,246

2,458

2,342 

1,119

1,047

1,137

1,122

1,107

929

899

869

951

966

921

906

803

8fi3

878

893

977

1,007

1,127

1,217

1,232

1,232

QQK

1,015

1,015

1,015

1,113

1,128

1,143

1,095

1 IS*

636

638

653

657

654

651

629

624

653

653

676

683

618

fifiO

647

611

606

>K5>

614

Apr.

2,035

2,153

2,018

1,988

1 849

1,813

1,334

1,936

1,936

1,936

1,982

1,982

1,935

1,509

1,771

1,199

1,045

1,342

1,557

1,342

1,557

1,749

1,966

2,184

2,280

2,606

2,990

3,451

4,078

4,750

4,366

4,142

4,346

4,462

4,590

4,750

4,462

4,209

3,958

3,803

3,803

3,585

3,234

3,213

2,986

SIS

842

870

917

853

1,284

1,463

1 7V1

1,901

2,090

2,261

2,412

2

KFM

2,701

2,809

2

OQA

2,961

3,003

3,098

3,216

May.

3,025

3,025

3,025

2

QQO

3,358

5,305

6,257

6,257

6,185

5,990

6,084

6

OQ3

5,048

4 954

i' 73*

4,198

2,736

2,690

2,649

3,169

3,160

3,119

3,032

3,032

2,968

3,278

3,597

3,907

4,103

4,103

4,166

4,212

4,234

4 934.

4,266

4 234

4,156

4,002

3,496

3,883

3,564

3,482

3,214

3,451

3,396

3 OfiQ

3,491

3,468

3,451

3,422

3,371

3,360

3,377

3,434

3,434

3,392

3,392

3,375

3,255

3,232

3,187

3 311

3,260

3,197

9 QQft

2,644

June.

3,768

3,717

3,657

3,512.

4,027

3 Sfii

3,676

3

KTJA

3 OK-I

3,420

O QAQ

3,137

2,795

2

CQQ

2,009

2,818

2,714

2.061

2,622

2,529

2,889

2,341

1,948

1,948

1,928

1,936

2,107

2,047

1,967

2,007

2,007

1,887

1 8fi7

1,795

1,611

1,454

1,204

1,124

1,132

1,132

1,313

1,477

1,473

1,521

1,525

2,212

2,306

2,118

2,102

2,443

2,244

2,424

2,707

2,809

2,707

2 644

2*400

2 174

2,072

2,245

2,127

1,925

1,806

1,927

1,718

July.

1 844

1*699

1,546

1,626

1,577

1,516

1,929

9 171

2 050

1^923

1,583

1,316

1,024

1 943

1,365

1,729 

1,739

1,836

1,756

1,473

1,461

1,955

1,909

2,273

2,544

2,656

2,542

2,258

1,773

1,557

1,518

1,602

1,568

1,630

1,710

1,718

1,792

1,780

1,650

1,734

2,035

1,972

1,548

1,485

1,457

1,468

1,911

1,993

1,971

2,100

2,181

1,916

1,970

1,862

1,674

1,592

1 7KJ

1 81 Q

1,685

1,831

1 734

1^535

1,535

1,913

1,676

1,471

1,493

Aug.

1,423

1,469

1,438

1,399

1,399

1,386

1,568

1 4Qfl

1,470

1,433

1,550

1,582

1,861

2,185

2,831 

1,961

1,879

l'o09

1,833

1,864

1,910

1 852

1,813

1 754

1,697

1,631

1,558

1,374

1,324

1,370

1,455

1,366

1,339

1,331

1,265

1,323

1,257

1,121

1,160

1,183

1,140

1,319

1,346

1,346

1,321

1,756

1,851

1,818

1,588

1,679

1,919

2,039

1,833

1,891

1,824

1 700

1,869

1,786

1,800

2,162

2,315

2 287

1,970S

1,717

1,780

Sept.

2,280

2,191

2,203

2, 17tt

2,166

2,102

2,259

2,297

2,386

2,386

2,223

2,236

2,299

2,484

2,420

1,592

1,581

1,638

1,581

1,694

1,700

1,564

1,587

1,899

2,075

2,166

2,602

2,868

3,056

3,181

3,368

3,425

3,571

3,747

3,809

3,550

3,818

3,829

3,454

3,519

3,269

3,070

2,969

2,923

2,906

1,835

2,145

2,155

2,195

1,955

1,486

1,788

1,888

1,888

1,948

2,087

2,087

1,888

1,788

1,718

1,626

1,647

1,827

1,638

1.S68

Oct.

2,300

2,303

2,329

2,393

2,604

2,617

2,668

2 £49

2,152

2,203

2,345

2,384

2,504

2 ff\i

2,716

2,819 

2,621

2,612

2,644

3,092

3,360

3,437

3,987

4,473

4,802

4,949

4,974

5,041

4,919

4,198

4,785

4,308

4,398

4,487

4,430

4,308

4,116

3,912

3,845

3,685

3,436

3,116

2.445

1,984

1,741

2,357

2,805

2,162

2,123

2,069

1,960

1,830

1,867

1,890

1,780

1,795

1,780

1,920

2,075

2,194

2,227

2,281

2,406

2,571

2,594

2,726

2,804

Nov.

6,685

6,898

6,845

6.863

6,863

6,898

6,898

7,076

6,987

7,005

6,863

6,754

6,666

6,524

6,524

2,464

2,371

2,442

2,362

2,373

1,821

1,797

1,761

1,591

1,602

1,625

1,474

1,431

1,409

1,389

1,236

1,226

1,215

1.389

1,409

1,376

912

1,018

998

947

837

837

837

837

686

2,242

1,911

1,806

1,826

1,747

2,014

2,219

1,984

1,931

1,973

1,658

1,642

1,616

1,768

1,673

1,636

1,521

1,411

1,603

1,687

Dec.

2,495

2,448

2,373

9 34Q

2,274

2,233

2,220.

2,064

2 1^1

2 030

1 Qfin

1,838

1,743

1,671

1,641

1,573

TOR

775

771

778

778

777

775

775

777

775

773

771

771

775

773

771

780

780

783

781

783

785

786

774

772

760

772

642

642

641

647

875

875

858

834

823

823

806

744

702

768

778

803

796

790

793

779

786

768

768
100

Daily di

SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

?, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn.t for 

1895-1910 Continued.

Date.

1904. 

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24.. .............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1905. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17.... ...........

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1906. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

Jan.

749

593

640

659

754

722

736

727

706

701

687

799

826

831

873

873

528

528

523

738

737

735

735

733

737

741

748

721

739

748

686

688

682

693

735

724

728

762

754

758

684

641

3,440

3,440

3,450

3,445

3,420

3,415

3,410

3,408

3,329

3,250

3,171

3,092

2,935

2,895

2,855

2,815

2,775

2,735

2,695

2,664

2,663

2,662

2,661

2,655

2,650

Feb.

642

621

633

633

633

615

615

633

639

668

683

679

682

679

675

679

679

637

658

565

565

565

588

721

634

617

689

689

581

574

591

591

595

595

670

697

586

2,578

2,516

2,516

2,496

2,476

2,456

2,436

2,416

2,396

2,397

2,511

2,626

2,741

2,856

2,971

3,086

3,30i

3,270

3,240

3,209

3,179

3,045

2,911

2,778

2,844

Mar.

614

660

609

592

740

779

751

677

671

665

694

665

653

653

754

720

712

733

745

745

698

671

671

556

512

769

736

725

715

762

762

762

769

796

791

791

791

818

931

888

931

1,104

2,945

2,929

2,914

2,783

2,651

2,520

2,522

2,524

2,526

2,528

2,571

2,614

2,612

2,610

2,608

2,606

2,604

2,620

2,637

2,654

2,646

2,638

2,630

2,622

2.583

Apr.

3,278

3,278

3,311

3,344

3,754

3,590

3,609

3,558

3,530

3,535

1,570

1,593

1,787

1,880

2,010

2,263

2,428

2,506

2,512

2,529

2,576

2,593

2,608

2,602

2,593

2,587

2,581

2,253

2,175

2,065

1,802

1,620

1,620

1,718

1,840

1,898

1,927

2,001

1,972

2,001

2,703

2,881

3,060

3,117

3,173

3,230

3,287

3,370

3,525

3,890

4,170

4,780

5,624

6,150

6,245

6,380

6,646

6,880

7 I'M

7,310

7 525

7 t&l

7,549

7.561

May.

2,559

2,479

2,700

2,683

2,711

2,711

2,691

2,651

2,623

2,583

2,287

2,150

1,605

1,398

2,109

2,490

2,514

2,526

2,701

2,781

2,997

3,294

3,636

4,034

4,262

4,311

4,343

4,419

4,457

4,622

4,654

4,654

4,660

4.419

4,170

3,993

3,673

3,389

3,127

2,871

2,712

2,712

7,306

7,158

7,010

6,862

6,714

5,960

5,206

5,004

4,986

5,056

4,668

4,504

4,488

4,398

4,318

4,475

4,632

4,789

4,948

4,861

4,906

5,157

5,290

5,441

5.583

June.

1,888

1,932

1,751

1,701

1,875

1,987

2,079

2,074

1,900

1,746

3,916

3,961

3,943

3,718

3,817

3,799

4,121

3,911

4,271

4,121

4,308

3,836

3,535

3,926

3,975

4,122

5,076

5,847

6,245

6,346

6,386

6,401

6,361

5,873

6,397

6,798

6,857

6,870

6,885

6,918

5,770

5,526

5,206

5,206

5,215

5,105

5,325

5,580

5,813

5,830

5,860

5,804

5,897

5,890

5,579

5,504

5,409

5,308

5,209

5,062

4,915

4,708

4,618

4,673

4.728

July.

1,638

1,527

1,678

1,732

1,732

1,376

1,317

1,614

1,961

1,918

1,691

6,579

6,695

6,765

7,067

7,394

7,644

7,851

7,955

8,123

8,254

8,278

8,254

8,087

7,897

7,571

7,198

6,889

6,577

6,460

6,325

6,292

6,037

5,822

5,493

5,754

5,597

5,342

5,330

5,330

5,330

5,330

4,780

4,798

4,786

4,675

4,583

4,127

3,831

3,572

3,492

3,948

3,849

3,868

3,480

3,412

3,412

3,412

3,137

2,957

2,945

3,313

3,288

3,381

3,708

3,936

3,689

Aug.

1,795

1,780

1,607

1,799

1,909

1,794

1,889

1,843

1,848

1,857

1,891

5,460

5,661

6,057

6,425

7,495

7,816

8,139

8,278

8,299

8,203

7,920

7,796

7,559

7,331

7,264

7,136

7,020

6,846

6,714

6,617

6,503

6,317

6,243

6,150

6,038

5,963

5,951

5,686

5,624

5,589

5,514

2,440

2,406

2,373

2,339

2,306

2,272

2,239

2,205

2,172

2,138

2,105

2,071

2,037

2,000

1,983

1,966

1,949

1,949

1,861

1,773

1,684

1,685

1,718

1,753

1,787

Sept.

1,638

1,698

1,781

1,936

1,966

1,956

1,896

1,906

1,876

1,836

5,621

5,707

6,057

6,094

6,051

5,991

5,974

5,974

5,975

5,986

5,991

6,003

6,108

6,163

6,176

6,163

6,064

5,991

5,861

5,886

5,892

5,871

5,735

5,612

5,600

5,442

5,436

5,442

5,467

5,436

1,966

1,971

1,976

1,983

1,985

1,990

1,991

1,798

1,795

1,790

1,832

1,830

1,789

1,748

1,747

1,821

1,895

1,969

2,043

2,117

2,191

2,271

2,275

2,300

2,325

Oct.

2,827

2,858

3,030

2,859

2,587

2,564

2,331

1,973

1,929

2,240

2,652

5,331

5,312

5,288

5,263

5,227

5,309

4,923

4,156

3,361

3,146

3,128

3,116

3,041

3,004

3,151

3,360

3,347

3,437

3,511

3,651

3,694

3,731

3,780

3,823

3,909

4,075

4,118

4,051

4,032

3,971

3,971

2,636

2,822

3,008

3,194

3,380

3,570

3,467

3,364

3,261

3,158

3,055

2,952

2,849

2,746

2,741

2,566

2,391

2,216

2,041

1,866

2,044

2,222

2,401

2,579

2,757

Nov.

1,645

1,520

1,483

1,310

1,257

1,204

1,189

948

985

1,001

3,411

3,424

3,342

3,273

3,264

3,361

3,329

3,264

3,220

3,100

2,911

3,012

3,037

2,980

3,018

3,031

2,974

2,911

2,980

3,012

3,056

3,138

3,163

3,213

3,472

3,711

3,824

3,799

3,742

3,459

2,793

2,741

2,687

2,683

2,679

2,675

2,672

2,710

2,748

2,787

2,779

2,770

2,762

2,753

2,745

2,736

2,727

2,774

2,822

2,869

2,917

2,964

3,012

3,060

3,087

Dec.

771

847

820

813

837

827

848

772

758

745

773

3,424

3,420

3,440

3,450

3,455

3,458

3,460

3,465

3,470

3,472

3,480

3,475

3,465

3,460

3,455

3,450

3,425

3,420

3,419

3,360

3,360

3,350

3,355

3,340

3,345

3,342

3,420

3,425

3,420

3,390

3,420

3,250

3,232

3,213

3,195

3,176

3,158

3,137

3,119

3,023

2,926

2,830

2,733

2,637

2,540

2,443

2,444

2,446

2,447

2,449

2,450

2,451

2,453

2,418

2,382

2,347
UPPEB MISSISSIPPI BIVER BASINS. 101

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn., for

1895-1910 Continued.

Bate.

1906. 

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1907. 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9... ............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

10...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

Q1

1908. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2,649

2,649

2,648

2,647

2,645

2,640 

2,207

2,221

2,234

2,248

2,263

2,308

2,354

2,399

2,445

2,490

2,536

2,581

2,577

2,573

2,569

2,565

2,561

2,556

2,551

2,527

2,502

2,477

2,452

2,427

2,402

2,377

2,347

2,317

2,287

2,257

2,227

691

667

642

618

617

616

615

614

613

612

611

610

609

608

607

606

605

604

603

602

601

600

600

600

600

600

600

598

598

598

597

Feb.

2,910

2,976

2,926

2,197

2,166

2,126

2,086

2,046

2,006

1,966

1,926

1,885

1,865

1,845

1,824

1,804

1,784

1,763

1,742

1,799

1,816

1,853

1,890

1,927

1,964

2,001

2,002

2,003

2,004

2,005

2,006

597

597

596

5%

5%

595

595

595

596

597

598

599

600

600

600

642

684

726

768

810

853

860

856

852

847

843

839

834

832

Mar.

2,544

2,505

2,510

2,515

2,520

2,525 

2,007

2,009

2,002

1,994

1,987

1,979

1,972

1,964

1,955

1,954

1,954

1,953

1,953

1,953

1,952

1,952

1,953

1,953

1,954

1,954

1,955

1,955

1,955

2,033

2,112

2,190

2,269

2,347

2,426

2,507

2 KJ.7

835

838

841

844

848

851

855

857

859

861

863

865

867

870

864

858

852

846

840

834

828

831

834

837

841

844

847

851

855

859

863

Apr.

7,573

7,585

7,571

7,497

7,454

2,587

2,627

2,667

2,707

2,747

2,787

2,837

2,887

2,937

2,987

3,037

3,087

3,137

3,187

3,237

3,287

3,337

3,387

3,437

3,487

3,754

4,021

4,287

4,554

4,820

5,087

5,354

5,204

5,154

5,004

869

888

906

925

935

945

955

965

975

985

995

1,000

1,005

1,010

1,015

1,020

1,025

1,030

1,035

1,040

1,045

1,050

1,055

1,060

1,065

1,255

1,446

1,636

1,827

2,017

May.

5,726

5,870

5,854

5,396

5,304

5,450 

4,303

3,601

2,900

2,197

2,230

2,263

2,296

2,329

2,362

2,395

2,428

2,590

2,751

2,912

3,073

3,235

3,396

3,558

3,665

3,772

3,879

3,986

4,093

4,200

4,306

4,190

4,073

3,957

3,840

3,724

3,607

2,208

2,400

2,315

2,230

2,145

2,060

1,975

1,890

1,805

1,885

1,965

2,045

2,125

2,205

2,285

2,365

2,358

2,351

2,344

2,337

2,330

2,323

2,316

2,485

2,654

2,823

2,992

3,161

3,330

3,500

3,670

June.

4,783

4,838

4,893

4,949

5,006

3,490

3,404

3,317

3,231

3,144

3,058

2,971

2,882

2,964

3,045

3,127

3,208

3,290

3,371

3,452

3,443

3,434

3,425

3,416

3,407

3,398

3,388

3,306

3,224

3,142

3,060

2,977

2,895

2,812

2,732

3,501

3,501

3,501

3,501

3,501

3,501

3,601

3,701

3,801

3,901

4,001

4,101

4,201

4,181

4,161

4,141

4,121

4,101

4,081

4,060

4,007

3,953

3,900

3,846

3,793

3,739

3,684

3,674

3,664

3,654

July.

3,665

3,517

3,204

2,310

2,479

2,571 

2,594

2,456

2,317

2,179

2,041

1,902

2,038

2,174

2,311

2,447

2,584

2,722

2,860

2,842

2,824

2,805

2,787

2,768

2,749

2,729

2,889

3,050

3,210

3,371

3,531

3,692

3,853

3,903

3,953

4,003

4,053

3,644

3,634

3,624

3,614

3,501

3,387

3,274

3,160

3,047

2,934

2,819

2,786

2,753

2,720

2,686

2,653

2,620

2,586

2,633

2,680

2,727

2,775

2,822

2,869

2,917

2,907

2897

2,887

2,877

2,867

2,857

Aug.

1,822

1,856

1,891

1,925

1,960

1,961 

4,062

4,071

4,081

4,045

4,008

3,972

3,925

3,899

3,862

3,825

3,784

3,743

3,702

3,661

3,620

3,579

3,538

3,481

3,423

3,366

3,308

3,251

3,193

3,136

3,043

2,949

2,856

2,762

2,669

2,575

2,481

2,847

2,827

2,807

2,787

2,767

2,747

2,727

2,707

2,557

2,407

2,257

2,107

1,957

1,807

1,657

1,652

1,647

1,642

1,63/

1,632

1,627

1,622

1,642

1,662

1,682

1,702

1,722

1,742

1,762

1,782

1,802

Sept.

2,350

2,375

2,400

2,425

2,450

2,364

2,246

2,129

2,011

1,894

1,776

1,658

1,673

1,688

1,703

1,719

1,734

1,749

1,765

1,876

1,987

2,098

2,210

2,321

2,432

2,544

2,467

2,390

2,313

2,235

2,158

2,081

2,003

1,978

1,953

1,822

1,842

1,862

1,884

1,904

1,909

1,914

1,919

1,924

1,929

1,934

1,939

1,949

1,959

1,969

1,979

1,989

1,999

2,009

2,072

2,135

2,198

2,261

2,324

2,387

2,450

2,455

2,460

2,465

2,470

Oct.

9 QSfi

3,118

3,050

2 982

2' 914

2,845 

1,952

1,951

1,950

1,948

1,946

1,949

1,953

1,956

1,960

1,963

1,967

1,971

1,998

2,025

2,052

2,080

2,107

2,134

2,162

2,176

2,190

2,204

2,218

2,232

2,246

2,260

2,250

2,240

2,230

2,220

2,210

2,475

2,480

2,485

2,492

2,499

2,506

2,513

2,520

2,527

2,534

2,466

2,39V

2,329

2,260

2,192

2,123

2,055

2,058

2,061

2,064

2,067

2,070

2,073

2,077

2,067

2,057

2,047

2,037

2,027

2,017

2,007

Nov.

3,114

3,141

3,168

3,195

3,222

2,348

2,486

2,578

2,671

2,763

2,856

2,948

3,042

3,136

3,126

3,116

3,106

3,096

3,086

3,076

3,066

2,966

2,866

2,766

2,666

2,566

2,466

2,366

2,216

2,066

1,916

1,766

1,616

1,466

1,316

1,934

1,861

1,787

1,714

1,641

1,567

1,492

1,452

1,412

1,372

1,332

1,292

1,252

1,212

1,202

1,192

1,182

1,172

1,162

1,152

1,142

1,132

1,122

1,112

1,102

1,092

1,082

1,072

1,062

1,052

Dec.

2 311

2,276

9 9Jrt

2 204

2,199

2,194 

1,295

1,273

1,252

1,230

1,208

1,187

1,166

1,132

1,098

1,064

1,030

996

962

927

927

926

926

926

925

925

924

8*»7

869

842

814

784

754

722

720

718

716

1,053

1,054

1,055

1,056

1,057

1,035

1,013

991

969

947

925

903

923

943

963

983

1,003

1,023

1,043

1,028

1,013

997

982

967

951

935

928

921

914

907

900
102 SURFACE WA^Sfi SUPPLY, 1&10, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn.,fof 

1895-1910 Continued.

Date.

1909. 

1....... ........

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1910. 

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12....... . .

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

893

886

885

884

883

882

881

880

879

878

876

874

872

869

867

862

882

902

922

942

962

982

1,003

990

976

963

949

936

922

907

910

1,393

1,348

1,303

1,258

1,213

1,168

1,123

1,112

1,107

1,102

1,097

1,092

1,087

1,082

1,081

1,079

1,077

1,075

1,073

1,071

1,069

1,068

1,076

1,084

1,092

1,100

1,108

1,116

1,117

1,120

1,125

Feb.

887

864

841

818

795

772

779

782

794

801

808

816

824

822

819

817

814

812

808

804

801

797

794

790

786

782

778

774

1,125

1,126

1,127

1,128

1,129

1,166

1,203

1,240

1,277

1,314

1,351

1,353

1,352

1,352

1,352

1,352

1,352

1,352

1,352

1,355

1,355

1,360

1,360

1,365

1,365

1,368

1,370

1,375

Mar.

770

765

761

757

7<M

74ft

755

763

770

778

785

793

800

812

824

836

848

860

872

884

904

914

094

934

944

964

970

QQA

985

1,363

1,351

i OOA

1,327

1,314

1,363

1 410

1,461

1,510

1 CCQ

1,608

1,613

1,697

1,781

1,865

1,949

2,033

2,117

2,118

2 0Qfi

2,674

2,952

3,230

S

CflC

3,786

3,787

3,570

3

0 CO

3,136

2 O1O

2,702

Apr.

989

QQ4

CIQQ

1,016

1,034

1,052

1,069

1,087

1,105

1,124

1,106

1,087

1,069

1,050

1,031

992

1,013

1,034

1,055

1,076

1,097

1.118

1,139

1,140

1 1^5

1,130

1,145

1,130

1,200

2,485

2,485

2,499

2,513

2,527

2,541

2

CCK

2,569

2,574

2 47Q

2 384f

2^289

2,194

2,004

2,000

2,188

2,376

2,564

2 7 CO

2 940

3,132

3,095

3,058

3,021

2 984

2 047

2,910

2

QAQ

May.

1,210

1

0.71

1,531

1,692

1,853

2,014

2,175

2,337

2,346

2,355

2,364

2,373

2,382

2,391

2,399

2,376

2,353

2,330

9 104

2,281

2,258

2,237

2,241

2,245

2,249

2

0CQ

2,257

2,261

9 9A1

2 OCA

2,255

2,876

2,843

2

C1fl

2 777

2 744

9 711

2 710

2,615

2,520

2,425

2

0QA

2,235

2 140

2^137

2,211

2,285

2 OKA

2,433

2,507

2 KOI

2,584

2

KOQ

9 473

2,418

9 3fi9

2 °.fi7

2 9*11

2

1QK

2,170

2,145

2,120

June.

2,241

2,227

2,213

2,119

2,163

2,113

2,063

2,013

1,960

1,960

1 860

1,823

1,821

1,819

1,817

1,815

1,813

1,811

1,810

1,852

1,894

1,936

1,978

2,020

2,062

2,063

2,063

2,040

I

AEA

2,107

2,085

2 AGO

2,040

2,063

2,086

2,110

2 TOO.

2,156

2

1QA

2 9fi4

2 104

2

1QA

2,165

2,151

2,137

2 199

2,107 9 infi

2,105

2 104

2

1 no.

2,101

2,101

9 infi

2,111

2,116

9 191

2 126

July.

1,950

1,949

1,949

1,900

1,855

1,740

1,580

1,600

1,600

1,622

1,800

1,900

1,700

1,700

1,850

1,700

1,610

1,700

1,700

1,900

2,000

2,100

2,200

2,300

2,400

2,100

1,710

1,700

1,580

1,400

1,310

2,131

2,137

2 144

2,151

2,159

2,166

2 17O.

2,181

2,189

2

1 Oft

2,183

2,180

2 1 77

2,174

2,170

2,167

2,164

2,160

2,157

2

1 PJ°.

2 1 ^.ft

2,144

2 ICO.

2,183

2,203

2 999.

2

9/0.

2.263

2 283

2,290

Aug.

1,400

1,400

1,500

1,400

1,200

1,300

1,400

1,500

1,900

1,700

2,100

2,700

2,800

3,000

3,400

3,670

3,870

3,980

4,150

4,380

4,550

4,590

4,650

4,800

5,000

4,800

4,700

4,500

4,200

4

AAA

3,800

2,328

2,367

2,405

2,444

2,482

2,521

2

KKQ

2,598

2,636

2,676

2,716

2,756

2 7Qfi

2,835

2,834

2,832

2,831

2,829

2,828

2,826

2 8.94

2,808

2

CAA

2 709

2,784

2 77ft

2,768

2 7fift

2 7K.9

2,750

Sept.'

3,500

3,200

3,000

2,800

2,700

2,580

2,500

2,500

2,520

2,450

2,100

2,100

2,100

2,100

2,100

2,000

2,000

1,900

1,850

1,800

1,700

1,900

2,100

2,250

2,300

2,450

2,500

2,500

2,600

2,750

2,792

2,834

2,876

2,918

2,960

3,002

2,965

2,928

2,891

2,854

2,817

2,779

2 79ft

2,676

2,625

2,573

9 591

2,468

2,416

2,415

2 41 4

2,413

2,412

2 411

2,410

2,409

2,408

2,407

2,405

2,403

Oct.

2,920

3,000

2,900

2,840

2,760

2,780

2,720

2,660

2,623

2,500

2,380

2,280

2,350

2,220

2,075

2,075

2,100

2,200

2,300

2,400

2,450

2,480

2,400

2,500

2,600

2,590

2,650

2,731

2,750

2 7&ft

2,800

2,354

2,304

2,255

2,205

2,156

2,106

2

AEfi

2

AAA

1,955

1 OfiPl

1 ft71

1,832

1 7Q3

1 754

l',715

1,676

1,636

1,567

1,498

1 49O

1,359

1 9Ofi

1,220

1,370

1,420

2,076

2,426

2

CAC

2,576

2

KAA

2,568

Nov.

2,700

2,800

2,800

2,700

2,700

2,656

2,550

2,450

2,480

2,480

2,490

2,500

2,480

2,500

2,500

2,800

2,800

2,700

2,800

2,600

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

2

KAA

2,381

2,194

2 O/Y7

1,810

1,623

1 440

1^349

1,257

1,229

1,220

1,171

1 143

1,115

1,087

1,058

1 030

1,002

974

Qdfi

01 ft

son

ftAi

832

804

776

747

71ft

7fin

681

ftfi9

Dec,

2,200

2,100

2,100

2,000

2,000

1,991

1,982

1,973

1,964

1,955

1,943

1,943

1,943

1,943

1,943

1,943

1,942

1,942

1,891

1,840

1,789

1,738

1,687

1,646

1,459

1,450

1,441

1,431

1,422

1 41 Q

1,403

663

663

664

665

667

667

668

ftfiQ

ftfiQ

672

672

680

670

670

678

680

fioey

684

684

686

688

6SO

692

693

687

681

675

669

663

651
TTPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVES BASINS. 103

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn. ,/or 1895-1910. 

[Drainage area, 4,510 square miles.]

Month.

1895.

1896.

April..............................

May..............................

June (6-30) ........................

1897.

April..............................

May..............................

July..............................

December. ........................

1898.

May..............................

July..............................

1899.

April..............................

May..............................

July..............................

The year. ...................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,286 

2,429 

2,258 

1,216

530 

460

541 

4,645

3,840 

2,210 

2,575 

2,450 

3,085 

3,245 

1,138

1,010 

900 

1,069 

5,843 

3,857 

3,873 

7,789 

4,685 

2,961 

3,127

2,971

1,716 

1,379 

1,594 

2,193 

2,593 

4,633 

4,3% 

3,278 

3,672 

3,038 

3,797 

2,042

4,633

1,378 

1,256 

1,612 

2,314 

5,907 

8,161 

6,446 

5,432 

4,912 

7,629 

4,722 

2,764

8,161

Minimum.

2,192 

1,870 

1.251 

477

380 

115 

165 

516

1,814 

1,170 

1,687 

1,965 

2,059 

1,100 

799

580 

651 

616 

1,417 

1,838 

2,308 

2,999 

2,010 

2,174 

2,007

1,339

1,291 

1,207 

1,238 

1,146 

1,514 

2,344 

3,423 

2,394 

3,047 

2,846 

1,821 

900

900

1,261 

960 

1,022 

1,297 

4,299 

7,705 

2,440 

2,697 

3,954 

2,983 

3,578 

1,187

960

Mean.

2,209 

2,148 

1,849 

751

452 

323 

311 

2,003

2,431 

1,613 

2,288 

2,246 

2,641 

1,919 

900

783 

740 

743 

3,770 

2,866 

3,209 

6,101 

3,088 

2,722 

2,579

2,167

1,420 

1,290 

1,387 

1,490 

2,041 

3,867 

3,847 

2,806 

3,347 

2,936 

3,318 

1,541

2,441

1,301 

1,104 

1,158 

1,615 

5,034 

8,044 

4,093 

3,744 

4,308 

4,659 

4,116 

2,163

3,445

Per

square 

mile.

0.490 

.476 

.410 

.167

.100 

.072 

.069 

.444

.539 

.358 

.507 

.498 

.586 

.425 

.200

.174 

.164 

.165 

.836 

.635 

.712 

1.35 

.685 

.604 

.572

.480

.315 

.286 

.308 

.330 

.453 

.857 

.853 

.622 

.742 

.651 

.736 

.342

.541

.288 

.245 

.257 

.358 

1.12 

1.78 

.908 

.830 

.955 

1.03 

.913 

.480

.764

Kun-ofl.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.55 

.55 

.46 

.19

.12 

.08 

.08 

.50

.50 

.41

.58 

.56 

.68 

.47 

.23

.20 

.18 

.19 

.93 

.73 

.79 

1.56 

.79 

.67 

.66

.55

.36 

.30 

.36 

.37 

.52 

.96 

.98 

.72 

.83 

.75 

.82 

.39

7.36

.33 

.26 

.30 

.40 

1.29 

1.99 

1.05 

.96 

1.07 

1.19 

1.02 

.55

10.41

Total in 

millions of 

cubic feet.

5,730 

5,750 

4,790 

2,000

1,210 

809 

833 

5,190

5,040 

4,320 

6,130 

5,820 

7,070 

4,970 

2,410

2,100 

1,790 

1,990 

9,770 

7,680 

8,320 

16,300 

8,270 

7,060 

6,910

5,800

3,800 

3,120 

3,710 

3,860 

5,470 

10,000 

10,300 

7,510 

8,680 

7,860 

8,600 

4,130

77,000

3,480 

2,670 

3,100 

4,190 

13,500 

20,800 

11,000 

10,000 

11,200 

12,500 

10,700 

5,790

109,000
104 SUEPACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn. ,for 1895-1910 Contd.

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean.

Per 

square 

mile.

Run-off.

Depth in

inches on

drainage

area.

Total in 

millions of 

cubic feet.

1900.

January........................... 2,062

February......................... 1,672

March............................. 1,476

April.............................. 2,917

May.............................. 2,176

June.............................. 2,084

July.............................. 1,871

August............................ 3,716

September........................ 9,572

October........................... 5,792

November........................ 2,653

December......................... 852

The year.................... 9,572

1901. =

January........................... 650

February......................... 1,620

March............................. 2,334

April.............................. 6,220

May.............................. 6,486

June.............................. 8,823

July.............................. 6,950

August............................ 4,028

September........................ 3,346

October........................... 3,651

November........................ 3,789

December......................... 2,334

The year.................... 8,823

1902. =

January........................... 1,656

February......................... 1,492

March............................ 2,458

April.............................. 3,192

May.............................. 6,293

June.............................. 4,541

July.............................. 2,684

August............................ 2,831

September........................ 2,705

October........................... 2,819

November........................ 7,076

December..:...................... 3,309

The year.................... 7,076

1903. '

January........................... 1,880

February......................... 1,162

March............................ 1,232

April............................. 4,750

May.............................. 4,266

June.............................. 2,889

July.............................. 2,656

August............................ 1,961

September........................ 3,829

October........................... 5,041

November........................ 2,464

December......................... 796

The year.................... 5,041

1904. =

January........................... 776

February......................... 698

March............................ 779

April............................. 3,754

May.............................. 3,491

June.............................. 2,809

July.............................. 2,181

August........................... 2,315

September........................ 2,195

October........................... 3,030

November........................ 2,242

December.......?................. 875

The year.................... 3,754

1,596

1,335

1,276

1,385

773

1,087

549

549

3,069

2,502

932

574

1,781

1,492

1,377

2,153

1,752

1,396

1,279

2,276

6,400

4,192

2,205

0.395

.331

.305

.477

.389

.310

.284

.505

1.42

.155

549 2,250 .499

510

753

1,228

2,053

3,797

3,437

2,412

2,143

2,550

2,648

3,453

1,595

. 597

1,117

1,747

4,129

5,236

5,131

4,705

2,803

2,843

3,345

3,601

1,869

.132

.248

.387

.916

1.16

1.14

1.04

.622

.630

.742

.798

.414

510 3,094 .686

1,314

1,107

1,396

1,334

1,962

2,009

1,024

1,386

2,102

2,042

3,110

1,573

1,477

1,248

1,787

2,165

3,772

3,755

2,048

1,674

2,399

2,375

6,135

2,464

.327

.278

.396

.480

.836

.833

.454

.371

.532

.527

1.36

.546

1,024 .578

1,158

964

803

1,145

2,649

1,124

1,457

1,121

1,564

1,741

686

641

1,460

1,076

1,028

3,136

3,568

1,879

1,816

1,507

2,733

3,737

1,455

763

.324

.238

.228

.695

.792

.416

.403

.334

.606

.829

.323

.169

641 2,013 .446

593

536

583

818

2,287

1,701

1,317

1,588

1,486

1,780

948

647

700

616

653

2,516

3,056

j-2,135

1,738

1,861

1,855

2,289

1,614

794

.155

.137

.145

.558

.678

.473

.385

.413

.411

.508

.358

.176

0.46

.34

.35

.53

.45

.35

.33

.58

1.58

1.07

.55

.18

.15

.26

.45

1.02

1.34

1.27

1.20

.72

.70

.86

9.34

.38 

.29 

.46 

.54

.52 

.43 

.59 

.61 

1.52 

.63

7.86

.37

.25 

.26 

.78 

.91 

.46 

.46 

.39

.36 

.19

.18 

.15 

.17 

.62 

.78 

.53 

.44 

.48 

.46 

.59 

.40 

.20

536 1,652 .366 5.00
UPPJEXl MISSISSIPPI KIVER BASINS. 105

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn., for 1895-1910 Contd.

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean.

Per 

square 

mile.

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage

Total in 

millions of 

cubic feet.

1905.

January.......................... 873

February......................... 721

March............................ 1,104

April............................. 2,608

May.............................. 4,660

June.............................. 6,918

July.............................. 8,278

August........................... 8,299

September........................ 6,176

October........................... 5,331

November........................ 3,824

December......................... 3,480

The year.................... 8,299

1906. =

January.......................... 3,450

February......................... 3,301

March............................ 2,945

April............................. 7,585

May.............................. 7,306

June.............................. 5,897

July.............................. 4,798

August........................... 2,440

September........................ 2,450

October........................... 3,570

November........................ 3,222

December......................... 3,250

The year..................... 7,585

1907. =

January.......................... 2,581

February......................... 2,197

March............................ 2,547

April............................. 5,354

May.............................. 4,306

June.............................. 3,490

July.............................. 4,053

August........................... 4,081

September........................ 2,544

October........................... 2,260

November........................ 3,136

December......................... l, 295

The year.................... 5,354

1908. =

January.......................... 691

February......................... 860

March............................ 870

April............................. 2,017

May.............................. 3,670

June.............................. 4,201

July.............................. 3,644

August........................... 2,847

September........................ 2,470

October........................... 2,534

November........................ 1,934

December......................... 1,057

The year.................... 4,201

1909. =

January.......................... l, 003

February......................... 887

March............................ 985

April............................. 1,200

May.............................. 2,399

June.............................. 2,241

July.............................. 2,400

August........................... 5,000

September........................ 3,500

October........................... 3,000

November........................ 2,800

December......................... 2,200

Tbeyear.................... 5,000

523

565

512

1,570

1,398

3,535

5,330

5,460

5,436

3,004

2,911

3,340

723

637

752

2,137

3,409

5,085

6,759

6,761

5,859

3,975

3,248

3,422

0.160

.141

.167

.474

.756

1.13

1.50

1.50

1.30

.881

.720

.759

512 3,564 .790

2,640

2,396

2,505

2,703

4,318

4,618

2,310

1,684

1,747

1,866

2,672

2,194

2,961

2,788

2,620

5,504

5,397

5,274

3,617

2,020

2,046

2,810

2,860

2,655

.657

.618

.581

1.22

1.20

1.17

.802

.448

.454

.623

.634

.589

1,684 3,379 .749

2,207

1,742

1,952

2,587

2,197

2,732

1,902

2,481

1,658

1,946

1,316

716

2,381

1,939

2,053

3,584

3,294

3,200

2,891

3,479

2,038

2,087

2,584

972

.528

.430

.455

.795

.730

.710

.641

.771

.452

.463

.573

.287

716 2,542 .564

597

595

1,805

3,501

2,586

1,622

1,822

2,007

1,052

900

611

6% 

849 

1,099 

2,415 

3,835 

2,972 

2,062 

2,077 

2,245 

1,311

.135

.154

.188

.244

.535

.850

.659

.457

.461

.498

.291

.217

595 1,763 .391

862

772

748

989

1,210

1,810

1,310

1,200

1,700

2,075

2,450

1,403

909

806

841

1,074

2,168

1,977

1,810

3,172

2,362

2,543

2,583

1,820

.202

.179

.186

.238

.481

.438

.401

.703

.524

.564

.573

.404

0.19

.15

.19

.53

.87

1.26

1.73

1.73

1.45

1.02

.80

10.80

.76

.64

.67

1.36

1.38

1.30

.92

.52

.51

.72

.71

10.17

.61 

.45 

.52 

.89 

.84 

.79 

.74 

.89 

.50 

.53 

.64 

.33

7.73

.16 

.17 

.22 

.27 

.60 

.95 

.76 

.53 

.51 

.57 

.32 

.25

5.33

.23 

.19 

.21 

.27 

.55 

.49 

.46 

.81 

.58 

.65 

.64 

.47

1,940

1,540

2,010

5,540

9,130

13,200

18,100

18,100

15,200

10,600

8,420

9,160

113,000

7,930

6,740

7,020

14,300

14,500

13,700

9,690

5,410

5,300

7,530

7,410

7,110

107,000

6,380

4,690

5,500

9,290

8,820

8,290

7,740

9,320

5,280

5,590

6,700

2,600

80,200

1,640

1,740

2,270

2,850

6,470

9,940

7,960

5,520

5,380

6,010

3,400

2,620

55,800

2,430

1,950

2,250

2,780

5,810

5,120

4,850

8,490

6,120

6,810

6,700

4,870

748 1,839 5.55 58,200
106 stmPAOE WA.'mtL SUPPLY, iMO, PART v.

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River above Sandy River, Minn.,for 1895-1910 Contd.

Month,

1910.

April........ .....................

May..............................

July..............................

October. ..........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,393 

1,375

3,787 

3,132 

2,876 

2,204 

2,290 

2,835 

3,002 

2,576 

2,381 

693

3,787

Minimum.

1,068 

1,125 

1,314 

2,000 

2,120 

2,040 

2,131 

2,328 

2,403 

1,220 

662 

651

651

Mean.

1,129 

1,295 

2,219 

2,607 

2,445 

2,119 

2,180 

2,701 

2,638 

1,915 

1,154 

674

1,923

Per 

square 

mile.

0.250 

.287 

.492 

.578 

.542 

.470 

.483 

.599 

.585 

.425 

.256 

.149

.426

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.29 

.30 

.57 

.64 

.62 

.52 

.56 

.69 

.65 

.49 

.29 

.17

5.79

Total in 

millions of 

cubic feet.

3,020 

3,130 

5,940 

6,760 

6,550 

5,490 

5,840 

7,230 

6,840 

5,130 

2,990 

1,800

60,700

MISSISSIPPI RIVER NEAR FORT RIPLEY, MINN,

This station, which is located at the highway bridge 1 mile north 

of Fort Ripley, was established June 25, 1909, to obtain data for use 

in determining the power available on the upper Mississippi.

The nearest tributary, Nokasippi River, enters the main stream a 

short distance below the bridge. The nearest dams are at Little 

Falls below and at Brainerd above Fort Ripley.

The flow at Fort Ripley, as at all stations on the upper Mississippi, 

is controlled by the Government dams on the headwaters for the 

purpose of increasing the low-water open flow for navigation.

During the open-water season the river is used extensively for 

driving logs which are likely to form jams on the rapids a few hundred 

feet below the bridge and cause temporary backwater at the gage. 

This effect became so pronounced during 1910 that the station was 

discontinued September 30. Ice is present and observations at this 

station are discontinued from December to March.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge to which the 

staff gage'is attached. A gage belonging to the United States Weather 

Bureau is also fastened to the pier that holds the Geological Survey 

gage. The datum of the Weather Bureau gage is 1.40 feet higher 

than that of the survey gage. The datum of the staff gage has 

remained unchanged since the station was established.

Owing to the changeable conditions of flow no estimates of daily 

discharge have been made and only the base data are published 

herewith.
MISSISSIPPI MvEE BASINS. 107 

Discharge "measurements of Mississippi River near Fort Ripky, Minn., in 1910.

Bate.

Mar. 23

May 20

July 23

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

363

352

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

2,410

1,870

1,560

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.66

6.21

05.45

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

8,700

4,930

2,530

a Backwater from log jam.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River near Fort Ripley, Minn., for 1910. 

[Observer, L. A. White.]

Day.

1.... ........................................

2............................................

3.... ........................................

4............................................

5............................................

6............................................

7.... ........................................

8............................................

9............................................

10............................................

11............................................

12............................................

13............................................

14............................................ 1 f;

16............................................

17............................................

18............................................

19............................................

20............................................

21............................................

22............................................

23............................................

24............................................

25............................................

26............................................

27. ...........................................

28............................................

29............................................

30............................................

31............................................

Mar.

8.12

8.92

8.26

7.76

7.96

7.45

7.52

7 fti

7.66

7.65

7.65

7.65

7.61

7.48

6.96

Apr.

6.78

6.64

6.52

6.61

7.41

6.82

6.95

6.98

6.92

6.78

6.76

6.65

6.50

6.56

6.61

6.70

6.85

7.11

7.21

7.25

7 11

7.31

7.40

7 30

7 1 K

7.09

6 99

6.88

6.76

May.

6.66

6.66

6.59

6.51

6.50

6.48

6.48

6.38

6.38

6.38

6.30

6.18

6.14

6.08

6.05

6.05

6.15

6.11

6.10

6.11

6.15

6.08

6.12

6.24

6.25

6.25

6.28

6.29

6.22

6.28

June.

6.18

6.08

6.04

6.04

6.04

6.04

5.90

5.78

5.72

5.72

5.66

5.62

5.70

5.70

5.79

5.86

5.85

f; 7^

5.88

5.28

5.18

5.18

5 1 f\

5.36

5.34

July.

5.34

5.22

5.12

4 98

5.04

5.26

5.15

5.22

5.28

5.24

5.18

5.48

5.42

5.46

5

00

5.41

5.35

5.22

5.51

5.45

5.42

5.42

5.38

5.46

5 4.1

5

KA

5 04

5.01

5.00

5 no

5.04

Aug.

5.06

5.35

5.35

5.34

5.32

5.30

5.25

5.22

5.45

5.44

5.44

5.49

5.56

5.55

5.52

5.78

5.72

5.69

5.72

5.69

5.62

5.58

5.79

5.72

5.69

5.65

5.62

5.54

5.81

Sept.

K 7K

5.75

5.81

5.76

5.78

5.90

5.86

5.85

5.84

t; 84

5.78

5.72

5 91

5.92

5.85

5.98

5.94

5.89

5.70

5.68

5.59

5.55

5.51

5.50

K AR

5.52

t; Qd

6.02

5.98

6.02

NOTE. Gage heights were seriously affected by log jams below the station.

MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT ANOKA, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge connecting 

Anoka with Champlin, Minn., was established May 8, 1905, to obtain 

data for use in studies of power, sewage disposal and navigation 

problems. The station was temporarily discontinued from July 20 

to August 10, 1906.

Hum Eiver enters a short distance below the station.

The nearest dam is at Minneapolis, but owing to the intervening 

fall of the river the influence of the dam does not extend to the 

Anoka station. The first dam above Anoka is at St. Cloud. The
108 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

flow of the river is controlled by Government dams on the upper 

river for the purpose of increasing the low-water open-season flow in 

the interest of navigation.

Although the river is used extensively for log driving, there is 

very little backwater except that caused for a few days by log jams 

forming below the station. The river is frozen and observations are 

discontinued from December to March, inclusive.

The winter flow at this station can be estimated very closely from 

the records of Mississippi River at Minneapolis as kept by the St. 

Anthony Falls Water Power Co. by rating the spillway as a weir 

and noting the amount of water passing the wheels. From these 

records a quantity, depending on the year, has been subtracted to 

allow for the flow of Rum River and a few other small streams 

which enter the Mississippi between the Anoka station and Minneapolis.

The original United States Geological Survey staff gage was set 

to read the same as the United States Engineer Corps gage placed 

on the same pier in 1896. This latter gage was read for one year, 

during which time frequent discharge measurements were made. 

The staff has since been replaced by a chain gage attached to the 

bridge. The gage datum is the same as that used by the engineers 

of the Army corps in 1896 and 1897, and has not been changed since 

the station was established.

Discharge measurements are made from the highway bridge. 

Although no measurements were made during 1907 and 1908; those 

made in 1909 and 1910 indicate no change in the rating curve as 

developed in 1897, 1905, and 1906, and it can therefore be applied 

to all gage heights since the station was established.1 This permanence of condition indicates that the records of flow are reliable.

The daily discharges and monthly estimates for all years prior to 

1910, inclusive, have been published in "Report of water resources 

investigation of Minnesota during 1909-10," by the State Drainage 

Commission, St. Paul, Minn.

Discharge measurements of Mississippi River at Anoka, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

May 14

Aug. 13

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet.. 

724

683

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

3,160

2,360

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

0.81 -.36

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

5,910

3,470

i Gage heights for 1905 to 1908 have been published in Water-Supply Papers 171, p. 53; 207, p. 44; and 

245, pp. 71 and 72.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI KIVEB BASINS. 109 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at Anoika, Minn.,for 1897.

Day.

1........... 

2...........

3...........

4...........

5........... 

6...........

7........... 

8...........

9...........

10..... ......

11...........

12........... 

13...........

14...........

15...........

Apr.

7.12 

8.22

8.36

9.08

9.66 

9.30

8.80 

8.31

7.94

7.55

7.30

6.98 

6.67

6.12

May.

3.50

3.23

3.04

2.88 

2.70

2.50 

2.36

2.18

2.06

2.02

1.96 

1.98

1.96

1.86

June.

1.17 

1.37

1.47

1.70

1.76 

1.96

1.70 

1.82

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.66 

1.82

1.80

1.81

July.

2.60 

2.68

2.84

4.10

4.80 

5.14

7.34 

8.26

8.38

8.50

8.22

7.77 

7.42

6.92

6.60

Aug.

4.20 

4.12

4.03

3.90

3.72 

3.48

3.48 

3.37

3.14

2.81

2.42

2.26 

1.98

1.72

1.68

Sept.

0.90

.88

on

.92

1.16 

1.21

1.18 

1.15

1.12

1.10

Day.

16........... 

17...........

18...........

19...........

20........... 

21...........

22........... 

23...........

24...........

25...........

26...........

27...........

28...........

29...........

30........... 

31...........

Apr.

5.97 

t 74

5.45

5.25

5.15 

5.02

4.84

4.59

4.40

4.20

4.00 

3.86

3.75

3.52

May.

1.82 

1 98

1.95

1.92

2.00 

1.82

1.70 

1.62

1.48

1.42

1.30

1.39 

1.30

1.30

1.32 

1.31

June.

1.84 

1.92

2.11

2.27

2.48 

2.60

2.69 

2.51

2.41

2.28

2.12

2.00 

2.26

2.36

2.47

July.

6.24

^ Qfi

5.52

5.20

5.00 

4.92

4.80 

4 70

4.70

5.14

5.08 "i'eo"

4.41

4.39 

4.34

Aug.

1.52 

1.53

1.48

1.44

1.40 

1.36

1.40

1.38

1.36

1.35

1.31

1.20 

1.09

1.10

1.12 

.93

Sept.

NOTE. Gage heights are taken from unpublished records in the United States Engineer Office at St. 

Paul.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at Anolca, Minn.,for 1910. 

[B. J. Witte, jr., observer.]

Day.

1.. ..........................

2............ ...............

3............................

4............................

5............................

6............................

7............................

8............................

9............................

10...........................

11............................

12............................

13............................

14............................

15............................

16............................

17............................

18............................

19............................

20............................

21............................

22............................

23............................

24............................

25............................

26............................

27............................

28.. ...................... ....

29............................

30............................

31............................

Mar.

1.25

2.07

2.25

2.27

9 SQ

2.87

3.23

3.29

3.09

2.90

2.35

2.53

2.51

2.45

2.35

2.15

2.17

1.95

Apr.

1.77

1.65

1.40

1.47

1.30

1.33

1.45

1.40

1.27

1.23

1.30

1.23

1.21

1.23

.99

.90

1.05

1.10

1.25

1.37

1.50

1.55

1.55

1.50

1.56

1.67

1.47

1.40

1.29

1.21

May.

1.05

1.07

.95

.87

.85

.91

.87

.84

.88

.84

.65

.74

.78

.81

.60

.59

.80

.68

.58

.62

.65

.65

.85

.65

.57

.77

.69

.69

.64

.57

.60

June.

0.53

.60

.57

.69

.75

.60

3Q

.41

.44

.45

.25

.13

.20

.11

.03

.07

.04

- .01

IV!

- .10

- .09

- .27

rv7

- .10

- .15

.10

- .06

- .17

_ on

.01

July.

0.02

.05

- .10

- .35

- .18

- .12

.18

.30

.52

.52

.60

.48

- .26

- .32

- .50

_ 40

- .48

_ 4g

- .40

- .38

- .39

- .52

- .50

- .61

- .52

- .54

- .35

_ 4g

- .50

Aug.

-0.45

- .50

- .35

- .48

- .40

- .41

- .32

- .50

- .50

- .52

- .42

- .45

- .42

- .26

- .32

- .28

- .32

OR

- .26

- .32

- .23

- .35

- .29

- .37

- .25

- .25

- .34

- .22

- .30

- .34

- .32

Sept.

-0.30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .35

- .20

- .15

- .22

- .16

- .25

- .32

- .34

- .34

- .45

- .35

- .38

- .38

- .22

- .10

Oct.

-0.21

- .18

- .10

.08

.05

.10

.08

.03

.02

- .18

.00

- .12

- .10

- .18

- .28

- .36

- .42

- .30

- .40

- .50

- .48

- .52

- .52

- .55

- .55

- .50

- .52

- .66

- .70

- .66

- .58

Nov.

__ ft Oft

- .30

- .15

- .08

- .15

- .18

- .25

- .17

- .28

- .25

- .35

- .60

- .40

- .52

- .65

- .58

- .80

- .85

- .75

- .80

- .85

- .44

- .72

- .80

- .72

- .65

- .62

- .60

- .60

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 13 and from Dec. 1 to 31. Gage heights for Nov. 14 to 30 were 

affected by backwater.
110 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at Anoka, Minn.,for 1897 and 1910.

Day.

1897.a 

1.........

4.........

5.........

6.........

7.........

8.........

9.........

10. ........

11.........

12.........

13.........

14.........

15.........

16.........

17.........

18.........

19.........

20. ........

21....... .

22. ........

23.........

24. ........

25.........

26. ........

27.........

28.........

29.........

30.........

31.........

1910.6 

1.........

2.........

3.........

4.........

5.........

6.........

7. ........

8.........

9.........

10.........

11.........

12.........

13.........

14. ........

15.........

16.........

17.........

18.........

19. ........

20. ........

21.........

22.........

23.........

24.........

25.........

26.........

27.........

28.......:.

29.........

30. ........

31.........

Jan.

3 7nn

3

7/JA

3 7nn

3,600

3

RAA

3,450

3,420

3,390

2,930

2,830

2,720

2 fi9ft

2 7Qft

2,810

2,830

2,650

2,610

2

K7H

2

KOft

2,490

2,550

2,610

2,670

2,720

2,730

2,810

2,900

2,980

2 onn

2,840

Feb.

2 7flft

2,800

2

0 en

2 7OO

2 finn

2,450

2,600

2,800

3,010

2 Qf\ft

2 900

2 §40

2 790

2', 750

2,710

2

Qnn

2,670

2,450

2

o«m

2 4.7ft

2,720

2,740

2 7fift

2,820

Mar.

2

QQA

2 7on

2,710

2 7Qft

2,740

2 7ftn

2 79ft

2,740

2

7Kn

2,740

2 79ft

2 540

2,560

2

KQft

2,610

2,650

2,650

2,650

3 040

3

AAf\

3,850

4,260

4,670

4,090

6,210

6,900

18,300

94. fiHft

3 son

3,900

S oon

4 QQQ

4,000

4 200 A onft

4,500

A KflA

6,000

5,000

6,000

7,620

11 000

11,700

11 800

14', 500

14 400

16 400

15^400

14,600

12,200

12,900

10 ann

12,200

11,300

11 400

10,500

Apr.

OK tnn

4.1 OnA

4.9 OOft

45,900

49 100

47,100

A A Aftft

41,800

OQ QAA

04. cnn

oo onn

3,180

9Q ^.on

28 400

26 900 9c Qfin

94. 7Oft

90 onn

99 fino

21,700

1Q 7Ofl

19,100

18,500

17 ' 400

9,220

8,210

8,490

7,810

7 Q^ft

8,410

8,210

7,690

7,540

7,810

7,540

7,460

7,540

6 340

6 860

7 fWlh

7,620

8 nan

8,610

8,820

8,610

S Ofift

8 4.Qft

7 

' 460

May.

17 400

16 800 IMOO 1 K 9flft

14. K.OA

-to 7nn

12 800

12' 200

11 400

10 800

10 600

10,500

10,100

9 920

10 600

in unn

-Ift onft

9 Q9ft

9,430

9 100

8

KOn

8,290

8 17ft

7 Sift

7 SQO

7,850

6 Qoft

6,510

6 240

6,180

6,150

6 9Rft

6,150

5 840

S Qfift

6,050

5 450

5,420

6,020

5,670

5 400

5,500

5,580

5,580

6,180

5,580

5

0QA

5,930

5,690

5,690

5,560

5

00ft

5 7 450

June.

7,310

8,090

9,430

9,680

10,500

9 430

9,920

9 /ion

9,430

9 40ft

9,270

9 Q9ft

10,300

11,100

12,700

13,200

13,600

19 Sftfi

12,400

11,900

11,200

11,800

12,200

5,280

5

AKn

5,380

5,690

S JKft

4,940

5,000

5,080

4,620

4,360

4 Kin

4,320

4

1 cn

4,230

4,060

3,960

3,880

3 onn

3,550

3,940

3,880

3,880

S Qfift

3,740

3,510

July.

1Q 90H

13,600

20,200

fyy cnA

25,300

36,700

41,500

42,800

41,300

OQ Qftft

37,100

34,500

32,800

30,900

29,500

97 °.ftft

24,600

24,200

23,600 90 900

25,300

25,000

23,800

22,700

21,700

21,400

4,130

4,190

3,880

3,560

3,720

4,470

4,730

5,250

5,250

5,450

5,150

3,570

3,450

3,310

3,170

3 17ft

3

qin

3,350

3,330

3,110

3,140

2,960

3,110

3,080

3,400

3,170

3,140

Aug.

20,700

19,900

19,300

18,400

17,300

16,700

15,700

14,200

12,500

10,600

9,510

9,350

8,690

8,730

8,530

8,370

8,210

8,050

8,210

8,050

8,010

7,850

7,420

7,000

7,040

7,120

6,440

3,220

3,140

3,400

3,170

3,310

3,290

3,450

3,140

3,140

3,110

3 280

3,280

3,570

3,450

3,530

3

AK(\

3,570

3,570

3,450

3,620

3,400

3,510

3,360

3,580

3,580

3 4.9ft

3,640

3,490

3,420

3,450

Sept.

6,340

6,280

6,340

6,410

7,270

7,460

7,340

7,230

7,120

7,040

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3 490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3,490

3 400

3,680

3,780

3,640

3,760

3,580

3,450

3,420

3,420

3,220

3,400

3,350

3,350

3,640

3,880

Oct.

3,660

3,720

3,880

4,250

4,190

4,300

4,250

4,150

4,130

3,720

4,080

3,840

3,880

3,720

3,530

3,380

3,280

3,490

3,310

3,140

3,170

3,110

3,110

3,060

3,060

3,140

3,110

2,890

2,830

2,890

3,010

Nov.

3,380

3,490

3,780

3,920

3,780

3,720

3,580

3,740

3,530

3,580

3,400

2,980

3,310

3,000

2,900

2,800

2,700

2,600

2,500

2,300

2,250

2,250

2,250

2,250

2,250

2,250

2,250

2,250

2,200

2 9OO

Dec.

a Daily discharges computed on a rating curve that is well defined below 25,000 second-feet. Daily discharge from Jan. 1 to Mar. 31 based directly on frequent discharge measurements.

6 Daily discharges for 1910 based on a well-defined rating curve. November 14 to 30 estimated by comparison with other stations.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. Ill

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River at Anoka, Minn., for 1897 and 1910. 

[Drainage area, 17,100 square miles.]

Month.

1897.

May....................................

July....................................

Sept. 1-10. .............................

1910.

May....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,740 

3,010 

29,700 

49,100 

17,400 

13,600 

42,800 

20,700 

4,760

16,400

9,720 

6,930 

5,870 

5,450 

3,640 

3,880 

4,300 

3,920

16,400

Minimum.

2,490 

2,230 

2,540 

17,400 

7,810 

7,310 

13,200 

6,440 

6,280

6,340 

5,380 

3,510 

2,960 

3,110 

3,220 

2,830 

2,200

Mean.

2,940 

2,720 

5,650 

31,300 

10,900 

10,600 

27,500 

11,600 

6,880

"3,980 

a3,800 

9,230 

8,040 

5,900 

4,460 

3,730 

3,390 

3,510 

3,320 

2,913 

61,930

4,530

Per 

square 

mile.

0.172 

.159 

.330 

1.83

.637 

.620 

1.61 

.678 

.402

.233

.222 

.540 

.470 

.345 

.261 

.218 

.198 

.205 

.206 

.170 

.113

.265

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.20 

.17 

.38 

2.04 

.73 

.69 

1.86 

.78 

.15

.27 

.23 

.62 

.52 

.40 

.29 

.25 

.23 

.23 

.24 

.19 

.13

3.60

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

a Estimated from records kept by the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co., at Minneapolis. 

6 Estimated from United States engineer records at Lock and Dam 2, below Minneapolis.

MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT ST. PAUL, MINN.

This station is located at the upper end of the Diamond Jo Line 

wharf, at the foot of Jackson Street, St. Paul. At the lower end of 

the same dock is the United States Engineer Corps gage, the datum 

of which is 0.5 foot higher than that of the Weather Bureau gage. 

All data in the following records are referred to the Weather Bureau 

gage.

The nearest important tributary, Minnesota River, enters several 

miles above the gaging station.

The flow of the river is controlled to a certain extent by the Government reservoirs on the headwaters, but the effect of these reservoirs is felt very gradually at St. Paul. The nearest dam is at Minneapolis and it is possible that the operation of the wheel gates at 

that point may cause some daily fluctuations of stage at St. Paul. 

The Weather Bureau gage is read once a day. The mean gage height 

for the day may therefore be somewhat in error, although occasional 

additional readings indicate that the natural storage of the river 

channel between the two points obviates grave errors.

Previous to 1900 the United States engineer office made many 

discharge measurements at St. Paul, the results of which are published by the Mississippi River Commission. Although the base data,
112 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

for computing the daily flow of the river are available prior to 1892, 

the reservoir system was not in complete operation at that tune, and 

as this system has had a marked influence on the regimen of the 

river, it is evident that the earlier records have lost much of their 

value in indicating the probable future flow. Accordingly, no estimates have been made covering periods earlier than 1892. Between 

1892 and 1899 the daily discharge for the open season has been computed by means of rating tables based on the United States engineer 

office measurements and the Weather Bureau gage heights. Between

1899 and 1909 no discharge measurements were made, but measurements made in 1909 and 1910 by the United States Geological Survey 

indicate that the old rating tables no longer apply. Estimates from

1900 to 1908 have been based on the assumption that the change 

between the older and later ratings took place uniformly. The 1909 

and 1910 estimates are based on the present rating of the station 

and the Weather Bureau gage heights.

Discharge measurements are made from the Omaha railway bridge 

2 miles above the station.

From December to March the river is frozen over and the openseason rating curve does not apply. Computations of monthly flow 

during this period are based on the records of the St. Anthony Falls 

Water Power Co., at Minneapolis, and those of the United States 

Engineer Corps at Lock and Dam 2 below Minneapolis, an allowance 

being made for the flow of the Minnesota, which enters a few miles 

above the St. Paul station.

The highest recorded discharge occurred July 22, 1867, and 

amounted to 117,000 second-feet. Since 1891 the highest discharge 

was 80,800 second-feet, occurring April 6, 1897. The winter flow 

has fallen nearly as low as 1,000 second-feet.

Discharge measurements of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909.

22

1910. 

Mar. 17

27

Aug. 4

Oct. 27

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet. 

1,090

799

1,190

1,130

872

838

745

370

372

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

4,630

2,210

12,100

5,580

4,030

3,060

2,210

1,410

1,360

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4 45

3.35

10.21

5.66

4.10

3.02

1.72

.80

.82

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

10,800

7,540

32,400

14,500

9 7on

7 650

4,920

4,020

3 CUTI
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 113 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910.

Day.

1892.o 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24...............

25. ..............

26...............

27. ..............

28. ..............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

1893. 6 

1...............

2.. .............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17. ..............

18............... 

19

20..............

21............... 

22..............

23..............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27..............

28..............

29..............

30. .............

31..............

Jan.

......

Feb.

......

......

Mar.

3.9

3.2

3.0

4.4

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.3

4.2

4.0

3.8

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.0

3.1

2.9

2.7

2.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.5

4.0

4.7

......

Apr.

5.0

5.3

5.7

5.7

5.0

5.0

5.1

5.2

5.1

5.0

4.8

4.4

4.3

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.5

4.2

4.1

4.4

3 0

3.5

3.5

3.3

3.1

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.7

4.0

7.3

8.1

8.6

9.4

10.2

10.5

10.6

10.6

10.8

10.9

10.7

10.7

10.6

10.3

10.2

9.9

9 Q

9.8 

9.6

9.6

9.6 

9.4

9.1

9.1

9.2

9.7

10.5

11.1

11.8

12.4

May.

4.1

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.6

5.0

5.2

5.4

5.0

6.1

6.5

6.7

6.7

6.9

7.1

7.2

7.2

7.3

7.5

9.3

10.4

11.0

11.6

12.1

12.5

12.6

12.5

12.4

12.2

11.9

U o

12.9

13.7

14.2

14.5

14.7

14.7

14.7

14.6

14.4

14.1

13.7

13.3

12.9

19 7

12.2

11.9 

11.7

11.5

n

o

11.0

10.7 

10.3

10.0

9.7

9.7

10.0

10.1

10.2

10.2

10.0

9.8

June.

11.5

11.1

10.8

10.5

10.2

9.0

9.7

9.4

9.8

9.1

9.6

8.7

8 7

8.7

8.6

9.0

9.5

9.5

9.7

9.7

9 8

9.7

9.5

9.1

8.9

8.7

8 7

8.8

8 7

8.6

9.5

9.2

8.9

8.6

8.4

8.1

8.0

7.8

7.5

7.2

7.0

6.8

6.6

fi 3

6.1

5.9

5.8

5.6

fi A.

5.3

5.2 

5.1

4.9

4 S

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.5

4.4

July.

H A

7.9

7.7

7.4

7.1

6.8

6.6

6.4

6.1

5.8

5.5

5.3

5.1

4.9

4.6

4.6

4.5

4.5

5.0

5.0

5.1

5.0

5.1

5.0

4.9

4.9

6.5

6.7

6.4

6.5

6.5

4 2

4.0

3.9

3.9

4.0

3.9

3.7

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.9

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.9 

3.8

3.7 

3.6

3.5

3.3 

3.2

3.1

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.3

2.4

Aug.

fi A

6.2

6.6

6.6

5.8

5.6

5-4

5.5

5.3

5.2

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.2

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.6

3.7

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2 9 n

1.9

1.8

1.9

2.0

9 1

2.3

2.3 

2.3

2.3

9 9

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.0

1.9

2.0

2.4

2.5

2.6

Sept.

3.6

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.7

4.0

4.0

4.1

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.9

3.0

3.1

2.8

3.0

3.0

2.8

2.8

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.9

2.8

2.9

2.9

3.0

3.0

3.0 

3.0

3.0 

3.1

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.9

Oct.

3.0

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.9

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.8

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.8

3.0

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9 

3.0

3.0 

3.0

3.0

3.0 

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

3.0

Nov.

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.5

2.0

3.0

2.6

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3 

2.1

2.0

1.8

1.3

1.2 

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

.6

1.2

1.8

1.9

1.9

Dec.

1.7

1.6

1.8

1-8

1.7

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.0

......

«Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 6 and from Nov. 25 to Dec. 31. 

t> Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 31 and from Dec. 6 to 31.

21502° WSP 285 12 8
114 SUEPACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PABT V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1894.0 

1...............

2...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9. ..............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. .............. i P;

16...............

17. ..............

18. ..............

19...............

20. .............. 

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26...............

27. ..............

00

30............. v.

01

1895. 6

2...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

10

20. ..............

21...............

22. .............. 

23. ..............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26...............

27. ..............

00

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

Jan. Feb. Mar.

4.3

4.5

4 1

3.9

3.5

3.3

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.5

 O

4.0

4.1

4 1

4.1

3.3

2.7

o o

2 A

1 ft

3.5

4.0

"

.2 

.3

.5

.6

.6

1.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

Apr.

3.6 ? 4

3.4

2.9

q (I

q (I

9 Q

2.9

2.9

3.2

3.3

3.5

3.6

3.7

3

D

4 1

4.6

5.4

6.5

/ . O

8.5

9

9

10.0

10.4

10.6

10.4

10.1

9 7

Q °.

9

1

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

Q

1.0

.8

1.0

1.2

1.0

1.0

.9

.8

.8

.7

.7

.7

.8 

.9

.6

.5

.6

.9

.6

.3

.9

May.

9.0

9.1

9

0

9.4

9

0

9.4

9

0

9.3

9.2

9.2

9.1

8.8

8.4

8.4

8

0

8.6

9.4

10.1

11.3

11.7 

11.8

11.7

11.3

10.7

10.1

9.5

8.8

8 A

7.9

7.6

7.4

.7

.8

.9

1.1

1.3

1.4

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.5

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.0

2.2

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.8

1.7 

1.5 i P;

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

June.

7.1

6.9

6.6

6.4

6.3

6.1

5.8

5.6

5.3

5.1

4.9

4.7

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.1

4.0

3.9

3

0 

 O

3.5

3.5

3.3

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.9

1.8

2.0

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.9

2.8

2 Q

0 A

3.1

3.9

4.1

4.1

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.5

4.3

4.0

3.8

3.7 

3.6

3

K

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

July.

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.0

1.0

.8

.2

.6

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.4

3.1

3.1

3.0 9. n

3.1

3.1

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.4

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.6

2.5

2.3

2.1

1.9 

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.8

1.5

Aug.

0.5

.4

.4

.6

.4

.2

.4

.5

.3

.5

1.2

1.4

1.7

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.9

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.0

1.0

.9

1.1

.8

.9

1.0

1.3

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.3

2.0

2.0

2.2

2.0

2.2

2.0

1.8 

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

Sept.

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.0

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.1 

2.3

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

Oct.

1.7

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.6

2.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.4

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

1.9

1.7

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.7 

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.5

1.4

1.4

Nov.

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.0

1.0

1.1

2.0

1.8

1.2

1.2

1.5

1.5

1.4

2.3

2.6

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.5

.9

.6 

.6

.5

.6

.6

.9

Dec.

0.9

.-8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.6

a Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 7 and from Nov. 28 to Dec. 9 and Dec. 25 to 31. 

6 Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 21 and from Nov. 27 to Dec. 31
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 115

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1896.o 

1. ...... ........

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6............... 

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12............... 

13. ..............

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17............... 

18............... 

19............... 

20...............

21............... 

22............... 

23............... 

24............... 

25. ..............

26...............

27............... 

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

1897.6 

1...............

2............... 

3...............

4...............

5...............

6............... 

7...............

8...............

9............... 

10...............

11............... 

12. .............. 

13............... 

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17...............

18. .............. 

19............... 

20...............

21............... 

22...............

23...............

34...............

25...............

26............... 

27............... 

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

.......

.......

.......

------

.......

.......

-------

Feb.

.......

.......

.......

.......

Mar.

.......

-0.2

- .4 

- .3 

_ 2

0

.0

- .5 

- .2 

- .4 

- .9 

 9

- .8 

- .9 

- .8 

- .4 

- .4

__ O

- .2 

- .1

.1

.2

.7

.......

4.9 

5.5

6.5

7.6

8.4

9.1 

9.5 

9.9

10.1

12.2 

13.5

Apr.

0.7

.0 -.1

1.0

1.4

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

2.1 

2.7 

3.9

7.0

8.3

9.5 

10.5 

10.7 

10.4

9 Q

9.5 

9.0 

8.6 

8.3

7.8

7.6

7.4 

7.1

7.2

7 t\

,15.3

16.4 

17.1

17.4 

17.9

18.0 

17.8

17.7

17.8 

17.7

17.5 

17.1 

16.6 

16.2

15.7

15.2 

14.9

14.6 

14.0 

13.7

13.3 

13.0

12.8

12.4

12.1

11.7 

11.4 

11.0

10.6

10.3

May.

7.9

8.3

8.6

8 9

9 1

9.2 

9.3

9.1

8.8

8.7 

8.4 

8.4

8.4

8.5

8.6 

9.2 

9.6 

10.0 

10 s

10.5 

10.5 

10.4 

10.2 

10.0

9 7

9.5 

9.5

9

C

9

C

9 3

10.0

9.8 

9.6

9.1

8.8

8.5 

8.2

7.9

7.6 

7.3

7.1

7.0 

6.8 

6.7

6.6

6.5

6.4

6.4 

6.4 

6.4

6.4

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.7

5.6 

5.6 

5.5

5.4

5.3 

5.3

June.

9.1

8.7

8.5

8.1

8.0

7.6 

8.0

8.1

8.3

8.6

8.8 

8.9 

8.9

8.7

8.4

8.0 

7.6 

7.2 

6.9 

6.7

6.5 

6.1 

6.2 

6.4 

6.6

6.7

6.8 

6.6

6

O

6.0

5.2

5.5 

5.5

5.5

5.7

5.8 

5.9

6.0

5.9

5.9

6.0 

5.9

5.7 

5.8

5.8

5.9

5.9

6.0 

6.2 

6.4

6.6 

6.7

6.8

6.7

6.6

6.3 

6.1 

6.1

6.2

6.4

July.

5.7

K A

5.3

5.2

5.1

4.8 

4.7

4.6

4.3

4.2

4.1 

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.5 

3.2 

3.0 

2.9

2.8

2.9 

2.7 

2.7 

2.6 

2.6

2.5

2.4 

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

6.5

6.6 

6.7

6.8 

7.9

8.9 

9.9

12.0

13.0 

13.3

13.6 

13.5 

13.3 

13.0

12.6,

13.3 

11.8

11.3 

10.8 

10.4

10.2 

9.9

9.7

9.6

9.5

9.8 

9.8 

9.6

9.4

9.1 

9.0

Aug.

1.9

1.8

1.8

2.1

1.7

1.7 

1.8

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.2 

2.3 

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.5 

2.4 

2.3 

2.2 

2.1

2.1 

2.0 

2.1 

2.1 

2.2

2.0'

2.0 

2.0

1 9

1.8

1.9

8.9

8.7 

8.6

8.4 

8.2

8.0 

7.7

7.8

7.6 

7.2

6.9 

6.6 

6.3 

6.0

5.8

5.6 

5.5

5.4 

5.4 

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0 

4.8 

4.7

4.6

4.5 

4.5

Sept.

2.1

1.8

1.7

1.4

1.4

1.3 

1.4

1.6

1.7

1 9

2.0 

1.9 

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.2 

2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

2.2

2.1 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

1.9

2.0

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.0

4.5

4.5 

4.6

4.6 

4.6

4.7 

4.7

4.6

4.6 

4.5

4.5 

4.5 

4.6 

4.9

5.1

5.2 

5.5

5.5 

5.5 

5.4

5.3

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.0 

5.0 

5.0

5.0

4.9

Oct.

2.1

2.1

2.0

2 1

1.9

2.2 

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.9 

2.1 

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.2 

2.2 

2.1 

2.1 

2 2

2.2 

2.1 

2.0 

2.0 

2.1

2.0

1.9

2.0

1.9

2.3

2.5

4.9

4.8 

4.7

4.5 

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.4 

4.3

4.1 

4.2 

4.2 

4.1

4.0

4.0 

4.0

3.9 

4.0 

4.1

4.1 

4.1

4.1

4.2

4.1

4.1 

4.0 

3.9

3.9

3.8 

3.8

Nov.

2.5

2.5

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.8 

2.9

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.6 

2.2 

1.9

2.0

2.1

1.8 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

1.6

1.5 

1.8 

3.7 

2.7 

3.0

3.3

3.5

3.8

3.9 

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.8 

3.8

3.8

3.8 

3.7

3.6 

3.6 

3.6 

3.6

3.6

3.6 

3.5

3.5 

3.4 

3.3

3.2 

3.2

2.9

2.6

2.5

2.4 

2.3

Dec.

......

......

......

......

~"3."2

......

"~4."i

.:::::

......

......

3.9

 "3.'5

alee from Jan. 1 to Mar. 9 and from Nov. 23 to Dec. 31. 

& Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 20 and from Nov. 28 to Dec. 31.
116 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., for

Continued.

\-1910 

Day.

1898.a 

1............... 

2............... 

3............... 

*........ .......

5............... 

6...............

7............... 

8............... 

9............... 

10...............

11...............

12............... 

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21............... 

22............... 

23...............

25............... 

26...............

27...............

28............:..

29. ..............

31...............

1899.& 

1..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17...............

19

20. ..............

91

99

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26. ..............

27............... 

28...............

29...............

Oft

31...............

Jan.

-------

.......

.......

.......

Feb.

-------

.......

.......

.......

.......

Mar.

.......

"'3.7' 

3.8 

4.1

A 0

4.1 

3.6 

3.1

4.2

3 d

3.8

3.7

4.0

3.9

3.8 

3.8 

3.7

3.0

3.4 

3.8

0 Q

3.6

2.8

2.8

3.4

.......

Apr.

3.8 

3.6 

3.6

3.8 

3.9

3.9 

3.9 

3.9 

3.8

3.8

4.0 

4.0 

3 9

4.1

4.1

3 9

3.9

3.9

3.8 

3.7 

3.5

3 A

3.1

3

0

3.0

5.0

6.9

7.4

7.5

8.1

9 8

10.5

10.3

10.4 

10.4

10.1

9.5

8.8

8

n

7.4

7.0

6.7

6.5

6.3 

6.1

6.1

6.2

May.

3.2 

3.3 

3.4

3 A

3.6 

3.6

3.7 

3.6 

3.4 

3.4

3.1 

2.9 

2.9

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3 

3.8 

4.0

4.6 

4.7

4.7

4.8

5.0

6.6

6.8

7.0

7.1

7.2

7.5

7.6

7.5

7.2

6.9

6.7

6.5

6.2

6.1

6.0 

6.1

6.1

6.0

5.9 

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.7 

5.8

5.8

5.7

5.7

June.

5.2 

5.2 

5.2

5 ft

5.1 

8.9

10.3 

10.7 

10.7 

10.5

9.9 

9.6 

9.4

9 0

8.4

7.9

7.5

7.2

6.9

6.6 

6.4 

6.3

5.7 

5.3

5.1

5.0

4.8

4.7

5.7

6.6

7.7

8.2

8.5

8.7

9.2

9.6

9.7

9.8

9.9

9.7

9.9

10.0

10.3

10.5 

10.6

10.8

10.9

10.9 

10.9

11.0

11.0

10.9

10.7

10.3

9.9 

9.5

9.2

8.8

July.

4.8 

5.0 

4.9 

4 9

5.0 

5.2

5.5

5.6 

5.7 

6.1

6.4

6.7 

6.9 

6.6

6-2

5.9

5.5

5.3

5.1

5.0

4.8 

4.6 

4.4

4.3

4.2 

4.2

4.2

4.0

3.9

3.9

4.0

8.7

8.5

8.3

8.0

7.8

7.5

7.3

7.0

6.8

6.5

6.2

6.0

.5.9

5.9

6.0 

5.7

5.4

5.2

5.1 

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.5 

4.3

4.2

4.1

4.0

Aug.

3.8 

3.8 

3.6

3.3 

3.8

3.4 

3.4 

3.3 

3.2

3.0

3.0 

3.0 

2.8

2.7

3.0

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.8 

2.8 

2.8

2.9

3.0 

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.3

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.7

3.9

4.0

4.1

3.8

3.8

3.8 

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.3 

4.6

5.8

6.6

8.0

8.7

8.8

8.7 

8.5

8.3

8.0

7.7

Sept.

3.2 

3.1 

2.9 

2.8

2.8 

2.8

2.8 

2.7 

2.7 

2.7

9 Q

2.8 

2.8 

3.0

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.8

2.8

2

Q 

 o

2

0 

. o

2.9

2.9

3.1 

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.2

7.5

7.2

6.9

6.7

6.4

6.2

6.2

6.1

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.6

5.6 

5.3

5.2

5.1

5.0 

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.9

4.8 

4.8

4.7

4.5

Oct.

3.1

2.9 

2.8 

2.8

2.8 

2.9

3.1 

3.2 

3.2 

3.3

3.6

3.5 

3.8 

4.0

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.2

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5 

4.6

4.6

4.6 

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.2

4.1

4.0

4.4

4.3

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.3

4.4

4.6 

5.3

5.8

6.7

7.5 

8.0

8.4

8.7

8.8

8.7

8.6

8.2 

8.0

7.8

7.6

7.4

Nov.

3.9 

3.9 

3.8 

3.8

3.8 

3.7

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.4

3.4

3.3 

3.3 

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3,2

3.1

3.1

------

7.1

7.0

6.8

6.7

6.6

6.5

6.4

6.2

6.1

6.0

6.0

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.6 

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.3 

5.2

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.9 

4.9

4.8

4.8

Dec.

------

------

......

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.2

3.2

2.5

2.5

3.2

4.2

4.6

4.4

......

......

a Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 7 and from Nov. 23 to Dec. 31. 

& Ice from Jan, 1 to Apr. 7 and from Dec, 10 to 31,
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 117

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1900-a 

1.. .............

2...............

3 ..............

4...............

6...............

7.... ...........

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

1901.6 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

8...............

9...............

10............... 

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

97

28...............

29............... in

31...............

Jan. Feb. Mar.

5.4

5.8

5.7

5.4

5.2

5.3

5.3

Apr.

3 A

3.0

3.2

3.7

3.8

4.6

5.6

5.6

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.5

4.3

4.2

4.1

4.0

4.4

4.6

4.8

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.7

5.4

5.6

5.6

5.8

6.1

6.5

6.4

6.5

6.8

7.2 

7.3

7.2

6.7

6.5

6.5

6.7

6.6

6.6

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.4

6.4

6.3

6.3

6.3

6.2

6.1

May.

3 7

3 7

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.5

3.2

3.0

2 9

2

0

2

0

2

0

2

0

2 9

2.9

2.6

2.5

2.7

2.8

2

0

2.8

2.7

2.8

2.8

3.2

3.3

3.3

6.0

6.0

6.1

6.1

6.8

6.9

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.3 

7.3

7.1

7.0

7.0

6.9

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.5

6.4

6.2

6.2

6.1

5.9

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.1

June.

3 9

3

f»

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.5

9 ^

2.4

2.4

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.8

5.0

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.5

4.3

4.2

4.1 

4.2

4 3

4.3

4.1

4.3

4.3

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.2

4.4

5.0

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.6

6.1

6.2

July.

0.8

1.0

2.0

2.6

2.9

2.9

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

3.0

3.0

2

0

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

1.8

1.5

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.0

1.0

6.0

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.9

7.0

7.1

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.0

6.9

6.8

6.7

6.6

6.4

6.1

5.8

5.5

5.3

5.0

4.8

4.5

4.3

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.9

Aug.

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.5

2.2

2.8

2.9

3.5

3.7

4.0

4.2

4.3

4.2

4.0

3.8

3:7

3.7

3.9

4.1

4.5

4.7

5.0

5.4

5.5

5.4

3.8

3.7

3.4

3.3

3.1

3.0 ^ n

2.9

2.8

2.7 

2.6

2.4

2.3

2.5

2.7

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

Sept.

5,4

5.3

5.0

4.8

4.5

4.2

4.0

3.9

4.2

4.4

5.3

5.8

5.7

5.5

5.3

5.2

5.1

5.0

5.2

5.5

5.7

5.9

5.9

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

5.9

5.8

2.6

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.5 

2.6

2.7

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.4

Oct.

5.8

5.8

5.9

5.9

6.3

6.5

6.6

6.3

6.2

6.0

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.2

5.1

5.0

4.8

4.8

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.3

4.6

4.5

4.3

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4 

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.9

3.1

^ n

3.0

2 9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.7

Nov.

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.2

4.1

4.0

3.8

3.5

2.7

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.6

1.3

1.8

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.7

2.7

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5 

2.5

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

1.9

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.3

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.5

Dec.

2 fi

2 n

2.0

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.2

1.9

1.9

1.8

2.4

3.6

3.5

2.8

1.8

2.6

2.4

2.7

3.3

3.0

2.7

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.0

2.1

1.8

......

a Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 31 approximately and from Dec. 4 to 31. 

6 Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 24 and from Dec. 1 to 31.
118 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1902.o 

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

10...............

11...............

19

13...............

14...............

15............... 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

97

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1903.6 

1.... ...........

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24...............

25...............

26............... 

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

.......

2.9

2 7

2

n

.......

2.5

Feb.

2.5

2 a

2.8

.......

3.0

.......

Mar.

1.1

1.2

1 9

1.2

1.5

1.8 

21

1.5

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.2

2

0

2.6

2 7

2.8

2 R

2.4

2.3

2.1

2.8

3.6

4

0

5.6

6.0

6.1

6.3

6.2

7.1

7.4

7.7

7.7

7.9

8.1

8.3

8.3

8.3

8.1

7.8

7.7

Apr.

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.0

1.9 

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6 

1.6

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.8

7.5

7.1

7.0

7.0

7.0

6.9

7.2

7.2

7.1

R Q

7.1

7.4

7.8

8.1

8.4

8.6

8.8

8.9

8.8

8.7

8.5

8.2

7.9

7.8

7.5

7.3 

7.2

7.2

7.1

7.1

May.

1.9

2.0

1.9

2.1

2.1

9 9

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.8

4.1 

4.3

4.5

4.4

4.3

4 9

4.2

4.3

4.3

4.4

4.5

5.6

6 Q

7.4

7.5

7.5

7 1

7.0

6.7

6.5

6.9

6.9

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.9

7.0

7.1

7.2

7.1

7.1

7.6

8

0

9 A

9 K

10.1

10.4

10.8

1A Q

10.4

10.1

9.6

9.4

9.3 

9.3

9.5

9.5

9.5

9.8

June.

6.3

6.1

6.0

6.1

6.4

6.6

6.7

6.7

6.8

6.8

6.7 

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.4 

6.2

6.1

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.2

5.1

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.7

10.5

11.3

11.9

11.9

11.5

10.8

10.2

9.5

8.9

8.3

7.6

6.8

6.0

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.1

4.8

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.8

3 7

3.6

3.6

3.4

July.

4.7

4.6

4.4

4.3

4.2

4.2

4.0

3.9

3.9

4.1

4.3 

4.3

4.3

4.1

3.9

3.8

4.0

3.8

3.5

3.4

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.8

2.8

2.9

3.3

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.5

4.5

5.9

6.4

6.7

6.7

6.7

7.0

7.3

7.6

7.7

7.5

7.2

7.0

7.0

7.0

6.5

6.2

6.0

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.4 

5.4

5.2

5.1

5.1

5.2

Aug.

3.4

3.1

2.9

2.6

2.6

2.3

2.

2.4

2.4

2.8

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1 

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

5.3

5.5

5.7

6.0

6.1

6.2

6.2

6.3

6.2

6.0

 5.8

5.6

5.3

5.1

5.0

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.6

4.5

4.3

4.1 

3.9

3.8

4.0

4.1

3.9

Sept.

1.5

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.7

2.9

3.1

2.9

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.7

2.5

2.2

2.0 

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.0

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

3.8

3.8

3.9

4.0

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.6

7.3

8.6

9.4

10.0

10.5

10.8

11.1

11.5

11.7

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.7

11.3 

10.9

10.4

9.9

9.3

Oct.

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.0

2.0

2.0 

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.3

2.3

8.8

8.3

8.6

8.0

8.0

8.3

9.5

10.8

11.6

12.2

12.7

13.0

13.3

13.5

13.4

13.1

12.8

12.5

19 1

11.6

11.1

10.7

10.2

9.8

9.4

9.0

8.6

8.3

8.0

7.6

7.3

Nov.

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.5

3.5

3.5 

3.5

3.6

3.6

3.6 

3.6

3.7

3.9

4.1

4.3

4.5

4.5

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.4

4.2

3.8

3.6

7.1

6.8

6.5

6.2

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.0

6.0

5.8

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.0

4.6

3.8

3.2

3.0

3.0

3.3

3.6

4.6 

4.6

5.2

5.5

5.0

Dec.

3.4

3.1

3.0

......

5.0

5.5

5.6

5.6

5.3

5.4

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.4

3.8

3.6

o Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 9 and from Dec. 4 to 31. 

6 Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 14 and from Dec. 1 to 31.
TTPPEB MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 119

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1904.0 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4... ............

5...............

6...............

1.. .............

8............... 9......:........

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15............... 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. .............. 

21...............

22............... 

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

39...............

30

21...............

1905.6 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

3.1

3.2

.......

3.1

3.0

2.8

2.4

2.4

2.5

0 *1

Feb.

3.0

3.1

.......

3.0

.......

3.2

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.5

Mar.

3.2

3.2

3.5

.......

4.5

5.6

"'5.7'

5.6

6.0

5.4

5.1

4.9

5.5

4.8

4.0

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.8

4.2

4.8

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.6

5.9

5.4

5.0

4.8

Apr.

5.8

5.6

5.5

5.8

6.2

6.5

8.4

8.8

9.0

9.7

9.9

9.9

9.8

9.6

9.4 

9.4

9.2

8.9

8.7

 8.5 

8.4

8.2 

8.2

8.1

8.1

8.1

8.4

8.5 

8 6

8.5

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.9

5.4

5.2

5.8

6.4

6.6

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.3

6.1

5.8

5.7

5.2

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.5

4.4

4.2

4.0

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.8

May.

8.3

8.2

8.0

7.8

7.5

7.4

7.4

7.5

7.4

7-3

7.2

7.4

7.5

7.4

7.3 

7.2

7.0

6.8

6.7

6.6 

6.4

6.3 

6.2

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.2 

6.2

6.0

5.8

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.8

4.2

4.8

6.2

7.0

6.8

6.8

7.2

8.0

8.7

8.9

10.0

10.8

11.2

11.7

11.7

11.6

11.5

11.2

11.0

10.8

10.6

10.3

9.9

9.4

9.0

8.6

8.1

June.

5.7

5.6

5.7

5.9

6.2

6.8

7.2

7.5

7.7

7.8

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.3 

6.9

6.6

6.3

5.9

5.6 

5.4

5.3 

5.1

5.0

5.0

4.9

5.0

5.1 

5.3

5.2

7.6

7.1

6.9

6.9

7.0

7.0

7.4

7.9

8.1

8.1

8.4

8.4

8.3

8.3

8.1

8.0

8.5

8.9

9.5

10.1

10.4

10.5

10.4

10.3

10.3

10.4

10.7

11.1

11.4

11.6

July.

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.1

5.0

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.8

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.5

4.4

4.2 

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.9

3.9 

3.8

3.7 

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4 

3.3

3.4

3.5

11.6

11.5

11.6

11.7

12.0

12.5

13.1

13.8

14.3

14.6

14.8

14.7

14.5

14.3

14.0

13.7

13.2

12.7

12.3

11.8

11.4

11.1

10.7

10.4

10.1

9.8

9.5

9.4

9.0

8.7

8.2

Aug.

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.1

2.9

2.9

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0 

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.9 

3.1

3.2 

3.5

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.8

3.8 

3.8

3.5

3.2

7.8

7.5

7.3

7.2

7.2

7.3

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.1

7.1

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.1

7.9

8.0

8.0

8.2

7.9

7.8

7.6

7.5

7.5

7.2

6.9

6.7

6.6

6.4

Sept.

2.9

2.8

3.6

4.2

4.4

4.6

5.1

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.0

4.7

4.3

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.4

3.3 

3.1

3.0 

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

3.0 

3.0

2.9

6.3

6.1

6.1

6.0

6.0

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.7

5.7

5.8

5.7

6.5

7.0

7.4

7.3

7.2

7.0

6.9

6.7

6.5

6.2

6.0

Oct.

3.2

3.5

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.7

4.0

4.2

5.8

6.0

6.0

6.4 

6.7

6.9

6.8

6.8

7.0 

7.1

7.5

7.7

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.8 

7.5

7.2

6.8

5.9

5.8

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.8

5.1

5.3

5.4

5.6

5.7

5.9

5.9

5.9

6.0

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.6

Nov.

6.5

6.2

5.9

5.6

5

K

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.0

4 7

4.8

4.8

4.6

4.5

4.5 

4.4

4.3

4.1

4.1

4.0 

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.7 

3.6

3.4

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.2

5.4

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.5

5.6

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.1

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.8

5.0

5.3

5.4

5.6

5.9

Dec.

3.2

3.0

2.8

2 7

0 A

2.6

2 7

3.0

3.2

3.5

3.7

3 7

......

......

6.0

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.4

6.5

7.1

7.6

7.4

7.3

6.9

6.8

6.6

6.4

6.3

7.0

8.2

9.2

8.0

7.8

7.3

7.1

a Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 31 and from Dec. 1 to 31.

6 Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 6 and from Nov. 30 to Dec. 31.
120 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,fot 1892-1910

Continued.

Day.

1906.0 

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4... ............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17............... 

18............... 

19...............

20...............

91

22............... 

23...............

24............... 

25...............

26...............

27...............

28............... 

29............... 

30............... 

31...............

1907.6 

1................

2...............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12............... 

13............... 

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21............... 

22............... 

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

6.7

6.8

.......

.......

5.4

""s.'s"

5.8

5.8

5.3

--.....

'"h'.B

Feb.

5.2

5.4

.......

5.5

.......

5.7

6.2

~"5."8~

6.0

6.3

Mar.

6.1

6.0

.......

6.1

""e.'s"

6.1

'"6.8

6.0

6.5

8.6

8.8

9.1

11.1

11.3 

11.8

12.3

Apr.

7.5

7.2

7.8

8.3

o n

10.0

10.2

11.0

11.4

11.2

10 9

10.9

10.8

10.9

11.2

11.5

11.8 

11.9 

12.0

11.9

11.8 n.5

n

o

10.9 

10.6

10.3

10.0

9.6 

9.4 

9.1

13.0

13.2

13.1

13.3

13.0

12.8

12.7

12.6

11 Q

11.7

11.6 

11.3 

11.1

10.8

in ^i

10.0

9 7

9.4

9 9

9.0

8.7 

8.5

8.3

7.9

7.8

7.5

7.5 

7.3

May.

9.0

8.8

8.9

8.9

8.8

8.8

8.6

8.4

8.4

8.4

8.2

8.0

8.0

7.9

7.8

7.7 

7.6 

7.5

7.5

7.7

8.4 

o n

9.8 

10.0

10.3

10.8

11.2 

11.6

11.8 

12.0

7.3

7.4

7.4

7.3

7.1

6.9

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.5

6.4

6.2 

6.2

6.0

6.2

6.3

6.3

6.3

6.2

6.2 

6.3 

6.3

6.2

6.2

6.6

7.0

7.5

8.0 

8.5

8.7

June.

12.0

12.0

12.0

11.8

11.7

11.8

19 1

12.3

12.5

12.7

13.1

13.3

13.2

13.0

12.6

12.2

11.8 

11.3 

10.9

10.6

10.6

10.5 

10.4

10.3 

10.2

10.2

10.1

10.2 

10-2 

10-3

8.9

8.9

8.8

8.6

8.4

8.3

8.1

7.9

7.7

7.6

8.2

8.9 

9.5 

10.0

10.4

10.6

10.9

11.0

11.0

in o

10.8 

10.8 

10.8

10.8

10.9

10.8

10.8

10.7

10.7 

10.4

July.

10.3

10.3

10.4

10.5

10.5

10.6

10.4

10.2

10.0

9.8

9.5

9.2

9

n

8.6

8.3

8.0

7.8 

7.5 

7.3

7.1

6.9

6.8 

6.6

6.5 

6.2

6.1

5.9

6.0 

6.2 

fr.1 

6.1

10.1

9.9

9.8

9.4

9.0

8.6

8.4

8.1

7.9

8.1

6.8

6.4 

6.1 

6.0

6.3

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.2 

6.3 

6.2

6.2

6.7

6.5

6.4

6.3

6.2 

6.0

5.9

Aug.

6.0

5.9

5.8

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.7

6.4

6.7

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.8

6.9 

6.9 

6.8

6.7

6.5

6.3 

6.5

6.7 

6.8

7.2

7.6

7.9

8.1 

8.3 

8.4

5.7

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.1

4.9

4.9

4.8

4.9

4.9

4.7

4.6 

4.3 

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.5

4.4

4.5

4.7

5.1 

5.5 

5.5

5.4

5.2

5.0

4.9

4.9

5.0 

5.0

5.3

Sept.

8.4

8.4

8.2

8.0

7.8

7.6

7.4

7.2

7.0

6.8

6.7

6.5

6.5

6.4

6.3

6.3

6.2 

6.2 

6.2

6.2

6.5

6.6 

7.0

7.2 

7.6

8.0

8.2

8.3 

8.2 

8.1

5.2

5.1

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.2

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.7 

3.6 

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.7

4.2

4.5

5.0

5.3

5.7 

6.0

6.2

6.3

6.3

6.0

5.7

5.5 

5.2

Oct.

8.0

7.9

7.7

7.6

7.4

7.2

7.0

6.8

6.6

6.3

6.2

6.1

5.9

5.8

5.6

5.5

5.4 

5.2 

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.0 

5.0

5.2 

5.6

6.1

6.6

6.9 

7.1

7.5 

7.7

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.5 

4.5 

4.3

4.2

4 1

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0 

4.0

3 O

3.9

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.9 

3.8

3.8

Nov.

7.8

7.9

7.9

7.8

7.7

r.e

7.6

7.6

7.6

7.6

7.5

7.4

7.3

7.2

7.0

6.9

6.9 

7.0 

6.5

6.2

5.7

5.5

5.2

5.2 

5.0

5.7

5.9

6.1 

6.2 

6.3

3.8

3.9

3.9

4.0

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.0

4 n

3.9 

3.9 

3.8

3.3

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.3

3.3

3.4 

3.4 

3.4

3.4

3.2

3.1

3.0

3.0

3.1

2.8

Dec.

6.4

6.0

5.5

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.5

5.5

5.4

6.6

'"i'.s

......

6.2

------

2.6

2.0

1.9

1.6

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.4

2.0

2.0

......

2. &

......

3.0

""i'i

a Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 31 and from Dee. 1 to 31. 

& Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 23 and from Dec. 1 to 31.
tlPPEE MISSISSIPPI BIVER BASINS. 121

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1908.o 

1.. .............

2............... 

3............... 

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22..............

23...............

24............... 

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1909.& 

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6............... 

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12...............

14...............

15....... .......

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

-------

........

2.6

2.2

""2.T

2.2

2.7

2.3

2.4

3.1

3.2

""3.T

3.0

3

1

3.0

3.0

3.0

Feb.

.......

2.5

3.4

.......

3.3

3.2

""3." 2'

3.1

3.5

3.6

3.6

3.4

3.6

3.4

3.0

Mar.

-------

3.8 

3.6

3.4

4.3

4.1

4.1

4.4

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.1

5.1

5.4

5.5

5.7

5.7

2.8

2.7

3.5

""O"

4.9

5.0

5.3

5.1

4.7

4.4

4.5

4.3

4.5

4.9

5.5

5.8

6.4

7.8

8.3

8.7

9.6

Apr.

5.9

5.4 

5.1 

5.3

5.3 

5.4

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.3 

5.1

5.1

5.0

5.0

4.8

5.2

5.0

5.0 

5.1

5.4

5.8

6.2

6.7

7.1

10.5

11.4

12.4

13.0

13.0

12.8

19 7

12.5

12.2

11.9

11.8 

11.4

11.0

10.5

10.2

9

0

9.5

9.3

9 1

8.8

8.6

8.3

8.2

8.0

7.8

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.4 

7.4

May.

7.4

7.5 

7.5 

7.4

7.1 

7.1

6.7

6.4

6.1

5 Q

5.8

5.6

5.8

5.7

6.0

6.4 

6.8

7.0

7.1

7

O

7.8

8.1

8.2

8.5 

9.1

9.4

9 9

10.5

11.1

11.8

12.5

7.4

7.4

7.3

7.3

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.6

7.6

7.6

7.5 

7.4

7 9

7.0

6.8

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.8 

6.9

6.9

June.

13.6

14.5 

15.1 

15.3

15.2 

14.9

14.5

14.4

14.0

H o

14 4

14.6

14.9

15.0

14.8

14.5 

14.1

13.6

13.3

12.5

12.2

12.2

12.2 

12.3

13.0

14.7

16.3

16.8

16.7

6.9

7.4

7.8

8.1

8.2

8.5 

8.7

8.8

8.5

8.4

8.2 

7 9

7.6

7.8

8.0

8.0

8.1

8.2

8.1

8.0

7.9

7.8

7.6

7.4

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

7.2

July.

16.4

16.0 

15.5 

15.0

14.4 

13.9

13.4

12.9

12.7

12.3

11.8

11.6

11.3

11.0

10.6

10.3 

10.1

10.0

9.7

9

K

9.2

9.1

9.0

8.8 

8.6

8.3

8.0

7.6

7.5

7.6

7.4

7.2

7.4

7.4

7.3

7.4

7.4 

7.3

7.2

7.1

6.8

6.5 

6.5

6.3

5.9

5.6

5.1

5.1

5.0

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.7

4.7

5.4

5.5

5.3

5.2

5.1 

5.0

4.7

Aug.

7.3

7.1 

6.9 

6.5

6.4

6 9

6.0

5.9

5.7

5.4

5.3

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.5 

4.5

4.4

4.6

4 5

4.4

4.3

4.1

4.0 

4.0

3.9

3.9

4.0

3.9

3.9

3.8

4.4

4.3

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.8 

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5 

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.4

5.7

6.1

6.3

6.3

6.3

6.2

6.0

5.7

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.1 

4.9

4.7

Sept.

3.8

4.0 

3.9 

3.9

3.9 

4.0

3.9

3.6

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.6

3.2

3.2

3.0 

3.1

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.5

3.5 

3.6

3.2

3.6

3.4

3.5

3.8

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.3

4.2

4.0 

3.°

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.5 

3.4

3.8

4.0

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.7

4.0

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.9 

3.6

Oct.

3.9 

3.9 

3.9

3.9 

3.8

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.6

3.7

3.5

3.4 

3.4

3.3

3.0

Q 4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4 

3.5

3.5

3.8

3.9

3.8

4.0

4.0

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.2 

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.5 

3.4

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.2

3.3

3.2

3.3 

3.3

2.9

Nov.

3.9

3.9 

3.9 

3.9

3.8 

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.9

3.3

3.2

3.4

3.2

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.8

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.8

3.0

3.1

2.9

3.1

3.5 

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.5 

3.3

3.4

3.4

3.6

3.8

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.8

4.2

4.4

4.5

4.3

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.9

4.9 

5.0

Dec.

3.0

"T.6

3.2

9 ft

3

n

2.8

2.8

2.8

2.9

5.1

5.4

5.6

5.8

5.8

4.1

5.1

5.0

4.9

4.8

«Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 15 and from Nov. 25 to Dec. 31. 

6 Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 14 and from Nov. 21 to Dec. 31.
122 STTEFACE WATEB StTPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1910.0 

1...............

2...............

3............... 

4............... 

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.3

3.3

3.1

3.2

3.1

Feb.

3.2

""3." 2"

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.4

3.4

Mar.

4

C

5 4

6.0

6.8

7.3

7.0

7.5

8.8

9.4

9.9

10.3

10.6

10.4

10.6

10.4

10.2

9.9

9.3

8.7

8.5

8.1

7.8

7.5

7.3

Apr.

7.0

6.6

6.4 

6.0 

5.9

5.6

5.6

5.6

5 7

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.2

5.1

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.8 4.8"

4.8

5.1

5.2

5

0

5.3

5.4

5.4

5.5

5.4

5

0

5.1

May.

5.0

4.9

4.5 

4.3 

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.1

4 0

4.0

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.8

3.5

3.8

3.8

3.4

3.8

3.4

3.4

3.2

June.

3.2

3.0

3.0 

3.2 

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.8

2.3

2.7

2.5

2.3

2.0

2.3

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.6

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.4

July.

1.6

1.8

1.5 

1.3 

1.4

1.2

0.9

.8

.8

1.2

.9

.9

1.0

.9

.9

1.0

.9

.8

.8

.7

.6

.6

.6

1.1

.7

.6

.5

.5

.5

.8

.8

Aug.

0.6

.6

.8 

.8 

.6

.6

.7

.7

.8

.7

.6

.6

.7

.7

.7

.8

.8

.8

.8

.9

1.0

.9

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

, .8

.8

.8

Sept.

0.9

.9

1.0 

1.1 

1.0

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

1.0

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

1.0

Oct.

1.0

1.0

1.0 

1.0 

1.3

1.3

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.3

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.7

.7

.8

.6

.6

.5

.5

.3

Nov.

0.3

.3

.5 

1.1 

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.8

.5

.4

.3

.6

.5

.3

.2

- .3

- .2

__ i 1

.1

.1

0

0

0

0

.1

Dec.

- 0.2

- .1

.3

.2

.8

.4

.3

.4

a Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 7 and from Nov. 29 to Dec. 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., for 1892-1910.

Day.

1892. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7...... 

8...... 

9...... 

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18...--.

19......

20--....

21......

22......

23......

24...... 

25......

Jan.

.......

Feb.

.......

Mar.

4,000

4,000

4,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

8,100 

6,790 

6,440 

9,180

10,600

10,600

10,600

8,950

8,730

8,300 

7,900

7,140

7,140

6,960

6,440

6,620

6,280

5,960 

6,120

Apr.

10,600

11,400

12,700

12,700

10,600

10,600

10,900 

11,200 

10,900 

10,600

10,100

9,180

8,950

10,600

10,400

9,880 

9,400

8,730

8,520

9,180

8,100

7,330

7,330

6,960 

6.620

May.

8,520

9,180

9,400

9,640

9,640

10.600

11,200 

11,700 

10,600 

14,000

15,600

16,400

16,400

17,200

18,000

18,500 

18,500

18,900

19,800

28,300

33,800

36,800

40 100

42^800 

45,100

June.

39,500

37,400

35,800

34,300

32,700

26,800

30,200 

28,800 

30,700

29,700

25,400

25,400

25,400

24,900

26,800 

29,200

29,200

30,200

30,200

30,700

30,200

29,200

27,300 

26,300

July.

23,900

21,600

20,700

19,400

18,000

16,800

16,000 

15,200 

14,000 

13,000

12,000

11,400

10,900

10,400

9,640

9,640 

9,400

9,400

10,600

10,600

10,900

10,600

10,900

10,600 

10,400

Aug.

15,200

14,400

16.000

16,000

13,000

12,300

11, 700 

12,000 

11,400 

11,200

10,600

10,400

9,880

9,880

9,400

9,400 

9,180

8,730

8,520

8,300

8,100

7,900

7,700

7,520 

7.520

Sept.

7,520

7,520

8,300

8,100

7,900

7,700

7,700 

7,520 

7,520 

7,520

7,700

8,300

8,300

8,520

8,300

7,900 

7,520

7,330

6,960

6,790

6,790

6,790

6,620

6,620 

6,440

Oct.

6,440

6,620

6,640

6,640

6,280

6,440

6,280 

6,280 

6,280 

6,120

6,120

6,120

6,120

5,960

5,960

5,960 

5,800

6,120

5,960

5,800

5,800

5,640

5,640

5,500 

5,500

Nov

5,060

5,060

4,920

4,920

4,920

4,920

4,920 

4,920 

4,920 

4,920

4.780

4,780

4,920

4.920

4,780

4,500 

4,110

3,980

4,110

4,110

3,980

3,980

3,980

3,610 

3,600

Dec.

......

......

......
UPPER MISSISSIPPI KIVEB BASINS. 123

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1892. 

26. .....

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

1893. 

1......

1......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7-.-.-.

8......

9......

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19......

20......

21...... 

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

1894. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10. .....

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

Jan.

.......

.......

Feb.

.

Mar.

4,920

5.200

5,500

5,640

8,300

9,880

4,000

4,000

4,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

6,000

8,620

9,070

8,200

7,800

7,020

6,640

6,840

6,840

6,840

6,840

6,840

7,020

7,600

8,000

8,200

8,200

8,200

6,640

5,560

4,900

4,430

6,100

7,020

8,000

Apr.

7,140

6,960

6,960

7,700

8,300

18,900

22,500

24,900

28,800

32,700

34,300

34,800

34,800

35,800

36,300

35,300

35,300

34,800

33,200

32,700 

31,200

31,200

30,700

29,700

29,700

29, 700 

28,800

27,300

27,300

27,800

30,200

34,300

37,400

41,200

44,500

7,220

6,840

6,840

5,920

6,100

6,100

5,920

5,920

5,920

6,460

6,640

7,020

7,220

7,410

7,600

8,200

9,310'

11,500

15,500

19,800

24,400

28,300

31,700

33,800

34,800

33,800

32,200

30,200

28,300

27,300

May.

45,700

45,100

44,500

43,400

41,700

41,200

47,500

52,400

55,600

57,500

58,800

58,800

58)800

58,200

56,800

54,900

52,400

49,900

47,500

46,300

43,400 

41,700

40,600

39,500

37,900

36,800

35,300 

33,200

31,700

30,200

30,200

31,700

32,200

32, 700

32,700

31,700

30,700 

26,800

27,300

28,300

28,800

28,300

28,800

28,300

28,300

27,800

27,800

27,300

25,800

23,900

23,900

23,500

24,900

28,800

32,200

38,400

40,600

41,200

40,600

38,400

35,300

32,200

29,200

25,800

23,900

21,600

20,200

19.400

June.

25 400

25*400

25,800

25,400

24,900

29,200

27,800

26,300

23,900

22,500

22,100

21,100

19,800

18,500

17,600

16,800

15,900

14,700

14,000 

13,200

12,800

12,200

11,500

11,200

10,900 

10,600

9,800

9,550

9,550

9,550

9,550

9,070

8,840

18,000

17,200

15,900

15, 100

14,700

14,000

12,800

12,200

11,200

10,600

10,100

9,550

9,310

8,840

8,410

8,200

8,000

7,800

7,600

7,410

7,020

7,020

6,640

6,100

6,100

6,100

5,920

5,920

5,740

5,920

July.

10 400

1 c Rf\n

16,400

15,200

15,600

15,600

8,410

8,000

7,800

8,000

7,800

7,410

7,800

7,800

7,600

7,800

8,000

8,000

8,000 

7,800

7,600

7,410

7,220

7,020

6,640 

6,460

6,280

5,920

5,740

5,560

5,560

5,400

5,400

4,900

5,060 

5,740

5,740

5,560

5,400

5,220

5,060

4,900

4,580

4,430

4,430

4,430

4,430

4,280

4,130

4,130

3,980

3,690

3,690

3,690

3,980

3,840

3,400

3,260

3,400

3,400

2,980

2,980

2,840

2,710

1,920

2,440

Aug.

7,330

7 140

7*140

6*960

7,520

7,700

4 Qftft

4 onn

4,900

4 740

4, 740

4,740

4 740

4,740

4,430

4,280

4,130

4,280

4 430

4*. 580

4,900 

4,900

4,900

4,900

4,740

4,740

4,740 

4,740

4,740

4,580

4,740

4,430

4,280

4,430

5,060

5,220

5,400 

2,310

2,180

2,180

2,440

2,180

1,920

2,180

2,310

2,050

2,310

3,260

3,540

3,980

4,280

3,980

4,130

3,980

3,690

3,980

4,130

4,130

4,280

4,280

4,430

4,280

4,130

4,130

4,280

3,690

3,840

3,980

Sept.

6 440

6 440

6,280

6 440

6,620

5,740

6,100

5 74ft

5 74ft

5,920

5,740

5,560

5,560

5,920

5,740

5,920

6,100

6,100 

6,100

6,100

6,100

6,280

6,280

6,100 

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,740

5,920

3,840

3,540

3,840

3,840

3,840

3,690

3,840

3,980

4,130

4,130

3,980

4,130

4,130

4,130

4,130

4,280

4,280

4,280

3,980

3,840

3,690

3,690

3,840

3,840

3,980

3,980

3,690

3,690

3,690

3,840

Oct.

5

CAA

5,340

5,340

5,200

5,200

5,200

5,740

5,920

5,740

5,560

5,740

6,280

6,280

6,100

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920 

5,920

6,100

6,100

6,100

6,100

6,100 

6,100

6,100

6,100

6,100

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920

5,920

6,100 

3,980

4,430

4,430

4,430

4,430

4,280

4,580

4,580

4,430

4,430

4,580

4,740

4,580

4,430

4,280

4,130

4,130

3,840

3,840

3,980

4,430

4,130

4,130

3,980

4,130

3,980

3,840

3,840

4,130

4,280

4,580

Nov.

3

Cf\n

3,500

3 400

3,400

6,100

5,400

5,920

5,400

5,400

5 74ft

5,740

5,560

5,220

5,060

5,060

4,900

4,900 

4,900

4,580

4,430

4,130

3,400

3,260 

3,400

3,260

3,120

2,980

2,440

3,260

4,130

4,280

4,280

4,580

4,580

4,740

4,740

4,740

4,580

4,740

4,740

4,580

4,430

4,280

4,130

4,280

4,280

4,280

4,280

2,980

2,980

3,120

4,130

4,430

4,130

3,260

3,260

3,690

3,690

3,540

3,500

3,500

3,500

Dec.

3 980

3', 840

4,130

4,130

3 QSC1

4,280

4,280

4,280

4,280

......

3,450

3,400

3,350

3,300

3,200

3,150

3,100

3,050

3,000

2,950

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,820

2,750

2,690

2,590

2,500

2,400

2,300

2,200

2,100

2,000

1,900
124 SUEFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1&10, PABT V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1895. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

7......

8......

9. .....

10......

11......

12. .....

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

10

20......

21......

22......

23...... 

24......

25......

26......

27......

28...... 

29......

30......

31......

1896. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

8. .....

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

16......

16......

17......

18......

1». .....

30.

21......

SB......

38......

24......

35......

26......

37......

28......

39......

36......

31......

1897. 

1...... 

2...... 

3...... 

4...... 

5......

Jan.

1,900

1.830

1,760

1,710

1,680

1,650

1,620

1,590

1,560

1,310

1,420

1,530

1,590

1,650

1,710

1,660

1,610

1,560

1,500

1,540

1,590

1,550

1,340

1,400

1,380

1,400

1,420

1,440 

1,520

1,250

1 200

5,300 

5,340 

5,200 

5,100 

4,950

Feb.

1,060

1,320

1,300

1,220

1,370

1,460

1,360

.......

3,400 

a, 450 

3,320 

3,330 

3,400

Mar.

2,630

2.750 

2,990

3,110

3.110

3,610

4,110 

3,980

3,980

S QBfi

2,170

1,950

2,060

2,170

2,400

2,400

1,840

2,170

1,950

1,420

1,420

1,520

1,420

1,520

1,950

1,950

2,170

2,170

2,280

2,520

2,630

3,230

3,250 

3,300 

3,360 

3,340 

3,310

Apr.

3,610

3,610

3,610

3,490

3,610

3,610

3,610

3,490

3,610

3,360

3,610

3,860

3,610

3,610

3,490

3,490

3,370

3,370

3,230

3,230

3,230

3,370

3,490 

3,110

2,990

3,110

3,490

3,110 

2,750

3,490

3,230

2,400

2,280

2,870

3,600

4,110

4,500

4,640

4,640

4 fun

5,060

5,960

8,100

17,600

23,500

29,200

34,300

35,300

33,800

31,200

29,200

26,800

24,900

23,500

21,100

20,200

19,400

18,000

18,500

Ift, 800

68,800 

6% 700 

74,000 

78,300 

80,100

May.

3,230

3,370

3,490

3,730

3,980

4,110

4,780

4,920

5,060

5,060

5,640

5,340

5,340

5,200

4,920

5,200

4,920

4,920

4,640

4,240

4,640

4,500

4,240 

4,240

4,240

4,370

4,240

4,500 

4,640

4,640

4,500

21.600

23,500

24,900

26,300

27 300

27,800

28,300

27,300

26,800

25,800

25,400

23,900

23,900

23,900

24,400

24,900

27,800

29,700

31,700

34,300

34,300

33,800

32,700

31,700

30,200

29,200

29,200

2»,200

29.200

28,300

29,800 

28,800 

27,900 

25,600 

24,200

June.

4,640

4,920

6,120

5,960

5,800

6,280

6,120

6,280

6,440

6,620

8,100

8,520

8,520

9,180

9,400

9,640

9,640

9.400

8,950

8,300

7,900

7,700

7,520 

7,330

7,140

7,140

7,140

7,330 

7,520

7,700

27 300

25,400

24,400

22,500

22,100

20,200

22,100

22,500

23,500

24,900

25,800

26,300

26,300

25,400

23,900

22,100

20,200

18,500

17,200

16,400

15,600

14,000

14,400

15,200

16,000

16,400

16,800

16,000

14,400

13,700

16,200 

11,000 

11,000 

11,000 

11,600

July.

7,700

7,900

7,700

7,140

6,620

6,620

6,440

6,440

6,820

6,620

6,120

5,960

5,800

5,500

5,640

5,500

5,340

5,800

5,640

5,340

5,060

4,780

4,780 

4,640

4,640

4,640

4,640

4,500 

4,240

4,640

4,240

12,700

11,700

11,400

11,200

10,900

10,100

9,880

9,640

8,950

8,730

8,520

8,520

8,300

8,100

7,900

7,330

6,790

6,440

6,280

6,120

6,280

5,960

5,960

5,800

5,800

5,640

5,500

5,060

4,920

4,780

4,640

14,400 

14,800 

15,200 

15, 600 

20,200

Aug.

4,110

3,980

3,610

3,610

3,490

3,730

3,370

3,490

3,610

3,980

4,370

4,500

4,640

4,780

5,340

4,920

4,920

5,200

4,920

5,200

4,920

4,640

4,500 

4,640

4,640

4,500

4,780

4,640 

4,640

4,500

4,500

4,780

4,640

4,640

5,060

4,500

4,500

4,640

5,060

4,920

4,920

5,200

5,340

5,640

5.800

5,800

5,640

5,500

5,340

5,200

5,060

5,060

4,920

5,060

5,060

5,200

4,920

4,920

4,920

4,780

4,640

4,780

24,600 

23,700 

23,300 

22,400 

21,500

Sept.

4,640

4,240

4,500

4,500

4,640

4,640

4,780

4,920

4,780

4,920

4,920

4,920

4,920

4,780

4,500

4,240

4,780

4,500

4,640

4,640

4,780

5,060

5,340 

5,640

5,500

5,340

5,200

5,200 

5,200

5,060

5,060

4,640

4,500

4,110

4,110

3,980

4,110

4,370

4,500

4,780

4,920

4,780

4,640

4,640

4,780

5,200

5,340

5,340

5,340

5,200

5,060

4,920

4,920

4,920

4,780

4,920

5,060

5,060

5,060

4,920

8,500 

8,500 

8,720 

8,720 

8,720

Oct.

5,500

5,060

5,200

5,200

5,060

5,200

5,060

5,200

5,200

5,060

5,060

5,060

4,780

4,500

4,780

4,640

4,780

4,640

4,500

4,500

4,240

4,500

4,240 

4,370

4,240

4,240

4,110

3,860 

4,240

4,110

4,110

5,060

5,060

4,920

5,060

4,780

5,200

4,780

4,640

4,640

4,780

4,780

5,060

5,200

5,200

5,340

5,200

5,200

5,060

5,060

5,200

5,200

5,060

4,920

4,920

5,060

4,920

4,780

4,920

4,780

5,340

5,640

10,100 

9,800 

9,550 

9,070 

9,310

Nov.

4,110

3,860

3,860

3,860

4,110

4,240

3,860

4,110

4,240

4,110

3,980

4,240

4,110

4,110

4,240

4,240

4,110

3,980

4,110

4,240

3,490

3,110

3,110 

2,990

3,110

3,110

3,110

3,000 

3,000

3,000

5,640

5,640

6,280

6,120

6,120

6,120

6,280

6,440

6,280

6,280

5,800

5,200

4,780

4,920

5,060

4 fi4A

4,920

4,920

4,920

4,370

4,240

4,640

4,200

4,200

4 200

4,200

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

7,600 

7,800 

7,800 

7,800 

7,600

Dec.

......

4,500

5,000

4,580

4,490

4,550

4,510

4,470

4,430

4,390

4,300

4,290

4,290

4,280

4,280

4,270

4,270

4,260

4,250

4,250

4,240

4,530

4,150

4,260

4,360

4,460

4,570

4,670

4,550

4,430

4,500
TTPPEB MISSISSIPPI BIVEB BASINS. 125

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1897. 

6......

7......

8......

9......

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16...... 

17......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26. .....

27......

28. .....

29......

30...... 

31......

1898. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

1899. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9...... io......

Jan.

4,810

5,010

5,210

5,100

5,170

5,240

4,500

4,520

4,560

4,600

4,390 

4,340

4,290

4,240

4,080

3,880

3,680

3,480

3,440

3,400

3,350

3,340

3,050

3,200 

3,300

Feb.

3,400

3,420

3,440

8,460

8,480

3,500

3,550

3,490

3,450

3,410

3,380 

3,270

3,170

3,130

3,180

3,230

3,280

3,350

3,390

3,270

3,190

3,120

3,200

 ----

Mar.

3,170

3,220

3,270

3,320

3,150

3,230

3,320

3,000

3,060

3,120

3,180 

3,160

3,320

4,250

5,440

9,400

11,000

14,400

18,900

22,400

25,600

27,400

29,300

30,300

41,200 

48,900

4,000

4,000

4,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

7,700

7,900

8,520

8,730

8,520

7,520

6,620

8,730

8 inn

7,900

7,700

8 snn

7,900

7 900

7' 700

6,440

7 140

7 Qon

7,520

6,120

6,120 7 tin

Apr.

80,800

79,300

78,600

79,300

78,600

77,000

74,000

70,200

67,300

63,600

60,100

58,000

56,000

52,100

50,200

47,700

45,900

44,700

42,400

40,600

38,400

36,800

34,700

32,700

31,300 

7,900

7,520

7,520

7,520

7,900

8,100

8,100

8,100

8,100

7,900

7.900

8,300

8,300

8,100

8,520

8,520

8,300

8 inn

8,100

7

QAA

7,700

7

Q5f\

7,140

6,620

6,790

6 440

6 440

6 440

6 

' 440

8,000

8,000

9,000

9,000

9,000

9,000

10,600

17,200

19,400

May.

22,800

21,500

20,200

18,900

17,600

16,800

16,400

15,600

15,200

14,800

14,400 

14,100

14,100

14,100

14,100

14,100

13,300

12,600

11,900

11,600

11,300

11,300

11,000

10,700

10,400 

10,400

6,790

6,960

7,140

7,140

7,520

7,520

7,700

7,520

7,140

7 140

6,620

6,620

6,280

6,280

6,620

6 440

6 440

6^620

6,790

6,960

7 900

8^300

8,950

9 ({An

9,880

9,400

9 OCA

10,100

10,600

10,600

15,200

16,000

16,800

17,600

18,000

18,500

19,800

20,200

19,800

18,500

June.

11,900

12,300

12,600

12,300

12,300

12,600

12,300

11,600

11,900

11,900

12,300 

12,300

12,600

13,300

14,100

14,800

15,200

15,600

15,200

14,800

13,700

13,000

13,000

13,300

14,100 

11,200

11,200

11,200

10,600

10,900

26,300

33,200

35,300

35,300

34,300

32,700

31,200

oo con

OC QArt

oo QAfl

 31 finn

IQ son

 to cnA

17,200

1 A ftfiA

15,200

14,800

13,700

12,700

11 400

10 900 lo'eoo

10,100

9

QQA

19 7nn

16,000

23,000

24,400

25,400

97 Sfifi

29,700

30,200

30,700

July.

24 600

29,' 300

40,100

45,900

47,700

49,600

48,900

47,700 AK onft

43,500

47,700 

39,000

36,300

31,800

30,800

29,300

28 400

27,900

27,400

O7 Qnfl

27,000

25,600 

25,100

10,100

10,600

10,400

10,400

10,600

11,200

12,000

12,300

12 700

14^000

15,200

16 400

17 200

16,000

14 400

10 OAA

12 000

11*400

10,900

10 600

10,100

9 640

9

1QA

8

QKn

8

7OA

8

7OA

8

7OA

S snft

8,100

8 inn

Q OAA

25,400

25,400

24,400

23,500

22,100

21,100

19,800

18,900

17,600

16,800

Aug.

20 fiflf)

19,300

19,700

18,900

17,200

16,000

14,800

13,700

12,600

11,900

11,300

11,000

10,700

10,700

10,400

10,200

10,200

9,900

9,650

9,650

9,650

9 ifin

8,940

8,720

8,500 

8,500

7,900

7,900

7,520

7,330

6,960

7,900

7,140

7,140

6,960

6,790

6,440

6,440

6,440

6,120

5,960

fi &M\

6,120

6,120

6,120

5,960

6,120

6,120

6,120

6,280

6 440

6 440

6 440

6,620

6,790

6

Q£A

S ofift

8,300

7,900

7,700

7,700

7,520

7,330

7 330

7^330

7,330

7,700

Sept.

8,940

8,940

8,720

8,720

8,500

8,500

8,500

8,720

O dnfl

9,900

10,900 

11,800

11,800

11,800

11,500

11,200

U Ertft

11,500

11,200

10,900

10,300

10 300

10*300

10 300

10,100 

6,790

6,620

6,280

6,120

6,120

6,120

6,120

5,960

5,960

S Qfifl

6,280

6,120

6,120

6 440

6^620

6,620

6,440

6 440

6*120

6,120

6,120

6,120

6,280

6,280

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,790

19,800

18,500

17,200

16,400

15,200

14,400

14,400

14,000

13,300

13,000

Oct.

9,070

9,070

8,840

8,840

8,620

8,200

8,410

8,410

8,200

8,000

8,000 

8,000

7 snn

8,200

8,200

i8,200

8,200

8,410

8,200

8,000

7 snn

7,800

7,600 

7,600

6,620

6,280

6,120

6,120

6,120

6,280

6,620

6,790

6,790

6,960

7,520

7 330

7^900

8 snn

8,300

8,520

8,520

8

7*Jrt

8,730

8,950

9,180

9 400

9,640

9,640

9,640

9 Ann

9,400

9,180

8,730

8,520

8,300

9,180

8,950

8,730

8,730

8,730

8,520

8,520

8,520

8,300

8,300

Nov.

7.600

7 fiftn

7,600

7,600

7,410

7,220

7,220

7,220

7,220

7,220

7,220 

7,020

7,020

fi 84ft

6,640

6,460

6

Afif\

5,920

5 400

5,220

5,060

A. onn

4,800

4,700

8,100

7,900

7,900

7,900

7,700

7,330

7,330

7,330

7,140

7,140

6,960

6,960

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,790

6,620

6,620

6,000

6,000

6,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

18,500

18,000

17,600

16,800

16,400

16,000

15,600

15,200

14,400

14,000

Dec.

......

9,880

9,880

9,640

9,400

8,730

8,730

5,640

5,640

6,700

6,790
126 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1899. 

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16. .....

17......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28

29......

30......

31......

1900. 

1......

2. .....

3......

4......

5......

6......

8......

9......

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28. .....

29......

30......

31......

1901. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9

10......

11......

12...... 13

14......

15......

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.

19, 800

22,500

30,700

33,200

33,800

33,800

32,200

on o(Yl

25,800

19,400

17,600

16,400

15,600

14,800

14,000

14,000

14,400

7,140

6,790

7,700

7,900

9,640

12,300

10,600

10, 100

8,950

8,730

8,520

8,300

9,180

9,640

8,730

8,300

8,100

7,900

7,900

11,700

12,300

14,000

15.600

15,200

16,800

18,900

1 Q Cflfl

15,600

May.

17,200

16,400

15,600

14,400

14,000

13,700

14,000

14,000

13,700

10 Ofifi

13,300

13,300

13,300

13,000

13 000

12,700

13,000

13,000

12,700

12,700

7,700

7,700

7,900

7,900

7,900

7,700

7,140

7,330

6 440

6^280

6,120

6,120

6,120

6,280

5,800

S Qfift

6,120

6,120

6,120

5,960

6,120

6,120

6,790

6,960

13,700

14.000

16,800

17,200

18,000

10 Qflfl

18,900

18,900

17 600

17 finn

17,200

June.

31,200

30,200

31,200

33,200

34, 300

34,800

35,800

36,300

36,300

36, 300

36,800

36, 300

33,200

31,200

29,200

27,800

25,800

6 440

6'280

5,800

5,640

5 A4.fi

5,500

4 640

4 640

4 780

4^780

4,240

3,980

3

QQA

3,860

3,860

3,860

3,610

3,610

3,610

3

AQO

S

QYn

10,600

10, 100

9,880

9,400

8 73ft

8 7Q.fi

8,950

8

QEA

8,950

July.

15,600

14,400

13,700

13,300

13,300

13,700

12,700

11,700

11,200

10,900

10,600

10,600

10,600

10,100

9,880

9,640

9,400

8,950

8,730

8,520

8,300

3,370

3,260

3,610

4,920

5,800

6,280

6,280

6,440

6,280

6,280

6,120

6,120

6,440

6,440

6,120

6,120

5,800

5,640

5,340

5,200

5,200

5,200

5,200

5,060

4,640

4,240

3,730

3,730

3,980

3,610

3,610

13,700

14,800

15,200

15,600

15,600

16,000

16,400

17,200

17,600

18,000

18,500

18,500

17,600

17,200

Aug.

8,100

8,300

8,520

7,900

7,900

7,900

8,300

8,300

8,300

8,950

9,640

16,000

22,100

25,400

25,800

25,400

24,400

23,500

22,100

20,700

3,730

3,860

3,860

3,860

3,610

3,610

3,610

3,730

3,860

4,240

5.200 e;i2o

6,280

7,330

7,700

8,300

8,730

8,950

8,730

8,300

7,900

7,700

8,100

8,520

9,400

9,880

11,700

12,000

11,700

7,900

7,700

7,140

6 960

6,620

6,440

6,440

6,280

6,120

5,960

5.800

5,500

5,340

5,640

5,960

Sept.

12,700

12,700

12,700

12,300

12,300

12,300

12,000

11,400

11,200

10,900

10,600

10, 600

10,600

10,600

10,400

10,400

10,100

10,100

9,880

9,400

11,700

11,400

10,600

10,100

9,880

9,400

8,730

8,300

8,100

8,700

9,180

11,400

13,000

12,700

12,000

11,400

11,200

TO, 900

10,600

11,200

12,000

13, 300

13,300

13,700

13,700

13,700

13, 700

13,300

13,000

5,800

6,120

5,960

5,960

5,800

5,800

5,800

5,640

5,500

5,640

5,800

5,960

5,640

5,500

Oct.

8,300

8,520

8,520

8,950

9,180

9,640

11,400

13,000

16,400

19,800

22,100

23,900

25,400

25,800

25,400

24,900

23,000

22,100

21,100

20,200

19,400

13,000

13,000

13,300

13,300

14,800

15,600

16,000

14,800

14,400

13,700

13,300

13,000

12,700

12,700

11,700

11,400

11,400

11,400

11,200

10,900

10,600

10,100

10,100

9,640

9,400

9,400

8,950

9,400

9,640

9,400

8,950

5,800

5,800

5,800

5,960

5,960

5.800

5,500

5,500

5,500

5,800

S Qfift

5,960

6,280

Nov.

13,700

13,700

13,300

13,000

12,700

12,300

12,000

11,700

11,700

11,400

11,200

10,900

10,600

10,600

10,600

10,600

10,400

10,400

10,100

10,100

9,400

9,400

9,400

9,400

9,640

9,640

9,640

9,400

9,180

8,950

8,730

8,520

8,300

7,900

7,330

5,960

5,060

4,920

4,920

5,060

5,060

5,060

4,920

4,780

4,370

3,980

4,640

5,060

4,920

4,920

5,960

5,960

6,120

5.960

5,960

5,960

5,800

5,800

5,640

5,640

5,800

5,640

5,640

Dec.

6,790

6,790
UPPER MISSISSIPPI BIVER BASINS. 127

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1901. 

16......

17......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

1902. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19......

20...... 

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

1903. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10......

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19......

20......

Jan.

.......

Feb.

.......

Mar.

11,700

13,000 

12,700 

11,700 

11,200 

11,400 

11,400

3,000 

3,100 

3,200 

3,300 

3,400

3,400 

3,500 

3,500 

3,600 

3,730

3,860 

3,860 

3,860 

4,240 

4,640

5,060 

4,400 

4,400 

4,240 

4,780

5,060 

5,200 

5,200 

5,340 

5,800

5,960 

6,120 

5,800 

5,400 

5,340 

5,060

2,000 

2,000 

2,200 

2,200 

2,400

2,600 

3,000 

4,000 

5,000 

6,000

7,000 

8,000 

9,000 

10,000 

14,700

15,100 

15,800 

15,500 

15,800 

19,000

Apr.

15,600 

16,400 

16,000 

16,000 

16,000

15,600 

15,600 

15,600 

15,200 

15,200

14,800 

14,800 

14,800 

14,400 

14,000

5,060 

5,060 

5,200 

5,200 

5,060

4,920 

4,640 

4,640 

4,780 

4,920

4,780 

4,640 

4,500 

4,500 

4,370

4,370 

4,500 

4,240 

4,110 

3,980

3,860 

3,980 

3,980 

3,860 

3,860

4,500 

4,640 

4,500 

4,500 

4,640

20,600 

19,000 

18,600 

18,600 

18,600

18,200 

19,400 

19,400 

19,000 

18,200

19,000 

20,200 

21,800 

23,200 

24,500

25,400 

26,300 

26,800 

26,300 

25,800

May.

16,800 

16,400 

16,400 

16,000 

15,600

15,200 

14,400 

14,400 

14,000 

13,300

13,000 

12,300 

11,700 

11,400 

11,200 

10,900

4,780 

4,920 

4,780 

5,060 

5,060

5,200 

5,200 

5,340 

5,500 

6,120

8,520 

8,950 

9,400 

9,180 

8,950

8,730 

8,730 

8,950 

8,950 

9,180

9,180 

9,400 

12,300 

17,200 

19,400

19,800 

19,800 

18.900 

17; 600 

16,400 

15,600

18,200 

18,200 

17,800 

17,800 

17,800

18,200 

18,600 

19,000 

19,400 

19,000

19,000 

21,000 

24,000 

27,200 

30,100

32,600 

34,200 

36,400 

36,900 

36,400

June.

8,950 

8,520 

8,300 

8,300 

8,730

9,180 

10,600 

12,000 

12.300 

12,700

12,700 

12,700 

12,300 

14,000 

14,400

14,800 

14,000 

13,700 

14,000 

15,200

16,000 

16,400 

16,400 

16,800 

16,800

16,400 

.16,400 

16,400 

16,000 

15,200

14,400 

14,000 

13,700 

13,000 

12,300

12,000 

11,700 

11,200 

10,900 

10,900

10,400 

10,100 

10,100 

10,100 

9,880

34,700 

39,100 

42,500 

42,500 

40,200

36,400 

33,200 

29,600 

26,800 

24,000

21,000 

17,800 

14,700 

13,000 

12,600

12,300 

11,700 

10,800 

10,300 

10,000

July.

16,800 

16,400 

16,000 

15,200 

14,000

13,000 

12,000 

11,400 

10,600 

10,100

9,400 

8,950 

8,520 

8,300 

8,100 

8,100

9,880 

9,640 

9,180 

8,950 

8,730

8,730 

8,300 

8,100 

8,100 

8,520

8,950 

8,950 

8,950 

8,520 

8,100

7,900 

8,300 

7,900 

7,330 

7,140

6,440 

6,120 

5,800 

5,640 

5,640

5,960 

6,120 

6,120 

6,280 

6,960 

7,140

7,170 

7,170 

7,760 

10,000 

14,400

16,200 

17,400 

17,400 

17,400 

18,600

19,800 

21,000 

21,400 

20,600 

19,400

18,600 

18,600 

18,600 

16,600 

15.500

Aug.

6,280 

6,280 

6,120 

5,960 

5,800

5,800 

5,800 

5,640 

5,.640 

5,640

5,500 

5,640 

5,800 

5,800 

5,800 

5,800

7,140 

6,620 

6,280 

5,800 

5,800

5,340 

5,340 

5,500 

5,500 

6,120

5,500 

5,200 

5,200 

5,060 

5,060

4,920 

4,920 

4,640 

4,500 

4,500

4,370 

4,640 

4,640 

4,640 

4,240

4,370 

4,370 

4,240 

4,110 

4,110 

4,110

12,300 

13,000 

13,700 

14,700 

15,100

15,500 

15,500 

15,800 

15,500 

14,700

14,000 

13,300 

12,300 

11,700 

11,400

11,100 

10,800 

10,800 

10,800 

10,800

Sept.

5,340 

5,340 

5,200 

5,060 

5,060

5,060 

4,920 

4,920 

4,920 

5,060

5,200 

5,340 

5,500 

5,640 

5,500

4,240 

4,370 

4,920 

5,500 

5,960

6,280 

6,620 

6,280 

6,440 

6,440

6,280 

5,960 

5,640 

5,200 

4,920

5,060 

5,200 

5,200 

5,060 

4,920

5,200 

5,060 

5,200 

5,200 

5,060

4,920 

4,920 

4,780 

4,640 

4,640

8,390 

8,390 

8,610 

8,830 

9,300

9,300 

9,300 

9,540 

9,790 

9,790

9,540 

10,300 

19,800 

25,400 

29,200

32,200 

34,700 

36,400 

38,000 

40,200

Oct.

6,620 

6,440 

6,440 

6,280 

6,280

6,280 

6,120 

6,120 

5,960 

5,960

5,800 

5,800 

5,800 

5,800 

5,960 

5,960

4,780 

4,920 

4,920 

5.060 

5,060

5,060 

5,200 

5,200 

5,200 

5,200

5,200 

5,200 

4,920 

4,920 

4,920

4,780 

4,780 

4,640 

4,640 

4,500

4,500 

4,640 

4,640 

4,640 

4,640

4,640 

4,640 

4,780 

5,060 

5,340 

5,340

26,300 

24,000 

22,700 

22,700 

22,700

24,000 

29,600 

36,400 

40,800 

44,200

47,100 

48,800 

50,600 

51,800 

51,200

49,400 

47,600 

45,900 

43,600 

40,800

Nov.

5,500 

4,780 

4,240 

4,370 

4,370

4,370 

4,370 

4,500 

4,500 

3,980

4,370 

4,240 

4,110 

3,980 

4,240

5,500 

5,500 

5,640 

5,800 

5,960

6,440 

6,790 

7,140 

7,330 

7,330

7,330 

7,330 

7,520 

7,520 

7,520

7,520 

7,700 

8,100 

8,520 

8,950

9,400 

9,400 

9,640 

9,400 

9,400

9,180 

9,180 

8,730 

7,900 

7,520

19,000 

17,800 

16,600 

15,500 

15,100

15,100 

15,100 

14,700 

14,700 

14,000

13,000 

12,600 

12,600 

12,600 

12,600

12,300 

12,000 

11,400 

10,300 

8,390

Dec.

7,140 

6,620 

6,440

------

-----
128 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910-

Continued.

Day.

1903. 

21......

22......

00

24......

25......

26......

97

28......

9Q

30......

31......

1904. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

10. .....

11......

12. .....

13......

14......

15. .....

16. .....

17. .....

18......

19. .....

20......

21. .....

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30. .....

31......

1905. 

1......

2. .....

3......

4. .....

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10. .....

11......

12......

13......

14......

15......

16. .....

17......

18. .....

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25,,....

Jan.

.......

Feb.

.......

Mar.

20,200

21,400

21,400

22,300

23,200

24,000

24,000

24,000

23,200

21,800

12,400

2,500

2,600

2,700

2,800

3,000

5,000

12,600

11,700

11,100

13,000

10,800

8,830

8,180

7,760

7,560

7,760

7,760

7,760

7,560

7,560

8,390

9,300

10,800

12,000

12,300

Apr.

24,900

23,600

22,300

21,800

20,600

19,800

19,400

19,400

19,000

19,000

14,000

13,300

13,000

14,000

16,500

16,600

24,500

26,300

27,200

30,600

31,600

31,600

31,100

30 100

29,200

29,200

28,200

26,800

25,800

24,900

24,500

23,600

23,600

23,200

23,200

23,200

24,500

24,900

25,400 )A onn

10,800

10,800

10 800

IMOO

12,600

12,000

14,000

17,000

17,400

17,400

17,400

1C QAf|

15,100

U ftflo

10 7rtft

12,000

11,700

11,100

10,800

10 600

10,000

9,790

9 ion

8,830

May.

35,300

34,200

32,600

30,100

29,200

28,700

28,700

29,600

29,600

29,600

31,100

24,000

23,600

22,700

21,800

20,600

20,200

20,200

20,600

20,200

19,800

19,400

20,200

20,600

20,200

19,800

19,400

18,600

17,800

17,400

17,000

15,800

15,500

15,100

15,100

15,100

15,100

15,500

15,500

14,700

14,000 

8,390

8,180

8,180

8,390

9,300

10,800

15,500

17,800

17,800

19,400

22,700

25,800

26,800

32,200

qc Af]f\

38,500

41,300

41,300

Aft tnn

38,500

37,400

36,400

35,300

June.

9,790

9,540

9,300

9,060

8,610

8,390

8,180

7,970

7 Q70

7,560

10 7/AA

13,300

13,700

14,400

15,500

15,800

17 800

19 400

9n firm

21,400

21,800

21,400

21,000

20,600

19,800

18,200

17,000

15,800

14,400

13,300

12,600

12,300

11,700

11,400

11,400

11, 100

11,400

11,700 19 °.ftft

12,000

21,000

in f>nn

18,200

18,200

18,600

18,600

20,200

22,300

23,200

23,200

24,500

24,500 oj. fiAft

24,000

23,200

99 7ftfl

9d oftfi

29,600

32,600

id 9on

14 7nn

34,200

33,700

33,700

July.

14,700

14,400

14,400

14,000

13,700

12,600

12,600

12,000

11,700

11,700

12,000

12,000

12,000

11,700

11,700

11 400

11,100

10,800

U OAA

10 sinn

11,400

11,100

10,600

10,000

9

7QA

9,300

9,060

8,830

8,610

8,610

8,610

8 onn

8,180

8,390

8,390

8,180

7,970

7,760

7,560

7 °JTA

7,560

7,760 

40,800

40 200

40,800

41 300

43 000

45,900

49,400

56,700

.58,500

59,800

59,200

57 900

56,700

tLA Qf\f\

eo t)Of\

50,000

47,100

44 onft

4.1 onn

39,600

38,000

35,800

34,200

32,600

Aug.

10,800

10,800

10,300

10,000

9,540

9,060

8,610

8,390

8,830

9,060

8,610

7,760

7,760

7,560

7,360

7,170

7,170

6,980

6,620

6,620

6,800

6,800

6,800

6,800

6,800

6,800

6,620

6,440

6,270

6,100

6,620

6,980

7,170

7,760

8,180

8,390

8,180

8,390

8,390

8

onn

7,760

7,170 

21,800

20,600

19,800

19,400

19,400

19,800

18,600

18,600

18,600

19,000

19,000

18,600

18,600

tS fif¥1

18,600

22,300

22,700

22,700

23,600

22,300

21,800

21,000

20,600

Sept.

41,300

42,500

42,500

42,500

41,300

39,100

36,900

34,200

31,600

28,700

6 620

6,440

7,970

9,300

9,790

10,300

11,700

12,000

12,000

12,000

12,000

11,400

10,600

9

KAf)

8,610

8,390

8,180

7,970

7,560

7,360

6 Q8f>

6,800

6,620

6,620

6,620

6,440

6,440

6,800

6,800

6,620

15,800

15,100

15,100

14,700

14,700

14,400

14,400

14,000

14,000

U nftft

13,300

13,300

10 AAA

12,600

13,700

10 7flA

14,000

13,700

16,600

20,200

19,400 is finn

18,200

Oct.

38,000

35,800

33,200

31,100

29,200

27,200

25,400

24,000

22,700

21,000

19,800

7,170

7 760

7,970

8,180

7 760

7,560

7,560

7,970

8,180

8,830

9,300

14,000

14,700

14,700

16,200

17,400

18,200

17,800

17,800

18,600

in ooo

20,600

21,400

20,600

21,000

21,400

21,800

21,800

19,400

17,800 

14,400

14,000

13,300

13,300

13,300

13,000

13,000

12,600

12,300

12,300

12,000

12,000

11,700

11,400

U 4fift

11,100

10 800

11,700

19 °jio.

13,300

13,700

14,400

14 4fift

14,400

Nov.

7,170

6,800

6,800

7,360

7,970

8.830

10,300

12,000

13,000

11,400

16,600

15,500

14,400

13,300

13,000

12,600

12,600

12,300

11,400

10,600

10,800

10,800

10,300

10,000

10,000

9,790

9,540

9,060

9,060

8,830

8,610

8,610

8,390

8,390

8,390

8,390

8,180

8,180

7,970

7,560

12,600

12,300

12,000

12,000

11,700

12,000

12,600

12,600

13,000

13,300

13,000

13,300

12,600

12,600

19 fiftft

11 700

11,400

11,100

11,100

10,800

10,800

10,800

11,400

Dee.

......

......
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 129

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1905. 

26......

27. .....

28......

29......

30. .....

31......

1906. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6. .....

7......

8......

9......

10......

11.... .

12......

13. .....

14. .....

15......

16. .....

17......

18. .....

19......

20......

21......

22. .....

23......

24......

25......

26. .....

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

1907. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10. .....

11......

12. .....

13. .....

14......

15......

16. .....

17. .....

18......

19. .....

20......

21......

22......

23......

24......

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

Jan.

""

Feb. Mar.

12,600

13,300

14,400

12,600

11,400

10,800

25,400

26,300

27,700

32,600

38,000

39,100

41,900

44,800

Apr.

8,610

8,610

8,390

8,390

8,390

20,600

19,400

21,800

24,000

27,200

32,200

33,200

37,400

39,600

38,500

36,900

36,900

36,400

36,900

38,500

40,200

41,900

42,500

43,000

42,500

41,900

40,200

38,500

36,900

35,300

33,700

32,200

30,100

29,200

27,700

48,800

50,000

49,400

50,600

48,800

47,600

47, 100

46,500

44,200

42,500

41,300

40,800

39,100

38,000

36,400

33,700

32,200

30,600

29,200

28,200

27,200

25,800

24,900

24,000

22,700

22,300

21,800

20,600

20,600

19,800

May.

33,700

31,600

29,200

27, 200

25,400

23,200

27,200

26,300

26,800

26,800

26,300

26,300

25,400

24,500

24,500

24,500

23,600

22, 700

23,200

22,700

22,300

21,800

21,400

21,000

20,600

20,600

21,400

24,500

27,200

31, 100

33,700

38,500

40,800

41,900

43,000

19,800

20,200

20,200

19,800

19,000

18,200

17,400

17,400

17,400

16,600

16,200

15,500

15,500

15,100

14,700

15,500

15,800

15,800

15,800

15,500

15,500

15,800

15,800

15,500

15,500

17,000

18,600

20,600

22,700

24,900

25,800

June.

O4 Of|A

35,800

38,000

40,800

43,000

43,000

43,000

41,900

41,300

41 900

43,600

AA con

45,900

47,100

4.0 4.ftn

50,600

50,000

48,800

46,500

A A onn

41,900

39,100

36,900

35,300

35,300

34,700

34,200

33,700

33,200

32,600

33,200

33,200

33,700

26,800

26,800

26,300

25,400

24,500

24,000

23,200

22,300

21,400

21,000

26,800

29,600

32,200

34,200

35,300

36,900

37,400

36,900

36,400

36,400

36,400

36,400

36,900

36,400

35,400

35,800

35,800

34,200

July.

31,100

oo Ann

OQ Oftft

25,800

23,600

OO 7AA

33,700

34,200 oj. 7nn

34,700

35,300

34,200

QQ onn

31,100

on «nft

27,200

oK Ann

24,000

21,800

20,600

1Q SOft

19,000

18,200

17 800

17,000

16,600

15,500

15,100

14,700

15,500

15,100

15,100

32,600

31,600

31,100

29,200

27,200

25,400

24,500

23,200

22,300

23,200

17,800

16,200

15,100

14, 700

15,800

15,500

15,500

15,500

15,500

15,500

15,500

15,800

15,500

15,500

17,400

16,600

16,200

15,800

15,500

14, 700

14,400

Aug.

20,600

19 400

18,200

17 400

17,000

16,200

14,700

14,400

14,000

13,300

13,000

V 600

12,600

12 300

13,700

16,200

17 .inn

17 800

17,400

17 -iftft

17 4Aft

17,800

18,200

18,200

17 800

17 400

16,600

15,800

16,600

17,400

17,800

19,400

21,000

22,300

23,200

24,000

24,500

10,600"

13,000

12,600

12,300

11,700

11,100

11,100

10,800

11,100

11,100

10,600

10,300

9,540

10,300

9,790

9,300

10,000

9,790

10,000

10,600

11,700

13,000

13,000

12,600

12,000

11,400

11,100

11, 100

11,400

11,400

12,300

Sept.

17 Ann

15,800

f c cAfl

14,700

24,500

24,500

00 Crtfl

99 7ftfl

21,800

91 nftfi

20,200

19 400

18^600

17,800

17 400 le'eoo

16,600

15,800

1 ** Rnft

15,500

15,500

15,500

15,500

16,600

17,000

18,600

19,400

22,700

24,000

23,600

23,200

12,000

11,700

10,800

10,600

10,300

10,300

9,300

8,610

8,390

8,390

8,390

8,180

7,970

7,970

7,970

7,970

8,180

9,300

10,000

11,400

12,300

13,700

14,700

15,500

15,800

15,800

14,700

13,700

13,000

12,000

Oct.

14. 7nn

14 400

14 000

10 7Afl

13,700

13,300

99 7ftfl

22,300

21 400

21,000

20,200

19 400

17,800

17^000

15,800

15,400

15,100

14,400

14,000

13,300

10 nnn

19 finn

12,000

11,700

11,700

11,700

11,400

11,400

12,000

13,300

15,100

17,000

18,200

19,000

20,600

21,400

11,400

11,400

11,400

11,400

11,700

11,100

10,800

10,800

10,600

10,600

10,300

10,000

10,000

9,540

9,300

9,060

9,060

8,830

8,830

8,830

8,830

8,830

8,610

8,610

8,830

8,830

8,830

8,830

8,610

8,390

8,390

Nov.

19 Qftft

19 Ann

 to of\n

14 400 10 nnn

21 800

99 Qftfl

99 °JV1

91 Siftft

21 400

91 flftft.

91 non

91 fWV\

21,000

91 Qflft

20 600

19,800

19,400

18,600

18,200

18,200

18,600

16 600

15,500

13,700

13,000

12,000

12,000

H 4nn

13,700

14,400

15,100

15,500

15,800

8,390

8,610

8,610

8,830

8,830

9,060

9,300

9,060

9,060

8,830

8,830

8,610

8,610

8,390

7,360

7,360

7,560

7,760

7,360

7,360

7,560

7,560

7,560

7,560

7,170

6,980

6,800

6,800

6,980

6,440

Dec.

......

21502° WSP 285 12 9
130 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1908. 

1.....

5.....

6.....

7.....

g

10. ....

11.....

12.....

10

14.....

15. ....

16. ....

17.....

18. ....

19.....

20. ....

21.....

22.....

23.....

24.....

25.....

26.....

27.....

23.-...

29. ....

30. ....

31.....

1909. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

6......

8......

9. .....

10......

11......

12. .....

13......

14......

15......

16. .....

17. .....

18. .....

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24. .....

25......

26. .....

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

1910. 

1......

2......

3......

4......

5......

Jan.

......

Feb.

.......

Mar.

9,030

8,560

8,120

10,300

9,780

9,780

10,600

10,600

11,200

11,800

12,700

12,700

13,600

13,900

14,600

14,600

i2,666

12,400

13,300

12,700

11,500

10,600

10,900

10,300

10,900

12,000

13,900

14,900

17,000

22,600

24,800

26,600

30,900

4,650

4,700

4,800

5,000

6,000

Apr.

15,300

13,600

12,700

13,300

13,300

13,600

13,600

13,900

14,200

13,900

13,900

13,900

13,900

13,600

13,600

13,300

12,700

12,700

12,400

12,400

11,800

13,000

12,400

12,400

12,700

13,600

14,900

16,300

18,200

19,700

35,300

40,000

45,500

48,900

48,900

47,800

47.200

46,100

44,400

42,700

42,200

40,000

37,900

35,300

33,800

31,800

30,400

29,400

28,500

27,100

26,200

24,800

24,400

23,500

22,600

22,200

21,800

21,400

20,900

20,900

19,300

17,800

17,000

15,600

15,300

May.

20,900

21,400

21,400

20,900

19,700

19,700

18,200

17,000

16,000

15,300

14,900

14,200

14,900

14,600

15,600

17,000

18,500

19,300

19,700

20,500

22,600

23,900

24,400

25,700

28,500

29,900

32,300

35,300

38,400

42,200

46,100 

20,900

20,900

20,500

20,500

20,900

20,900

20,900

21,800

21,800

21,800

21,400

20,900

20,100

19,300

18,500

18,500

18,200

18,200

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,500

18,900

18,900

19 inn

10 900

10,300

10,000

June.

52,500

58,000

61,900

63,200

62,500

60,600

58,000

57,400

54,900

56,200

57,400

58,700

60,600

61,200

60,000

58,000

55,600

52,500

50,700

48,400

46,100

44,400

44,400

44,400

45,000

48,900

59,300

69,700

73,000

72,400

18,900

20,900

22,600

23,900

24,400

25,700

26,600

27,100

25,700

25,300

24,400

23,100

21,800

22,600

23,500

23,500

23 900

24,400

23,900

23,500

23,100

99 fiHfl

21,800

20,900

20,100

20,100

20,100

20,100

20,100

20,100

7,700

7 300

7 300

7,700

7,300

July.

70,400

67,700

64,400

61,200

57,400

54,300

51,300

48,400

47,200

45,000

42,200

41,100

39,500

37,900

35,800

34,300

33,300

32,800

31,400

30,400

29,000

28,500

28,000

27,100

26,200

24,800

23,500

21,800

21,400

21,800

20,900 

20 100

20,900

20,900

20,500

20,900

20,900

20,500

20,100

19,700

18,500

17,400

17,400

16,700

IK OAfl

14,200

12,700

12,700

12,400

11,500

U QAfl

10,900

10,900

11,500

11,500

10 Cf\f\

1Q QAfl

13,300

13,000

12,700

12,400

11,500

4 940

5^240

4 7Qft

4,510

4,650

Aug.

20,500

19,700

18,900

17,400

17,000

16,300

15,600

15,300

14,600

13,600

12,400

13,300

12,700

12,000

11,800

10,900

10,900

10,600

11,200

10,900

10,600

10,300

9,780

9,520

9,520

9,270

9,270

9,520

9,270

9,270

9,030 

10,600

10,300

9,520

9,270

9,030

9,030

8,340

8,340

8,340

8,340

8,340

8,340

9,520

10,900

13,600

14,600

1ft AAA

16,700

16,700

16,700

16,300

11 finn

14,600

1^1 onfl

10 fifin

13,600

13,300

13,000

12,700

19 nnn

11,500

3,650

3,650

3,870

3,870

3,650

Sept.

9,030

9,520

9,270

9,270

9,270

9,520

9,270

8,560

8,560

8,340

7,910

7,700

8,560

7,700

7,700

7,300

7,500

8,120

8,120

9,910

7,700

7,500

8,340

8,340

8,560

7,700

8,560

8,120

8,340

9,030

11,500

10,900

10,900

10,300

10,000

9,520

Q 97fi

9 97(1

9,030

8,790

8,340

8,120

9 030

9,520

9,270

8,790

s ifin

8 340

8,120

7,700

7,700

8 7on

9,520

9

7OA

9,520

9,520

9,520

9,520

9 97fl

O Kfifl

S oon

S oon

4,110

4 240

4', lid

Oct.

9,270

9,270

9,270

9,270

9,270

9,030

9,270

9,270

9,270

9,270

8,790

8,560

8,560

8,790

8,340

8,120

8,120

7,910

7,300

8,120

8,120

8,120

8,120

8,120

8,340

8,340

9,030

9,270

9,030

9,520

9,520 

8,560

8,560

8,560

8,120

7,910

7,700

7 Qin

7,910

7 700

7,700

8,340

8,120

8,560

8 340

8,120

7,910

7,910

7,700

7,700

7,700

7,700

7 fiftA

7 700

7,700

7,910

7,700

7,910

7,700

7,910

7,910

7,110

4,110

4,110

4,110

4,110

4,510

Nov.

9,270

9,270

9,270

9,270

9,030

9,030

9,030

9,030

9,270

7,910

7,700

8,120

7,700

7,300

7,300

7,300

7,110

6,920

6,740

6,740

6,740

6,560

6,560

6,560

6,500

6,500

6,500

6,300

6,300

6,100

6,920

7 300

7,500

7,110

7,500

8

7QA

8 7QTI

8,560

8,340

8,340

7,910

8,120

8,120

8,560

Q nQA

9 97n

9 97n

9,030

9,030

10,000

10,000

10,000

10 000

10 000

10,000

10 000

10^000

10,000

9 nnn

3,320

3,320

3,540

4 240 4! no

Dec.

......

"

"

"

*

...»
UPPER MISSISSIPPI BIVEE BASINS. 131

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1910. 

6......

7......

8......

9. .....

10. .....

11......

12. .....

13......

14......

15......

16......

17......

18......

19......

20......

21......

22......

23......

24. .....

25......

26......

27......

28......

29......

30......

31......

Jan. Feb. Mar.

7,000

8,000

10,900

13,600

15,600

18,500

20,500

19,300

21 400

27,100

29 goo

32,300

34,300

35,800

34,800

35,800

34,800

33,800

32,300

29,400

26,600

25,700

22,600

21,400

20,500

Apr.

14 200

14,200

14 200

14,600

13,900

13,600

13,600

13,000

12,700

12,700

11,800

11,800

11,800

11,800

12,700

13.000

13,300

13,300

13,600

13,600

13,900

13,600

13,300

12, 700

May.

9,780

9 780

9,780

9,520

9,520

9,520

9 270

9,030

9,030

8,790

8,340

8,120

8,560

8,560

8,790

8,790

9,030

8,340

9,030

9,030

8,120

9,030

8,120

8,560

8,120

7,700

June.

7,300

7 <*nn

7,300

7,300

7,300

7,300

6,920

6,050

6,740

6,390

6,050

5,560

6,050

5,720

5,560

5,560

5,400

5,240

4,940

5,240

5,240

5,240

5,240

5,090

4,650

July.

4,370

3,990

3,870

3,870

4,370

3,990

3,990

4,110

3,990

3,990

4,110

3,990

3,870

3,870

3,760

3,650

3,650

3,650

4,240

3,760

3,650

3,550

3,550

3,550

3,870

3,870

Aug.

3,650

3,760

3,760

3,870

3,760

3,650

3,650

3,760

3,760

3,760

3,870

3,870

3,870

3,870

3,990

4,110

3,990

4,110

3,990

3,990

3,990

3,990

3,990

3,870

3,870

3,870

Sept.

3,990

3,990

4,110

4,110

4,110

4,110

3,980

4,110

3,990

3,990

4,110

4,110

4,110

4,110

4,110

4,110

4,110

3,990

3,990

3,990

3,990

3,990

3,990

3,990

4,110

Oct.

4,510

5,090

5,240

5,240

5,090

4,940

4,940

4,790

4,790

4,790

4,790

4,510

3,990

3,870

3,870

3,870

3,870

3,870

3,760

3,760

3,870

3,650

3,650

3,550

3,550

3,350

Nov.

4,240

4,140

4,140

4,140

3,990

3.870

3,540

3,430

3,320

3,650

3,540

3,320

3,210

2,690

2,790

2,890

3,100

3,100

2,990

2,990

2,990

2,990

2,990

2,950

2,900

Dec.

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., for 1892-1910. 

[Drainage area, 35,700 square miles.]

Month.

1892. 

March .........................................

April ..........................................

May...........................................

June. ..........................................

July...........................................

October .......................................

1893. 

April ..........................................

May...........................................

June... ........................................

July...........................................

1894. 

March. . .......................................

July...........................................

November. ....................................

December. ....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

10,600 

12,700 

45,700 

39,500 

23,900 

16,000 

8,520 

6,640 

5,060

44,500 

58,800 

29,200 

8,410 

5,400 

6,280 

6,280 

6,100

9,070 

34,800 

41,200 

18,000 

5,740 

4,430 

4,280 

4,740 

4,740

Minimum.

4,000 

6,620 

8,520 

24,900 

9,400 

6,960 

6,280 

5,200

18,900 

30,200 

8,840 

4,900 

4,130 

5,560 

5,560 

2,440

4,000 

5,920 

19,400 

5,740 

1,920 

1,920 

3,540 

3,840 

2,980

Mean.

6,940 

9,350 

24,300 

29,000 

13, 700 

10,000 

7,350 

5,930 

4,360

31,900 

43,500 

15,800 

7,040 

4,710 

5,940 

5,990 

4,560

6,590 

15,600 

29,000 

9,650 

4,020 

3,430 

3,930 

4,260 

4,060 

02,790

Per 

square 

mile.

0.194 

.262 

.682 

.812 

.384 

.280 

.206 

.166 

.122

.894 

1.22 

.443 

.197 

.132 

.166 

.168 

.128

.185 

.437 

.812 

.270 

.113 

.096 

.110 

.119 

.114 

,078

Kan-off 

(depth in 

inches on , 

drainage 

area).

0.22 

.29 

.79 

.91 

.44 

.32 

.23 

.19 

.14

1.00 

1.41 

.49 

.23 

.15 

.19 

.19 

.14

.21 

.49 

.94 

.30 

.13 

.11 

.12 

.14 

.13 

.09

a Estimated.
132

Monthly di

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn., for 1892-1910 Continued.

Month.

1895.

March (22-31). ............ .................

April..........................................

May...........................................

July...........................................

October. . .....................................

~ 1896. 

March (10-31 ). .................................

May. ..........................................

July. .........................................

1897.

April ..........................................

May. ..........................................

July...........................................

October. .......... ..........................

1898.

April ..........................................

May...........................................

July...........................................

October .......................................

1899.

May... ........................................

July...........................................

October. ......................................

December (1-9) ...............................

1900.

February. .....................................

March. . .......................................

April ..........................................

M^y.. .......... ...............................

June ........................... . .

July...........................................

The year. ...............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,900

4,110 

3,860 

5,640 

9,640 

7,900 

5,340 

5,640 

5,500 

4,240

3,230 

35,300 

34,300 

27,300 

12,700 

5,800 

5,340 

5,640 

6,440 

5,000

5,340 

3,550 

48,900 

80,800 

29,800 

15,600 

49,600 

24,600 

11,800 

10,100 

7,800

8,730 

8,520 

10,600 

35,300 

17,200 

7,900 

6,790 

9,640 

8,100

34,300 

20,200 

36,800 

25,400 

25,800 

19,800 

25,800 

18,500 

9,880

12,300 

7,900 

6,790 

6,440 

12,000 

13,700 

16,000 

9,640

16,000

Minimum.

1,200

2,630 

2,750 

3,230 

4,640 

4,240 

3,370 

4,240 

3,860 

2,990

1,420 

2,280 

21,600 

13,700 

4,640 

4,500 

3,980 

4,640 

4,000 

4,150

3,050 

3,120 

3,000 

31,300 

10,400 

10,200 

14,400 

8,500 

8,500 

7,600 

4,700

4,000 

6,440 

6,280 

9,880 

8,100 

5,960 

5,960 

6,120 

5,000

8,000 

12,700 

12,700 

8,300 

7,330 

9,400 

8,300 

10,100 

5,640

6,440

5,640 

3,370 

3,260 

3,610 

8,100 

8,950 

3,980

Mean.

1,540 

ol,300 

3,420 

3,420 

4,540 

7,440 

5,720 

4,410 

4,860 

4,690 

3,760

2,060 

19,900 

28,100 

20,300 

7,740 

5,050 

4,800 

5,020 

5,080 

4,410

4,300 

3,340 

11,200 

59,300 

16,600 

12,800 

32,200 

14,100 

9,910 

8,180 

6,700

6,980 

7,670 

7,740 

19,800 

11,200 

6,680 

6,340 

8,020 

6,680

19,500 

15,200 

30,100 

14,500 

12,500 

12,600 

14,600 

13,100 

8,260

o3,950 

a3,100 

o3,500 

8,900 

6,670 

4,630 

5,160 

7,060 

11,400 

11,800 

6,950 

«3,500

6,380

Per 

square 

mile.

0.043 

.036 

.096 

.0% 

.127 

.208 

.160 

.124 

.136 

.131 

.105

.058 

.557 

.787 

.569 

.217 

.141 

.134 

.141 

.142 

.124

.120 

.094 

.314 

1.66 

.465 

.359 

.902 

.395 

.278 

.229 

.188

.195 

.215 

.217 

.555 

.314 

.187 

.178 

.225 

.187

.546 

.426 

.843 

.406 

.350 

.353 

.409 

.367 

.231

.111 

.087 

.098 

.249 

.187 

.130 

.145 

.198 

.319 

.331 

.195 

.098

.179

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage

area).

0.05 

.04 

.04 

.11 

.15 

.23 

.18 

.14 

.15 

.15 

.12

.02

.62 

.91 

.63 

.25 

.16 

.15 

.16 

.16 

.14

.14 

.10 

.36 

1.85 

.54 

.40 

1.04 

.46 

.31 

.26 

.21

.22 

.24 

.25 

.62 

.36 

.22 

.20 

.26 

.21

.61 

.49 

.94 

.47 

.40 

.39 

.47 

.41 

.08

.13 

.09 

.11 

.28 

.22 

.14 

.17 

.23 

.36 

.38 

.22 

.11

2.44

o Estimated.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI KIVER BASINS. 133 

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 Continued.

Month.

1901.

April ..........................................

May...........................................

June. . ........................................

July...........................................

September... . .................................

The year ................................

1902.

April ..........................................

May..........:................................

July...........................................

1903.

May...........................................

July...........................................

The year. ...............................

1904. 

January. ......................................

March .........................................

April..........................................

May...........................................

July...........................................

The year. ...............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

13,000

19,800 

18,900 

14,400 

18,500 

7,900 

6,120 

6,620 

6,120

19,800

6,120 

5,200 

19,800 

16,800 

9,880 

7,140 

6,620 

5,340 

9,640

19,800

24,000 

26,800 

36,900 

42,500 

21,400 

15,800 

42,500 

51,800 

19,000

51,800

31,600 

24,000 

21,800 

12,000 

8,390 

12,000 

21,800 

16,600

31,600

Minimum.

11,700 

10,900 

8,300 

8,100 

5,340 

4,920 

5,500 

3,980

3,000 

3,860 

4,780 

9,880 

5,640 

4,110 

4,240 

4,500 

5,500

2,000 

18,200 

17,800 

7,560 

7,170 

8,390 

8,390 

19,800 

6,800

13,000 

14,000 

11,100 

7,360 

6,100 

6,440 

7,170 

7,560

Mean.

o2,250 

a 2, 200 

o6t 550 

15,500 

15,400 

10,200 

14,100 

6,100 

5,490 

5,940 

5,100 

o3,000

7,650

o2,950 

o2,950 

4,430 

4,530 

10,200 

13,600 

7,690 

5,060 

5,340 

4,900 

7,710 

o4,000

6,110

o2,850 

o2,300 

13,200 

21,300 

26,500 

19,000 

15,100 

11,800 

24,900 

34,800 

12,200 

o4,550

15,700

o3,520 

o 2, 730 

o4,600 

24,200 

18,400 

15,600 

9,540 

7,250 

8,550 

14,900 

10,400 

o 3, 980

10,300

Per 

square 

mile.

0.063 

.062 

.183 

.434 

.431 

.286 

.395 

.171 

.154 

.166 

.143 

.084

.214

.083 

.083 

.124 

.127 

.286 

.381 

.215 

.142 

.150 

.137 

.216 

.112

.171

.080 

.064 

.370 

.59? 

.742 

.532 

.423 

.331 

.697 

.975 

.342 

.127

.440

.099 

.076 

.129 

.678 

.515 

.437 

.267 

.203 

.239 

.417 

.291 

.111

.289

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.07 

.06 

.21 

.48 

.50 

.32 

.46 

.20 

.17 

.19 

.16 

.10

2.91

.10 

.09 

.14 

.14 

.33 

.43 

.25 

.16 

.17 

.16 

.24 

.13

2.34

.09 

.07 

.43 

.67 

.86 

.59 

.49 

.38 

.78 

1.12 

.38 

.15

6.01

.11 

.08 

.15 

.76 

.59 

.49 

.31 

.23 

.27 

.48 

.32 

.13

3.92

o Estimated from records kept by the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. at Minneapolis.
134 STJBFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 Continued.

Month.

1905.

March.........................................

May...........................................

July...........................................

August. . ......................................

October. ......................................

November. ...................................

The year. ................................

1906. 

January. ......................................

February. ....................................

March. ........................................

July...........................................

August ........................................

October. ......................................

November. ...................................

The year. ...............................

1907. 

January .......................................

February. ....................................

March. . .......................................

May...........................................

July...........................................

October .......................................

November. ................... . ............

December. ....................................

1908. 

January. ......................................

March .........................................

April..........................................

May...........................................

July...........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

14,400 

17,400 

41,300 

40,800 

59,800 

23,600 

20,200 

14,700 

14,400

59,800

43,000 

43,000 

50,600 

35,300 

24,500 

24,500 

22,700 

22,300

50,600

44,800 

50,600 

25,800 

37,400 

32,600 

13,000 

15,800 

11,700 

9,300

50,600

14,600 

19,700 

46,100 

73,000 

70,400 

20,500 

9,520 

9,520 

9,270

73,000

Minimum.

2,500 

8,390 

8,180 

18,200 

23,600 

16,200 

12,600 

10,800 

10,800

19,400 

20,600 

32,600 

14,400 

12,300 

15,500 

11,400 

* 11, 400

8,000 

19,800 

14,700 

21,000 

14,400 

9,300 

7,970 

8,390 

6,440

11,800 

14,200 

44,400 

20,900 

9,030 

7,300 

7,300 

6,100

Mean.

o3,090 

o2,510 

8,920 

12.100 

26,000 

27,300 

43,300 

19,800 

15,500 

13,000 

12,200 

o8,700

16,000

o7,100 

o6,350 

o8,000 

34,500 

27,400 

40,500 

24,200 

17,200 

19,500 

16,100 

17,900 

o9,900

19,100

o8,480 

o8,050 

15,500 

35,200 

17,700 

31,100 

19,400 

11,200 

11,000 

9,690 

7,970 

04,600

15,000

o3,500 

o3,680 

o7,800 

13,800 

22,900 

56,500 

38,700 

12,600 

8,380 

8,730 

7,600 

o5,350

15,800

Per 

square 

mile.

0.087 

.070 

.250 

.339 

.728 

.765 

1.21 

.555 

.434 

.364 

.314 

.244

.447

.199

.178 

.224 

.966 

.768 

1.13 

.678 

.482 

.546 

.451 

.501 

.277

.533

.238 

.225 

.434 

.986 

.496 

.871 

.543 

.314 

.308 

.271 

.223 

.129

.420

.098 

.103 

.218 

.387 

.641 

1.58 

1.08 

.353 

.235 

.245 

.213 

.150

.442

Eun-ofl 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.10

.07 

.29 

.38 

.84 

.85 

1.40 

.64 

.48 

.42 

.35 

.28

6.10

.23 

.19 

.26

1.08 

.89 

1.26 

.78 

.56 

.61 

.52 

.56 

.32

7.26

.27 

.23 

.50 

1.10 

.57 

.97 

.63 

.36 

.34 

.31 

.25 

.15

5.68

.11 

.11 

.25 

.43 

.74 

1.76 

1.24 

.41 

.26 

.28 

.94 

..i7

6.00

o Estimated from records kept by the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. at Minneapolis.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 135 

Monthly discharge of Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn.,for 1892-1910 Continued.

Month.

1909.

May...........................................

July...........................................

The year. ...............................

1910.

February. ....................................

May...........................................

July...........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

30,900 

48,900 

21,800 

27,100 

20,900 

16,700 

11,500 

8,560 

10,000

'

48,900

35,800 

19,300 

12,400 

7,700 

5,240 

4,110 

4,240 

5,240 

4,240

Minimum.

4,000 

20,900 

18,200 

18,900 

10,900 

8,340 

7,700 

7,110 

6,920

4,650 

11,800 

7,700 

4,650 

3,550 

3,650 

3,990 

3,350 

2,690

Mean.

o3,500 

o3,500 

10,400 

33,700 

19,600 

22,800 

15,*00 

12,000 

9,230 

7,930 

8,610 

06,500

12,800

a5,100 

04,650 

21,300 

13,800 

9,220 

6,270 

4,040 

3,850 

4,060 

4,260 

3,410 

6 2, 250

6.850

Per 

square 

mile.

0.098 

.098 

.291 

.944 

.549 

.639 

.434 

.336 

.259 

.222 

.241 

.182

.358

.143 

.130 

.597 

.387 

.258 

.176 

.113 

.108 

.114 

.119 

.096 

.063

.192

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage

area).

0.11 

.10 

.34 

1.05 

.63 

.71 

.50 

.39 

.29 

.26 

.27 

.21

4.86

.16 

.14 

.69 

.43 

.30 

.20 

.13 

.12 

.13 

.14 

.11 

.07

2.62

o Estimated from records kept by the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. at Minneapolis. 

6 Estimated from United States engineer records at Lock and Dam 2, below Minneapolis.

NOTE. From 1892 to 1899 the monthly mean values are considered good; from 1900 to 1908, fair; and 

for 1909 and 1910, good. All estimates during the frozen period are considered fair.

SANDY BIVEB. 

SANDY RIVER BELOW SANDY LAKE RESERVOIR, MINN.

This station is located 1 mile above the mouth of Sandy Kiver at 

the Sandy Lake dam, near Libby post office, in Aitkin County. It 

was established July 7, 1893, and is maintained by the United States 

Engineer Corps for the purpose of measuring the flow from Sandy 

Lake reservoir, which is one unit in the Government reservoir system 

on the headwaters of the Mississippi. The area of the water surface 

of the reservoir at low stage is 8 square miles; at high stage the area 

is 16.5 square miles. These areas, with a range of 9.4 feet, give a 

capacity of about 3,157,900,000 cubic feet.

In connection with the records of the Mississippi above Sandy 

Kiver and of Pine River below Pine River reservoir these records are 

of value in determining the power and navigation possibilities of the 

upper Mississippi River.

At extreme flood stages the Mississippi drowns out the dam and 

fills Sandy Lake reservoir as much as 3 feet higher than was intended.
136 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

If the Mississippi is at a fairly high stage and the dam is open, there 

is frequently a considerable reverse flow into the reservoir, but the 

amount of this flow has not been computed in the records.

The daily discharge is based upon the flow through the openings of 

the dam and also on frequent discharge measurements made by an 

employee who resides near the dam.

The daily discharge for this station has been compiled from unpublished records in the United States engineer office at St. Paul. The 

monthly estimates have been computed by the Geological Survey.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for

1893-1910.

[0=no flow from reservoir.]

Day.

1893. 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

0..... ..........

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15. ..............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

1894. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

"5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Jan.

19

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Feb.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mar.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Apr.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

May.

1,241

1,097

1,097

1,097

1,110

1,100

1,090

1 084

1 111

1,137

1,141

1,111

1,091

992

Jufle.

0)

a)

a)

0)

(0)

(a)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

July.

238

219

208

203

188

185

131

0

0

0

36

80

79

116

433

429

420

244

0

0

210

349

459

436

447

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Aug.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

365

368

361

348

348

381

455

439

293

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

59

193

214

164

170

152

81

0

(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

(°)

(a)

(a)

(«)

(«)

0)

0)

0) .a)

Sept.

124

124

93

67

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0)

a)

a)

°)

0

0

0

(0)

(«)

(°)

a)

a)

a)

0

Oct.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

31

75

106

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

(0)

0)

a)

a\ 

a)

a)

Nov.

42

220

258

250

250

138

146

192

202

148

0

0

89

249

341

331

287

274

298

260

245

224

194

176

172

162

176

152

151

153

0

0

0

0

0

40

84

204

176

155

155

6- 84

0

0

0

Dec.

127

121

107

90

89

66

66

68

80

71

51

51

57

51

51

57

57

47

47

46

46

34

53

26

35

35

26

26

26

26

26

226

230

213

193

176

170

97

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

a Dam open, but no record of discharge. 6 Flow from river into reservoir.
Cn »£». CO to t OCOOO-<IO3 CntKWtOh- '

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138 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1WO, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for

1893-1910 Continued.

Day.

1896. 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24..... ..........

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

1897. 

1.... ...........

2...............

3. ..............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1898. 

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

Jan.

0

. 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

21

205

202

199

IQfi

193

190

180

171

161

152

142

137

126

191

119

116

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Feb.

89

87

84

80

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

112

111

110

109

106

102

100

97

100

102

102

103

103

102

100

95

89

88

87

R7

83

SO

75

79

79

72

72

72

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mar.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

71

73

75

76

75

76

74

72

70

69

68

68

68

67

66

65

68

70

72

74

76

77

7Q

CO

oo

84

or:

on

96

tno

120

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Apr.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 («)

M

101

82

47

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

QC

197

295

OQO

492

590

688 707

1 084

1,747

1,661

1,575

1 ' 489

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

May.

615

597

573

563

533

483

428

388

388

779

782

786

790

793

771

749

726

703

680

896

647

614

582

574

566

557

550

A4A

COO

Wl

517

504

490

477

463

113 A<y\

402

OQO

362

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

June.

0

875

1,005

126

0

0

107

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

384

405

427

448

511

575

638

624

610

595

602

609

616

618

619

621

623

620

616

635

626

617

557

487

J.91

356

QflQ

07Q

368

9.V7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

July.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

216

378

369

620

1,706

1,146

2,013

3,210

3,063

2,792

3,675

3,709

3,738

3,697

3,576

3,311

3,086

2,841

2,488

2 Af\1

2,368

2,328

2,425

2

0OO

2 4Q4.

2,537

2,520

2 AQA

2

E-IA

2 ^^

2^700

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Aug.

437

424

510

481

453

445

436

427

418

465

513

299

0

0

0

0

2,894

2,428

2,297

2,226

1,096

0

0

1

1

2

4

5

7

9

9

12

321

327

333

OQQ

345

352

359

366

070

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sept.

648

636

625

613

604

600

853

780

708

696

685

673

661

597

532

0

0

0

0

0

912

826

1,071

1,056

1,041

1,026

1,009

991

974

990

1,007

1,023

983

943

903

907

922

897

R71

846

820

704.

1,024

975

926

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Oct.

167

146

119

84

84

84

84

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

877

854

830

538

783

789

795

801

737

673

609

561

514

466

427

387

366

344

304

307

156

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

385

482

OQC

Q7Q

376

375

QCQ

363

357

360

364

420

007

355

OQO

qiA

0

0

0

Nov.

273

312

325

286

276

301

296

251

128

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

227

O1 Q

210

204

198

1Q1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Dec.

304

257

255

253

238

224

210

195

174

153

152

151

150

149

148

148

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

50

167

225

276

281

225

276

242

270

298

ODD

284

264

a Dam open, but no record of discharge.
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIHS. 189

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for

1893-1910 Continued.

Day.

1898. 

21...............

22...............

23...............

24.... ...........

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1899. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

10...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22......... .....

23...............

24...............

25...............

20...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1900. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

Jan.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Feb.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Q

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mar.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Apr.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

May.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

198

727

0

0

314

1 917

114

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

318

822

873

807

1,041

1,004

955

931

892

743

725

685

655

766

738

714

700

668

628

616

566

June.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

184

632

573

847

359

379

637

963

815

506

357

145

357

357

887

686

901

903

983

899

1,059

978

974

967

1,034

1,336

1,318

1,309

1,499

454

394

446

552

536

473

329

271

293

299

301

354

387

363

272

221

235

297

278

85

278

204

203

136

139

July.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,474

1,451

1,429

1,206

709

300

0

788

768

604

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0'

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

153

149

155

149

119

127

113

123

64

29

0

79

104

0

75

57

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Aug.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

152

820

604

567

702

918

1,244

2,073

2,099

2,065

2,067

2,026

2,000

1,123

1,155

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sept.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,149

1,115

1,119

568

585

580

576

572

571

564

555

324

328

328

327

332

337

345

349

353

353

354

354

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

(a)

(a)

(a)

?a)

(«)

(«)

(a

(a

(a

(a

(o

Oct.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

646

594

863

968

1,159

2,888

2,072

1,154

1,716

1,684

1,635

1,571

1,490

1,369

1,288

1,703

1,622

0

300

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

556

474

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Nov.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,607

1,497

1,428

1,223

1,332

1,279

1,239

1,191

1,141

1,098

1,053

1,005

1,072

1,027

636

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Dec.

253

127

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Q

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

« Dam open; water flowing from river into lak«.
140 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for

1893-1910 Continued.

Day.

1900. 

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31.... ...........

1901.

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15.. ........ .....

16...............

17........ .......

18...............

19. ..............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28. ..............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1902. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6. ..............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

is

16...............

17. .............

18..............

19. .............

20. .............

21..............

22. .............

23..............

24. .............

25..............

26. .............

27. .............

28..............

29. .............

30..............

31..... ........

Jan.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Feb.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

76

145

148

215

210

210

207

207

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mar.

0

0

0

0

0

0

206

207

166

166

167

165

166

219

219

262

279

276

271

270

268

265

286

287

286

263

277

280

278

670

651

648

642

636

643

626

614

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Apr.

0

0

229

0

0

600

593

568

H.H

516

508

434

406

532

485

465

417

187

0

T>

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

442

199

0

0

0

0

0

May.

551

522

501

580

563

550

0

0

0

0

927

964

1,075

1.149

964

1,001

1,102

1,001

1,001

1,445

1,001

1,267

1,445

1,651

1,166

1,236

861

1,524

1,370

821

681

706

665

665

640

891

416

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

301

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

51 9

517

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

498

710

QfU.

871

O79

959

June.

0

0

42

49

121

479

407

387

381

373

371

369

365

371

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

109

409

396

9 on

0

0

0

0

0

927

927

954

969

958

921

1,003

985

937

987

987

987

948

931

915

1,032

866

874

833

785

785

823

809

749

742

781

710

un

555

645

481

July.

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,257

1,612

2,144

2,148

2,414

2,414

2,490

2,666

2,368

2,181

2,170

2,139

2,127

2; 337

2,278

1,775

1,070

374

427

0

0

0

745

745

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

138

779

133

0

0

0

0

0

0

352

378

350

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Aug.

0

0

0

0

0

0

606

781

0

0

0

0

0

285

833

827

1,045

1,057

1,124

1,207

1,160

1,204

1,192

1,125

1,231

1,290

1,203

1,005

978

560

497

454

456

449

442

433

593

83

459

498

526

530

513

496

468

516

505

542

536

517

508

477

473

478

584

601

534

Hid

463

449

AK(\

438

516

343

343

0

0

0

Sept.

000

0

0

0

579

534

529

318

314

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

OOft

222

220

378

212

206

0

0

0

201

201

0

0

0

205

0

0

0

on?

Oct.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

'0Jd

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

103

0

0

102

130

132

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

122

82

0

0

0

0

0

0

138

1Qfi

0

0

0

0

0

0

Nov.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

fa) («)

a)

(a) («)

a)

a)

a)

a)

a)

(«)

(a

(«)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

*>OO

oq-i

99Q

0

Dec.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

' 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

357

347

345

341

3%

334

332

324

397

98ft

544

O7l

517

507

432

J.9 9

416

a Dam open; water flowing from river into lake.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI BIVEB BASINS. 141

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn., for

1893-1910 Continued.

Day.

1903. 

1...............

2...............

3. ..............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15................

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1904. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

1. ........ ......

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13. ..............

14. ..............

15..............

16...............

17...............

18..............

19..............

20..............

21..............

22. .............

23. .............

24..............

25..............

26..............

27. .............

28..............

29..............

30..............

31..............

1905. 

1..............

2..............

3..............

4..............

5..............

Jan.

290

404

282

278

245

242

240

237

198

196

194

163

162

160

0

136

133

131

129

0

128

90

89

88

87

89

88

0

88

71

118

131

161

157

156

157

156

153

158

157

154

153

152

151

149

144

139

145

144

143

143

142

141

139

138

131

129

129

121

120

120

147

146

146

130

136

Feb.

70

0

0

0

69

71

70

70

0

0

69

0

0

68

68

67

0

67

66

0

0

65

0

65

64

64

63

63

120

151

152

151

149

135

134

133

131

141

139

137

121

119

118

117

118

116

115

120

170

198

190

195

190

183

184

176

174

102

100

97

96

95

Mar.

63

63

0

0

0

62

62

0

0

0

61

0

60

0

0

0

0

62

64

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

65

66

66

67

208

204

200

198

178

173

177

166

161

157

168

164

245

232

227

192

178

170

163

154

152

132

124

116

134

126

113

99

97

92

92

62

63

63 65

65

Apr.

0

0

' 00

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

369

0

0

0

0

92

91

91

123

167

276

0

0

0

0

0

313

362

527

661

714

674

651

556

508

413

492

592

712

298

0

307

943

814

814

111

67

0

0

(a)

May.

0

0

1,012

801

812

814

829

1,559

1,000

1,117

1,079

1,170

1,OSO

1,088

1,216

1,205

1,194

1,175

1,334

1,324

1,339

1,365

1,094

794

794

433

441

445

366

369

375

1,204

935

933

925

923

907

903

495

578

786

786

881

928

919

915

906

842

791

817

877

1,012

889

619

523

521

329

438

552

480

537

730

0

0

0

0

0

June.

408

208

0

887

0

302

0

0

0

0

0

316

0

0

0

684

0

0

33

0

0

0

0

0

426

412

406

404

437

434

623

303

723

795

703

822

608

382

588

824

819

1,015

915

864

728

208

448

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

625

351

356

367

330

July.

434

426

429

400

399

368

365

392

385

443

446

416

422

430

434

428

394

392

381

360

363

362

366

378

356

392

430

433

431

426

427

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,162

1,030

1,158

905

738

Aug.

412

415

403

403

399

392

382

337

368

407

. 410

404

401

410

411

404

409

406

411

404

378

367

391

373

396

385

377

433

429

423

3SUL

0

0

0

326

308

282

268

127

356

359

331

231

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

304

293

288

144o0

0

0

292

282

244

259

61

61

61

81

81

Sept.

377

374

366

408

403

388

418

427

395

384

383

375

314

348

398

387

410

457

446

453

414

759

716

432

453

425

454

396

399

400

257

276

269

268

301

329

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

106

317

319

316

302

279

217

177

366

259

181

181

128

126

66

66

75

75

75

Oct.

417

439

442

419

394

399

373

332

308

303

320

432

469

609

654

600

724

781

787

806

832

967

996

1,007

993

962

997

947

971

806

743

89

87

85

145

136

133

133

128

123

128

133

0

0

0

0

0

0

144

151

160

166

168

178

170

566

677

322

0

0

123

85

494

494

511

503

499

Nov.

732

804

817

839

992

1,220

1,210

1,206

1,184

1,112

1,207

1,202

1,198

1,161

1,128

1,105

1,074

1,034

908

823

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

131

156

123

123

128

119

115

127

131

129

129

133

130

129

133

133

137

139

153

147

146

132

134

136

202

203

203

202

201

232

6

6

6

6

6

Dec.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

90

119

119

118

118

198

192

192

194

195

190

190

189

190

193

189

184

186

186

185

162

165

165

190

189

186

186

165

165

162

172

169

159

169

168

168

229

421

404

389

405

a Dam open; water flowing from river into lake.
142 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,/or

1893-1910 Continued.

Day.

1905. 

................

7...............

8...............

9...............

10.. .............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1906. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6..... .........

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22

23...............

24...............

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1907. 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

Jan.

149

151

149

139

133

134

132

131

128

126

127

126

123

122

131

132

129

125 122

121

120

118

93

90

104

104

109

109

108

108

111

106

106

105

104

100

105

103

105

105

105

103

100

100

100

100

105

100

100

96

102

103

104

103

105

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

217

225

223

Feb.

93

92

91

91

89

89

89

86

79

73

75

74

61

68

73

73

71

66

62

68

62

48

60

105

100

100

100

98

98

285

317

313

293

343

325

504

507

485

474

464

465

573

4lii

512

479

458

525

454

448

421

423

430

429

442

444

443

434

439

439

Mar.

65

65

63

66

63

65

64

64

65

65

.66

64

62

66

70

70

70

70

70

114

114

116

126

137

135

143

529

533

479

480

452

453

441

463

467

410

394

400

387

501

458

390

380

364

364

352

308

313

307

287

277

274

274

286

315

604

581

561

561

574

571 f.it

515

456

504

Apr.

(a)

(«)

(a)

(a)

0

0

0

0

0

245

242

241

0

0

0

0

0

408

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

OOQ

329

342

342

386

425

459

528

527

454

543

601

525

0

0

0

0

230

220

228

228

230

230

228

220

230

230

228

230

230

295

330

287

268

287

287

300

286

286

300

May.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

952

982

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

660

230

230

287

364

402

497

563

643

703

785

931

917

949

748

544

455

741

730

831

630

609

615

587

611

587

582

610

598

381

316

712

1,020

473

436

400

412

404

412

412

387

400

June.

329

326

326

381

381

452

454

459

441

0

0

0

550

687

827

757

721

757

754

565

1,709

1,037

997

1,010

1,022

567

645

354

350

300

319

318

522

641

738

815

878

928

911

536

586

606

427

374

370

387

407

439

500

494

564

570

576

696

706

1,505

1,505

1,530

1,404

1,394

1,403

1,402

1,402

1,402

1,401

July.

859

1,026

1,150

1,047

743

744

744

1,173

1,442

1,429

1,155

1,614

1,465

134

134

134

134

134

132

132

130

130

129

958

970

787

858

992

1,004

823

829

399

362

334

337

352

357

442

483

524

768

823

8%

809

821

811

842

775

767

805

221

219

224

251

10

10

10

761

538

481

590

514

628

513

313

258

182

Aug.

81

81

437

437

437

425

418

415

83

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

70

70

70

70

70

70

68

66

66

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

458

502

495

532

485

475

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

387

410

10

10

10

10

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sept.

75

75

75

75

331

323

310

485

499

494

509

522

539

463

482

477

480

591

555

519

477

478

477

499

497

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

517

472

839

828

726

773

804

901

945

1,016

876

590

590

538

638

538

481

481

538

590

590

Oct.

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

410

400

397

398

396

389

414

404

418

418

418

6

916

741

893

791

572

604

787

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

823

780

10

317

306

300

692

695

710

727

612

936

936

936

757

602

641

641

602

602

Nov.

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

370

334

344

340

10

10

840

631

10

810

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

12

12

12

12

12

179

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Dec.

395

387

404

389

410

408

408

418

378

384

388

390

390

401

413

339

358

6

6

6

71

204

201

129

111

110

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

340

330

300

280

260

250

240

220

210

200

a Dam open; water flowing from river into lake.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 143

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for

1893-1910 Continued.

Day.

1907. 

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21.«.. ..........

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26. ..............

27. ..............

28...............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

1908. 

1...............

2..,,... .........

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

H...... .........

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25......... ... .

26. .............

27. ..............

28. ..............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1909. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Jan.

220

217

215

214

212

213

211

209

208

206

204

429

396

439

423

407

403

405

403

411

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

50

50

50

50

40

Feb.

435

436

449

443

443

445

634

766

748

745

800

755

514

767

729

689

659

635

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

72

73

74

75

75

75

75

76

75

74

75

76

76

75

74

70

69

68

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

Mar.

472

462

444

433

433

374

417

422

372

389

350

420

373

467

413

359

284

284

274

250

238

'67

66

65

64

63

62

61

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

25

0

0

15

Apr.

278

286

273

278

158

260

246

232

246

286

320

340

340

260

286

340

340

360

473

523

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

400

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

20

10

10

20

20

10

15

15

20

15

15

20

20

20

30

May.

1,050

1,048

972

723

723

686

595

340

340

442

340

395

442

484

442

279

340

484

523

624

1,332

2

2

2

2

3

450

500

419

410

400

400

400

2

2

2

200

200

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

350

325

150

150

150

150

20

25

30

40

20

10

15

30

40

60

75

80

80

125

291

June.

989

938

938

540

380

380

380

492

539

539

583

558

594

594

731

695

583

744

761

869

150

150

150

200

200

200

200

100

0

0

0

0

50

300

500

846

900

925

925

1,005

1,000

975

960

950

950

925

900

900

850

800

360

320

320

320

477

477

465

465

470

475

475

312

312

310

300

July.

258

182

182

182

182

182

258

182

313

313

182

182

(<*)

(«)

(a)

a

a

a

a

a)

(a)

700

650

770

750

730

700

700

650

550

500

376

350

300

250

225

200

200

175

150

10

10

10

10

10

25

100

100

90

75

50

10

40

100

179

170

160

145

130

0

0

0

0

0

0

55

20

Aug.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

182

182

182

258

313

538

481

538

481

10

10

10

10

15

20

20

30

40

50

75

50

60

75

60

60

70

50

30

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

550

479

420

420

420

400

300

300

200

200

0

0

0

0

40

Sept.

638

313

313

313

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

590

638

522

10

590

830

830

864

901

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

0

0

0

0

10

10

10

0

0

0

10

20

60

10

10

10

10

20

20

10

750

900

900

900

900

800

800

700

602

550

700

750

500

300

250

Oct.

602

440

253

0

0

179

0

0

253

358

253

309

309

358

358

358

358

309

309

309

253

0

0

0

0

0

10

10

10

10

10

10

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

25

30

30

35

0

0

20

20

50

40

80

90

150

200

250

320

250

330

350

Nov.

0

0

0

0

253

0

0

0

0

0

0

655

645

635

620

600

580

5701

550

350

40

40

50

50

50

50

60

60

35

30

40

35

35

30

35

50

55

60

60

60

65

65

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

. 0

0

0

0

0

Dec.

190

180

170

160

150

150

150

150

150

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

80

80

80

80

70

65

65

60

60

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

55

50

50

60

80

80

90

90

85

85

80

65

60

60

60

60

Dam open; water flowing from river into lake.
144 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River below ^andy Lake reservoir, Minn., for

1893-1910 Continued.

Day.

1909. 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27... ............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

1910. 

1...............

2.---.-...-.....

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

35

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

35

3535-

35

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

100

100

100

90

90

90

90

90

90

80

80

80

80

80

80

Feb.

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

65

65

65

60

60

50

35

20

20

Mar.

15

15

15

0

0

0

15

20

20

20

0

0

15

15

15

20

20

20

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

OK

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

80

150

160

170

175

Apr.

35

40

40

40

40

40

15

35

40

40

40

40

40

40

30

160

160

175

180

200

200

290

390

390

390

390

390

400

400

400

504

500

475

470

445

420

390

370

360

360

360

360

320

May.

310

310

310

320

330

300

290

300

290

290

285

285

280

369

369

Ofin

260

OCfl

320

290

330

360

340

350

340

340

360

340

330

437

415

400

0

(0)

(«)

(0)

a.)

0)

a)

a)

(a)

(a)

20

20

20

0

0

June.

300'

290

300

249

249

250

245

240

235

230

20

0

0

10

20

0

0

0

20

20

20

20

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

(0)

a

a

a

a

(0

July.

50

60

40

20

15

15

20

30

20

10

180

460

550

600

500

550

(0)

0

0

0

0

(a)

(a)

(°)

(°)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

ft (°)

(a

? (a

(a

(a

(a

(a

(a

(a

fa)

(<*)

Aug

a

ir

7'i

7

fl

?

1

1

If K

TTi

?f

14

(a

(a

\ a

(a

}a

(a

(a

(a

a

a

a

a

(a

(a

(a

(a

(a

na

a

a

a

a

a

a

' f

0

m

5

5

5

ft

0

5

0

0

5

m

,0

m

>oi

0

0

Sept.

200

100

150

150

200

175

50

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Oct.

351

300

100

0

0

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

50

0

0

0

0

0

0

Nov.

400

700

650

600

0

0

0

0

30

0

0

0

60

81

45

0

0

0

0

0

0

175

150

150

150

17

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Dec.

TO

80

85

90

95

95

95

95

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

a. Dam open; water flowing into river from lake. 

Monthly outflow from Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn., for 1893-1910.

Month.

1893. 

July (25 days). ...........................................

September. ..............................................

October..................... . . ...

The period. ........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

459 

455 

124 

106 

341 

127

Minimum.

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

26

Mean.

204 

142 

13.6

6.8 

193 

56.7

Run-off 

(total in 

millions of 

cubic feet).

441 

380 

35.2 

18.2 

500 

152

1,530
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. . 145 

Monthly outflow from Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for 1893-1910 Continued.

Month.

1894. 

January

March . ... .....

The period. ........................................

1895.

April (27 days). ..........................................

1896.

April (28 days). ..........................................

July......................................................

1897.

April.....................................................

May.....................................................

July.....................................................

1898.

April ....................................................

May.....................................................

July.....................................................

The year...........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

19 

0 

0 

0 

1,241 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

263 

230

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

322

365 

201 

0

0 

163 

0 

0 

1,012 

1,534 

1.161 

623 

853 

468 

581 

379

205 

112 

120

1,747 

896 

638 

3,738 

2,894 

1,071 

877 

0 

0

3,738

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

482 

227 

298

482

Minimum.

0 

0 

0 

0 

560 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

109

210 

0 

0

0 

0 

0 

0 

388 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0 

72 

65 

0 

362 

356 

369 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

0

Mean.

0.6 

0 

0 

0 

1,020 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

127 

42.1

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

189 

285 

275 

67 

0

0 

70.2 

0 

0 

610 

550 

63 

326 

676 

184 

207 

169

89.2 

93 

77.3 

378 

601 

531 

2,500 

455 

791 

391 

0 

0

492

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

206 

41.6 

120

50.6

Run-off 

(total in 

millions of 

cubicfeet).

1.6 

0 

0 

0 

2.290 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

329 

113

2,730

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

506 

271 

736 

174 

0

1,690

0 

176 

0 

0 

1,260 

1,430 

169 

873 

1,750 

493 

537 

453

7,140

239 

225 

207 

980 

1,610 

1,380 

6,690 

1,220 

2,050 

1,0.50 

0 

0

15,700

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

552 

108 

321

981

21502° WSP 285 12 10
146 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

Monthly outflow from Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for 1893-1910 Continued.

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean

Run-off

(total in

millions of

cubic feet).

January................................................. 0

February................................................ 0

March................................................... 0

April.................................................... 0

May..................................................... 1,257

June..................................................... 1,499

July..................................................... 1,474

August................................................... 2,099

September............................................... 1,149

October.................................................. 2,888

November............................................... 1,607

December................................................ 0

The year........................................... 2,888

1900.

January................................................. 0

February................................................ 0

March................................................... 0

April.................................................... 229

May..................................................... 1,041

June..................................................... 552

July..................................................... 155

August................................................... 0

September............................................... 0

October.................................................. 556

November............................................... 0

December................................................ 0

The year........................................... 1,041

1901.

January.................................................. 0

February................................................ 215

March.................................................... 670

April..................................................... 600

May..................................................... 1,651

June..................................................... 927

July..................................................... 2,660

August.............................. .................... 1,290

September.............................................. 579

October................................................. 0

November............... ............................... 0

December............................................... 0

The year........................................... 2,660

1902.

January................................................. 0

February................................................ 0

March................................................... 0

April. ................................................... 442

May...................................................... 959

June..................................................... 1,032

July............................ ........................ 779

August................................................... 601

September............................................... 378

October.................................................. 196

November............................................... 232

December................................................ 544

The year........................................... 1,032

1903.

January.................................................. 404

February................................................ 71

March.................................................... 67

April..................................................... 369

May..................................................... 1.559

June..................................................... 887

July..................................................... 446

August................................................... 433

September............................................... 759

October.................................................. 1.007

November............................................... 1,220

December................................................ 119

The year......^..................... .............. 1,559

0

0

0

0

110

761

282

633

572

788

594

0

312

0

0

0

7.6

619

267

48.3

0

0

42.9

0

0

82.1

0

0

165

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

50.6

344

208

891

219

1,220 711-

75.8

0

0

___0

310

0

0

0

0

0

481

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

21.4

200

834

68.7

431

75.9

36.4

40.7

213

160

0

0

0

0

0

0

356

337

314

303

0

0

155

40.7

41.3

12.3

891

179

403

398

425

649

726

18.2

328
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 147 

Monthly outflow from Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for 1893-1910 Continued.

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean,

Run-off

(total in

millions of

cubic feet).

1904.

January....................................... .......... 161

February................................................ 198

March.................................................... 245

April..................................................... 943

May...................................................... 1,204

June..................................................... 1.015

July..................................................... 0

August................................................... 359

September............................................... 366

October.................................................. 677

November............................................... 232

December................................................ 196

The year........................................... 1,204

1905. 

January................................................. 151

February................................................ 102

March................................................... 143

April.................................................... 408

May..................................................... 982

June..................................................... 1,709

July..................................................... 1,614

August.................................................. 437

September............................................... 591

October.................................................. 511

November............................................... 6

December................................................ 421

The year........................................... 1,709

1906.

January.............................................1..... Ill

February................................................ 573

March.................................................... 533

April..................................................... 601

May...................................................... 949

June..................................................... 928

July..................................................... 1,004

August................................................... 532

September............................................... 1,016

October.................................................. 916

November............................................... 840

December................................................ 20

The year.......................................... 1,004

1907.

January.................................................. 439

February................................................ 800

March................................................... 604

April..................................................... 523

May..................................................... 1,332

June..................................................... 1,530

July..................................................... 761

August................................................... 538

September............................................... 901

October.................................................. 936

November............................................... 655

December................................................ 340

The year.......................................... 1,530

1908.

January.................................................. 80

February................................................ 76

March.................................................... 67

April................................... r................. 400

May..................................................... 500

June..................................................... 1,005

July...................................................... 770

August................................................... 75

September............................................... 60

October.................................................. 36

November............................................... 70

December................................................ 70

The year........................................... 1,005

118

115

92

0

438

0

0

0

0

0

115

159

143

147

160

373

770

379

0

151

166

136

148

180

229

90

48

62

0

0

0

129

61

128

79.4

79.2

43.8

111

566

762

141

355

228

6

302

233

274

0

230

300

10

10

10

10

10

12

25

421

238

158

279

380

182

0

0

0

0

80

104

345

395

292

593

551

553

128

296

349

130

16

313

235

551

432

302

560

906

238

102

431

414

188

172

378

75.5

72.3

60.9

15.3

251

533

304

28.6

10.3

13.2

53.8

56.5

383

368

428

967

2,060

982

0

404

430

364

384

7,250

343

192

212

114

297

1,470

2,040

378

920

611

15.6

7,400

279

835

1,060

757

1,590

1,430

1,480

343

767

935

337

42.8

9,860

629

1,330

1,160

783

1,500

2,350

637

273

1,120

1,110

487

461

11,800

202

181

163

39.7

672

1,382

814

76.6

26.7

35.3

139

151

123 3,880
148 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

Monthly outflow from Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.,for 1893-1910 Continued.

Month.

1909.

March. ...................................................

April... ...................................................

May......................................................

July......................................................

1910.

July.....................................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

55 

35 

35 

40 

369 

477 

600 

741 

900 

351 

700 

100

900

100 

75 

175 

504 

437 

20 

0 

0 

0 

50 

175 

10

504

Minimum.

30 

35 

0 

10 

10 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

50

0

80 

20 

0 

160 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10

0

Mean.

41.8 

35 

19.7 

27.2 

192 

283 

133 

184 

378 

94.2 

85.6 

82.6

130

93.1 

65.0 

32.3 

353 

178 

8.3 

0 

0 

0 

16.1 

21.4 

10

64.8

Run-off 

(total in 

millions of 

cubicfeet).

112 

84.7 

52.8 

71.1 

514 

734 

356 

493 

980 

262 

222 

221

4,100

252 

157 

86.5 

915 

477 

21.8 

0 

0 

0 

4.3 

55.5 

26.8

2,000

PINE RIVER. 

PINE RIVER BELOW PINE RIVER RESERVOIR, MINN,

This station is located just below the dam at the outlet of Cross 

Lake, which is 15 miles above the mouth of Pine River, in the central 

part of Crow Wing County, in T. 137 N., R. 27 W.

It is maintained by the United States Engineer Corps for the purpose of measuring the flow from Pine River reservoir, the lowest unit 

in the present system of government reservoirs on the headwaters of 

the Mississippi.

In connection with the records of the Mississippi above Sandy 

River and of Sandy River below Sandy Lake reservoir, these records 

are of value in determining the availability of the upper Mississippi 

for power and navigation.

The dam is located at the outlet of Cross Lake and raises the water 

level in Cross, Pine, Daggett, Rush, Whitefish, Trout, and Hay 

lakes by varying amounts. The area of water surface at low water 

is 18 square miles; at high water the area is 24 square miles. These 

areas, with a range of 16.15 feet, give a capacity of 7,732,900,000 

cubic feet.

Though the discharge of the dam represents the flow from the 

reservoir it does not represent the entire flow of Pine River at its
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 149

mouth, because between the two points the drainage area of the 

river is increased from 452 to 691 square miles by Little Pine River 

and one or two other minor tributaries.

The daily discharge is based upon daily gage heights representing 

the head at the dam and upon the various sized openings in the dam. 

These data have been compiled from unpublished records m the 

United States engineer office at St. Paul. The monthly estimates 

have been computed by the Geological Survey.

Daily discharge, vn second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for

1895-1910.

Day.

1895. 

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

1896. 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5........*......

6.. .............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

Jan.

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Feb.

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

103

103

103

103

102

102

102

102

107

107

107

107

107

107

107

119

119

119

119

118

Mar.

5

5

5

5

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

24

67

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

114

113

95

113

113

114

110

110

109

109

109

109

109

119

119

119

119

119

118

Apr.

5

5

5

5

175

174

174

174

174

174

175

176

177

177

177

177

177

176

176

176

194

194

194

326

625

224

189

190

190

191

66

66

66

67

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

88

62

64

64

65

4

4

May.

537

464

507

481

469

498

440

478

469

493

463

457

464

443

443

438

438

438

23G

244

518

577

02

9

9

10

10

10

10

441

524

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

June.

536

376

425

419

177

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

452

520

18

254

412

329

445

50

451

33

33

33

33

33

33

33

30

30

30

30

30

30

20

20

20

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

July.

477

274

259

261

262

263

260

8

8

348

476

314

8

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

(a)

(a)

a} 

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a;

(a)

(a)

(a)

877

710

722

714

719

735

704

657

684

758

Aug.

7

7

399

604

639

637

640

700

772

837

796

845

656

648

641

634

646

657

751

566

512

543

510

431

398

424

421

422

417

416

417

648

622

046

611

704

' 698

752

511

665

470

439

389

354

340

338

409

389

366

351

341

Sept.

423

426

419

417

418

418

418

415

416

413

408

402

397

399

399

393

286

279

271

261

257

257

281

264

250

247

223

243

244

237

190

197

190

186

201

202

193

193

191

191

191

187

187

183

187

190

187

187

187

207

Oct.

229

222

214

207

202

198

191

186

180

180

178

174

178

168

163

156

150

152

142

133

124

114

109

106

105

102

108

105

103

103

99

142

142

142

124

127

127

127

127

130

175

177

177

171

171

171

169

171

171

171

171

Nov.

97

95

92

104

124

134

134

130

123

123

123

144

144

141

138

123

124

124

120

118

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

187

 187

220

228

228

228

232

231

235

235

232

232

227

227

250

245

245

241

241

236

Dec.

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

' 2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

171

168

171

178

186

198

198

194

194

194

194

190

181

181

195

198

193

189

181

181

oCrevasse formed on June 17. Only part of water passed through dam. This continued into July.
150 SI7EFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Mvnn., for

1895-1910 Continued.

Day.

1896. 

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27. ..............

28. ..............

29. ..............

30. ..............

31...............

1897. 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5..............

6...............

1. ..............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18. ..............

19...............

20. ..............

21............. .

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

29. ..............

30. ..............

31...............

1898.

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

11

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

Jan.

3 

3 

3 

3 

3

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

57

170 

177 

179 

196 

215

215 

206 

206 

199 

195

195 

199 

195 

192 

192

188 

195 

266 

447 

430

401

357 

328 

308 

288

262 

247 

240

239 

234 

234

13 

13 

13 

13

13

13 

13 

13 

13 

13

13 

13 

13 

13 

13

13 

13 

14 

14 

14

14 

14

14 

14 

14

Feb.

118 

118 

113 

113 

113

113 

113 

113 

113

238 

235 

230 

230 

223

215 

211 

207 

204 

200

212 

207 

200 

232 

236

232 

232

228 

228 

225

221

217 

217 

217 

213

209 

204 

204

14 

14 

14 

14 

14

14 

14 

14 

17

17

17 

17 

17 

17 

17

17 

17 

17 

17 

17

17 

17 

18

18 

. 18

Mar.

118 

69 

70 

70 

65

65 

65 

65 

65 

65 

66

204 

204 

201 

201 

201

201 

201 

204 

204 

201

197 

201 

201 

207

207

204 

200 

220 

234 

256

270 

270 

266 

266 

259

255 

259 

260 

264 

280 

290

18 

18 

18 

18 

18

18 

18 

18 

18 

18

18 

18 

18 

IS 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

Apr.

4 

4 

4 

4 

4

5 

5 

5 

5 

5

303 

317 

383 

534

827

843 

847 

890 

959 

1,043

1,131 

1,206 

1,165 

1,117 

1,117

1,181 

1,048 

1,010 

971 

905

854 

817 

786 

757 

751

741 

725 

753 

743 

737

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

la

May.

9 

9 

9 

17 

17

17 

17 

17 

21 

21 

21

778 

760 

728 

698 

629

612 

600 

614 

579 

581

583 

582 

611 

629 

634

611 

563

5 

5 

5

5 

5 

5 

5 

832

844 

490 

387 

327 

465 

377

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

19 

19 

19 

19 

19

June.

:a 

a 

a

a 

a 

a

I 

a

42

47 

55 

46 

32

23 

18 

21

33

47

53 

53 

56 

18 

18

40 

65 

71 

6£

73

54

48 

72 

7C 

68

63 

66 

63 

62

75

S 

5 

6

 5 

5

,8 

9 

7 

& 

3

0 

3 

1 

13 

1

13

7 

5 

2 

,3

9 

2 

A 

15 

10

6

7 

5 

1 

.5

19 

19 

193 

852 

988

1,398 

1,475 

1,479 

1,479 

1,478

331 

30 

30 

30 

30

30 

30 

27 

27 

27

27 

27 

27 

27 

27

July.

447 

401 

300 

166 

14

14 

302 

528 

519 

541 

649

653

574 

784 

530 

235

5 

5 

5 

5 

5

5 

5 

5 

5 

5

5 

5 

6 

6 

6

6 

6 

6 

6

6

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6

27

27 

27 

96 

197

981 

932 

1,292

1,379 

1,054

895 

714 

624 

723 

729

419 

419 

418 

421 

595

320 

320 

458 

1,099 

895

Aug.

320

287 

307 

291 

286

281 

263 

253 

239 

229 

220

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

145 

146 

146 

146 

145

146 

400 

426 

134 

437

647 

728 

618 

714 

777 

802 

791 

809 

795 

787

840 

1,085 

1,064 

1,056 

1.043

Sept.

202

194 

181 

168 

159

157 

152 

149 

140 

137

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

337 

767 

622 

610

506 

35 

9 

9 

9

930 

913

896 

880 

864

849 

836 

821 

804 

789

775 

761 

749 

740 

731

721

708 

699 

734 

772

754 

770 

784 

776 

773

Oct.

169 

169 

164

164 

150

147 

147 

143 

143 

180 

183

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

9 

9

9 

9 

9 

11 

11

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11

740 

793 

774 

763 

764

750 

745 

719 

703

685

661 

703 

509 

657 

666

622

557 

572 

582 

568

552 

531 

509 

493 

449

Nov.

232 

222 

222

214 

211

219 

214 

211 

202 

190

- 14 

14 

14 

14 

14

14

14 

14 

14 

14

14

14 

14 

14 

14

14 

14

14 

14 

14

14 

14 

11 

11 

11

11 

11 

11 

11 

11

415 

396 

349 

340 

332

315 

302

324 

315 

308

295 

289 

280 

277 

263

261 

258 

253 

221 

217

161 

3 

3 

3 

3

Dec.

177

185 

185 

181 

177

177 

177 

174 

174 

170 

170

11 

11 

11 

11 

11

11 

11 

11 

11 

11

11 

11 

11 

10 

10

10 

10 

10 

10 

10

10 

10 

10 

10 

10

10 

10 

10 

13 

13 

13

3 

3 

3 

.3 

3

4

4 

4 

4

4

4 

4

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

6 

fi

a Crevasse formed on J une 17. Only part of water passed through dam. This continued Into July.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 151

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for

1895-1910 Continued.

Day.

1898. 

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1899.

2. ..............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23

24...............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30. .............. ^11

1900. 

1..... ..........

2...............

3...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14.... ...........

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28. .............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

14

14

14

14

14

14

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

n

9

9

9

9

g

9

9

156

154

154

154

154

-112

52

w

52

52

52

52

52

KO

.52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

V)

52

52

52

52

52

52

Feb.

18

18

18

9

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

13

10

13

13

10

13

13

13

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

Mar.

19

19

19

19

19

19

1^1

1^1

13

131^1

1^1

i^s

13

IQ

13

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

41

4J

41

41

Apr.

1Q

19

19

19

19

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

19

19

19

19

19

19

41

41

41

41

41

104

206

206

309

313

414

414

414

328

208

132

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

May.

19

1Q

19

19

1Q

1Q

1Q

19

19

19

19

1Q

19

19

1Q

19

19

19

19

19

1Q

1Q

19

19

1Q

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

1Q

1Q

19

19

19

on

199

579

578

576

571

576

57*.

K7K

575

71fi

611

608

7fiQ

602

445

284

282

321

735

654

172

52

52

19

52

52

52

52

377

783

June.

27

27

27

27

27

19

1Q

1Q

19

19

19

1Q

19

1Q

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

1Q

1Q

19

19

19

1Q

19

19

1Q

19

19

348

425

30

589

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

510

727

52

52

52

52

273

631

628

627

622

890

911

963

1,011

773

553

541

July.

854

361

356

353

263

145

306

V7Q

578

581

581

K7Q

OQK

7*.

K«Q

565

449

30

30

30

54

620

646

641

457

436

375

40

35

35

AQQ

581

K7fi

570

561

KAR

537

531

381

52

52

795

794

860

QAQ

913

891

877

870

870

861

850

842

830

813

807

795

783

781

777

769

759

742

804

795

791

785

777

Aug.

1,022

1,001

988

Q79

957

944

651

840

826

709

59Q

40

4fl

40

40

366

561

580

622

614

369

is

1TO

625

632

639

777

OAK

918

863

688

366

OK

35

35

sft

30

764

747

730

717

718

742

487

489

496

514

526

528

531

533

533

531

457

462

467

474

481

422

488

492

518

520

526

778

769

770

565

Sept.

757

754

745

778

758

is

193

192

193

192

192

574

614

288

288

208

69

38

38

38

144

270

270

270

296

415

415

415

313

208

208

130

60

60

429

432

433

428

425

423

420

709

704

706

706

690

6S8

675

691

730

727

723

792

869

985

1,109

902

718

674

615

613

611

606

605

Oct.

433

416

406

442

435

425

60

60

55

55

KK

55

119

208

208

208

208

363

363

363

363

1,171

1,168

1,167

1,164

965

359

495

629

629

629

627

627

627

627

625

625

601

444

65

65

55

55

55

55

307

561

561

559

558

558

284

285

285

285

285

285

285

285

286

286

285

406

406

406

406

406

406

Nov.

3

3

3

3

3

268

270

270

270

270

270

310

310 <?in

190

48

48

48

48

48

113

490

668

666

503

310

182

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

406

406

406

406

406

406

406

405

405

403

403

403

271

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

Dec.

6

6

6

6

6

6

48

87

208

206

206

173

48

48

75

156

156

156

154

101

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

93

156

156

156

156

156

156

156

156

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52
152 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn.,for

1895-1910 Continued.

Day.

1901. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

Oq

24...............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...... ....... ..

1902. 

1...............

2..... ..........

3...............

4..............

5...............

6...............

7.. .............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1903. 

1...............

2..............

3...............

4...............

5...............

Jan.

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

56

56

56

185

189

179

181

180

179

176

175

177

179

182

182

184

186

186

186

184

184

186

186

186

184

184

183

183

293

290

298

298

297

Feb.

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

181

181

181

181

180

180

180

182

182

182

179

177

179

179

380

179

179

179

178

180

183

OOQ

9QQ

238

OQC

235

Mar.

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

1 QQ

1SQ

184

184

186

186

184

184

185

186

1Q7

189

1OQ

192

190

191

193

193

195

1Qf\

20

21

99

97

00

qq

34

qc

36

211

911

919

213

Apr.

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

66

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

56

53

53

eq

53

53

53

eq

53

36

36

36

37

07

07

07

^7

07

07

qo

qo

qo

QO

qo

QQ

36

4340

43

40

40

21

99

23

39

41

May.

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

53

379

657

653

fi47

650 07-1

070

43

43

36

36

148

148

148

qo

qo

qo

QQ

QQ

^Q

qn

39

EA

Ptfl

51

51

57

fi9

62

64

64

65

56

OQ

41

41

41

June.

460

78

78

72

72

65

65

65

65

65

512

544

576

610

70

72

628

896

931

932

952

1,054

1,167

1,245

1,346

1,342

1,337

1,357

1,586

1,293

K7

57

537

cqfi

525

516

9ftA

57

58

ql9

RAS

Q1 7

i-OO

174

760

7 TO

74Q

58

59

CQ

59

KQ

69

60

60

OOQ

41

41

41

41

July.

1,280

1,239

1,002

1,045

1,230

1,222

1,216

1,271

1,271

1,262

1,249

1,239

1,037

1,033

541

714

767

803

784

495

604

477

17Q

451

453

446

73

73

396

498

977

61

61

61

62

62

62

63

206

341

334

195

A1

Al

488

470

A93

£AA

528

522

K14

Aug.

56

56

63

53

53

53

519

873

862

853

778

425

422

421

427

421

420

421

421

420

418

418

416

414

413

411

408

406

404

4ft9

3QQ

568

EEQ

510

EA|

4Q1

464

468

537

CQ7

CQ-I

500

4Q9

97q

97q

974

*>7Q

«YJA

Q9A

QOK

Q9Q

QQ9

qqo

3ft

Sept.

397

498

520

507

493

533

481

573

667

793

852

657

647

635

625

619

608

601

579

651

821

871

844

824

814

808

794

780

765

744

qq^

qQ4

QOQ

qqq

qq9

^91

Q99

Q99

q99

qo9

322

Q91

Q9Q

Q9Q

q9Q

q9<

321

qon

qi o

qq9

q9O

qoQ

qoo

q9Q

097

Q1Q

qin

qlS

01 Q

92

QO

as

Oct.

738

669

802

796

789

774

831

814

856

897

928

924

896

925

938

956

910

844

820

790

893

838

816

781

711

662

619

573

535

505

476

qin

q-io

qin

qio

Q17

314

313

q-lO

331

OOrt

qoo

397

399

319

01 1

OrtQ

3fV7

QAO

QAO

ono

105

1(V,

Nov.

452

435

419

418

383

372

361

356

347

339

327

321

327

327

313

307

297

294

112

301

277

272

272

266

265

264

258

252

247

242

OQA

295

OQR

9Qfi

297

OQ7

300

300

300

.301

301

302

305

OAK

OAK

305

305

oAfi

Qrtfi

305

305

9O7

OQ7

110

110

110

110 iin

NDec,

241

240

240 "238

238

235

236

238

237

232

227

217

211

207

202

201

200

199

196

195

197

184

189

192

192

198

199

203

201

197

192

295

295

293

293

292

308

306

306

305

305

0(\A

9O7

295

291

9O1

9Q1

9Q1

9Q1

9Q7

9Qfi

296

OQK

294

9Q4

one

294

9Q4

294

294

lin
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 153

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for

1895-1910 Continued.

Day.

1903. 

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24.. .............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1904. 

11..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1905. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

Jan.

296

295

295

294

287

285

283

283

283

281

279

285

281

284

284

283

280

278

244

229

228

227

226

225

224

239

106

104

104

104

104

104

104

105

104

104

104

104

1O4

104

104

106

106

106

106

106

106

107

107

107

107

107

116

154

186

217

267

267

267

267

267

271

271

271

271

271

Feb.

234

231

230

227

224

222

217

211

230

224

223

223

221

221

221

219

221

221

222

222

222

222

214

263

306

345

Q74

4nn

395

QQ1

306

108

108

108

108

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

11^

152

191

191

254

315

367

418

416

253

253

251

248

248

248

248

247

247

245

Mar.

214

223

224

225

226

227

229

231

229

227

228

229

231

232

235

237

237

238

238

Oqn

241

OJO

244

244

244

245

416

416

416

422

422

421

407

407

406

4(lfi

4A7

406

406

409

ACV7

407

OQQ

399

QQ7

414 AO-t

430

Atyn

427

427

49R

428

426

426

245

245

244

244

244

244

244

944

244

241

Apr.

42

43

44

45

47

39

41

A*3

46

4R

40

49

40

40

40

41

41

41

42

41

42

43

43

44

44

420

420

420

414

41 q

41 Q

41 q

AAQ

481

486

4Qfi

4Qfi

4OA

4Qfi

501

502

KAO

4Q1

4Q1

491

491

joq

joq

498

498

498

498

485

AQK

f\AQ

fi4Q

655

655

653

675

673

670

668

666

May.

41

42

42

40

40

40

41

41

41

43

39

40

40

287

527

523

278

40

41

41

sn9

556

553

553

148

14Q

483

483

483

483

483

490

4Q1

4Q1

4Q1

264

108

108

168

167

167

166

167

168

168

115

115

115

116

116

116

117

120

120

120

120

120

70

65

65

70

70

65

75

80

70

65

June.

42

42

43

43

43

43

AQ

43

331

607

602

592

587

Q19

274

497

493

485

478

470

KRQ

558

553

KJO

f^fi

121

121

128

ion

130

OQ7

flQ.fi

595

KQ9

588

545

610

603

597

591

583

576

567

559

123

193

123

1OK

126

126

197

197

127

700

680

675

681

680

680

670

R7i

680

673

July.

104

497

OQO

71 Q

7ftfi

fiQf;

684

AAQ

438

234

36

Q7

Q7

07

07

Q7

461

Q7

07

Q7

07

qo

38

527

619

604

197

594

581

572

565

561

124

124

126

578

572

561

554

114

554

553

558

556

549

674

778

731

727

11Q

120

120

120

159

1 f*Q

159

900

900

900

am

950

1,000

1,220

1,220

1.220

1,250

Aug.

36

36

89

89

SQ

89

RQ

on

90

Q1

Q1

Q1

91

91

01

Q1

09

no

no

92

QQ

aq

Q4

no

09

Q9

159 if;o

1HR

158

liu

liq

I'M

119

1H9

IQI

356

470

531

529

529

KOQ,

528

523

KOQ

523 193

689

685

455

510

306

304

354

314

354

1,400

1,400

1,350 1 3in

1,315

1,315

1,300

1,300

1,300

1,250

Sept.

Of,

96

Q7

98

QQ

RQ

Q1

Q9

Q9

03

Q4

QK.

88

SQ

89

89

RQ

on

89

89

89

SQ

on

on

354

qcn

361

359

359

357

361

223

iqn

iqn

ion

139

1QQ

13Q

139

141

530

529

527

KOK

522 win

527

525

191

506

506

504

504

504

1,080

1,046

1,046

1,040

1,040

1,020

1,000

779

775

770

Oct.

107

109

110

111

105

106

107

107

1AO

108

inn

inin

112

11Q

107

107

107

107

108

108

ino

109

KAO

inn

498

498

497

848

841

838

838

839

eon

836

833

831

813

811

810

807

806

Qf\A

803

800

815

589

587

- 596

595

KOq

410

228

284

445

425

420

411

410

450

470

470

465

460

Nov.

110

109

109

109

109

109

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

107

107

107

107

107

107

107

105

106

106

284

286

286

9ftA

296

296

OQfi

OQfi

9OA

9Qfi

290

288

288

288

288

-288

288

298

298

298

298

OQQ

298

296

qn^

304

304

in4

304

302

385

380

380

362

360

355

355

345

340

340

Dec.

110

110

110

110

110

110 irtfi

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

106

302

OQ1

9Q1

9ftQ

289

289

OQQ

289

ooq

283

283

281

281

281

281

279

97Q

97Q

279

977

277

277

272

272

272

272

272

272

272

267

267

230

291

290

290

295

300

305

465

470

470
154 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for

1895-1910 Continued.

Day.

1905. 

11...............

12..... ........

13.... ...........

14...............

15.. ...... ......

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22.... ...........

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

01

1906. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1907. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4.... ...........

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Jan.

271

271

263

261

261

261

261

261

261

257

257

257

257

257

257

257

253

253

253

253

253

312

308

305

300

311

308

306

304

302

300

300

307

307

306

306

305

304

304

305

305

305

QrtC

305

305

305

306

306

306

306

306

one

252

255

256

256

249

249

249

248

248

240

238

246

246

246

246

Feb.

245

245

245

245

245

245

241

241

241

241

241

241

241

245

245

245

245

245

304

302

302

300

299

298

90S

298

281

280

280

280

280

277

97ft

260

259

258

256

256

254

oca

97 P;

275

973

272

272

270

365

378

376

372

372

372

370

270

355

352

351

350

350

347

347

Mar.

241

241

241

241

241

241

238

462

458 5791

576

572

650

646

643

638

634

632

631

657

«CO

270

262

270

274

275

277

278

280

295

90 f.

OQQ

901

901

293

288

286

285

285

278

97ft

277

977

979

272

273

273

97°.

270

268

269

269

eoe

604

556

541

656

643

620

617

639

639

1,028

1,020

1,011

1,005

996

Apr.

662

658

667

660

654

646

640

634

350

94

61

63

65

66

67

67

67

68

08

68

270

270

273

280

310

327

340

350

360

420

480

560

690

700

720

740

765

785

790

867

870

870

840

815

795

800

801

785

760

375

1,012

1,012

1,012

1,055

1,012

1,013

1,046

1,047

1,047

1,047

1,047

1,059

1,046

1,035

May.

60

50

50

50

50

60

70

85

660

700

738

740

740

735

740

700

675

675

670

665

739

360

360

365

380

486

854

570

700

500

597

350

530

575

575

600

600

650

1,048

612

1,000

625

650

650

1,000

1,010

890

950

960

960

950

955

30

30

30

30

30

in

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

June.

670

660

660

600

600

600

700

700

700

700

720

720

720

790

790

790

800

800

800

908

800

701

10

6

200

4

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

0

5

0

0

581

600

590

580

300

0

669

731

700

600

321

327

333

339

50

40

35

344

575

622

772.

780

400

525

410

July.

1,250

1,250

1,250

1,405

1,400

1,400

1,400

1,400

1,400

1,400

1,375

1,375

1,375

1,375

1,400

1,520

1,500

1,500

1,492

1,450

1,400

516

527

723

725

725

725

730

725

500

760

761

500

500

750

750

740

730

870

840

432

50

30

30

30

30

28

25

20

20

20

20

40

35

35

35

35

33

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

Aug.

1,152

1,300

1,402

1,400

1,200

1,100

1,050

1,350

1,227

1,227

1,227

1,350

1,248

1,248

1,200

1,200

1,180

1,175

1,150

1,140

1,100

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

30

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

25

25

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

400

770

760

755

750

Sept.

770

760

750

725

612

612

600

578

600

575

570

564

564

564

560

550

540

530

520

450

20

20

20

400

500

750

750

750

740

740

730

730

730

730

614

720

700

690

200

200

200

200

200

200

150

180

30

30

35

35

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

500

459

455

455

455

454

Oct.

450

440

430

345

340

340

345

340

330

320

388

375

370

365

365

365

365

396

390

390

390

32

30

28

20

22

20

o600

o650

o650

o650

o650

o650

700

802

800

700

750

790

609

749

846

678

670

150

75

65

60

60

55

55

55

490

490

489

490

489

513

513

513

513

673

665

665

660

661

662

Nov.

329

325

320

315

310

310

310

299

295

290

285

280

275

270

239

133

245

240

235

230

50

50

50

45

45

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

834

805

815

805

795

110

105

100

'9289

95

105

125

134

157

165

170

613

613

612

603

607

602

583

582

583

582

582

580

580

582

581

Dec.

470

460

450

430

41O

400

390

380

370

360

350

352

svi

340

330

320

310

300

324

320

316

175

180

180

180

180

185

185

196

148

198

200

200

205

210

261

261

261

262

262

262

262

254

254

250

250

250

250

250

252

252

250

316

315

312

310

308

306

305

305

304

303

302

300

298

296

294

Repairing gates, estimate probably too low.
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 155

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for 

1895-1910 Continued.

Day.

1907. 

16...............

17...............

is

19

20...............

21...............

22 .......

23...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1908. 

1... ............

2... ...... ......

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9............... 10...............

11...............

12... ......... ...

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19

20...............

21...............

22...............

OQ

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1909. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

Q

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

Jan.

396

390

383

383

383

383

380

380

375

375

385

385

380

375

370

368

291

290

289

288

287

287

285

283

281

280

281

279

278

277

276

275

274

275

274

272

270

269

268

266

267

266

265

264

263

262

263

149

148

150

152

154

156

158

210

214

214

213

213

212

212

211

210

209

208

148

147

Feb.

335

335

335

338

338

338

338

301

300

298

298

298

361

263

265

270

276

282

300

310

324

324

325

326

326

325

326

327

325

324

323

322

321

320

319

318

317

316

315

314

313

344

147

148

147

147

148

148

148

149

149

150

150

151

152

154

156

158

160

248

249

250

Mar.

993

1,023

1,023

1,012

1,012

1,001

971

oon

979

1,012

1,012

1,011

1 000

I'ooo

1,002

1,000

314

312

310

308

306

IfU

309

309

308

308

307

306

305

306

306

305

305

304

303

302

Oft9

303

304

305

300

298

295

inn

299

298

9QS

245

9-IQ

249

250

316

315

314

313

312

311

310

308

01 n

312

314

316

422

424

426

Apr.

1,035

1,034

1,012

1,012

1,045

1,011

1,000

150

125

100

75

60

50

50

40

290

143

145

130

132

135

138

125

198

130

123

124

126

198

130

132

115

116

117

us

120

199

127

126

125

124

123

121

404

402

405

409

412

415

418

421

424

424

423

423

424

423

422

422

423

424

425

May.

30

30

in

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

318

465

465

315

119

120

121

121

122

122

121

121

120

120

121

122

123

123

124

125

125

124

125

126

126

127

198

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

210

212

214

215

216

217

218

219

221

224

226

228

230

OQO

233

230

224

221

218

215 1

June.

400

540

775

778

775

300

150

780

350

785

778

785

360

50

50

136

137

137

100

138

139

137

134

126

124

122

120

120

120

121

121

120

120

121

122

121

121

120

121

121

122

122

219

220

221

222

223

223

224

225

224

224

225

225

226

665

700

725

960

855

815

731

July.

Of!

30

on

30

30

30

30

405

770

765

77C

770

765

760

755

or

797

124

191

19K

124

124

123

19Q

122

Q97

197

130

ion

70 c

780

771

773

770

768

765

129

128

127

120

118

115

115

114

114

115

114

113

113

115

118

120

124

126

128

532

530

528

526

Aug.

748

745

780

785

1,032

1,020

1,005

1,072

1,060

1,050

1,040

l,03ff

30

20

20

9n

130

130

129

128

126

124

122

120

120

120

120

120

120

120

120

825

820

SIS

SI 1

808

970

Qfifl

950

940

960

COO

585

588

585

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

78

79

80

80

81

82

82

82

83

83

83

83

Sept.

454

452

452

455

536

535

CO,*

530

528

525

520

CIO

515

512

580

575

570

9n

520

535

540

FLAK

700

AQQ

fiQS

705

720

750

770

835

830

COO

826

oon

S1 1

SI 9

sin

806

804

805

806

805

803

76

75

74

73

75

77

80

475

480

485

490

495

500

510

115

110

514

513

520

541

Oct.

657

658

fiKO

654

648

648

649

648

642

638

638

Sfi7

861

Sfil

613

613

QAn

455

AtLfl

448

AAfl

lid

44ft

436

4QO

JOQ

497

424

491

418

415

413

415

417

600

610

618

A99

627

625

620

615

610

336

332

328

528

527

526

524

522

520

518

516

514

516

518

520

522

524

526

540

538

536

130

12*

Nov.

322

322

324

OOfi

one

007

007

poo

qoft

994

ooo

001

oon

01 Q

01 7

OQA

qqo

333

335

OO7

qoo

QQQ

338

007

336

qqc

qqo

 331

qoa

007

OOC

qoo

321

01 Q

01 7

142

142

141

141

140

I4n

141

141

141

142

131

131

130

130

131

130

131

132

133

134

134

135

136

135

135

134

133

132

131

132

Dec.

296

295

OQJ.

293

ono

9O9

9Q1

OQf|

9ttQ

9ftS

287

90ft

987

289

9on

9O9

142

143

143

144

144

144

144

144

143

1456

143

143

143

144

144

143

143

144

144

145

146

146

147

14fi

14Q

140

149

14Q

149

149

1JQ

134

134

135

134

136

138

190

192

194

196

198

198

198

199

199

199

200

200

200

201
156 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for

1895-1910 Continued.

Day.

1909. 

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25 ..............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1910. 

1.... ...........

2...............

3...............

4..........:,...

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19................

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

94

25...'...........

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31... ............

Jan.

146

145

144

144

144

145

145

146

1Afi

147

147

212

213

214

214

215

215

216

216

216

217

217

218

218

91 Q

219

999

225

230

235

400

415

419

430

460

470

480

4QO

493

4Q1

498

Feb.

249

248

247

246

245

244

243

243

5tK)

505

510

515

519

519

519

515

515

560

615

655

656

657

658

660

662

664

666

668

672

674

676

678

680

681

680

678

Mar.

424

422

420

418

416

415

413

412

410

409

408

675

672

668

665

662

656

652

648

642

635

630

622

625

628

630

632

636

640

647

655

660

675

682

688

fiQO

690

685

680

675

670

Apr.

427

428

429

9IV>

204

206

208

675

fi7Q

A7Q

676

675

673

671

669

667

665

663

662

660

658

656

654

652

650

646

643

OAf\

635

R39

633

634

634

635

636

640

May.

212

210

211

212

213

214

91 1;

216

217

218

219

fi49

644

648

650

654

655

656

657

658

659

660

661

658

656

652

650

645

640

637

637

637

637

636

637

636

636

635

636

637

June.

705

700

690

500

230

228 99*;

223

994

225

OA(\

646

651

658

657

656

654

653

651

650

649

650

651

655

658

662

665

670

660

640

600

575

525

450

430

426

125

125

July.

524

360

75

72

72

73

74

73

73

73

73

123

120

121

123

125

127

129

130

133

133

134

134

135

135

136

136

132

128

125

122

120

117

115

118

120

125

300

287

285

283

283

Aug.

83

84

84

85

85

86

87

88

88

89

ss

275

180

69

68

67

66

66

66

67

67

67

68

68

68

67

67

67

66

66

66

66

66

66

67

67

67

67

67

66

fifi

66

Sept.

540

539

538

537

536

535

534

533

532

530

65

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

62

62

62

62

67

67

67

67

68

68

68

68

69

70

160

590

688

630

Oct.

125

123

121

123

125

126

127

128

130

131

131

470

473

474

475

474

475

440

400

395

360

310

290

71

70

69

69

70

70

70

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

71

Nov.

132

133

133

134

133

134

134

134

135

135

71

71

72

72

73

73

73

73

73

73

73

73

73

72

72

72

71

71

71

70

69

69

68

68

67

67

67

68

68

67

Dec.

201

201

202

202

202

203

204

206

208

210

212

68

09

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

71

71

71

72

72

72

73

73

74

75

75

76

77

77

78

77

78

77

78

78

Monthly discharge of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for 1895-1910. 

[Drainage area, 452 square miles.]

Month,

1895. 

January ..........................

February. . .......................

April.............................

May..............................

July..............................

September. .......................

October. ..........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3 

5 

67 

625 

577 

536 

477 

837 

426 

229 

144 

3

837

Minimum.

3 

3 

4 

5 

9 

9 

7 

7 

223 

99 

2 

2

2

Mean.

3.0 

3.9 

7.0 

178 

357 

167 

108 

548 

339 

154 

83 

2.2

162

Per 

square 

mile.

0.0066 

.0086 

.015 

.394 

.789 

.369 

.239 

1.21 

.749 

.341 

.184 

.0048

.359

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage

area.

0.008 

.009 

.02 

.44 

.91 

.41 

.28 

1.38 

.84 

.39 

.21 

.006

4.90

Total In 

millions of 

cubic feet.

8.03 

9.43 

18.7 

462 

956 

433 

289 

1,468 

878 

412 

215 

5.89

5,160
UPPER MISSISSIPPI KIVEE BASINS. 157 

Monthly discharge of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for 1895-1910 Con.

Month.

1896.

March. .... .... ... ....

May

June 1-17..... ....................

July 11-31 .........................

The periods. ................

1897.

March.............. ...... .. .

May..............................

July..............................

The year. ...................

1898. 

January. .........................

March...... ....... ...... ......

May..............................

July..............................

December. ........................

The year. ...................

1899.

April.............................

May..............................

July..............................

December. ........................

The year. ...................

1900.

April..............................

Mav

July..............................

December. ........................

The year....................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

57 

119 

119 

68 

21 

33 

877 

704 

207 

183 

250 

198

447 

238 

290 

1,206 

844 

755 

784 

9 

767 

11 

14 

13

1,206

14 

18 

19 

19 

19 

1,479 

1,379 

1,085 

930 

793 

415 

6

1,479

9 

13 

16 

19 

19 

425 

646 

918 

614 

1,171 

668 

208

1,171

156 

52 

41 

414 

769 

1,011 

943 

778 

1,109 

601 

406 

52

1,109

Minimum.

2 

102 

65 

4 

5 

20 

14 

220 

137 

127 

187 

168

170 

200 

197 

303 

5 

191 

5 

9 

9 

9 

11 

10

5

13 

14 

18 

19 

19 

19 

27 

134 

699 

406 

3 

3

3

6 

9 

13 

16 

19 

19 

30 

30 

38 

55 

48 

48

6

52 

41 

41 

41 

39 

52 

52 

422 

420 

55 

52 

52

39

Mean.

4.6 

110 

97.9 

41.2 

10.3 

29.4 

558 

420 

182 

156 

224 

183

245 

219 

229 

849 

469 

511 

94.1 

9.0 

103 

9.5 

13.2 

10.7

230

13.5 

16.4 

18.6 

19.0 

19.0 

341 

561 

668 

787 

601 

207 

4.4

271

7.9 

11.4 

15.0 

17.5 

19.0 

43.9 

402 

439 

239 

480 

210 

114

167

70.5 

48.4 

41.0 

140 

406 

368 

748 

573 

661 

325 

201 

52

303

Per 

square 

mile.

a 010

.243 

.216 

.091 

.023 

.065 

1.23 

.930 

.403 

.345 

.496 

.405

.542 

.485 

.507 

1.88 

1.04 

1.13 

.208 

.020 

.228 

.021 

.029 

.024

.509

.030 

.036 

.041 

.042 

.042 

.754 

1.24 

1.48 

1.74 

1.33 

.458 

.097

.600

.017 

.025 

.033 

.039 

.042 

.097 

.889 

.972 

.529 

1.06 

.465 

.252

.369

.156 

.107 

.091 

.310 

.898 

.814 

1.66 

1.27 

1.46 

.719 

.445 

.115

.670

Run-off.

Depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area.

0.01

.26 

.25 

.10 

.03 

.41 

.96 

1.07 

.45 

.40 

.55 

.47

.62 

.50 

.58 

2.10 

1.20 

1.26 

.24 

.02 

.03 

.02 

.03 

.03

6.63

.03 

.04 

.05 

.05 

.05 

.84 

1.43 

1.71 

1.94 

1.53 

.51 

.11

8.29

.02 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.05 

.11 

1.02 

1.12 

.59 

1.22 

.52 

.29

5.05

.18 

.11 

.10 

.35 

1.04 

.91 

1.91 

1.46 

1.63 

.83 

.50 

.13

9.15

Total in 

millions of 

cubic feet.

12.3 

276 

262 

107 

27.6 

43.2 

1,012 

1,125 

472 

418 

581 

490

4,830

656 

530 

613 

2,200 

1,260 

1,320 

252 

24.1 

267 

25.4 

34.2 

28.6

7,210

36.2 

39.7 

49.8 

49.2 

50.9 

884 

1,500 

1,790 

2,040 

1,610 

537 

11.8

8,600

21.2 

27.6 

40.2 

45.4 

50.9 

114 

1,080 

1,180 

619 

1,290 

544 

305

5,320

, 189 

117 

110 

363 

1,090 

954 

2,000 

1,530 

1,710 

870 

521 

139

9,590
158 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

Monthly discharge of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for 1895-1910 Con.

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean.

Per

square

mile.

Run-off.

Depth in

inches on

drainage

area.

Total In 

millions of 

cubic feet.

1901.

January........................... 56

February......................... 56

March............................ 56

April............................. 56

May.............................. 657

June.............................. 1,586

July.............................. 1,280

August............................ 873

September........................ 871

October........................... 938

November........................ 452

December......................... 241

The year.................... 1,586

1902.

January........................... 189

February......................... 183

March............................. 195

April.............................. 43

May.............................. 148

June.............................. 768

July.............................. 657

August........................... 568

September........................ 334

October........................... 331

November:....................... 306

December......................... 308

The year.................... ____768

1903.

January.......................... 298

February.----- - --- ------.----- 239

March............................ 245

April............................. 49

May.............................. 556

June.............................. 607

July.............................. 713

August........................... 643

September........................ 99

October........................... 516

November........................ 110

December......................... 110

The year.................... 713

1904.

January.......................... 217

February......................... 418

March............................ 431

April............................. 502

May.............................. 491

June.............................. 610

July.............................. 778

August........................... 689

September........................ 530

October........................... 848

November........................ 304

December......................... 302

The year.................... ____848

1905.

January.......................... 271

February......................... 253

March............................ 657

April............................. 675

May.............................. 740

June.............................. 908

July.............................. 1,520

August........................... 1,402

September........................ 1,080

October........................... 470

November........................ 385

December......................... 470

Theyear.................... 1,520

52

56

56

53

53

65

73

53

397

476

112

184

52.4

56

56

55.2

161

651

807

404

667

784

314

212

a lie

.124

.124

.122

.356

1.44

1.79

.894

1.48

1.74

.695

.469

52 352 .779

175

178

20

36

36

57

61

273

318

306

295

291

182

180

132

37.8

59

32.4

263

423

325

315

302

297

.403

.398

.292

.084

.131

.072

.582

.938

.719

.697

.668

.657

20 212 .470

224

211

211

21

39

41

36

35

88

103

105

106

273

225

230

40.8

178

309

338

135

92

135

109

107

.604

.498

.509

.090

.394

.684

.748

.299

.204

.299

.241

.237

21 181 .399

104

108

397

413

108

121

119

152

139

228

284

267

113

225

415

473

240

332

418

365

370

684

295

280

.250

.498

.918

1.05

.531

.735

.925

.808

.819

1.52

.653

.620

104 351 .777

253

241

238

61

50

600

900

1,050

450

320

133

230

262

245

405

431

334

707

1,280

1,260

720

396

304

359

.580

.542

.896

.954

.739

1.56

2.83

2.79

1.59

.876

.673

.794

a 13

.13 

.14

.14

.41

1.61

2.06

1.03

1.65

2.00

.78

.54

10.62

.46 

.41 

.34 

.09 

.15 

.08 

.67 

1.08 

.80 

.80 

.74 

.76

.70 

.52 

.59 

.10 

.45 

.76 

.86 

.34 

.23 

.34 

.27 

.27

5.43

.29

.54

1.06

1.17

.61

.82

1.07

.93

.91

1.75

.73

.72

10.60

.67

.56

1.03

1.06

.85

1.74

3.26

3.22

1.77

1.01

.75

.92

50 558 1.24 16.84
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 159

Monthly discharge of Pine River below Pine River reservoir, Minn., for 1895-1910 Coji.

Month.

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum. Minimum. Mean.

Per 

square 

mile.

Run-off.

Depth in

inches on

drainage

area.

Total in 

millions of 

cubic feet.

1906.

January.......................... 312

February......................... 304

March............................ 295

April............................. 870

May.............................. 1,010

June.............................. 800

July.............................. 870

August........................... 30

September........................ 750

October........................... 846

November........................ 834

December........................ 262

The year.................... 1,010

1907.

January.......................... 396

February......................... 378

March............................ 1,028

April............................. 1,059

May.............................. 465

June.............................. 798

July.............................. 775

August........................... 1,072

September........................ 536

October........................... 867

November........................ 613

December......................... 316

The year.................... ___1,072

1908. 

January.......................... 291

February......................... 327

March............................ 314

April............................. 290

May.............................. 136

June..........--.---...-...-...... 139

July.............................. 927

August........................... 970

September..... .................. 835

October........................... 800

November........................ 339

December... ..................... 149

The year.................... 970

1909.

January.......................... 214

February......................... 250

March............................ 426

April............................. 429

May.............................. 233

June.............................. 960

July.............................. 532

August....................... ... 89

September........................ 541

October........................... 540

November........................ 136

December.................... .... 212

Theyear.................... 960

1910.

January.......................... 498

February......................... 681

March............................ 693

April............................. 679

May.............................. 661

June.............................. 670

July.............................. 300

August........................... 275

September........................ 688

October.......................... 475

November........................ 73

December........................ 78

Theyear.................... 693

300

252

262

270

350

0

20

20

20

20

40

175

305

278

279

600

687

236

446

20.3

400

409

202

226

0.675

.615

.617

1.33

1.52

.522

.987

.045

.885

.905

.447

.500

341 .754

238

298

585

40

30

35

30

20

20

489

317

287

317

344

877

777

76.

451

209

491

349

627

458

298

.701

.761

1.94

1.72

.170

1.00

.462

1.09

.772

1.39

1.01

.659

20 440 .973

262

263

295

115

119

120

121

120

20

328

140

142

276

312

304

132

125

126

317

429

695

487

268

145

.611

.690

.673

.292

.277

.279

.701

.949

1.54

1.08

.593

.321

20 301 .667

144

147

245

202

210

219

72

72

73

121

130

134

171

190

349

391

219

410

179

81.5

388

358

133

188

.378

.420

.772

.865

.484

.907

.396

.180

.859

.792

.294

.416

72 255 .564

212

500

622

632

635

125

115

66

10

69

67

311

613

657

654

647

573

153

77.2

106

206

70.7

73

1.36

1.45

1.45

1.43

1.27

.338

.171

.235

.456

.156

.162

a 78

.64

.71

1.48

1.75

.58

1.14

.05

.99

1.04

.50

.58

10.24

.81

.79

2.24

1.92

.20

1.12

.53

1.26

.86

1.60

1.13

.76

13.22

.70

.74

.78

.33

.32

.31

.81

1.09

1.72

1.24

.66

.37

.44 

.44 

.89 

.97 

.56 

1.01 

.46 

.21 

.96 

.91 

.33 

.48

.79

1.42

1.67

1.62

1.65

1.42

.39

.20

.26

.53

.17

.19

817

672

747

1,560

1,840

612

1,190

54.4

1,040

1,100

524

605

10,800

849

832

2,350

2,010

205

1,170

560

1,310

905

1,680

13,900

739

- 782

814

342

335

327

849

1,150

1,800

1,300

695

388

9,520

458

460

935

1,010

586

1,060

479

218

1,010

959

345

503

8,020

833

1,480

1,760

1,700

1,730

1,490

410

207

275

552

183

195

10 345 .764 10.31 10,800
160 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

CHOW WING RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The area drained by Crow Wing River lies a little northwest of 

the center of Minnesota and embraces part or all of Cass, Hubbard, 

Wadena, Becker, Ottertail, Douglas, and Todd counties. The 

source of Crow Wing River is found in the southern part of Hubbard 

County in a remarkable chain of a dozen lakes of considerable size, 

extending about 30 miles in a northeast-southwest direction. These 

lakes occupy a river-like valley with abrupt sides 20 to 40 feet high. 

From the outlet of the lakes the Crow Wing flows southward and 

after crossing the line into Wadena County receives the waters of 

Shell River which heads in Shell Lake in Becker County. Below 

Shell River the Crow'Wing takes a general southerly though very 

winding course until it is joined by Leaf and Partridge rivers; it 

then turns and flows southeastward to its junction with the Mississippi on the boundary between Cass and Morrison counties. The 

length of the river from the outlet of the lakes to the mouth is 89 miles.

Its only important tributaries, aside from those mentioned, are 

Long Prairie River, which enters from the south, and Gull River, 

which enters from the north near its mouth.

For 20 miles below the lake outlet the river winds between low 

swampy banks about 175 feet apart. Farther down the height of 

the banks and the/width of the river gradually increase. In its 

lower course the stream flows 400 feet wide between banks some 30 

feet high.

The following drainage areas have been measured on the Crow 

Wing and its tributaries.

Drainage areas in Crow Wing River basin.

River.

Crow Wing. ..................

Do........................

Do........................

Do........................

Do........................

Do........................

Shell..........................

Fish Hook....................

Leaf..........................

Do.. ......................

Long Prairie River. ..........

GulT. ........................

Do........................

Above 

Pillager.. .................................................. -

.....do......................................................

.....do......................................................

.....do......................................................

Drainage 

area.

So. miles. 

242

1,010

1,160

2,140

3,230

3,580

612

215

338

755

975

238

312

Altitudes within the basin range from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above 

sea level, and the gently undulating surface lies no great distance 

above the streams.

The entire basin is covered with blue till, consisting chiefly of sand, 

gravel, and clay, resting on Cretaceous rocks in the northern part
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 161

and on the Archean and Cambrian granites, gneisses, slates, and 

quartzites in the southern. In some parts of the area are deposits 

of sand and gravel from which the clay has been removed and these 

deposits yield water to the many springs found along the ravines and 

valleys and on the banks of the lakes. Nowhere in the basin does 

rock outcrop.

The upper part,of the basin is heavily forested; the lower part is 

less densely timbered with jack pine. Lumbering has been carried 

on for many years, but although much of the area has been cut over 

little of the land has been cleared. Crow Wing River is used extensively for driving logs, both to Motley and to points on the lower 

Mississippi.

Rainfall records in the Basin, extending back to 1885, indicate a 

mean annual precipitation of 28 inches. Of this amount 3 inches 

occurs during the winter months in the form of snow which remains 

throughout the season. The streams are frozen over from December to March with ice 1 foot or more in thickness. During this 

time the natural flow is very uniform, being fed entirely from the 

ground water, and the streams are not subject to winter freshets. 

The minimum flow usually occurs during February.

The basin contains 100 lakes, nearly all in the 850 square miles 

above the mouth of Shell River, where they comprise 5 to 10 per 

cent of total area. Most of these lakes are too far up on the headwaters to be of value as storage reservoirs, as their tributary run-off 

is small. At the outlet of Crow Wing Lakes is a dam which raises 

the water level about 8 feet for the purpose of driving logs in the 

spring. The operation of this dam increases the inequality of flow 

of the river instead of tending to equalize it, as the water is stored 

during the winter months (the natural low-water period) for the 

purpose of increasing the spring and early summer flow. After the 

idriving is finished the dam is not used for storage until the next fall 

or winter. At the outlet of Fish Hook Lake is a dam used to furnish 

power for Park Rapids, and at the outlet of Gull Lake the United 

States Government is building a dam which will add a sixth unit to 

the reservoir system on the headwaters of the Mississippi.

In order to determine the availability of Crow Wing River for 

power development a survey was made during 1909 from the outlet 

of Crow Wing Lakes to the mouth of the river. From the data collected on this survey sheets have been prepared showing a profile 

of the water surface, a plan of the river, and the contours along the 

river bank. The results of this survey have been published on 

separate sheets and may be had upon application to the district 

engineer, United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, 

St. Paul, Minn. From this survey the table following of elevations 

and distances has been compiled. 

21502° WSP 285 12 11
162 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PART V. 

Elevations and distances along Crow Wing River.

Place.

Township line 135-136 N ........................................................

Westers Rapids, foot. ...........................................................

Carters Tord ....................................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

4

11

15

20

22

27 

32

37

41

49

54

57

61

65

66

67

72

78

82

89

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

1,148

1,156

1,177

1,188 

1,205

1,212

1,221 

1,230

1,238

1,243

1,253

1,261

1,276

1,300

1,317

1,320

1 330

1,346

1,352

1,356

1,362

None of the available horsepower on the river has been developed.

The natural storage of the many lakes is increased by areas of 

swamp scattered throughout the drainage basin. It is estimated 

from the reports of county officials that about 60,000 acres of land 

have been benefited by drainage.

CROW WING RIVER AT NIMROD, MINN.

This station, which was established April 15, 1910, is located at 

the steel highway bridge at Nimrod post office, sec. 32, T. 137 N., 

K. 33 W. It is about 12 miles east of Sebeka, the nearest railroad 

point.

The chain gage is attached to the bridge, and discharge measurements are made at that section.

The nearest tributaries are Cat Kiver, which enters nearly a mile 

below Nimrod, and Willow Creek, which enters about a mile above. 

The drainage area above the station is 1,010 square miles.

The river is used for log driving, and a*dam at the outlet of Lower 

Crow Wing Lake controls the water from that portion of the drainage 

area. Since the establishment of the station there has been no 

trouble from log j ams.

Crow Wing Kiver has considerable fall near the station and one 

mile above there is a fall of 12 feet known as Westers Rapids.

As the station has not been established sufficiently long to be 

completely rated, no estimates of flow have been made, and only the 

base data are given.

From November to March the river is frozen over and observations are discontinued.

On May 19, 1910, the gage datum was lowered 1.20 feet, and the 

previous readings have been corrected to the new datum,
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 163 

Discharge measurements of Crow Wing River at Nimrod, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

May 19

July 14

Oct. 11

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray . . ..............................................

Width.

Feet. 

142

139

142

Area of 

section.

8*'%m

305

353

height.

Feet. 

5.08

4.96

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

498

198

468

Daily gage height, in feet, of Crow Wing River at Nimrod, Minn., in 1910. 

[W. H. Wintermute, observer.]

Day.

1....... .............................

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7. ...................................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21............... ....................

22....................................

23....................................

94

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31........ ...........................

Apr.

5.10

5.15

5.22

5.31

5.38

5 40

5.34

5.30

S

on

5.30

5

9«

5.21

5.16

5.06

May.

5.04

5.02

5.08

5.10

5.10

5.08

5.05

5.04

5 no

5.01

6

nn

5.00

5.00

5 An

5.04

5.11

5.12

5.09

5.10

5.16

o5.19

5.18

5.38

5.58

5 7H

5.85

5.88

6.00

5.68

5.60

June.

5.60

5.60

5.85

5.55

5.05

4.85

4.80

4.78

4.71

4.70

4.70

4.70

4.68

4.62

4.60

4.60

4.60

4

KQ

4.56

4.54

4.51

4

CA

4.52

4.55

4.55

4.55

July.

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.55

4.60

4.60

4 60

4. 68

4.68

4.65

4.70

4.65

4.60

4 60

4

KQ

4.54

4 en

4.50

4 en

4.50

A en

4.52

4

ee

A ec

4.55

4.52

4

eo

A ttf\

4.50

Aug.

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4 fin

4

EA

4

CA

4.50

4.50

4 en

4.50

4.58

4.58

A KK

4.51

4.48

d if,

4 45

4 44

4.42

4 46

4 Af.

4 49

4.42

4.42

4.42

4.42

4 49

4.42

Sept.

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.45

4.48

4.46

4.45

4.45

4.45

4 45

4.45

4 45

a4.88

5.35 f; 48

5.45 f; nn

4.50

4

je

4 45

4.42

4

QK

4.40

4 40

5.40

5.42

5.42

5.42

5.40

Oct.

5.40

5.40

5.40

5.40

5.32

5.22

5.15

5.10

5.09

5.04

4.96

4.92

4.91

4.90

4 86

4.81

4.76

4.72

4.78

4.85

4.88

4.88

4 86

4.85

4 84

4.82

4.80

4.79

4.76

4.75

Nov.

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.71

4.70

4.70

5.08

5.35

5.35

5.35

5.38

5.40

5.28

5.10

5.10

5.20

a Gates in logging dam opened. 

NOTE. Ice present from Nov. 7 to Dec. 31.

CROW WING RIVER AT PILLAGER, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge half a mile 

south of Pillager, in sec. 20, T. 133 N., K. 30 W., was established 

June 11, 1909, on account of the power available on Crow Wing 

Kiver.

The nearest tributary, Pillager Creek, enters the river a short distance below the station.

There are no dams near the station, as the only one on the river is 

a logging dam at the outlet of Lower Crow Wing Lake.

From December to March the river is frozen over at the gage and 

discharge measurements are made through the ice to determine the 

winter discharge. The staff gage is located at the bridge from which
164 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

measurements are made. The datum of the gage has remained 

unchanged since the station was established.

Conditions at this station are favorable for good results, although 

the river bed may shift somewhat during high water and thus necessitate the use of more than one rating curve. The records should 

therefore be reliable.

Discharge measurements of Crow Wing River at Pillager, Minn., in 1909-1910.

Date.

1909.

23

Sept. 1

10

Nov. 3

1910. 

Feb. 1

25

Mar. 25

May 18

Oct. 12

Hydrographer.

C. B. Gibson. .............................................

G. A. Gray ................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Witdh.

Feet. 

215

215

215

215

211

211

211

209

218

215

211

214

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,000

1,000

865

837

716

642

618

490

1,360

908

548

511

311

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.84

6.82

6.33

6.61

6.05

6.10

o7.ll

67.01

8.05

6.30

5.15

5.59

C5.95

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,670

1,660

1,260

1,320

904

976

776

591

2,890

1,170,

398

616

383

a Gage height to surface of water; thickness of ice, 1.3 feet. 

o Gage height to surface of water; thickness of ice, 1.7 feet, 

c Gage height to surface of water; thickness of ice, 1 foot,

Daily gage height, in feet, of Crow Wing River at Pillager, Minn., for 1910. 

[Miss Augusta Sterling, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6............... 

7............... 

8...............

9...............

10............... 

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16............... 17.....:.........

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. .............. 

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26............... 

27............... 

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

6.92

6.9

"e.'g"

6.95

6.95

7.6

7.0

"7." 6s'

7.10

Fejo.

7.11

7.11

7.1

7.12

7.02

7.0

"7."6"

7.01

7.05

.......

Mar.

7.15

7.12

7.82

8.25

8 40

9.02

9 1 ft

9

Q4

8.90

8.76

8.41 

8.25

8.08

7.88

7.74 

7.58 

7.46

7.35

7.30 

7.19

Apr.

7 no

6 QQ

6.89

7.00

7.12

7.02 

6.85

fi 7Q

6.71

6.64 

6.55

6 J.Q

6.35

6.32

6.69

7 19

7.55

7 7<?

7 Qfi

8.14

8.20

8.10 

7.95

7.78

7 R4

7.42 

7.19 

7.05

6.85

6.68

May.

6.62

6.51

6.48

6.42

6.39

6.36 

6.31 

6.26

6.20

6.18 

6.14

6.09

6.06

6.04

6.00

6.08

6.20

6.29

6.29

6.22

6.18

6.06 

6.08

6.11

6.19

6.28 

6.44

6 4.Q

6.42

6.42 

6.42

June.

6 34

6.30

6.32

6.42

6.44

6.35 

5.96 

5.88

5.79

5.72 

5.69

5.65

5.59

5.54

5 48

5.41

5.39

5.32

5.30

5.29

5.24

5.20 

5.19

5.18

5.16

5.15 

5.14 

5.12

5.11

5.09

July.

5.04

5.01

5.00

5.08 

5.06 

5.18

5.22

5.21 

5.21

5.20

5.24

5.30

5.30

5.24

5.15

5.08

5.01

5.00

5.04

4.99 

4.99

5.00

5.00

4.98 

4.96

A. 01

4.90

4.89 

4.86

Aug.

4.88

4.86

4.86

4.85

4.84

4.85 

4.89 

4.88

4.88

4.85 

4.84

4.79

4.86

4.86

4.92

4.94

4.94

4.89

4.82

4.80

4.79

4.79 

4.81

4.89

4.88

4.86 

4.84 

4.81

4.78

4.92 

4.81

Sept.

4.76

4.86

4.92

5.00

5.01

5.00 

5.00 

4.95

4.89

4.91 

4.90

4.90

4.86

4.86

5.45

5.72

5.84

5.84

5.31

5.01

4.96

4.91 

4.92

5.00

5.02

5.22 

5.85 

5.95

5.98

5.99

Oct.

5.98

5.89

5.94

5.82

5.76

5.70 

5.70 

5.71

5.69

5.56 

5.52

5.52

5.50

5.50

5.46

5.45

5.39

5.40

5.50

5.54

5.56

5.60 

5.59

5.55

5.58

5.55 

5.51 

5.50

5.48

5.49 

5.49

Nov.

5.46

5.44

5.41

5.40

5.66

5.98

5.95

5.80

5.54

5.69

5.70

5.70

5.81

5.72

5.70 

5.84

5.92

5.98

5.99 

5.95 

5.75

5.60

5.50

Dec.

5.75

"5." 85

5.80

5.90

5.90

5.95

5.95

"e.'oo

NOTE. Ice from Jan. 1 to Mar. 12, varying in thickness from 0.8 to 1.3 feet; also during November and 

and December. Thickness of ice during December ranged from 0.55 to 1.7 feet.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 165 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Crow Wing River at Pillager, Minn., for 1909-10.

Day.

1909.Q 

1.. ........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

IS..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24. .........

25..........

26..........

27...........

28..........

29..........

30. .........

31..........

1910.6 

1..........

2..........

3..........

4.... ....

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31 ..........

Feb.

«776

c591

Mar.

600

615

615

625

625

650

700

800

1,000

1,250

1,500

2,000

2,620

3,140

3,320

3,780

4,140

4,350

4,580

3,980

3,790

3,340

3,140

2,930

2,690

2,530

2,350

2,220

2,100

2,040

1,930

Apr.

1.830

1,730

1,640

1 740

1^860

1,760

1,600

1,540

1,470

1,410

1,330

1,280

1,160

1,140

1,450

1,860

2,320

2,540

2,790

3,000

3,080

2,960

2,780

2,580

2,420

2,170

1,930

1,790

1,600

1,440

May.

1,390

1,290

. 1,270

1,220

1,190

1,170

1,130

1,090

1,040

1,020

995

958

935

920

890

950

1,040

1,110

1,110

1,060

1.020

935

950

972

1,030

1,100

1,230

1,280

1,220

1,220

1,220

June.

1,610

1,380

1,330

1,290

1,610

1,760

1,760

1,700

1,800

1,760

1,780

1,700

1,660

1.640

1,560

1,430

1,310

1,260

1,170

1,110

1,150

1,120

1,140

1,220

1,230

1,160

862

806

744

698

679

655

620

592

559

520

510

475

465

460

438

420

416

411

402

398

393

384

380

371

July.

1,050

1 fUft

887

770

722

699

660

628

611

611

600

600

600

595

622

740

600

575

710

1,380

2,260

3,020

2,900

2,720

2,670

2,390

2,040

1,800

1,580

1,480

351

339

335

346

356

367

359

411

429

424

424

420

438

465

465

438

398

367

339

335

351

331

331

335

335

328

320

302

298

295

285

Aug.

1,370

1,290

1,250

1,200

1,200

1,160

1,110

1,200

1,610

1,650

2,170

2,810

3,320

3,580

3,800

3,960

3,840

3,540

3,120

2,620

2,320

2,100

1,940

1,980

2,020

1,920

1,800

1,700

1,570

1,480

1,410

291

285

285

282

278

282

295

291

291

282

278

262

285

285

305

313

313

295

272

265

262

262

268

295

291

285-

278

268

259

305

268

Sept.

1,360

1,320

1,250

1,230

1,150

1,130

1,080

1,030

995

972

928

890

876

876

890

890

876

827

890

958

1,020

1,280

1,380

1,330

1,290

1,270

1,180

1,130

1 050

972

253

285

305 335-

339

335

335

316

295

302

298

298

285

285

542

698

778

778

470

339

320

302

305

335

343

429

785

855

876

883

Oct.

Q9n

920

890

862

855

827

855

876

920

1,020

1,140

1,170

1,130

1,120

1,100

1,080

1,080

1,050

1,030

1,030

1,090

1,150

1,160

1,120

1,140

1,120

1,080

1,030

1,020

1,000

980

876

813

848

764

724

685

685

692

679

603

581

581

570

570

548

542

510

515

570

592

603

625

620

598

614

598

576

570

559

564

564

Nov.

980

980

965

965

935

928

928

905

890

890

890

890

935

1,070

614

698

1,060

1,200

1,270

1,200

1,040

1,220

1,200

1,190

1,180

1,160

1,200

1,350

1,220

1,140

548

537

520

515

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

Dec.

c383

a Daily discharge computed from two well-defined rating curves except that from Nov. 15-30, which was 

estimated on account of presence of ice.

6 Daily discharge computed from a well-deflned curve, except that for TIar. 1-12 and Nov. 1-30, which 

is estimated.

c Discharge measurement.
166 SURFACE WATTElE STJPFLY, 1010, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Grow Wing River at Pillager, Minn.,for 1909-10.

[Drainage area, 3,230 square miles.]

Month.

1909.

July....................................

December. ..............................

1910.

April....................................

July!...................................

October. . ...............................

December.. . ............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,800 

3,020 

3,960 

1,380 

1,170 

1,350

4,580 

3,080 

1,390 

1,230 

465 

313 

883 

876 

548

4,580

Minimum.

1,110 

575 

1,110 

827 

827 

614

600 

1,140 

890 

371 

285 

259 

253 

510 0500

Mean.

1,530 

1,230 

2,130 

1,080 

1,020 

1,040 1925

a770 

a 670 

2,260 

1,940 

1.100 

' 656 

365 

283 

443 

627 

504 

a440

838

Per

square 

mile.

0.474 

.381 

.659 

.334 

.316 

.322 

.286

.238 

.207 

.700 

.601 

.341 

.203 

.113 

.088 

.137 

.194 

.156 

.136

.260

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage

area).

0.35 

.44 

.76 

.37 

.36 

.36 

.33

.27 

.22 

.81 

' .67 

.39 

.23 

.13 

.10 

.15 

.22 

.17 

.16

3.52

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C.

C. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C. 

D.

a Estimated. 

LONG PRAIRIE RIVER NEAR MOTLEY, MINN.

Long Prairie River rises in Lake Irene and flows through Lakes 

Miltona, Ida, Louise, Darling, L'Homme Dieu, and Carlos; thence 

east and north into Crow Wing River just east of Motley. Its chief 

tributaries are Belle and Fish Trap rivers, and Eagle, Calamas, and 

Turtle creeks.

The gaging station, which is located at the highway bridge 1 mile 

south of Motley, in sec. 19, T. 133 N., R. 31 W., and 2 miles above 

the mouth of the river, was established June 10, 1909, as a check, in 

connection with the records of the station on the Crow Wing at 

Motley, on the records of the Crow Wing at Pillager, a few miles 

below.

Owing to the fall of the Long Prairie no backwater from the Crow 

Wing is recorded at the gage except possibly for a few days in the 

spring, when the Crow Wing is ice gorged. There are no dams on 

the river to affect its flow at the gaging station.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge except during 

low stages, when they are made by wading a short distance upstream.
TJPFEE MISSISSIPPI BlVEE BASINS.

The datum of the staff gage, which is located about 200 feet above 

the bridge on the left bank, has remained unchanged since the gage 

was installed.

Conditions at this station are favorable for good results and the 

records should be reliable.

From November to March the river is frozen over at the gage, and 

during that period observations are discontinued.

Discharge measurements of Long Prairie River near Motley, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

June 24

Aug. 4a

Sept. lo

lla

1910. 

Mar. 24

July 15a

Hydrographer.

C. B. Gibson ..............................................

Robert Follansbee. ........................................

C. J. Emerson .............................................

G. A. Gray................................................

Robert Follansbee. ........................................

Width.

Feet. 

110

103

102

97

112

80

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

268

135

131

111

287

89.1

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.88

5.12

5.16

5.08

6.20

4.92

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

439

153

128

113

587

83.2

a Wading section.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Long Prairie River near Motley, Minn.,for 1910. 

[John Greene, observer.]

Day.

1........................ ..

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

1. ............ ..............

8. ..........................

9...........................

10...........................

11................ ... . ..

12................. .........

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

6.98

7.40

7.10

6.50

6.52

6.50

6.38

6.18

6.08

5.99

5.95

5.89

5.85

5.81

5.80

Apr.

5.75

5.72

5.70

5.69

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.65

5.61

5.60

5.55

5.52

5.50

5.49

5.64

5.85

6.00

6.09

6.18

6.25

6.25

6.24

6.20

6.15

6.08

5.89

5.82

5.71

5.64

5.60

May.

5.54

5.45

K. Af\

5.48

5.45

5.45

5.42

5.40

5.38

5.35

5.31

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.29

5.38

6

AA

5.49

5.46

6 JO

5.35

5.34

5.32

5.30

5.31

5.28

5.25

5.24

5.25

June.

5.25

5.22

5.22

5.25

5.29

5.36

5.39

5.34

5.32

5.30

5.28

5.26

5.22

5.20

5.18

5.12

5.09

5.00

5.00

4.96

4.95

4 no

4.96

4.95

4.91

4. O1

4.90

4.86

4.85

July.

4.80

4.80

4.78

4.80

4.80

4.85

4.84

4.86

4.85

4.90

4.92

4.95

4.95

4.94

4.92

4.90

4.89

4.86

4.82

4.82

4.86

4.85

4.85

4.82

4.80

4.80

4.80

4.80

4.79

4.78

Aug.

4.76

4.78

4.79

4.76

4.78

4.78

4.79

4.78

4.75

4.75

4.75

4.76

4.80

4.82

4.88

4.89

4.85

4.86

4.86

4.85

4.82

4.82

4.85

4.85

4.85

4.85

4.85

4.84

4.82

4.90

4.89

Sept.

4.90

4.92

4.95

4.98

4.95

4.94

4.94

4.92

4.90

4.90

4.88

4.86

4.85

4.85

4.85

4.88

4.88

4.89

4.90

4 86

4.86

4.90

4.90

4.90

4.90

5.00

5.02

5.05

5.02

5.00

Oct.

4.98

4.99

4.98

4.95

4.94

4.92

4.92

4.91

4.91

4.92

4.90

4.90

4.90

4.89

4.90

4.90

4.92

4.92

4.92

4.95

4.95

4.96

4.99

4.98

4.94

4.94

4.92

4.90

4.88

4.92

4.90

Nov.

4.90

4.90

4.90

4.88

4.90

4.90

4.86

4.85

4.92

4.92

4.90

5.06

4.89

4.88

4.88

4.89

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 16 and from Nov. 17 to Dec. 31.
168 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Long Prairie River near Motley, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1... ........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8. ..........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12. ..........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

1910. 

1... ........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

1,060

1,330

1,140

770

782

770

699

589

534

485

463

431

410

390

385

Apr.

361

347

337

332

337

337

337

314

296

292

271

258

250

246

310

410

4Qfi

640

589

628

628

622

600

572

534

431

395.

342

OIA

292

May.

267

231

242

231

231

212

205

195

181

178

178

175

205

997

94.C

235

220

OAQ

195

185

17ft

Iftl

17S

163

160

163

June.

572

534

463

410

385

347

347

385

385

395

436

463

479

490

416

361

332

310

296

288

271

163

154

154

163

175

198

192

185

178

172

166 1<u

148

143

127

120

108

99

99

91

90

84

91

Qfi

09

S9

80

74

79

July.

258

250

242

231

220

220

212

212

198

192

185

181

178

172

163

163

163

154

154

172

212

275

267

216

198

181

175

160

154

148

148

64

64

61

64

64

72

70

74

72

80

84

90

on

88

84

80

7ft

74

67

67

74

79

79

67

64

64

64

64

63

61

60

Aug.

143

135

132

127

122

122

125

163

195

192

292

395

426

395

347

301

275

242

227

209

195

185

178

185

178

175

163

154

148

145

135

59

61

63

59

61

61

63

61

58

58

58

59

64

67

77

78

79

74

74

72

67

67

79

72

79

79

79

70

67

80

7S

Sept.

135

132

132

132

132

122

125

122

122

122

120

117

110

113

117

122

120

117

122

125

163

205

212

212

220

212

216

195

175

163

80

84

90

95

90

88

88

84

80

80

77

74

72

72

72

77

77

7S

80

74

74

80

80

80

80

QQ

104

110

104

QQ

Oct.

151

145

140

135

135

127

132

135

143

163

175

178

172

163

160

148

143

140

135

154

148

148

145

143

145

143

127

127

127

132

135

95

97

95

89

88

84

84

82

82

84

80

80

80

78

80

80

QA

84

84

SQ

89

Q1

97

95

CO

CO

84

80

77

84

80

Nov.

132

132

132

127

125

122

125

122

122

127

125

122

122

163

160

205

175

181

185

235

181

163

148

140

145

154

205

216

205

178

80

80

80

77

80

80

74

72

84

84

80

113

78

77

77

78

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 169

Monthly discharge of Long Prairie River near Motley, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 973 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

June 10-30.... ...........................

July.....................................

September ..............................

1910. 

Mar. 17-31...... .........................

May.....................................

June ....................................

July.....................................

Nov. 1-16...............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

572 

275 

426 

220 

178 

235

1,330 

640 

267 

209 

90 

80 

110 

97 

113

Minimum.

271

148 

122 

110 

127 

122

385 

246 

160 

72 

60 

58 

72 

77 

72

Mean.

398 

195 

207 

148 

145 

156

682 

404 

203 

131 

71.4 

67.4 

84.1 

85.5 

80.9

Per 

square 

mile.

0.409 

.200 

.213 

.152 

.149 

.160

.701 

.415 

.209 

.135 

.073 

.069 

.086 

.088 

.083

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.32 

.23 

.25 

.17

.17 

.18

.39 

.46 

.24 

.15 

.08 

.08 

.10 

.10 

.05

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B.

A. 

A. 

B.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A.

SATJK RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Sauk River drains an area comprising 821 square miles lying 

south of the basin of Crow Wing River and north of that of the Crow. 

The Sauk rises in Osakis Lake, in the southwestern part of Todd 

County, and flows southeastward to its junction with the Mississippi 

about 2 miles above St. Cloud. Its tributaries are not important.

In its upper course Sauk River flows through a number of small 

lakes, such as Gurney, Roberts, Little Sauk, Saul, and Horseshoe. 

In all there are about 75 lakes in the basin, comprising 1 per cent of the 

drainage area. Many of these lakes are small and have no visible 

outlet.

The surface of the basin is rolling and is in general 40 to 80 feet 

above the level of the Sauk. Altitudes range from 1,050 to 1,400 

feet above sea level. The entire area is covered with blue till a 

mixture of sand, gravel, and clay laid down during the glacial epoch 

underlain by Cretaceous sandstones and shales or Archean granite 

and syenites. Rocks outcrop at a few places in the basin, notably 

near St. Cloud, where granite is quarried. The sands and gravels 

of the drift yield water to the springs that emerge along the stream 

and also to shallow wells.

For half its length the Sauk forms the dividing line between the 

prairie district and the region of original forest which lies north of 

the river as far south as Richmond. The country below Richmond 

was formerly included in the timbered belt, but the proportion of
170 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

forested area has been greatly reduced by clearing. By far the 

greater part of the drainage basin in now under cultivation.

Rainfall records maintained at various points in the basin and 

extending over 10 years indicate that the mean annual precipitation 

in the upper part of the area is 26 inches; the lower part lies in a 

small zone where the rainfall as determined at three points is about 

23 inches. During the winter months the average precipitation 

(equal to 2^ inches of rainfall) is in the form of snow which remains 

until spring. The streams in the basin are frozen over from December 

to March with ice 1 foot or more thick. During this time the natural 

flow is very uniform, slightly decreasing until midwinter, when it is 

lowest. As there are no thaws during the winter the source of supply 

is the ground water.

The basin contains no important reservoir sites, as the lakes are 

too small and too far upstream to be of value in regulating the flow 

of the river. During the low-water period the operation of the 

power plants has an effect on the flow of the river, holding a part 

of it back for some hours and then releasing it to augment the natural 

flow for the remainder of the day.

Water power is developed as follows:

Developed water powers in Souk River basin.

Place.

Cold Spring.....................................................................

Near Mouth. ....................................................................

Fall utilized.

Feet. 

11

14

8

8

Average horsepower.

150

200

100

60

The following table of approximate elevations and distances 

has been compiled chiefly from the reports of the Minnesota Geological Survey:

Elevations and distances along Saitk River.

Place.

Mississippi River ................................................................

Sec. 6, T. 123 N..R. 31 W. ......................................................

Great Northern By ..............................................................

Sauk Center (Great Northern Ry.). . ............................................

Sauk Lake outlet.... . ...........................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

5

37

62

68

76

79

90

104

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

992

1,035

1,100

1,172

1,201

1,212

1,220

1,240

1,310
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 171

SAUK EIVEE NEAR, ST. CLOUD, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge 3 miles west 

of St. Cloud in sec. 9, T. 124 N., R. 28 W., and about 2 miles above 

the mouth of the river, was established July 8, 1909, in connection 

with the general investigation of the water resources of Minnesota.

The nearest tributary enters Sauk River at Rockville, 10 miles or 

more above the station. The nearest dam is at the mouth of the 

river and is 9 feet high. Not only is the station above the influence 

of this dam, but the dam itself prevents backwater from Mississippi 

River reaching the station. The first dam above the station is at 

Cold Springs, 15 miles distant. The opening and shutting of the 

turbine gates at Cold Springs affect the flow at the gaging station 

during the low-water season.

Discharge measurements are made at the bridge section, where 

is located the chain gage. Gage heights are read twice a day, and 

the mean of the readings is taken as the mean for the day.

From December to March the river is frozen completely over in the 

vicinity of the gaging station and discharge measurements are made 

through the ice to develop an approximate winter rating.

On account of the daily fluctuations of the stage of the river due to 

control of flow by dams above the station, the mean daily gage 

height during the low-water season is subject to some error, and the 

records for that period can not be considered better than fair.

Discharge measurements of Sauk River near St. Cloud, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

July 8

Aug. 3

18

Oct. 19

1910.

Feb. 28

Mar. 27

Dec. 21

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

.... .do. ....................................................

.....do.....................................................

C. R. Adams ..............................................

Width.

Feet. 

94

94

94

92

87

80

99

102

93

77

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

176

166

171

143

108

120

86.9

274

147

85.8

54.5

Gage 

height.

Feet.

6.14

6.27

5.93

5.74

«7.00

66.80

7.20

5.97

5.63

C6.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

224

174

917

145

88.9

108

61.0

612

131

79 Q

19 Q

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.25 feet. 

z> Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.90 feet, 

c Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice 1.3 feet.
172 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Sank River near St. Cloud, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Ida Waite, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5............... 

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12...............

13............... 

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17............... 

18...............

19...............

20............... 

21...............

22...............

23............... 

24............... 

25...............

26............... 

27...............

28............... 

29............... 

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

6.7

6.9

7.0

7.35

6.9

6.9

"e'gs"

6.7

.......

Feb.

7.3

7.25

7.4

7.35

68

6.7

7.1 "e.'s"

Mar.

7.2

8.0

8.2

:E:

8.95

7.85

7.65 

7.55

7.4

6.45 

6.3 

6.75

6.55 

6.85 

6.9 

7.0 

7.2 

7.15

Apr.

7.45

7.45

7.4

7 9

7.15 

6.9

6.55

6.65

6.4

6.35

6.2 

6.25 

6.3 

6.4

6.55

6.55 

6.5 

6.5

6.45

6.4 

6 45

6.45

6.5 

6.6 

6.55

6.45

May.

5.85

5.85

5.9

5.95

5.95 

5.95

6.05

6.0

6.0

6.0

5.95 

5.95 

5.9 

5.9

5.8

5.8 

5.7 

5.45

5.35

5.35

5

AK

5.35

5.35 

5.45

5

Af(

5.55 

5.5 

5.6 

5.55 

5.5 

5.55

June.

5.55

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.4 

5.55

6.05

6.1

6.0

6.05

6.1 

5.95 

5.45 

5.3

5.3

5.3 

5.3 

5.3

5.35

5.3 

5.35

5.4

5.5 

5.5 

5.5

5.55 

5.55 

5.55 

5.6 

5.6

July.

5.55

5.45

5.5

5.4

5.45 

5.35

5.2

5.3

5.35

5.65

5.25 

5.1 

5.1 

5.1

5.15

5.1 

5.1 

5.1

5.1

5.4

5.1

5.1 

5.1 

5.15

5.2

5.6 

5.7 

5.6 

5.65 

5.6

Aug.

5.2

5.45

5.2

5.3

5.3 

5.3

5.25

5.2

5.2

5.25

5.3 

5.55 

5.6 

5.6

5.6

5.65 

5.95 

5.6

5.45

5.2 

5.2

5.25

5.2 

5.35 

5.25

5.2 

5.6 

5.4 

5.2 

5.3 

5.4

Sept.

5.4

5.4

5.5

5.2

5.15 

5.15

5.15

5.1

5.75

5.8

5.15 

5.2 

5.3 

5.3

5.4

5.4 

5.4 

5.5

5.6

5.55 

5.6

5.45

5.6 

5.6 

5.35

5.65 

5.65 

5.6 

5.6 

5.9

Oct.

5.9

5.95

5.9

5.8

5.6 

5.6

5.6

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.7 

5.7 

5.72 

5.7

5.72

5.6 

5.4 

5.3

5.2

5.2 

5.2

5.2

5.2 

5.2

5.4

5.38 

5.2 

5.35 

5.4 

5.25 

5.3

Nov.

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.2 

5.2

5.25

5.2

5.2

5.4

5.2 

5.2 

5.4 

5.4

5.35

5.15 

5.25 

5.3

5.4

5.2 

5.15

5.5

5.6 

5.6 

5.5

6.15 

5.6

Dec.

6.0

------

6.0

------

6.1

""e'i

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 15 and from Nov. 21 to Dec. 31. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sank River near St. Cloud, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1..... . .......

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11... . .

12..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July.

266

400

425

400

670

400

425

555

400

400

266

317

317

500

500

378

378

317

250

250

250

220

166

154

Aug.

154

166

166

250

161

78

110

142

220

212

226

226

206

206

135

677'8

67

74

74

74

74

70

74

176

152

63

51

51

26

63

Sept.

109

99

99

95

95

51

70

105

77

91

63

42

42

63

63

77

91

99

109

152

77

63

77

77

91

84

79

84

84

84

Oct.

101

93

85

71

71

78'

85

85

85

85

88

93

101

93

95

91

66

70

63

74

85

85

82

85

85

78

82

58

78

78

58

Nov.

71

85

95

98

93

103

99

93

161

112

118

98

101

88

85

93

120

131

179

206

220

220

214

220

192

206

220

220

220

220

Dec.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 173 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sank River near St. Cloud, Minn., for 1909-10 Contd.

Day.

1910. 

1... .....

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23.........:.....

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Tan.

o!08

Feb.

06!

Mar.

90

100

115

130

150

190

210

250

350

450

550

600

600

650

700

700

800

850

950

990

828

730

266

220

378

300

425

450

500

610

582

Apr.

762

762

730

610

582

450

300

336

250

235

192

206

220

250

300

300

282

282

266

250

266

266

282

317

300

266

235

204

172

141

May.

110

no

120

131

131

131

154

142

142

142

131

131

120

120

101

101

85

52

4.9

42

52

42

42

52

52

64

58

71

64

58

64

June.

64

58

47

47

47

64

154

166

149

154

166

131

52

38

38

38

38

38

42

38

42

47

58

58

58

64

64

64

71

71

July.

fi4

52

58

47

52

49

30

38

A.O

78

34

24

24

24

27

24

24

24

24

36

47

24

24

24

27

30

71

85

71

78

71

Aug.

30

52

30

38

38

38

34

30

30

34

38

64

71

71

71

78

131

71

52

30

30

34

30

42

34

30

71

47

30

38

47

Sept.

47

47

58

30

27

27

27

24

QO

101

27

30

38

38

47

47

47

58

71

64

71

52

71

71

42

78

78

71

71

120

Oct.

120

131

120

101

71

71

71

47

38

38

85

85

88

85

88

71

47

38

30

30

30

30

30

30

47

45

30

42

47

34

38

Nov.

30

30

30

30

30

30

34

30

30

47

30

30

47

47

42

27

34

38

47

30

27

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

Dec.

a 13

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except that for Mar. 1-21 and 

the

Discharge measurement.

m a well-defined rating 

Nov. 22-30, 1910, when the discharges are estimated, because of presence of ice.

Monthly discharge of Sank River near St. Cloud, Minn., for 1909-10, 

[Drainage area, 816 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

July 8-31.. ..............................

October. ................................

1910.

May.....................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

670 

250 

152 

101 

220

990 

762 

154 

166 

85 

131 

120 

131 

47

990

Minimum.

154 

26 

42 

58 

71

90 

141 

42 

38 

24 

30 

24 

30 

30

Mean.

358 

126 

83.1 

81.5 

146 «100

a. 100 

o80.0 

475 

334 

92.2 

72.0 

42.6 

47.2 

55.8 

59.9 

33.0 

«20.0

118

Per 

square 

mile.

0.439 

.154 

.102 

.100 

.179 

.123

.123 

.098 

.582 

.409 

.113 

.088 

.052 

.058 

.068 

.073 

.040 

.025

.144

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.39 

.18 

.11 

.12 

.20 

.14

.14 

.10 

.67 

.46 

.13 

.10 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.04 

.03

1.96

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

C.

C. 

D. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. - C.

» Estimated.
174 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

CHOW RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The area drained by Crow River lies in Stevens, Kandiyohi, Meeker, 

Renville, McLeod, Wright, and Hennepin counties, between the 

basins of the Sauk and the Minnesota. Crow River proper is a short 

stream, being formed by the junction of the North and South 

Branches 2 or 3 miles above Rockford. Throughout its course it 

forms the boundary between Hennepin and Wright counties, and it 

discharges into the Mississippi at Dayton. The North Branch, 

which is the longer of the two, rises in McLeod and Grove lakes in 

the eastern part of Pope County. These lakes together are about 4 

miles long and average one-third mile wide. From the outlet of the 

lakes the general course of the North Branch is southeastward 

through Rice and Cedar lakes, both of which are of considerable 

size. At Manannah it receives the Middle Branch, which rises in 

Crow Lake, in the southwestern part of Stevens County, and flows 

southward through Green Lake (area several square miles) and then 

eastward to its junction with the North Branch. Below the Middle 

Branch it receives one or two small tributaries which also head in 

lakes. The South Branch heads in a number of lakes in the southeastern part of Kandiyohi County, from which it takes a general 

easterly course, flowing through Otter Lake.

The following drainage areas have been measured in this basin:

Drainage areas in Crow River basin.

River.

North Branch. . ....

Do.............

South Branch. .....

Do.............

Above Drainage 

area.

So. miles. 

303

1,310

1,170

2,520

2,690

The valley of the North Branch lies 40 to 50 feet below the general 

surface level; that of the South Branch is from 30 to 40 feet below 

the surface and one-fourth to one-half mile wide. The basin of the 

North Branch contains about 70 lakes, comprising approximately 3 

per cent of its drainage area; that of the South Branch contains 120 

lakes, comprising 2 per cent of the total area drained. Many of these 

lakes are small and have no apparent outlet. Altitudes range from 

900 to 1,300 feet above sea level.

The entire basin is covered by blue till, of glacial origin, and scattered through it, especially in the western portion, are deposits of 

modified drift composed of sand and gravel. These deposits being 

porous form ground-water reservoirs which give rise to springs, 

though such springs are not of great importance in the Crow River 

basin. In the western part of the area the drift rests on Cretaceous
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 175

rocks; in the eastern part it is underlain by Archean granites and 

upper Cambrian sandstones. Rock outcrops are found nowhere in 

the basin.

The lower part of the area, east of the west line of Wright County, 

lies in the district that was originally forested; the upper part is in the 

prairie region. Very little of the area is forested at the present time. 

The land is nearly all under cultivation.

The mean annual rainfall in the northern part of the basin is about 

23 inches; in the rest of the basin it is 27.5 inches. Of this amount 

about 3 inches occurs in the form of snow, which remains on the 

ground until spring. The rivers are frozen over during the winter 

and their flow is very uniform, decreasing gradually until midwinter, 

when it is at its minimum. There are no winter thaws to cause 

freshets.

The lakes in the basin are so small and have so little tributary 

run-off that they are of little value as reservoir sites.

Water power is developed at the following points in the basin:

Developed water power in Crow River basin.

Run.

Do................

Do................

Do................

Middle Branch.........

Do................

Do................

Do................

Place. Fall

utilized.

Feet.

7

12

8

7

7

5.5

Average 

horsepower.

50

- %f\

50

50

75

100

60

20

60

40

Considerable drainage work has been done in the flatter parts of 

the basin, with the result that more than 50,000 acres have been 

reclaimed, of which nearly 40,000 are in Kandiyohi County.

NORTH PORK OF CROW RIVER NEAR ROCKFORD, MINN.

This station, which is located 3 miles west of Rockford at the first 

highway bridge above the forks, 1^ miles distant, in sec. 23, T. 119 

N., R. 25 W., was established June 15, 1909, because of the power 

available on the river and also to obtain records to check (in connection with the South Fork station) the records at Rockford on the 

main stream. The drainage area above this station is 1,310 square 

miles.

No tributaries enter the North Fork within several miles of the 

station. The nearest dam is that at Rockford, which backs the 

water up to a point beyond the gage.

The river is icebound from December to March, inclusive, and during that period observations are discontinued, but the minimum flow
176 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

can be roughly estimated by comparing drainage areas and records 

of the minimum run-off per square mile of drainage area at the 

Rockford station.

The datum of the staff gage, which is located at the bridge, has 

remained unchanged since the station was, established; but from 

July 27 to August 10, 1909, when the dam at Rockford was open for 

repairs, the conditions of flow were temporarily changed.

Owing to the changeable conditions of flow, no estimate of daily 

discharge has been made, and only the base data are given. The 

station was discontinued June 30, 1910.

Discharge measurements of North Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 17

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

142

124

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

808

438

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.88

3.90

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,210

108

Daily gage height, in feet, of North Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn., for 1910. 

[Miss Grace Wandersee, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7................

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Mar.

5.20

5.42

5.72

6.20

6.62

7.30

Apr.

5.05

4.95

4.82

4.70

4.60

4 60

4.58

4.50

4.42

4.40

4.40

4.36

4.35

4.22

May.

4.15

4.15

4.12

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.08

4.05

4.02

4.00

4.00

4.00

4 00

June.

3.85

3.89

3.90

3.86

3.85

3.85

3.85

3.82

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

Day.

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20................

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30

31 ...............

Mar.

7.05

6.85

6.72

6.58

6.45

6.25

6.08

5.95

5.75

5.62

5.52

5 40

5.30

5.24

5.15

5.05

Apr.

4.18

4.30

4.42

4.45

4.40

4.40

4.35

4.30

4.35

4.30

4.30

4.30

4.25

4.22

4.20

May.

4.00

4.02

4.05

4.05

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.08

4.04

4.04

4.00

4 00

3 00

3.90

3.90

3.86

June.

3.80

3.78

3.70

3.70

3.62

3.55

3.60

3.55

3.52

3.65

3.80

3.78

3.75

3.60

CROW RIVER AT ROCKFORD, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at Rockford, 

was established June 4, 1909, to determine the power available on 

Crow River.

A little more than a mile above the station is the junction of the 

North and South forks. Between the forks and the station two very 

small streams the outlets of Rebecca Lake and Lake Sarah enter 

the river. Stations were originally established on both branches 

above their junction to be used as a check on the Rockford records^ 

but the conditions on the North Branch were so unsatisfactory that 

the station was discontinued June 30, 1910.

During high and medium stages discharge measurements are made 

from the bridge at which the staff gage is located; at low stages 

measurements are made from a boat and cable several hundred yards 

downstream.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVBE BASINS. 177

About 400 feet above the station is the 7-foot dam of a flour mill, 

which operates intermittently. As the turbine has used but a small 

portion of the flow since the establishment of the station the effect 

of shutting it down is inappreciable at the gage except during extreme 

low water. At that time four readings per day are taken to determine 

the mean flow.

Owing to the proximity of the dam to the station the relation 

between gage height and discharge is not greatly affected by ice, the 

stream remaining open through the greater part of the section and 

for a distance of several hundred yards below. Winter measurements show that the open rating curve applies throughout the year.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the station 

was established.

Conditions at this station are favorable for excellent results, and 

the records should be reliable.

Discharge measurements of Crow River at Rockford, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 17

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet. 

273

285

182

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

181

1,250

191

height.

Feet. 

5.27

9.33

4.75

Discharge.

Stc.-ft. 

245

2,990

71.1

oMade at wading section.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Crow River at Rockford, Minn., for 1910. 

[Geo. "W. Florida, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3.. .............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

Jan.

5.38

5.38

5.38

5.37

5.38

5.38

5.37

5.36

5.36

5.38

5.38

5.38

5.36

5.35

5.35

5.36

5.36

5.37

5.37

5.37

5.34

5.34

5.32

5.30

5.28

5.27

5.26

5.26

5.26

5.26

5 24

Feb.

5.24

5.24

5.22

5.22

5.22

5.21

5.20

5.20

5.20

5.20

5.20

5.18

5.18

5.20

5-18

5.18

5.17

5.18

5.20

6.18

5.18

5.16

5.16

5.18

5.16

5.16

5.18

5.18

.......

Mar.

5.17

5.16

5.16

5.14

5.20

5.28

5.47

5.60

6.25

6.72

7.22

7.80

8.40

9.10

10,10

&.84

9.35

9.10

8.86

8.70

8.34

8.04

7.82

7 >&

7.35

7.16

6.95

6.80

6.68

6.58 

6 46

Apr.

6.38

6.32

6.22

6.18

6.10

6.06

6.00

5.98

5.91

5.87

5.82

5.77

5.72

5.66

5.70

5.67

5.66

5.73

5.74

5.76

5.75

5.74

5.74

5.71

5.65

5.60

5.58

5.58

5.52

5.47

May.

5.42

5.41

5.36

5.32

5.32

5.32

5.33

5.37

5.38

5.31

5.28

5.29

5.26

5.26

5.26

5.30

5.40

5.34

5.40

5.44

5.40

5.38

5.30

5.24

5.21

5.16

5.13

5.10 

5.08

June.

5.08

5.08

5.06

5.04

5.04

5.08

5.04

5.02

5.00

4.92

5.00

4.99

4.94

4.96

4.96

4.92

4.90

4.87

4.84

4.81

4.82

4.80

A 7O

4.82

4.91

5.02

5.00

4 97

4.91

July.

4.88

4.83

4.81

4.81

4.78

4.77

4.79

4.77

4.79

4.78

4.76

4.76

4.75

4.74

4.74

4.74

4.74

4.76

4.74

4.74

4.75

4.74

4.74

4.71

4.71

4.72

4.73

4.72

4.73

4.71 

4.71

Aug.

4.71

4.71

4.68

4.69

4.68

4.68

4.69

4.68

4.65

4.66

4.65

4.64

4.68

4.72

4.73

4.75

4.75

4.74

4.74

4.73

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.71

4.71

4.71

4.71

4.71

4.73 

4 73

Sept.

4.72

4.72

4.73

4.72

4.73

4.73

4.71

4.71

4.71

4.69

4.69

4.68

4.67

4.68

4.68

4.68

4.69

4.67

4.68

4.66

4.66

4.65

4.65

4.63

4.61

4.67

4.67

4.65

4.65

4.65

Oct.

4.66

4.63

4.70

4.70

4.68

4.69

4.70

4.71

4.61

4.70

4.71

4.70

4.69

4.68

4.69

4.64

4.68

4.70

4.68

4.72

4.74

4.75

4.75

4.76

4.78

4.79

4.80

4.81

4.81

4.75 

4.80

Nov.

4.80

4.80

4.80

4.80

4.82

4.76'

4.80

4.75

4.80

4.79

4.78

4.76

4.76

4.80

4.80

4.78

4.78

4.80

4.82

4.80

4.82

4.84

4.84

4.80

4.84

4.84

4.81

4.84

4.84

4.84

Dec.

4.83

4.82

4.84

4.76

4.82

4.80

4.80

4.80

4.78

4.79

4.75

4.78

4.77

4.77

4.78

4.76

4.77

4.75

4.78

4.76

4.76

4.74

4.74

4.72

4-66

4.66

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.72 

4.72

NOTE. Relation between gage height and discharge at this station not affected by ice. 

21502°~wsp 285 12 12
178 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Crow River at Rockford, Miim.,for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12 ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

291

291

291

287

291

291

287

283

283

291

OQ1

283

278

278

283

283

287

287

287

274

274

OAA

249

245

241

241

241

241

Feb.

233

233

225

221

217

217

217

217

217

OftQ

209

O1 7

209

209

206

209

217

9ftQ

209

202

OAQ

9O9

OfV>

209

OOQ

Mar.

206

202

202

1Q4

217

94Q

332

Oftc

755

1,040

1,370

1 790

2' 270

2

QRA

3 7fifl

3,530

3,080

2,860

2 640

2^510

2 99fl

1 QRn

1,810

1,630

1 Aaf\

1,330

1,190

1,100

1,020

953

881

Apr.

833

797

737

713

665

643

610

599

CCA

538

511

484

456

425

445

430

Af)K

A£f)

467 470

479

4fi7

4fi7

4£n

420

OQK

385

385

355

332

May.

309

304

283

266

266

266

270

287

261

249

253

241

241

941

OK7

qrtn

274

283

Sim

318

300

OQ1

274

257

221

9fl9

190

179

179

June.

172

172

165

158

172

158

151

118

144

141

125

IQI

loc

118

112

1O4

Qfi

88

90

8503

90

115

151

144

134

115

July.

107

93

88

88

80

78

83

78

83

80

76

76

74

71

71

71

71

76

71

71

74

71

71

64

64

67

69

67

69

64

fid

Aug.

64

64

58

60

58

58

60

58

52

54

52

51

58

67

fiQ

74

74

71

71

69

67

67

67

67

64

64

64

64

64

69

69

Sept.

67

67

69

67

69

69

64

64

64

60

60

58

56

58

58

58

60

56

58

54

54

52

52

49

45

56

56

52

52

52

Oct.

54

49

62

62

58

60

62

64

45

62

64

62

60

58

60

51

58

62

58

67

71

74

74

76

80

83

85

88

88

74

85

Nov.

85

85

85

85

90

76

85

73

85

83

80

76

76

85

85

80

80

85

90

85

90

96

96

85

96

96

88

96

96

96

Dec.

93

90

96

76

90

85

85

85

80

83

73

80

78

78

80

76

78

73

80

76

76

71

71

67

54

54

67

67

67

67

67

NOTE. These discharges are based on a well-defined rating curve.

Monthly discharge of Crow River at Rockford, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 2,520 square miles.]

Month.

March...................................

April ....................................

May.....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

291 

233 

3,760 

833 

318 

172 

107 

74 

69 

88 

96 

96

3,760

Minimum.

233 

202 

194 

332 

172 

83 

64 

51 

45 

45 

73 

54

45

Mean.

274 

214 

1,490 

514 

261 

130 

75.2 

63.5 

58.5 

66.3 

86.3 

76.2

276

Per

square 

mile.

0.109 

.085 

.591 

.204 

.104 

.052 

.030 

.025 

.023 

.026 

.034 

.030

.109

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.13 

.09 

.68 

.23 

.12 

.06 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04

1.51

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

SOUTH FORK OF CROW RIVER NEAR ROCKFORD, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge 3| miles southwest of Rockford, in sec. 1, T. 118 N., R. 25 W., and 2 miles above 

the junction of the North and South forks, was established June 15, 

1909, on account of power available on the river, and also to obtain 

a check (in connection with the North Fork station) on the records at 

Rockford on the main stream.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 179

No tributaries enter within several miles of the station. The nearest dam is that at Delano, which is used merely as a diversion dam for 

the Great Northern Kailway. The station is slightly within the influence of the dam at Rockford on the main river, but as there are no 

flashboards on this dam and no sluice gates, the control is nearly permanent as long as the dam remains unchanged.

During all stages except low, discharge measurements are made 

from the bridge at which the staff gage is located; at low stages measurements are made by wading a short distance upstream.

Ice is present at this station from December to March, inclusive, 

and observations are then discontinued.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the gage was 

installed, but from July 27 to August 10, 1909, when the dam at 

Rockford was open for repairs, conditions of flow were temporarily 

changed.

Conditions at this station are favorable for good results, and the 

records should be reliable.

Discharge measurements of South Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 16

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet. 

135

V)

9

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

734

89.9

2.9

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.40

60

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,920

57.8

2.5

a Wading measurement.

Daily gage height, in feet, of South Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn., for 1910.

[Jacob Horsch, observer.]

Day.

1.. ............ .............

2...........................

3. ................... .......

4........................... 5.................:.........

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9. ....................... ... 10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

in

31...........................

Mar.

2.50

2.78

3.18

3.98

4.32

4.86

5.48

6.28

7.10

8.60

7.52

6.90

6.50

6.11

5.70

5.32

4 Q4

4.68

4.38

4.15

3.98

3.71

3.52

3.45

3.18

Apr.

3.11

3.02

2.91

2.86

2.79

2.76

2.70

2.62

2.54

2.50

2-45

2.45

2.38

2.36

2.31

2.38

2

/19

2.41

2.42

2.44

2.46

2.46

2.44

2.38

2.34

2.30

2.29

May.

2.16

2.18

2.12

2.08

2.09

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.08

2.02

2.01

2.00

1 98

1.96

1.95

1.96

2.02

2.02

2.04

2.11

2.15

2.12

2.10

2.09

2.04

1.99

1 99

1.98

1.95

1 Q9

1.89

June.

1.88

1.88

1.90

1.89

1.89

1.90

1.90

1.84

1.81

1.86

1.88

1.86

1.82

1.85

1.81

1,76

1.74

1.76

1.74

1.71

1.70

1.68

1.66

1.66

1.85

1.91

1.84

1.79

1.71

July.

1.70

1.74

1.74

1.70

1.70

1-68

1.58

1.48

1 45

1 60

1.58

L54

1.50

1.42

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.34

1.31

1.26

1.26

1.15

1.14

1.30

1.28

1.22

1.12

1.10

1.08

.95

.76

Aug.

0.75

.66

.70

.70

fid

.70

.69

.69

69

.70

.68

.68

Q4

.96

1 09

QQ

1.00

1.01

1.01

1.10

1.06

94

.82

.76

.75

.72

.70

.71

.74

.70

Sept.

0.72

.72

.70

.69

I;Q

.65

.64

.65

.60

60

60

.60

60

.60

.60

60

.60

60

.60

60

.60

60

.60

.60

60

.68

.68

.66

.62

.62

Oct.

0.62

.62

.66

.70

.74

7Q

.76

.79

.85

.90

.90

.90

.90

.89

89

,1.01

1.02

1.21

1.21

1.22

1.29

1.39

1.36

1.32

1

QC

1.32

1.29

1.22

1.32

1.31

Nov.

1.21

1.22

1.21

1.18

1.25

1.26

1.31

1 3fi

1.32

1.21

1.18

1 94

1.30

1 30

1.28

1 30

1.28

1 22

1.24

1.26

1 94

1.32

1.44

1.44

1.41

1.51

1.42

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 5 and from Nov. 24 to Dec. 31.
180 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of South Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1...........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21 ...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25............'...............

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31 ...........................

Mar.

190

243 001

525

626

801

1,040

I

QQfi

2,650

1,700

1,500

1,310

1 l^fi

Q7ft

QOQ

738

644

C7K

525

458

419

395

348

331

Apr.

295

270

260

245

239

997

208

197

190

100

182

170

167

170

176

175

176

180

loo

Ion

170

163

157

156

1KC

145

May.

136

139

131

125

127

128

125

118

116

115

110

108

110

118

120

iv*

128

197

120

114

114

108

105

101

June.

100

100

102

101

101

102

1fl9

95

91

97

100

97

Q9

96

91

86

83

al

86

83

80

7Q

77

75

7K

103

QC

89

80

July.

79

83

83

79

79

77

66

56

54

68

66

fi9

58

51

44

44

44

41

41

37

37

28

28

4fl

00

04

26

25

24

16

8.4

Aug.

8

4.6

6

6

5.6

6

5.6

5.6

5.6

6

5.3

5 3

16

17

24

18

19

20

17

20

25

23

16

11

8.4

8

6

0

6

6.4

7.6

6

Sept.

6.8

6.8

6

5,6

5.6

4.2

3 9

4.2

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

5.3

5

O

4.6

3.2

3 9

Oct.

3.2

3.2

4.6

6

7.6

9.6

8.4

9.6

12

14

14

14

14

14

14

19

20

23

33

33

34

39

48

45

42

44

42

39

34

42

41

Nov.

34

33

34

33

31

36

37

41

45

42

33

31

35

40

40

38

4n

38

34

35

37

35

42

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating curve.

Monthly discharge of South Fork of Crow River near Rockford, Minn., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,160 square miles.]

Month

March (6-31 )............................

May....................................

July....................................

September. .............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,650 

315 

139 

103 

83 

25 

6.8 

48 

45

Minimum.

190 

145 

101 

75 

8.4 

4.6 

2.5 

3.2

Mean.

903 

196 

121 

91.2 

49 

11.1 

3.57 

23.4 

a 37

Per 

square 

mile.

0.778 

.169 

.104 

.079 

.042 

.0096 

.0031 

.020 

.032

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.75 

.19 

.12 

.09 

.05 

' .01 

.003 

.02 

.04

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C.

a Mean discharge Nov. 24 to 30 estimated at 38 second-feet.

BUM RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The area drained by Rum River lies east of the central part of 

Minnesota, chiefly in Mille Lacs, Isanti, and Anoka counties. Rum 

River rises in Lake Mille Lacs (207 square miles in area), and for 16 

miles flows through three lakes bordered by flat, marshy shores; the
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI KIVEB BASINS. 181

entire fall in this distance being not more than 2 feet. Below the 

lakes the river winds southward as far as Princeton, where it is 

joined by the West Branch. Below Princeton it flows eastward in a 

still more winding course until it reaches Cambridge, where it turns 

to the south and enters the Mississippi at Anoka.

For a distance of 50 miles below the lakes the fall of the river is 

heavy, but from Bogus Brook to the St. Francis Dam the fall is 

slight. From St. Francis to Cedar^ Creek, a distance of 10 miles, 

there is considerable fall, but below this point the slope is very flat, as 

the influence of the Anoka dam reaches nearly to this point. Along 

the upper stretch of the river the banks are low, but their height 

gradually increases and at Page they are 20 to 30 feet above the 

water surface. They continue high to Princeton, are low between 

that point and Cambridge, and below Cambridge rise again to a 

general height of 20 feet or more.

The principal tributaries are West Branch, Tibbetts, Bogus, and 

Spencer brooks, and Upper and Lower Stanchfield and Cedar creeks. 

With the exception of the West Branch the streams are small.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas, in square miles, in Rum River basin.

River.

Do.............

Do............. 

Do.............

Do.............

Do.............

Do.............

Do.............

AboveSec. 10, T. 39 N.. R. 27 W .............................................. 

Sec. 27, T. 39 N., R. 27 W ..............................................

Sec. 34, T. 37 N., R. 26 W ..............................................

Drainage 

area.

Sq. miles. 

378

414

544 

601

721

1,160

1 360

1,'550

The general surface of the basin is level or gently undulating. 

There are but few lakes except Mille Lacs and 20 small lakes in the 

immediate vicinity, which have a combined water surface of 240 

square miles. Altitudes range from 850 to 1,300 feet above sea 

level. The area is covered by a thick glacial deposit of red till, 

beneath which are Archean granites and gneisses or Upper Cambrian 

sandstones and limestones. Along the Kum River valley are deposits 

of modified drift composed of sand and gravel. Rock is exposed 

only at a few places along upper Rum River and the West Branch.

Below Princeton the greater part of the area is under cultivation, 

but between Princeton and Milaca the proportion of cleared and 

cultivated land becomes smaller, and above Milaca, except for isolated clearings and farms along the river, the area is covered with 

brush.
182 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The mean annual rainfall is about 27 inches, of which 3 inches are 

precipitated in the form of snow that remains throughout the winter. 

The streams are frozen over from December to March and during 

that period the flow is very uniform. As no thaws occur during the 

winter there are no freshets. The flow gradually decreases to midwinter when it is minimum, remaining constant until the spring 

breakup.

Lake Mille Lacs forms a natural reservoir for Rum River, tending 

to equalize its flow. In years of very low flow, however, this regulation is detrimental to the river, as of the area at the outlet more than half 

is comprised within the lake surface itself, where evaporation exceeds 

precipitation by 6 inches or more. This loss must be made up from 

the small tributary run-off. The effect of this is seen in the period 

of low rainfall from the spring of 1910 to the summer of 1911. The 

run-off at Onamia, which included not only Mille Laes but the three 

small lakes below its outlet, was very small and ceased entirely during 

the winter. During the greater portion of this period there was said 

to be no flow from Mille Lacs, the flow past Onamia representing the 

area below the lake.

In order to determine the storage available in Lake Mille Lacs a 

survey was .made in 1909. From the data collected on this survey a 

map has been prepared, showing the shore line of the lake, adjacent 

topography, and the depth of the lake in many places. This map 

may be had by applying to the district engineer, United States 

Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn.

In order to determine the availability of Rum River for power 

development, a survey was made during 1909 from Anoka to the 

outlet of Lake Onamia at Onamia. From the data collected on this 

survey sheets have been prepared showing a profile of the water 

surface, a plan of the river, and the contours along the river bank. 

The results of this survey have been published in separate sheets 

which may be obtained by applying to the district engineer, United 

States Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn. 

From this survey the following table of elevations and distances has 

been compiled:

Elevations and distances along Rum River.

Point.

Mississippi River... ... ..........................................................

Range line 24-25 W. ............................................... .............

Gillespie Bridge. .................................................................

Isanti Bridge.. ..................................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

1

1

10

16

19

22

22

27

34

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

832

833

845

848

865

873

885

804

895

896
tTPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 

Elevations and distances along Rum River Continued.

Lower Stanchneld Creel 

Range line 23-24 W. . . .

Findell Bridge.........

Range line 24-25 W. . . .

Isanti-Sherburne County 

Sherburne-Mille Lacs Co 

Princeton Bridge. ......

Section line 9-16. .......

Bogus Brook. ..........

Section line 15-22. ......

Township line 37-38 N . 

Milaca, tailwater .......

Milaca, headwater. .....

Mike Dreur Brook. ....

Whitney Brook. .......

Highway Bridge. ......

Onamia Bridge.........

Point.

r line.. ..................................................

......................... ..j....... .....................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Mles. 

42 

49 

53 

59 

65 

72 

78 

84 

87 

93 

100 

103 

105 

110 

112 

112 

114 

117 

122 

126 

132 

136 

142

Elevation 

above

sea levels

#eet. 

899 

903 

907 

912 

919 

930 

938 

947 

951 

960 

973 

987 

996 

1,028 

1,040 

1,045 

1,057 

1,085 

1,121 

1,152 

1,193 

1,225 

1,249

Water power is utilized at St. Francis, where a fall of 10 feet

develops 75 horsepower, and at Anoka, where a fall of 14 feet furnishes 250 horsepower.

Logging dams exist at various points, but they have been abandoned, as logs are no longer driven down the river.

This station, 

300 feet below the 

below the outlet 

1909, to ascerta 

three lakes into 

the outlet of Mille 

tions of flow were 

true index of tl.e 

favor of the station 

from Lake Onaini 

the flow throughout 

river having th

The nearest i 

River 5 miles bflow

Two miles below 

the water level 

to the fall of" 

gaging station.

The gage was 

below the "Soo

"the

BUM RIVER AT ONAMIA, MINN.

which is located at the steel highway bridge about 

"Soo" Railway bridge at Onamia and 200 yards 

of Lake Onamia, was established September 24, 

n the run-off from Lake Mille Lacs and the chain of 

which it discharges. A station was established at 

Lacs proper, 12 miles above Onamia, but condiso unstable that the gage heights did not serve as a 

flow and that station was therefore abandoned in 

at Onamia. The records will show the run-off 

ia that would be available for storage and indicate 

the upper portion of Rum River the section of 

greatest fall available for hydraulic development, 

important tributary, Bradbury Brook, enters Rum

the station.

Onamia is an abandoned logging dam which raises 

bout 3 feet but does not control the flow, and owing 

river the influences of this dam do not reach the

located originally at the wooden highway bridge just 

Railway bridge, but May 4, 1910, this bridge was
184 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

destroyed and the gage moved downstream to the steel highway 

bridge. The new gage was set to read the same as the old one.

Discharge measurements are made from the steel highway bridge.

Owing to the natural storage afforded by the lakes the range of 

stage at Onamia is slight.

At the original location there was practically no ice during the 

winter and discharge measurements showed that the open-season 

rating curve applied. At the present location, however, the river 

freezes over.

Conditions of flow are favorable for good results and the records of 

flow should be reliable, as the station is well rated.

Discharge measurements, of Rum J$lver at Onamia, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

Sept. 24

Nov. 8

1910. 

Jan. 28

Mar. 30

May 4

July 19o

2i)o

Sept. 24o

Hydrographer.

"Fnllq.TiR'hftft ffnrl Ariamf! . 1 ,

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Robert Follansbee .........................................

.....do.....................................................

C.R.Adams..............................................

Width.

Feet. 

39

72

55

71

74

74

28

23

20

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

29.0

66.3

60.0

139

108

105

12.6

12.6

3.8

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

0.72

.73

.68

1.22

1.05

1.00

.48

.49

.14

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

103

98.4

68.3

386

261

246

20.6

20.3

3.9

a Wading section.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Rum River at Onamia, Minn,, in 1910. 

[R. Swedburg, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8............... 

9...............

10...............

11...............

12............... 

13............... 

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17............... 

18...............

19............... 

20...............

21............... 

22............... 

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27............... 

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

0.58

.58

.60

"".60

.65

65 

65 

65

68 

70

70 

68 

68

68

68

68

68 

68

68

68

68

Feb.

0.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.68 

.68

.68

.68 

.68 

.65 

.65

.65

.65 

.65 

.65

.65 

.65

.65 

.65 

.65

f.s

.68

.68

.68 

.68

Mar.

0.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.70 

.70

.70

.70 

.70 

.72 

.75

.78

.80 

.85 

.88

.90 

.95

1.00 

1.05 

1.08

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.20 

1,22

1.22

1.22

1.22

Apr.

1.22

1.20

1.18

1.18

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.18 

1 15

1.15

1.15 

1.15 

1.15 

1.15

1.18

1.20 

1.20

1.18

1.18 

1.15

1.15 

1.15 

1.12

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.08 

1.08

1.08

1.08

May.

1.05

1.05

1.05

1.05

1.02

1.02

1.02

1.02 

1 00

1.00

.98 

.95 

.95 

.92

.92

.92 

.95 

.95

.95 

.95

.95 

.92 

92

.92

.95

.95

.98 

.98

1 00

1.00

1.00

June.

0.98

.98

.95

.95

.92

.90

.90

.88 

88

.85

.85 

.82 

.82 

.80

.80

,78 

.75 

.72

.70 

.68

.68 

.62 

.58

.58

.55

.58

.60

.62

.65

.68

July.

0.65

.62

.60

.60

.58

.55

.52

.50 

.50

.50

.50

.50 

.48 

.48

.50

.50 

.50 

.50

.50 

.50

.50 

.50 

.50

.50

.50

.50

.50 

.50

.50

.50

.50

Aug.

0.50

.50

.50

.50

.48

.48

.48

.48 

.48

.45

.45

.48 

.48 

.48

.45

.42 

.42 

.42

.42 

.40

.40 

.40 

.40

.38

.38

.38

.38 

.38

.35

.35

.35

Sept.

0.32

.32

.30

.28

.28

.25

.25

.25 

.22

.22

.22 

.22 

.20 

.20

.20

.20 

.20 

.20

.20 

.18

.18 

.15 

.15

.12

.12

.12

.15

.18

.20

.24

Oct.

0.25

.25

.25

.22

.22

22

.20

.20 

.18

.18

.18 

.20 

.20 

.20

.20

.20 

.20 

.20

.22 

.22

.22 

.22 

.25

.25

.28

.28

.30 

.30

.30

.30

.30

Nov.

0.28

.28

.25

.25

.22

20

.20

.20 

.20

.18

.18 

.18 

.15 

.15

.15

.15 

.15 

.15

.15 

.15

.15

.15 

.15

.15

.15

.15

.12 

.12

.12

.12

Dec.

0.12

.12

.12

.12

.10

.10

.10

......

......

......

......

NOTE. No ice until Dec. 8, when river froze over. Ice from Dec. 8-Dec. 31.
Daily discharge,

tTPPEE MISSISSIPPI KIVER BASINS. 185 

in second-feet, of Rum River at Onamia, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1.... ...........

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10.. ....... ......

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17.. .............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... to...............

1910. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9.. .............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25... . .......... .

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

45

45

45

45

45

47

48

50

50

50

50

50

56

62

68

68

68

68

78

85

85

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

Feb.

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

68

68

68

68

68

68

68

68

68'

68

68

78

78

78

78

78

Mar.

78

78

78

78

78

78

78

85

85

85

85

85

94

106

119

128

154

170

180

210

239

272

292

305

338

372

372

387

387

387

387

Apr.

387

372

359

359

372

372

372

359

338

338

338

338

338

338

359

372

372

359

359

338

338

338

318

305

305

305

292

292

292

292

May.

272

272

272

272

252

252

252

252

239

239

227

210

210

192

192

192

210

210

210

210

210

192

192

192

210

210

227

227.

239

239

239

June.

227

227

210

210

192

180

180

170

170

154

154

138

138

128

128

119

106

94

85

78

78

57

45

45

38

45

50

57

68

78

July.

68

57

50

50

45

38

30

25

25

25

25

25

23

23

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

Aug.

25

25

25

25

23

23

23

23

23

20

20

23

23

23

20

16

16

16

16

14

14

14

14

13

13

13

13

13

11

11

11

Sept.

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

9.6

9.6

8.5

7.9

7.9

7.0

7.0

7.0

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.1

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.0

5.0

4.2

4.2

3 5

3.5

3.5

4.2

5.0

5.5

6.7

Oct.

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

106

106

128

180

239

180

170

154

154

138

138

128

119

106

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

7.0

7.0

7.0

6.1

6.1

6.1

5.5

5.5

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

6.1

6.1

6.1

6.1.

7.0

7.0

7.9

7.9

8.5

8.5

8.5

8.5

8.5

Nov.

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

94

106

106

106

106

119

138

154

154

154

154

138

138

138

138

138

128

128

128

128

138

138

7.9

7.9

7.0

7.0

6.1

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

Dec.

154

154

180

180

167

154

141

128

108

88

68

68

68

68

57

57

57

57

55

54

52

50

50

50

50

50

48

47

45

45

45

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except during December, 1910, for 

which period it is estimated.
186 SURFACE WATEfc SUPPLY, 1916, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Rum River at Onamia, Minn.,for 1909-10.

/ 

[Drainage area, 414 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

Sept. 24-30. .............................

October. ................................

December. ..............................

1910.

March .................................

June. ...................................

July....................................

October. ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

94 

239 

154 

180

85 

78 

387 

387 

272 

227 

68 

25 

9.6 

8.5 

7.9 

3.5

387

Minimum.

94 

94 

94

45

45 

68 

78 

292 

192 

38 

23 

11 

3.5 

5.0 

3.5 

2.5

2.5

Mean.

94.0 

118 

121

83.7

64.1 

74.1 

189 

341 

226 

122 

30.1 

18.1 

5.92 

6.47 

4.86 

03.00

90.4

Per 

square 

mile.

0.227

.285 

.292 

.202

.155 

.179 

.457 

.824 

.546 

.295 

.073 

.044 

.014 

.016 

.012 

.007

.218

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.06 

.33 

.33 

.23

.18 

.19 

.53 

.92 

.63 

.33 

.08 

.05 

.02 

.02 

.01 

.008

2.97

Accuracy.

1:

B. 

B.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

D.

a Estimated.

RUM RIVER AT CAMBRIDGE, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge one-half mile 

west of Cambridge, was established June 12, 1909, to obtain data for 

use in studies of power and sewage-disposal problems on Rum River.

No tributary enters within several miles of Cambridge. At St. 

Francis, 20 miles below Cambridge by river, there is a 10-foot dam 

and power plant. Between the crest of the dam and the water surface at the gaging station there is a difference in elevation of about 

6 feet. The fact that the morning and evening gage heights during 

the low-water period show no consistent change, being for the most 

part the same, indicates that the St. Francis dam has little effect on 

the flow at this point, even though the flow may fall below the crest 

during certain portions of the day. The only dam above Cambridge 

is one at Milaca, which is used to form a pool from which water is 

pumped.

From December to March discharge measurements are made 

through the ice to determine the winter flow.

The staff gage is located at the bridge from which the discharge 

measurements are made. Its datum has remained unchanged since 

the station was established. As conditions at this station are favorable the results should be good and the records should be reliable.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVER BASINS. 

Discharge measurements of Rum River at Cambridge, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

June 12 

July 10 

Aug. 31

1910. 

Jan. 15 

Mar. 1 

Apr. 1 

June 21 

Aug. 3 

Dec. 28

G. A. Gray...

.....do........

Robert Follan 

G. A. Gray...

.....do........

Robert Follam 

G. A. Gray...

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

Ill

97 

80

84 

99 

110 

84 

62 

90

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

599 

319

227

297 

214 

421 

174 

142 

114

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.45 

3.90 

3.14

a4.20 

64.20 

5.40 

2.82 

2.50 

C2.95

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,040 

330 

146

170 

137 

741 

131 

74.2 

44.3

Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.94 foot. 

Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.44 feet. 

c Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.90 foot.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Rum River at Cambridge, Minn., for 1910. 

[Martin Lofstrom, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

8................

9. ..............

10...............

11............... 

12...............

13...............

14............... 

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18...............

10

20...............

21...............

99

23...............

24. ..............

25............... 

26. ..............

27. ..............

28. ............. .

29............---

30...............

31...............

Jan.

4.22

" ~4." 26"

4.18

"4." is"

"4." 26"

4.28

"4.~28"

4.30

4.30

Feb.

4.32

.......

4.30

4.25

4.20

4.18

4.12

4.18

4.18

Mar.

4.20

4.20

A 59

4.65

" "5." 66"

5.35

5.65 

5.92

6.42

7.06

7.42

7.22

7.16

7.15 

7.10

6.99

6.78

6.55 

6.32

6.19

6.00

5.84

5.68

5.52

Apr.

5.39

5.30

5.21

5.10 

4.98

4.88

4.85

4.82

4.72

4.61

4.50 

4.45

4.42

4.36 

4.35

4.31

4.29

4.32

4.38

4.40

4.45 

4.45

4.32

4.31

4.38 

4.39

4.28

4.18

4.09

4.05

May.

3.99

3.92

3.91

3.88 

3.85

3.78

3.64

3.69

3.64

3.62

3.61 

3.56

3.52

3.52 

3.49

3.45

3.52

3.65

3.68

3.74

3.72 

3.72

3.71

3.69

3.64 

3.58

3.58

3.54

3.45

3.38

3.34

June.

3.28

3.25

3.22

3.20 

3.21

3.29

3.30

3.28

3.25

3.21

3.16 

3.10

3.08

3.04 

3.00

2.98

2.94

2.89

2.85

2.81

2.80 

2.75

2.71

2.66

2.69 

2.70

2.72

2.79

2.84

2.85

July.

2.84

2.79

2.72

2.70 

2.68

2.66

2.62

2.61

2.60

2.61

2.61

2.62

2.62

2.60 

2.59

2.55

2.52

2.52

2.52

2.50

2.48 

2.48

2.52

2.64

2.62 

2.59

2.56

2.58

2.56

2.54

2.54

Aug.

2.50

2.52

2.52

2.46 

2.45

2.44

2.46

2.48

2.51

2.44

2.45 

2.48

2.51

2.54 

2.56

2.59

2.68

2.70

2.68

2.65

2.65 

2.64

2.59

2.58

2.58 

2.59

2.55

2.52

2.51

2.54

2.54

Sept.

2.54

2.55

2.56

2.58

2 KG

2.58

2.58

2.54

2.52

2.52

2.51 

2.52

2.52

2.52

2 Cft

2.50

2 Crt

2.48

2.48

2.48

2.50 

2 48

2.45

2.45

2.48 

2.62

2.70

2.69

2.70

2.64

Oct.

2.65

2.65

2.61

2.60

2

CQ

2.52

2.56

2.51

2.50

2.50

2.48 

2.48

2.48

2.48 

2.48

2.46

2.48

2.49

2.60

2.56

2.56 

2.55

2.55

2.55

2.55 

2.55

2.55

2.54

2.52

2.50

2.52

Nov.

2.50

2.52

2.52

2.52 2f,i

2.45

2.46

2.45

2.55

2.35

2.45 

2.36

2.51

2.58 

2.48

2.46

2.38

2.49

2.56

2.58

2.55 

2.51

2.55

2.58

2.56 

2.55

2.54

2.64

2.48

2.58

Dec.

2.65

2.60

2.58

2.62

2.70

2.70

2.75

2.80

2.88

2.95

2.95

2.95

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 11 and from Dec. 4 to 31.
188 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Rum River at Cambridge, Minn., for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1...............

2...............

3. ............. .

4...............

7...............

8.. .............

9...............

10...............

11...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

10

19

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

26...............

26...............

27...............

28

29...............

30...............

31...............

1910. 

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8-. ..............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20. ..............

21...............

22. .............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28. ..............

29...............

30... ........... .

31...............

Jan.

o!70

Feb. Mar.

1OK

135

140

140

150

200

250

300

400

CAA

634

731

815

QQO

1,040

1 230

l'340

1,280

1 260

1 260

1,240

1,210

1,140

1,080

1,010

970

915

869

823

779

Apr.

749

717

692

661

629

594

585 <;is

530

501

488

480

ACf)

452

44fi

454

470

471

488

488

AKA

452

470

472

419

396

386

May.

079

OKA

352

344

337

qon

287

9GQ

287

283

280

260

260

254

260

9Qfi

91 1

*?flfi

qnq

9QQ

287

274

274

f)AR

O9 1

223

June.

1,040

956

898

855

826

812

7Q7

797

754

696

667

870

1,030

1,130

1,160

1 l^ft

1,060

942

911

205

199

195

197

213

215

211

OftC

197

187

176

179

165

1 18

154

147

138

1OO

 me

123

115

1 AQ

101

106

107

110

121

1O9

July.

724

667

583

527

485

458

418

391

352

327

317

337

330

314

300

276

256

949

227

245

409

469

431

472

502

463

409

365

375

352

332

130

121

110

107

104

'101

95

94

92

94

94

95

95

92

91

85

81

81

81

78

76

76

81

98

95

Q1

86

89

86

84

84

Aug.

314

280

259

252

236

220

209

227

229

249

292

302

317

399

428

394

352

314

283

252

240

213

205

200

191

187

183

176

156

78

81

81

73

72

71

73

76

79

71

79

76

7Q

84

86

91

104

107

104

100

100

98

Ql

on

89

Ql

85

81

79

84

84

Sept.

156

156

156

149

153

158

145

145

162

156

156

166

168

179

170

162

187

185

535

547

KAA

510

444

401

340

999

84

85

86

89

86

89

89

84

81

81

79

81

81

81

78

78

7Q

76

76

76

78

76

79

79

76

95

107

106

107

OR

Oct.

297

290

278

273

273

264

249

242

245

254

259

283

268

273

290

290

278

278

268

256

266

254

249

249

249

242

233

227

227

9O1

227

QQ

99

94

92

91

81

86

79

78

78

76

76

76

76

73

76

77

QO

86

86

85

85

85

85

85

85

84

81

78

81

Nov.

227

240

242

236

236

236

231

227

220

227

227

220

220

302

373

434

485

460

448

438

429

419

410

400

391

442

455

381

391

78

81

81

81

84

72

73

85

60

79

61

7Q

8.Q

76

73

64

77

86

QQ

85

79

OP

89

86

OP

84

98

76

QQ

Dec.

100

92

89

a Discharge measurement.

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a fairly well defined rating curve, except Mar. l to 11,1910, for 

which period it was estimated.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS.

Monthly discharge of Rum River at Cambridge, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 1,160 square miles.]

189

Month.

1909.

July.....................

1910.

May.....................

July.....................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,160

724 

428 

547 

297 

485

1,340 

742 

372 

215 

130 

107 

107 

99 

98 

100

1,340

Minimum,

667 

227 

156 

145 

227 

220

135 

386 

223 

101 

76 

71 

72 

73 

60

Mean.

908 

399 

256 

252 

260 

337 

«210

a 155 

a 145

742 

516 

290 

159 

92.5 

84.8 

84.2 

83.3 

79.6 

a 55.0

207

Per 

square 

mite.

0.783 

.344 

.221 

.217 

.224 

.291 

.181

.134 

.125 

.640 

.445 

.250 

.137 

.080 

.073 

.073 

.072 

.067 

.047

.178

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.55 

.40 

.25 

.24 

.26 

.32 

.21

.15 

.13 

.74 

.50 

.29 

.15 

.09 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.07 

.05

2.41

Accuracy.

A. 

A.

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C.

C. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

D.

a Estimated.

MINNESOTA BIVEB. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Minnesota River, by far the largest tributary of the Mississippi 

in the State of Minnesota, drains an area comprising 16,600 square 

miles and extending nearly across the southern part of the State from 

west to east. TLe river rises on the eastern slope of the Dakota foothills (Coteau des Prairies) in the northeastern part of Marshall 

County, S. Dak., about 30 miles west of Lake Traverse, at an approximate elevation oi 1,896 feet above sea level, and flows southeastward 

to the State bore er, where it enters Big Stone Lake, a body of water 

26 miles long, 1 ix> 1| miles wide, and exceeding 15 feet in depth at 

only a few places In this portion of its course it is a mere mountain 

torrent, whose fa 1 in 40 miles is about 900 feet and whose bed is often 

entirely dry; for this reason perhaps Big Stone Lake has commonly 

been considered ii;s source. Emerging from Big Stone Lake at Ortonville the Minnesota flows southeastward 225 miles to Mankato, where 

it turns abruptly and flows northeastward to its junction with the 

Mississippi a few miles below the falls of St. Anthony, between the 

cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul.

From Big Stone Lake to the upper end of Marsh Lake, a distance 

of 22 miles, the river winds through a valley 1 \ miles wide and 50 to 

100 feet below the general level of the basin. About one-half the 

bottom land in this stretch is under cultivation and the other half
190 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

is marshy. At Marsh Lake, which was formed by the alluvium deposited at its lower end by Pomme de Terre River, the valley broadens 

to 3 miles. The lake, which is 4 miles long by 1 mile wide, is mostly 

filled with marsh grass, and the greater portion of the valley surface 

is marshy. From Marsh Lake to Lac Qui Parle, which was formed 

by Lac Qui Parle River as Marsh Lake was formed by the Pomme de 

Terre, the valley is 1 to 1| miles wide. At Lac Qui Parle, which is 

about 8 miles long and three-fourths mile wide, the valley is 1$ miles 

wide and lies 100 feet below the general surface level. From the 

outlet of Lac Qui Parle to the line between ranges 30 and 40, the 

valley is three-fourths of a mile wide. Much of the area consists 

of marsh and ponds and not more than a third of it is under cultivation. In the next 6 miles the valley widens out to 2 miles and its 

character changes, as granite outcrops at many places. Little of the 

land is under cultivation. From the lower end of this wide section in 

T. 115 N., R. 39 W., to Mankato, the average width of the valley is 1 

mile, its depth below the general level increases to 200 feet, and most 

of the land is under cultivation. Below Mankato the valley averages 

a mile in width and lies 100 to 150 feet below the surface level. From 

Chaska to the mouth little land is under cultivation, as it is marshy.

From Big Stone Lake to Granite Falls the slope of the river is 0.6 

foot per mile except at the outlet of the lake, where the fall is heavy 

for a short distance. At Granite Falls and at Minnesota Falls, where 

granite outcrops, the river descends in falls and rapids 41 feet in a 

distance of 4 miles. In the 30 miles below Minnesota Falls the average 

slope is 1.3 feet per mile, but thence to the mouth of Cotton wood River 

the slope becomes much less, being only 0.5 foot per mile. From 

Cottonwood River to Faxon the slope increases to 1 foot per mile, 

but below that very point the water surface is very nearly level.

The following drainage areas have been measured on the Minnesota 

and its tributaries:

Drainage areas in Minnesota River basin.

River.

Do.......................

Do.......................

Do....................... 

Do. ......................

Do.......................

Do.......................

Do. ......................

Do.. ...............

Hawk Creek. ................

AboveSec. 30, T. IUN., H. 3d W...... .............................

Sec. 33, T. 109 N., R. 28 W ...................................

.....do.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

Mouth.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

Drainage 

area.

Sq. mttes. 

846

1,560

6,300

7,800 

11,100

14,600

16,600

441

536

847

677

739

875

1,990

176

650

437
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 

Drainage areas in Minnesota River basin Continued.

191

River.

Do.......................

Blue Earth..................

Do.......................

Do.......................

Do. ......................

Le Sueur Creek ..............

AboveMouth......................................................

.....do.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

.....do.......................................................

Drainage

area.

Sq. miles. 

748

864

1,200

180

1,480

2,260

3,430

368

775

1,160

149

278

The soil in the Minnesota Valley is alluvial. Above Minneopa 

the river flows over the drift which covers the basin, but below that 

point it occupies a preglacial gorge whose bottom, filled with gravel 

and sand, lies 100 to 200 feet below the present bed of the river.

During the glacial epoch a vast lake, now known as Lake Agassiz, 

occupied the northwestern portion of the State and had outlet 

through Lake Traverse into Big Stone Lake, which now lies 8 feet 

lower than Lake Traverse, and finally into the present valley of the 

Minnesota. Owing to ice barriers the Minnesota did not follow its 

present course, but was deflected southward and reached the Mississippi through the valley of the Cannon and other rivers.

The country as a whole is flat or gently undulating, but along the 

southern border of the basin is a table-land 20 to 30 miles wide that 

rises several hundred feet above the valley and extends from southeast to northwest across the southwestern part of the State.

Elevations in the basin range from 1,000 in the valleys to 1,900 

feet above sea level on the high plateau.

Except in the immediate valley of the Minnesota, the Blue Earth 

and one or two other tributaries, the area is covered with blue till 

a confused mixture of sand, clay, and gravel of glacial origin. The 

table-land on the southwestern border is capped with porous deposits 

of sand and gravel which supply water to the artesian wells and 

springs in the basin. In the western part of the basin the drift rests 

on Cretaceous sandstone and shales; farther east it overlies the crystalline schists and gneisses of Archean age. In the vicinity of New 

Ulm quartzite of Middle Cambrian age is found. Eock outcrops 

only along the river valleys.

Above Mankato the drainage area is prairie land; below Mankato 

the land was originally forested, but the greater part of it is now 

Under cultivation.

The chief tributaries of the Minnesota are Pomme de Terre and 

Chippewa rivers and Chetamba Creek from the north and Lac Qui 

Parle, Eedwood, Cottonwood, and Blue Earth rivers from the south.
192 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Rainfall records covering periods exceeding 15 years are available 

for different sections of the drainage area. These records indicate 

that the annual rainfall ranges about 24 inches in the upper part to 

28 inches in the central and lower parts. Of this amount 3 inches is 

precipitated in the form of snow which remains throughout the 

winter. The rivers are frozen over from December to March with ice 

I foot and more in thickness. The flow during the winter months is 

very uniform. It decreases gradually till midwinter, when the flow 

is a minimum. There are no winter thaws to cause sudden rises.

Big Stone Lake, which takes its name from the conspicuous granite 

outcrops found in the valley from 1 to 3 miles below the lake, is nearly 

surrounded by bluffs, and were it not for the small drainage area 

tributary to it, would make an excellent reservoir site. Marsh Lake 

and Lac Qui Parle, through which the Minnesota flows, afford reservior 

sites having considerably larger tributary drainage areas than Big 

Stone Lake. In addition to the lake in the main channel of the river, 

there are lakes in the upper sections of the areas drained by the Pomme 

de Terre and Chippewa rivers and the extreme upper parts of the 

basins drained by Redwood, Cottonwood, and Blue Earth rivers. 

Below Mankato the basin contains more lakes, many of them small 

and without visible outlet.

A survey of the river was made in 1909-10 by the United States 

Engineer Corps for the purpose of determining the feasibility of 

building a reservoir to increase the low-water flow, as the lower portion of the Minnesota is navigable, although it carries little traffic at 

present. The following table of elevations and distances has been 

compiled from this survey:

Elevations and distances along Minnesota River.

Place.

Bridge north of PelM............ ........................ -..........,..,...-.. -.-

Distance 

below 

Big Stone 

Lake.

Miles. 

0

2

11

15

22

29

31

36

46

48

51

55

62

62

70

79

80

81

84

%

%

103

109

111

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

966

956

944

940

936

935

931

926

924

923

921

917

913

913

910

907

906

891 -883

861

860

848

835

831
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 

Elevations and distances along Minnesota River Continued.

193

Place.

St. Peter........................................................................

Ottawa. ........................................................................

Distance 

below 

Big Stone 

Lake.

Miles. 

122

132

141

158

164

189

192

198

212

224

243

250

258

268

282

289

303

308

323

339

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

820

810

803

793

791

784

780

774

762

757

730

723

716

710

700

696

693

690

690

690

Water power is developed at the following points in the drainage

basin:

Developed water powers in Minnesota River basin.

Place. Fall 

utilized.

Feet. 

14 

16 

14

8 

7 

20 

16 

85

8.5 

56

Average 

horsepower.

350 

250 

80 

50 

45 

75 

45 

40 

150 

50 

35 

1,800

The bottom land of the Minnesota Valley is subject to overflow to 

such an extent that considerable tracts of it are not now under cultivation. The 1908 flood did an immense amount of damage. At 

that time the Mankato gage read 21.2 feet, the maximum reading 

since its establishment in 1903. In 1909 a survey was made by the 

State drainage commission for the purpose of devising a method of 

flood prevention, but the results of the survey have not yet been 

published. A report of an examination of the valley, which was 

made by the United States Engineer Corps, has been published as 

House Document 76, Forty-third Congress, second session. The 

only maps of the area published by the United States Geological 

Survey are the Barretts sheet, which includes the upper Pomme de 

Terre basin, and the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Minnetonka sheets, 

which cover the mouth of the Minnesota. 

21502° WSP 285 12 13
194 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V. ,

Discharge records maintained since 1903 indicate 1910 as the driest 

year and 1908 the wettest year of the period. The ratio of run-off 

during these two years was 1 to 4.1

The quality of the water in the Minnesota Valley is described in a 

report entitled "The quality of surface waters in Minnesota," pubished by the United States Geological Survey as Water-Supply 

Paper 193.

An examination of Big Stone Lake as a possible reservoir site was 

made by the United States Engineer Corps and the results published 

in House Document 127, Fifty-second Congress, first session, and 

House Document 539, Fifty-eighth Congress, second session.

MINNESOTA RIVER NEAR ODESSA, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge 1 mile southwest of Odessa in sec. 32, T. 121 N., R. 45 W., was established 

July 4,1909, for the purpose of determining the run-off from Big Stone 

Lake available for storage. A station was also established on Whetstone River, which enters the Minnesota above Odessa, for the purpose of determining the amount of water passing Odessa from that 

source.

Owing to its extreme flatness the valley immediately below Big 

Stone Lake is subject to overflow during high water, and it was 

therefore not possible to locate a satisfactory gaging station above 

Odessa. Even at this station some water overflows around one end 

of the bridge at extremely high stages, but this is only a small percentage of the entire flow.

The nearest tributary is Stony Run, a very small stream that 

enters from the north a half mile above the station.

The flow at Odessa is entirely uncontrolled, as the nearest dam 

is at Granite Falls. The river is frozen over and observations are 

discontinued from December to March. The flow during that 

period may be roughly estimated by utilizing the run-off per square 

mile of drainage area above Montevideo.

Since the establishment of the gage, which is attached to the 

bridge from which the discharge measurements are made, the datum 

has remained unchanged.

Conditions at this station are favorable for excellent results, and 

the records, therefore, should be reliable.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 195 

Discharge measurements of Minnesota River near Odessa, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

July 4

24

Aug. 15

Sept. 17

1910. 

Mar. 14

23

Tuly 9

Oct. 13 a

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray . . ..............................................

G. A. Gray ................................................

G. A. Gray ..............................................!.

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

36

33

34

34

61

60

61

31

32

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

 76.5

36.9

40.6

47.0

371

252

306

43.6

31.1

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.98

2.65

2.78

2.88

8.45

6.54

7.45

2.26

2.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

52.7

32.8

42.2

44.9

520 3 in

435

18.0

25.5

a Wading measurement.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Minnesota River near Odessa, Minn., for 1910. 

[Claud Shellenbarger, observer.]

Day.

1.. .........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21 ...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

11.60

10.36

9.62

9.31

8.92

8.45

8.28

8.06

7.85

7.75

7.42

7.16

6.88

6.68

6.56

6.45

A 99

6

QA

5.76

5.78

5.52

5.70

5.48

Apr.

5.38

5.20

5.04

5.29

5.49

5.15

5.08

4.99

4.95

4.88

4.80

4.70

4.56

4.75

5.36

5.56

5.32

4.%

4.99

5.68

6.74

7.18

8.08

SI 49

7.98

7.72

7.40

7.16

May.

7.16

6.66

6.40

6.17

5.78

5.63

5.57

5.52

5.43

5.37

5.30

5.17

5.04

4.89

4.80

4.90

5.04

5.12

4.84

4.70

4.63

4 W

4.44

4.63

4

KQ

A. 1Q

4.09

4.09

4.36

4.06

3.97

June.

3.92

3.84

3.74

3.75

3.74

3.78

3.62

3.64

3.80

3.71

3.68

3.68

3.51

3.38

3.24

3.14

3.17

3.04

2.94

2.84

2

7K

2.78

2.71

2

7Q

2.82

2 77

2.68

2.58

9 4a

July.

2.41

2.46

2.41

2.34

2.28

2.36

2.32

2.30

2.30

2.24

2.26

2

fJA

2.20

2.16

2.14

2.11

2.09

2.06

2.04

2.02

2.08

2.14

2 9fi

2 1Q

2.14

2.12

2.11

2.11

Aug.

2.19

2.20

2.20

2.18

2.18

2.19

2.20

2.24

2.20

2.20

2.21

2 91

2.22

2.32

2.39

2.42

9 ^Q

2.36

2.35

2.35

2.40

9 49

2.42

2.45

2.54

2.52

2.40

2.40

2.45

2.62

Sept.

2.64

2.46

2.64

2.63

2.93

2.66

2.46

2.83

2.80

2.76

2.74

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.63

2 80

2.76

2.68

2.63

2.83

2.73

2.83

3.03

3.13

2.84

2.74

2.80

Oct.

2.87

2.76

2.86

2.74

2.69

2.68

2.66

2.66

2.62

2.67

2.63

2.63

2.66

2.68

2.61

2.68

2.66

2.81

3.42

3.18

2.78

2.81

2.92

3.15

3.12

3.05

2.85

2.86

Nov.

2.78

2.75

2.95

3.05

3.05

2.82

2.72

2.66

2.65

2.60

2.70

2.79

2.71

2.78

2.82

2.90

2.96

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 8, and from Nov. 20 to Dec. 31.
*196 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Odessa, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1...........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

IS...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21 ...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

1910. 

1...........................

2...........................

3...........................

4....... .......... .

5..........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11....................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...................... ....

17...........................

18...........................

19..... .....................

21...........................

22... ........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

25...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

850

726

652

621

582

535

518

496

475

432

362

351

34.1

319

OQK

OCC

271

249

Apr.

241

224

210

233

OKO

220

205

195

188

179

166

184

239

OOft

oftc

269

368

409

4.QR

532

500

AQQ

430

AfV7

........

May.

407

360

336

314

97S

265

259

255

246

240

234

221

210

188

197

210

917

192

173

161

156

164

135

127

197

149

118

June.

114

108

101

102

101

104

92

85

94

105

99

97

97

85

77

68

62

64

56

50

44

39

41

37

41

43

40

35

30

25

July.

54

49

49

4fi

49

53

CO

48

64

57

53

51

46

42

39

33

32

34

41

37

31

27

28

28

24

28

25

9S

22

24

22

20

18

21

20

19

19

17

18

17

16

16

15

15

14

14

13

13

12

12

14

15

16

16

15

15

14

14

14

Aug.

28

24

30

31

26

23

42

58

56

49

44

40

41

43

45

39

41

42

40

37

39

37

37

32

33

29

34

32

32

29

30

16

16

16

16

16

16

16

17

16

16

16

16

17

20

22

23

22

21

20

20

22

23

23

24

28

28

27

22

22

24

32

Sept.

31

31

34

37

36

36

36

36

36

40

36

31

32

37

47

53

47

47

52

43

53

63

59

59

57

53

50

58

59

59

33

24

33

32

50

34

24

44

42

40

38

36

33

36

36

32

31

42

40

35

32

32

44

38

44

56

62

44

38

42

Oct.

53

60

60

68

69

65

57

59

77

87

98

115

88

74

65

63

66

61

56

64

65

60

66

58

65

65

63

59

51

1 56

66

46

40

42

46

38

35

35

34

34

32

34

32

32

34

35

32

35

34

43

79

65

43

41

43

43

49

63

61

57

45

46

Nov.

65

65

63

62

64

58

64

59

52

c7

58

59

64

75

156

122

106

102

92

92

92

92

91

97

98

97

97

97

96

95

41

39

37

51

57

57

43

37

34

34

31

33

36

41

37

41

43

48

52

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a weLl-defined, rating curve, except that for the last half of 

November, 1909, for which it is estimated.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 197

Monthly discharge of Minnesota River near Odessa, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 1,560 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

July (4-31)......... .....................

October. ................................

1910. 

March (9-31).................... ........

April....................................

May.....................................

June. ...................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

64 

58 

63 

115 

156

850 

532 

407 

114

24 

32 

62 

79 

57

Minimum.

24 

24 

31 

51

52

249 

166 

118 

25 

12 

16 

24 

32 

31

Mean.

41.0 

36.9 

44.9 

66.1 

83.6

441 

288 

213 

71.2

16.5 

20.4 

38.2 

42.8 

41.7

Per 

square, 

mile.

0.026 

.024 

.029 

.042 

.054

.283 

.185 

.137 

.046 

.011 

.013 

.024 

.027 

.027

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.03 

.03 

.03 

.05 

.06

.24 

.21 

.16 

.05 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.02

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.. 

B.

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A.

MINNESOTA RIVER NEAR MONTEVIDEO, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge about 1 mile 

south of Montevideo, in sec. 19, T. 117 N., R. 40 W., was established 

July 23, 1909, to obtain information concerning the power available 

on Minnesota River at Granite Falls, a few miles below. The records 

will also afford data of value in connection with studies of flood prevention, navigation, and sewage disposal.

Chippewa River enters the Minnesota a short distance above the 

station. The nearest dam, that above Granite Falls, is not more 

than 6 or 8 feet high, and its influence does not extend to the Montevideo station. There is no dam above the station.

The discharge of Chippewa River is so much less than that of the 

Minnesota that the control of the former by a dam at Montevideo 

has very little effect on the Minnesota gage heights.

The river is frozen entirely across at this station from December 

to March, during which period discharge measurements are made 

through the ice to determine the approximate winter discharge.

The chain gage is attached to the bridge from which the discharge 

measurements are made. The datum of the gage was lowered 2 feet 

September 16, 1909, and again lowered 1 foot in 1910 to avoid negative readings. All readings have been corrected to conform to the 

datum established in 1910.

Conditions at this station are excellent, and the results should 

therefore be reliable.
198 SURFACE WATER StJPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Discharge measurements of Minnesota River near Montevideo, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Feb. 3

Mar. 22

Apr. 14

July 7

8

29

Oct. 14

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray....................... ........................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

120

121

102

82

82

54

59

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

296

819

491

142

143

78.1

82.7

height.

Feet. 

a4.15

9.07

6.18

2.68

2.66

1.79

1.89

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

164

2,150

1,060

175

172

66.1

71.5

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.26 feet. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Minnesota River near Montevideo, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17....... .......

18...............

19...............

20...............

21.... ..........

22.... ... ..

23....... .. ...

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28....... .

29...............

30............... 

31.......

Jan.

4.28

3.80

4.20

4.40

4.30

4.05

"4." 62"

Feb.

4.00

4.15

4.32

4.05

4.02

3.75

4.05

4.10

Mar.

4.00

5 4O

5.95

6.10

7.76

8.10

7.45

8.85

9.32

8.95

8.72

9.54

9.36

9.22

9 14.

9.14

9.07

8 Q4

8.89

8.78 

8.66

8.24 

8.32

7 QQ

7.91

7.88

Apr.

7.66

7 4Q

7.18

7.36

7 3S

7.14

7.08

7.06

7.02

6.72

6 84

6.60

6.38

6.26

6.31

6.76

6.88

6.92

6.88

7.02

7.38

7.71

7.85

7.80 

7.73

7.67 

7.60

7.43

May.

7.16

7.17

7.04

f{ on

6.73

6.66

6 42

6.22

6.37

6.27

6.08

5.89

5.86

5.70

5.28

5.48

5.66

5.54

5.45

5.58

5.48

5.48

5.45

5.51

5.35 

5.22

5.01 

4.90

4.70

4.91 

4.60

June.

4.37

4.38

4.16

4.12

4.00

4.14

4 00

4.12

3.98

3.90

4.02

4.00

4.26

4.16

4.00

3.83

3.78

3.69

3.48

3.40

3.40

3.32

3.29

3.24

3.23 

3.09

2.99 

2.94

2.87

2.82

July.

2.80

2.74

2 <\A.

2.74

2.65

2.58

2.42

2.58

2.54

2.38

2.28

2.39

2.32

2.16

2.01

2.11

2.12

1.99

1.94

2.19 

1 98

1.96 

1.70

1.79

1.86 

1.90

Aug.

1.70

1.85

1.94

2.07

1.90

1.74

1.74

1.74

1.77

1.83

1.67

1 60

1.63

1.71

1.73

1.74

1.95

1.90

1.87

2.00

1.96

1.97

2.05

1.97

2.10 

2.09

2.07 

1.77

1.83

1.69 

1.95

Sept.

1.95

1.70

1.87

1.83

1.77

1.84

1 80

1.79

1.99

1.80

1.61

1.83

1.80

1.79

1.80

1.81

1.71

1.87

1.83

1.84

1.85

1.77

1.87

1.91

1.89 

2.00

2.11 

1.95

1.90

1.86

Oct.

2.06

1.93

1.87

2.17

1.97

2.17

2.03

1.97

1.97

1.87

1.91

1.87

1.85

1.99

1.80

1.95

1 91

1.89

2.02

2.28

2.02

2.01

2.02

2.06

2.08 

2.14

2.28 

2.45

2.32

2.08 

2.15

Nov.

2.21

2.16

2.11

1.98

2.26

2.26

2.24

2.29

2.34

2.29

2.26

2.22

2.21

2.20

2.28

2.34

2.36

2.31

2.26

2.24

2.34

2.31

2.29

2.32

2.35 

2.48

2.38 

2.52

2.56

2.61

Dec.

2.66

2.65

2.71

2.69

2.60

2.49

2.52

2.60

2.61

2.60

2.65

2.64

2.66

2.62

2.61

2.66

2.66

2.62

2.54

2.60

"2." 60

"2." 72

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 5, and from Nov. 28 to Dec. 31» 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Montevideo, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1............. ......

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10.. .................

Feb.

a 164

Mar.

150

160

700

850

1,030

1,310

1 640

1.520

Apr.

1 600

1^530

1,490

1,400

1,380

1,370

1,360

1.250

May.

1,410

1,410

1,360

1,310

1,250

1,230

1,140

1,070

1,120

1.090

June.

508

511

452

441

410

446

410

441

405

384

July.

181

184

173

158

149

173

160

162

154

134

Aug.

58

73

82

96

78

62

62

62

65

71

Sept.

83

58

75

71

65

72

68

67

87

68

Oct.

95

81

75

107

85

107

91

85

85

75

Nov.

Ill

106

100

86

117

117

114

120

125

120

a Discharge measurement.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 199

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Montevideo, Minn., for 1910 

Continued.

' Day.

11...................

12...................

13...................

14. ..................

15...................

16. ..................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22. ..................

23. ..................

24...................

25. ..................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Feb. Mar.

1,990

2 ARTI

2,100

2,010

2,420

2.210

2,180

2,180

2,100

2,080

2,030

1,990

1,820

1,850

1,730

1,690

1,680

Apr.

1,290

1,200

1 ion

1 noA

1,100

1,260

1,310

1 oon.

1,310

1 360

1 490

1^620

1 780

1,670

1,650

1,630

1 600

1,580

1 540

1^510

May.

1,030

964

954

Qfl9

770

832

889

851

864

832

822

841

709

751

688

656

CQQ

659

571

June.

415

410

478

452

410

367

355

334

288

271

271

256

250

242

241

220

206

199

inn

184

July.

lu

149

130

119

131

123

114

106

QQ

Q9

100

101

87

82

109

86

84

58

67

74

78

Aug.

55

49

52

59

61

62

83

7Q

75

88

84

85

94

85

99

98

96

65

71

57

83

Sept.

50

71

fi»

67

68

69

59

*7t\

71

72

73

65

75

7Q

77

88

100

83

78

74

Oct.

*7Q

75

73

87

68

83

70

77

90

119

on

89

90

95

97

103

119

138

123

97

116

Nov.

117

111

110

110

125

128

199

117

114

125

122

120

123

126

142

130

130

130

130

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except from Mar. 1 to 5 and Nov. 28 

to 30, which were estimated.

Monthly discharge of Minnesota River near Montevideo, Minn., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 6,300 square miles.]

Month.

March. ..................................

April... . ................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,420 

1,780 

1,410 

511 

184 

98 

100 

138 

142

Minimum.

150 

1,090 

571 

184 

58 

49 

50 

73 

86

Mean.

a 200 

a 150 

1,690 

1,420 

946 

348 

121 

73.8 

72.5 

92.7 

119 

«65

442

Per 

square 

mile.

0.032 

.024 

.268 

.225 

.150 

.055 

.019 

.012 

.012 

.015 

.019 

.010

.070

Run-off 

(depth in 

incnes on 

drainage 

area).

0.04 

.02 

.31 

.25 

.17 

.06 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.02 

.02 

.01

.94

Accuracy.

C.

C. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. - 

D.

a Estimated.

MINNESOTA RIVER NEAR MANKATO, MINN.

This station, which, is located at Sibley Park, 2 miles above the 

center of Mankato and a few hundred yards below the mouth of Blue 

Earth River, the nearest tributary, was established May 20, 1903.1 

Since 1906 the gage has been maintained by the United State Engineer Corps. The daily readings are taken by the United States 

Weather Bureau and furnished through the courtesy of that office.

i Gage heights for 1903 and 1904 have been published in Water-Supply Papers 99, p. 17, and 130, p. 53.
200 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The nearest dam on the river is at Minnesota Falls, a short distance 

below Granite Falls, where 264 horsepower is developed under a head 

of 16 feet. There is no dam below the gaging station.

Discharge measurements are made from a boat and cable near the 

gage. Since the establishment of the station the datum of the gage 

has remained unchanged.

Ice is usually present at this station from December to March, and 

during that period the gage heights are taken through a hole in the 

ice. Therefore the open-water rating curve is not applicable. Owing 

to a lack of measurements, few winter estimates have been made.

Measurements made during the earlier years indicated changing 

conditions of flow, and accordingly the discharge for years previous 

to 1907 was obtained largely by the indirect method. These' results 

can not be considered as accurate as the later ones which were based 

on a well-defined rating curve with fairly permanent conditions.

The estimates given herewith supersede those for 1905 and 1906, 

published in Water-Supply Papers 171, page 57, and 207, page 49.

The highest known stage of the river occurred in 1881 and is shown 

by a well-marked line in Mankato. The stage was approximately 

27 feet above the zero of the present gage. This value was corroborated by Mr. M. B. Haynes, civil engineer of Mankato, who states 

that the high water occurred after the ice went out and was not caused 

by backwater. The corresponding discharge was approximately 

65,000 second-feet. Since the establishment of the gage the highest 

stage recorded was 21.2 feet on June 26, 1908. The lowest stage 

recorded was during the summer of 1910, when the flow was about 

165 second-feet.

Discharge measurements of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn., in 1903-1910.

Date.

1903. 

May 20

June 23

July 30

Sept. 7

Oct. . 15

Nov. 27

1904. 

Jan. 17

Apr. 21

June 28

July 26

Aug. 31

Oct. 18

Dec. 30

1905. 

Apr. 3

May 10

July 18

Sept. 12

Nov. 1

Dec. 29

Hydrographer.

E. Johnson. jr. ............................................

W.&.'Ra&g......... ......................................

.... .do. ....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.... .do. ....................................................

E . F. Chandler ............................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

E. F. Chandler ............................................

E. F. Chandler............................................

R. Richards. . .............................................

.....do.....................................................

E. F. Chandler ............................................

R. Richards. . .............................................

Width.

Feet.

365

302

286

282

270

270

220

295

294

310

285

298

297

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

1,130

2,000

1 '773 040

614

616

498

1,400

1,040

2,520

877

815

811

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

9.20

4.95

5.11

5.15

10.45

3.30

2.30

6.48

3.74

2.70

2.09

2.24

o2.20

5.08

4.26

8.75

2 03

2.84

63.85

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

7,630

2,120

3,010

3,260

12,300

1,280

580

4,910

2,170

1,090

548

665

315

3,280

2,450

8,180

1,350

1 240

l!o70

o Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.6 foot. 

6 Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.8 foot.
UPPEB MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 201

Discharge measurements of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn., in 1903-1910 Contd.

Date.

1906. 

Apr. 11

May 24

1909. 

Sept. 13

1910. 

Feb. 8

Mar. 15

19

26

May 24

July 13

Oct. 29

Dec. 27

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray. ...............................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

G. A. Gray. ...............................................

Width.

Feet. 

310

308

277

304

317

315

310

295

287

281

210

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,890

1,730

953

526

3,520

2,830

2,210

864

412

291

260

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.59

5.81

1.80

o3.98

11.32

9.36

7.34

3.13

1.35

.98

( 6 )

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

6,020

4,300

804

636

16,000

10,600

6,800

1,560

494

253

175

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.65 foot.

6 Ice present. Gage height somewhat less than 0.8 foot, as water had receded from Weather Bureau gage.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Minnesota River near Marikato, Minn., for 1905-1910.

Dayo

1905.0 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22... ...........

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.95

1.95

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

Feb.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.15

2.15

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.4

2.5

3.1

3.6

3.8

i ^

Mar.

4.05

4.25

4.5

5.5

5.7

6.1

5.9

5.5

5.3

4.8

4.2

4.1

4.4

3.6

3.8

3.95

4.0

4.1

5.4

5.9

6.3

6.5

6.8

6.8

6.7

6.5

6.2

6.1

5.8

5.6

5.4

Apr.

5.2

5.25

5.1

5.05

5.2

5.25

5.25

5.2

5.1

4.9

4 7

4.5

4

QE

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.05

3.0

2.95

May.

2.95

2.95

3.0

3.35

3.9

4.0

3.95

3.8

3.75

4.2

5.15

6.1

6 4

7.1

8.1

9.3

9.9

10.1

10.0

9.9

9.7

9.3

8.9

8.3

7 0

7.5

7.5

6.7

6.5

6.3

6.15

June.

6.05

5 Q

5.75

5.6

5.45

5.3

5.15

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.6

4 55

4.4

4.35

4.2

4.25

4.4

4.3

4.4

4.35

4.3

4.15

4.1

4.05

4.85

5.7

6.2

6.3

6.0

5.9

July.

6.35

7.65

7.95

8.95

9

f,f,

10.75

11.85

12.35

12.65

12.15

U Q1

11.35

11.85

10.35

9.95

9

AK

9.15

8.85

8.25

7.95

7.75

7 dt\

7.15

{{ QC

6.75

6.45

6.15

5.75

5.55

Aug.

5.4

5.25

5.15

4.95

4.8

4.65

4.6

4.45

4.35

4.25

4 15

4.0

3.85

3.85

3.85

3.85

3.65

3.85

3.85

3.75

3.7

3.65

3.55

4.0

3.85

3.7

3.65

3.65

3.6

3.55

3.4

Sept.

3.35

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.15

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.95

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.85

2.8

2.9

2.85

2.9

2.9

4.6

3.9

3.65

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.0

2.95

Oct.

2.95

2.9

2.85

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.65

2.8

2.7

2.65

2.6

2.65

2.85

2.9

2.9

2.95

2.85

2.95

2.95

3.0

3.05

3.05

3.0

3.0

2.95

2.95

2.95

2.95

2.9

Nov.

2.9

2.8

2.85

2.8

2.9

3.25

3.35

3.55

3.65

3.65

3.65

3.65

3.6

3.6

3.55

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.35

3.35

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.55

3.75

3.9

3.95

5.2

5.75

4.55

Dec.

4.15

8.2

7-95

7.55

'7 45

7.65

7.45

7.15

6.85

6.25

6.15

6.05

5

QC

5.65

5.5

5.25

5.1

5.0

4.75

4.65

4.6

4.55

4.25

4.0

4.05

4.05

4.0

3.95

3.85

3.75

3.75

a These gage heights supersede those published in Water-Supply Paper 171, p. 57.
202 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn., for 1905-1910 Con.

Day.

1906.o 

1.. .............

2. .. . .....

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ...............

31...............

1907.6 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.65

3.65

3.65

3.65

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.55

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.55

3.55

3.55

3.55

3.5

3.45

3.4

3.25

3.2

3.2

3.25

3.4

3.4

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.7

°. 7

3.7

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.5 °. f(

3.5

3

K

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

Feb.

3.4

3.5

3.5

3.2

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.3

3.4

3.6

4.2

4.65

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.8

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.2

3.2

3.2

°. 9

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.2

3

0

3.2

3

0

3.4

3 7

5.3

5

O

fi ^

7 1

7.3

7 3

7.0

6.8

6.6

6.4

6.3

Mar.

5.0

5.0

5.15

5.05

5.0

5.1

5.0

5.1

5.6

5.6

5.4

5.1

4.9

4.7

4.6

4.35

4.15

3.8

3.8

3.8

i x,

3.5

3.6

3.3

3.3

3.45

4.5

4.45

4.85

5.3

5.65

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5 A

5.4

5.4

5.3

5

9

5.1

4 9

4 9

4.9

A Q

4 9

5

»7

fi ^

7.1

7.4

8 9

8

1

9 1

9

0

8

0

Q »7

8 7

8 7

8

O

8

0

8.9

Apr.

7.1

7.6

8.1

7.6

7.4

7.1

7.0

6.8

7.1

7.4

8.0

7.45

7.8

8.85

8

Q

9.2

9

0

9.25

9

1

8.85

8.6

8.3

7.9

7.5

7 1

7 05

6.8

6.55

6.45

6.3

9

n

9

0

10.1

10.5

in a

10.7

10.5

10.0

9 7

9

0

9 1

8

0

8

e

8

0

8

1

8

n

7 Q

7.4

7 9

7.1

6.8

6.3

6 9

5 Q

5 Q

May.

6.3

6.45

6.55

6.6

6.55

6.45

6.3

6.25

6.15

6.0

5.85

5.75

5.65

5.55

5.3

5.5

5.55

5.35

5.75

5.55

5.7

5.75

5.8

6.15

6.55

7.0

7.6

8.0

5 Q

5.9

5 Q

6.0

6.1

6.0

6.0

e Q

K O

5 7

5

e

5.5

5.4

5

0

5.4

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5 4

e o

5.2 f( d

7.1

7 9

7 Q

7.2

June.

8.2

8.3

8.3

8.3

8.5

8.7

8.8

8.95

9.1

9.2

9.2

9.15

9.05

8.95

8.9

8.8

8.7

8.55

8.65

8.6

8.45

8.4

8.4

8.3

8.2

8.1

8.1

8.1

8.1

8.1

7.1

7.0

6.8

6.5

6.4

6.2

6.2

6.2

6.4

8 7

10.0

n

o

12.2

1 9 K

19 K

12.4

19 9

13 1

i q K

14.0

14.1

14.1

10 *r

13.6

13 *i

10 0

13 4

19 Q

19 A

n

o

July.

8.0

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.8

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.3

7.2

7.1

6.9

6.7

6.5

6.3

6.1

n Q

5.8

5.5

K 0

5.2

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.7

A f(

4.6

4.8

4.9

5.0

H o

10.5

in 9

9.8

Q ^

9 9

8

0

8.4

8

1

7.7

7.4

6 9

6.4

6.3

7.0

7 9

7 3

7 f(

7 Q

7 fi

8

9

Q Q

fi Q

8

O

8

0

a ^

7 ft

7.7

7 3

7.0

6.6

Aug.

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.7

5.8

6.0

6.8

7.8

7.5

7.3

7.3

7.1

7.0

6.9

6.8

6.7

6.4

6.1

6.2

6.4

6.6

7.0

7.5

7.8

8.0

8.0

7.9

6.2

5.8

5.5

5.2

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.6

4.6

4.4

4

0

4.2

4.0

3 Q

3 fi

3 7

3.6

3.6

4.4

4.7

4.6

4.2

.4.0

3

0

E 0

5.7

5

Q

5.7

Sept.

7.7

7.6

7.6

7.6

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.3

7.1

6.8

6.5

6.3

6.1

5.9

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.8

5.9

6.2

6.5

6.7

6.9

7.0

7.1

7.2

7.1

7.1

7.0

5.7

5.4

5.1

4.8

4.6

4.2

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.4

3

0

3.3

3.2

3.4

3.6

4 0

A O

5.6

6.0

5.6

5.1

4.7

4.4

4.2

3 Q

3.8

3 7

Oct.

6.8

6.6

6.4

6.2

5.9

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.1

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

4.1

4.7

5.1

5.6

6.2

6.5

6.7

6.8

3.6

3.6

3.9

3.7

3.8

4.0

4.0

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.3

3.2

3.1

i 1

3.0

i n

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2 7

2.7

2 7

2.7

2

ft

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

9 fi

2.6

Nov.

6.9

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.9

6.9

6.8

6.8

6.6

6.5

6.3

6.2

6.0

6.1

6.0

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.6

5.4

5.4

5.1

5.3

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.2

2.6

3.0

3.4

3.6

3.6

3.6

3 A

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

0 1

2.9

2 7

2.7

2

ft

9 fi

2.9

2 Q

9 Q

9 ft

2

0

9 Q

9 fi

9 Q

2.8

2

0

2

Q

2

0

9 fi

Dec.

5.1

4.6

4.5

4.8

4.9

4.8

4.2

6.2

6.4

6.4

6.2

6.4

6.4

6.4

5.8

5.8

5.7

5.2

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.2

4.3

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.3

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

9 7

2.7

2.7

2

*7

2.5

9 <\

2.3 9 <;

2.5

2

K

2.5

2

0

2.2

2

O

2 9

2.5

o These gage heights supersede those published in Water-Supply Paper No. 207, p. 49. 

6 The following corrections have been made to the United States Weather Bureau gage heights, owing 

to change in gage datum: Jan. 1-Feb. 28 +0.4; Mar. 1-Aug. 9 +0.5; Aug. 10-Dec. 31 +0.6.
tTPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 203 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn., for 1905-1910 Con.

Day.

1908. « 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ...............

11...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

01

1909.6 

1...............

2...............

3..............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7.- ..---. -..--..

8...............

9............... 

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.8

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2,6

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

. 2.4

2.4

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6 

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.9

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.0

3.0

4.3

4.2

4.1

Feb.

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.8

3.2

3.2

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

4

0

4.1

3.9

3.7

3.5 

3.4

3.3

3.1

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

Mar.

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

4.0

5.4

4.3

4.3

5.2

5.8

6.0

5.7

5.6

5.4

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.2

5.1

3.1

3.1

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.3 

3.5

5.3

7.1

7.1

7.3

7.5

7.7

7.7

7.8

7 Q

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.5

Q 1

11.7

12 7

13.6

16.3

17.3

17.3

17.1

Apr.

5.3

5.2

5.1

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.1

5.0

5.2

5.2

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.1

5.5

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.4

5.3

5.4

5.8

6.0

6.6

6.9

6.9

16.8

16.4

15.9

15.5

15.1

14.8

14.5

13.9

13.3 

12.8

12.2

12.0

11 9

11.7

11.5

11.1

10.8

in °.

10.1

9.9

9

e

9.4

9.2

9 n

8.8

8.6

8.2

8.1

7.8

7 0

May.

6.9

6.7

6.6

6.3

6.5

5.9

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.7

5.5

5.5

5.3

5.4

6.3

7.1

7.6

8.2

8.7

9.0

10.1

11.8

12.6

12.4

12.8

13.0

13.2

14.0

15.0

17.2

17.5

7.9

8.3

8

O

8.2

8.1

7 0

7.6

7.3

6.9 

6.5

6.1

5.8

5.6

5.3

5

0

5.2

5.2

5

0

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.3

5.2

5.2

5

0

6.7

6.0

6.5

6.8

7.2

June.

17.2

16.6

15.8

14.6

14.1

13.7

13.5

13.3

12.8

12.6

12.2

11.9

11.7

11.3

10.9

10.6

10.2

10.1

10.3

10.3

11.9

12.1

16.0

18.4

21.0

21.2

20.5

19.6

18.9

17.8

7.6

8.0

8.5

8.7

8.8

8 Q

8.7

8.5

8.3 

8.1

7.9

7.8

8.0

8.3

8.4

8.1

8.3

8.1

8.0

7.8

7.5

7.1

7.0

7.5

7.6

7 Q

8.1

9.0

10.1

10.6

July.

17.0

16.5

15.8

15.0

14.4

14.5

14.5

14.2

14.0

10 Q

13.3

12.6

12.3

11.9

11.5

11.1

11.0

11.1

11.4

n

o

10.8

10.3

9.7

9 n

8.4

7.8

8.7

8.8

9.0

8.7

8.0

10.9

10.9

10.9

10.7 in Q

9.8

9.4

9.0

8.4 

8.0

7.6

7.2

6.7

6.5

6.1

"i Q

5.6

5.3

5.4

5.5

5

0

A O

4.6

A 0

4.1

« Q

3.5

3.4

3

0

3.1

Aug.

7.7

7.4

7.1

6.9

6.5

6.1

5.9

5.7

5.5

5.5

5.0

4.9

4.8

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3 

2.3

2.2

2.5

2.7

3.1

3.9

4.3

4.7

. 4.6

4

0

4.1

4.0

3.7

3.5

3

0

°. 1

3

C\

2.8

2.7

2.5

2.5

2.3

Sept.

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2

C\

1 Q

1 Q

1.9 

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1 Q

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1 0

1.9

1 9

9 n

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

Oct.

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.8

2.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4 

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

Nov.

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2

0

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.5

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.9-

3.1

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.7

3.5

3.5

3.3

3.1

2.9 

2.7

2.5

2.5

2.5

3.1

3.7

4.7

4.9

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

i 0

4.9

d Q

5.3

5.6

6.7

6.9

Dec.

3.3

3.0

2.8

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

9 0

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

9 7

2.7

2 7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

9 7

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

7.0

7.0

7.1

7.1

7.1

6.1

6.7

7.1

7.1 

7.1

7.1

7.1

7.1

7.1

7.0

7.0

6.9

6.7

6.5

6.3

6.1

5.9

5.7

5.5

5.3

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.8

o The following correction has been applied to the United States Weather Bureau gage heights, owing 

to change in gage datum: Jan. 1-17 +0.6.

6 The following correction has been made to the United States Weather Bureau gage heights, owing to 

change in gage datum, Jan. 1-Dee. 31, +0.1.
204 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PAST v.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn.,for 1905-1910 Con.

Day.

1910.0 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19............... 

20...............

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24........... ..

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

2Q;. .............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.5

4.5

4,4

4.4

4.4

4 3

4.3

4.3

4.3

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

Feb.

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

3 9

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.8 

3.8

3.8

3.8

3 7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.7

Mar.

3.7

3.7

3.8

3

Q

4.0

5.6

8

1

8.5

Q 9

11.0

12.2

H QK

101

12.1

11.4

11.0

11.4

9 9

9.4 

9 1

8.8

8.5

8.4

7 9

7.7

7.4

6.8

6.4

6.2

6.0

Apr.

5.4

5.3

5 9

5.0

4.8

4.6

4.6

4.5

4

C

4.4

4.2

4.0

4.0

4.0

3 9

3.9

3

Q

0 Q

3

Q

3 Q

3.9

3 Q

4.1

4

0

4.6

4.8

May.

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.0

3.8

3 7

 ? 7

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.5 

3.4

3.4

3 4

3

0

3 2

3.2

3.1

3.1

3 1

3.0

3.0

June.

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.4

2

0

2.3

2.2

2.4

2.4 

2.2

2.2

2 2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

July.

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2 

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Aug.

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

1.0

1.0

1.0 

1.3

1.4

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

Sept.

0.9

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.9

.9

.9

.9 

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Oct.

1.0

.9

.9

.9

1.0

. .9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

g

.9

.9

.9

.9 

.9

.9

.9

.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Nov.

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

i. i

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0 

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Dec.

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

a The following correction has been made to the United States Weather Bureau gage heights, owing to 

change in gage datum, Jan. 1-Mar. 7, +0.10, Sept. 16-Dec. 31, +0.10. Ice conditions from Jan. 1 to Mar. 

14, and ffom'Dec. 1 to 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn.,for 1903-1910.

Day.

1903.o 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6. ..............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.

9,530

8,500

7,650

7,560

7,650

10,800

14,900

22,300

30,800

38,700

36,800

32,000

June.

27,200

23,000

18,900

15,800

13,400

11,300

9,530

7,380

6,700

6,700

5,910

5,460

5,180

4,760

4,480

3,960

3,710

3,220

3,100

2,930

2,930

2,880

2,880

2,760

2,710

2,540

2,540

2,440

2,540

July.

3,710

3,900

4,350

6,960

6,540

6,620

6,540

6,460

6,300

6,380

6,300

5,760

5,460

5,320

4,760

4,220

4,160

4,690

4,960

5,460

6,060

5,610

5,540

5,040

4,690

4,220

4,090

4,220

3,710

3,460

2,980

Aug.

3,100

2,930

2,880

2,980

3,400

3,840

4,090

3,840

3,340

3,100

2,880

2,760

2,660

2,660

3,960

4,350

5,460

5,180

4,760

4,220

4,090

3,960

3,460

3,100

2,880

2,540

2,490

2,930

2,930

2,930

Sept.

2,980

3,770

3,460

4,090

4,160

4,160

2,980

3,460

3,580

3,840

4,220

5,610

8,120

13,500

17,800

22,700

27,300

25,100

22,600

19,500

17,200

14,800

13,200

11,300

10,100

8,800

8,220

6,700

5,610

6,140

Oct.

5,760

5,610

5,460

6,060

6,140

6,460

15,600

18,900

20,500

20,400

18,600

17,200

15,500

13,900

12,200

10,800

10,100

9,110

8,310

7,380

6,790

6,220

5,910

5,320

5,040

4,760

4,480

4,220

3,960

3.770

Nov.

3,650

3,460

3,340

3,220

3,100

2,980

2,760

2,660

2,540

2,490

2,440

2,390

2,340

2,280

2,230

1,930

1,380

1,220

1,090

1 030

970

1,000

1,000

1,100

1,100

1,200

1 300

1,300

1,260

1,380

Dec.

1,340

1,260

1,220

1 ^60

1,260

1,300

l,3dO

1,300

1,300

1,300

1,300

1,260

1 260

1,220 i ion

1 190

1 190 ijieo

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,000

a Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating curve. The gage heights were published 

in Water-Supply Paper 99, p. 17.
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 205

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn.,for 1903-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1904.a 

1...... .........

2.... ...........

S.... ...........

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18........... ...

19...............

20...............

21........... .

22............ ..

23...............

24. ........

25...............

26...............

27...........

28........... .

29...............

30...............

31...............

1905.6 

1..........

2...........

3...........

4........... ..

5...............

6...........

7...............

8...........

9...........

10............ .

11. .........

12...........

13........... .

14. .

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27............ ..

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1,160

1,160

1,160

1,030

980

860

740

680

660

640

630

630

620

620

600

590

580

580

580

580

580

580

570

570

570

560

560

560

560

560

560

Feb. Mar.

2 1fift

2

q7ft

2,640

3,830

4,080

4,620

A 'Mfl

3 QOfl

3,580

2,980

2

qoft

1,730

1,920

2,060

2,110

2,210

4 340

4 onn

5,180

5,620

5,620

5,480

5,180

4,760

4,620

4,220

3

Qflft

3.700

Apr.

3,220

3,100

2,930

2,880

2,880

2 760

2,660

2,540

3,710

5,180

6,540

7 740

7 74f>

7,380

6,220

5,760

5,460

5,180

4,900

5,180

5,760

6,220

6,060

6,060

5,760

5,320

5,100

3 460

3,520

3,340

3,460

3,520-

3,520

3,460

3,340

3,100

2 QAA

2 640

2 480

2,010

2,010

1,820

1,730

i fi4ft

1,510

1,460

1 dfifi

1 380

1 380

1,300

1,260

1,180

May.

4,760

4,220

3,960

3,710

3,77fr

3,840

3,710

3,580

3,460

3,340

3

1 AA

2 980

2,880

2,660

2,540

2,440

2,280

2,130

2,080

2

fton

1,930

1,880

1,840

1 740

1 740

1 fi4n

1 600

1,560

1,510

1 460

1 isr\

1,180

1,220

1,510

2,010

2,110

2 flfin

1,870

2,320

3

Af\f\

4,620

5 040

6J090

7,730

10,100

11,500

11,900

11,700

11,500

11,000

10,100

9,290

8,110

7,380

6,710

6,710

5,480

5,180

A Qftft

4,680

June.

1,420

1 460

1,700

1,930

2,910

3,040

2,350

2,350

2

4AA

2 4rtn

2 480

2 430

2,370

2,320

2,260

2,070

1,970

1,970

1,920

1,920

1 880

1 830

1,840

1 790

1,820

2,120

2,170

2,130

2,020

4,550

4

04n

4

1 Kn.

3

Qfln

3 77ft

3,580

3 4Aft

3,100

2 980

2,860

2

7Cft

2,700

2

coft

2 480

2,320

2

07ft

2,530

2,530

2 480

2 49ft

2 9fift

2,210

2 160

3 040

4,080

4,760

4 900

4 480

4 34ft

July.

1 Q4ft

1.820

1,780

1,730

1,700

1,640

1,520

1,490

1,430

1,520

1,520

i Arm

1,400

1,400

1,320

1,240

1,140

1,140

1,140

1,060

1,060

980

950

950

1,090

1,050

1,020

1,020

1,120

1,160

4

Qftft

6,950

7 Afif\

9 Af\O

10,700

13,500

16,400

17,700

18,600

17,100

16,600

14,900

ic onft

12,200

11,100

9 onn

9,150

8,180

7,820

7,270

6,760

6,450

5,960

5

KA{\

5,400

5,120

4,720

4,340

3,850

3,650

Aug.

1,120

1 non

930

900

840

810

810

Qlft

Q4ft

soft

820

820

760

760

720

720

700

700

670

650

650

620

600

600

540

540

540

540

540

3

AOf\

3,280

2,930

2

7£ft

2,600

2

oon

2 98ft

2,180

2,100 9 05Q

1 960

1^960

1 960

1,380

1,960

1,960

1,870

1,820

1,380

.1,680

2 260

1,890

1,890

1,850

1,730

Sept.

550

750

910

750

750

720

690

690

690

630

630

630

605

580

580

580

580

530

530

530

510

510

490

490

470

470

470

470

470

470

1,690

1 fi4n

1,610

1,560

1,510

1,470

1,400

1 4ftft

1,370

1,340

1,340

1,340

1,260

1,220

1,300

1,260

1,300

1,300

2,930

1,950

1,900

1,810

1,720

1,540

1,460

1,460

1,420

1 380

1,340

Oct.

470

470

470

470

 470

470

470

470

470

530

580

580

580

580

580

580

580

665

720

870

940

1,010

1,050

1,010

1,010

975

940

940

940

905

i 9.40

1,300

1 260

1,220

1,220

1,140

1,140

1 140

I^IOO

1,220

1,140

1,100

1,060

1,100

1,260

1 300

1,340

1,260

1,340

1,340

1,380

1,420

1,420

1,380

1,380

1,340

1,340

1,340

1,340

1,300

Nov.

870

840

810

810

810

780

780

780

750

750

750

750

750

750

690

690

690

690

690

690

690

690

655

,655

* 625

625

625

625

1,300

1,220

1,260

1,220

1,300

1,590

1,680

1 860

l!950

1,950

1,950

1,950

1,900

1,900

1,860

1,810

1,720

1,720

1,680

1,680

1,630

1,590

1,540

1,860

1,500

1,500

1,500

1,500

1,500

1,500

Dec.

RtV\

315

1,070

o Daily discharge computed by means of an indirect application of the rating table, owing to changing 

conditions. The gage heights have been published in Water-Supply Paper 130, p. 53.

6 Daily discharge computed, from a fairly well-defined rating curve, which is applied indirectly after, 

July 9,
206 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn.,for 1903-1910

Continued.

Day.

1906.0 

1...... .........

2.. .............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

1... ............

8...............

9

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

1907.0 

1..............

2...............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7........ .......

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19......... ......

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan. Feb. Mar.

9,730

10,200

9.110

8,520

8,910

8,910

8,910

9.110

9,110

9.310

Apr.

5,300

6,050

6,830

6,050

5,730

5,300

5,150

5,870

5,300

5,740

6,690

5,900

6,450

8 340

8,510

9,100

9.290

9 91ft

8,520

7,540

6,840

6,080

5,940

5,550

5,230

4,860

4,720

4,580

9,520

12,000

12,900

13,600

13,400

12,900

12,400

11,000

9,110

8,520

8,140

7,780

7,600

7,260

6,610

6,300

6,140

5,700

5,280

5,000

4,860

4,600

4,600

4,470

4,470

May.

4,580

4,970

5,050

4,970

4,900

4,680

4,610

4,510

4,320

4,120

4,050

3,910

3,800

3,680

3,550

3,550

3,860

3,910

3,910

3,780

4,280

4,030

4,220

4,280

4,340

4,810

5,340

6,000

6,930

7,600

4,470

4,470

4,600

4,730

4,600

4,600

4,600

4,470

4,340

4,220

3,960

3,960

3,840

3,720

3,840

3,960

3,960

3,960

3,960

3,960

3,840

3,720

3,600

3,840

4,600

5,280

6,140

6,300

6,460

6.300

June.

7,900

8,140

8.140

8,140

8,520

8,910

9,110

9,420

9,730

9

Q4A

9

O4A

9,840

9,620

Q 4.9(1

9,310

9,110

8,910

8,620

8,810

8,710

8,420

8,330

8,330

8.140

7,960

7,780

7,780

7,780

7,780

7,780

6,140

6,000

5,700

5,280

5,140

4,860

4,860

4,860

5,140

8,910

11,700

14,800

17,100

17,800

17,800

17,600

17,100

19, 400

20,400

21,800

22,100

22,100

21,000

20,700

21,000

21,300

20,200

18.900

17,600

16, 100

July.

7,600

7,430

7,430

7,430

7,260

7,090

6,930

6,770

6,460

6,300

6,140

5,840

5,560

5,280

5,000

4,730

4,470

4,340

4,090

3,960

3,720

3,600

3,380

3,260

3,040

3,040

2,820

2,930

3,150

3,260

3,380

14,600

12,900

12,200

11.303

10,600

9,940

9,110

8,330

7,780

7,090

6,610

5,840

5,140

5,000

6,000

6,300

6,460

6,770

7,430

7,260

7,960

9,110

9,310

9,310

9,110

8,520

7,260

7,090

6,460

6,000

5,420

Aug.

3,260

3,150

3,150

3.040

2,820

2,820

2,720.

3,040

4,340

4,600

5,700

7,260

6,770

6,460

6,460

6,140

6,000

5,840

5,700

5,560

5,140

4,730

4,860

5,140

5,420

6,000

6,770

7,260

7,600

7,600

7,430

4.860

4,340

3,960

3,600

3,490

3,260

3,150

2,930

2,930

2,930

2,720

2,610

2,500

2,300

2.200

2,100

2,000

1,900

1,900

2,720

3,040

2,930

2,720

2,500

2,300

2,100

2,720

3,720

4,220

4,346

4,220

Sept.

7,090

6,930

6,930

6,930

7,090

6,930

6,770

6,460

6,140

5,700

5,280

5,000

4,730

4,470

4,220

4,220

4,220

4,220

4,340

4,470

4,860

5,280

5,560

5,840

6,000

6,140

6,300

6,140

6,140

6,000

4,220

3,840

3,490

3,150

2,930

2,500

2,400

2,300

2,200

2,000

2,000

1,900

1,720

1,630

1,630

1,540

1,720

1,900

2,300

2,610

4,090

4,600

4,090

3,490

3,040

2,720

2,500

2,200

2,100

2,000

Oct.

5,700

5,420

5,140

4,860

4,470

4,340

4,090

3,840

3,600

3,380

3,260

3,040

2,930

2,820

2,720

2,610

2,400

2,300

2,200

2,200

2,200

2,200

2,400

3,040

3,490

4,090

4,860

5,280

5,560

5,700

1,900

1,900

2,200

2,000

2,100

2,300

2,300

2,200

2,000

1,900

1,630

1,540

1,460

1,460

1,380

1,380

1,300

1,300

1,220

1,220

1,140

1,140

1,140

1,140

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,060

Nov.

5,840

5,700

5,700

5,700

5,560

5,560

5,560

5,840

5,840

5,700

5,700

5,420

5,280

5,000

4,860

4,600

4,730

4,600

4,220

4,220

4,090

4,090

3,840

3,840

3,490

3,720

3,840

3,720

3,600

3,600

1,060

1,380

1,720

1,900

1,900

1,900

1,720

1,720

1,630

1,540

1,540

1,460

1,300

1,140

1,140

1,060

1,220

1,300

1,300

1,300

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,220

1,220

Dec.

3,490

2,930

2,820

3,150

3,260

3,150

2,500

o Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating curve, wMch is applied indirectly prior to 

May 20,1906.
ITPPEE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 207

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn.,for 1903-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1908.o 

1... ............

2... ............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19

20...............

21... .........

22...............

23. ..............

24........... ..

25...............

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1909.6 

1...............

2...............

3. ..............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15. ..............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

.......

~

Feb. Mar.

4,340 

4,600 

4,220 

4,090 

3,840

4,090 

3,960 

3,840 

3,900 

3,840

3,720 

3,720 

3,720 

3,720 

3,600 

3,490

7.240 

7,240 

7,420 

7,600 

7,960

8,150 

8,340 

8.720 

10,800 

15,900

18,400 

20,700 

28,400 

31,400 

31,400 

30.800

Apr.

3,720 

3,600 

3,490 

3,600 

3,600

3,490 

3,600 

3,600 

3,600 

3,490

3,490 

3,380 

3,600 

3,600 

3,380

3,380 

3,380 

3,490 

3,960 

4,200

4,200 

4,090 

3,840 

3,720 

3,840

4,340 

4,60u 

5,420 

5,840 

5,840

29,900 

28,700 

27,200 

26,000 

24,900

24,000 

23,200 

21,500 

19,900 

18,600

17,100 

16,600 

16,400 

15,900 

15,400

14,400 

13,700 

12,600 

12,100 

11,700

11,000 

10,600 

10,200 

9,730 

9,320

8,920 

8,150 

7,960 

7,420 

7,600

May.

5,840 

5,560 

5,420 

5,000 

5,280

4,470 

4,220 

4,220 

4,220 

4,220

3,960 

3,960 

3,720 

3,840 

5,000

6,140 

6,930 

7,960 

8,910 

9,520

12,000 

16,100 

18.100 

17,600 

18,600

19,200 

19,700 

21,800 

24,600 

31,100 

32,000

7,600 

8,340 

8,150 

8,150 

7,960

7,600 

7,070 

6,560 

5,920 

5,310

4,730 

4,310 

4,040 

3,650 

3,520

3,520 

3,520 

3,650 

3,900 

3,900

3,900 

3,900 

3,650 

3,520 

3,520

3,650 

5,610 

4,590 

5,310 

5,760 

6.400

June.

31,100 

29,300 

26,900 

23,500 

22,100

21,000 

20,400 

19,900 

18,600 

18, 100

17,100 

16,400 

15,800 

14,800 

13,900

13,100 

12,200 

12,000 

12,400 

12,400

16,400 

16,800 

27,500 

34,900 

43,200

43,800 

41,600 

38,700 

36,500 

33,000

7,070 

7,780 

8,720 

9,120 

9,320

9,520 

9,120 

8,720 

8,340 

7,960

7,600 

7,420 

7,780 

8,340 

8,530

7,960 

8,340 

7.960

7,780 

7,420

6,900 

6,240 

6,080 

6,900 

7,070

6,560 

7,960 

9,730 

12, 100 

13,300

July.

30,500 

29,000 

26,900 

24,600 

22,900

23,200 

23,200 

22,400 

21,800 

21, 300

19,900 

18,100 

17,400 

16,400 

15,400

14,400 

14,100 

14,400 

15,100 

14,800

13,600 

12,400 

11,000 

9,520 

8,330

7,260 

8,910 

9,110 

9,520 

8,910 

7,600

14,000 

14,000 

14,000 

13,500 

12,600

11,500 

10,600 

9,730 

8,530 

7,780

7,070 

6,400 

5,610 

5,310 

4,730

4,450 

4,040 

3,650 

3,780 

3,900

3,650 

2,440 

2,840 

2,540 

2,350

2,170 

1,820 

1,820 

1,740 

1,590 

1.520

Aug.

7,090 

6,610 

6,140 

5,840 

5,280

4,730 

4,470 

4.220 

3,960 

3,960

3,380 

3,260 

3,150 

2,930 

2,820

2,820 

2,720 

2,610 

2,610 

2,500

2,400 

2,300 

2,200 

2,100 

2,000

1,900 

1,810 

1,900 

2,100 

2,100 

2,000

1,440 

1,300 

1,240 

1,170 

1,100

1,040 

985 

985 

985 

985

925 

1,100 

1,240 

1,520 

1,370

2,540 

2,950 

2,840 

2,540 

2,350

2,260 

2,000 

1,820 

1,590 

1,520

1,440 

1,300 

1,240 

1,100 

1,100 

985

Sept.

1,810 

1,630 

1,540 

1,460 

1,460

1,380 

1,300 

1,220 

1,220 

1,140

1,060 

1,060 

987 

987 

987

987 

987 

987 

987 

911

911 

911 

911 

911 

911

911 

835 

835 

835 

911

925 

865 

865 

865 

805

805 

750 

750 

750 

750

750 

750 

750 

750 

750

750 

695 

695 

695 

640

640 

750 

750 

750 

805

865 

805 

805 

805 

750

Oct.

911 

911

987 

987 

987

987 

987 

987 

987 

987

911 

911 

911 

911 

911

911

835 

835 

835 

835

911 

911 

911

987 

987

1,060 

1,140 

1,140 

1,140 

1,220 

1,300

695 

695 

640 

585 

585

530 

530 

475 

475 

530

585 

585 

585 

640 

695

695 

695 

695 

695 

640

640 

640 

640 

640 

640

640 

585 

585 

585 

585 

585

Nov.

1,380 

1.380 

1,300 

1,300 

1,300

1,220 

1,220 

1,140 

1,060 

987

911

835 

835 

835 

835

835 

835 

835 

835 

835

835 

835 

835 

835 

835

835 

835 

835 

835 

835

585 

640 

640 

640 

1,820

1,820 

1,660 

1,520 

1.370 

1,240

1,100 

1,100 

1,100 

1,520 

2,000

2,950 

3,170 

2,840 

2,950 

3,060

3,060 

3,060 

3,060 

3,170 

3,170

3,170 

3,650 

4,040 

5,610 

5,920

Dec.

::::::

» These discharges are based on a fairlv well defined ratine curve.

6 Daily discharge computed from a fairly well defined rating curve. The estimates hwe been revised 

since they were published in " Report of Water Resource;? Investigation of Minnesota during 1909-10."
208 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Minnesota River near Marikato, Minn.,for 1903-1910 

Continued.

Day.

1910.o 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24...............

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan. Feb. Mar.

500

500

600

600

700

1,500

4,000

4,500

,5,000

7.000

10,000

20,000

is fififi

16,000

15,200

14,200

15,200

11,700

10,600

9 Q4fi

9,320

8.720

8,530

7,600

7,240

6,730

6,240

5,760

5,160

4,870

4.590

Apr.

3,780

3,520

3

0QA

2

Q.4A

2 840

2,840

2 840

2 7Afi

2 74.fi

2,640

2,440

2,260

2 17fi

2,170

2 l7fi

2,170

2,170

2,170

2 l7fi

2

qKrt

2,540

2

RAf\

2,840

3,060

May.

2,840

2,640

2,440

2,080

2 000

2,000

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,910

1,820

1,740

1,740

1,740

1,660

1,660

1,590

1,590

1.520

1,520

1,520

1,440

June.

1,440

1,370

1,370

1,300

1,240

1,240

1 170

1,170

1,170

1,100

1,100

1,040

1,100

1,040

985

985

925

1,040

925

925

925

925

865

865

805

805

805

805

805

July.

805

750

750

695

695

640

640

585

585

585

530

530

KQA

475

420

420

420

365

365

365

315

315

315

315

315

265

265

265

265

265

265

Aug.

265

265

265

265

265

215

215

215

165

165

165

165

165

165

165

165

265

265

265

420

475

365

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

215

215

Sept.

215

215

215

265

265

215

215

215

215

215

165

165

165

165

165

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

265

265

265

265

265

Oct.

265

215

215

215

265

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

215

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

Nov.

265

265

265

265

315

315

315

315

315

315

315

315

315

315

315

315

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

265

Dec.

175

« Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating curve. The estimates have been revised 

since they were published in "Report of Water Resources Investigation of Minnesota during 1909-10."

Monthly discharge of Minnesota River near Marikato, Minn.,for 1903-1910. 

[Drainage area, 14,600 square miles.]

Month.

i1903. 

May (20-31) .............................

July....................................

October. ................................

November. .............................

1904.

April. ..................................

July....................................

November. .............................

December...............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

38,700 

27,200 

6,960 

5,460 

27,300 

20,500 

3,650 

1,340

1,160

7,740 

4,760 

3,040 

1,940 

1,102 

910 

1,050 

870

Minimum.

7,560 

2,440 

2,980 

2,490 

2,980 

3,770 

970 

1,160

560

2,540 

1,460 

1,420 

950 

540 

470 

470 

625

Mean.

18,900 

6,980 

5,110 

3,430 

10,200 

9,430 

2,000 

1,210

687 

o500 

5,130 

2,740 

2,120 

1,310 

751 

591 

701 

733 

»460

Per 

square 

mile.

1.29 

.478 

.350 

.235 

.699 

.646 

.137 

.083

.047 

.034 

.351 

.188 

.145 

.090 

.051 

.040 

.048 

.050 

.032

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.58 

.53 

.40 

.27 

.78 

.74 

.15 

.10

.05 

.04 

.39 

.22 

.16 

.10 

.06 

.04 

.06 

.06 

,04

Accuracy.

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

C. 

D. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

a Estimated
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 209 

Monthly discharge of Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn.,for 1903-1910 Continued.

Month.

1905.

April...................................

July....................................

1906.

July....................................

October. ................................

1907. 

March (21-31).. ................... ......

April...................................

May....................................

July........................ ..........

1908. 

March (16-31)...........................

April...................................

June, ...................................

July....................................

1909. 

March (16-31).. .........................

April ...................................

May....................................

July....................................

November. .............................

1910.

April...................................

July....................................

August. ................................

The year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,620 

3,520 

11,900 

4,900 

18,600 

3,460 

2,930 

1,420 

1,950

9,290 

7,600 

9,940 

7,600 

7,600 

7,090 

5,700 

5,840

10,200 

13,600 

6,460 

.22,100 

14,600 

4,860 

4,600 

2,300 

1,900

4,600 

5,840 

32,000 

43,800 

30,500 

7,090 

1,810 

1,300 

1,380

31,400 

29,900 

8,340 

13,300 

14,000 

2,950 

925 

695 

5,920

20,000 

3,780 

2,840 

1,440 

805 

475 

265 

265 

315

20,000

Minimum.

1,730 

1,180 

1,180 

2,160 

3,650 

1,380 

1,220 

1,000 

1,220

4,580 

3,550 

7,780 

2,820 

2,720 

4,220 

2,200 

3,490

7,780 

4,470 

3,600 

4,860 

5,000 

1,900 

1,540 

1,060 

1,060

3,490 

3,380 

3,720 

12,000 

7,260 

1,810 

835 

835 

835

7,240 

7,420 

3,520 

6,080 

1,520 

925 

640 

475 

585

500 

2,170 

1,440 

805 

265 

165 

165 

215 

265

............

Mean.

a 300 

o400 

3,640 

2,330 

5,820 

3,220 

9,430 

2,160 

1,550 

1,270 

1,640 

ol,250

2,750

6,590 

4,560 

8,680 

5,020 

5,250 

5,680 

3,630 

4,780

9,050 

8,360 

4,480 

14,400 

8,140 

3,010 

2,630 

1,510 

1,380

3,920 

3,910 

10,900 

23,400 

16,500 

3,350 

1,100 

975 

969

15,700 

16,000 

5,200 

8,250 

6,120 

1,510 

769 

613 

2,390

o800 

o575 

7,760 

2,650 

1,880 

1,040 

462 

246 

218 

231 

285 

o220

1,370

Per 

square 

mile.

0.021 

.027 

.249 

.160 

.390 

.221 

.646 

.148 

.106 

.087 

.112 

.086

.188

.451 

.312 

.595 

.344 

.360 

.389 

.249 

.327

.620 

.573 

.307 

.986 

.558 

.206 

.180 

.103 

.094

.268 

.268 

.747 

1.60 

1.13 

.229 

.075 

.067 

.066

1.08 

1.10 

.356 

.565 

.419 

.103 

.053 

.042 

.164

.055 

.039 

.532 

.182 

.129 

.071 

.032 

.017 

.015 

.016 

.020 

.015

.094

Run-oft 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.02 

.03 

.29 

.18 

.46 

.25 

.74 

.17 

.12 

.10 

.12 

.10

2.58

.50 

.36 

.66 

.40 

.42 

.43 

.29 

.36

.25 

.64 

.35 

1.10 

.64 

.24 

.20 

.12 

.10

.16 

.30 

.86 

1.78 

1.30 

.26 

.08 

.08 

.07

.64 

1.23 

.41 

.63 

.48 

.12 

.06 

.05 

.18

.06 

.04 

.61 

.20 

.15 

.08 

.04 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02

1.28

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

C. 

C. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

C. 

C. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

C. 

C.

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c.

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c. 

c.

D.

c.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

a Estimated.

21502° WSP 285 12 14
210 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

WHETSTONE RIVER NEAR BIG STONE, S. DAK.

Whetstone River enters Minnesota River a short distance below 

Big Stone Lake. Owing to the character of its drainage basin, which 

lies almost wholly in the northeastern part of South Dakota, it is a 

very flashy stream, having very little flow except in the spring and 

after heavy rain. It has no tributaries near its mouth. The drainage 

area of the Whetstone River is 441 square miles.

The gaging station, which is located at the State Line bridge, onefourth of a mile southeast of Big Stone, S. Dak., was established September 18, 1909.

From December to March the relation between gage heights and 

discharge is affected by ice, and during that time observations are 

discontniued.

The station has not yet been completely rated, so no estimates of 

daily discharge are given.

From April 15, 1899, to May 14, 1904, records of flow were maintained by the United States Engineer Corps near the site of the present 

station. These records have been published in "Report of water 

resources investigations of Minnesota during 1909-10," by the State 

drainage commission, St. Paul, Minn.

Discharge measurements of Whetstone River at Big Stone, S. Dak., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

July 25

Aug. 16

Sept. 18

1910. 

Mar. 15

Apr. 15

29

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray . . ..............................................

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

38

11

13

72

32

32

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

94.6

5.9

5.0

249

40.5

73.6

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.80

3.80

.65

4.66

1.40

3.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

14.2

9.7

5.0

399

65.6

170

NOTE. After Sept. 18,1909, inclusive, the gage heights refer to a different gage and section.

Daily gage height, infect, of Whetstone River at Big Stone, S. Dak., for 1910. 

[P. W. Thorndike, observer.]

Day.

1. .................. .......

9

3

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

Mar. Apr.

1.85

1.75

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.45

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.35

May.

2.7

2.55

2.2

2 ftK

2.0

1.9

1 9

1.8

1.8

1 Q

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.4

June.

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

1.1

1 2

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.1

July.

0.6

.5

.5

.5

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

Aug.

0.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.6

.6

.6

Sept.

0.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

,5

Oct.

0.7

.7

.7

.65

.6

.6

.55

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

Nov.

0 7

.7

.7

OR

1.05

OK

.85

OR

.8

a High-water mark.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 211 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Whetstone River at Big Stone, S. Dak., for 1910 Contd.

Day.

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30. ..........................

31

Mar.

3.75

3.45

3.2

3.05

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.65

2.5

2.35

2.25

2.1

2.0

1.95

2.0

1.9

Apr.

1.55

1.55

1.4

1.45

1.55

2.5

8.5

7.45

4.9

4.15

3.8

3.6

3.35

3.1

2.85

May.

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

June.

1.0

.9

.9

.8

.7

.7

.6

.6

.5

.5

.75

.9

.75

.7

.65

July.

0.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

Aug.

0.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

Sept.

0.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.55

.75

.8

.8

.8

.8

Oct.

05

55

6

8

9

9

9

8

8

8

8

8

7

7

7

7

Nov.

1.00

.85

.8

.95

.8

1.05

.85

.9

.95

.8

.85

.9

.9

.9

.9

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 7 and from Dec. 1 to 31.

LAC QUI PARLE RIVER AT LAC QUI PARLE, MINN.

Lac Qui Parle River rises in a small lake in the southeastern part 

of Deuel County, S. Dak., and flows northeastward into the Minnesota in sec. 24, T. 118 N., R. 42 W.

The gaging station, which is located at the highway bridge at the 

discontinued post office of Lac Qui Parle, in sec. 26, T. 118 N., R. 42 

W., was established April 27, 1910, in connection with a general study 

of the run-off of the Minnesota basin.

The nearest tributary, Threemile Creek, enters the river a short 

distance below Lac Qui Parle. The drainage area above the station 

is 677 square miles and above the mouth 739 square miles.

There are no dams on the river which control the flow at the present 

time.

As the station has not been established sufficiently long to be rated 

no estimates of flow have been made and only the base data are 

given.

Records are discontinued from December to March, during which 

period the river is frozen over.

The gage is located at the bridge and measurements made at the 

same section.

Discharge measurements of Lac Qui Parle River at Lac Qui Parle, Minn., for 1910.

Date.

Apr. 27

July 8

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

46

40

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

181

74.7

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.53

1.13

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

278

17.6
212 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PABT V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Lac Qui Parle River at Lac Qui Parle, Minn., in 1910.

[Chas. A. Gould, observer.]

Day.

1....................................

2..................:.................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12.. ...................... ..........

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................................

24.................................. .

25....................................

26..... ...............................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Apr.

3.52

3.40

3.22

3.08

May.

2.82

2.72

2.62

2.52

2.42

2.35

2.30

2.28

2.22

2.18

2.12

2.08

2.02

1.98

1.92

1.92

1.98

1.98

1.98

2.08

2.00

1.95

1.92

1.85

1.78

1.72

1.68

1.62

1.58

1.50

1.48

June.

1.45

1.42

1.38

1.38

1.38

1.40

1.42

1.42

1.52

1.72

2.02

2.72

2.82

2.62

2.38

2.18

1.98

1.78

1.62

1.52

1.48

1.38

1.32

1.28

1.22

1.22

1.22

1.22

1.32

1.38

July.

1.38

1.28

1.23

1.18

1.13

1.63

1.23

1.18

1.13

1.13

1.08

1.18

1.18

1.18

1.13

1.13

1.08

1.06

.98

.93

.88

.86

.83

.80

.78

.76

.73

.78

.73

.73

.73

Aug.

0.70

.72

.80

.75

.80

.75

.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.65

.72

.70

.80

.85

1.15

1.05

.95

.90

.95

1.00

.90

.95

.90

.85

.80

.80

.75

.80

.75

Sept.

0.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.68

.68

.65

.68

.65

.70

.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.68

.70

.70

.70

.70

. .80

.80

.82

.85

.90

Oct.

0.85

.85

.90

.90

.85

.80

.82

.82

.80

.78

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.75

.90

.82

.80

.80

.85

.90

.90

.90

.90

.90

.90

.90

.90

Nov.

0.90

.88

.90

1.00

1.00

1.10

1.00

.95

.90

.80

.92

1.00

.90

.95

.90

NOTE. Ice present from Nov. 16 to Dec. 31.

CHIPPEWA RIVER NEAR WATSON, MINN.

Chippewa River rises in T. 131 N., R. 38 W., in Ottertail County, 

flows southward through Lakes Moses, Aaron, Stowe, and Long, and 

enters Minnesota River at Montevideo.

The gaging station, which is located at the highway bridge about 

2| miles northeast of Watson, on line between sees. 10 and 15, T. 118 

N., R. 41 W., was established July 6, 1909. The records of flow will 

be of value in devising means for flood prevention.

No important tributary enters between the station and the mouth 

of the river, about 10 miles distant. Dry Weather Creek enters the 

Chippewa about 2 miles above the station.

A water-power plant at Montevideo utilizes a head of 7 feet, but the 

backwater from the dam does not extend to the gaging station. The 

first dam above the station is at Hagan, but the effect of the control is 

unappreciable at Watson.

From December to March observations are suspended because of ice.

Since the installation of the gage its datum has remained unchanged.

During 1910 conditions were favorable for accurate results, and 

therefore the records may be considered reliable.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 213

Discharge measurements of Chippewa River near Watson, Minn.,-in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 13

23

Apr. 14

July 8

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

116

114

88

37

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

381

306

154

33.5

Gage 

height.

Feet.

o8.22

7.95

6.18

4.26

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

474

675

253

14.4

a Backwater from ice jam.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Chippewa River near Watson, Minn., for 1910 

[Clifford Bonde, observer.]

Day.

1............. .......................

2....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....... ............................ -

10....................................

11....................................

19

13

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

11

Apr.

6.50

6.51

fi -19

6.28

6.19

6.52

6.82

6.82

6.70

7.52

7.92

7 054

8.00

7.68

7.78

7.82

7.85

7.68

7.45

7.18

6.95

May.

6.78

6.56

6.46

6.36

6.22

6.10

6.00

5.98

5.88

5.82

K 7<5

5.65

5.60

5.58

5.55

5.52

5.65

5.65

5.62

6.00

6.00

5.98

5.98

5.90

5.78

5.70

5.60

5.48

5.48

5.38

5.25

June.

5.20

5.12

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.10

5.08

5-02

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.02

4.90

4.85

4.78

4.75

4.70

4.65

4.60

4.50

4.45

4.42

4.40

4.42

4.40

4.35

4.35

4.30

4.28

July.

4.31

4.28

4.26

A. 11

4.28

4.51

4.41

4 28

4.28

A 49

4 40

4.35

4.32

4.30

4.25

4.20

4.15

4.10

4.10

4.08

4.05

4.08

4.05

4.10

4.08

4.05

4.02

4.00

3

Q£

Aug.

4.00

4.05

Q QS

3.92

3.92

3.90

3.90

3-90

3.98

3.95

Q Q9

4.00

3.95

4.08

4.10

4.10

4.00

4.00

4.30

4.18

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.08

4.08

4 05

4.10

4.05

Sept.

4.00

4.00

4.02

4.02

4.00

4.02

3.98

3.95

3.95

3.92

3 QS

3.98

3.95

3.98

3.98

3.95

3.95

3.92

3.90

3.90

3.90

3.90

4.10

4.20

4.15

4.12

4.08

4.00

Oct.

4.32

4.28

4.32

4.28

4.25

4.20

4.25

4.20

4.18

4.18

4.25

4.22

4.20

4.15

4.18

4.15

4.10

4.15

4.30

4.28

4.30

4.30

4.30

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.30

4.22

4.25

4.20

Nov.

4.30

4.40

4.35

4.35

4.32

4.35

4.30

4.32

4.32

4.28

NOTE. Ice present from Nov. 11 to Dec. 31. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Chippewa River near Watson, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1:.... ...............................

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

Apr.

QOO

325

306

278

260

327

May.

384

336

315

204

266

243

224

220

202

192

. 180

162

154

146

June.

Q9

81

7<5

75

75

78

75

68

7<5

75

75

75

68

53

48

July.

15

15

15

1<5

15

20

17

1<5

15

16

17

18

17

16

15

Aug.

12

12

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

19

12

11

12

12

13

Sept.

12

12

12

1O

12

12

19

12

12

12

11

12

12

12

12

Oct.

15

15

15

15

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

Nov.

15

17

16

16

15

16

15

15

15

1<5
214 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Chippewa River near Watson, Minn.,for 1910 Contd.

Day.

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20. ...................................

21....................................

99

23....................................

24. ...................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28............. ......................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Apr.

OQO

392

366

CKC

651

665

670

CQO

617

627

634

CQQ

638

May.

141

162

1W

224

224

220

206

185

171

I KA

135

iqc

119

100

June.

40

37

V)

28

25

20

18

18

17

18

17

16

16

15

15

July.

15

14

14

13

13

iq

12

13

12

13

13

12

12

12

12

Aug.

13

13

12

12

15

14

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

12

13

12

Sept.

12

12

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

13

14

14

13

13

12

Oct.

14

13

13

14

15

15

1 \

15

15

16

16

16

15

14

14

14

Nov.

NOTE. Daily discharges computed from a well-defined rating curve.

Monthly discharge of Chippewa River near Watson, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,940 square miles.]

Month.

April (10-30) ............................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

670 

384 

92 

20 

15 

14 

16 

17

Minimum.

260 

100 

15 

12 

11 

11 

13 

15

Mean.

477 

199 

47.3 

14.5 

12.3 

12.0 

14.5 

15.5

Per

square 

mile.

0.246 

.103 

.024

.0075 

.0063 

.0062 

.Off>5 

.0079

Run-Off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.19 

.12 

.03 

.009 

.007 

.007 

.009 

.003

Accuracy.

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B.

REDWOOD RIVER NEAR REDWOOD FALLS, MINN.

Redwood River rises in T. 108 N., R. 44 W., in Pipestone County 

and flows northeastward into Minnesota River in T. 113 N., R. 35 W. 

Its chief tributary is Threemile Creek. Before emptying into the 

Minnesota, Redwood River falls 80 feet or more at Redwood Falls. 

This fall has been utilized in lighting that city.

The gaging station, which is located about 3 miles above Redwood 

Falls at the first highway bridge, was established July 2, 1909, as 

part of the general plan for investigating the water resources of the 

Minnesota.

During all stages except low, discharge measurements are made 

from the bridge; low-water measurements are made by wading at 

different sections.

The nearest dam, that at Redwood Falls, creates a pond that extends upstream for a considerable distance, but rapids just below 

the gaging station prevent backwater effects at the gage.
MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS. 215

Observations are discontinued from December to March because 

of ice.

The gage datum has remained unchanged since the gage was established.

Conditions at this station are favorable for excellent results and 

the records should therefore be reliable.

Discharge measurements of Redwood River near Redwood Falls, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

July 2

22

Aug. 13o

1910. 

Mar. 21

July 60

Aug. 19

Hydrographer.

Robert Follansbee. ........................................

G. A. .Gray . . ..............................................

C. J. Emerson............ ...............................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

88

77

34

80

24

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

370

256

57.6

248

19.1

&.

Feet. 

4.20

2.85

2.18

2.86

2.03

1.71

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

781

222

50.0

220

21.0

64.0

a Wading section. & Estimated.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Redwood River near Redwood Falls, Minn., for 1910.

[Wallace Stewart, observer. |

Day.

1. ..........................

2........................... 

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8............................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17............................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27........................ ..

28.................... ......

oo

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

2.65

2.52

2.58

2.42

Apr.

2.42

2.40 

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.38

2.38

2.35

2.30

2.30

2.30

2 no

2 on

2.45

2.40

2.40

0 All

2.45

2 d&

2.45

2.40

2.35

2.32

2.30

2.25

May.

2.22

2.20 

2.18

2.10

2.10

2.08

2.02

2.08

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.00

2.00

2 no,

2 AC

2 no,

2.00

2.10

2.05

2.00

2.30

2.18

2.10

2.00

2 ftft

1.98

1.92

June.

1.90

1.90 

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.92

2.00

2.08

2.18

2.25

2.30

2.25

2.20

2.15

2 1ft

2.00

1.98

1.98

1.98

1.90

1.85

1.85

2.25

2.05

1.90

1.95

2.08

2.08

July.

1.92

1.88

1.85

1.85

1.82

1.80

1.80

1.85

1.80

1.80

1.85

1.85

1.85

1.82

1.80

1 80

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

Aug.

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.72

1.75

1.75

1 7=.

1.72

1.72

1.72

1.72

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.78

1.75

Sept.

1.75

1.72

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.68

1.68

1.68

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.68

1.68

1.70

1 7^

1.75

1.78

1.80

1.80

1.82

1.82

1.82

1.82

1.85

1.82

1.80

1.80

1.85

Oct.

1.90

1.98

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.98

1.95

1.90

 1.92

1.92

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.88

1 90

1.90

1.90

1.98

2.02

2.10

2.08

2.05

2.02

2.00

1.95

1.92

1.90

1.92

1.92

Nov.

1.95

1.98 

1.95

1.92

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.92

1.92

1.90

1.90

1.92

........

NOTE. Ice present from Nov. 13 to Dec. 31.
216 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily disgorge, in second-feet, of Redwood River near Redwood Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1... ........................

2...........................

3...........................

4... ........ .............. ..

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26.. ........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31... .........................

1910. 

1... ........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5... ....................... .

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15.... .......................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

158

122

122

139

97

97

97

Apr.

Q7

92

92

92

92

92

88

88

80

69

69

65

fiQ

65

66

68

fiQ

80

104

Q9

QO

104

104

104

104

92

80

73

69

60

May.

54

50

47

33

33

30

23

30

26

26

26

23

26

20

20

20

26

20

20

33

26

9O

69

65

47

33

26

20

20

18

14

June.

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

14

20

30

47

60

CQ

60

SO

42

33

20

18

18

18

12

9.5

9.5

60

26

12

16

30

30

July.

772

720

641

596

538

504

500

454

430

330

338

402

375

308

272

258

279

268

240

224

188

156

133

120

107

92

80

65

65

67

14

11

11

9.5

9.5

8

7

7

9.5

7

7

9.5

9

C

9 C

8

7

7

7

7

7

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.5

4

4

4

4

4

4

Aug.

58

52

54

50

50

42

42

40

40

40

40

48

47

65

130

158

176

185

201

207

201

185

161

130

107

92

78

65

54

48

40

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4.6

5.5

5.5

5.5

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4

4

4

6.4

5.5

Sept.

33

33

35

32

26

26

26

25

25

23

21

25

23

20

19

16

16

16

17

16

16

17

16

16

16

16

16

16

14

14

5.5

4.6

4.6

4

4

4

4

3.5

3.5

3.5

4

4

4

3.5

3.5

' 4

5.5

5.5

6.4

7

7

8

8

8

8

9.5

8

7

7

9.5

Oct.

14

12

12

12

12

32

12

12

15

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

16

14

14

14

14

14

16

16

14

14

14

12

12

13

14

12

14

18

20

20

20

20

18

16

12

14

14

19

12

12

11

19

12

12

18

23

33

30

26

23

20

16

14

12

14

14

Nov.

21

18

16

16

16

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

42

50

50

50

33

42

50

50

50

50

50

16

18

16

14

12

12

12

14

14

12

12

14

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating curve.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 217

Monthly discharge of Redwood River near Redwood Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 703 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

July (2-31). .............................

1910. 

March (25-31). . .........................

April... . ................................

May.....................................

July.....................................

October. ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

772 

207 

35 

16 

50

158 

104 

69 

69 

14 

6.4 

9.5 

33 

18

Minimum.

65 

40

14 

12 

16

97 

60 

14 

9.5 

4.0 

4.0 

3.5 

12 

12

Mean.

317 

93.1 

21.0 

13.6 

29.0

119 

83.7 

30.5 

26.3 

7.16 

4.37 

5.62 

16.9 

13.8

Per

square 

mile.

0.451 

.132 

.030 

.019 

.041

.169 

.119 

.043 

.037 

.010 

.0062 

.0080 

.024 

.020

Run-Off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.50 

.15 

.03 

.02 

.05

.04 

.13 

.05 

.04 

.01 

.007 

.009 

.03 

.009

Accuracy.

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B.

B. 

A 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

COTTONWOOD KIVER NEAR NEW ULM, MINN.

Cottonwood River rises in Black Rush Lake, in T. 110 N., R. 42 

W., Lyon County, and flows eastward into the Minnesota near 

New Ulm.

The gaging station, which is located at the Alwin highway bridge, 

about 2 miles southwest of New Ulm, in sec. 31, T. 110 N., R. 30 W., 

and about 3^ miles above the mouth of the river, was established 

July 2, 1909, in accordance with the general plan of studying the 

water resources of the Minnesota River basin.

The nearest important tributary, Sleepy Eye Creek, enters the 

river 15 miles above the station.

The dam of the Cottonwood Roller Mill, 2 miles below the station, 

prevents any possible effect of backwater from the Minnesota reaching the gage. Though the dam itself may be the control for the 

station, the low-water records show no systematic variation which 

would indicate such control.

Observations of flow are suspended from December to March 

because of ice.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge to which the 

chain gage is attached.

On August 12, 1909, the datum of the gage was lowered 2.28 feet. 

All readings prior to that date have been corrected and all gage 

heights apply to the new datum.

Although the channel changed somewhat during 1910, this change 

was slight until the latter part of the year, and as the rating table 

was applied indirectly during that period it is believed the estimates 

are good.
218 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Discharge measurements of Cottonwood River near New Ulm, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 20

July 5

£

Oct. 28

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

123

48

48

48

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

238

38.6

38.6

29.1

Gage

height.

Feet. 

3.82

1.56

1.56

1.42

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

610

39,0

40.9

19.4

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cottonwood River near New Ulm, Minn., for 1910. 

[Miss Ester Alwin, observer.]

Day.

1...........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5............. ..............

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9

10...........................

11...........................

12............ ...............

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17. ..........................

18...........................

19. ..........................

20. ..........................

21. ..........................

22...........................

23...........................

24. ..........................

26...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

8.68

5.44

4.81

4.60

4.44

4.08

3.98

3.78

3.72

3.58

3 46

3.38

3.29

3.08

3 fi9

2.92

2.86

2.80

2.74

Apr.

2.69

2.62

2.59

2.53

2.47

2.42

2.37

2

OA

2 90

2.28

2 on

2.19

2 17

2 19

2.10

2 14.

2.44

2.43

2.53

2 56

2

KH

2.47

2.40

2 9Q

2.24

2.18

2.13

May.

2.12

2.01

1.99

1.96

1.94

1.90

1.90

1.87

1.87

1.85

1.85

1.83

1.83

1.84

1.90

1.99

2.03

2.01

2 ft4

2.07

2

r\A

2 fin

1 Qo

1.93

1 91

1.83

1.82

1.80

1.77

June.

1.74

1.72

1.72

1.70

1.70

1.74

1.73

1.74

1.84

2.04

2.20

2.60

2.88

2.56

2.44

2.31

2.20

2.10

1.94

1.88

1.86

1.82

1 80

1.77

1.74

1.69

1.66

1.65

1.78

1.82

July.

1.79

1.74

1.65

1.61

1.69

1.68

1.56

1.52

1.59

1.59

1.56

1.55

1.52

1.55

1.51

1 49

1.46

1.45

1 49

1.42

1.40

1 39

1.38

1.38

1.35

1.36

1.38

1.36

1.35

1.32

Aug.

1.36

1.38

1.40

1.36

1.28

1.25

1.36

1.38

1.35

1.35

1.32

1.30

1 34

1.34

1.36

1.38

1.35

1.34

1.35

1.40

1.38

1.38

1.38

1.35

1.35

1.32

1.31

1.30

1.29

1.29

1.30

Sept.

1.28

1.25

1.21

1.20

1.22

1.25

1.25

1.24

1.21

1.18

1.18

1.25

1.22

1.22

1 of;

1.25

1.22

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.24

1.22

1.25

1.26

1.30

1.32

1.32

1.30

Oct.

1.28

1.28

1.30

1.33

1.30

1.30

1.30

1 30

1.30

1 30

1.32

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

1 4fl

1.39

1.39

1 40

1.42

1.43

1.43

1.42

1.40

1.40

Nov.

1.42

1.42

1.42

1.36

1.26

1.29

1.36

1.41

1 49

1.34

1.49

1.49

1.46

1.48

1 48

1.49

1 TO

1.62

1.66

1.58

1.58

1.62

1 40

1.42

1.45

1.44

1.41

1.42

1.46

1.51

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 10 and from Dec. 1 to 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cottonwood River near New Ulm, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

Mar.

3

OCft

1,380

1,260

965

Apr.

224

on?

200

187

174

164

155

140

139

-\f)K

120

109

112

May.

112

96

93

88

86

80

80

76

76

74

74

72

7O

74

June.

61

58

58

56

56

61

60

61

73

100

19fJ

202

275

193

168

July.

67

61

51

47

55

54

42

38

45

45

O7

36

34

34

Aug.

20

21

22

20

15

14

20

21

19

19

17

16

18

18

20

Sept.

11

10

8

7

8

10

10

10

8

6

6*

10

8

8

10

Oct.

9

9

10

11

10

10

10

10

10

10

1111111111

Nov.

19

19

19

15

8

10

15

18

19

14

27

27

23

26

26
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 219

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cottonwood River near New Ulm, Minn.,for 1910 

Continued.

Day.

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20. ..........................

21...........................

22. ..........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27......... .................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

893

803

7^1

686

597

517

469

438

406

334

316

286

269

252

236

Apr.

109

115

149

168

160

166

187

193

180

174

160

132

122

114

May.

Bft

93

OS

96

96

100

104

100

94

QQ

84

81

72

70

68

64

June.

Ill

125

IftQ

78

7K

70

68

64

61

55

CO

51

66

70

July.

33

31

on

98

26

26

24

23

23

91

20

91

23

21

20

18

Aug.

21

19

18

19

22

91

21

21

19

19

17

17

16

16

15

14

Sept.

10

8

7

7

7

g

8

8

10

10

12

15

13

13

12

Oct.

11

11

11

11

12

14

14

13

14

14

15

15

15

15

14

14

Nov.

27

28

V7

42

35

35

37

27

19

24

23

18

19

23

28

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating curve. After July 10 the rating 

curve was applied indirectly.

Monthly discharge of Cottonwood River near New Ulm, Minn., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,190 square miles.]

Month.

March (11-31) ...........................

May....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,250 

224 

112 

275 

67 

22 

15 

15 

42

Minimum.

236 

109 

64 

 51 

18 

14 

6 

9 

8

Mean.

511 

297 

84.5 

92.7 

34.5 

18.5 

9.30 

11.8 

23.6

Per 

square 

mile.

0.429 

.250 

.071 

.078 

.029 

.016 

.008 

.01 

.02

Run-off 

(dBpth in 

incfies on 

drainage 

area).

0.34 

.28 

.08 

.09 

.03 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.02

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

B. 

C. 

B. 

B.

BLUE EARTH RIVER AT RAPID AN MILLS, MINN.

Blue Earth River rises in Kossuth County, Iowa, and flows northward into the Minnesota near Mankato.

The gaging station, which is located at Rapidan Mills, 2 miles west 

of Rapidan, in sec. 8, T. 107 N., R. 27 W., and 9 miles above the 

mouth of the river, was originally established, July 20, 1909, at the 

highway bridge at Rapidan Mills. On April 29, 1910, the bridge 

station was discontinued, owing to the erection of a dam just below 

the section which would completely submerge the bridge. At this 

time a new gage was installed a few hundred yards downstream and 

below the dam. A cable was erected from which measurements are 

made. This new station was installed in cooperation with the Consumers' Power Co., which has furnished the gage readings since 

September, 1910.
220 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The records at this station not only furnish data in regard to the 

power available on Blue Earth River, but when used in connection 

with the records of the Minnesota near Mankato will indicate the 

discharge of Minnesota River above the Blue Earth, information 

essential in connection with flood-prevention work.

The nearest tributary of appreciable size is Watonwan River, 

which enters Blue Earth about 3 miles above the gaging station. 

Between the station and the mouth, Blue Earth River receives Le 

Sueur River, which drains an area comprising 1,160 square miles, but 

which at ordinary stages carries a very small run-off.

The river at the gaging station has a heavy fall, which is being 

utilized by the power plant, and although the dam is 56 feet high, it 

is stated that the backwater will not extend upstream more than 2 

or 3 miles.

It was intended to maintain this station during the winter season 

of 1909-10, but ice gorging below the gage caused so much backwater 

and such unstable conditions that the records were discontinued.

On November 14, 1910, the gates in the new dam were closet, to 

fill the reservoir, allowing only a small quantity of water to pass the 

gage. As this amount does not represent the true flow, observations 

were temporarily discontinued until the reservoir back of the dam is 

filled.

The rating table used prior to April 29, 1910, was fairly well defined 

and was applied directly, except during April, when shifting conditions made it necessary to be applied indirectly. The rating table 

for the present section is based on numerous weir measurements made 

during the lowest stages in addition to meter measurements afc the 

higher stages, and therefore the records based on it should be 

excellent.

Discharge measurements of Blue Earth River near Rapidan Mitts, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

July 20

Ansr 11

Sept. 12

1910.

Mar. 19

26

22«

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do.....................................................

G. A. Gray................................................

A.M. Rosenblatt.. ........................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

128

106

95

150

134

121

174

170

170

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

450

234

193

715

520

370

374

378

298

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.28 9 AH

2.05

6.14

4.80

3.65

1 65

1.60

1 94

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,590

243

143

4,010

1,840

869

ono

212

113

New station.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 221

Daily gage Jieigkt, in feet, of Slue Ear A River at Rapidan Mills, Minn.,for 1910. 

[A. M. Rosenblatt, observer.]

Day.

1. ..........................

2...........................

3. ..........................

4...........................

5.. ...... ...................

6. ..........................

7...........................

8...........................

9. ......................... .

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23..........................

24...........................

25...........................

26

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

11.59

8.60

7.90

7.40

7.20

6.80

5.90

S

fiK

5.45

5.32

5.15

4

QQ

4 go

4.63

4 46

4.38

4.15

4.03

Apr.

3.93

3.81

3.71

3.58

3.50

3.45

3.30

3.30

3.10

2.95

2.90

3.00

2

QC

2.97

3.00

3 Aft

3

nc

3.15

3.12

3.05

3.07

3.15

ol.67

1.65

May.

1.64

1.60

1.57

1.52

1.50

1.49

1.47

1.45

1.45

1.44

1.41

1.40

1

Af\

1.41

1.40

1.42

1.48

1.47

1.52

1 V)

1 M

1.57

1.62

1.63

1.62

1.62

1.58

1 CO

1 49

1 45

1.36

June.

1.32

1.35

1.27

1.32

1 ^n

1.27

1.30

1.29

1.34

1.39

1.44

1.56

1.66

1.76

1.71

1.60

1.53

1 4fi

1 40

1.36

1.35

1.24

1.28

1.20

1.24

1 99

1.22

1 22

1.20

1 9ft

July.

1.20

1.18

1.16

1.13

1.11

1.12

1 13

1.24

1.22

1.20

1.09

1.07

1 no

1.03

1 04

1.10

1.10

I

ftO

1.01

98

.95

1.05

94

1.02

98

98

98

on

93

.88

QO

Aug.

0.90

.95

.98

.86

.92

.82

.87

' .84

.82

.83

.90

.90

.92

1.02

1 04

1.04

97

1 00

1.28

1.15

1 04

1 00

.94

.92

QC

Oft

.90

Oft

Qfi

.95

Sept.

0.90

.94

.92

.91

Q&

1.00

Q&

.91

.92

.93

1.00

90

.85

1.04

.90

.87

.88

1.12

1.11

1.12

.96

1 ftQ

1.08

1 nn

1.02

1 fU

1 04

1.15

1.05

Oct.

1.15

1.12

1.18

1.11

' 1.05

.97

1.05

95

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.20

1.15

1.15

1.10

1.12

1.12

1.10

1.12

1.17

1.17

1.20

1.17

1.17

1.20

1.05

Nov.

1.12

1 1.05

1.18

1.20

1.18

1.15

1.23

1.29

1.38

1.18

1.07

1.05

a New gage installed below dam.

NOTE. Mar. 12-19 gage heights estimated from temporary gage and may be somewhat to error. From 

Nov. 13 to Dec. 31 flow controlled by dam above station.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Slue Earth River at Rapidan Mills, Minn.,for 1909-10

Day.

1909.o 

1.. .........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10.. .........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17........................... is...................:.......

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24......................... .

25...........................

Mar. Apr. May. June. July.

1,420

QQO,

803

 677

601

508

Aug.

310

290

275

257

229

. 209

200

186

178

206

166

150

154

170

189

565

fiflQ

542

481

435

OQQ

352

otn

283

Sept.

150

152

152

128

136

138

134

131

127

126

120

133

131

134

141

141

145

145

150

141

143

164

170

264

310

Oct.

150

141

138

136

134

132

130

127

125

123

120

118

138

170

178

164

175

175

152

1 R9

145

127

197

128

Nov.

148

166

531

1,180

1,240

1,130

957

788

677

689

525

503

565

788

1,390

a Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve.
222 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Blue Earth River at Rapidan Mitts, Minn., for 1909-10 

Continued.

Day.

1909. 

26...........................

27....:......................

28...........................

29...........................

30. ............. ...... .......

31...........................

1910.a 

1...........................

2............................

3...........................

4...........................

5.. .........................

6...........................

7.... ............. ..........

8...........................

9............................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14........ ...................

15...........................

16. ..........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

91

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

13100

10000

onnn

8200

7010

6160

5820

5140

3650

3260

2960

97fifl

2280

2040

1830

1620

1530

19Qfl

1170

Apr.

1080

981

Qni

803

745

711

613

613

497

478

459

440

d9n

450

380

340

385

qqe

340 qofi

qon

OAA

280 qrin

OQA

230

OQK

994

917

May.

213

199

189

163

157

151

151

148

1QQ

136

136 1OQ

136

142

160

157

176

IRQ

206

91 A

206

206

1Q9

176

163

151

June.

115

123

IflO

115

110

103

110

108

120

133

148

186

221

OKQ

OQQ

199

176

154

1 3fi

126

193

96

105

86

96

01

01

91

86

86

July.

455

388

348

352

352

335

86

82

77

71

66

68

71

96

91

86

ff)

58

49

51

53

64

fU

49

47

42

38

u

qc

AQ

42

42

42

30

O-l

28

34

Aug.

249

232

213

195

181

166

30

38

42

26

33

21

27

23

21

22

30

30

33

36

49

53

53

4n

45

105

75

53

45

36

33

38

30

30

30

39

38

Sept.

271

235

209

189

173

30

36

33

32

42

45

42

45

32

33

34

45

30

24

53

30

27

28

68

66

68

39

62fin

45

49

53

53

75

54

Oct.

120

123

123

126

123

143

75

68

82

66

54

40

54

38

51

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

86

75

75

64

68

68

64

68

79

79

86

79

79

86

54

Nov.

68

54

82

86

82

75

93

108

131

82

77

54

aDaily discharges for 1910 are computed from two rating curves that were well denned at the lower stages, 

but not so well at the higher stages.

Monthly discharge of Blue Earth River at Rapidan Mills, Minn., for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 2,260 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

July (20-31). ............................

1910. 

March (12-31) ...........................

July....................................

November (1-12). .......................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1420 

689 

310 

178

13100 

1080 

213 

258 

96 

105 

75 

86 

131

Minimum.

335 

150 

120 

118

1170 

217

126 

86 

28 

21 

24 

38 

54

Mean.

602 

292 

163 

139 

o700

4570 

462 

168 

131 

56.8 

38.8 

44.4 

67.3 

82.6

Per 

square 

mile.

0.266 

.129

.072 

.062 

.310

2.02 

.204 

.074 

.058 

.025 

.017 

.020 

.030 

.037

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.12 

.15 

.08 

.07 

.35

1.50 

.23 

.09 

.06 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.02

Accuracy.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

C. 

B.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B.

a Estimated,
UPPER MISSISSIPPI KIVEK BASINS. 223

ST. CROIX RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

St. Croix River, which forms throughout the greater part of its 

length the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin, drains an 

area 7,580 square miles in extent lying in eastern Minnesota and 

northwestern Wisconsin. The river rises at an elevation of 1,010 

feet above sea level, in Lake St. Croix, on the Lake Superior divide, 

only 20 miles from Lake Superior, and flows southwest and then 

south till it joins the Mississippi opposite Hastings, Minn. In its 

total length of 160 miles it descends 338 feet, all but 20 feet in the 

upper 116 miles.

Its principal tributaries are Manakagon, Yellow, Apple, and Willow 

rivers from the Wisconsin side, and Tamarack, Kettle, Snake, and 

Sunrise rivers from the Minnesota side.

Almost the entire basin is so thickly covered with glacial drift that 

rock outcrops, except near the rivers, are very rare. Probably 

throughout the greater part of the area the drift is underlain by the 

pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks, whose intersection with the St. Croix 

near Taylors Falls, Minn., causes the fall and rapids that extended 

previously for 6 or 7 miles above that point.

The country for the most part is gently undulating and is deeply 

trenched by the larger rivers which have cut through the drift and 

into the underlying rock.

The upper section of the drainage basin is timbered, but much 

of the growth is merely brush, as logging was carried on extensively 

in the basin for many years. The lower part of the basin is largely 

under cultivation.

The annual rainfall is about 30 inches, of which 3J inches are precipitated as snow, which remains during the winter months. The 

rivers are frozen over except at rapids from December to March, and 

the flow is very uniform, decreasing gradually up to midwinter, when 

it is a minimum. As there are no winter thaws the flow is derived 

from the lakes and from underground water, and these do not cause 

winter freshets.

In the Wisconsin portion of the basin lakes are much more numerous than elsewhere. Many of the lakes are without surface outlet, 

and many others have been dammed to control the outflowing 

stream for logging.

In the Minnesota portions the lakes comprise less than 1 per cent 

of the area, and, as logging is no longer carried on, few of these lakes 

are controlled.

The lakes afford excellent reservoir sites, which could be utilized 

at a comparatively low cost.
224 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The following table 1 shows the elevation at different points of the 

St. Croix River, and thus indicates the possibility of power development.

Elevations and distances along St. Croix River.

Place.

St. Croix Falls (crest of dam) ...................................................

Trade River ....................................................................

Sec. 35, T. 38 N.,R. 20 W. ......................................................

Kettle River ....................................................................

Kettle River Rapids, head. . ....................................................

Sec. 1,T. 40 N.,R. 18 W. .......................................................

Yellow River ...................................................................

Sec. 35, T. 44 N., R. 13 W., below dam ..........................................

Sec. 35, T. 44 N., R. 13 W., above dam. .........................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

5

28

42

4ft

60

65

75

79

86

89

90

93

101

104

115

127

139

144

144

160

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

667

668

672

683

687

750

753

758

773

782

790

801

816

850

868

874

888

908

1,001

1,001

1,005

1,Q10

Water power is developed at one point on the St. Croix River at 

Taylors Falls a head of 56 feet being utilized at a power plant 

having an installation of 26,000 horsepower.

St. Croix River is navigable from its mouth nearly to Taylors Falls, 

though little traffic is carried at present.

The United States Geological Survey has investigated the quality 

of the St. Croix water and published the results in Water-Supply 

Paper 193, entitled "The quality of surface waters in Minnesota." 

The only topographic sheet issued by the Survey for this basin is the 

St. Croix Dalles sheet, which covers the area in the vicinity of Taylors 

Falls.

The United States Engineer Corps made an examination of the 

St. Croix and its tributaries, and the results were published in House 

Document 39, Forty-sixth Congress, second session. The results 

of a second examination of the St. Croix, made in connection with 

the proposed Lake Superior and Mississippi canal, were published 

in House Document 330, Fifty-fourth Congress, first session.

KETTLE RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Kettle River, an important tributary of the St. Croix, drains an 

area in the eastern part of Minnesota, chiefly in Pine and Carlton 

counties. It rises in T. 49 N., R. 19 W., in Carlton County and flows

i From Water-Supply Paper U. S. GeoL Survey No. 156, p. 119.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 225

southward into St. Croix Eiver in T. 39 N., K. 19 W. Its chief 

tributaries are Moose, Willow, Moose Horn, Dead Moose, Split Kock, 

Pine, and Grindstone rivers. The following drainage areas have been 

measured in the basin:

Drainage areas in Kettle River basin.

Kettle River: Square miles 

Above Banning............................................ 825

Above mouth............................................. 1,030

The region is covered with red till a mixture of sand and gravel 

and clay deposited by a glacier. In the northern part of the basin 

the drift is underlain by Archean greenstones and gneisses; in the 

southern part it rests on Cambrian sandstones, shales, and limestones.

Throughout the lower portion of its course Kettle Kiver has cut 

through the drift into the sandstones, which yield water to the many 

springs found along the river.

The general surface of the basin is gently undulating, and the elevations range from 850 to 1,300 feet above sea level. The basin contains about 35 lakes, chiefly in its central part. The combined 

area of the lakes comprises less than 1 per cent of the drainage area.

The entire basin was originally densely forested, although it is now 

for the most part covered with brush. Much of the present growth 

consists of poplar and jack pine. Conditions are favorable for reproduction of the forest, as the forest fires which have occurred at various 

times have not seriously injured the soil. There is very little cleared 

land.

The mean annual precipitation in the basin ranges from 27 inches 

in the northern part to 29 inches in the southern. Of this amount 3£ 

inches falls as snow which remains on the ground during the whiter 

months. Owing to its heavy fall, Kettle Kiver does not freeze entirely 

over, but as there are no winter thaws the only source of supply is 

the ground water and the lakes, and the flow is therefore very uniform, 

decreasing slowly until midwinter, when it is at a minimum.

Most of the lakes in the Kettle Kiver basin lie so far up on the headwaters that they receive insufficient run-off to make them valuable 

as storage reservoirs. On Pine Lake is a dam which forms a reservoir for the use of the power plant at Sandstone. Logging is no longer 

carried on in this basin. Owing to its undulating character, the basin 

contains little swamp land.

The fall of Kettle Kiver is heavy throughout its course and affords 

opportunity for water-power development.

21502° WSP 285 12 15
226 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The following table, compiled largely from a survey made by the 

Kettle Kiver Power Co., shows the elevation of the water surface at 

different points:

Elevations and distances along Kettle River.

Place.

St. Croix River. ......:.........................................................

Township line 39-40. ............................................................

Township line 41-42. ............................................................

Sec. 11, T. 43 N.,R. 22 W........ ..............................................

Kettle River ....................................................................

Sec. 8, T. 46 N., R. 20 W. .......................................................

Sec. 9, T. 47 N., R. 20 W ........................................................

Sec. 35, T. 48 N.,R. 20 W.. .....................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

1 

3

4 

5 

6 

9

18

19

22

22

24

26

29

34

46

53

62

67

79

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

816

821 

846

861 

871 

889 

894

899

910

913

938

938

983

1,000

1,016

1,050

1,100

1,200

1,250

1,300

At the present time power is developed at two points near Sandstone, where a 34-foot fall is utilized in obtaining an average of 630 

horsepower. At Sandstone are the celebrated Kettle River quarries, 

from which large quantities of building and paving material are taken 

elsewhere.

KETTLE RIVER NEAR SANDSTONE, 1IINN.

This station, which is located at the quarries of the Barber Asphalt 

Co., at Banning, 3 miles above Sandstone, was established October 

18, 1908, by the Kettle River Quarries Co. to obtain data concerning 

the power available on the river. The gage heights prior to October 

1, 1909, have been furnished through the courtesy of the quarries 

company; but since that date the station has been maintained in 

cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. The company has also furnished a rating for the section made by current 

meter, and as the stream flows at the gaging section through solid 

rock this rating should hold permanently. It has been checked by 

the Geological Survey.

No important tributaries enter within several miles of the station. 

The nearest dam is at Sandstone; but as there is a heavy fall in the 

3 miles between the two points the station is above its influence.

The gage is 50 feet above decided rapids which remain open except 

for very short periods of extremely cold weather, when they may 

freeze and thus cause backwater. As the channel seldom freezes 

entirely over at the gage, it is probable that the open-channel rating
TIPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 227

curve is applicable, except for the few days when the rapids freeze, 

and it has been used in computing the winter flow.

Since the installation of the gage, its datum has remained unchanged. Conditions are exceptionally favorable for excellent 

results at this station, and the records should therefore be reliable.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kettle River near Sandstone, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Fred Elstad, observer.]

Day.

1. ..............

2. ..............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15............... 

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30...... ........

31...............

Jan.

3.0

2.9

2.75

2.7

2.7

2.5

9 ^

2.2

2.15

2.0

1.95

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.55

1*5

1.5

1.5

Feb.

1 45

1 45

1.5

1.5

1 A.*\

1.45

1 45

1.45

1.45

1.5

1 5

1.45

1 45

1.45

1.45 

1.45

1.5

1.65

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.55

1.55

1.55

Mar.

1.6

1.7

1.85

9 (\ti

2.1

9 1

9 1 H

2.2

2.15

2.2

2.25

2.25

2.25

£ re

2.6

2.9

t n

3.3

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.75

3-7

3.65

3.6

3-5

3.5

3.4

Apr.

3

0

3 1 5

2.95

3 A

2.95

2.9

2.8

2.75

2.7

2.6

2.5

2

AK

2.4

£l, OO

2.35

2.4

9 A.

2.5

2.6

2.65

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.35

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.15

May.

2

1

2.1 9 n^

2.0

9 n

1.95

1 Q

1.85

1.8

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.95

1.9

1.85

1.85

1.9

1.9

1.85

1.8

1.8

1.85

1.9

June.

i R

1.75

1.7

1.65

1.7

1 75

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.7

1.85

1 9

1.85

1 5

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.25

July.

1.25

1 9^

1 9

1 9

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.2

1.2

1 9

1.1 1.1 

1.1 1.1

1.05

1.05

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.05

1.05

1.0

1.0

1.0

Aug.

1.0

1.0

1.05

1.1

1.1

1.1

1 05

1.1

115

1.1

1.05

1.05

1 9£

1.25

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.05

1.05

1.2

1.2

Sept.

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 9

1 o

1.25

1 9^

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.1 

1.1

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.3

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

Oct.

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.45

1 45

1.4

1.4

1 °.5

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.25

J.. JKJ

1 25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.5

1.45

1.4

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

Nov.

1 Q

1 25

1 ^

i q

1 Q

1.05

1 q

1 9

1 ^

1.0

1.2

1.2

1 q

1.2

1.15 

1.25

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.15

1.15

1.2

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.3

1.2

Dec.

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1 9

1.2

1 Q

1.2

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.15

1.1

1.1 

1.1

1.1

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.5

1.3

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.25

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1-15 and also backwater effect at the gage during the latter part of December. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kettle River near Sandstone, Minn.,for 1910.

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10................

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19

20...............

Jan.

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

186

186

173

Feb.

148

148

160

160

148

148

148

148

148

160

160

148

148

148

148

148

160

201

250

216

Mar.

186

201

216

269

352

375

375

398

420

398

420

442

442

442

515

620

795

860

1,070

1,300

Apr.

1,070

965

860

828

860

828

795

735

705

675

620

565

540

515

490

490

515

515

565

620

May.

375

375

352

330

330

309

288

269

250

233

216

216

216

201

201

186

216

216

250

288

June.

250

233

216

201

216

233

216

201

186

173

216

269

288

269

216

160

148

148

148

148

July.

101

101

90

90

80

70

70

80

80

70

90

90

90

70

70

70

70

61

61

52

Aug.

52

52

61

70

70

70

61

70

80

70

61

61

101

101

90

80

80

80

70

70

Sept.

90

90

90

90

90

101

101

80

80

80

80

80

70

70

70

70

80

80

70

70

Oct.

160

186

186

160

148

148

136

136

124

112

112

112

101

101

101

101

112

124

136

160

Nov.

112

101

112

112

112

61

112

90

112

52

90

90

112

90

80

101

101

90

90

80

Dec.

70

70

70

70

90

90

112

90

80

80

70

70

80

70

70

70

70

80

80

80
228 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kettle River near Sandstone, Minn.,for 1910 Contd.

Date.

21...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

160

160

160

160

186

186

160

160

160

Feb.

186

160

160

160

Mar.

1,370

1,370

1,370

1,410

1,370

1,330

1 300

1,220

1,220

1 140

1^110

Apr.

648

ann

565

515

490

465

420

398

May.

309

eyf>(\

269

OOQ

OOQ

269

250

250

269

OQQ

June.

148

148

148

160

160

148

136

124

112

101

July.

59

52

36

on

80

70

61

61

52

CO

CO

Aug.

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

61

61

on

on

Sept.

70

sn

80

70

112

ocrt

9K.fi

216

186

160

Oct.

148

136

124

124

124

124

124

112

112

112

112

Nov.

80

on

112

101

90

112

101

90

112

90

Dec.

70

on

80

70

160

112

80

70

70

112

101

NOTE. Discharges estimated for Jan. 1 to 15.

Monthly discharge of Kettle River near Sandstone, Minn.,for 1910, 

[Drainage area, 825 square miles.]

Month.

March. ..................................

April. ...................................

July.....................................

December. .............................

The year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

190 

250 

1,410 

1,070 

375 

288 

101 

101 

250 

186 

112 

160

1,410

Minimum.

160 

148 

186 

398 

186 

101 

36 

52 

70 

101 

52 

70

36

Mean.

180 

164 

784 

631 

269 

184 

71.1 

72.3 

104 

129 

95.9 

83.1

231

Per 

square 

mile.

0.218 

.199 

.950 

.765 

.326 

.223 

.086 

.088 

.126 

.156 

.116 

.101

.278

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.25 

.21 

1.10 

.85 

.38 

.25 

.10 

.10 

.14 

.18 

.13 

.12

3.81

Accuracy.

B.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A.

SNAKE RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Snake River, which drains an area lying southwest of Kettle River 

basin, rises in T. 45 N., R. 23 W., in Aitkin County and flows south 

and east into St. Croix River in T. 39 N., R. 19 W., in Pine County. 

Its chief tributaries are Knife, Ann, Groundhouse, and Little Snake 

rivers. The total area drained by the river is 948 square miles.

In its upper course the river flows through a wide shallow valley, 

but below Cross Lake the valley becomes deeper and narrower and 

the stream swifter, although it does not cut through the glacial drift 

into the underlying rock. The slightly undulating surface is covered 

with glacial red till, which rests on Archean granites, gneisses, and 

schists in the upper part of the basin, and on Cambrian sandstones 

and limestones in the southeastern.part. Rock outcrops at various 

points along the upper river, notably at the upper and lower falls in 

the northern part of Kanabec County. The upper falls are two-
TIPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 229

thirds of a mile below the mouth of Cowans Brook and are caused 

by granite outcrops on both banks of the river, which here flows 

between vertical walls for a distance of 10 rods, with a fall of about 

3 feet. At the lower falls, which are located a short distance farther 

downstream, the river descends 20 feet in a distance of three-fourths 

of a mile. The upper part of the area is so flat that considerable 

tracts are swampy. The basin contains a dozen lakes, comprising 

less than 1 per cent of the total area.

The basin was originally densely forested, but is now for the most 

part covered with brush. Conditions are favorable for forest reproduction, as the fires which have occurred at various times have not 

seriously damaged the soil. Less than 25 per cent of the land is 

cleared.

The mean annual precipitation is about 29 inches, of which 3£ 

inches occurs as snow which remains during the winter. Except at 

rapids, the river freezes over during the winter. As there are no 

winter thaws, the flow is derived from the lakes and from ground 

water, and is therefore very uniform, decreasing gradually until 

midwinter, when it reaches a minimum.

The best reservoir site in the basin is Cross Lake, near Pine City, 

which has an area of several square miles. A dam at the outlet of 

this lake backs the water up Snake River for 15 miles, and also in 

Pokegama Lake, which is tributary to Snake River about 4 miles 

above Cross Lake. The reservoir thus formed is used for storage for a 

water-power plant at the outlet of Cross Lake, where a head of 17 feet 

is utilized. Small storage reservoirs, used in connection with logdriving, are also formed by logging dams at Knife Lake outlet and 

at White Pine.

The upper stretch of the river affords few water-power sites, but 

below Cross Lake the stream becomes a series of rapids, falling 147 

feet in some 14 miles.

The following table has been compiled from various sources and 

shows the approximate water-surface elevation at different points.

Elevations and distances along Snake River.

Place.

Sec. 19, T. 39 N., R. 20 W.... ...................................................

Sno fi i* AH\ \r T? OT w

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

9

14

30

33

40

42

50

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

790

900

937

938

941

947

958

1,000
230 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

SHAKE RIVER AT MORA, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge three-fourths 

;of a mile south of Mora, in sec. 14, T. 39 N., R. 24 W., was established 

'June 11, 1909, in connection with the general plan for investigating 

the water resources of Minnesota.

The nearest tributary, Ann River, enters 1 mile below the station. 

There are two logging dams above Mora at Knife Lake outlet and at 

White Pine but the operation of these dams has not seriously affected 

the gage heights since the station has been established. The only 

dam below Mora is at Cross Lake at Pine City and is too far distant 

to affect the river at Mora.

From December to March discharge measurements are made 

through the ice to determine the approximate winter flow.

Conditions at this station are excellent, and the records should 

therefore be reliable.

Discharge measurements of Snake River at Mora, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 2

Apr. 2

June 22e

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do. ...................................................

.....do. ...................................................

Width.

Feet. 

96

91

105

60

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

125

43.1

236

40.1

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

o6.90

67.02

7.34

5.60

Discharge.

See.-ft.

59.8

21.7

316

35.4

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.73 foot. 

6 Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 1.52 feet. 

e Wading measurement.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Snake River at Mora, Minn., for 1910. 

[Mrs. Alice Lasher, observer.]

Day.

1...... .........

2...............

3.........^.....

4...............

5...............

6. ......... .\ ...

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

6.80

6.90

6.90

6 90

6.90

a 90

6.90

6.90

6.90

Feb.

6.90

6.90

6.80

6.80

a 70

7 QO

7.00

a 90

Mar.

A QA

7 00

7.10

7 nn

7.10

7 90

7.65

8.65

8.35

S

on

8

0rt

8.20

8.20

8.10

8.10

8.15

8.20

8. JO

7 80

7 80

7.65

7.55

7.50

Apr.

7 4ft

7.32

7.26

7.24

7.28

7.25

7.11

7

f\A

6.92

6.81

6.81

6.65

6.55

6.58

6.48

6.40

6.54

6.55

6.70

6.69

6.65

6.65

fi W

6.50

a 40

6.38

7.16

fi °.4

ft 99

May.

6.20

6.16

6.12

6.10

6.06

6.02

6.00

6.00

5.96

5.88

5.80

5.78

5.78

5.78

5.76

5.76

5.82

5.85

5.88

5.89

5.95

6.00

5 95

5.90

5.90

5.89

5.84

5.80

5.80

5

Qrt

5.79

June.

5.78

5.78

5.78

5.78

5.79

5.90

5.90

5.88

5.85

5.85

5.80

5.78

5.75

5.75

5.75

5

7C

5.70

5.70

5 70,

5.65

5.60

5 fin

5 fin

5.60

5.60

5.70

5 70,

5.70

5.60

5 fin

July.

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.62

5.61

5.68

5.66

5.62

5.68

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.62

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.61

5.61

5.60

5.68

5.65

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.68

5.65

5.65

Aug.

5.65

5.62

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.55

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.72

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.66

5.62

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.58

6.80

7.28

7.30

7.00

Sept.

6.65

6.65

6.25

6.15

6.02

5.92

5.88

5.80

5.80

5.80

5.75

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.65

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5 fin

5.60

5 fin

5.60

5.60

5.85

e on

5.80

5.75

5.70

Oct.

5.70

5.68

5.70

5.68

5.65

5.62

5.60

5.60

5.60

5 fin

5.62

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60

5 fin

5.65

5 70

5.69

5.65

5.66

5.65

5.64

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

Nov.

5.68

5.65

5.65

5.62

5.60

5.62

5.75

5.65

5.70

5.82

6.00

5.80

5.75

5.62

5.50

5.70

5.70

5 OK

5.80

5 90

Dec.

5.95

6.00

6.00

6.00

6.20

fi 19

ft 99

6. 40

ft on

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 16 and from Nov. 17 to Dec. 31.
tTPPER MISSISSIPPI E1VEE BASIKS. 231 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Snake River at Mora, Minn.,for 1910.

Day.

1...... .............

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20

21...................

22. ..................

23...................

24. ..................

25. ..................

26. ..................

27...................

28...................

29

30. ..................

31...................

Jan.

o60

Mar.

20

22

25

on

30

35

40

70

100

1 KA

150

200

300

500

715

890

740

715

71 ^

665

665

620

642

665

620

490

4Qrt

4^1

394

377

Apr.

345

321

304

309

301

264

247

219

1Q7

197

167

150

155

138

125

148

150

144

176

174

167

167

155

141

125

122

277

116

99

May.

96

91

86

83

7O

73

71

71

67

CO

51

49

49

49

48

48

CO

flfi

CO

*IQ

66

71

60

60

en

55

51

51

51

June.

49

49

49

4Q

50

60

60

58

56

56

51

4O

47

47

47

47

43

43

43

40

36

36

36

36

36

43

43

43

36

36

July.

36

36

36

36

36

36

37

37

42

Af\

37

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

37

37

36

42

40

36

36

36

42

40

40

Aug.

40

37

36

36

36

33

36

36

36

36

36

36

45

36

36

36"

40

37

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

3,5

ion

309

315

237

Sept.

167

167

103

Qfl

73

62

58

51

51

51

47

43

43

43

40

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

56

51

51

47

43

Oct.

43

39

42

43

42

39

37

36

36

36

36

37

36

36

36

36

36

36

39

43

42

39

40

39

39

39

39

39

39

39

39

Nov.

42

40

40

37

36

37

47

40

43

53

71

51

47

37

30

43

o Discharge measurement.

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve, except for Mar. 1 to 14, when discharge is estimated.

Monthly discharge of Snake River at Mora, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 422 square miles.]

Month.

April ...................................

May....................................

July....................................

December. ..............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

890 

345 

96 

60 

42 

315 

167 

43 

71

Minimum.

20 

99 

48 

36 

36 

33 

36 

36

Mean.

60.0 

35.0 

391 

197 

62.4 

45.8 

37.5 

65.9 

56.6 

38.6 

38.8 

18.0

87.2

Per 

square 

mile.

0.142 

.083 

.927 

.467 

.148 

.109 

.089 

.156 

.134 

.091 

.092 

.043

.207

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.16 

.09 

1.07 

.52 

.17 

.12 

.10 

.18 

.15 

.10 

.10 

.05

2.81

Accuracy.

C. 

D. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

D.

NOTE. Mean discharge estimated for January, February and December. Mean for Mar. 17 to 30 estimated at 33.5 second-feet.
232 StTEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

CANNON RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Cannon River drains an area comprising 1,490 square miles, 

located chiefly in Goodhue, Rice, Le Sueur, and Steele counties, Minn. 

The river rises in Shields Lake, in the western part of Rice County, 

flows westward into Le Sueur County, then southward and eastward 

into Rice County again, passing through several lakes (the largest 

being 4 miles long and one-half to three-fourths mile wide) and 

finally taking a general northeasterly course to its junction with the 

Mississippi a short distance above Red Wing.

Cannon Lake, the last lake on the river, is several square miles in 

area. From Cannon Lake to Dundas the river flows through a 

narrow valley 40 to 50 feet below the general surface level. Below 

Dundas the valley widens and gradually deepens, but a few miles 

above Cannon Falls it again contracts, and it remains narrow and 

steep sided until it joins the Mississippi Valley, a few miles above the 

mouth. Throughout its length the river has considerable fall, much 

of which has been utilized by power dams.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas in Cannon River basin.

Square miles.

Cannon River above Cannon Lake outlet......................... 274

sec. line 27-34, T. Ill N., R. 20 W.......... 884

sec. 14, T. 112 N., R. 19 W.................. 1,020

sec. 10, T. 112 N., R. 17 W.................. 1,230

Welch.................................... 1,290

mouth..................................... 1,490

Straight River above mouth..................................... 443

In general the surface is undulating, but the lower part of the area 

is deeply cut by the gravel terraced river valleys.

Except in the valleys the area is covered with a red till a glacial 

deposit consisting of a mixture of sand, clay, and gravel which, in 

the upper part of the basin is underlain by Silurian and Cambrian 

sandstones, limestones, and shales, and in the lower part by Cambrian sandstones. The sandstones yield water to the many springs 

along the river. In the southern part of the area the red till gives 

way to a clay-loam soil.

The principal tributaries of the Cannon are Devil, Wolf, Heath, 

and Club creeks from the north, and Straight and Little Cannon 

rivers, and Belle, Hay, and Wells creeks from the south. Straight 

River, the most important of the tributaries, rises in lakes and 

springs scattered among the moranic hills in the southern part of 

the area, flows northward over the drift until it reaches a point 

about 2 miles north of Owatonna, where it first encounters bedrock, 

and joins the Cannon just below Cannon Lake.
UPPEB MISSISSIPPI BIVEB BASINS. 233

The annual rainfall in the basin, as determined from a number of 

records exceeding 15 years in length, is about 29 inches. On this 

amount 4J inches is precipitated in the form of snow which remains 

during the winter. The river is frozen over except at rapids, and 

as there are no winter thaws the flow is derived from the lakes and 

from ground water and is very uniform, reaching a minimum usually 

in about midwinter.

As the sides of the valley are very steep, the rainfall quickly 

reaches the stream and causes sudden rises which give the stream a 

somewhat flashy character. Otherwise, as much of the water comes 

from, springs in sandstone, the flow is very uniform during the year.

As Cannon River lies in one of the most thickly settled farming 

sections of the State, by far the greater part of its drainage area is 

cultivated land.

The basin contains few lakes below Cannon Lake. Above that 

point are 25 lakes, lake surface forming about 10 per cent of the 274 

miles of drainage area. Except Cannon Lake, which is already 

utilized as a reservoir in connection with power development, all the 

lakes are too far up on the headwaters to afford good reservoir sites.

In order to determine the availability of Cannon River for power 

development, a survey was made during 1909 from the mouth to 

Camion Lake, a short distance above Faribault. From the data collected on this survey sheets have been prepared showing a profile of 

the water surface, a plan of the river, and the contours along the 

river bank. These sheets have been published separately and may 

be had on application to the district engineer, United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn. From, this 

survey the following table of elevations and distances has been 

compiled:

Elevations and distances along Cannon River.

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul By. .............................................

Eange line, 16-17 W.. ...........................................................

Sec, 10, T. 112 N., E. 17 W. .............. ...... . ................................

Pine Creek. .....................................................................

Sec. 14, T. 112 N.,E. 18 W.. ....................................................

Do..........................................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

4

7

9

11

14

14

18

21

23

25

25

26

26

28

30

33

34

Q4.

37

38

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

666

673

679

683

690

706

712

730

750

758

773

782

782

797

808

830

850

856

866

871

876
234 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Elevations and distances along Cannon River Continued.

Northfield, tail-water..... . ......................................................

Do..........................................................................

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. .. . ..........................................

Sheffield, tail-water. ............................................................

Distance

-above 

mouth.

Miles. 

39

40

40

42

42

45

45

53

54

57

59

59

61

61

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet.

879

881

888

888

899

90S

917

938

941

950

955

963

964

978

Water power is developed at the following points in the drainage 

basin:

Developed water powers in Cannon River basin.

Place.

Cannon Lake.,... . ..............................................................

Faribault............................... . ... ......................

Dundas. ........................................................................

Northfield.. .............. ............ . .. ......................

Above Cannon Falls. ...........................................................

Do..................................... ....................................

Welch...................................... .. .. ...........................

Clinton Falls, Straight River. ...................................................

Fall 

utilized.

Feet. 

14

8

10

9

7

58

9

14

6

10

Average 

horsepower.

300

90

125

150

150

2,600

225

150dn

40

30

CANNON RIVER AT WELCH, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at Welch, 

was established June 7, 1909, to determine the amount of water 

power available on the river.

The nearest important tributary, Belle Creek, enters 3 miles below 

Welch. A very small tributary enters the river just above the 

station.

About 800 feet above the bridge is a dam at which approximately 

40 horsepower is developed. This dam leaks so badly that the 

operation of the turbine has little effect on the flow. The operation 

of this power plant, together with other plants farther upstream, 

causes considerable variation in the flow. The gage is read twice 

daily.

During the period from December to March ice is frequently 

gorged at the bridge, and reliable winter records are thereby made 

impossible. 
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIKS. 235

Since the installation of the gage its datum has remained unchanged.

In April, 1888, the river reached the eaves of the wheel-house at 

the mill, a stage representing 20.1 feet above the datum of the present 

gage. It is stated locally that this rise was not caused by ice gorging. 

The angle made by the current at the gaging station necessitates a 

correction, and artificial control of the river causes daily fluctuation 

of stage; therefore the records can not be considered better than good.

Discharge measurements of Cannon River at Welch, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909.

July 16

Aug. 18

27

Sept. 10

Oct. 29

1910. 

Mar. 11

Apr. 26

Sept. 19

Hydrographer.

.... .do. ....................................................

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet. 

97

87

102

91

93

96

113

72

71

73

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

448

270

478

355

382

293

632

325

306

242

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.70

5.55

721

6.06

6.32

6.20

8.85

5.99

5.72

5.14

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

637

224

1,010

385

426

394

1,850

320

224

96.6

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cannon River at Welch, Minn., for 1910. 

[Miss E. J. Norell, observer.]

Day.

1... ........................

Z............... .............

3...........................

4...........................

5............................

6...........................

7...........................

8........... ...............

9............................

10.....'......................

11............................

12...........................

13...........................

14............................

15............................

1C...........................

17............................

18...........................

10...........................

20...........................

21........... ...............

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29. .........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

8.70

8.75

8.81

8.69

9 1 H

9 7R

9.60

9.00

8.95

8.72

8.56

8.18

8.15

8.12

7.95

7.80

7 79

7.48

7.35

7 99

7.12

7.25

7 99

Apr.

7.12

7.00

7.02

6.95

fi CI9

6.88

6.50

6.42

6.08

6.16

6.10

6.11

6 42

6.38

6.30

6.00

5.95

5.85

5.62

5.60

5.58

5.82

5.82

5.84

5.82

5.91

fi 94

6.30

6.50

6.28

May.

6.15

6.12

5.75

5.76

5.68

5.66

5.65

5.35

5.25

5.70

5.80

5.92

6.02

5.95

5.68

5.60

5.60

5.70

5.85

5.88

6.38

6.32

6.08

5 Q4.

5.85

5 79

6.18

6.10

6.18

5.80

June.

5.80

5.70

5.75

5.75

6.38

6.25

5.80

5.82

5.79

5.78

5.52

5.84

5.50

5.82

5.80

5.84

5.78

5.94

5.88

5.78

5.85

5.82

5.22

5.58

5.39

5.52

5,40

5.79

5.18

5.70

July.

5.69

5.73

5.58

5.40

5.60

5.73

5.54

5.13

5.78

5.18

5.30

5.72

5.33

5.69

5.74

5.48

5.50

5.17

5.34

5.12

5.18

5.53

5.22

5.20

5.05

5.65

5.22

5.38

5.78

5.42

5.39

Aug.

5.20

5.37

5.16

5.70

5.46

5.09

5.06

5.36

5.69

5.46

5.13

5.17

5.40

5.47

5-29

5.36

5.49

5.51

5.49

5.45

5.15

5.26

5.50

5.19

5.10

5.27

5.32

5.20

5.28

5.50

5.32

Sept.

5.32

5.38

5.20

5.05

5.18

5.39

5.32

5.45

5.42

5.21

5.05

5.12

5.18

5.34

5.28

5.15

5.15

5.15

5.22

5.28

5.18

5.06

5.38

5.15

5.05

5.32

5.40

5.42

5.54

5.34

Oct.

5.42

5.28

5.28

5.34

5.08

5.32

5.32

5.14

5.18

5.45

5.42

5.22

5.20

5.89

5.28

5.06

5.35

5.40

5.09

5.02

5.18

5.30

5.48

5.28

5.10

5.32

5.02

5.24

5.46

5.10

Nov.

5.00

5.60

5.18

5.19

5.28

5.01

5.32

5.28

5.32

5.28

5.32

5.26

5.35

5.40

5.29

5.21

5.25

5.40

5.20

5.10

5.10

5.28

5.34.

5.32

5.35

5.35

5.09

5.08

5.00

5.80

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1 to Mar. 8, and from Dec. 1 to 31.
236 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daity discharge, in second-feet, of Cannon River at Welch, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909.« 

1..... ...............................

2....................................

3.. ......'............................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20. ...................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

1910.6 

1....................................

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Apr.

836

775

785

750

735

715

535

498

355

387

363

367

498

480

445

325

307

272

204

1QQ

194

OfiQ

OfiQ

269

OfiQ

903

420

445

535

AV7

May.

383

371

241

244

221

215

212

144

126

226

256

296

333

307

221

199

1QQ

226

272

282

489

480

454

355

QAO

979

253

QQG

363

QQG

256

June.

683

658

609

562

539

539

585

609

633

633

658

735

658

539

495

495

495

453

453

453

375

571

413

453

OKfi

OOfi

241

241

480

424

256

263

OKQ

250

180

269

175

ofiQ

256

269

250

303

282

250

272

263

116

194 1 10

ISO

154

oeo

109

226

July.

495

453

453

394

308

308

278

264

200

250

308

324

358

340

340

264

302

308

196

189

284

9Q3

278

168

200

149

278

99Q

394

421

394

223

ODC

194

152

1QQ

235

185

100

OCrt

109

131

232

19.7

223

OOQ

170

175

107

139

QQ

109

1529

116

112

00

91 3

116

148

250

157 i *n

Aug.

245

245

308

272

182

182

245

200

200

237

224

725

735

2,470

3,660

3,320

1,860

SfiQ

935

924

995

544

530

453

417

390

375

327

311

324

308

146

106

226

93

89

144

OOQ

100

107

1 £.9

1 AS

19Q

144

173

177

173

164

103

19Q

175

110

QK

125

135

197

175

TDK

Sept.

272

276

250

512

489

403

445

480

526

471

437

1,190

1,970

1,020

825

667

696

454

463

445

667

one

&Q1

775

687

582

AM

411

344

1 3^

 tAQ

88

109

1 *fl

13*

Ifid.

1*7

114

QQ

Oft

109

10Q

127

103

1fi3

103

116

109

89

14S

1 no

550

1 3*

1 *9

157

tOK

1QQ

Oct.

407

383

517

272

403

437

371

399

411

517

558

620

634

634

554

512

467

454

480

363

355

AAQ

449

454

403

437

411

407

395

403

1 *7

127

139

QO

135

135

lAO

109

164

117

116

OQft

197

ftQ

141

1 *9

Q3

00

109

170

1O7

QK

1QG

116

QO

19fl

166

QG

Nov.

606

2,160

2,020

1,570

1,020

701

667

667

639

489

467

620

1,500

2,350

2,220

2,100

1,980

2,200

2,210

2,090

1,850

1,520

1,530

1,430

1,250

1,320

1,530

1,550

1,530

1,500

80

1OQ

109

110

197

82

135

 IOK

197

135

123

149

152

129

114

1 *9

112

95

95

1O7

 IOA

135

142

1AO

93

QO

QA

100

« Daily discharge computed from two fairly well defined rating curves. 

6 Daily discharge computed from a rating curve that is well defined below 600 second-feet. 

Nov. 30 is estimated.

Discharge on
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 237

Monthly discharge of Cannon River at Welch, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 1,290 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

June (7-30) .............................

1910.

May....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

735 

495 

3,660 

1,970 

634 

2,350

836 

489 

480 

250 

226 

185 

286 

199

Minimum.

375 

149 

182 

250 

272 

46

194 

126 

109 

88 

89 

88 

83 

80

Mean.

546 

304 

742 

616 

452 

1,440

440 

290 

244 

167 

141 

124 

129 

122

Per 

square 

mile.

0.423 

.236 

.575 

.478 

.350 

1.12

.341 

.225 

.189 

.129 

.109 

.096 

.100 

.095

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.38 

.27 

.66 

.53 

.40 

1.25

.38 

.26 

.21 

.15 

.13 

.11 

.12 

.11

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

D.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

CHIPPEWA RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The Chippewa River drainage system has its source in more than a 

hundred lakes, large and small, with many connecting swamps, 

lying in the northwestern part of Wisconsin, near the Michigan 

boundary and only 20 miles from Lake Superior. The main line of 

drainage runs very nearly along the central line of the basin, but the 

name Chippewa River is not applied to the continuation of the main 

stream. The river divides 112 miles from the mouth; one branch, 

the prolongation of the line of drainage, called the Flambeau, rises 

in the lakes near the Michigan line, at an elevation approximately 

1,600 feet above sea level; the other branch, the Chippewa, is formed 

in the central part of Sawyer County by the union of East and 

West branches, both of which rise in the southwestern part of Ashland County. The course of the river is general southwestward to 

its junction with the Mississippi at the foot of Lake Pepin. The 

Flambeau drains about 1,983 square miles; the Chippewa above its 

junction with the Flambeau drains only about 1,777 square miles. 

The total length of the Chippewa is 267 miles. The drainage basin, 

which is regular in shape, is about 180 miles long and about 60 miles 

in average width, and comprises about 9,573 square miles, of which 

over 6,000 square miles include the most unsettled region of northern 

Wisconsin.

The important tributaries of the Chippewa are as follows: From 

the west (beginning at the sources), West Branch and Red Cedar 

rivers; from the east, East Branch, Thornapple, Flambeau, Jump, 

Yellow, and Eau Claire rivers.
238 SUSP ACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

The entire area above Chippewa Falls is covered with glacial drift, 

the underlying crystalline rocks appearing only in the river bed. In 

the southern part of the basin the rivers have cut deeply into the 

drift and rock, but in the northern districts they have not cut much 

below the surface. The country is level or rolling.

With few exceptions all the many and important water powers on 

Chippewa River are found in the region of crystalline rocks, but on 

account of the deep glacial drift the power sites on the upper streams 

occur at bowlder rapids.

The lakes in this drainage basin form two widely separated groups; 

one in the extreme northeastern part at the headwaters of the Flambeau, the other in the northwestern part at the headwaters of Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. The remainder of the area is almost 

devoid of lakes. The wooded regions, however, include very large 

areas of cedar and tamarack swamps. The sources of Chippewa 

River have an elevation of about 1,500 feet above sea level; at Chippewa Falls the elevation is 806 feet; at the mouth of the river it is 

about 665 feet. The elevation of the sources of Flambeau River is 

about 1,650 feet; at Ladysmith the elevation is 1,115 feet.

This drainage basin contains the richest forests of both hard and 

soft woods still standing in Wisconsin. Although lumbering has been 

carried on actively for many years, considerable pine timber still 

remains, chiefly at the upper headwaters, but it is fast disappearing. 

The upper half of the drainage basin may be considered forested.

The mean annual rainfall is about 30 inches. The winters are 

severe. The snowfall is heavy and lasts for long periods; ice forms 

on the streams about 2 feet in thickness and remains for three to four 

months.

This drainage area affords an unusually large number of excellent 

sites for reservoirs. According to surveys made by the United States 

Engineer Corps in 1880, 12 reservoir sites were located and surveyed, 

whose total capacity was approximately 25,000,000,000 cubic feet. 

The highest dam necessary was about 26 feet. The operation of these 

reservoirs, it was estimated, would increase the ordinary low-water 

flow of the river by 3,245 second-feet for 90 days, thus about 

doubling the present available water power of the river. The main 

obstacle to building such reservoirs at the present time by the Government is the fact that, owing to the settling of this region, the land 

that would be flooded has become very valuable. Private enterprise 

has developed some of the smaller sites.

Several valuable developed water powers and many undeveloped 

power sites are located on this river and its tributaries. The Dells 

Paper & Pulp Co.'s mill, near Eau Claire, has a turbine plant of 

over 8,000 horsepower, and plans have been made to increase the 

head from 26 to 32 feet by increasing the height of the dam. On the 

Flambeau and Red Cedar exceptionally good power sites exist. Near
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 239

Ladysmith, on the Flambeau, are two plants, one of which has a rated 

turbine installation of 3,000 horsepower. In a 30-mile stretch of Red 

Cedar River there are six sites for water power capable of developing 

about 13,000 horsepower. The utilization of many of the power sites 

is retarded by the fact that the area is not now thickly settled and 

many sections lack railroad facilities.

The river and its tributaries are used extensively for running logs, 

but where railroads are accessible the logs are moved by rail. The 

extension of railroads in this section will tend to relieve the river of 

its^burden of logs and add correspondingly to the value of the streams 

for water-power development.

The use of the river for flooding logs modifies the normal flow of 

the river very materially.

In order to determine the amount of power available along Flambeau River, a survey was made during 1906 from Flambeau to a 

point near the western border of Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation; the section from the mouth to Flambeau had been surveyed 

by the Geological Survey in 1902. From the data collected sheets 

have been prepared showing a profile of the water surface, a plan of 

the river, contours along the bank, and prominent natural or artificial 

features. The results of this survey have been published on separate 

sheets, and may be had by applying to E. A. Birge, director, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, Wis.

From this study the folowing table of elevations and distances has 

been compiled:

Elevations and distances along Flambeau River.

Place.

Chippewa River. ................................................................

Babs Island ....................................................................

Pine Creek. .....................................................................

Section line 17-16... . ............................................................

Section line 28-21. . ..............................................................

Turtle River ....................................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

4

9

9.5

14

20.5

20.5

24

29

29.5

36

37

42

47

51

55

63

74

80

86

93.5

95

95

97

97

105.5

111

115

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

1,048

1,057

1,070

1,074

1,085

1,098

1,115

1,116

1,133

1,141

1,178

1,210

1,247

1,280

1,298

1,317

1,340

1,377

1,387

1,413

1,443

1,447

1,469

1,482

1,486

1,507

1,516

1,547
240 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

CHIPPEWA RIVER AT CHIPPEWA FALLS, WIS.

This station is located at the highway bridge at Chippewa Falls, 

Wis. The gage was originally established by the Chippewa Lumber 

& Boom Co. in April, 1899. On June 1, 1906, the United States 

Geological Survey began taking discharge measurements at this place 

to determine the amount of water available for water power and 

storage. The United States Weather Bureau has obtained gageheight records for this station since 1904. The records for April to 

September, published herewith, were furnished by that bureau.

Duncan Creek is tributary on the right side about 2,500 feet above 

the station.

The datum of the staff gage has remained unchanged.

The winters are severe in this vicinity, and ice forms on the river 

about 2 feet in thickness; but owing to the swift water and the proximity of the dam considerable open water is found at the measuring 

section.

The normal flow of the stream is much modified by logging and by 

the power plants at Chippewa Falls, which cause great and rapid 

fluctuations in stage from, day to day.

As the station was not visited during 1910 the estimates are withheld until checked by additional measurements.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Chippewa River at Chippewa Falls, Wis., for 1910.

[N. O. Swift, observer.]

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

,5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

3.0

3.0

2.95

2.9

2.85

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.75

2.85

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.25

2.05

1.95

1.7

1.55

1.5

1.45

1 45

1.65

1 7>>

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

Feb.

1.55

1.5

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.35

1.35

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.15

1.35

1.4

1.3 1 ^

1.4

Mar.

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.45

1.55

1.6

1.65

1.75

1.85

 1.9

1.9

1.85

1.75

1.7

1.55

1.55

1.8

2.0

2.25

3.35

3.3

3.0

3.45

3.3

3

0

3.0

2.95

3.05

2.95

Apr.

2.8

2.7

2.5

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.6

2.7

2.3

2.0

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.6

1.5

2

1

2.4

3.9

3.6

3.2

2.8

9 Q

3.2

2.5

2.6

2.4

2.5

May.

2.2

2.3

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.4

M.O

1.3

1.4

2.2

3.5

4.0

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.7

3.5

3.4

3

Q

3.0

2.3

1.2

2.0

June.

1.9

1.8

1.8

3.8

1.7

1.9

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.0

1.2

1.1

1.3

1.0

1.2

1.3

1.0

1.3

1.1

1.0

.8

1.0

1.1

.7

1.0

1.0

.8

.7

July.

0.7

1.3

.7

.9

1.2

.7

- .1

- .2

 3

 4

 1

 4

- .5

+ 1.0

- .4

- .7

 ^

- .4

- .5

- .6

- .6

- .5

- .8

- .1

+1.0

1.1

1.2

1.1

.8

.2

Aug.

0.9

.6

.7

.8

.9

.7

.0

.8

.7

.4

.5

.0

.2

.0

.2

.6

.5

.7

.8

.9

.2

.3

.7

.6

.7

.6

.5

.0

.9

1.0

.9

Sept.

0.8

1.0

1.1

.9

.7

1.1

1.6

1.5

1.2

1.0

.8

1.2

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.2

.5

1.6

1.5

.4

.3

1.0

.9

.5

1.2

.9

1.0

.9

1.0

Oct.

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.15

1.1

1.15

1.1

1.1

1.1

.55

1.1

.5

.65

.8

.8

.6

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

Nov.

0.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.7

.65

.6

.6

.6

.6

.6

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.55

.6

.65

Dec.

0.7

.7

.6

.55

.5

.5

.55

.6

.55

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.5

.6

.7

.8

.7

.6

.7

.7

.7

.6

.6

.6

.7

.7

NOTE, Ice from Jan, 9 to Mar. 19,
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 241

RED CEDAR RIVER AT CEDAR FALLS, WIS.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge on the outskirts of Cedar Falls, Wis., was established in 1908 to replace the 

station at Menomonie, but gage heights were not obtained until 

April 1, 1909. The data collected at this station are used in studying water power, water supply, pollution, and storage problems.

No important tributaries enter Red Cedar River in the immediate 

vicinity of the gage.

Winters are severe in this locality, but the relation between gage 

height and discharge at the section does not appear to be much 

modified by ice, probably on account of the rapids a short distance 

below the station.

The datum of the staff gage has remained unchanged.

The observer at this station is paid by the Chippewa Valley Light 

& Power Co.

No discharge measurements have been made, and the station has 

not been visited since the gage was established. Therefore not much 

is known about existing conditions.

Daily gage height in feet of Red Cedar River at Cedar Falls, Wis., for 1910. 

[Olaf Oas, observer.)

Day.

1... ............

2. ..............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13............... 

14...............

15...............

16...............

17... ............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27............... 

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

3.8

3.7

3.6

'

3.7

.......

Feb.

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

.......

Mar.

4.9

5.0

4.55 

4.15

3.8

3.6

3.55

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.05

3.0 

2.9

2.8

2.75

2.7

Apr.

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4 

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2 4

2.35

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2.2

May.

2.2

2 9

2.2

2.2

2 9

2

0

2.3

2.3

2.3

2

0

2.3

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.25

2.4

2.55

2.75

2

0

2.8

2.7

2.7

2.65

2.6

2.55

2.5 

2.45

2.4

2.4

2.4

June.

2.4

2.4

2 A

2.4

2.4

2.4

9 o.

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.0

July.

2.0

2

n

2.0

2.0

2

n

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

.2.0

2.0

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

Aug.

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2 n

2

n

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

Sept.

2.0

2

n

2.0

2.0

2

n

2

n

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.05

2.4

2.6 

2.6

2.6

2.6

Oct.

2.6

2.65

2.8

2.8

2

0

2

0

2

0

2.8

2.3

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.7 

2.6

2.55

2.5

2.5

2.3

2.3

2.*

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2 

2.2

2.1

2.1

,2.1

Nov.

1.6

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

1.7

1.6

1.7

1.8

2.0

2.0

1.4

1.8

1.8

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.4 

2.3

2.1

2.0

Dec.

i a

1.6

1.7

2.1

2.3

2

O

2.25

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.35 

2.6

2.35

2.2

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.95 

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 13, ranging in thickness from 11 to 16 inches. 

21502° WSP 285 12 16
242 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

ZTJMBRO RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Zumbro River drains an area bounded by the Cannon River basin 

on the north and the basin of Root River on the south, and located 

chiefly in Wabasha, Goodhue, Dodge, and Olmstead counties in 

southeastern Minnesota. The North Branch of Zumbro River rises 

in the southeastern part of Rice County and flows eastward; the 

South Branch is formed by a number of small tributaries in the 

southwestern part of Olmstead County and flows northward, receiving 

throughout its course many tributaries, the largest being the Middle 

Branch. In the western part of Wabasha County the two streams 

unite to form the Zumbro, which takes a general easterly course until 

it reaches the flood plain of the Mississippi, where it empties into one 

of the sloughs of the region. The cut-off ditch connects it directly 

with the river.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the drainage 

basin:

Drainage areas in Zumbro River basin.

Square miles.

Zumbro River above Zumbro Falls............................. 1,120

Zumbro River above mouth.................................... 1,390

South Branch above mouth.................................... 821

The valleys of the North and South branches are cut 100 to 200 

feet below the general level of the country and are bordered by 

bluffs. The valley of lower Zumbro River becomes deeper, and at 

the mouth of the river is 400 feet deep, and is bounded by rock cliffs, 

chiefly sandstone. The general width of the valley is 1 to 2 miles. 

The streams discharging into the Zumbro Valley at the present time 

deposit on the flood plain more material than the Zumbro itself can 

carry away, and the valley is being gradually filled up. A great 

many large springs issue from the bluffs along various streams, and 

there are many springs and marshes that form the sources of the 

headwater streams.

The region is in general a gently undulating prairie. Its extreme 

west end is covered with blue till, a glacial deposit consisting of a 

mixture of sand, clay, and gravel. Throughout the central part of 

the area the streams have cut through the till into the underlying 

limestones, sandstones, and shales of Silurian and Cambrian age. The 

lower section of the basin5 especially below the mouth of the South 

Branch, is in the Driftless Area and is covered with a clay-loam soil.

Many springs rise from the sandstone strata along the streams. The 

underground supply from the sandstones is so important that the flow 

of Zumbro River, aside from sudden freshets, is more uniform than 

that of any river in Minnesota except the Root, and this despite the 

fact that its basin contains no lakes.
TJPPEE MISSISSIPPI KIVEB BASINS. 243

Very little forest remains in the basin of the Zumbro at the present 

time, as most of the land is under cultivation.

The annual precipitation is about 30 inches, of which 4J inches is 

snow, which remains through the winter. Except at rapids the rivers 

freeze over from December to March. There are no winter thaws, 

and the flow, being derived from ground water, remains higher than 

that of the streams in other sections of the State.

Because of the complete absence of lakes and the general flatness 

of the uplands, reservoir sites can be obtained only within the valleys 

of the streams by building dams from bluff to bluff.

A survey of Zumbro River from its mouth to a point 6 miles up 

the South Fork above its mouth was mad.e in 1911 by the Geological 

Survey. Sheets showing the results of the survey may be had on 

application to the district engineer, United States Geological Survey, 

Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, Minn.

Water power has been developed at the following points in the basin:

Developed water powers in Zumbro River basin.

Place. Fall 

utilized.

8

11

99

11

8

10

15

Average horsepower.

10

25

60

60

20

30

150

Drainage work has been carried on to a considerable extent, about 

34,000 acres, chiefly in Wabasha and Dodge counties, having been 

ditched.

The river is subject to sudden freshets, as the steep slopes of the 

valleys cause the rainfall to find its way into the streams quickly. 

The years of highest water were 1888 and 1908, when the river rose 

from 20 to 25 feet above low-water stage.

ZUMBKO EIVEE AT ZUMBKO FALLS, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at Zumbro 

Falls, was established June 8, 1909, to obtain data for use in studies 

of power, flood-prevention, and sewage-disposal problems.

The nearest tributary, the South Branch, enters the river about 8 

miles above the station. The nearest dam is at Jarretts, but the fall 

of the river between the two points is so great that the effect of the 

dam does not extend to the station.

Owing to the rapids a short distance above the station and also to 

springs the river is open practically throughout the year from the 

rapids for a distance of several miles downstream. For this reason
244 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

the daily gage readings are continued during the winter months. A 

discharge measurement made in February, 1910, gave a result about 

15 per cent less than that indicated by the open-season rating curve. 

However, owing to the manner in which the measurement was made, 

it is probable that this discrepancy was largely caused by the freezing 

of the meter. The flow for the winter months has been computed 

by reducing the open-season rating curve for corresponding gage 

heights by 5 per cent. ji^

The high water of June, 1908, is marked hy^m spike in a telegraph 

pole near the railroad station at Zumbro Falls. This is at an elevation of 26.7 feet above the datum of the gage. The high water of 

April, 1888, reached an approximate stage of 29.7 feet, as shown by~ 

a mark not so well defined as that of the 1908 flood. I

Since the installation of the gage its datum has remained unchanged.

Conditions at this station are good and the records of flow should 

be reliable.

Discharge measurements of Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909.

July 15

Aug. 26

Oct. 22

1910. 

Feb. 15

Mar. 10

Apr. 27

July 21

Sept. 20

Hydrographer.

Gray and Gibson ..........................................

G. A. Gray................................................

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet. 

129

129

129

129

130

134

129

128

127

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

279

185

228

197

209

576

220

143

138

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.30

5.52

5.69

5.50

5.68

8.60

5.75

5.10

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

618

270

319

281

286

ol,720

344

164

157

a Possible backwater from ice gorging.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn., for 1910.

[A. H. Sugg, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

Jan.

6.00

5.98

5.96

5.98

5.88

5.81

5.80

5.79

5.80

5.80

5.79

5.79

5.84

Feb.

5.76

5.79

5.78

5.72

5.64

5.68

5.70

5.75

5 64

5.66

5 64

5.65

5.61

5.59

5.60

5.59

5.55

Mar.

5.56

5.55

5.65

5.70

5.98

7.12

9.55

9.65

9.25

8.68

8.65

8.55

9 77

8.82

8.28

7 Q9

7.65

7.52

7.52

Apr.

6.15

6.10

6.10

6.06

5.95

5.90

5 90

5.89

5.81

5

QA

5.80

5.78

5.76

5.71

5.75

5.71

5.74

5.71

5.72

5.72

May.

5.60

5.58

5.60

5.54

5.54

5.55

5.54

5.51

5.50

5.50

5.48

5.50

5.50

5.50

5.49

5.46

5.68

5.74

5.75

5.74

June.

5.48

5.46

5.42

5.43

5.40

5.42

5.39

5.39

5.38

5.38

5.38

5.37

5.34

5.33

5.32

5.30

5.32

5.32

5.29

5.23

July.

5.18

5.18

5.17

5.16

5.13

5.18

5.16

5.16

5.17

5.13

5.1Q

5.16

5.14

5.13

5.12

5.12

5.14

5.07

5.09

5.13

Aug.

5.00

5.08

5.08

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.02

5.06

5.08

5.08

5.10

5.18

5.40

5.38

5.38

5.30

Sept.

5.16

5.12

5.08

5.07

5.10

5.13

5.13

5.10

5.07

5.07

5.10

5.02

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.07

5.03

4.99

5.02

Oct.

5.06

5.06

5.06

5.06

5.06

5.06

5.06

5.01

5.00

5.00

5.02

5.02

5.02

5.00

5.00

5.00

4.99

499

5.06

5.08

Nov.

5.12

5.10

5.10

5.10

5.10

5.10

5.10

5.10

5.09

5.09

5.08

5.10

5.06

5.12

5.10

5.10

5.12

5.14

5.15

5.12

Dec.

5.04

5.08

5.11

5.05

5.08

5.05

5.08

4.92

5.05

5.05

4.98

4.98

5.00

5.02

5.02

5.04

5.06

5.04

5.04

5.01
TIPPER MISSISSIPPI KIVER BASINS. 245 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Zumbro River, at Zumbro Falls, Minn., for 1910 Contd.

Day.

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

5.84

5.80

5.80

5.78

5.70

5.71

5.72

5.74

5.78

5.75

5.75

Feb.

5.54

5.54

5.49

5.50

5.50

5.49

5.45

5.48

Mar.

7.52

7.34

7.14

7.04

6.85

6.72

6.56

6.49

6.38

6.30

6.21

Apr.

5.70

5.70

5.69

5.64

5.66

5.70

5.72

5.70

5.68

5.62

May.

5.72

5.84

5.90

5.88

5.79

5.69

5.65

5.60

5.54

5.51

5.50

June.

5.27

5.22

5.24

5.22

5.22

5.18

5.18

5.18

5.19

July.

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.05

5.00

5.04

5.02

5.05

5.05

5.04

5.02

Aug.

5.20

5.18

5.18

5.16

5.17

5.10

5.10

5.10

5.09

5.10

5.12

Sept.

5.00

5.06

5.06

5.08

5.03

5.08

5.08

5.08

5.10

5.09

Oct.

5.10

5.10

5.10

5.05

5.04

5.05

5.04

5.09

5.02

5.04

5.08

Nov.

5.08

5.05

5.09

5.11

5.08

5.04

5.05

5.02

5.00

4.65

Dec.

5.04

5.05

5.05

5.04

5.01

5.00

5.02

5.04

5.05

5.05

5.05

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1-6. Gage heights slightly affected by ice in December. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn., for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1910. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Jan.

435

430

w,

420

415

410

405

420

412

4M\

412

374

349

345

342

Feb.

091

342

338

318

292

305

328

316

vu

292

299

286

292

296

Mar.

269

266

296

311

412

981

2,300

2,360

2,140

1,840

1,820

1,770

2,290

2,440

1.920

Apr.

508

485

485

469

425

405

405

401

371

367

367

360

353

335

349

May.

297

291

297

278

278

281

278

268

265

265

259

265

265

265

262

June.

575

530

485

508

530

508

445

445

405

445

598

530

508

386

405

1,110

740

715

598

642

642

598

575

259

253

242

245

236

242

233

233

231

231

231

228

220

218

215

July.

465

405

425

425

349

349

314

297

281

265

265

281

265

281

262

250

248

248

253

248

239

215

213

220

213

201

208

201

201

201

196

183

183

181

179

173

183

179

179

181

173

167

179

175

173

171

Aug.

196

196

196

189

189

185

179

213

223

242

840

1,460

1,140

1,460

1,710

2,040

1,140

890

775

598

375

375

425

324

304

338

324

324

328

291

271

150

164

164

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

153

160

164

164

167

Sept.

242

242

242

242

242

233

233

233

233

239

239

765

970

715

715

584

566

521

485

386

375

375

397

413

425

413

375

324

236

177

179

171

164

162

167

173

173

167

162

162

167

153

164

164

164

Oct.

271

268

265

253

253

253

250

242

248

259

304

397

331

321.

311

294

278

265

265

265

265

271

265

259

250

253

250

239

236

239

236

160

160

160

160

160

160

160

152

150

150

153

153

153

150

150

Nov.

271

765

760

656

539

453

405

382

360

331

375

710

1,270

2,400

4,000

2,500

1,770

1,300

1,200

1,120

1,120

1,270

1,080

926

895

905

1,490

1,900

1,520

1,240

171

167

167

167

167

167

167

167

165

165

164

167

160

171

167

Dec.

1,100

1,020

1,060

1,190

1,000

652

524

1 520

520

520

515

510

510

510

510

510

510

500

524

540

567

549

540

504

476

444

460

456

420

428

440

157

164

169

15S

164

15S

164

136

158

15S

147

147

150

153

153
246 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10 

Continued.

Day.

1910. 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

S4H

345

342

359

359

345

345

338

311

314

326

338

328

328

Feb.

283

277

280

277

266

263

263

249

252

252

249

oqn

247

Mar.

1,620

1,420

1,270

1,200

1,200

1,200

1,100

992

937

840

775

AQK

660

611

<\T\

534

Apr.

OOK

345

335

338

338

331

0*>1

328

311

317

oof

338

oof

094

304

May.

253

394

345

345

338

382

405

1Q7

363

328

314

297

278

268

265

June.

210

215

208

203

201

192

196

192

192

183

183

183

185

July.

171

175

162

165

173

164

164

164

158

150

157

1 CO

158

158

157

153

Aug.

183

236

231

231

210

187

183

183

179

181

167

167

167

165

167

171

Sept.

164

162

148

153

150

160

160

164

155

164

164

164

167

165

Oct.

150

148

148

160

164

167

167

167

158

157

158

157

165

153

157

164

Nov.

167

171

175

177

171

164

158

165

169

164

157

158

153

150

90

Dec.

157

160

1W

157

152

157

158

158

157

152

150

153

157

158

158

158

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a rating curve that is well defined below 500 second-feet, but 

somewhat uncertain above. Discharges estimated for December, 1909, and Jan. 1 to 6 and Nov. 30,1910.

Monthly discharge of Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 1,120 square miles.]

Month.

1909.

July. ...................................

December. ..............................

1910.

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,110 

465 

2,0*0 

970 

397 

4,000 

1,190

435 

342 

2,440 

508 

405 

259 

183 

236 

179 

167 

177 

169

2,440

Minimum.

386 

196 

179 

177 

236 

271 

420

311 

239 

266 

304 

253 

183 

150 

150 

148 

148

147

^

Mean.

562 

274 

572 

395 

270 

1,130 

598

367 

287 

1,190 

367 

302 

216 

169 

172 ias

157 

163 

156

309

Per

square 

mile.

0.502 

.245 

.511 

.353 

.241 

1.01 

.534

.328 

.256 

1.06 

.328 

.270 

.193 

.151 

.154 

.146 

.140 

.146 

.139

.276

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.43 

.28 

.59 

.39 

.28 

1.13 

.62

.38

.27 

1.22 

.37 

.31 

.22 

.17 

.18 

.16 

.16 

.16 

.16

3.76

Accuracy.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B.

B. 

B. 

C.

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A.

ROOT RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Koot Kiver, which joins the Mississippi about 3 miles below La 

Crosse, drains an area including the extreme southeastern portion 

of Minnesota and a very small area, not exceeding a few square 

miles, in northeastern Iowa. The North Branch, which is the principal 

tributary, rises in the southeastern part of Dodge County and flows
UPPER MISSISSIPPI fHVfifi BASICS. 247

in a general easterly course, being joined by the Middle Branch a few 

miles below Chatfield and by the South Branch near Lanesboro. Rush 

Creek enters the main stream near Rushford, and Money Creek and 

South Root River near Houston.

The North Branch flows to its junction with the Middle Branch 

through a cultivated valley one-half mile in average width and from 

50 to 100 feet below the general surface level. Below the Middle 

Branch nearly to the mouth of the South Branch near Lanesboro, the 

valley is narrow and gorgelike, being cut 200 feet or more below the 

general level. The little bottom land there is in this section is under 

cultivation. Below the junction with the South Branch the Root flows 

through a narrow, steep-sided valley, in average width a quarter of 

a mile, until it reaches Peterson, below which, for the remainder 

of the course of the stream, the valley spreads out to an average 

width of three-quarters of a mile, and the bordering bluffs rise 300 

to 500 feet above the bottom land. Nearly all the bottom land is 

under cultivation.

The fall of the North Branch is heavy from the head of the stream 

to its junction with the South Branch, below which the slope gradually 

decreases until it practically disappears a short distance above the 

mouth. The immediate banks of the river are 5 to 15 feet high. 

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas in Root River basin.

Square miles.

North Branch above sec. 8, T. 104 N., R. 11 W.................. 291

North Branch above junction with South Branch............... 647

Root River above sec. 4 , T. 103 N., R. 9 W..................... 940

Root River above Houston (above South Root River)............ 1,560

Root River above mouth...................................... 1, 660

The region drained is an undulating plateau whose uplands range 

in altitude from 1,100 to 1,300 feet above sea level. The headwater 

areas are covered with till, a glacial deposit consisting of a mixture 

of sand, clay, and gravel, but the greater part of the basin lies in the 

Driftless Area and is covered with a soil of clay loam or "loess loam." 

In the Driftless Area the Root and its fanlike tributaries occupy 

valleys cut through limestones and sandstones of Silurian and 

Cambrian age. The sandstone beds are all strong water bearers, and 

to them are due the many springs that issue along the bluffs. The 

quantity of water reaching the river from these sandstones is so 

great that the flow of Root River, aside from its sudden freshets, is 

more uniform than that of any other river in Minnesota, despite the 

fact that the basin contains no lakes. During the exeedingly dry 

year of 1910 and early part of 1911, the flow of the Root diminished 

proportionately less than that of any other river in the State.
248 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

By far the greater part of the region drained by the Root is under 

cultivation, the forested areas being chiefly on the sides of the 

bluffs.

The annual precipitation for the basin, as shown by a number 

of records exceeding 10 years in length, is about 32 inches, 5 inches 

falling as snow, which remains during the winter months. Except 

at rapids the streams freeze over from December to March. There 

are no winter thaws, but the ground-water supply prevents the 

winter flow from falling as low as that of the streams in other portions 

of the State.

As the basin contains no lakes, reservoirs can be formed only by 

building dams from bluff to bluff across the gorgelike valleys. One 

good site of this type is found on the North Branch a short distance 

above the South Branch.

In order to determine the availability of Root River for power 

development, a survey was made during 1910 from the mouth to 

Orion Mill, a point on the North Branch several miles above Chatfield. 

From the data collected on this survey sheets have been prepared 

showing a profile of the water surface, a plan of the river, and the 

contours along the river bank. These sheets have been published 

separately and may be had upon application to the district engineer, 

United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol Building, St. Paul, 

Minn. From this survey the following table of elevations and 

distances has been compiled:

Elevations and distances along Root River.

Place.

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry .........................................

Do..............................................................

Hokah. .................... . . ...........

Silver Creek.. . ............................:.............................

Whalen. ............................................................

Trout Creek.. . ......................................................

Chatfield.. . .........................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

4

6

8

11

18

21

23

27

31

34

44

47

52

62

66

77

81

01

94

94

95

98

103

107

Elevation.

Feet.

635

636

640

645

655

659

662

669

680

686

710

725

734

768

784

856

873

913

927

925

939

951

990

1,018
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE BASINS. 249

Water power is developed at the following points in the drainage 

basin:

Developed water powers in Root River basin.

Place.

At Stewartville .........................................................

At SImpson. ........................................................

At Orion. ...........................................................

Near Chatfleld. . .. ......................................................

Do..............................................................

Fall 

utilized.

Feet. 

13

8

14

8

28

12

Average 

horsepower.

60

50

20

65

40

130

150

50

Koot River is subject to sudden freshets, as the steep slopes of the 

valleys cause the rainfall to find its way into the streams quickly. 

When in flood the river inundates large portions of the lands in the 

lower valley. So frequent have been these inundations that a considerable portion of the bottom land is not under cultivation.

ROOT RIVER NEAR HOUSTON, MINN.

This station, which is located at the first highway bridge 1 mile 

below Houston, in sec. 34, T. 104 N., II. 6 W., was established May 

28, 1909, to obtain data for use in connection with water-power 

development and studies of flood prevention and sewage disposal.

The nearest tributary, South Root River, enters 1 mile below the 

bridge. Although this is ordinarily an insignificant stream, during 

heavy rains it overflows its banks and floods a considerable area.

There is no dam below, and the nearest one above it is at Rushford. As the flow of the river is at all times ample for the power 

generated at that point, it is not held back during certain portions 

of the day and thus has no influence on gage heights at Houston.

The river is icebound from December to March, and during that 

period discharge measurements are made through the* ice to determine the approximate winter flow.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge at which the 

staff gage is located. Since the eatablishment of the gage its datum 

has remained unchanged.

The channel scours out during floods and gradually fills in afterward, and for this reason it is necessary to make more frequent 

measurements than at other sections. The estimates based on the 

measurements can probably not be considered better than fair, or 

possibly good, except during low stages, when no change occurs.
250 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V<

Discharge measurements of Root River near Houston, Minn., in W09-10.

Date.

1909. 

May 28

June 18

18

July 14

Sept. 11

Nov. 11

1910. 

Feb. 10

Sept. 21

Hydrographer.

J. C. Hoyt. .......................................

G. A. Gray ........................................

C. B. Gibson. .....................................

G. A. Gray. .......................................

.....do............................................

G. A. Gray............................. ...........

G. A. Gray ....... .................................

.....do.............................................

Width.

Feet. 

105

103

103

102

105

104

105

105

105

IfM

1f>4.

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

302

273

279

240

290

288

279

233

197

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.50

1.30

1.30

.92

1.76

1.11

1.45

o2.45

1.58

1.20

1.10

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

615

540

530

424

605

426

596

464

363

333

a Gage height to water surface; thickness of ice, 0.92 foot.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Root River near Houston, Minn., for 1910. 

[Olof Larson, observer.] *

Day.

1.... ........... 

2............... 

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9............... 

10...............

11............... 

12...............

13............... 

14............... 

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22............... 

23...............

24...............

25............... 

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

"2." 75"

2.60

2.70

2.72

2.80

2.75

2.50

2.55

"~2.~46"

Feb.

"2. 45"

2.30

"2." 35"

"2.46

2.20

2.35

2.30

2.45

Mar.

"2." 65"

6.10

"aso"

4.28 

3.96

4.28 

4.85 

4.68

4.08

3.55 

3.34

3.20

3.20

3.16 

3.12 

3.02

2.85

2.78 

2.60

2.49

2.40

2.30

2.21 

2.12

Apr.

2.08 

2.02 

1.98

1.98.

2.20

1.98

1.90

1.82

1.82 

1.78

1.78 

1.72

1.71 

1.70 

1.70

1.71

1.70 

1.76

1.70

1.68

1.68 

1.65 

1.62

1.60

1.65 

1.65

1.61

1.59

1.59

1.56

May.

1.51 

1.51 

1.49

1.48

1.48

1.45

1.44

1.44 

1.39

1.38 

1.38

1.38 

1.38 

1.34

1.39

1.64

1.59

1.58

1.75 

3.15 

2.08

1.94

1.85 

1.78

1.70

1.65

1.58

1.58 

1.52

June.

1.48 

1.48 

1.42

1.42

1.40

1.41

1.39

1.35

1.34 

1.34

1.35 

1.31

1.31 

1.30 

1.29

1.28

1.28

1.22

1.20

1.20 

1.24 

1.20

1.19

1.21 

1.20

1.21

1.25

1.15

1.15

July

1.11 

1.13 

1.10

1.08

1.10

1.04

1.08

1.06

1.06 

i cu.

1.10 

1.05

1.05 

1.06 

1.08

1.05

1.16 

1.11

1 fU

1.02

1.00 

1.06 

1.00

1.05

1.00 

1.04

.98

.98

.99

.96 

.94

Aug.

1.02 .9C- 

.98

.92

.92

.92

.90

.98

.98 

.98

.95 

.98

1.12 

1.30 

1.22

1.18

1.25 

1.46

1.32

1.25

1.16 

1.20 

1.10

1.10

1.10 

1.10

1.10

1.02

.98

1.18 

1.70

Sept.

1.52 

1.35 

1.25

1.20

3.15

3.50

2.18

1.82

1.60 

1.46

1.38 

1.36

1.29 

1.28 

1.25

1.18

1.12 

1.19

1.18

1.16

1.15 

1.12 

1.15

1.22

1.29 

1.26

1.34

1.21

1.20

1.18

Oct.

1.16 

1.12 

1.18

1.11

1.15

1.11

1.15

1.08

1.05 

1.10

1.09 

1.08

1.08 

1.08 

1.08.

1.08

1.12 

1.12

1.09

1.12

1.16 

1.14 

1.15

1.16

1.15

1.12

1.10

1.15

1.12

1.10 

1.09

Nov.

1.14 

1.15 

1.18

1.12

1.12

1.15

1.10

1.15

1.12 

1.12

1.12 

1.12

1.09 

1.15 

1.18

1.15

1.12 

1.10

1.12

1.12

1.18 

1.15 

1.08

1.18

1.15

1.15

L16

1.15

1.10

1.02

Dec.

......

1.92

1.45

......

1.80

1.80

i.90

1.90

2.00

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 9, and from Dec. 1 to 31.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVES BASINS. 251 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Root River near Houston, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day. *

1909. 

1. ..................

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29. ..................

30...................

31...................

1910. 

1...................

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14. ..................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Feb.

« 464

Mar.

430

430

450

460

500

1,000

2,500

2,500

2,000

1,800

1,600

1,380

1,560

1,900

1,790

1,450

1,180

1,080

1,020

1,020

1,000

985

945

879

853

789

760

734

703

730

700

Apr.

686

659

641

641

740

641

605

573

573

557

557

533

529

525

525

529

525

549

525

518

518

508

497

490

508

508

494

486

486

476

May.

615

615

607

583

458

458

452

448

448

438

434

434

434

417

414

414

414

414

402

417

504

472

486

483

545

1,270

686

623

585

557

525

508

483

483

Atvy

June.

575

575

557

682

755

970

849

730

682

660

651

615

583

568

540

533

557

547

523

490

490

490

475

505

547

512

765

745

705

942

448

448

427

427

420

424

417

405

402

402

405

393

393

390

387

384

384

375

366

360

360

372

360

358

363

360

363

375

348

348

July.

730

615

547

505

don

475

475

451

460

547

475

460

440

420

420

420

400

400

395

385

385

395

385

379

375

375

379

385

379

379

375

338

342

335

330

335

320

330

325

325

320

335

322

322

325

330

322

350

338

320

315

310

325

310

322

310

320

305

305

308

300

90S

Aug.

371

385

365

375

365

365

365

355

365

365

1,780

1,410

1,260

5,600

2,500

1,900

1,290

1,050

1,000

930

715

650

614

600

605

565

534

512

482

465

460

315

300

305

290

290

290

285

305

305

305

298

305

340

390

366

355

375

441

396

375

350

360

335

335

335

335

335

315

305

355

525

Sept.

440

432

470

465

442

439

430

425

425

455

425

550

505

655

840

780

760

710

625

600

> 475

530

505

500

480

465

465

458

458

450

462

405

375

360

1,270

1,500

731

573

490

441

414

408

387

384

375

355

340

358

355

350

348

340

348

366

387

378

402

363

360

355

Oct.

440

440

435

450

430

425

425

425

425

440

440

450

450

440

440

435

457

435

432

435

443

440

420

432

432

432

425

425

420

425

430

350

340

355

337

348

337

348

330

322

335

332

330

330

330

330

330

340

340

332

340

350

345

348

350

348

340

335

348

340

335

332

Nov.

554

583

575

583

651

591

540

526

505

487

615

637

850

1,930

3,800

4,050

1,930

1,410

1,150

1 040

1,000

1,070

1,200

1,020

920

880

1,650

1,840

1,150

,1,000

345

348

355

340

340

348

335

34S

340

340

340

340

332

348

355

348

340

335

340

340

355

348

330

355

348

348

350

348

335

315

" Discharge measurement.

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve. 

1911 measurements.

High water estimates based on
252 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Root River near Houston, Minn., for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 1,560 square miles.l

Month.

1909.

July....................................

August.. ...............................

September. .............................

October. ................................

November. ........................

1910. 

January ................................

February ...............................

June. ...................................

July....................................

September ..............%...............

The year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

970 

730 

5,600 

840 

457 

4,050

2,500 

740 

1,270 

448 

350 

525 

1,500 

355 

355

2 Kflf|

Minimum,

475 

375 

355 

425 

420 

487

430 

476 

402 

348 

295 

285 

340 

322 

315

Mean.

627 

442 

933 

522 

435 

1,160 

o600

oSOO 

o450 

1,130 

553 

502 

389 

322 

339 

466 

339 

343 

o310

470

Per 

square 

mile.

0.402 

, .283 

.598 

.335 

.279 

.744 

.385

.321 

.288 

.724 

.354 

.322 

.249 

.206 

.217 

.299 

.217 

.220 

.199

.301

Run-Off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.45 

.33 

.69 

.37 

.32 

.83 

.44

.37 

.30 

.83 

.40 

.37 

.28 

.24 

.25 

.33 

.25 

.25 

.23

4.10

Accuracy.

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

C.

B. 

B. 

C. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B.

o Estimated. 

NORTH BRANCH OF ROOT RIVER NEAR LANESBORO, MINN.

This station, which is located at the Casey highway bridge, 2£ miles 

northeast of Lanesboro and 1 mile above the junction with the South 

Branch, in sec. 6, T. 103 N., R. 9 W., was established January 30,1910.

There are no tributaries for a distance of several miles above the 

station.

The nearest dam is located above the Middle Branch 28 miles above, 

and its operation has no appreciable effect on the flow at the gaging 

station.

The drainage area above this station is 647 square miles.

A chain gage is attached to the highway bridge from which discharge measurements are made.

At a distance of 1,000 feet back from the right bank there is an old 

channel through which the river formerly discharged. At a stage of 

6 feet on the gage the river begins to flow in this channel. An extreme flood stage the right bank will be overflowed for a width of 

one-fourth mile.

As the station has not been established sufficiently long to be completely rated no estimates of flow have been made, and only the base 

data are given.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 253 

Discharge measurements of North Branch of Root River near Lanesboro, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Apr. 29

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

103

100 inn

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

252

225

225

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.28

2.09 2 09

Discharge.

See.-ft.

1Q1

134

136

Daily gage height, in feet, of North Branch of Root River near Lanesboro, Minn., for 1910.

[Kreston E. Hoium, observer.]

Day.

1. .........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7. .........

8..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

is

14..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20........--

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26. -- -

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

Jan.

2.80

2.70

Feb.

2.80

2.80

2.80

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.80

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.70

2.70

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.70

2.70

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.70

2.90

2.90

Mar.

2.90

2.80

2.80

2.90

2.90

3.70

4.40

4.80

4.80

4.70

4.70

-3.80

4.70

4.70

4.60

4.40

3.80

3.80

3.70

3.60

3.60

3.60

2.80

2.80

2.70

2.70

2.80

2.80

2.90

2.90

2.80

Apr.

3.60

3.60

3.60

3.50

3.40

3.30

3.30

3.20

3.10

3.10

3.10

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.10

3.10

3.10

3

flA

3.00

3.00

3.10

3.00

2.80

9 Sfl

2.70

2.70

2.60

2.50

May.

2.20

2.20

2.30

2.30

2.20

2.25

2.30

2.20

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.20

2.20

2.25

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.40

2.40 9 AD

2.40

2.50

2.50

2.42

9 dR

O 4f\

2.38

2.35

2.34

2.30

2.29

June.

2.28

2.25

2 25

2.28

2.25

2.22

2.22

2 91

2.24

2.25

2.22

2.21

2.20

2.18

2.16

2.15

2 19

2.12

2.10

2 19

2.11

2 T!

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.14

2.11

9 in

July.

2.10

2.10

2.12

2.11

2.11

2.11

2.12

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.12

2.11

2.10

2.10

9 11

2.12

2.11

2.10

2.12

2 12

2.12

2.12

2.10

9 in

2 in

2.08

2.06

2.05

2.05

2.05

Aug.

2.08

2.10

2.10

2.12

2.12

2.12

2.15

2.18

2.21

2.26

2.26

2.20

9 9/1

2.30

2.24

2.26

2.29

2.30

2.32

O Qfi

2.28

2.28

2.30

2.26

O Oft

2 22

2.20

9 9/1

2.28

9 ^fl

9 ^n

Sept.

2.29

2.26

2.21

2.21

3.75

2.90

2.55

2.48

2.38

2.24

2.21

2.20

2.21

2.24

2.25

9 9il

2.24

2.21

2.21

9 OA

2.25

2.26

2.24

2.22

9 91

9 9^

2.26

2.28

2 26

2.26

Oct.

2.26

2.24

2.20

2.16

9 14.

2.12

2 11

9 in

2.10

2.09

2.09

2.06

9 ftfi

2.08

2.09

9 ft8

2.08

2.12

2.12

2.12

2.12

2.15

2.16

2.16

2.18

2.18

2.15

2.15

2.18

2.15

2.18

Nov.

9 18

2.18

2.19

2 19

2.18

2.19

2.16

2.16

2.19

2.19

2.18

2.16

2 91

2.21

2.21

2.19

2.19

2.20

2.21

2.22

2.24

2.28

2.28

2.22

2.22

2.20

2.20

2.18

2.18

2.18

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 8, and from Dec. 1 to 31.

WISCONSIN RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OP AREA DRAINED.

The drainage basin of Wisconsin River, except for a few square 

miles, lies wholly within the State of Wisconsin. The river rises in 

Lake Vieux Desert, lying directly on the boundary line between 

upper Michigan and Wisconsin, whence it flows in a southwesterly 

direction for about 300 miles to the city of Portage, near the center 

of Portage County. At this point it turns westward and empties 

into Mississippi River at Prairie du Chien, Wis., about 40 miles 

from the southern boundary of the State. The important tributaries beginning at the sources are as follows: On the west or right
254 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V,

bank of the river, Tomahawk, Rib, Big Eau Pleine, Eau Pleine, 

Yellow, Lemonweir, Baraboo, Pine, and Kickapoo rivers; on the 

left bank, Pelican, Prairie, Eau Claire, and Plover rivers.

The total length of the river is about 429 miles. Its basin is about 

225 miles long and about 50 miles average width, and comprises 

approximately 12,280 square miles.

The river flows, for the most part, in the eastern half of its basin. 

Below Portage it flows within 10 miles of its southern edge. At 

Portage the divide between Wisconsin River and Fox River is so low 

that during high water the current in one of the tributaries of the 

Wisconsin is reversed and flows into the Fox.

Like all the large rivers of the State, the Wisconsin heads in the 

high drift-covered region. That part of the basin which lies above 

Nekoosa, including more than half of the drainage area, is underlain by crystalline rocks, which, by presenting a barrier to erosion, 

cause numerous rapids that afford excellent sites for water power. 

Below Nekoosa the crystalline rocks give way to the softer sandstone, the disintegration of which has made the bed of the river a 

succession of shifting sand bars almost without interruption to its 

mouth. Where this formation is near the surface in the surrounding country the soil is very light and in places even sterile. North of 

Nekoosa this sandy belt rapidly narrows, and at Merrill, Wis., about 

90 miles above, almost entirely disappears, and is replaced by the 

clayey loams and loamy clays. North of Tomahawk the clays are 

again replaced by sandy soils containing gravel and by bowlders 

and glacial drift.

In general the country is level or undulating. In places decided 

ridges break the surface, as, for example, the Baraboo ranges of 

quartzite and the bluffs along the lower river. The northern part of 

the drainage area is covered with innumerable lakes and swamps 

which tend to make the flow of the stream uniform and steady.

According to the United States Engineer Corps the elevation of 

Lake Vieux Desert, the source of the river, is about 1,650 feet above 

sea level; the elevation at the mouth is about 604 feet; the total fall 

is therefore about 1,050 feet. About 634 feet of this fall occur in 

the 150 miles between Rhinelander and Nekoosa, an average of over 4 

feet to the mile. This descent is concentrated at many places, producing a large number of valuable water-power sites, many of which 

are still undeveloped.

The dense growth of pine which covered the upper part of the 

drainage basin of Wisconsin River has nearly all been cut off, and a 

thick growth of brush and second-growth timber has taken its place. 

Large areas have been brought under cultivation. In some places 

this second growth has been burned over, leaving almost impenetrable thickets of brush and dead timber. The effect of this new
UPPER MISSISSIPPI BIVER BASINS. 255

growth of brush and timber on the run-off is probably about the 

same as that of the pine forests which it has replaced.

The mean annual rainfall on the headwaters of the river is about 

31 inches; at the lower part of the basin the rainfall is about 34 

inches.

The winters, except in the very lowest part of the basin, are 

severe. The snowfall is comparatively heavy and stays on the 

ground for long periods, and the streams are covered with ice from 

1 to 2 feet in thickness for three or four months. These conditions 

tend to make the winter season the period of minimum flow, and 

winter discharge measurements are therefore very valuable.

The basin affords many sites for storage. The United States 

Engineer Corps located and surveyed eight reservoir sites at the 

headwaters of Wisconsin Kiver to aid navigation of Mississippi 

River. The capacity of these reservoirs is about 20,000,000,000 

cubic feet, and it was estimated that a flow of 3,000 cubic feet per 

second could be maintained for three months. Such a flow would 

nearly double the low-water flow of the river and its resulting water 

power. Several of these reservoirs have been constructed by private parties for water-power development. The Wisconsin Valley 

Improvement Co. has been authorized by law to construct, acquire, 

and maintain a system of reservoirs located on the tributaries of 

the Wisconsin River north .of the south line of township 34, about 

6 miles below Tomahawk, for the purpose of producing a uniform 

flow of water, etc. The law provides that when this company 

shall have completed reservoirs of a capacity of 2,000,000,000 cubic 

feet it may collect and receive reasonable tolls from the owner of 

every improved and operated water power located on the river 

below such reservoirs. The tolls are to yield not to exceed 6 per cent 

on the actual investment.

The stream is used quite extensively for logging, but the greater 

part of the large timber has been cut off and lumbering is decreasing, 

although considerable pulp wood is being run on the river. Dams 

at the water-power sites would not interfere seriously with the small 

run of logs at the present time.

In order to determine the amount of power available along Wisconsin River a survey was made during 1906 between Sauk City 

and Dekorra and between Lewiston station and Jersey City. From 

the data collected sheets have been prepared, showing a profile of 

the water surface, a plan of the river, contour along the bank, and 

prominent natural or artificial features. The results of this survey 

have been published on separate sheets and may be obtained by 

applying to E. A. Birge, director, Wisconsin Geological and Natural 

History Survey, Madison, Wis. From this survey the following 

table of distances and elevations has been compiled.
256 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V. 

Elevations and distances along Wisconsin River.

Place.

Crest, Little Bull Falls. .........................................................

Eau Claire River. ...............................................................

Foot of Wausau dam ...........................................................

Range line 5-6 E ................................................................

Distance 

above Sugar 

Bone Rock.

Miles. 

3 

5

13.5

25 

30.5 

39 

50 

59 

71,3 

71.5 

76.5 

76.5 

78 

78 

80.5 

80.5 

83

97 

97 

97.5

100 

100 

120 

130 

130 

130.5 

142.5 

147 

147 

152 

152 

160.5 

167 

167 

169 

169 

178 

181 

182.5 

1945 

194.5

Elevation 

above 

sea level.

Feet. 

818 

819 

837 

858 

865 

879 

896 

905 

916 

939 

948 

958 

960 

971 

978 

1,004 

1,006 

1,018 

1,035 

1,044 

1,044 

1,061 

1,066 

1,077 

1,095 

1,111 

1,126 

1,129 

1,142 

1,158 

1,179 

1,186 

1,201 

1,214 

1,233 

1,245 

1,246 

1,251 

1,280 

1,300 

1,385 

1,417 

1,431

A survey was also made along Eau Claire River during 1906, 

from the mouth of the river tp Johnson. From the data collected 

sheets have been prepared, showing a profile of the water surface, 

a plan of the river, contours along the bank, and prominent natural 

or artificial features. The results of this survey have been published 

on separate sheets and may be obtained by applying to E. A. Birge, 

director Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, Wis.

WISCONSIN KIVER NEAR KHINELANDER, WIS.1

This station, which is located at a highway bridge about 8 miles 

southwest of Rhinelander, Wis., in sec. 27, T. 36 N., R. 8 E., at 

Forbes & Wixson's power station, was established December 1, 1905, 

to obtain data for studies of water power, water supply, pollution, 

and storage problems.

1 Information in regard to this station prior to 1908 is contained also in Bulletin 20 of the Wisconsin 

Geological and Natural History Survey, entitled "Water powers of Wisconsin," by Leonard S. Smith.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 257

Pelican River enters about 8 miles above the station.

The winters in this vicinity are severe, but the operation of the 

power plant about 400 feet above the bridge prevents the river from 

freezing at the gaging section, and ice forms only in narrow strips 

along the shores. The pond above the dam modifies the normal 

flow, and the total range in gage height is small. The fluctuations 

of the load on the turbines may also affect discharge measurements.

The station was last visited in July, 1908. As far as known the 

datum of the gage has remained constant and the records are reliable and accurate.

The gage reader at the station is paid by the Wisconsin Valley 

Improvement Co., Wausau, Wis.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wisconsin River near Rhinelander, Wis., for 1910. 

[Geo. N. Kramer, observer.]

Day.

1.... ...........

2. ..............

3...............

4...... .........

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26. ..............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.8

2.8

3.1

2.5

3.2

3.0

2.5

3.3

2.8

2.8

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.0

3.1

2.8

2.7

3.1

2.8

3.0

3.0

2.8

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.8

2.8

Feb.

2.8

2.8

3.1

3.1

3.2

2.2

3.2

2.7

2.6

3.1

2.8

3.1

2.8

2.7

2.9

3.4

2.7

3.2

3.3

2 1

3.4

3.3

2.9

3.3

3.4

3.4

2.8

3.4

Mar.

9 Q

3.0

3.5

2.9

0 C

9 1

3.0

2.7

2 4

2.3

2.5

2.8

2.0

2.8

2.5

2.8

2.7

2.8

9 7

1.8

2.7

2.9

3.0

3.2

3.2

3.2

2.2 a4

3.2

2.9

3.0

Apr.

3.1

as

2.0

2.8

0 0

3 A.

3.3

3.3

3.0

2.0

2.9

ao

2.8

2.5

2.8

2.9

2.2

3.0

3.0

2.6

ao

2.8

2.7

2.1

2.6

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.3

3.2

May.

2.6

3.1

2.9

3.0

Q n

q i

9 Q

L 9

9 O

2.2

'2.6

2.2

9 9

2.2

1.6

2.4

2.6

2,2

2.6

2.8

9 O

2.3

3.0

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.1

2.9

2.8

June.

9 d.

2.2

2.4

2.4

1.7

9 7

9 3

2.8

2.5

2.3

2.3

LO

2.4

2.5

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

1.0

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.2

1.0

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.2

July.

2.2

1.1

1.0

9 9

9 9

9 Q

2.3

2.2

1.1

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.4

1.0

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.3

2.3

2.0

1.7

2.0

2.0

2.4

2.1

2.3

21

1.7

Aug.

9 Q

2.2

2.1

2.1

9 1

9 1

1.2

2.1

21

24

2.2

2.1

9 ^

2.0

2.2

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.0

L 9

1.1

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

1.7

2.0

2.0

2.0

Sept.

9 rt

2.7

2.4

12

1.8

2.4

2.2

2.4

2.4

2.4

1.7

2.4

24

9 f\

2.6

2.5

2.5

1.1

9 Q

2.4

2.2

2.0

2.0

2.0

LI

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.2

Oct.

9 9

L7

9 1

2.0

2, 0

9 Q

9 9

9 3

1.6

2.2

2.2

2.2

9 1

1 Q

1 9

L6

2.1

2.1

9 1

9 9

2.2

1.7

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.6

2.4

2.6

1.8

2.3

Nov.

2.3

9 A.

9 9

2.2

9 1

1.7

2.3

9 ^

2.2

2.3

2.3

23

1.8

9 9

2.3

23

23

22

9 9

L6

21

21

21

22

22

21

1.8

2.4

2.2

2.2

Dec.

9 1

9 1

1.6

L6

1 0

9 9

9 f\

9 %

2.2

22

22

22

22

22

23

2.5

2.4

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

1.9

1.9

2.2

2.6

2.7

2.5

2.3

2.6

WISCONSIN RIVER AT MERRILL, WIS.1

This station, which is located at a highway bridge at the east end 

of Merrill, Wis., was established November 17, 1902, to obtain data 

for water power, water supply, pollution, and storage problems.

1 Information in regard to this station is contained also in Bulletin 20 of the Wisconsin Geological and 

Natural History Survey, entitled "Water powers of Wisconsin," by Leonard S. Smith.

21502° WSP 285 12 17
258 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The bridge is about 1,000 feet below a dam. Prairie River 

enters from the east about half a mile above the station. The 

flow is somewhat modified by the dam and power plants above the 

station.

The current is so swift that ice does not form across the section, 

and there is open water at the gage the year around, but winters 

are severe, and the relation between gage height and discharge is 

affected by backwater caused by ice. The stream is used considerably for log running, and backwater caused by jams below the measuring section may affect the gage heights for short periods.

The datum of the chain gage has remained unchanged; the records 

are reliable and accurate except as conditions above may affect the 

readings.

This station was last visited in February, 1909.

The gage reader at this station has been paid by the Wisconsin 

Valley Improvement Co., Wausau, Wis., since April, 1909.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wisconsin River at Merrill, Wis., for 1910. 

[A. F. Lueck, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

4.75

4.65

4.9

4.95

4.8

4.95

4.95

4.95

4.9

4.95

5.05

4.9

4.8

4.85

4.85

4.95

4.8

4.95

4.9

4.95

4.8

4.85

4.8

4.9

4.5

4.75

4.9

5.05

4.65 

4.65

4.8

Feb.

4.9

4.9

4.9

5.05

5.05

4.85

4.75

4.3

4 Q

4 Q

4.75

4.9

4.8

4.65

4.7

4.95

4.75

4.75

4 Q

4.8

4.65

4.95

A Q

5.05

4.85

5.05

4.9

4.7

.......

Mar.

4.8

5.0

4.85

4.95

5.0

5.2

5.3

A OS

4.85

4.55

4.75

4.75

4.75

4.9

5.4

5.25

5.2

5.0

5.2

5.3

6.1

6.2

6.1

5.85

5.8

6.05

5.95

5.7

5.75 

6.0

6.35

Apr.

5.7

5.8

5.75

5.2

5.0

6.45

7.1

6 Q

6.5

6.1

5.85

5.5

5.9

5.75

5.25

5.45

5.7

6.0

6 9

6.15

6.35

6.3

6.0

6.1

6.05

6.4

6.4

6.3 

6.1

May.

5.95

5.7

5.65

5.3

4.85

4.8

4.65

4.8

4.95

4.9

4.8

4.65

4.7

4.35

4.2

4.25

4.15

5.35

5.65

6.15

6.1

6.15

6.25

6.05

 5.65

5.5

5.55'

5.9

5.2 

4.6

4.95

June.

5.25

4.7

4.65

4.5

4.05

3.35

4.65

4.45

4.75

4.8

4.55

4.35

4.5

4.4

4.15

4.05

3.55

4.15

4.15

3.4

3.65

3.9

3 45

3.5

4.0

3.0

2.8

4 05

4.05 

4.05

July.

4.0

3.95

3.5

3.15

2.95

3.35

2.7

3.35

4.2

4.15

4.1

3.4

3.95

4.1

4.0

4.15

3.95

3.85

3.8

3.95

3.4

4.0

4.05

3.8

4.05

4.05

4.0

4 05

4.05 

4.0

4.05

Aug.

3.35

3.35

4.3

4.1

4.15

3.95

3.95

3.6

3,85

3.95

2.9

4.0

2.75

3.9

3.4

3.7

3.95

3.95

4.0

3.95

3.85

3.3

4.0

3.85

4.1

4.1

4.25

4.0

3.9 

4.0

4.4

Sept.

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.25

4.35

4.15

3.95

4.0

4.2

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.1

4.55

5.0

4.6

3.95

4.15

3.65

4.25

4.05

4.1

3.85

3.7

3.95

4.1

4.3

4.2

3.65 

4.4

Oct.

4.4

4.3

4.1

4.55

4.2

4.4

4.55

4.65

4.3

4.35

4.3

4.15

4.2

3.7

4.35

3.2

3.95

4.25

4.3

4.5

4.2

4.55

4.65

4.7

4.5

4.1

4.55

4.7

4.45 

4.35

4.5

Nov.

3.95 4.2-

4.6

4.55

4.75

3.9

3.9

3.85

4.35

3.95

3.55

4.35

4.15

4.5

4.2

4.15

4.2

4.2

4.15

4.05

4.05

3.95

3.8

3.9

3.85

3.95

3.95

4.0

4.2 

3.95

Dec.

3.85

3.95

3.95

3.85

3.6

3.75

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.95

4.05

3.95

4.05

4.15

4.15

4.05

4.45

4.05

4.2

4.2

4.35

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.65

4.35

3.6

4.25

4.3 

4.4

4.65
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 259

WISCONSIN RIVER NEAR NECEDAH, WIS.1

This station, which is located at the highway bridge about 3 

miles east of Necedah, Wis., on the road from Necedah to Strongs 

Prairie, was established December 2, 1902, to obtain data for studying water power, water supply, and pollution problems.

Big Roche a Cri Creek enters from the west about 5 miles below 

the station. The drainage area above the section is about 5,800 

square miles.

The winters in this region are severe. Ice forms from 1 to 2 feet 

in thickness and lasts for about three months. Part of the river bottom is liable to shift in floods. But few discharge measurements 

have been made since 1906. The 1906 discharge table should not be 

used for later years.

The datum of the chain gage has remained unchanged. The gage 

heights are reliable and accurate.

The gage reader at this station has been paid since April, 1909, by 

the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co., Wausau, Wis.

Discharge measurements of Wisconsin River near Necedah, Wis., in 1910.

Date.

July 20

22

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

210

282

270

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

348

667

R3O

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.10

3.80

4.75

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

543

850

1,800

o Meter was held at mid-depth for velocity reading and a coefficient of 0.92 applied to the result to reduce 

it to the mean velocity of each section. Measurement made by engineers of the Wisconsin Valley 

Improvement Co.

6 Mean velocity obtained in each section by the vertical curve method. Measurement made by engineer employed by D. W. Mead.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wisconsin River near Necedah, Wis., for 1910. 

[M. CoughMn, observer.)

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...... ........

15...............

Jan.

6.8

6.8

Feb.

6.55

6.55

Mar.

6.65

6.8

7.6

Apr.

6.9

7.0

7.0

6.8

6.8

6.45

6.8

8.1

9.1

8.85

8.4

7.95

7.35

7.1

6.75

May.

8.4

7.95

7 tt

7.25

6.65

6.55

6.6

6.45

6.0

6.2

6 0

5.8

5.65

5.5

5.65

June.

6.0

5.95

5.8

5.7

5.6

5.4

5.7

5.15

5.4

5.45

5.3

5.3

5.15

5.3

5.1

July.

4.85

4.5

4.75

4.5

4.1

5.0

5 A

4.4

4.4

4 OK

4.3

4.45

4.45

4.4

4.45

Aug.

4.2

4 75

4 4

4.15

4.25

4.2

4.45

4.1

4.75

4.25

4 4

4.25

4.4

4.55

4.1

Sept.

4.5

4.75

4.7

5.15

5.25

4.6

4.55

4.85

4.8

A. 3*;

4.75

4.9

4 4

5.0

Oct.

4.4

4.5

4.2

5.2

4.6

4.75

A Q

4.7

4.35

5.3

1! ii

4.85

5.0

4.8

4.65

Nov.

4.9

4.9

5.15

5.2

5.3

5.25

4.7

4.65

4.6

4 9

K O

5.25

4.95

4.9

5.25

Dec.

6.0

6.5

5.75

......

'Information in regard to this station prior to 1908 is contained also in Bulletin 20 of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, entitled "Water powers of Wisconsin," by Leonard S Smith
260 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wisconsin River, near Necedah, Wis.,for 1910 Continued.

Day.

16............... 

17...............

18............... 

19

20...............

21............... 

22............... 

23...............

24............... 

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

6.75

"e.'s"

Feb.

.......

6.55

.......

"6."5~"

.......

.......

Mar.

6.8 

7.25

6.55

6.45

6.25 

7.95 

7.55

7.65 

7.8

7.65

7.85 

7.65

7.7 

7.25 

7.0

Apr.

6.7 6 a

6.6

7.75

7.85 

7.8 

7.75

7.55 

7.7

8.0

8.0 

8.2

9.0 

8.85

May.

5.35

H 7

5.3

5.45

6.35 

6.85 

6.65

6.9

7.1

7.1

6.8 

6.75

6.6 

6.45 

6.3

June.

4.9 

4 9

4.7

A QE

4.9

5.1

4.85 

4.8

4^7

4.75

4.8 

4.9

4.75 

4-5

July.

4.55 

4.35

4.7

4.2

4.5 

4.3 

4.6

4.6 

4.1

4.65

4.55 

4.35

4.2 

4.35 

4.5

Aug.

4.5 

4.4

4.2

4.65

4.75 

4.25 

4.55

4.45

4.25

4.45

4.4 

4.3

4.2 

4.7 

4.4

Sept.

5.3 

4.85

4.7

5.1

4.5 

5.1 

4.95

4.85 

4.9

5.7

4.65 

4.6

4.45

4.75

Oct.

4.7 

4.4

5.0

5.0

5.1 

5.1 

4.6

5.5 

4.6

4.55

4.45 

4.6

4.3 

4.35 

4.15

Nov.

4.75 

4.65

4.- 65

4.7

4.7 

5.35 

5.15

4.6 

4.55

4.6

4.95 

4.55

5.25 

4.9

Dec.

""5"5

......

......

5.1

......

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 14, ranging in thickness from 1.2 to 1.6 feet. Ice existed also 

from Dec. 3 to 31, its average thickness being approximately 1 foot.

WAPSIPINICON RIVER. 

GENERAL, FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The drainage basin of Wapsipinicon River lies almost entirely in 

the northwestern part of Iowa. The river rises a few miles north 

of the Minnesota State line in Mower County, flows southeastward, 

and joins the Mississippi along the southern boundary of Clinton 

County, Iowa, about 10 miles below the city of Clinton, Iowa. "The 

length of the river, not following the numerous bends, is about 220 

miles, and the total length by stream course is not far from 300 miles. 

The drainage basin is approximately 185 miles long and 14 miles in 

average width.

The tributaries are all small. The more important are the West, 

Middle, and East branches, which unite above Tripoli in Bremer 

County, and Little Wapsipinicon River and Buffalo Creek, which 

enter from the east.

The basin is underlain by limestones which have been thinly covered 

with glacial drift. The surface of the country is a gently undulating 

prairie, and the valley of the river is narrow with gently sloping sides. 

Near Anamosa the valley is narrow and picturesque; the bed and 

banks are rocky, the banks rising to a good height and in places 

running abruptly up into bluffs.

The elevation of the sources of the river is about 1,250 feet; at 

Independence the elevation is about 900 feet; at Stone City, about 

780 feet; at the mouth the elevation is 560 feet.

The drainage basin contains no forested areas. The mean annual 

rainfall is about 32 inches. The winters are severe, snowfall is heavy, 

and ice forms from 1 to 2 feet in thickness and lasts about three 

months.
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI RXVEE BASINS. 261

Storage sites have not been investigated, but the toporagphy of the 

basin is unfavorable and the high value of the land for farming would 

undoubtedly prohibit the construction of reservoirs.

A number of fair power sites are found along the river, some of 

which have been developed. Conditions are favorable for building 

dams, as the banks are as a rule firm, and rock forms the river bed in 

many places. The geological formation tends to keep the flow of the 

river fairly uniform and steady, as the glacial drift is thin and much 

of the rainfall reaches the river through springs.

WAPSIPINICON RIVER AT STONE CITY, IOWA.

This station is located at Stone City, Iowa, at the highway bridge, 

a short distance above the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway 

bridge. It was established August 19, 1903, to obtain data for use 

in studying water power, water supply, and poUution problems.

Buffalo Creek is tributary about 4 miles below the station.

Discharge measurements are made from the highway bridge to 

which the gage is attached.

Winters are severe; ice forms from 1 to 2 feet in thickness and 

lasts about three months.

The gage readings at this station are furnished by the courtesy of 

Mr. Frank Dearborn.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Wapsipinicon River at Stone City, Iowa, for 1910. 

[Frank Dearborn, observer.]

Day.

1.... ...........

2...............

3............... 

4...............

5............... 

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16............... 

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24............... 

25

26...............

27............... 

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

3.96

3.73

3.69

3.66

.......

Feb.

2.95

3.35

3.97

3.70

.......

Mar.

3.55

4.15

6.05

6.45

7.05

7.70

8.00 

9.05

8.86

9.30

8.85

10.97 

11.30

11.00

10.20

8.92

8.08

7.35

6.90

6.55 

6.18

5.92

5.55 

5.30

4.95

4.57

4.32

Apr.

4.22

4.05

3.95 

3.80

3.82 

4.45

4.52

4.23

4.00

3.85

3.70 

3.62

3.60

3.65

3.78

3.80 

3.88

3.80

3.66

3.59

3.55

3.50

3.53

3.62 

3.55

3.50

3.48 

3.42

3.40

3.37

May.

3.50

3.30

3.40 

3.38

3.33 

3.28

3.20

3.18

3.15

3.15

3.13 

3.10

3.08

3.06

3.05

3.05 

3.25

3.58

3.48

3.36

3.32

3.52

3.80

3.63 

3.70

3.62

3.50 

3.42

3.55

3.65

3.58

June.

3.42

3.40

3.25 

3.22

3.18 

3.15

3.10

3.07

3.08

3.05

3.02 

3.00

3.08

2.95

2.92

2.90 

2.86

2.85

2.82

2.80

2.80

2.78

2.75

2.72 

2.69

2.68

2.82 

2.75

2.68

2.70

July.

2.70

2.70

2.68 

2.65

2.62 

2.62

2.58

2.53

2.52

2.50

2.50 

2.50

2.45

2.45

2.44

2.42 

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.38 

2.35

2.34

2.34 

2.42

2.38

2.33

2.31

Aug.

2.30

2.30

2.30 

2.28

2.28 

2.28

2.25

2.25

2.24

2.22

2.22 

2.20

2.18

2.17

2.15

2.25 

2.22

2.65

2.30

2.25

3.65

2.95

2.73

2.65 

2.62

2.52

2.50 

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

Sept.

2.50

2.44

2.40 

2.40

2.48 

2.54

2.50

2.50

2.54

2.58

2.55 

2.50

2.50

2.58

2.52

2.55 

2.60

2.58

2.54

2.50

2.55

2.50

2.65

2.84 

2.68

2.95

3.22 

2.95

2.94

2.90

Oct.

2.85

2.80

2.84 

2.80

2.73 

2.73

2.70

2.70

2.65

2.65

2.62 

2.62

2.60

2.62

2.60

2.60 

2.58

2.60

2.55

2.58

2.60

2.55

2.52

2.55 

2.60

2.60

2.60 

2.55

2.55

2.55

2.56

Nov.

2.52

2.50

2.48 

2.45

2.45 

2.45

2.42

2.42

2.40

2.40

2.40 

2.40

2.40

2.42

2.42

2.40 

2.45

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.38

2.38

2.35

2.40 

2.42

2.45

2.55 

2.70

2.05

2.10

Dec.

2.15

------

2.32

2.25

2.28

"2." 25

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 5, ranging in thickness from lOinches to 13 inches. Ice also covered 

the river from Dec. 1 to 31, its thickness being about 9 inches.
262 SURFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Wapsipinicon River at Stone City, Iowa, for 1910.

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan. Feb. Mar.

510

495

510

540

580

795

1,850

2,090

2,480

2,910

3,120

3,890

3,740

4,080

3,740

5,490

5,830

5,520

4,820

3,790

2,680

2,380

2,160

i o^ft

1,770

1,550

1,400

1,210

1 '880 000

Apr.

830

745

695

620

630

945

980

835

720

645

570

530

520

545

620

660

550

515

4Q>;

470

485

COft

495

470

460

430

405

May.

470

370

420

410

385

361

326

318

306

306

298

286

279

272

268

268

348

510

460

400

380

480

620

CQE

570

530

470

430

I%AK

510

June.

430

420

348

335

318

306

286

275

279

268

257

250

279

234

224

218

206

204

195

189

189

184

176

167

160

157

195

176

157

162

July.

162

162

157

150

142

142

133

122

119

115

115

115

105

QQ

95

95

95

95

95

95

95

92

86

85

85

99

92

83

80

Aug.

78

78

78

75

75

75

70

70

69

66

66

63

60

59

56

70

66

150

78

70

545

234

' 170

150

142

119

115

115

115

115

115

Sept.

115

103

95

95

111

124

115

115

124

133

126

115

115

133

119

126

137

133

124

115

126

115

150

201

157

234

335

234

231

218

Oct.

204

189

201

189

170

170

162

162

150

150

142

142

137

142

137

137

133

137

126

133

137

126

119

126

137

137

137

126

126

126

128

Nov.

119

115

111

105

105

105

99

99

95

95

95

95

95

99

99

95

105

95

95

95

92

92

86

95

99

105

126

162

45

50

Dec.

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve based on measurements made from 

1904 to 1906, and checked by measurement made in 1911. From Mar. 1 to 5 the discharge was estimated 

because of the presence of ice.

Monthly discharge of Wapsipinicon River at Stone City, Iowa, for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,310 square miles.]

Month.

July....................................

September. .............................

October. ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,830 

980 

620 

430 

162 

545 

335 

204 

162

Minimum.

495 

405 

268 

157 

80 

56 

95 

119 

45

Mean.

2,480 

602 

407 

241 

110 

110 

146 

142 

98.9

Per

square 

mile.

1.91 

.460 

.311 

.184 

.084 

.084 

.111 

.108 

.075

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

2.20 

.51 

.36 

.21 

.10 

.10 

.12 

.12 

.08

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

IOWA RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The drainage basin of Iowa River and its tributary, Cedar River, 

occupies the north-central and southeast-central part of the State of 

Iowa, and parts of Freeborn, Dodge, Steele, and Mower counties in 

southern Minnesota. The river rises in the northern part of Hancock
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVEB BASINS. 263

County, Iowa, flows southeastward, and joins Mississippi River in the 

southeastern part of Louisa County. The length of Iowa River is 

about 270 miles, not following the bends. The total drainage area is 

about 12,400 square miles.

Cedar River, which is called a tributary of the Iowa, although its 

drainage area above their junction is much the larger, rises in the 

southern part of Dodge County, in southern Minnesota, flows southeastward into Iowa, and continues in that direction until it reaches 

Moscow, in the northern part of Muscatine County, where it makes 

an abrupt turn to the southwest and joins the Iowa in Louisa County. 

The river is about 260 miles long, not following the bends. In its 

upper course it is called Red Cedar River. The drainage area above 

its mouth is about 7,600 square miles. It is the only important 

tributary of the Iowa. The principal tributaries of Cedar River are 

Little Cedar, Shell Rock, and West Fork of Red Cedar rivers, all of 

which are tributary above Waterloo.

The drainage basin of Iowa River proper is long and narrow. The 

river rises in a broad, flat, or slightly undulating drift region, and the 

first rock exposed in its valley is the limestone that forms the rocky 

banks of the stream in the southwestern corner of Franklin County; 

from this point to its confluence with the Cedar, the river crosses a 

succession of sedimentary rocks. The drift which covers this region 

is well supplied with springs which help maintain the flow of the 

stream. The surface of the surrounding country is a gently undulating prairie.

The area is thinly covered with glacial drift underlain by limestone, which is exposed at many places along the main stream and 

its tributaries. The valleys of the upper tributaries are narrow, with 

gently sloping sides; below the mouth of the Shell Rock the valley is 

broad and shallow and is separated from the uplands by distinctly 

defined borders. The surface of the country is a gently undulating 

prairie, apparently level in some sections. The upper basin is about 

50 miles wide, but the lower is much narrower, and at one point below 

Cedar Rapids it measures only 8 or 9 miles across.

At the headwaters of both Iowa and Cedar rivers are a few lakes, 

ranging in area from 2 to 10 square miles.

The elevation of the sources of Iowa River is about 1,250 feet above 

.sea level; at Iowa City the elevation is 670 feet; at the mouth of the 

Cedar it is 565 feet, and at the junction with the Mississippi the elevation is about 522 feet. The elevation of the sources of Cedar River 

is about 1,300 feet; at Waterloo about 820 feet; at Cedar Rapids 

about 725 feet, and at the mouth about 565 feet.

The basin contains no large forested areas. The mean annual rainfall is about 32 inches. The winters are severe, especially in the
264 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

upper part of the basin. The fall of snow is comparatively heavy, 

and ice forms to considerable thickness on the streams and lasts for 

three to four months.

It may be possible to make storage reservoirs at the lakes at the 

headwaters of both Cedar and Iowa rivers, but the overflow damages 

would undoubtedly prohibit their construction.

Iowa and Cedar rivers are by far the most important streams in 

Iowa for water power. Power sites of small head are numerous, and 

a number of them have been developed. Those on Cedar River are 

more important than those on the Iowa. The numerous rock outcrops furnish good foundations for dams. The flow of the streams 

is sustained by numerous springs, but during long-continued droughts 

the flow becomes very low.

CEDAR RIVER NEAR AUSTIN, MINN.

This station, which is located just below the Red Cedar mill dam, 

2 miles below Austin, in sec. 15, T. 102 N., R. 18 W., was established 

May 29, 1909, for the purpose of determining the amount of water 

power available on Cedar River.

The nearest tributary, Turtle Creek, enters the Cedar 1 mile above 

the station.

Immediately above the station is the power plant known as Red 

Cedar Mill. During the low-water season the water is drawn down 

below the crest of the dam by the end of the 10 or 12 hour run, and 

after the turbine is closed the water is held back for several hours 

before it has risen sufficiently to flow over the crest. Consequently 

the stage of the river changes considerably during each 24 hours. 

In order to get a mean gage height the gage is read five times daily, 

as follows: Before the turbine is started in the morning, one hour 

after starting, at noon, just before shutting. down the turbine at 

night, and half an hour later.

Observations are little affected by ice during the winter months, 

as the gage is placed near the tailrace of the mill where the river 

remains open for the most part. A measurement made during 

February, 1910, gave a result 20 per cent smaller than was indicated 

by the open channel curve, but it is probable that this discrepancy 

was largely due to the freezing of the meter, owing to the manner of 

making the measurement. The winter flow has been computed by 

reducing the open-season rating 10 per cent.

Since the establishment of the station the datum of the staff gage 

has remained unchanged.

The natural conditions of flow at this point are excellent, and as 

there is a favorable measuring section at the highway bridge 100 

yards below the gage, excellent results would be obtained were it not
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 265

for the uncertainty in mean daily gage height resulting from the controlled flow. The system of five daily readings should, however, 

give the mean with a good degree of accuracy.

Discharge measurements of Cedar River near Awtin, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

May 29

June 18

18

July 14

Aug. 24

1910. 

Feb. 9

Mar. 12

Apr. 28

July 18

Hydrographer.

J.C.Hoyt... ..............................................

G. A. Gray . . ..............................................

C. B. Gibson... ...........................................

G. A. Gray ................................................

Robert Follansbee.. . ......................................

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do......................................................

Width.

Feet. 

107

111

111

108

113

99

125

110

108

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

136

172

147

94.5

164

102

475

113

100

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.48

4.85

4.85

3.90

4.67

4.62

6.92

4.27

4.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

128

218

231

48.6

189

o!30

1,110

85.6

49.6

. a Probably affected by meter freezing.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cedar River near Austin, Minn., for 1910. 

[James C. King, observer.]

Day.

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

4.73

3.92

4.57

4.49

4.55

4.67

4.54

4.54

4.38

4.48

4.46

4.43

4.41

4.29

4.41

4.30

4.52

4.38

4.34

4.36

4.36

4.35

4 28

4.34

4.34

4.37

4.33

4.32

4.32 

4.15

4.39

Feb.

4.38

4.44

4.43

4.30

4.34

4.04

4.42

4.36

4.25

4.30

4.32

4.37

4.13

4.39

4.38

4.36

4.32

4.26

4.31

4.17

4.34

4.23

4.34

4.25

4.10

4.22

4.02

4.26

Mar.

4.25

4.30

4.42

4.42

4.74

5.33

6.48

7.37

7.44

6.90

6.93

7.00

8.66

8.09

7.14

6.44

6.02

5.75

5.78

5.83

5. 79

5.60

5.37

5.30

5.17

5.09

4.92

4.83

4.77 

4.75

4.62

Apr.

4.64

4.58

4.44

4.56

4.48

4.47

4.44

4.43

4.32

4.09

4.26

4.26

4.28

4.28

4.28

4.28

4.16

4.38

4.32

4.25

4.28

4.31

4.12

4.11

4.37

4.24

4.17

4.20

4.22 

4.21

May.

4.10

4.15

4.14

4.16

4.03

4.10

4.10

4.08

4.07

4.20

4.10

4.02

4.08

4.04

3.64

4.15

4.38

4.12

4.20

4.26

4.28

4.27

4.20

4.32

4.21

3.80

4.17

4.12

4.09 

4.01

4.18

June.

4.18

4.11

4.08

4.11

3.53

3.96

4.09

4.08

3.95

4.04

4.16

3.80

4.10

4.06

4.06

4.06

4.06

4.04

3.69

4.00

4.04

3.83

3.85

3.90

3.93

3.93

3.96

3.95

4.11 

4.06

July.

4.04

4.08

3.65

3.68

4.04

4.05

4.00

3.82

4.00

3.92

3.94

4.08

4.11

4.10

4.18

3.94

3.81

4.02

3.94

4.28

4.06

4.05

4.02

3.73

4.02

4.02

3.98

3.98

3.59 

3.90

3.67

Aug.

4.06

3.96

4.12

4.00

3.83

4.06

3.46

4.00

4.00

3.52

4.02

4.02

4.02

3.50

4.01

4.06

4.03

4.00

4.01

4.04

3.78

4.01

4.04

4.04

4.03

4.02

4.03

3.75

4.06 

4.06

4.00

Sept.

4.06

4.06

4.04

3.64

4.02

4.10

4.04

4.07

4.06

4.02

3.60

4.07

4.04

4.00

3.98

4.00

4.00

3.51

4.05

4.02

4.00

4.02

4.02

4.02

3.49

4.01

4.01

4.03

4.02 

3.99

Oct.

3.97

3.67

4.08

4.00

4.00

3.99

4.00

4.00

3.48

4.10

4.00

3.80

4.02

4.01

4.00

3.53

4.10

4.04

4.08

4.00

4.04

4.00

3.63

4.08

3.80

4.06

4.00

3.96

3.98 

3.92

4.08

Nov.

4.10

4.06

4.02

4.00

4.04

3.42

4.01

4.00

4.01

4.04

4.06

3.41

3.43

4.02

4.02

3.61

4.08

4.01

4.01

3.50

4.28

4.25

3.49

3.72

4.32

4.24

3.44

4.01

4.00 

3.44

Dec.

3.46

4.30

4.00

3.45

4.03

3.46

4.16

4.06

3.41

4.00

3.45

4.02

4.01

4.01

3.41

4.02

4.00

3.45

4.06

4.08

3.41

3.49

4.08

4.04

3.49

3.67

4.07

4.06

3.98 

3.43

4.08
266 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily disc/large, in second-feet, of Cedar River near Austin, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9.-.--..........

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28. ..............

29...............

30...............

31...............

1910. 

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

169

40

132

115

128

132

125

125

95

113

109

104

100

81

100

82

121

95

88

92

92

90

79

88

88

93

87

85

85

62

96

Feb.

95

106

104

82

88

52

102

92

75

82

85

93

60

96

95

92

85

76

84

65

88

72

88

75

57

71

50

76

Mar.

75

82

102

102

192

380

890

1,360

1,400

1,110

1,120

1,160

2,070

1,760

1,240

869

664

544

557

578

561

482

394

369

325

299

245

218

201

195

160

Apr.

165

150

119

146

128

126

119

117

96

62

86

86

89

89

89

89

71

107

96

84

89

94

66

64

105

82

72

76

79

78

May.

96

103

245

63

70

68

71

55

63

63

61

60

76

63

54

61

56

28

70

107

66

76

86

89

87

76

96

78

37

72

66

62

53

73

June.

163

146

146

289

309

309

322

302

362

302

251

184

132

302

459

248

248

195

144

84

132

84

92

84

144

168

600

678

462

309

73

64

61

64

23

49

62

61

48

56

71

37

63

59

59

59

59

56

30

52

56

39

40

44

46

44

49

48

64

59

July.

181

155

111

84

92

111

96

92

58

111

58

70

38

75

47

40

43

40

48

58

38

46

43

43

46

43

44

41

40

37

43

56

61

28

30

56

58

52

38

52

46

47

61

64

63

73

47

38

54

47

89

59

58

54

33

54

54

50

50

26

44

30

Aug.

36

73

62

46

47

18

37

15

34

40

49

70

155

1,880

2,830

1,930

1,380

1,070

702

474

335

206

195

144

103

122

102

100

51

75

79

59

49

66

52

39

59

20

52

52

23

54

54

54

22

53

59

55

52

53

56

36

53

56

56

55

54

55

34

59

59

52

Sept.

76

70

76

70

48

76

70

63

70

52

58

48

84

144

155

155

122

111

48

63

70

63

92

92

84

58

76

70

70

70

59

59

56

28

54

63

56

60

59

54

26

60

56

52

50

52

52

22

58

54

52

54

54

54

22

53

53

55

54

51

Oct.

70

70

40

48

52

58

63

63

63

63

92

84

122

84

76

76

63

84

63

92

92

102

102

48

70

111

76

44

48

48

34

49

28

61

52

52

51

52

52

21

63

52

37

54

53

52

23

63

56

61

52

56

52

28

61

37

59

52

49

50

46

61

Nov.

122

502

443

302

209

144

132

76

92

76

239

774

1,540

5,230

3,740

2,230

1,320

900

632

565

678

678

523

523

443

750

2,890

2,120

1,270

774

63

59

54

52

56

19

53

52

53

56

59

18

19

54

54

26

61

53

53

22

89

84

22

32

96

82

20

53

52

20

Dec.

632

632

849

926

424

352

318

254

132

168

138

117

138

138

128

117

117

108

98

150

98

117

161

98

68

68

98

161

161

108

108

16

82

48

16

50

16

64

53

14

48

16

50

40

49

14

50

48

16

63

55

14

18

55

52

18

28

54

53

46

15

55

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 267

Monthly discharge of Cedar River near Austin, Mirin.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 425 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

June. ...................................

July...................... .............

October. ................................

1910. 

January .................................

April. ..................................

May............ .......................

July....................................

September. .............................

The year

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

678 

181 

2,830 

155 

122 

5,230 

926

169 

106 

2,070 

165 

107 

73 

73 

66 

63 

63 

96 

82

2,070

Minimum.

84 

37 

15 

48 

34 

76 

68

40 

50 

75 

64 

28 

23 

26 

20 

22 

23 

18 

14

14

Mean.

255 

66.8 

402 

80.1 

71.0 

997 

232

99.7 

81.6 

636 

97.3 

67.9 

53.2 

50.7 

50.1 

51.1 

49.5 

49.5 

39.2

110

Per 

square 

mile.

0.600 

.157 

.946 

.188 

.167 

2.35 

.546

.235 

.192 

1.50 

.229 

.160 

.125 

.119 

.118 

.120 

.116 

.116 

.092

.260

Kun-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.67 

.18 

1.09 

.21 

.19 

2.62 

.63

.27 

.20 

1.73 

.26 

.18 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.11

3.56

Accuracy.

B. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

B.

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

DES MOINES RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Des Moines River rises in the southern part of Minnesota, flows to 

the south and southeast diagonally across the State of Iowa, and 

enters the Mississippi near Keokuk, Iowa. Its principal tributaries 

are East Fork, which enters near Dakotah, in Humboldt County, 

and Raccoon River, which joins the main stream at Des Moines.

The total drainage area is 14,700 square miles. The area draining 

in above the Minnesota-Iowa line is 1,220 square miles; above the 

mouth of the Raccoon, 6,460 square miles. The drainage area of the 

Raccoon is 3,680 square miles.

The Des Moines throughout its course flows in a well-defined 

valley eroded for the most part in the glacial drift which covers the 

entire drainage basin. The depth of the valley increases from 50 to 

150 feet, with a width of one-third to two-thirds of a mile between 

the top of the bluffs along the river. The entire area is within the 

prairie region and the only timber is found on the borders of the 

numerous lakes in the upper part of the basin or along the larger 

streams.

The annual rainfall is about 30 inches. From December to March 

the streams are frozen over entirely with ice 1 foot or more in 

thickness.
268 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The Des Moines affords many sites for the development of water 

power. The lakes in the upper part of the basin aid in regulating 

the stream flow.

DES MOINES RIVER AT JACKSON, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge half a mile 

below the dam at Jackson, was established May 31, 1909, because of 

the power available on Des Moines River and also as part of the 

general plan for investigating the water resources of Minnesota.

The nearest tributary is a small stream that enters from the west 

at a point 300 feet below the station.

At the dam half a mile above the station is a power plant which 

develops 35 horsepower under a head of 6| feet. The plant operates 

only six hours per day on the average, but thus far the morning and 

evening gage heights do not show any appreciable change in the 

stage of the river, owing to water being held back in low-water season 

after the turbines have been shut down.

From December to March observations are discontinued because 

of ice.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the station 

was .established. Conditions are favorable for good results and the 

records of flow should be reliable.

Discharge measurements of Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn., in 1910.

Date.

Apr. 30

July 19

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet.

77

70

Area of

section.

Sq.ft.

148

52.0

height.

Feet. 

3.95

2.70

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

167

31.3

Daily gage height, in feet, of Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn., for 1910. 

[Albert Strobel, observer.]

Day.

1...........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

Mar.

6.68

7.18

7.30

7 79

7.52

Apr.

4.72

4.66

4.60

4.59

4.50

4.39

4.24

4.29

4.28

4.21

4.16

4.10

4.05

4.00

4.01

May.

3.84

3.79

3.79

3.69

3.69

3.68

3.65

3.60

3.59

3.49

3.51

3.50

3.51

3.44

3.40

June.

3.08

2.91

2.94

3.02

2.82

2.75

2.78

2.78

3.00

3.62

3.85

3.75

3.54

3.45

3.12

July.

2.86

3.01

2.81

2.79

2.78

2.78

2.74

2.70

2.72

2.78

2.82

2.72

2 79

2.85

Aug.

2.65

2.64

2.61

2.61

2.59

2.59

2.61

2.61

2.61

2.62

O fil

2.60

2.62

2.62

Sept.

2.60

2.60

2.58

2.60

2.60

2.59

2.58

2.56

2.66

2.65

2 CO

2.60

2.70

2.60

2.60

Oct.

2.71

2.60

2.68

2.58

2.58

2 fil

2.62

2.58

2.58

2 CO

2.54

2 fin

2.80

2

7K

2.59

Nov.

2.6'

2.75

2 7

2

7f

2 fit

2.6(

2.7(

2.5S

2 5C

2 7?

2.75

2

7P

2.6J

2.61
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 269 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn., for 1910 Continued.

Day.

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

6 64

6.30

6.36

6.16

6.06

n 05

5.88

5 79

<; AR

5.32

5 99

5 19

5.02

4.92

4.82

Apr.

3 Q4

3

QQ

3

QE

3 7A

4.02

4.00

4.04

3 no

3.84

3.84

4.08

4 19

A f\A

4.02

3.94

May.

3.30

3 M\

3.46

3

A.1

3.30

3

OA

3.25

3 1 A.

3.12

3.16

3.06

3 1 A.

3 AC

3 ft4.

2.94

2.98

June.

3.21

3 11

3.15

3 no

2.98

9 08

2.90

2.88

2.88

2.80

2.95

3 9/1

2 Oft

2.98

2.86

July.

9 7Q

2.72

2 7ft

2.72

2.75

2.76

2 7fi

2.85

2.69

2 fifi

9 fi9

2.65

2.65

2.65

Aug.

9 ff*

2 64

2.66

2 fid.

2.62

2.61

2.60

9 ^Q

2.60

2.60

2.60

9 fift

9 fift

2.60

2.58

2.58

Sept.

2.72

2 7ft

2 7ft

2.58

2.52

2.55

2.55

2

cn

2.55

2.55

2.65

O 7ft

2.72

2.68

2.65

Oct.

2.58

2 AO

2.58

2 nl

9 tt

9 <;<;

2.68

2 71

2.66

2.65

2.68

9 fift

2.69

2.65

2.58

2.66

Nov.

2 AA

2.60

2 CO

2.58

2 an

2 fift

2.72

2 fi/1

2 7ft

2.72

9 7ft

2 70

9 7fi

9 fift

2.70

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 10 and from Dec. 1 to 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10................ ..........

11...........................

12..........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

01

Mar.

777

909

941

1,070

1,000

766

678

694

642

616

588

570

532

505

468

439

417

395

374

353

332

Apr.

311

299

286

284

265

243

215

224

222

209

200

189

180

172

174

162

169

164

130

175

172

179

158

145

145

186

193

179

175

162

May.

145

138

138

122

122

121

116

109

108

94

96

95

96

87

82

71

82

90

83

71

75

66

57

56

59

51

57

53

50

43

46

June.

53

42

43

48

37

34

V)

35

47

112

147

132

101

88

56

63

55

58

48

46

46

41

40

40

36

44

62

46

46

39

July.

39

48

36

36

35

35

33

31

32

31

35

37

32

32

38

36

34

32

31

32

34

34

34

32

38

31

29

28

29

29

29

Aug.

29

29

27

27

27

27

27

27

27

28

27

27

28

29

28

29

29

29

29

28

27

27

27

27

27

27

27

27

27

26

26

Sept.

27

27

26

27

27

27

26

25

29

29

24

27

31

27

27

32

31

31

26

24

25

25

23

25

25

29

31

32

30

29

Oct.

32

27

30

26

26

29

28

26

26

26

25

27

36

33

27

26

30

26

23

25

25

30

33

29

29

30

30

31

29

26

25

Nov.

29

35

35

34

32

27

27

31

26

25

35

32

34

30

29

27

27

26

26

27

30

32

27

35

32

31

31

34

30

31

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve.
270 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,160 square miles.]

Month.

March (11-31) ...........................

April.... ................................

May.....................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,070 

311 

145 

147 

48 

29 

32 

36 

35

Minimum.

332 

130 

43 

32

28 

26 

23 

23

26

Mean.

622 

199 

86.4 

57.2 

33.6 

27.5 

27.5 

28.1 

30.2

Per 

square 

mile.

0.536 

.172 

.074 

.049 

.029 

.024 

.024 

.024 

.026

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.42 

.19 

.09 

.05 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.03

Accuracy.

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

ILLINOIS RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Illinois River enters the Mississippi from the east about 24 miles 

above the mouth of the Missouri. Its drainage area, comprising 

29,000 square miles, is distributed among three States Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana; 24,700 square miles are in Illinois, extending in a 

broad band 250 miles long and 100 miles in average width directly 

across the center of the State in a northeast-southwest direction; 

1,080 square miles are in Wisconsin, extending north from the Illinois 

area; and 3,220 square miles are in Indiana, projecting east from the 

same area. The eastern projection is the basin of Kankakee River; 

the northern one contains the basins of Fox and Des Plaines rivers. 

The name Illinois is applied to the river from the junction of the 

Kankakee and Des Plaines.

The region drained by the Illinois is level or undulating, and includes 

some of the finest agricultural land in the United States. Many large 

and prosperous cities are situated within it, and it is covered with a 

network of railroads.

The drainage into the Illinois is rather evenly distributed along its 

course. The more important tributaries are Fox and Spoon rivers 

from the west, and the Vermilion and Sangamon from the east.

SANGAMON RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The drainage basin of Sangamon River lies wholly within the State 

of Illinois, very nearly in the center of the State. The river rises in 

the southwestern part of Ford County, flows southwestward to 

Decatur, in Macon County, thence westward to a point near Springfield, northwestward to its junction with Salt Creek at the northern 

boundary line of Menard County, and westward to its junction with
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 271

x

Illinois River at the northern boundary of Cass County. Springfield 

is about 20 miles southwest of the center of the basin, which is roughly 

a right triangle in shape, with the mouth of the river opposite the vertical. The river is about 180 miles long, not including bends. The 

total drainage area is 5,410 square miles. The principal tributaries 

are Salt Creek and South Fork.

The eastern third of the area is somewhat undulating and elevated; the rest is a level prairie. The soil is a very fertile, rich, 

black loam, especially adapted for raising corn. There are coal 

mines in the vicinity of Springfield. The bed and banks of the river 

are soft and insecure. The slope of the river is small. The elevation of its source is about 700 feet above sea level and that of its 

mouth is about 430 feet. The only timber in this drainage basin is in 

small groves or along the river banks.

The annual rainfall is about 37 inches. The winters are mild. Ice 

forms to some extent, and during severe winters attains considerable 

thickness.

The basin contains many swamp areas and is so level and low that 

little ground storage is available. High water follows every heavy 

rain, floods are of frequent occurrence and considerable duration, and 

as the banks of the river are low large areas are flooded. The drainage 

of the swamps and the opening up of channels so that flood v aters 

may have an opportunity of returning quickly to the main stream 

makes the study of flood control and drainage of considerable importance. In some places short sections of the main stream are being 

straightened in an effort to provide a better channel so that floods 

will quickly drain off the adjacent land. Such work is of doubtful 

value, for in a few years at the most the river will return to its former 

channel or make new channels in order to keep in equilibrium. Any 

improvement of this kind should take into account the stream as a 

whole and should be begun at the lower end.

On account of the low slope, floods, low water, and lack of suitable 

foundations for dams, opportunities for development of water power 

are lacking.

SANGAMON RIVER NEAR MONTICELLO, ILL.

This station, which is located at the Illinois Central Railroad 

bridge about half a mile west of Monticello, 111., was established 

February 4, 1908, for the purpose of collecting data to be used in 

studying drainage, water-supply, and flood-control problems.

No important tributaries enter near the station. The principal 

tributaries below the station are the South Fork of the Sangamon 

River and Salt Creek.

The relation between gage heights and discharge is somewhat 

affected by ice during portions of December, January, and February.
272 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Discharge measurements are made from the railroad bridge and a 

trestle approach on the left bank.

The datum of the chain gage has not been changed; the records 

are reliable and accurate.

Discharge measurements of Sangamon River at Monticello, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar 11

11

May 14

27

28

Dec. 28

Hydrographer.

M. E. McChristie ..........................................

.....do....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

P. S. Monk....................... .........................

Width.

Feet. 

140

140

161

152

144

147

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

491

489

1,010

773

670

659

&,

Feet. 

5.38

5.38

8.86

7.46

6.74

o6.92

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

389

391

1,200

767

634

518

a Ice present.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Sangamon River near Monticello, III., for 1910. 

[Martin Doyle, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3. ...........---

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8............... 

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15............... 

16...............

17............... 

18...............

19...............

20...............

ft. ..............

22. ..............

23............... 

24. ..............

25...............

26............... 

27...............

28............... 

29............... 

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

3.1

3.3

3.35

3.35

3.35

3.35

3.35

3.25

3.1

3.1

3.15

5.6

8.35

8.7

7.7 

9.5

9 7

10.0

10.2

10.2

"9." 65"

8 7

7.7 

7.3

7.2 

7.25

5.85 

5.85

Feb.

5.7

5.4

5.9

6.1

6.2

5.15

5.0 

5.2

4.8

4.6

4.1

4.25

4.3 

4.3

3.6 

4.3

4 9

4 0

4 0

4.0

3.9

3.8

3.6

3.95

9.45

Mar.

9.0

8.5

7.4

6.6

6.5

6.9

6.7 

6.2

5.75

5.4

5.2

4

0

4.6 

4.45

4.3 

4.25

A IK.

4.0

3.85 

3.8

3 7

3.7

3.7

3.6 

3.6

Apr.

3.35

3.3

3.35

3

0C

3.4

3.3

3.25 

3.15

3.1

3.1

3.05

3.0

3.0 

3.05

3.2"

3.2

3.15

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.2 

3.25

3.4 

3.75 

3.7

May.

3.75

4.0

4.2

4 0

3.7

~~4."3"

4.3

4.3

4.4

4.45

4.3

3.95

3.8 

3.7

3.6

3.65

3.75

7.2

8.85

9 45

9.15

7.3

6.8 "e.'i"

6.7

June.

6.3

5.6

5.2

4.9

4.45

4.25

4.0 

3.6

3.8

3.65

3.4

3.3

3.2 

3.1

3.05 

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.6 

2.6

2.5

"4."6"

6.45 

5.6 

4.6

July.

4.05

3.7

3.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

2.85 

2.75

2.6

2.7

2.95

3.6

3.3 

3.15

"2~8"

2 RK

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.35

9 9

2.2 

2.15

2.15 

2.4 

2.3

Aug.

2.1

2.05

2.0

9 n

1.95

1.95

1 Qfi

1.9

1 Q

1.9

1.9

1.85 

2.7

2.8 

3.4

3 A

2.2

2.2 

2.3

2

1 e

2.05 

2.0

"2~6" 

2.0 

2.0

Sept.

2.05

2.05

2.0

9 n

3.6

4 45

6.0 

5.6

3.2

3.0

3.6

3.2 

2.95

2.75

9 *\

2.5

2 A

2.35

"2.T'

2.5 

2.65

2.6 

2.5 

2.5

Oct.

2.4

2.35

2.4

2.4

2.8

3.55

3.4

3.0

2.85

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.55

2.55

2.45

2.4

9 A.

2.4

2.4

"2.~3"

2.35

2.3 

2.3

2.3 

2.3

"2." 25 ~

Nov.

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.2

2.15

2.15

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2 

2.2

9 9

2.2

2.15 

2; 15

2 9

2.2

2.5 

2.4 

2.2

Dec.

2.2

2.2

2.2

9 9

2.2

2.15

2.15 

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.05

9 ft

2.05 

2.0

2.0

9 1

2 A

2 A

2.1 

2.0

2.05 

2.05

7.35 

7.8 

5.4 

5.1

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to 17, ranging in thickness from 7 to 9 inches. Also ice from Feb. 17 to 

28 and from Dec. 1 to 28. Gage read to top of ice for Jan. 1 to 17 and Feb. 17 to 28.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEE, BASINS. 273

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sangamon River near Monticello, III., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30........... ...

31...............

Jan.

«30

40

45

45

45

45

45

40

35

30

30

35

429

1,020

1,130

988

846

1,510

1,660

1,920

2,120

2,120

1,870

1,620

1,130

S4fi

756

735

74fi

476

476

Feb.

44S

009

486

524

543

445

S47

320

qco

284

252

192

201

208

208

128

c208

302

170

170

170

,159

148

128

164

638

1,480

Mar.

1,240

1,070

777

619

600

638

676

638

KAV

458

392

356

320

252

229

208

201

188

179

170

164

154

148

138

138

138

138

128

128

121

Apr,

IfU

QQ

104

108

QQ

QA

86

84

82

82

78

74

74

78

84

Qft

90

86

82

82

82

82

82

90

94

108

143

138

May.

140

143

170

170

138

160 loo

208

208

208

222

229

OAQ

186

164

148

IOQ

133

143

439

735

1,190

1,480

I OAA

756

657

fi9Q

581

638

June.

562

429

356

OAO

266

229

201

170 -IOQ

 tAQ

133

108

QQ

on

82

78

74

66

58

54

50

43

43

37

IfU

170

590

252

July.

176 too

99

on

82

74

62

54

48

43

50

70

QQ

86

72

CO

4fi

37

34

31

28

24

20

20

18

18

31

25

22

Aug.

ID

15-iq

1111

10

10

10

10

8

50

58

Iftft

74

V7

28

20

20

25

18

-10

11

11

11

11

11

Sept.

13-iq

11

11

11

128

OOQ

CrtS

429

9fts

149

90

74

on

70

54

46

37

37

31

28

30

31

34

37

46

43

37

37

Oct.

31

^n

OQ

S1

31

58

123

108

91

74

62

58

50

43

40

40

40

S4

31

31

31

31

28

25

28

25

25

25

25

24

22

Nov.

99

99

99

99

99

22

09

00

99

20

IS

1ft

19

OA

20

20

20

OA

9ft

20

20

18

1ft

18

20

20

28

37

31

20

Dec.

618

is

 10

is

is

18

16

16

15

14

13

12

9

7

7

7

10

7

7

8

10

7

8

8

g

766

870

392

338

« Daily discharge from Jan. 1 to 12 estimated, on account of presence of ice.

b Discharge from Dec. 1 to 27 has been partly estimated, on account of presence of ice in river.

c From Feb. 18 to 28 the daily discharge may be somewhat large on account of presence of ice.

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a rating curve well defined by measurements made in 1908,1909, 

and 1910.

Monthly discharge of Sangamon River near Monticello, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 550 square miles.]

Month.

Mav.. ..................................

July....................................

November

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,120 

1,480 

1,240 

143 

1,480 

590 

176 

108 

505 

123 

37 

870

2,120

Minimum.

128 

121 

74 

128 

37 

18 

7 

11 

22 

18 

7

7

Mean.

738 

330 

369 

92.8 

388 

182 

61.3 

21.3 

89.6 

42.7 

21.4 

86.5

202

Per 

square 

mile.

1.32 

.600 

.671 

.169 

.705 

.331 

.112 

.039 

.163 

.078 

.039 

.157

.349

Run-off 

C depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.52 

.62 

.77 

.19 

.81 

.37 

.13 

.04 

.18 

.09 

.04 

.18

4.94

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

 A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

SANGAMON RIVER AT RIVERTON, ILL.

This station, which is located on the Wabash Railroad bridge about 

one-fourth mile west of the depot at Riverton, 111., was established 

February 13, 1908, to obtain data to be used in the study of drainage 

and flood control problems. 

21502° WSP 285 12 18
274 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The South Fork joins the Sangamon 2 or 3 miles above the station. 

Salt Creek and Crane Creek are tributaries below the station.

Relation between gage heights and discharge is slightly affected by 

ice during a portion of December, January, and February.

Discharge measurements are made from the railroad bridge, to 

which the chain gage is attached.

The datum of the gage has not been changed. The records are 

reliable and accurate.

The high water of 1883 reached a height representing approximately 32 feet on the present gage; the high water of 1875 is said to 

have been about one-half foot lower.

Discharge measurements of Sangamon River at Riverton, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 16

May 16

20

31

Dec. 23

24

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

P. S.Monk. ...............................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

179

212

184

222

200

146

140

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,190

2,100

1,320

2,350

1,790

634

476

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

11.88

16.47

12.83

17.54

15.02

a is

7.82

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,220

3,320

1,510

3,750

2,520

228

167

Daily gage height, infect, of Sangamon River at Riverton, III., for 1910. 

[J. H. Steele, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15. ..............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

10.0

10.0

10.1

10.5

10.5

10.25

in 9

10.3

10.5

10.4

10.1

10.8

14.5

1 5 Q

16.2

16.0

18.4

20 2

21.2

21.0

21.0

20.7

20.3

19.8

19 1

ias

17.0 

15.6

145

Feb.

13.8

13.3

13.0

19 Q

12.85

12.8

19 7

12,6

12.4

12.1

19 n

n

o

11.7

11.2

11.1

11.2

10.7

9.8

in 9

10.7

10.8

10.5

10.55

10.3

10.1

10.4

100

15.9

Mar.

17.4

18.1

18.5

19 0

19.3

19.0 iai

17.1

16.0

15.1

14 2

13.6

13.0

12.6

12.0

11.8

11.5

11.4

11.2

11.1

11.0

10 9

10.8

10.7

10.5

10.4

in *

10.3 

10.3

10.1

Apr.

10.0

Q Qt\

Q n

9 0

10.2

10.4

10.6

10.4

in 9

10.0

Q Q

9

0

9 7

9 6

9 6

9

K

10.05

10 4

11.0

11.05

10.7

10.45

in 9

10.0

9 9

9 9

10.05

10.4

10.5 

10.65

May.

10.6

10.45

10.8

14.6

15.15

14.6

13.95

13.9

14.5

\A KK

14.5

16.75 iao

17.8

17.0

16.6

15.6

14.8

13.6

12 9

12.6

10 9

14.25

17.8

19.5

20.05

on 9

19 9

19.6 

19.2

18.1

June.

16.55

15.1

14.2

13.5

12.9

12.7

12.5

19 1

11.7

19 n

10 i

11.6

11.0

10.65

10.5

10.4

10.3

10.0

9

0

9 7

9 6

9.3

9.2

9 1

9 1

in 9

14.8

14.7 

13.4

July.

12.7

U Q

11.1

10.7

11.6

12.2

11.5

11.6

10 9

10.1

9 7

9

p,

10.2

10.4

11.0

12.5

14.7

13.8

12.6

11.4

10.5

9 95

9

c

9 3

9 1

8.9

o 7

ae

8.55 

8.5

9 0

Aug.

9.2

8.8

8.6

8.4

8.25

8.1

a ft

7 Q

ao

7 Q

7 Q

7.75

7.7

7.65

7.55

7.7

7 7^

7 9

10.0

9 65

9 q

9.85

9.8

9 8

9.85

9.6

Q QC

8.6

8.2 

7.95

7 9

Sept.

8.55

8.2

7.8

7.85

7.8

7 7>;

o n

8.5

11.15

11.4

U fK

11.7

11.2

10.35

Q t\

8.85

8.7

8.5

8.35 a2

8.05

Q f\

7 9

7 Qf\

a4

a 45

a 45

9.15

9.0

S Q

Oct.

8.75

8.7

8.45

8.6

8.6

8.85

9 7

9 9

10.55

10.25

9

n

9.45

9.2

8.95

8.85

8.7

8.55

8.5

8.35

8.25

8.3

8.15

8.3

8.35

a 25

Q 0

Q OK

8.3 

8.15

Nov.

8.1

8.05

8.1

7 Qfi

7.95

8.0

7.95

8.0

ao

7.95

7.95

7.95

7 Qfi

8.0

7 95

7.75

7.45

7.45

7.4

7.35

7.35

7.35

7.35

7.4

7.35

7.35

7.85

13.25

13.8 

13.35

Dec.

12.25

12.25

12.25

12.0

11.15

9.85

9

KK

a 65

8.9

a 75

8.55

8.45

a 35

8.4

8.25

a-25

a 25

a 25

as

8.15

7.85

7.8

7 95

7 9

7.9

7.9

7 9

8.2

13.4 

15.7

15.2

NOTE. Practically no ice present at this station during 1910 except during the first few days of January.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI EIVEB BASINS. 275 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sangamon River at Riverton, III., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17.......... ....

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29..............

30...............

31..........

Jan.

300

4fifl

cnn

760

760

680

665

665

696

760

728

634

856

2,380

3,140

3,320

3,200

4,620

6,020

6,870

7,020

6,820

6,820

6,520

6,120

5 ("Of)

5,120

4,690

3,780

2 QQ/1

Feb.

2,000

1,790

1,660

1,620

1 600

1,580

1 540

1,500

1,420

1,310

1,280

1,200

1,170

oon

955

990

824

542

665

824

856

760

776

CQC

634

79S

1 7Vl

3 l4fl

Mar.

4,010

4,430

4,690

5

f\Af\

5,260

5

t)An

4 430

3 840

3' 200

2 7fift

2,210

1,920

1,660

1,500

1,350

1,280

1,200

1,100

1,060

QQA

QKK

920

888

QKC

QOJ.

760

728

696

696 

696

634

Apr.

cnq

588

344

344

665

79S

7Q9

79H

665

603

542

eiQ

486

486

460

618

79S

920

(MS

824

711

665

£*jy>

(V79

K79

618

79S

760

QAQ

May.

7Q9

711

QC/i

2 43Q

2^730

2 430

9 nftA

2

flcn

2

At\f\

3 640

A 37A

4,250

3

7Qn

3,550

2,980

2

KA(\

1,920

1,620

I

CAA

1,750

4,250

5,420

5,880

6,020

5 74fl

5,500 

5 Ion

4 

' 430

June.

3,520

2,700

2 91 A

1,870

I

fiOA

i n<m

1 460

1,310

1,170

1 9fiA

1,710 i i?n

920

Q/1O

Tftn

728

696

603

542

513

fi34

486

411

QOSJ

366

366

665

2

KA(\

2,480 

1,830

July.

1

KAf\

1 'o^240

824

1,130

I

QKft

1,100

1 ion

888

513

486

665

728

920

1 460

2,480

2 Ann

1 eif\f\

1,060

760

588 4fin

411

366

324

987

270

262 

254

344

Aug.

388

305

O7A

240

oon

190

179

1QA

168

163

158

153

143

158

163

179

603

500

K79

557

542

542

UK7

486

334

270

214

184

Sept.

262

914

 tnO

1CQ

254

1,060

1,180

1,170

QQfi

712

460

314

287

254

234

214

196 ion

179

184

240

247

247

377

344 

324

Oct.

OQft

9S7

247

9*7f»

97A

314

CIO

K79

728

776

680

K79

448

388 *>OA

314

287

262

254

234

220

227

208

227

234

220

227

220

227 

208

208

Nov.

202

196

202

184

184

ion

184 ion

190

184

184

184

184

190

184

163

133

133

128

123

123

123

123

128

123

123

174

1,770

2,000 

1,810

Dec.

1,370

1,370

1,370

1

0QA

Q79

557

473

278

324

OA£

262

247

234

240

oon

220

220

220

227

208

174

168

184

179

179

179

179

214

1,830 

3,040

2,760

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-defined rating table based on measurements made, 

1908-1910. Discharge for Jan. 1,2,3 was estimated on account of ice.

Monthly discharge of Sangamon River at Riverton, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 2,560 square miles.]

Month.

January. ................................

February. ..............................

April..... ...............................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

7,020

3,140 

5,260 

938 

6,020 

3,520 

2,480 

603 

1,180 

776 

2,000 

3,040

7,020

Minimum.

634 

634 

344 

' 744 

366 

254 

143 

163 

208 

123 

168

123

Mean.

3,090 

1,240 

2,110 

641 

3,160 

1,240 

869 

296 

399 

338 

334 

635

1,200

Per 

square 

mile.

1.21

.484 

.824 

.250 

1.23 

.484 

.339 

.115 

.156 

.132 

.131 

.248

.469

Run-oft 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage

area).

1.40 

50 

.95 

.28 

1.42 

.54 

.39 

.13 

.17 

.15 

.15 

.29

6.37

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

SANGAMON RIVER NEAR OAKFORD, ILL.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge about 3 miles 

northeast of Oakford, 111., and about 2\ miles upstream from the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway bridge, was established October 26, 

1909, for the purpose of obtaining data for use in studying problems 

of drainage and flood control.
276 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Crane Creek enters on the right bank about 1J miles below, and Salt 

Creek, also on the right bank, about 6 J miles above the section. Other 

tributaries are South Fork of the Sangamon River and Sugar Creek.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge and the trestle 

approaches at each end.

The datum of the chain gage has remained unchanged since the 

gage was installed. Because of the inaccessibility of the gage it has 

not been possible to procure daily readings, but the records obtained 

are accurate and reliable.

The relation between gage heights and discharge is affected some^ 

what by ice in December, January, and February.

The floods of February and March, 1907, and May, 1908, reached a 

height of about 21 feet on the present gage.

For stages below gage height of 3 feet the discharge table should be 

used with caution.

Discharge measurements of Sangamon River near Oakford, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 17

28

May 18

21

3

Hydrographer.

M. E. McChristie... . ......................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

P. S. Monk. ...............................................

Width.

Feet. 

255

241

277

261

324

280

125

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,300

913

1,800

1,310

2,760

1,910

248

height.

Feet. 

6.03

4.71

8.26

6.50

11.30

8.57

1.94

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2,260

1,510

4,180

2,740

7,130

4,310

342

Daily gage height, in feet, of Sangamon River near Oakford, III., for 1910. 

[Ed. J. Bonnett, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10................

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18............... 

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22............... 

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. .............. 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

9.4

io.9

11.7 

12.6

13.0

14.35

14.2

13.8

is. 6

10.0

Feb.

9.15

8.25

7.95

7.25

6.95

6.5

5.7

5.85

5.0 

4.5

5.3 "i's"

4.7

4.75

7.75

Mar.

10.4

10.5

10.45

10.5

10.6

10.7

10.05

9

5

7.3

6.65

6.05

"5." 7"

5.4

5.2

5.0

4.9

4.7

4.6 

4.55

Apr.

4.3

4.25

4.2

4.2

4.3

4.45

4.9

4.7

4.5

4.35

4.2

4.1

4.0

4.0

3.95

4.0

4.2

4.45 

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.75 

4.55

4.4

4.35

4.35

4.35

4.85

5.05 

4.95

May.

5.0

4.95

4.8

5.0

6.65

7.3

7.1

7.0

6.9

7.05

7.3

7.65

8.5

9.3

9.35

9.2

8.75

8.5 

7.65

6.' 95

6.5

6.3

6.6

7.65

9.5

10.4

10.8

11.0

11.2 

11.5

11 9

June.

11.25

10.0

8.75

8.0

7.4

6.9

6.6

6.3

6.0

6.0

6.5

6.45

5.6

5.15

4.85

4.6

4.5

4.3 

4.1

4.0

3.85

3.95 

4.0

3.85

4.0

4.05

4.8

7.0

7.0 

7.0

July.

6.3

5.85

5.4

4.1

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.5

4.2

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.55

3.5

4.4

5.6

6.2 

6.1

5.1

4.6

4.15 

3.7

S 7

3.8

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.7 

2.4

2.3

Aug.

2.2

2.8

2.9

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.4

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.8

1.7

2.9 

2.2

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.1

3.4

3.2

3.0

3.2

2.7

2.2 

2.0

2.4

Sept.

2.4

2.4

2.6

3.0

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.4

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.0 

3.6

3.0

2.2 

2.2

2.15

2.2

2.55

2.5

2.55

2.65 

2.65

Oct.

2.5

2.4

2.35

2.3

2.35

2.8

2.9

3.5

3.5

3.35

3.25

3.2

2.95

2.85

2.6

2.5

2.4 

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.05

2.0

1.95

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.85 

1.85

1.8

Nov.

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.65

1.65

1.55

1.7 

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.65 

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.65

1.75

2.4

4.05 

4.75

Dec.

4.45

4.35

4.05

4.5

4.3

3.9

3.1

2.75

2.7

2.75

2.65

2.45

2.45

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.05

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1 

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

2.15

2.4 

4 8

6.5

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1 to 17.
TTPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVEB BASINS. 277 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sangamon River near Oakford, III., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6. ..............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23. ..............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

6,740

7,640

8,720

9,210

11,000

11,000

10,900

10,800

10,200

9,700

9,210

7,500

5,780

Feb.

4,910

4,500

4,080

3,950

3,820

3,540

3,260

3,180

3,110

3,030

2,860

2,700

2,400

2,110

2,160

2,220

1,940

1,670

1,390

1,620

1,850

1,700

1,560

1,500

1,530

2,240

2,950

3,660

Max.

6,200

6,300

6,250

6,300

6,410

6,450

6,480

6,520

5,830

5,060

4,470

3,890

3,300

3,060

2,810

2,580

2,360

2,240

2,110

2,010

1,910

1,870

1,830

1,790

1,670

1,610

1,560

1,500

1,440

1,420

1,340

Apr.

1,290

1,260

1,240

1,240

1,290

1,360

1,610

1,500

1,390

1,320

1,240

1,200

1,150

1,150

1,130

1,150

1,240

1,360

1,500

1,560

1,610

1,530

1,420

1,340

1,320

1,320

1,320

1,580

1,700

1,640

May.

1,670

1,640

1,560

1,670

2,810

3,300

3,150

3,070

3,000

3,110

3,300

3,580

4,310

5,060

5,110

4,960

4,540

4,310

3,580

3,030

2,700

2,540

2,770

3,580

5,260

6,200

6,630

6,850

7,070

7,400

7 asio

June.

7,120

5,780

4,540

3,860

3,380

3,000

2,770

2,540

2,320

2,320

2,700

2,660

2,040

1,760

1,580

1,440

1,390

1,290

1,200

1,150

1,080

1,130

1,150

1,080

1,150

1,170

1,560

3,070

3,0/0

3,070

July.

2,540

2,220

1,910

1,200

1,340

1,340

1,340

1,340

1,390

1,240

1,150

1,060

980

960

940

1,340

2,040

2,470

2,400

1,730

1,440

1,130

1,020

1,020

1,060

740

700

660

625

520

485

Aug.

450

660

700

520

520

520

' 520

555

590

520

380

380

310

27o

240

310

275

700

450

520

625

740

780

900

820

740

820

625

450

380

520

Sept.

520

520

590

740

1,240

1,240

1,240

1,340

1,240

1,240

1,240

1,240

1,240

1,240

1,240

1,340

1,440

1,150

980

740

595

450

450

432

450

572

555

572

608

608

Oct.

555

520

502

485

502

660

700

940

940

910

880

840

820

720

680

590

555

520

485

450

450

415

398

380

362

345

345

345

328

328

310

Nov.

292

275

275

275

275

275

258

240

240

240

222

222

240

240

258

258

222

275

292

275

275

258

240

240

240

258

292

520

1,170

1,530

Dec.

1,360

1,320

1,170

1,390

1,290

1,100

780

642

625

642

608

538

538

485

46S

450

398

415

415

415

415

415

380

345

345

345

310

432

520

1,560

2,700

NOTE. Discharge interpolated for days of missing gage heights.

Monthly discharge of Sangamon Rievr near Oakford, III., for 1910.

[Drainage area, 5,000 square miles.]

Month.

January (17-31). . .......................

February. ..............................

March. . ................................

April.... . ...............................

May.....................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

11,000 

4,910 

6.520 

1,700 

7,880 

7,120 

2,540 

900 

1,440 

940 

1,530 

2,700

11,000

Minimum.

5,780 

1,390 

1,340 

1,130 

1,560 

1,080 

485 

240 

432 

310 

222 

310

222

Mean.

9,290 

2,690 

3,500 

1,370 

4,050 

2,410 

1,300 

542 

902 

557 

339 

736

2,000

Per 

square 

mile.

1.860 

.538 

.700 

.274 

.810 

.482 

.260 

.108 

.180 

.111 

.068 

.147

.400

Kun-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.04 

.56 

.81 

.31 

.93 

.54 

.30 

.12 

.20 

.13 

.08 a?

5.19

Accuracy.

C. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B.

SOUTH FORE OF SANGAMON RIVER NEAR TAYLORVILLE, ILL.

This station, which is located at the Wabash Railroad bridge 

about 3J miles southwest of Taylorville, 111., and about one-fourth 

mile upstream from the highway bridge across the South Fork known 

as the Half Acre Bridge, was established February 11, 1908, for the 

purpose of obtaining data for use in studying drainage, flood control, 

and water-supply problems.
278 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Bear Creek, a small tributary, enters the stream on the left bank 

a few miles below the station.

In August, 1909, a drainage ditch was dug along the river in this 

vicinity, straightening the course of the stream but coinciding with 

the original channel at the gaging station. The cross section of the 

stream at the gaging station was not altered, but the relation between 

gage height and discharge was materially changed as the result of 

the change in slope. The new channel may shift to some extent. 

The gage heights to August 10, 1909, inclusive, refer to the section 

before the change; gage heights from August 11 to September 1, 

1909, inclusive, are of no value, because the stream was dammed up 

for purposes of construction during that period. On September 2} 

1909, the datum of the chain gage was lowered 2 feet, and the gage 

heights from that date on refer to the new conditions. In making 

comparisons between the data for the original and the new conditions 

it should be noted that the gage datum has been changed.

The records are accurate and reliable.

The relation between gage heights and discharge is liable to be 

affected by ice in January, February, and December.

Discharge measurements of South Fork ofSangamon River near Taylorville, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 15

15

18

May 12

14

17

19

20

24

July 19

Dec. 22

Hydrographer. '

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

P. S. Monk...... ..........................................

Width

Feet. 

66

66

64

271

273

128

86

76

274

62

68

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

275

278

248

1,050

1.240

491

351

320

1,260

276

201

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.91

4.88

4.66

9.48

9.97

7.28

6.02

5.62

10.14

4.90

03.30

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

154

159

133

923

1,220

262

202

1,260

171

58

o Ice present.

Daily gage height, in feet, of South Fork ofSangamon River near Taylorville, III., for 1910.

[Joseph Ethridge, observer.]

Day.

1.... ........... 

2...............

3...............

4............... 

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12............... 

13............... 

14............... 

15...............

Jan.

4.25 

4.55

4.75

4.85 

4.95

5.9

6.0

6.2

6.35

6.85 

7.05 

8.0 

8.8 

9.7

Feb.

4.5

4.95

5.4

5 A

5.2

4.95

4 7

4.45

4.2 

3.85 

3.8 

3.75 

3.65

Mar.

10.95 

10.7

10.25

9.95 

9 6

9 15

9 0

8.1

7 "7^

7.1

6.8 

6.05 

5.5 

5.1 

4.95

Apr.

3.8 

3.65

3.4

3.2

S Q

3.65

3

O

3.1

3 AC

3.3 

3.35 

3.9 

4.0 

4.1

May.

3.05 

4.7

7.85

8.7 

8.8

8.15

8.0

8.4

8.25

9.15 

9.6 

10.2 

9.95 

9.05

June.

7.05

f, Q

5.7

5.85

5 65

5

0

4.8

4

Q

4 45

4.0 

3.95 

3.8 

3.9 

3.8

July.

.......

.......

Aug.

2.55 

2.5

2.4

2.35 

2.3

2.1

2.2

2.25

2.2

2.25 

2.05 

2.00 

1.95 

1.95

Sept.

1.9 

2.0

2.0

2.1 

2.3

4 AC

8.75

8.5

8.55

8.4 

7.05 

4.4 

3.6 

3.5

Oct.

2.15 

2.9

2.7

3.8

4.55

5.95

6.95

6.3

4

QC

4.25 

3.8 

3.6 

3.45 

3.25

Nov.

2.65 

2.5

2.6

2.45 

2.4

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.65 

2.7 

2.65 

2.7 

2.75

Dec.

9.9

9

K

7.95

5.85 

5.1

4.7

3 9

3.6

4.1

3.95 

4.1 

3.65 

3.5 

3.46
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 279

Daily gage height, in feet, of South Fork of Sangamon River near Taylorville, III., for

1910 Continued.

Day.

16...............

17...............

18............... 

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

10.0

10.1

10.45 

10.7

11.0

10.85

10.25

9.35

8.65

7.3

6.75

6.35

6.0

5.45

5.05

4

CK

Feb.

3.55

3.7

3.7 

3.9

3.95

4.2

4.25

3.9

3.8

3.85

4.2

8.9

10.0

.......

Mar.

4.8

4.75

4.7 

4.55

4.6

4.7

4.65

4.5

4.45

4.3

4.2

4.05

4.0

3.9

3.9 

3.85

Apr.

4.35

5.95

6.75 

7.05

6.6

5.9

4 0^

3.9

3.65

3.5

3 T?

3.0

3 A

3.5

3.2

May.

8.45

7.4

6.75 

5.85

5.4

6.85

8.4

10.25

9.9

11.0

10.85

10.3

9

AZ

8.0 

7.6

June.

3.7

3.7

3.2 

3.2

3.2

3.1

3 1

3.1

3.05

3

1

3 9

3.5

3

AK

Q if=;

3.0

July.

"~5.T"

4.3

3.85

3.6

3.4

3.25

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.9

9 7

Aug.

1.9

2.0

3.7 

4.6

5.35

5.45

6.8

7.35

5.85

3 CK

2.95

2.45

2

OC

2.2

2.15

1 QC

Sept.

3.05

2.85

2.75 

2.65

2.6

2.55

2

C

2.45

2.7

2.85

3.2

3.95

3

OC

4.2

3.55

Oct.

3.2

3.0

3.05 

3.0

2.85

2.8

2.85

3.0

2.95

2.85

2.95

2.85

2.8

2.7

2.65 

2.75

Nov.

2.65

2.65

2.7 

2.7

2.65

2.7

2.65

2.7

2.65

2.6

2.65

6.25

7 a*?

9.15

9.9

Dec.

3.5

3.45

3.45 

3.45

3.2

3.25

3.25

2.9

2.95

3.15

3.15

3.15

6.8

8.1

8.7 

9.15

NOTE. ; 

to 17, Dec

-Ice was probably present during portions 

. 23 to 27, and readings taken to top of ice.

s of January and February. Ice present from Dec. 13

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of South Fork of Sangamon River near Taylorville, III.,

for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2. ..............

3...............

4...............

5./.............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

130

144

150

158

193

234

243

261

274

320

338

455

638

1,050

1,200

1,240

1,420

1,540

1,700

1,620

1,320

877 <w>

363

310

274

243

165

Feb.

130

158

193

201

1QO

177

158

140

124

109

Oft

87

84

80

74

82

82

92

QA

109

112

92

87

90

109

674

1,200

Mar.

1,670

1,540

1,320

1,170

QOQ

782

714

472

417

343

315

201

169

158

147

144

140

130

1 DO

140

136

127

124

115

109

100

97

O9

92

on

Apr.

87

80

67

KQ

92

80

62

54

52

56

62

64

92

99

150

238

310

338

9Q7

934

158

. 92

8(1

72

56

50

67

72

58

May.

52

140

432

638

481

447

455

530

500

782

QOQ

1,300

1,170

736

542

374

310

230

1QQ

320

530

1,320

1, 150

1,700

1,620

1,340

926

592

455

OQ7

June.

338

234

217

230

177

147

T54

124

97

Q4

87

92

87

82

82

58

58

58

^4

KA

54

52

54

58

72

70

56

50

July.

%A

**A.

54

^4

54

^4

54

54

54

54

54

217

353

638

397

279

169

115

90

77

67

60

54

50

46

42

42

46

38

Aug.

DO

30

27

26

24

21

18

21

22

21

22

16

15

14

14

13

15

82

133

189

1Q7

P.1 %

368

94

48

28

22

21

20

14

Sept.

IP.

15

15

18

24

100

566

622

553

566

530

338

121

77

72

52

44

40

36

f)A

32

30

28

38

44

58

94

60

109

74

Oct.

20

46

38

87

70

238

328

270

150

112

87

77

70

60

58

50

V)

50

44

42

44

50

48

44

48

44

42

38

36

40

Nov.

36

30

34

28

27

QR

38

38

36

38

36

' 38

36

38

40

36

36

38

38

36

38

36

38

36

34

36

266

447

782

1,150

Dec.

1,150

950

447

169

140

121

92

77

103

94

103

64

58^fi

58

56

70

70

58

60

60

37

38

45

45

45

315

472

606

782

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating table based on measurements made in 

1908-1910. It is possible that the discharges during January and February inay be somewhat large owing 

to presence of ice. Daily discharge from July 1 to 18, inclusive, has been estimated from known high-water 

stage which occurred July 16. Daily discharge from Dec. 13 to 17 and from Dec. 23 to 27 reduced 20 per 

cent on account of ice.
280 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of South Fork ofSangamon River near Taylorvilk, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 427 square miles.]

Month.

March _ . ...........................

April....................................

July.....................................

November ..............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,700 

1,200 

1,670 

338 

1,700 

338 

638 

368 

622 

328 

1,150 

1,150

1,700

Minimum.

112 

74 

90 

50 

52 

50 

38 

13 

13 

20 

27 

37

13

Mean.

578 

177 

401 

113 

686 

115 

131 

68.1 

147 

81.1 

38.3 

215

231

Per 

square 

mile.

1.35 

.415 

.939 

.265 

1.61 

.269 

.307 

.160 

.344 

.190 

.090 

.504

.541

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.56 

.43 

1.08 

.30 

1.86 

.30 

.35 

.18 

.38 

.22 

.10 

.58

7.34

Accuracy.

C. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

A. 

B. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B.

SALT CREEK NEAR KENNEY, ILL.

Salt Creek is a tributary of Sangamon River.

The gaging station, which is located at the highway bridge about 

2 miles west of Kenney, 111., about three-fourths of a mile below the 

Vandalia Railroad bridge, was established February 14, 1908J to collect data for use in the study of drainage and flood-control problems.

Tenmile Creek enters on the right bank about 4 miles above the 

gaging station. Other tributaries of Salt Creek are North and Lake 

forks and Deer, Sugar, Prairie, and Pike creeks.

The chain gage is attached to the bridge; its datum has not been 

changed:

The relation between gage heights and discharge is somewhat 

affected by ice in December, January, and February.

The records are reliable and accurate, but low-water measurements 

should be used with caution.

The high water of 1882 is said to have been about 1 or 1^ feet higher 

than that of the spring of 1908, or to have reached a height of about 

16 feet on the present gage.

Discharge measurements of Salt Creek near Kenney, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 9

May 25

25

Dec. 27

Hydrographer.

M. E. MeChristie ...........................................

.....do.....................................................

P. S. Monk. ...............................................

Width.

Feet. 

Ill

112

112

78

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

300

344

349

51.4

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.43

3.96

3.94

a 1.25

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

355

438

454

10.7

a Ice present.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 281

Daily gage height, in feet, of Salt Creek near Kenney, III., for 1910. 

[Chris McDermott, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.35

2.35

2.5

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.3

2.25

2.25

2.2

2.2

2.3

3.7

5.6

5.8

5.55

5.2

7.6

7.65

8.1

8.85

8.8

8.05

6.9

6.1

5.4

5.15

4.35

4.1

3.85

3.65

Feb.

3.0

3.5

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.3

3.25

3.2

3.1

2.85

2.7

2.95

2.4

2.7

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.4

2.6

2.45

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.65

2.2

2.3

5.7

6.1

.......

Mar.

5.5

4.4

3.7

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.95

3.65

3.45

3.2

3.15

3.0

2.95

2.85

9 7

2.85

2.6

2.55

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.35

2.35

2.25

2.25

2.3

2.3

2.25

2.2

2.15

Apr.

2.15

2.1

 2.15

2.15

2.45

2.35

2.25

2.15

2.15

9 1

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.0

2

ne

2.05

2.25

2.25

9 9

2.2

2.2

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.2

2.55

2.7

2.55

2.45

May.

2.35

2.35

2 Q

2.75

2.6

2.45

2.45

2.65

2.7

2.75

2.8

2.95

2.85

2.7

2.55

2.45

2.45

2.4

9 1

2.35

2.35

2.3

3.75

3.95

3.75

3.65

3.15

2.8

3.0

3.0

3.0

June.

2.75

2.5

9 i

2.35

2.3

2.2

2.2

9 1

2.05

9 n

2.0

1.9

1.85

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.5

2.05

1.85

1.75

1.7

July.

1.65

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.45

1.4

1.4

2.0

1.9

1.9

2.05

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.25

2.2

2.05

1.6

1.5

Aug.

1.45

1.4

1 3

1.25

1.25

1.2

1.2

1 9

1 9

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.2

3.6

2.2

1.7

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.35

1.35

1.3

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.2

Sept.

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.25

1.3

2.05

1.8

1.95

1.9

1.75

1.65

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.25

1.15

1.2

1.45

1.6

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.45

Oct.

1.45

1.4

1.35

1.8

2.5

2.4

2.3

9 1

2.0

1.85

1.8

1.7

1.65

1.6

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.4

1.35

1.4

1.4

1.35

1.35

1.4

1.6

1.45

1.4

1.15

1.15

1.25

Nov.

1.35

1.3 i *

1.25

i i

1.25

1.25

i i

1 i

1.3

1.3

1.35

1.25

1.3

1.25

1.35

1.3

1.4

1 9

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.35

1.3

1.6

1.75

1.6

1.65

Dec.

1.6

1.5 i *

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.35

1.3

1 9

1.15

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

i i

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.25

4.0

4.7

4.0

3.15

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to 27, Feb. 17 to 28, and also from Dec. 11-16 and 20 to 27. From Jan. 1 

to 27, Dec. 11 to 16, 20 to 27, and 30 to 31 the gage heights were read to the top of ice.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Salt Creek near Kenney, III., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8. ..............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

8

8

7

7

7

6

6

7

6

7

30

40

200

500

700

600

600

1,000

1,000

1,500

2,000

1,800

1,500

1,300

1,000

600

600

539

494

422

366

Feb.

208

326

352

352

326

277

265

253

230

177

148

198

96

148

167

129

50

20

25

40

50

35

10

10

10

15

500

700

Mar.

933

584

379

379

407

436

450

366

314

253

242

208

198

177

148

177

129

120

112

104

104

96

88

88

74

74

81

81

74

67

60

Apr.

60

54

60

60

104

88

74

60

60

54

48

48

48

43

48

48

74

74

67

67

67

60

60

60

60

67

120

148

120

104

May.

88

88

187

158

129

104

104

138

148

1WJ

167

198

177

148

120

104

104

96

81

88

88

81

393

iw

393

366

242

167

208

208

208

June.

158

112

96

88

81

67

67

54

48

43

43

33

29

25

25

22

22

18

18

16

14

14

14

12

10

10

48

29

22

18

July.

26

23

23

20

18

 IQ s18

16

16

15

15

53

42

42

58

28

23

18

18

16

16

14

12

12

11

11

75

58

23

18

Aug.

16

15

12

11

11

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

9

9

9

10

352

75

28

34

23

23

18

15

14

14

12

11

10

10

10

Sept.

10

10

10

12

11

12

58

34

48

42

31

26

23

18

18

16

14

12

12

11

11

9

10

16

23

26

23

20

18

16

Oct.

16

15

14

34

117

102

88

64

53

38

34

28

26

23

20

18

18

16

15

14

15

15

14

14

15

23

16

15

9

9

11

Nov.

14

12

12

11

12

11

11

12

12

12

12

14

11

12

11

14

12

15

10

11

11

11

12

14

14

12

23

31

23

26

Dec.

23

18

12

12

15

15

12

14

12

10

9

9

9

9

9

10

11

12

12

11

11

11

11

10

10

11

11

465

676

220

150

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from two rating tables fairly well defined and based on measurements 

made 1908-1910.

From Jan. 1 to 27, Feb. 17 to 28, and from Dec. 11 to 16, Dec. 21 to 27, and Dec. 30 and 31 the discharges 

were estimated on account of presence of ice.
282 SUBFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1&10, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Salt Creek near Kenney, III., for 1910. 

[ Drainage area, 459 square miles.]

Month.

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,000 

700 

933 

148 

450 

158 

58 

352 

58 

117 

31 

676

2,000

Minimum.

6 

10 

60 

43 

81 

10 

11 

9 

9 

9 

10

6

Mean.

544 

183 

226 

70.2 

174 

41.9 

25.0 

26.5 

20.0 

29.3 

13.9 

59.0

118

Per 

square 

mile. '

1.19 

.399 

.492 

.153 

.379 

.091 

.054 

.058 

.044 

.064 

.030 

.129

.257

Run-off 

(depth In 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.37 

.42 

.57 

.17 

.44 

.10 

.06 

.07 

.05 

.07 

.03 

.15

3.50

Accuracy.

D. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

C. 

C. 

D.

CAHOKIA CREEK. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AKEA DKAINED.

The drainage area of Cahokia Creek lies in the southwestern part 

of the State of Illinois. The creek rises in the southern part of and 

about on line between Montgomery and Macoupin counties, flows in 

a southwesterly direction diagonally across the southeast corner of 

Macoupin County and the northwest portion of Madison County, past 

Edwardsville, through East St. Louis, 111., and empties into Mississippi 

River.

The creek is very crooked and its length is approximately 55 miles. 

Its basin is about 45 miles long, 8 miles in average width, and 12 

miles maximum width, and comprises 360 square miles. Its principal tributary, Indian Creek, enters from the right bank about 

three-fourths of a mile north of the Wabash Railroad bridge near 

Poag, HI. The area drained is low, level, or undulating, and is 

crossed by a chain of bluffs just north of Poag, 111. The sources of 

the creek are about 680 feet and the mouth about 385 feet above 

sea level.

The area contains no forested tracts. The mean annual rainfall is 

about 40 inches. In general the winters are mild. The opportunities 

for storage and water-power development have not been investigated 

but are undoubtedly not worthy of consideration. Flood control, 

especially in its relation to the proposed flood protection works of the 

East Side levee and sanitary district of East St. Louis, 111., is the 

most important problem under consideration at present in connection 

with this drainage basin.
TJPPEB MISSISSIPPI BIVEB BASINS. 283

CAHOKIA CBEEK NEAB POAG, ILL.

This station, which is located at the Wabash Railroad bridge 

about three-fourths of a inile northeast of the Wabash Railroad 

station at Poag, 111., was established December 13, 1909. The 

data collected will be used by the East Side levee and sanitary district of East St. Louis, 111., in its study of flood control and prevention 

at that place.

Indian Creek enters on the right bank about three-fourths of a 

mile above the section.

The relation between gage heights and discharge is apt to be 

affected by ice in December, January, and February.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the installation of the gage.

The records are accurate and reliable.

Discharge measurements of Cahokia Creek near Poag, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 21

24

Apr. 13

May 3

24

8

9

Oct. 7

Hydrograplier.

.....do.....................................................

W.H. Morgan.. ...........................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

48

47

47

89

115

96

73

63

60

247

45

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

108

101

96

716

847

772

491

310

216

1,730

" 82.5

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.43

3.33

3.10

12.45

13.53

12.70

9.30

7.08

5.32

16.25

62.99

Discharge.

Sec.ft. 

60

46

44

1,100

1,320

1,030

530

256

119

o2,890

10

o Includes 574 second-feet in flood channel. & Ice present.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cahokia Creek near Poag, III., for 1910. 

[S. T. Sanders, observer.]

Day.

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4. ..............

5. ..............

6...............

7...............

8. ..............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13............... 

14...............

15. ..............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

Jan.

2.5

3.2

4.0

5.0

6.0

5.2

4.2

3.5

3.2

3.0

8.0

16.0 

16.4

16.1

15.0

12.0

13.5

13.7

11.4

6.0

4.0

3.1

3.0

3.0

Feb.

2.3

2.3

4.0

5.0

4.2

3.8

3.3

3.1

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.3 

2.2

5.0

4.0

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

Mar.

16.6

14.5

12.3

9.0

6.6

5.0

4.3

4.2

3.9

3.6

3.4

3.2

3.1 

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

2.7

3.4

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.2

Apr.

9 Q

2.8

3.1

3.2

6.4

5.8

4.2

3.6

3.3

3.2

3.0

3.1

3.1 

2.9

3.5

7.5

11.1

6.6

5.5

4.5

4.1

1 0

3.7

3.5

3.4

May.

3.3

8.8

12.8

10.3

6.1

5.0

6.5

7.7

6.1

5.0

7.9

8.5

7.1 

5.6

4.2

4.0

4.0

4.2

3.8

3.5

3.2

3.0

13.5

13.3

13.2

June.

4.2

3.5

3.4

12.1

11 9

9

c

5.6

4.0

6.7

5.0

4.4

4.0

3.6

4.1

5.4

6.3

4.2

3.7

3.4

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.4

3.5

July.

2.4

2.3

3.7

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.6

2

K

2.4

3.0

3.8

4.0

?.2 

2.8

2.6

11.6

9 0

6.4

4.0

3.2

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

2.0

Aug.

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7 

1.6

1.6

1.5 i *;

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.9

2.8

2.4

Sept.

6.0

3.2

2.3

13.0

13.7

12.4

Q 7

7.4

5.0

4.2

3.4

3.2

3.0 

2.9

2.8

2 7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.15

2.2

2.1

2.35

. 3.6

Oct.

3.7

3.3

2.95

5.3

12.0

15.0

16.0

16.3

11.0

8.15

5.6

4 95

4.6 

4.4

4.15

4.1

3

QK

^ Q

3.8

3.65

3.6

3.95

3.9

3.8

3.65

Nov.

3.35

3.4

3.6

3.85

3.8

3.65

1 7

3.65

3.7

3.6

3.55

3.6

3.85 

3.9

3.9

3.85 3.^8

3.75

3.8

3.7

3.75

3.8

3.8

3.75

4.0

Dec.

5 OR

5.1

4.15

4.2

4.0

3.65

3.3

3.0

2.9

2.9

2

0

2.8 

2.8

2.6

2

C

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

3.0

3.4
284 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cahokia Creek near Poag, III., for 1910 Continued.

Day.

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

Feb.

4.0

11.8

12.9

Mar.

3.2

3.2

3.1

3.1

3.1

3 A

Apr.

3.5

4.5

4.1

3.7

3.4

May.

8.2

5.0

4.5

4.0

7.4

4.5

|June.

3.0

4.0

4.2

3.2

2.8

July.

4.0

2.8

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.5

Aug.

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.3

Sept.

8.15

14.0

10.2

5.95

4.3

Oct.

3.7

3.55

3.6

3.5

3.45

3.4

Nov.

4.05

4.9

5.55

6.9

6.8

Dec.

3.2

3.0

3.4

6.8

6.4

6.0

NOTE. Ice was probably present during portions of January, February, and December.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cahokia Creek near Poag, III., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..............

2. ..............

3...............

4.. .............

5. ..............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9. ..............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13. ..............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

25

41

53

67

113

167

123

75

50

41

35

359

2,630

3,070

2,740

1,740

1,000

1,330

1,370

887

167

67

38

35

35

33

31

29

27

25

23

Feb.

21

21

67

113

75

59

11

38

35

31

27

23

21

19

113

67

50

47

41

35

. 33

31

29

27

67

963

1,190

Mar.

1,580

1,060

488

212

113

79

75

63

53

47

38

35

35

33

33

31

31

29

47

44

41

41

OQ

38

38

35

Apr.

33

31

38

41

196

155

75

53

44

41

35

38

38

50

299

212

CO

71

63

56

50

47

50

88

71

56

47

May.

1,170

692

173

113

323

173

113

347

259

143

75

67

67

75

50

41

35

1,280

1,260

113

88

67

289

88

June.

75

50

47

1,020

1,260

562

143

67

221

113

83

67

53

71

133

188

75

56

47

41

35

31

27

23

50

35

67

7C

41

31

July.

23

21

56

35

31

29

27

25

23

35

59

67

41

31

27

925

488

196

67

41

17

15

13

11

15

67

31

35

31

27

25

Aug.

23

21

21

19

17

17

15

15

13

11

11

9

9

7

7

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

13

31

23

19

15

11

4

3

Sept.

167

41

21

1,210

1,370

1,080

592

289

113

75

47

41

35

33

31

29

27

25

23

21

18

19

17

22

53

1,440

675

164

79

Oct.

56

44

34

128

1,000

1,740

2,630

2,960

811

377

143

110

93

83

73

71

65

63

59

54

53

65

63

59

54

56

52

53

50

48

47

Nov.

46

47

53

61

59

54

56

54

56

53

52

53

61

63

63

61

59

58

59

56

58

59

59

58

67

69

108

140

239

230

Dec.

164

118

73

50

40

30

20

10

10

10

10

9

9

9

8

8

8

8

7

7

7

6

6

15

30

41

35

47

230

196

167

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined curve based on 1910 measurements. Discharge 

during January and February probably somewhat large, owing to presence of ice. From Dec. 4 to 25 the 

discharge estimated because of ice.

Monthly discharge of Cahokia Creek near Poag, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 259 square miles.]

Month.

May....................................

July....................................

October. ................................

The year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,070 

1,190 

3,290 

830 

1,330 

1,260 

925 

31 

1,440 

2,960 

239 

230

3,290

Minimum.

23 

19 

29 

31 

35 

23 

11 

2 

17 

34 

46 

6

2

Mean.

530 

119 

252 

102 

323 

160 

81.7 

11.8 

271 

361 

73.7 

44.8

195

Per 

square 

mile.

2.05 

.459 

.973 

.394 

1.25 

.618 

.316 

.046 

1.05 

1.39 

.284 

.173

.753

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

2.36 

.48 

1.12 

.44 

1.44 

.69 

.36 

.05 

1.17 

1.60 

.32 

.20

10.23

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C,
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER, BASINS. 285

KASKASKIA RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

Kaskaskia River, also called the Okaw, lies wholly in the State of 

Illinois. The river rises in the center of Champaign County, flows 

southwestward, and empties into the Mississippi in Randolph County, 

near the city of Chester, 111. It is about 190 miles long, not following the bends, but as it is very crooked its length by course is not 

far from 400 miles. The total drainage area is 5,840 square miles. 

It has few tributaries worthy of mention, the most important being 

Shoal and Silver creeks, which enter from the north at fhe lower part 

of the river.

The drainage basin is long and comparatively narrow, the average 

width being about 30 miles and the maximum width about 60 miles. 

The ground is low, level, or undulating, and in consequence the slope 

of the river is small. The sources of the river are about 740 feet, and 

its mouth is about 350 feet, above sea level. The soil of the area is 

mostly black loam. In the lower portion of the drainage area the 

soil gradually changes to a yellowish brown clay. The only rock 

exposed along this stream is found about 20 miles above Shelbyville. In this 15 or 20 mile section the banks and bed are mostly soft 

soil with some gravel.

The basin contains no forested areas. The annual rainfall is about 

40 inches. As a rule the winters are mild.

The question of storage has not been investigated to any extent. 

Opportunities for important water-power development are entirely 

lacking.

During wet weather the ground-water plane rises to the surface, and 

the rains run oil into the streams very quickly, producing sudden 

rises and floods; in dry weather, as there is little or no ground water 

stored, the flow of the stream becomes very small and in some places 

dries up entirely. The banks of the river are low, and in times of 

floods large areas are covered with water, delaying the planting of 

crops and at times destroying growing crops. Storage, land drainage, and flood control are subjects of considerable importance in 

this basin.

KASKASKIA RIVER NEAR ARCOLA, ILL.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge known as 

the Bagdad Bridge, about 4 miles west of Arcola, 111., and about 

2| miles downstream from the Vandalia Railroad bridge, was established April 11, 1908, for the purpose of obtaining data for use in 

studying drainage, flood protection, and storage problems.

Lake Fork enters from the west 3 or 4 miles above the gaging 

station.
286 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

The datum of the chain gage has remained unchanged since the 

gage was installed.

The relation between gage height and discharge is somewhat 

affected by ice during portions of December, January, and February.

The records are accurate and reliable.

The river at this point is said to go dry at times and was dry for 

about two months in 1908. The high water of May, 1908, reached 

a height of 17.3 feet on the gage.

Discharge measurements of Kaskaskia River near Arcola, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 7

10

10

May 13

25

27

28

Hydrographer.

M. E.McChristie.. ........................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

P. S. Monk........ ........................................

Width.

Feet. 

205

124

124

205

228

220

210

130

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

734

441

442

686

1,230

1,020

778

452

&

Feet.

7.78

6.40

6.37

-7.82

10.29

9.43

8.28

a6.84

Discharga

Sec.'ft. 

635

392

396

619

1,380

965

678

416

a River full of floating ice.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kaskaskia River near Arcola, III., for 1910. 

[Lawrence L. Pfeifer, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15............... 

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

5.7

5.8

5.9

6.2

6 9

6.2

6.1

7.1

7 Q

8.2

8.4

8.8

9.8

n

Q

12.0

11.9

11.8

11.6

9.4

9.0

8.5

7.5

7.0

6.8

6.5

Feb.

6.5

6.4

6.2

6.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.6

5.7

5.4

X. A.

4.8

4.8 

4.8

4.9 4 9

A O

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.3

4.0

9.0

Mar.

9.7

9.4

8.9

8.7

8.4

7.8

7.4

7.1

6.5

6.1

6.0

5.7

5.7 

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.3

4.1

4.0

3 Q

Apr.

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.4 

3.6

q Q

q Q

4.1

4.2

4.1

4.0

A A.

5.2

5.0

4.9

4.8

4.5

May.

4.65

5.2

5.55

5.6

5.65

5.7

6.3

6.45

7.1

7.55

8.0

8.2

6.0

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.3

7.0

8.9

10.2

10.1

9.4

8.5

7.8

7.3

7.1

June.

6.8

6.1

5.7

5.4

5.2

5.1

4.8

4.5

4.4

4.3

4

0

4.0

3.8

3.7

3.5 

3.4

3.4

3 9

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.7

5.4

7.6

7.8

July.

6.8

5.5

5.2

5.1

5.1

4.5

4.0

3.8

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.6

3.3 

4.6

7.0

7 ^

6.8

5.7

4.2

4.0

3.9

2.3

3.2

3.0

4.0

6.0

6.2

8.0

7.0

Aug.

5.4

4.6

3.7

3.3

3.0

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.05

2.1

1.95 

3.3

5.2

4 QC

4.9

4.55

3.2

2.9

2.85

2.8

2.85

2.9

2.8

2.65

2.7

2.55

2.6

Sept.

2.5

2.45

2.5

2.35

3.4

7.6

7.75

7.4

7.15

7.0

6.8

5.95

5.7

5.35

4.9 

4.6

4.05

4,0

3.65

3.6

3.4

3.35

3.2

2.95

3.0

3.4

3.55

3.35

3.2

2.95

Oct.

2.85

3.1

3.75

4.2

4.55

4.75

5.0

4.95

4.3

3.55

3.45

3.3

3.15

2.9

2.65 

2.65

2.7

9 W

2.6

2.45

2.45

2.5

2.45

2.4

2.35

2.25

2.3

2.15

2.2

2.15

2.05

Nov.

1.95

2.6

2.55

2.6

2.45

2.35

2.4

2.35

2.3

2.25

2 OK

2 9

2.15

2.15

2.05 

2.05

2.1

1 Qfi

1.95

1.95

1.85

1.9

1.85

1.75

1.75

1.65

4.6

5.15

5.35

5.25

Dec.

5.25

5.15

5.2

5.15

5.05

5.05

5.05

5.0

4.95

4.85

A If,

4.75

4.8

4.65

4.65 

4.55

4.55

4.35

4.4

4.15

4.15

4.05

3.95

3.9

3.75

3.75

4.05

6.25

6.7

7.1

7.1

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1 to 10 and Dec. 20 to 27. Gage read to top of ice Jan. 6 and 7.
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 287 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kaskaskia River near Arcola, III., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11. ... .. . .

12...............

13...............

14........... ...

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20. ..............

21...............

22.....

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

100

100

150

170

170

170

170

170

200

332

482

714

767

1,030

1,190

1,710

1,960

1,920

1,890

1,820

1,430

1,070

940

794

557

465

432

408

386

Feb.

386

372

345

345

320

309

298

276

276

287

254

254

224

196

196

196

205

205

205

205

205

205

205

205

154

130

386

940

Mar.

1,160

1,070

909

850 767-

689

620

537

482

386

332

320

287

287

276

254

234

214

205

196

196

187

178

170

170

162

154

138

130

Apr.

114

114

114

114

114

106

106

106

98

94

91

91

84

84

84

98

106

114

122

138

146

138

130

146

162

234

214

205

196

170

May.

178

182

234

270

276

282

287

320

358

379

482

665

714

482

320

298

276

254

234

244

338

465

909

1,330

1,290

1,070

794

620

518

June.

432

332

287

254

234

224

196

170

162

154

146

130

114

106

91

84

84

70

58

53

53

53

48

43

38

33

43

254

577

620

July.

432

265

234

224

224

170

130

114

98

84

77

70

98

98

77

178

465

518

432

287

146

130

122

25

70

58

130

320

345

665

465

Aug.

254

178

106

77

58

53

43

38

25

25

21

21

16

18

13

77

234

210

205

174

70

33

50

48

50

53

48

40

43

36

38

Sept.

33

31

33

27

84

577

609

537

491

465

432

314

287

249

205

178

134

130

102

98

84

80

70

55

58

84

94

80

70

55

Oct.

50

64

110

146

174

192

214

210

154

94

88

77

67

53

40

40

43

36

38

31

31

33

31

29

27

23

25

20

21

20

16

Nov.

14

38

36

38

31

27

29

27

25

23

23

21

20

20

16

16

18

14

14

14

11

12

11

9

9

7

178

229

249

239

Dec.

239

229

234

229

219

219

219

214

210

200

192

192

196

182

182

174

174

158

162

142

14

13

126

122

110

110

134

352

416

482

482

NOTE. Dally discharge computed from a rating table that is well denned, and based on measurements 

made 1908-1910. From Jan. 1 to 10 the discharges are estimated because of presence of ice. Discharge 

interpolated for days of missing gage heights.

Monthly discharge of KaskasTda River near Arcola, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 390 square miles.

Month.

February. ..............................

April.... ................................

May......... ............................

July.....................................

September. .............................

November. .............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,960

940 

1,170 

234 

1,330 

620 

665 

254 

609 

214 

249 

482

1,960

Minimum.

130 

122

84 

178 

33 

25 

13 

27 

16 

7

7

Mean.

749 

278 

387 

128 

488 

171 

218 

76.6 

192 

70.9 

47.3 

212

252

Per

square 

mile.

1.92 

.713 

.992 

.328 

1.25 

.438 

.559 

.196 

.492 

.182 

.121 

.544

.646

Run-ofl 

(depth In 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

2.21 

.74 

1.14 

.37 

1.44 

.49 

.64 

.23 

.55 

.21 

.14 

.63

8.79

Accuracy.

C. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

D.

KASKASKIA RIVER AT SHELBYVILLE, ILL.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at the edge of 

Shelbyville, just above the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Big Four 

railroad bridges and just below the pumping station of the City
288 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Water Co. of Shelbyville, was established February 25, 1908, for the 

purpose of collecting data for use in studying drainage and floodcontrol problems.

No important tributaries enter the stream near Shelbyville.

The relation between gage height and discharge is likely to be 

affected by ice during portions of December, January, and February. 

Gage heights may be affected during high water by backwater 

caused by the lodging of drift at the two railroad bridges below the 

gaging station.

The datum has remained unchanged since the gage was installed.

The records are accurate and reliable.

Discharge measurements of Kaskaskwt River at Shelbyville, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 14

May 14

30

July 25

Dec. 31o

Hydrographer.

M. E . McChristie ..........................................

.....do...................................... .............

.....do....................................................

P. S. Monk. ...............................................

Width.

Feet. 

110

123

141

105

115

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

443

770

866

267

507

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.94

10.47

11.27

6.50

8.48

Discharge.

See.-ft. 

797

1,760

2,060

306

952

a Not at regular section.. River full of floating ice.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kaskaskia River at Shelbyville, III., for 1910. 

[Homer Pound, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5.. .............

6...............

7... ............

8... ............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

28. ..............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

7.6

7 Q

7.9

8.2

8.2

9.1

9.1

9.4

9.6

8.5

7.9

7.8

10.5

13.1

13.9

13.5

12.6

15.1

17.0

18.6

15.6

14.0

13.5

12.2

11.2

10.5

9.7

9 1

8.8

8.5

8.2

Feb.

7 Q

7.7

7.8

7.7

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.6

7.4

7.3

7.2

7.0

6.6

6.9

fi o

6 9

6.7

6.5

6.7

6.6

7.1

7.0

7.0

6.8

6.7

6.7

11 9

13.5

Mar.

14.1

13.1

13.3

13.5

13.6

11.6

11.1

10.4

9.9

Q d.

8 9

8.5

8.5

7.9

7.6

7.5

7.4

7.3

7.2

7.1

6 9

6 Q

fi Q

6.8

6.8

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.5

Apr.

6.5

6.5

6.4

6.4

6.4

6.3

6.3

6.1

6.1

6.1

6 9

6 9

6.2

6 9

6.6

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.6

6.6

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.6

6.7

6 9

6.8

May.

6.8

6.7

7.4

7 S2

8.2

8.1

9 1

9 8

9.9

9 1

10.5

U o

11.1

10.5

10.1

Q 7

9.2

8.6

8.2

8.1

7 9

8.7

14.1

15.2

15.8

13.3

19 5

12.2

11.4

10.4

June.

9.6

9

0

8.8

8.5

8.5

8.1

7.7

7.4

7.3

7.1

7.1

fi Q

6.8

6.6

6.5

6.5

6.4

6 4

6.4

6.3

6.1

6.9

5.9

5.9

£ Q

5.9

6.4

6.8

7.1

7.6

July.

7.8

7 Q

8.2

7.1

7.9

7.5

7.25

6.85

6.5

6.3

6.3

6.85

6.8

6.7

7 Q

8.65

9.65

9.2

8.6

8.1

7.35

6.85

6.7

6.45

6.1

6.1

6.4

7.85

8.8

Aug.

8.9

8.35

7.5

6.75

6.5

6.3

6.45

6.1

5.85

!> Q

5.8

5.75

5.8

5.65

5.7

7.1

7.75

8.5

7.85

7.5

6.7

6.55

6.5

7.25

6 9

6.5

6.25

6.2

5.85

5.8

5.65

Sept.

5.6

5.8

5.65

5.8

5.85

8.9

10.0

13.15

11.8

10.45

9 6

8.6

7.85

7.6

7.05

6 9

6.65

6.5

6.25

6.2

6 15

6.05

6.1

6.15

6.7

6.55

6.45

6.4

6.35

6.3

Oct.

6.25

6.15

6.1

6.15

6.3

7.35

8.45

8.7

8.35

7 9

7.45

7 1 e

7.0

6.8

6.55

6.8

6.45

6.35

6.3

6.25

6.4

6

9K

6.2

6.05

6.1

6.05

6.05

6.0

5.85

5.8

Nov.

5.65

5.8

5.85

5.75

5.8

5.75

5.8

5.75

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.75

5.8

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.7

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.65

5.7

5.65

5.65

5.65

13.75

13.9

11.65

10.2

Dec.

9.55

8.65

7.75

7.65

7.4

7.15

6.65

6.65

6.75

6.8

6.65

6.55

6.65

6.75

6.7

6.55

6 45

6

OC

6.25

6.3

6.15

6.15

6.25

6.65

6.5

6.25

6.05

7.85

»

7f>

9 4

8.95

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 3 to 21 and from Feb. 23 to 26. Gage heights for Jan. 18 to 20 read to top 

of ice.
UPPEB MISSISSIPPI EIVEB BASINS. 289 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofKaskaskia River at Shelbyvilk, III., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..............

2...............

3...............

4...............

S.. .............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14;..............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...... ........

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

250

250

300

300

300

300

300

300

350

400

500

738

1,860

3,160

3,600

3,380

2,900

4,260

5,330

6,360

4,540

3,650

3,380

2,700

2,200

1,860

1,490

1,230

1,110

994

882

Feb.

774

702

738

702

702

666

630

666

596

562

528

460

324

426

426

426

358

290

358

324

494

460

460

392

358

358

2,550

3,380

Mar.

3,700

3,160

3,260

3,380

3,430

2,400

2,150

1,810

1,580

1 360

1,150

994

994

774

666

630

FOR

562

528

404

426

426

426

392

392

358

358

358

324

324

9Qfl

Apr.

290

290

256

256

256

256

224

224

160

160

160

192

192

192

192

324

358

358

358

358

358

324

324

290

290

290

324

358

426

392

May.

392

358

596

738

882

JUfi

1,230

1,540

1,580

1 91ft

1,860

2,200

2,150

1,860

1,680

1 dQft

1,270

1 030

882

846

774

1,070

3,700

4,310

4,870

4,650

3,260

2,850

2,700

2,300

1,810

June.

1,450

1,270

1,110

QQ4.

QO4

R4fi

702

596

W9

4Od

491

426

392

324

290

9QO

9ftfi

256

256

224

160

109

109

109

109

109

256

392

4.Q4

666

July.

738

774

882

<toi

630

<vlfi

40Q

9on

99A

99A

176

409

392

358

774

1,050

1,470

1,270

1,030

846

ffQ

409

358

273

160

160

176

256

756

1,110

Aug.

1,150

Q17

fiOA

375

9on

224

273

160

inn

109

on

82

90

66

73

494

720

cxu

756

630

358

307

290

545

426

290

208

192

100

90

66

Sept.

58

on

66

on

100

1,150

1,630

3,180

2 eon

1 ftlfl

1,450

1,030

756

666

777

426

14.1

290

208

192

176

145

160

176

358

307

273

256

240

224

Oct.

208

176

160

176

224

579

975

1,070

O17

774

613

511

460

392

307

392

273

240

224

208

256

208

176

192

145

160

145

145

130

100

on

Nov.

66

90

100

82

90

82

90

82

66

66

66

82

90

66

66

66

66

73

66

66

66

66

73

66

66

66

3,510

8,600

2,420

1,720

Dec.

1,420

1,050

720

684

596

511

341

341

375

392

341

34l

375

358

307

273

208

208

224

176

176

208

341

290

208

145

756

1,520

1,360

1,170

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a rating curve -well defined and based on discharge n 

raents made 1908-1910. From Jan. 1 to 11 the discharges are estimated because of presence of ice.

Monthly discharge ofKaskaskia River at Shelbyville, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,030 square miles.]

Month.

March...... . . .

April...................................

May....................................

June....................................

July. ...................................

December. ..............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

6,360

3,380 

3,700 

426 

4,870 

1,450 

1,470 

1,150 

3,180 

1,070 

3,600 

1,520

6,360

Minimum.

290 

290 

160 

358 

109 

160 

66 

58 

90 

66 

145

58

Mean.

1,910 

682 

1,220 

281 

1,840 

491 

581 

359 

638 

343 

439 

507

778

Per 

square 

mile.

1.86 

.662 

1.18 

.273 

1.79 

.477 

.564 

.349 

.619 

.333 

.426 

.492

.755

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

2.14 

.69 

1.36 

.30 

2.06 

.53 

.65 

.40 

.69 

.38 

.48 

.57

10.25

Accuracy.

C. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

KASKASKIA RIVER AT VANDALIA, ILL.

»

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at the east 

end of Main Street, Vandalia, 111., was established February 26, 1908, 

to obtain data for use in studying drainage questions, flood protection, and levee construction.

21502° WSP 285 12 19
290 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

No important tributaries enter the river near Vandalia.

The relation between gage height and discharge during a portion 

of December, January, and February is likely to be somewhat affected 

by ice.

The river for some miles above and below Vandalia is leveed along 

the left bank. It is claimed that these levees, by confining the floods, 

have caused floods of unusual height on the right side of the river, 

and a number of lawsuits have been instituted to recover damages 

to property on the right bank. During extreme floods these levees 

sometimes give way, thus reducing the flood flow; some of the water 

passes around the gaging section.

The datum has remained unchanged since the gage was installed.

The records are reliable and accurate.

Discharge measurements of Kaskaskia River at Vandalia,, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 26

May 29

Dec. 21

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

P. S. Monk........ ........................................

Width.

Feet. 

119

152

126

110

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

762

2,010

1,130

475

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.78

13.90

8.05

03.40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

533

4,000

1,570

260

a Ice present.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kaskaskia River at Vandalia, III., for 1910: 

[W. F. Radclifl, observer.]

Day.

1.... ...........

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

6.3

6.85

8.35

12.65

15.0

14.25

13.0

13.45

17.1

17.5

16.65

16.3

16.2

14.55

13.45

11.5

9.9

8.8

8.1

7.75 

7.3

Feb.

6.95

6.85

7.5

7.35

6.15

6.3

6.2

6.2

6.1

5.8

5.35

4 95

A Q

4.9

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

5.55

5.35

5.15

5.5

15.8

1Q 9

.......

Mar.

Id 7

19.3

18.25

17.35

16.3

14.95

13.35

11.75

9.15

8.4

8.0

7 IK

7.0

6.6

6.25

5.85

5.65

5.45

5

OC

5.1

5.0

4.95

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.55

4.5

4.4

Apr.

4 q

4.25

4.2

4.1

4.1

4 0

4.0

3 Q

*? Q

3.8

3.8

3

0

3.7

3.7

3.7

4.0

5 Q

7.0

7.05

6.25

5:45

4.8

4.6

4

C

4 45

6.5

5.75

5 9

4.95

4.85

May.

4.8

5.25

7.0

11.1

8.05

7.05

7.35

10 9

11 45

10.05

9

K

13.8

15 95

10.8

9

0C

8.8

8.15

7.55

7.05

7.15

19 9.

15.05

16.95

1 Q O

n 95

14.15

14.8 

13.8

June.

10.75

9.1

8.25

8.15

9.65

8.7

7.15

6.1

5.85

5.5

5.0

4.95

A QC

4 65

4.1

4.2

A 3

4.4

A K.

4.6

3.4

3

QC

6.0

4.75

4.05

5.0

July.

4.2

5.55

7.5

8.65

7 Q

7.35

7.05

6.6

4.45

3.95

4 95

4 45

4.6

4.1

10 A

16.9

 to 7=

9.35

7.6

6.75

5.85

5.2

4.85

4.35

3 95

3.5

3.15 

4.5

Aug.

5.8

6.35

5.0

4.55

A Q

3.95

3.8

3.4

3.3

3.65

3.0

4.3

4.8

5.15

5.25

7 -ic

7.8

5.6

8 9

6.0

4.2

4.3

4.55

4.25

3 7

3.3

3.2 

3.0

Sept.

2.6

2.85

S

ac

4.6

A Q

4

QC

7.0

8.45

9.6

10.5

9 4

8.65

7 9

6.45

6.0

5

0C

4.55

4.15

3.95

3.6

3 1C

2 OK

3

0

3

C

'4.15

4.25

4.5

4 9

4.0

3.5

Oct.

3.35

3.35

3.35

3.1

6.45

11 7

13.6

10.6

8 9

8.05

6.2

5.65

5.15

4.8

4.05

3.85

3

7 =

3.7

3

C

3

j

3

9=

3

1 C

3.15

3.15

3 1 5

3

f\K

2.85

2.75

2.65

Nov.

2.45

2.4

2.3

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2.05

2

f\K

2.05

2.05

2

f\K

9 (\K

9 f\K

2

(\K

9 A

2

1

2.0

2

-1

9 A

4.45

12.15

11.7

Dec.

10.65

9.1

8.75

8.65

8.35

7.85

7.55

7.05

6.7

6 2

5.5

4.35

4.0

3.65

3.25

3.2

3.1

3.05

3 1

3.0

3.1

3

1

3 1

2.9

2.9

2

0

2.95

3.4

5.0

6.* 

6.85

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. l to 22 and also for a few days during the middle of February.
UPPEB MISSISSIPPI BIVEB BASINS. 291 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kaskaskia River at Vandalia, III., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7... ............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15. ..............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26. ..............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

400

500

600

700

800

900

940

984

1,040

1,090

1,150

1,690

2,560

3,530

4,270

3,900

5,870

5,440

5,270

5,220

4,410

3,900

3,000

2 Qin

1,870

1,600

1 460

1 iflfl

Feb.

1,180

1,150

1 ^7f\

1,320

942

QKB

956

928

844

718

600

600

600

575

575

575

575

575

830

774

718

692

664

760

5,020

6,220

Mar.

6,970

6,770

5,800

5,270

4,610

3,850

3,120

2,370

2,010

1,710

1,560

1,320

1,200

1,070

970

914

858

802

7/lfi

718

692

651

625

612

551

527

515

ww

47Q

Apr.

455

443

431

408

408

385

385

362

362

340

340

340

318

318

318

385

872

1,200

1,220

970

7<ifi

575

PW7

503

491

1 040

830

612

588

May.

575

692

1,200

2,820

1,580

1,220

1,320

2 7<lft

9 GRfl

2,800

2,150

4,060

4

7CA

3, no

2 fiofl

2

(VJA

1,620

1,390

1,220

1 9WI

3,600

4,660

5,600

6,400

6,270

5,740

5,140

4,220

4

Mrt

4,060

June.

2,670

1,990

1 660

1,620

2,210

1 RSft

1,250

1 '928 040

858

v 844

760

664

625

612

588

539

47Q

408

JO1

455

J7Q

503

256

074

900

563

396

625

July.

431

774

1,370

1,810

1,520

1,320

1,220

1,070

732

491

374

612

491

527

408

3,690

5,320

5,570

4 040 9 nan

1,410

1,120

858

678

580

467

420

V7A

276

207

503

Aug.

844

999

886

625

515

455

374

O/iA

256

189

236

?(17

180

455

575

664

664

692

1 250

1 480

788

1,640

ann

431

455

515

443

318

236

216

180

Sept.

122

156

374

527

600

612

1,200

1,730

2,190

2,560

2,110

1,810

1,270

1,030

onn

718

515

420

Q74

296

207

156

91fi

276

420

443 "aia

431

385

276

Oct.

246

246

246

198

1,030

4,010

3,970

2,600

1,910

1,580

956

802

664

575

47Q

443

396

351

329

318

276

256

226

207

207

207

207

189

156

142

128

Nov.

104

99

88

73

73

73

73

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

64

59

68

59

68

59

491

3,300

3,090

Dec.

2,630

1,990

1,850

1,810

1,690

1,500

1,390

1,220

1,100

956

760

467

385

307

226

216

198

189

198

180

198

198

1QR

164

164

149

172

256

625

1,030

1,150

NOTE 

and 

of ice.

Daily discharge computed from a rating curve well-defined between 88 and 4,150 second-feet, 

on measurements of 1908 to 1910. Discharge estimated from Jan. 1 to 10 because of presence

Monthly discharge of Kaskaskia River at Vandalia, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,980 square miles.]

Month.

April....................................

May...... ...............................

July.....................................

Tne year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,870

6,220 

6,970 

1,220 

6,400 

2,670 

5,570 

1,640 

2,560 

4,010 

3,300 

2,630

6,970

Minimum.

575 

479 

318 

575 

256 

207 

180 

122 

128 

59

59

Mean.

2,600 

1,150 

2,080 

562 

3,060 

903 

1,320 

584 

762 

760 

291 

760

1,240

Per 

square 

mile.

1.31 

.581 

1.05

.284 

1.55 

.456 

.667 

.295 

.385 

.384 

.147 

.384

.626

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.51 

.60 

1.21 

.32 

1.79 

.51 

.77 

.34 

.43 

.44 

.16 

.44

8.52

Accuracy.

C. 

A. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C.

KASKASKIA BIVEB AT CABLYLE, ILL.

This station, which is located at the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad bridge about one-fourth mile east of the railroad 

station at Carlyle, 111., was established March 2, 1908, for the purpose
292 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

of obtaining data for use in studying drainage, flood control, and 

water supply problems.

The river receives no important tributaries for 10 miles above and 

below this station. Shoal Creek comes in on the right bank about 

15 miles below the station.

The intake of the water-supply system of Carlyle is above the 

gaging station. The dam is about 700 feet above the section and is 

about 3J feet high. The average amount of water pumped is about 

3,500,000 gallons every 30 days, and during June, July, and August 

the quantity is about 4,500,000 gallons every 30 days. The outfalls 

of one section of the city sewerage system and some private sewers 

are above the gaging station, so the diversion is small.

The datum has remained unchanged since the gage was installed.

The records are accurate and reliable.

The flood of 1882, which is the highest known, is said to have 

reached a height of 1J feet higher than the flood of 1908, or about 

32^ feet on the present gage. The stream never goes dry at this 

point. It has been noticed during periods of low water that the 

water is hard, a fact that indicates that the flow is maintained by 

springs.

Discharge measurements of Kaskaskia River at Carlyle, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 25

May 20

27

29

6

7

8

Dec. 7

20

Hydrographer.

C.T. Bailey.. .............................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Bailey and Monk ..........................................

P. S. Monk.......... ......................................

Width.

Feet. 

139

158

522

526

526

198

198

166

132

139

128

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

531

1,020

3,510

3,910

4 040

2,150

1,900

1,160

356

550

293

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

9.24

12.70

20.52

21.17

21.76

18.92

17.66

13.63

8.05

9.62

7.64

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

818

1,840

4,710

5,310

6,150

3,890

3,310

1 Q4f>

561

846

440

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kaskaskia River at Carlyle, III., far 1910. 

[Arnold J. Marcham, observer.]

Day.

1. ..............

2. ..............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Jan.

9.6

10.0

10.3

10. T

11.4

11.6

12.3

12.4

10.5

11.5

11.0

10.9

16.0

19.4

20.4

Feb.

13.7

12.5

12.0

12.7

13.7

12.8

11.9

11.2

10.7

10.5

10.3

10.0

9.8

9.6

9.4

Mar.

22.1

23.8

94 8

24.5

24.1

23.6

23.0

22.6

99 9

17.3

16.1

14 8

13.2

13.0

12.2

Apr.

8.3

8.2

8.1

8.0

8.1

8.2

8.3

8

0

8.1

7 O

7 a

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.5

May.

9

0

8.9

8 7

10.0

11.3

19 A

12.2

11 n

15.0

16.3

16.0

15.0

17.1

18.2

18.4

June.

91 8

21.7

O1 1

20.6

19.7

18.9

17.0

iq Q

12.4

n

o

10.7

1ft 9

9

0

9

4

9.2

July.

8.7

8.4

8.6

q a

11.9

14.1

13.2

19 °.

11.0

10.5

9 R

Q 9

8.7

8.4

8.2

Aug.

8.8

9.3

9

0

10.2

9

C

8.9

8

0

7.8

7

0

7.4

7 9

7.1

6.95

6.8

Sept.

7.0

6 9

6.7

7.6

9.1

9

n

11.0

11 A

It 9

15.9

 IRQ

15.1

14.0

13.1

11.9

Oct.

8

0

7 a

7.5

7.35

7.7

1<\ Q

19.25

20.3

20.95

21.5

91 7

19 9

17.7

12.9

10.9

Nov.

A Q

6.85

6.8

6.65

6.65

6.55

6.7

6.75

6.8

fi 8

6.65

rt /»(»

6.55

6.5

6.5

Dec.

13.25 14 «:

14 05

19 Q

11.45

10.1

9.5

9 n

8 A

D a

8 A

8

0

8.0

7 8

7.7
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 293 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kaskaskia River at Carlyle, III, for 1910 Continued.

Day.

16...............

17..........*....

18...............

19. ..............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

21.5

21.6

21.8

21.9

22.0

22.0

21.9

21.8-

21.6

21.5

21.4

20.9

17.8.

15.7

Feb.

9.5

9.9

10.4

11.1

10.5

10.2

10.6

11.8

13.5

13.6

12.2

16.1

20.9

Mar.

11.5

11.0

10.6

10.3

10.1

10.0

9.7

9.6

9.5

9.25

9.2

9.05

8.9

8.7

8.6

8.4

Apr.

8.7

10.1

11.4

11.2

10.7

9.8

9.3

8.9

8.7

8.5

8.4

8.5

9.2

9.9

9.6

May.

18. 6<

17.1

15.7

13.5

12.6

11.8

13.7

18.0

19.0

19.6

20.2

20.6

20.9

21.3

21.6

91 Q

June.

9

n

8.8

8.6

8.4

8 9

8.0

7.9

7.8

7.75

7.5

7.4

7.8

8.4

10.8

9.6

July.

10.3

14.6

18.4

19.2

19.9

19.1

17.9

14.6

12.2

10.3

9.4

8.8

8.3

8.1

8.4

Aug.

6.7

7.2

7.9

9 n

9 7

10.4

11.2

11.6

12.3

9.9

8.5

8.3

8.2

8.1

7.7

7.4

Sept.

10.8

9.7

8.5

8.3

8 1

7.9

7 fi

7.7

7.6

7.5

7.4

8.0

8.6

9.2

8.4

Oct.

10.5

10.15

9.9

9.4

8.85

8.4

7.85

7 fi

7.7

7.55

7.5

7.35

7.3

7.2

7.05

7.0

Nov.

6.4

6.4

6.3

6.25

6.3

6.2

6.25

6.15

6.15

6.1

7.0

7 9*

8.05

11.2

Dec.

7.6

7.5

7.45

7.4

7 45

7.3

7 9

7.1

7.05

7.0

6.95

6.9

7.1

7.4

7.9

9.5

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to 4.

'Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kashas Ha River at Carlyle, III., for 1910.

Day.

1...... .........

2. ..............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...... ....... . -

23...............

24

25.. ............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

926

1,030

1,110

1,220

1,410

1,460

1,650

1,680

1,160

1,440

1,300

1,270

2,760

3,970

4,510

5,090

5,810

5,960

6,270

6,420

6,570

6,720

6,570

6,420

6,270

5,960

5,810

5,660

4,970

3,360

Feb.

2,060

1,710

1,570

1,770

2,060

1,790

1,540

1,350

1,220

1,160

1,110

1,030

978

926

874

900

1,000

1,140

1,330

1,160

1,080

1,190

1,520

2,000

2,020

1,630

2,790

4,970

.......

Mar.

6,720

9,310

10,800

10,400

9,760

9,000

8,090

7,480

6,870

3,180

2,790

2,390

1,910

1,850

1,630

1,440

1,300

1,190

1,110

1,060

1,030

952

926

900

835

822

783

744

692

666 

615

Apr.

590

565

540

515

540

565

590

590

540

490

466

442

418

394

394

692

1,060

1,410

1,350

1,220

978

848

744

692

640

615

640

822

1,000

926

May.

822

744

692

1,030

1,380

1,680

1,630

2,000

2,450

2,860

2,760

2,450

3,110

3,500

3,570

3,650

3,110

2,670

2,000

1,740

1,520

2,060

3,430

3

cnn

4,060

4,380

4,660

4,970

5,510

5,960 

6,420

June.

6,270

6,110

5,810

4,660

4,110

3,760

3,080

2,120

1,680

1,380

1,220

1,080

978

874

822

770

718

666

615

565

515

490

466

454

394

370

466

615

1,250

926

July.

692

615

666

978

1,540

2,180

1,910

1,650

1,300

1,160

926

822

692

615

565

1,110

2,330

3,570

3,880

4,060

4,220

3,840

3,390

2,330

1,630

1,110

874

718

590

540 

615

Aug.

718

848

978

1,030

1,080

926

744

565

466

418

370

324

302

270

240

220

324

490

770

952

1,140

1,350

1,460

1,650

1,000

640

590

565

540

442 

370

Sept.

280

260

220

418

796

1,000

1,300

1,970

2,510

2,730

2,700

2,480

2,140

1,880

1,540

1,250

952

640

590

540

490

466

442

418

394

370

515

666

822

615

Oct.

565

466

394

358

442

2,730

3,900

4,450

5,030

5,810

6,110

4,220

3,320

1,820

1,270

1,160

1,070

1,000

874

731

615

478

466

406

394

358

346

324

291

280

Nov.

260

250

240

211

211

193

220

230

240

240

211

211

193

184

184

166

166

148

140

148

132

140

124

124

124

116

280

335

528

1,350

Dec.

1,920

2,300

2,160

1,790

1,420

1,060

900

770

718

666

615

565

515

466

442

418

394

382

370

382

346

324

302

291

280

270

260

302

370

490 

900

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a well-defined rating curve based on measurements made 1908- 

1910.
294 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge of Kaskaskia, River at Carlyle, III., for 1910.

[Drainage area, 2,680 square miles.]

Month.

May....................................

July....................................

August.. ...............................

October. ................................

The year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

6,720 

4,970 

10,800 

1,410 

6,420 

6,270 

4,220 

1,650 

2,730 

6,110 

1,350 

2,300

10,800

Minimum.

926 

874 

615 

394 

692 

370 

540 

220 

220 

280 

116 

260

116

Mean.

3,790 

1,570 

3,460 

709 

2,920 

1,770 

1,650 

703 

1,050 

1,620 

243 

722

1,690

Per 

square 

mile.

1.41

.586 

1.29 

.265 

1,09 

.660 

.616 

.262 

.392 

.604 

.091 

.269

.631

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.63 

.61 

1.49 

.30 

1.26 

.74 

.71 

.30 

.41 

.70 

.10 

.31

8.59

Accuracy.

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A.

KASKASKIA RIVER AT NEW ATHENS, ILL.

This station, which is located at the Illinois Central Railroad 

bridge, about 600 feet north of the Illinois Central Railroad station 

at New Athens, 111., and about 600 feet upstream from the highway 

bridge, was established November 1, 1909, for the purpose of obtaining data for use in studying problems of drainage, flood control, and 

navigation.

Silver Creek enters on the right bank about 1 mile above and 

Lively Creek on the left bank about 3 miles below the gaging station.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the gage was 

installed. The records are accurate and reliable. The stream is fed 

by springs and never goes dry at this point. The relation between 

gage height and discharge is liable to be affected by ice in December, 

January, and February. The flood of the fall of 1898 reached a height 

of about 34.5 feet on the present gage datum.

A record of river height at this point from, January 23, 1907, to 

October 28, 1909, inclusive, was kept for the New Athens Journal by 

C. J. von Roth Roffy. The river height was taken on Wednesday and 

Thursday mornings of each week, the river height for Thursday being 

published each Friday with the change in twenty-four hours, as 

obtained from, the river height of Wednesday. This record of stage 

was kept by the Journal mainly for the information of farmers who 

lived on the west side of the river and who are cut off from, reaching 

New Athens via the highway bridge when the river reaches a stage of 

about 30 feet. The record is authentic. These gage heights have 

been carefully reduced to the datum of the present gage. The 

maximum error is probably not over 0.4 foot; the lower the stage the 

greater the error.
tTPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 295 

Discharge measurements of Kaskaskia River near New Athens, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 23

May 21

21«

22

26

30

31

June 1

5

7

Dec. 10

Hydrographer.

C.T. Bailey. ..............................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

205

216

202

213

271

271

261

260

248

251

195

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

1,220

1,780

2,030

1,580

4,250

4,420

4,210

4,090

3,520

3,700

945

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

7.48

9.96

9.72

9.18

20.55

21.06

20.28

19.77

17.63

18.32

5.96

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,400

2,820

2,440

2,260t

11,700

11,800

10,300

9,570

7,930

8,650

902

a Measurement made at highway bridge.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kaskaskia River at New Athens, III., for 1910. 

[C. J. von Roth Roffy, observer.]

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13... ..........'.

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24............... 

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

7.6

9.0

9

n

9.1

10.15

11.15

11.6

11.5

10.7

9.7

8.9

14.4

18.9

20.1

20.8

21.65

22.1

22.45

22.65

22.65

22.55

22.45

22.3 

21.8

21.2

20.5

19.8

19.1

18.5

17.6

Feb.

16.9

14.35

11.6

10.5

10.8

n o

11.7

10.65

9.55

8.85

8.45

8.2

7 Q

7.75

7.85

8.3

8.75

8.4

8.8

8.65

8.7

9.1

10.0 

11.0

11.4

17.9

Mar.

21.85

22.9

24.2

24.7

25.0

25.25

25.15

24.7

23.95

23.1

22.4

21.75

21.1

20.35

17.5

14.5

9.45

8.85

8.35

8.05

7.75

7.5

7.3

7.4

7.75

7.8

7.7

7.25

6.75

6.4

Apr.

6.2

6.05

6.2

6.1

6.55

7.15

7.15

7.6

7.3

6.65

6.3

6.1

5.85

5.6

6.8

7.55

11.65

13.85

14.95

14.85

12.85

10.05

8.45

7.65 

7.15

6.8

6.8

6.8

6.9

7.55

May.

7.8

7.2

8.7

9.05

10.1

10.95

13.6

12.9

12.65

13.8

14.5

14.45

13.7

13.8

14 Q

14.9

14.25

13.75

12.7

11.2

10.1

9.3

13.9

18.65 

19.75

20.5

21.4

21.5

21.4

21.15

20.5

June.

19.95

19.35

18.7

18.0

17.55

17.95

18.25

18.4

17.9

15.3

12.9

11.3

10.65

10.0

9 0

7.95

7.45

7.8

7.4

6.65

6.1

7.6

7.95

6.75 

6.0

5.65

5.55

6.6

7.3

7.95

July.

8.0

7.0

7.45

7.9

8.35

10.45

12.25

12.65

11.05

9.6

8.4

9.3

10.55

9.0

7.5

11.7

14.65

15.7

16.35

17.1

17.15

16.7

15.7

14.4 

12.1

9.55

8.9

8.75

7.65

7.5

6.65

Aug.

5.9

5.5

5.3

5.6

6.5

6.65

6.7

6.4

6.0

5.4

5.1

4.9

4.65

4.45

4.3

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.5

5.8

7.35

12.65

17.45 

18.35

19.15

19.15

17.95

14.95

11.25

7.4

Sept.

6.1

5.5

5.45

7.0

17.45

20.75

22.8

23.8

23.85

23.65

23.25

22.85

22.15

21.05

18.2

12.55

9.4

8.1

7.25

6.7

6.25

5.9

5.65

5.45 

5.55

6.45

6.3

6.4

10.0

10.15

Oct.

7.9

6.4

5.85

6.25

10.5

18.7

20.4

21.35

21.85

22.55

22.9

23.0

23.0

22.55

21.85

19.9

14.4

9.3

7.7

7.05

6.65

6.35

6.1

5.95

5.8

5.65

5.5

5.25

5.2

5.1

4.95

Nov.

4.9

4.75

4.7

4.65

4.55

4.5

4.45

4.4

4.4

4.3

4.3

4.2

4.25

4.2

4.1

4.15

4.05

4.05

4.05

3.95

4.0

3.9

3.95

3.95 

3.85

3.9

3.85

3.85

3.85

3.8

Dec.

4.9

9.5

10.75

10.5

9.25

8.2

7.3

6.85

6.45

5.9

5.85

5.65

5.55

5.45

5.0

5.0

4.85

4.7

4.65

4.7

4.9

4.4

4.4

4.5 

4.65

4.35

4.3

4.3

4.5

4.75

5.2

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to 3.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kaskaskia River at New Athens, III., for 1910.

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

Jan.

1,510 

1,920 

2,200 

2,200 

2,250

2,830 

3,380 

3,630 

3,580 

3.140

Feb.

7,180 

5,260 

3,630 

3,020 

3,190

3,800 

3,680 

3,110 

2,500 

2.120

Mar.

15,300 

18,900 

23,400 

25,100 

26,200

27,000 

26,700 

25,100 

22,500 

19.600

Apr.

938 

887 

938 

904 

1,070

1,310 

1,310 

1,510 

1,380 

1.110

May.

1,610 

1,340 

2,050 

2,230 

2,800

3,270 

4,790 

4,370 

4,220 

4.910

June.

10,300 

9,520 

8,810 

8,130 

7,730

8,080 

8,360 

8,510 

8,040 

5.930

July.

1,700 

1,250 

1,450 

1,650 

1,880

3,000 

3,990 

4,220 

3,330 

2.530

Aug.

836 

710 

656 

738 

1,050

1,110 

1,130 

1,010, 

870 

682

Sept.

904 

710 

696 

1,250 

7,640

11,700 

18,600 

22,000 

22,200 

21.500

Oct.

1,650 

1,010 

819 

956 

3,020

8,810 

11,000 

13,600 

15,300 

17.700

Nov.

560 

527 

516 

505 

484

474 

464 

454 

454 

434

Dec.

560 

2,480 

3,160 

3,020 

2,340

1,800 

1,380 

1,190 

1,030 

836
£96 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kaskaskia River at New Athens, III., for 1910 Contd.

Day.

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

yi... ............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2,580

2,150

5,300

9,010

10,500

11,800

14,600

16,100

17, 400

18,000

18,000

17,700

17,400

1A fiftft

15,100

10 nnrt

11,100

10,100

9,230 

8,610

7,770

Feb.

1,920

1,650

1,580

1,630

1,850

2,080

1,900

2,100

2,020

2,050

2,180

2,260

2,750

3,520

8,040

10,200

Mar.

17,200

14,900

12,700

10,900

7,680

5,370

3,190

2,450

2,120

1,880

1,720

1,580

1,470

1 ^J2O

1,420

1,580

1,600

1,560

1,360 

1,150

1,010

Apr.

Q74

on4

819

738

1,170

1,490

3,660

4,940

5,680

5,620

4,340

2,780

1,920

1 540

1,310

1,170

1,170

1,170

1,210 

1,490

May.

5

O7f\

S

O^rt

4,850

4,910

5,650

5,650

5,200

4,880

4,250

3,410

2,800

2

QArt

4,970

8,760

10,000

11,100

13,700

14, 100

13,700 

12,900

11,100

June.

4,370

3,460

3,110

2,750

2,200

1,680

1 4KH

1,610

1,420

1,110

904

1,510

1 680

1,150

87n

7^4

724

1,090

1,380 

1,680

July.

i Qfto

2,360

3,050

2,200

1,470

3,680

5,480

6,230

6,740

7 I4n

7,390

7,020

6,230

S

onrt

3,900

2 KAft

2,150

2,080

1,540 

1,470

1,110

Aug.

606

560

505

464

434

414

396

396

378

474

802

1 400

4,220

7 fi4ft

8,460

9,280

9,280

8,080

5,680 

3,440

1,420

Sept.

20,100

18,700

16,300

12,500

8,310

4,160

2,420

1,750

1,360

1,130

956

836

754

696

724

1 '974 030

1,010

2,750 

2,830

Oct.

18,900

19,200

19,200

17,700

15,300

10,200

5,300

2,360

1,560

1,270

1,110

992

904

853

802

7^4

710

643

630 

606

571

Nov.

434

414

424

414

396

405

387

387

387

369

378

360

369

369

352

360

352

352

352 

344

Dec.

819

754

724

696

582

582

549

516

505

516

560

454

454

474

505

444

434

434

474

527

630

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a rating curve well denned between 378 and 15,800 second-feet.

Monthly discharge of Kaskaskia River at New Athens, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 5,220 square miles.]

Month.

January.. . ..............................

April....................................

May.....................................

June ....................................

July.....................................

November. .............................

Discharge in. second-feet.

Maximum.

18,000 

10,200 

27,000 

5,680 

14,100 

10,300 

7,390 

9,280 

22,200 

19,200 

560 

3,160

27,000

Minimum.

1,510 

1,580 

1,010 

738 

1,340 

724 

1,110 

378 

696 

571 

344 

434

344

Mean.

9,000 

3,230 

10,500 

1,850 

6,020 

3,940 

3,420 

2,360 

6,880 

6,240 

416 

949

4,590

Per 

square 

mile.

1.72 

.619 

2.01 

.354 

1.15 

.755 

.655 

.452 

1.32 

1.19 

.080 

.182

.879

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.98 

.64 

2.32 

.40 

1.33 

.84 

.76 

.52 

1.47 

1.37 

.09 

.21

11.93

Accuracy.

B. '

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A.

SHOAL CREEK NEAR BREESE, ILL.

Shoal Creek is tributary to Kaskaskia River in Clinton County 

about 15 miles below Carlyle.

The gaging station, which is located at the Baltimore & Ohio 

Southwestern Railroad bridge about 1£ miles east of Breese, 111., 

was established November 5, 1909, for the purpose of obtaining data 

for use in studying problems of drainage, flood control, water supply, 

and storage.

Beaver Creek enters on the left bank about 3 miles below the 

gaging section. The intake of the pumping station of the watersupply system of Breese is about one-fourth mile above the gaging 

section.
UPPEE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 297

The relation between gage height and discharge is apt to be affected 

by ice during December, January, and February.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the gage 

was installed. The records are accurate and reliable.

The creek is fed by springs and has not been known to go dry at 

this point. The flood of 1907 reached a height representing about 

22 feet on the present gage.

Discharge measurements of Shoal Creek near Breese, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 25

May 19

26o

286

31

3

July 29

Dec. 7 e

Hydrographer.

H. J. Jackson.. . ...........................................

C.T. Bailey...... .........................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do............... . ...................................

Width.

Feet. 

60

66

586

136

90

74

70

60

57

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

63

98

2,440

1,440

863

195

143

56

38.4

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.80

2.40

17.36

17.12

11.85

3.95

3.24

1.72

1.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

116

270

4,080

3,470

1,940

387

278

98

42.4

"Partly estimated. 6 No flow in flood channel. Slight amount of ice present.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Shoal Creek near Breese, III., for 1910, 

[John Nordman, observer.]

Day.

1..... ..........

2...............

3..... ..........

4.. .............

5. ..............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9. ..............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19

20...............

91

22...............

23. ..............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

3.4

3.9

4.2

5.0

6.7

8.4

6.6

5.4

3.85

3.2

14.4

16.0

17.1

17.9

17.3

16.65

16.3

12.2

7.1

5.2

3.9

3.5

3.7

4.1

3 Q

3.7 

3.0

Feb.

2.7

2.3

2.2

5.15

4.9

3.8

2.9

2.6

2.3

2.2

2.15

2.1

2.05

2.0

2.25

2.8

3.7

3.2

2.4

2.2

2.4

2.7

3.8

3.7

2.85

3.2

7.8

16.4

.......

Mar.

17.6

18.9

19.0

18.1

16.6

11.4

7.5

5.3

4.0

3.6

2.9

2.55

2.3

2.25

2.15

2.1

2.05

2.0

2.0

1.95

1.9

1.95

1.95

1.9

1.9

1.85

1.85

1.8

1.8

1.75 

1.75

Apr.

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.65

. 1.65

3.1

5.15

2.8

2.3

2.1

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.85

2.6

8.2

13.4

14.8

13.55

7.15

4.2

3.1

2.6

2.3

2.4

2.35

2.5

2.7

2.5

2.25

May.

2.2

2.15

7.8

13.3

12.1

10.4

7.2

8.0

10.6

7.2

5.1

4.2

8.1

12.4

7.2

5.2

2.9

2.6

2.45

2.25

2.1

3.2

14.0

15.8

16.3

17.1

17.85

17.5

10.5

8.2 

12.5

June.

6.2

5.1

3.0

5.2

13.7

14.5

7.4

4.5

3.7

4.0

3.2

2.6

2.3

2.0

3.2

5.3

6.4

2.3

2.15

7.7

9.0

4.7

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.85

2.9

6.1

3.2

2.0

July.

1.9

1.85

2.1

1.9

4.9

7.65

6.8

3.7

2.0

2.1

2.8

2.0

2.1

2.2

1.9

9.9

13.5

15.95

16.2

11.3

5.8

3.4

3.2 3.1'

2.0

1.9

1.75

1.4

1.7

1.65 

1.6

Aug.

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.45

1.5

2.1

3.2

5.1

3.8

5.4

11.2

16.5

16.9

15.6 ^7.9

4.1

2.8

2.1 

1.9

Sept.

1.8

1.85

1.8

13.3

14.7

15.75

16.8

16.95

15.8

12.2

8.1

3.3

2.3

2.2

2.15

2.1

1.9

1.85

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.75

1.75

2.1

4.2

9.4

12.6

12.0

4.5

2.5

Oct.

2.4

2.1

1.85

2.7

5.4

16.3

16.95

18.2

18.85

18.0

10.4

7.0

4.2

3.8

3.5

3.2

2.1

2.0

1.95

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.85

1.85

1.8

1.8

1.75

1.7 

1.65

Nov.

1.7

1.6

1.65

1.65

1.6

1.65

1.6

1.65

1.65

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.6

1.55

1.6

1.55

1.65

2.8

2.05

Dec.

1.9

1.7

1.55

1.6

1.55

1.55

1.45

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.55

2.0

5.1

4.7

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1 to 18 and Feb 17 to 26. Gage readings from Jan. 10 to 17 are to the top of ice.
298 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Shoal Creek near Breese, III., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2...............

0

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18........ ......

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

70

70

70

70

70

60

60

60

70

70

70

100

2,430

2,880

3

4Cn

3,690

4,670

3,930

3,160

3,200

3,000

1,940

948

383

315

349

417

383

349

Feb.

197

149

137

597

553

366

222

185

149

137

132

126

120

115

143

209

349

267

161

137

161

197

366

04.0

216

267

1,070

3,050

Mar.

4 9QA

5,970

6,100

4 930

3,160

1,780

1,020

624 4/in

332

222

149

143

1OO

126

115

115

110

lAfi

110

110

106

106

102

102

OS

98

94

94

Apr.

90

90

QA

87

87

251

597

209

149

126

98

98

98

102

185

i i p»n

9 9in

2,520

2 240

Q/V7

434

251

185

IdQ

161

155

173

197

173

143

May.

137

132

1,070

2,190

1,920

1,580

966

1,110

1,620

966

588

434

1,130

1,990

Qfifi

606

222

185

167

143

126

267

2,340

2,810

3

AAA

^ fiQO,

4,600

4,170

1,600

1,150

2,010

June.

786

588

935

606

2,270

2,450

1,000

485

349

400

267

185

149

115

267

624

822

149

132

1,060

1,300

519

126

106

98

102

222

768

267

115

July.

106

102

126

106

553

1,050

894

349

115

126

115

126

137

106

1 480

2,230

2,860

2

QAA

714

299

267

251

115

106

94

72

90

87

84

Aug.

84

72

78

81

78

78

78

78

81

78

78

78

78

78

75

75

78

126

267

588

366

642

1,740

3,100

3,450

2,740

1,090

417

209

126

106

Sept.

98

102

98

2,190

2,500

2,790

3,340

3,510

2,810

1,940

1,130

283

149

137

132

126

106

102

98

90

90

94

94

126

434

1,380

2,030

1,900

485

173

Oct.

161

126

102

197

642

3,000

3,510

5,060

5,900

4,800

1,580

930

434

366

315

267

126

115

110

106

106

106

106

106

102

102

98

98

94

90

87

Nov.

90

84

87

87

84

87

84

87

87

84

84

81

84

84

81

84

. 81

84

84

81

84

81

84

84

81

84

81

87

209

120

Dec.

106

90

80

70

60

50

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

81

115

588

519

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a rating curve fairly well defined between 90 and 3,930 secondfeet, and based on measurements made during 1909 and 1910. Daily discharge Jan. 1 to 12 and Dec. 4 to 31 

estimated on account of presence of ice.

Monthly discharge of Shoal Creek near Breese, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 760 square miles.]

Month.

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

4,670 

3,050 

6,100 

2,520 

4,600 

2,450 

2,960 

3,450 

3,510 

5,900 

209 

588

5,900

Minimum,

115

94 

87 

126 

98 

72 

72 

90 

87 

81

Mean.

1,170 

362 

1,000 

448 

1,420 

552 

571 

526 

951 

934 

89.5 

84.4

682

Per

square 

mile.

1.54 

.476 

1.32 

.59 

1.87 

.726 

.751 

.692 

1.25 

1.23 

.118 

.111

.897

Run-off

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.78 

.50 

1.52 

.66 

2.16 

.81 

.87 

.80 

1.40 

1.42 

.13 

.13

12.18

Accuracy.

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVEK BASINS. 299

SILVER CREEK NEAR LEBANON, ILL.

Silver Creek is tributary to Kaskaskia River about 1 mile above 

New Athens, 111.

The gaging station, which is located at the highway bridge at 

Wrights Crossing, about 2 miles west of Lebanon, 111., between the 

Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and East St. Louis & Suburban 

railway bridges across Silver Creek, was established March 3, 1908, 

for the purpose of collecting data for use in studying drainage and 

flood-control problems.

The creek receives no tributaries near the gaging station.

The relation between gage height and discharge is apt to be affected 

somewhat by ice during parts of December, January, and February.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the gage was 

installed. From March 3, 1908, to May 10, 1909, this gage was so 

situated that 2 feet was the lowest obtainable reading, and the gage 

reader recorded the stream dry whenever the water surface was below 

2 feet. On inquiry he stated that the stream was dry for only one 

week during 1908. To obviate this difficulty the position of the gage 

was changed on May 10, 1909. Except as noted above, the records 

are accurate and reliable.

Discharge measurements of Silver Creek near Lebanon, III., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 22

May 27

28

Dec. 8&

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

31

354

53

32

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

100

1,260

395

102

height.

Feet. 

3.00

11.75

9.24

3.01

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

42

<zl,000

466

8.9

a Flow in three flood channels estimated to be 53 second-feet. & Ice present.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Silver Creek near Lebanon, III., for 1910. 

[E. C. Turner, observer.]

Day.

1. ..............

2...............

4. .............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8. ..............

9. ..............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

Jan.

3.1

5.4

5.4

6.2

7.0

8.0

7.9

7.7

6.9

4.7

4.9

7.1

11.2

13.9

14.3

Feb.

3.6

3.75

4.0

5.8

6.5

4.7

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.6

3.55

3.5

3.5

3.5

4.1

Mar.

14.6

13.8

13.0

12.3

11.6

8.6

5.6

4.7

4.2

3.9

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.25

Apr.

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.7

3.6

4.9

4.8

3.8

3.1

2.9

2.7

2.9

2.8

2.7

3.6

May.

3.0

2.9

5.0

&7

8.2

4.5

5.1

8.6

8.1

5.4

4.2

5.5

6.0

5.5

4.7

June.

3.8

3.0

2.8

2.8

9.5

11.0

12.0

11.5

8.1

9.5

6.4

4.8

3.4

3.05

3.1

July.

2.2

2.2

4 1

3.2

2.7

2.45

2.2

2.1

2.2

4.75

3.2

6.7

5.6

3.4

2.55

Aug.

2.5

2.0

1 Q

1.8

1.8

1.6

2.4

2.2

2.25

2.1

1.8

1.65

1.5

1.5

1.45

Sept.

2.25

2.05

13.4

13.2

12.6

12.2

9.7

4.7

3.5

3.0

2.9

2.6

Oct.

2.5

2.5

2.45

3.1

3.1

11.55

12.5

14.4

13.3

12.4

10.75

5.2

3.85

3.55

3.35

Nov.

3.5

3.4

3,4

3.4

3.35

3.45

3.4

3.5

3.45

3.5

3.45

3.05

3.1

3.05

3.1

Dec.

3.25

3.15

3.1

3.15

3.1

3.1

3.1

2.95

3.0

2.85

2.85

2.9

2.85

......
300 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Daily gage height, infect, of Silver Creek near Lebanon, III., for 1910 Continued.

Day.

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25. ..............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31. ..............

Jan.

13.2

12.8

12.2

11.9

12.3

11.9

11.5

8.7

5.8

45

4.5

4,5

4.5

4.6

4.3

4.0

Feb.

5.1

7.6

6.1

5.3

4.9

4.4

4.5

d 0

4 9

4.5

4.5

11.0

11.9

Mar.

3 9

3 9

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.1

3.0

3.0

3 A

3.0

2.9

2.9

2.9

2.8

2.8

Apr.

9 A

1fk 1

10.6

8.1

5.0

4.0

3.5

3.3

3.2

3 1

3.1

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.2

May.

3.2

^ i

3.2

3.1

2.9

2.7

2.6

11.6

13.2

13.8

12.7

12.0

9.3

7.4

5.1

4.6

June.

4 0

4.65

3.2

2.9

2.7

2.9

3 9

2.9

2.5

2.35

2.5

2.6

4.7

3.25

2.55

July.

3.65

8.9

10.4

9.6

4.5

2.9

2.35

2.2

2.7

2.25

2.85

3.45

2.6

2.3

2.9

2.6

Aug.

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.9

2 2

2.0

1.7

11.9

11.7

IQ 7

13.0

11.9

5.4

3.55

2.7

2.5

Sept.

2.7

2.45

2.25

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.4

2.65

2.7

2.85

5.0

4.9

3.6

3.2

Oct.

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.2

3.2

3.15

3.35

3.25

3.3

3.3

3.25

3.3

3.25

3.3

3.4

3.45

Nov.

3.05

3.1

3.1

3.1

3.15

3.15

3.15

3.15

3.15

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.3

3 6

3.5

Dec.

3.0

2.9

3.35

3.65

4.0

3.75

NOTE. Ice present Jan. 1 to 10 and Dec. 8 to 28. From Jan. 1 to 10 gage was read to top of ice. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Silver Creek near Lebanon, III., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6..... ..........

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21.. .............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

20

100

100

150

200

300

300

250

200

120

150

335

915

3 nsn

3,500

2,380

1,980

1,400

1,190

1,490

1 190

1,010

und.

219

122

199

199

129

110

92

Feb.

69

77

Q9

219

280

136

86

74

69

69

66

64

64

64

98

164

385

244

179

150

116

122

Tin

150

122

122

860

1,190

Mar.

3,820

2,980

2,180

i don

1,050

492

203

136

104

86

74

69

64

CQ

52

49

49

da

49

4Q

47

45

41

41

41

41

37

V7

37

oq

33

Apr.

29

26

26

OQ

69

150

143

80

45

07

OQ

07

33

90

69

613

719

770

436

1 W

Q9

64

KA

Aft

45

45

64

59

59

do

May.

41

37

157 *wu

447

122

164

4Q9

436

187

104

195

235

195

136

49

45

4Q

45

37

OQ

26

1,050

2,380

2,980

1 CQA

1 *576 240

365

164

June.

80

41

33

33

600

860

1,240

1,010

436

600

271

143

59

43

45

110

109

49

37

OQ

07

86

Q7

23

18

93

26

136

52

24

July.

14

14

98

49

29

22

14

12

14

140

49

298

203

59

24

72

528

730

613

122

37

18

14

9Q

16

35

fi9

26

17

07

26

Aug.

23

10

8

7

7

5

20

14

16

12

7

5.5

4

4

3.5

6

6

6

8

14

10

6

1 ICkfk

1,090

2 con

2 180

1 190

1ft7

66

9Q

93

Sept.

16

11

11

2,000

2,300

2,580

9 ^ftn

1,780

1,400

626

136

64

41

37

26

9Q

99

16

20

20

20

17

20

28

OQ

157

iKrt

AQ

AQ

Oct.

23

23

22

45

45

1,030

1,680

3,610

2,480

1,580

QftQ

171

83

66

56

49

4Q

47

49

49

47

56

C9

54

54

CO

54

52

54

EQ

62

Nov.

64

59

59

59

56

62

59

64

62fid.

62

43

45

43

45

43

45

45

45

47

47

47

47

47

49

An

da

54

69

64

Dec.

52

47

45

35

25

15

11

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

25

74

O9

77

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a rating curve fairly well denned between 29 and 1,780 secondfeet. Daily discharge Jan. 1 to 10 and Dec. 3 to 28 estimated, on account of presence of ice.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 301

Monthly discharge of Silver Creek near Lebanon, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 335 square miles.]

Month.

February. . .............................

March............................... .

April...... ...........................

May. ...................................

June. ...................................

July....................................

October. ................................

November. .............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Vftxitnmn.

3,500

1,190 

3,820 

770 

2,980 

1,240 

730 

2,880 

2,580 

3,610 

69

3,820

M'T)""mr*-

64 

33 

26 

26 

18 

12 

3.5 

11 

22 

43

3.5

Mean.

707 

196 

438 

137 

468 

210 

110 

291 

470 

405 

53.1 

21.9

294

Per 

square 

mile.

2.11 

.585 

1.31 

.409 

1.40 

.627 

.328 

.869 

1.41 

1.21 

.158 

.065

.878

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

2.43 

.61 

1.51 

.46 

1.61 

.70 

.38 

1.00 

1.57 

1.40 

.18 

.07

11.92

Accuracy.

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

BIG MUDDY RIVER. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF AREA DRAINED.

The drainage basin of Big Muddy River lies in southern Illinois. 

The river rises in the northwestern part of Jefferson County, flows 

southward to the town of Zeigler, in Franklin County, thence westward to Murphysboro, in Jackson County, and then southward to 

its junction with the Mississippi about 40 miles above Cairo, 111. 

Below Zeigler the river is extremely crooked, The river is about 

100 miles long, including bends. The total drainage area is 2,390 

square miles. The principal tributaries are Beaucoup Creek, Little 

Muddy River, Caseys Creek, and Middle Fork Creek, all small streams.

The basin is elliptical in shape, with a major axis about 70 miles 

long and a minor axis about 50 miles long. The country is level or 

undulating. The soil is known as "mulatto soil" a yellowishbrown clay. Winter wheat is the staple crop. The southeastern 

part is underlain with valuable coal veins, and coal mining is carried 

on extensively.

The slope of the river is small. Its sources are about 710 feet, and 

its mouth is about 310 feet above sea level. The banks and bed of 

the stream are soft and insecure.

The area is timberless except for scattered groves and the growth 

along the banks of the stream.

The mean annual rainfall is about 42 inches. The winters are 

mild. Ice does not form very thick, and, as a rule, the snowfall is 

light and does not last long.

The subject of storage has not been investigated, but owing to 

the growing demand for water in this section it should receive careful 

attention.
302 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

The basin offers no opportunities for power development. Like 

the other rivers in central and southern Illinois this stream is subject to high floods and very low water. During floods some sections 

resemble lakes, high water overflowing the land on each bank for 

2 or 3 miles. Backwater from the Mississippi frequently extends 

to Murphysboro, said to be 60 miles distant following the river, and 

floods reach the height of 30 feet above low water.

BIG MUDDY NEAR CAMBON, ILL.

This station, which is located at the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 

Railroad bridge, about 1 mile north of Cambon railroad station and 

about 1| miles east of Plumfield, 111., was established June 16, 1908, 

to obtain data for use in studying the problems of drainage, flood 

control, and navigation.

The Middle Fork of the Big Muddy enters on the left bank about 

one-fourth mile above the station.

The relation between gage height and discharge may be somewhat 

affected by ice during parts of December, January, and February. '

The datum of the gage has not been changed. The records are 

reliable and accurate, but records of low-water measurements should 

be used with caution as collections of drift and trash make such 

measurements difficult.

Discharge measurements of Big Muddy River near Cambon, III., in 1910.

Date.

May 23

24

25

Dec. 12

Hydrographer.

C.T. Bailey.................................... ...........

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet.

75

91

100

41

39

Area of 

section.

%ft

358

509

31.4

27.3

Gage 

height.

Feet.

7.56

9.00

2.30

o2.21

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

457

782

10 Q

a Ice present.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Big Muddy River near Cambon, III., for 1910. 

[Kobert Tackitt, observer.]

Day.

1. ..............

2. .............. 

3............... 

4...............

5...............

6. .............. 

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13................

14............... 

15...............

Jan.

2.45

2.7 

3.2 

4.0

4.5

6.25 

7.65

4.2

7.0

8.3 

12.25

Feb.

4.2

3.9

3.75 

3.7

3.65

4.0

4.8

4.35

4.2

3:05

3.7

3.35

3.4 

3.65

Mar.

18.95

21.35 

22.35 

22.15

21.25

19.9

18.2

17.4

15.3

10.5

6.15

4.8

4.1

3.75 

3.4

Apr.

2.25

2.25 

2.15

2.25

2.3 

2.3

2.35

2.55

2.6

2.45 

2.4

2.35

4.25 

3.9

May.

5.15

5.35 

3.9 

5.45

5.85

6.55 

5.55

4.95

5.25

5.7

6.05 

6.45

6.15

4.1 

4.2

June.

2.8

2.3 

2.3 

2.25

2.25

2.3 

2.4

2.35

2.35

2.4

2.5 

2.2

2.15

2.15 

2.15

July.

4.1

3.1

3.2 

4.2

4.7

5.4

4.35

4.2

3.0

3.8 

3.4

3.1

2.85 

3.25

Aug.

3.2

3.2 

2.85 

2.6

2.35

2.25 

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.5

2.3 

2.0

2.2

2.0 

1.95

Sept.

3.55

3.25 

3.9

.......

Oct.

.......

.......

Nov.

.......

Dec.

------

......

2

0

2

n

2.15 

2.15
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 303 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Big Muddy River near Cambon, III., for 1910 Continued.

Day.

16............... 

17...............

18. ..............

19. ..............

20. ..............

21...............

22. .............. 

23. ............... 

24. ..............

OK

26............... 

27. ..............

28. ..............

29...............

30. ..............

31...............

Jan.

13.7 

14 1

14.9

15.0 

14.9

14.8

14.7 

14.05 

13.9

O Q

6.55

5.7

5.05

5.0

5.0

4.65

Feb.

3.75

4.4

4.75 4.8^

"9.1 

10.9

11.65

10.6 

14.75

16.4

Mar.

3.25 

3.2

3.05

2.95 

2.9

2.75

2.8 

2.65 

2.6

2.65

2.55 

2.55

2.45

2.35

2.35

2.35

Apr.

4.55

7.85

10.15

"7." 7" 

6.0

" ~4." 25

3.8

4.15 

6.55

8.05

7.7

6.15

May.

3.85 

3.6

3.3

3.05 

2.9

2.7

2.55 

4.75 

6.3

8.6

9.3

7.9

4.7

3.9

3.4

3.1

June.

2.1 

2.1

2.1

2.5 

2.0

2.0

2.0 

1.95 

1.95

1.95

1.9 

1.9

5.3

3.2

5.9

July.

5.2 

5.9

6.3

6.85 

6.45

6.0

5.8 

3.85 

3.1

3.0

2.9 

2.9

3.0

5.5

4.3

4.0

Aug.

1.9 

1.8

1.85

1.85 

1.8

1.8

1.7 

3.3 

4.3

6.2

6.65 

5.05

4.85

4.45

4.0

3.8

Sept.

.......

Oct. Nov. Dec.

2.6 

2.6

2.7

2.5 

2.5

2.4

2.4 

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.8 

2.15

2.25

3.8

6.4

9.15

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 8 to 13 and Feb. 16 to 23. No gage reader from Sept. 4 to Dec. 11. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Big Muddy River near.Cambon, III., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

3. ..............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7. ..............

8...............

9. ..............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13. ..............

14. ..............

15...............

16...............

17. ..............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27. ..............

28...............

29. ..............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

10

31

51

84

110

280

461

350

240

160

94

206

376

558

1,350

1,780

1,920

2,240

2 280

2,240

2,200

2,160

1,900

1,850

842

318

217

' 152

148

148

120

Feb.

94

79

73

71

69

84

132

102

94

45

71

67

57

59

69

50

50

25

40

50

80

100

698

1,050

1,210

982

2,180

2,950

Mar.

4,700

6,860

7,900

7,690

6,760

5,490

4,120

3,560

2,400

960

268

132

89

73

59

53

51

45

41

39

33

35

29

27

29

25

25

22

18

18

18

Apr.

16

16

12

14

16

. 17

17

18

25

27

22

20

18

96

79

114

489

890

662

468

250

157

96

75

75

92

318

518

468

268

May.

162

181

79

191

234

318

201

144

171

217

256

304

268

89

94

77

67

55

45

39

31

25

128

286

608

734

496

124

79

59

47

June.

1%

17

17

16

16

17

20

18

18

20

23

14

12

12

12

11

11

11

23

8

8

8

6

6

6

5

5

176

51

OQQ

July.

89

47

51

94

124

186

212

102

94

43

75

59

47

37

53

166

239

286

356

304

250

228

77

47

43

39

39

43

196

99

84

Aug.

51

51

37

27

18

16

14

14

11

23

17

8

14

8

6

5

3

4

3

3

1

55

99

274

330

152

136

107

84

75

^ept.

65

53

79

Oct. Nov. Dec.

14

14

12

12

27

27

31

23

23

20

20

23

27

27

35

12

16

75

OQO

707

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a fairly well-denned rating curve based on measurements 

made 1908-1910. Discharge from Jan. 8 to 10 and from Feb. 16 to 22 estimated on account of presence of ice
304 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET V.

Monthly discharge of Big Muddy River near Cambon, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area 735 square miles.]

Month.

March. ....

May....................................

July....................................

December (12-31) .......................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,280

2,950

7,900 

890 

734 

239 

356 

330 

707

Minimum.

18 

12 

25 

5 

37 

1 

12

Mean.

802 

380 

1,660 

178 

187 

28.0 

123 

53.2 

72.2

Per 

square 

mile.

1.09

.517 

2.26 

.242 

.254 

.038 

.167 

.072 

.098

Run-off 

(depth in 

Inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.26 

.54 

2.61 

.27 

.29 

.04 

.19 

.08 

.07

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

BEAUCOUP CEEEK NEAE PINCKNEYVILLE, ILL.

Beaucoup Creek is tributary to Big Muddy River about 5 miles 

above Murphysboro in Jackson County.

The gaging station, which is located at the Illinois Central Railroad bridge about 1| miles east of Pinckneyville, 111., was established 

June 17, 1908, for the purpose of obtaining data for use in studying 

drainage and flood-control problems.

Little Beaucoup Creek enters on the left bank below the gaging 

station, and Galum Creek on the right bank about 10 miles below the 

station.

The datum of the gage has remained unchanged since the gage 

was installed.

The relation between gage height and discharge may be somewhat 

affected by ice during parts of December, January, and February.

The flood of 1902 reached a height representing about 27.5 feet on 

the present gage. The creek goes dry at times; the water then 

stands in pools near the gage.

Discharge measurements of Beaucoup Creek near Pinckneyville, III., in 1910.

Date.

May 22

24

25

Dec. 13«

Hydrographer.

C. T. Bailey. ..............................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Bailey and Monk. .........................................

Width.

Feet. 

65

122

104

5

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

75

538

309

1.4

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.41

7.24

5.28

2.27

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

9.2

373

147

1.3

Not at regular gaging section.
UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASINS. 305

Daily gage height, in feet, ofBeaucoup Creek near Pinckneymlle, III., for 1910. 

[R. C. Huggins, observer.]

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ...............

17...............

18. ..............

19

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23. ..............

24. .............. 9*;

26...............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

on

31...............

Jan.

2.1

2.4

2.55

4.2

3.8

4.0

<; A.

42

3.8

9 A.

2.5

2.35

7.55

13.2

148

10.3

5.55

8.0

14.05

9 8

7.3

6.2

445

3.45

Q 9

3.1

3.0

3.45

 4.0

3.6

2.95

Feb.

2.85

9 7

2.8

2.95

3.0

3.1

3.0

3.05

2.8

2.75

2 7

2.6

2.75

9 Q

3.0

3.05

3.15

3.35

3.4

3.5

3.5

46

6.05

5.35

5.0

415

14.2

91 1

Mar.

19.85

17 9^.

1*. Q

9,45

6.2

5.45

44

3.85

3.45

Q Q

3.1

2.95

2.8

2.8

2.65

2.6

9 IS

2 IS

2.55

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.4

2.35

2

O

2.3

2.25

9 9^.

2.2

Apr.

9 15

2

0

2.15

2.2

2.25

9 QK.

2.3

2.2

2.4

2.3

2.25

2.6

2.35 9 95

2 Q

3.15

5.25

415

3.25

3.0

2.75

2.7

2 fill

2.65

3.3

405

3.85

3.25

May.

9 Q

9 a

40

8.15

5.1

3.75

3.85

5.55

42

3.55

3.6

3.55

Q OK

3.05

9 7

3.0

2 45

2.4

2.65

2.6

2.4

3.7

7.0

5.4

3.7

3.05

9 7

2.45

2

O

2.2

June.

9 1

2 1

2.05

2.0

2

1

2.05

2.0

2 OK

2.4

2.25

2.15

2.1

9 1

2.1

2.1

2.05

2.0

i Q<;

1 Q

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1 7**

1.7

9 Q

2 2

9 flK.

July.

1 Q

5.2

6.0

K 7

3.5

2

7K

2.6

2.25

9 9K.

2.7

5.7

a 75

2.05

2.0

2 A

2.0

2.0

3.25

2.65

2.4

Aug.

2.1

9 flK.

2

n

1 Q

1 Q

1.8

1 Q

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.75

1.75

1.75

1 7

1.7

2.1

9.8

6.5

4.8

3.3

2.55

2.3

2.2

Sept.

1 Q£

2.0

2.3

8.65

13.8

15.2

17 Q

17.4

17.0

465

3.45

2.9

2.55

2.4

2.3

2.25

2.1

2.1

2.05

2.05

2.0

2.1

Oct.

2 1 P»

2.05

10.25

1 K. 7

16.1

17.0

q 7K

2.75

2.65

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.25

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.25

2.3

2.2

2.25

2.2

2.15

Nov.

2 OK

2 1 (v

2 9

2.15

2.15

2.2

2.15

2.1

2 1

2.1

Dec.

2.45

2 35

9 IK

2.35

2.35

9 *%t\

9 1%

9 W\

2

0

o o

9 ^

2.3

9 ^

9 ^

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.2

2.2

9 91

2.25

2.5

2.8

A fl*5

4.8

NOTE. Relation between gage height and discharge slightly affected by ice during February; ice present during December.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofBeaucoup Creek near Pinckneymlle, III., for 1910.

Day.

I..... ..........

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10. ..............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14. ..............

15. ..............

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22-. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

90

30

31...............

Jan.

4

11

16

92

70

80

179

92

70

11

14

10

368

1,070

1,290

679

191

413

1,190

616

344

245

108

52

40

36

32

52

80

60

30

Feb.

26

20

24

30

32

36

32

34

24

22

20

17

22

28

32

34

38

48

50

55

55

119

232

175

147

89

1,210

2,170

Mar.

2,000

1,640

1,450

574

245

183

105

72

52

A.f\

36

30

30

24

24

18

17

16

16

16

12

12

12

11

11

10

8

8

7

7

6

Apr.

5

6

5

6

7

30

8

6

11

8

7

17

10

30

28

38

92

167

89

65

42

32

22

20

18

18

45

83

72

42

May.

28

24

80

430

155

68

72

126

191

92

58

60

58

42

34

20

32

12

11

18

17

9

65

317

179

65

34

20

12

8

6

June.

4

4

4

3

4

4

4

3

7

11

7

5

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

28

6

4

July.

4

3

80

163

227

203

129

55

22

20

17

12

7

7

6

20

203

68

52

36

20

3

3

3

3

3

3

42

18

11

8

Aug.

4

3.5

3

3

3

2

2

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

4

616

272

133

45

16

16

8

6

Sept.

3

3

8

240

484

1,150

1,350

1,730

1,660

1,600

]99

52

28

16

11

8

7

6

4

4

4

3.5

3.5

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

Oct.

5

4

3.5

672

1,050

1,420

1,470

1,600

834

68

45

22

18

14

11

10

8

7

8

8

8

8

8

7

8

7

6

7

6

6

5

Nov.

7

5

6

5

5

6

6

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

6

6

8

10

10

11

Dec.

8

7

7

6

6

5

5

4

3

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

8

24

83

133

NOTE. Daily discharge computed from a rating curve fairly well defined below 640 second-feet. Daily 

discharge during November was interpolated, and during December estimated because of presence of ice.

21502° WSP 285 12 20
306 SURFACE -WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Monthly discharge ofBeaucoup Creek near Pinckneymlle, III., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 227 square miles.]

Month.

April....................................

May.....................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,290 

2,170 

2,000 

167 

430 

28 

227 

616 

1,730 

1,600 

11 

133

2,170

Minimum.

4 

17 

6 

5 

6 

2 

3 

2 

3 

4 

4

Mean.

243

172 

216 

34.3 

75.6 

4.8 

46.2 

37.7 

284 

237 

5.33 

10.3

114

Per 

square 

mile.

1.07 

.758 

.952 

.151 

.333 

.021 

.204 

.166 

1.25 

1.04 

.023 

.045

.502

Run-off 

(depth In 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.23

.79 

1.10 

.17 

.38 

.02 

.24 

.19 

1.40 

1.20 

.03 

.05

6.80

Accuracy.

B. 

C. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

D.

MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS.

HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE BASIN.

Date.

1910. 

Nov. 20

Dec. 13

July 2

Oct. 16

Aug. 20

Stream.

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

Tributary to 

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

Locality.

Kimball, Alberta .......

Lake River.

River.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.12

3.74

6.50

6.10

3.37

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

681

101

716

393

328

914

UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN.

Mar. 30

31

Apr. 1

2

5

.....do...................

.....do....................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do..................

.....do..................

.....do..................

.....do..................

Seville, 111..... .......... fa)

")

$ (d)

(«)

(/)

COT

^uv?

OOK

155

86

76

o 30.65 feet to water surface from top of downstream end of third-floor beam from right abutment of 

Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway bridge east of Seville.

b 25.70 feet to water surface from base of rail 135 feet from face of coping of right abutment. Downstream side of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad bridge.

c 26.04 feet to water surface from top of handrail on downstream side of bridge; 59 feet from center of 

right tubular pier.

d 22.61 feet to water surface from top of downstream end of floor beam 79 feet from base of left abutment. 

Bridge is East Bridge above mouth -of Walnut Creek.

« 15.26 feet to water surface from top of northeast corner of upstream end of floor beam 39 feet from face 

of left plank abutment.

/17.55 feet to water surface from top of third-floor beam left end of bridge, downstream side.
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V. 307

SUMMARY OF MEAN DISCHARGE PER SQUARE MILE.

The following summary of discharge per square mile is given to 

allow ready comparison of relative rates of run-off from different 

areas in the Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi drainage basins.

It shows in a general way the seasonal distribution of run-off, and 

the effect of snow, ground, surface, and artificial storage. The most 

important fact worth noting is the almost entire lack of uniformity or 

agreement between any two streams, which indicates that the discharge of each stream is a law unto itself, and that all projects 

dependent upon stream flow, if they are to be developed along the 

safest and most economical lines, must be based on records of stream 

flow collected with great care over a long series of years as near the 

location of the project under consideration as possible.

Summary of discharge, in second-feet per square mile, in Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins for 1910.

St. Mary River near Babb, Mont.. . . . . 

St. Mary River, below Swiftcurrent

St. Mary River near Cardston, Alberta. 

Swiftcurrent Creek near Babb, Mont. . . 

Ottertail River near Fergus Falls, Minn

Red River at Grand Forks, N. Dak. . . 

Pelican River near Fergus Falls, Minn. 

Wild Rice River at Twin Valley, Minn.

Red Lake River at Crookston, Minn. . 

Thief River near Thief Riv,er Falls. . . . 

Clearwater River at Red Lake Falls, 

Minn... ... ..... . ....

Pembina River at Neche, N. Dak. ....

Little Fork River at Little Fork, Minn.

Mississippi River above Sandy River,

Mississippi River at Anoka, Minn. .... 

Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minn. . . . 

Pine River below Pine River reserCrow Wing River at Pillager, Minn. . . 

Long Prairie River near Motley, Minn. 

Sauk River near St. Cloud, Minn. .....

South Fork of Crow River near RockRum River at Cambridge, Minn. ...... 

Minnesota River near Odessa, Minn.. . 

Minnesota River near Montevideo, 

Minn... .......... .....

Minnesota River near Mankato, Minn. 

Chippewa River near Watson, Minn. . 

Redwood River near Redwood Falls, 

Minn....................... ...

Cottonwood River near New Ulm, 

Minn... .............................

Blue Earth River at Rapidan Mills, 

Minn,-.- - ......... 

Kettle River near Sandstone, Minn. . . .

Cannon River at Welch, Minn. ....... 

Zumbro River at Zumbro Falls, Minn. 

Boot River near Houston, Minn. ......

Drainage area.

Sq. mi.

177

298 

452 

101 

1,310 

6,020

25,000 

433 

805 

3,430

5,320 

1,010

1,310 

2,940 

8,400 

1,720 

1,320

4,510 

17,100 

35,700

452 

3,230 

973 

816 

2,520

414 

1,160 

1,560

6,300 

14,600 

1,940

703 

1,190

2,260 

825 

422 

1,290 

1,120 

1,560

i

0.51

.33

.40 

.25

.06 

.29

"16

.14 

.10

.17 

"."66

.25 

.23 

.14

.69 

.24

.12 

.11

.16 

.13

.03

.06

.22

.14

"."33 

.32

4fc

0.56

.35

.45 

.17

.05 

.18

Yi6

.13 

.04

.09 

"."66

.29 

.22 

.13

1.36 

.21

.10 

.08

.18 

.12

.02

.04

"."26 

.08

'."26 

.29

'a

2

0.96

1.17 

L34 

.22

.35

.34

.42

64

.68 

.33

.51 

"."62

.49 

.54 

.60

1.45

.70

.58 

.59

.46 

.64

.27 

.53

"."95 

.93

1.06 

.72

t43

2.93

2.63

4.47 

.33 

,?4

.31 

.43 

.69

,66

.77 

L14

.99 

.06 

.02 i'ss

.58 

.47 

.39

1.45 

.60 

42

.41 

.20

17

.82 

.44 

.18

.22 

.18

.12 

.25

.20 

.76 

.47 

.34 

.33 

.35

 2&

7.06

5.13

.32 

16

.17 

.34 

.70 

,39

.37 

.43

.25 

.04 

.01 

.41 

L25

.54 

.34 

.26

L43

.34 

21

.11

.10

.10

.55 

.25 

.14

.15 

.13 

.10

.04 

.07

.07 

.33 

.15 

.22 

.27 

.32

QJ 

§

t-a

7.80

6.34 

4.96

.22

.08

.08 

.16 

.34 

.23

.20 

.16

.09 

.02 

.01 

.18 

.54

.47 

.26 

.18

1.27 

.20 

,14

.09

.05

08

.30 

.14 

.05

.06 

.07 

.02

.04

.08

.06 

.22 

.11 

.19 

.19 

.25

tt-a

448

3.83 

2.59

.12

.04

.03 

.04 

.07 

1?

.10 

.11

.03 

.01 

.00 

.09 

.11

.48 

.22 

.11

.34 

.11

07

.05

.03

04

.07 

.08 

.01

.02 

.03 

.01

.01 

.03

.02 

.09 

.09 

.13 

.15 

.21

«>

D 

 <

2.05

1.77 

1.28

.05 

.01

.02 

.02 

.03

.07 

.04

.03 

.00 

.00 

.07 

.05

.60 

.20 

.11

.17 

.09

,07

.06 

.02

01

.04 

.07 

.01

.01 

.02 

.01

.01

.02

.02 

.09 

.16 

.11 

.15 

.22

&03

L44

1.40 

1.22

.02 

.01

.02 

.01 

.03

.06 

.01

.03 

.00 

.00

.05 

.08

.58 

.20 

.11

.24 

. 14 

09

.07 

.02

00

.01 

.07 

.02

.01 

.02 

.01

.01 

.01

.02 

.13 

.13 

.10 

.15 

.30

o

3.24

3.46 

2.30

.04 

.01

.02 

.02 

.03

.06 

.00

.04 

.00 

.00 

.10 

.22

.42 

.21 

.12

.46 

.19 

.09

.07 

.03

m

.02 

.07 

.03

.02 

.02 

.01

.02 

.01

.03 

.16 

.09 

.10 

.14 

.22

i £

2.45

2.15 

1.64

.06 

.01

.02 

.03 

.03

.04 

.00

.04

"."65 

.09

.26

.17 

.10

.16 

.16

.04 

.03

.as

.01 

.07

.02 

.02

.02

Vi2

.09 

.10 

,15 .221

8

P

L09

.93

.65

.06

.01 

.01 

.02

.04 

.00

.04 

"."66

.15 

.11

.06

.16 

.14

.02 

.03

.01 

.05

.01 

.02

Vio

.04

'."14 

.20

|

2.88 

2."03

.16

.09 

.16

.22 

.20

.19 

"."66

.43 

.26 

.19

.76 

.26

.14 

.11

.22 

.18

.07 

.09

"."28 

.21

"."28 

.30
308 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART V.

Summary of discharge, in second-feet per square mile, in Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins for 1910 Continued.

Wapsipinicon River at Stone City,

Des Moines River at Jackson, Minn. . . . 

Sangamon River near Monticello, 111. . .

Sangamon River near Oakford, 111. ... 

SouthFork Sangamon River near Taylorville, 111... .......................

Kaskaskia River at Shelbyville, 111. ...

Kaskaskia River at New Athens, 111. . .

Beaucoup Creek near Pinckneyville, m..................... ..............

H* Q

Sq. mi. 

1,310

425 

1,160 

550 

2,560 

5,000

427 

459 

259 

390 

1,030 

1,980 

2,680 

5,220 

760 

335 

735

227

1

0.24

i.~32 

1.21 

1.86

1.35 

L19 

2.05 

L92 

L86 

L31 

L41 

L72 

L54 

2.11 

L09

L07

4PR

a 19 

Yeo

.49

.54

.42 

.40

.46 

.71 

.66 

.58 

.59 

.62 

.48 

.58 

.52

.76

|

1.91

L50

"."67 

.82 

.70

.94 

.49 

.97 

.99 

1.18 

1.05 

1.29 

2.01 

1.32 

1.31 

2.26

.95

S, <!

0 46 

.23

.17 

.17 

.25 

.27

.26 

.15 

.39 

.33 

.27 

.28 

.26 

.35 

.59 

.41 

.24

.15

1

a 31

.16 

.07 

.70 

L23 

.81

1.61 

.38 

1.25 

L25 

1.79 

L55 

L09 

L15 

1.87 

L40 

.25

.33

l-s

a is

.12

.05 

.33

.48 

.48

.27 

.09 

.62 

.44 

.48 

.46 

.66 

.76 

.73 

.63 

.04

.02

l-s£

0.08 

.12 

.03 

.11 

.34 

.26

.31 

.05 

.32 

.56 

.56 

.67 

.62 

.66 

.75 

.33 

.17

.20

1

0.08 

.12 

.02 

.04 

.12 

.11

.16 

.06 

.05 

.20 

.35 

.30 

.26 

.45 

.69 

.87 

.07

.17

*5

an

.12 

.02 

.16 

.16

.18

.34 

.04 

L05 

.49 

.62 

.38 

.39 

L32 

1.25 

L41

1.25

"8 

O

an

.12 

.02 

.08 

.13 

.11

.19 

.06 

L39 

.18 

.33 

.38 

.60 

L19 

L23 

L21

L04

1

0.08 

.12 

.03 

.04 

.13 

.07

.09 

.03 

.28 

.12 

.43 

.15 

.09 

.08 

.12 

.16

.02

|

aog 

Vie

.25 

.15

.50 

.13

.17 

.54 

.49 

.38 

.27 

.18 

.11 

.06

.04

i

a 26 "."35

.47 

.40

.54 

.26 

.75 

.65 

.76 

.63 

.63 

.88 

.90 

.88

.50
INDEX.

A. Page.

Accuracy of discharge measurements, degree

of............................. 15-17

Acknowledgments to those aiding........... 18

Acre-foot, definition of................. ..... 12

Adams, C. R., work of....................... 19

Anoka, Minn.,

Mississippi River at:

description........................ 107-108

discharge............ ............. 108,307-

discharge, daily..................... 110

discharge,monthly.......... ....... Ill

gage heights......................... 109

Appropriations, amount of.................. 7

Arcola, 111.,

KaskasMa River near:

description........................ 285-286

discharge.......................... 286,308

discharge, daily..................... 287

discharge, monthly.................. 287

gage heights......................... 286

Austin, Minn.,

Cedar River near:

description........................ 264-265

discharge.......................... 265,308

discharge, daily..................... 266

discharge, monthly.................. 267

gage heights......................... 265

Authority for investigations................. 7

B. 

Babb, Mont.,

St. Mary River at or near: 5

description.......................... 23,25

discharge........................ 23,25,307

discharge, daily..................... 24,26

discharge, monthly.. .^.............. 25,27

gage heights......................... 24,26

Swiftcurrent Creek near:

description.......................... 29-30

discharge........................... 30,307

discharge, daily..................... 30

discharge, monthly.................. 31

gage heights......................... 30

Bailey, C. T., work of....................... 19

Beaucoup Creek near 

Pinckneyville, 111.:

description.......................... 304

discharge.......................... 304,308

discharge, daily..................... 305

discharge, monthly.................. 306

...................... 305

Page.

Big Falls., Minn., 

Big Fork River at:

description.......................... 87

discharge........................... 88,307

discharge,daily..................... 88-89

discharge, monthly.................. 89

Big Fork River at 

Big Falls, Minn.:

description.......................... 87

discharge........................... 88,307

discharge, daily..................... 88-89

discharge, monthly.................. 89

Big Fork River basin, description of......... 86-87

drainage areas in........................ 86

stream flow in........................... 87-89

Big Muddy River basin, description of.... 301-302

stream flow in......................... 302-306

Big Muddy River near 

Cambon, 111.:

description.......................... 302

discharge.......................... 302,308

discharge, daily..................... 303

 discharge, monthly.................. 304

gage heights....................... 302-303

Big Stone, S. Dak.,

Whetstone River near:

description.......................... 210

....................... 210

ts....................... 210-211

Black River, elevations and distances along,

tableof.......................... 79

Blue Earth River at 

Rapidan Mills, Minn.:

description........................ 219-220

discharge.......................... 220,307

discharge, daily................... 221-222

discharge, monthly.................. 222

gage heights......................... 221

Breese, HI.,

Shoal Creek near:

description........;............... 296-297

discharge...........................297,308

discharge, daily...................... 298

discharge, montly................... 298

gage heights......................... 297

C. 

Cahokia Creek basin, description of.......... 282

stream flow in......................... 283-284

309
310 INDEX.

Cahokia Creek at 

Poag, HI.: Page, 

description.......................... 283

discharge.......................... 283,308

discharge, daily...................... 284

discharge, monthly.................. 284

gage heights....................... 283-284

Cambon, 111.,

Big Muddy River near:

description.......................... 302

discharge.......................... 302,308

discharge, daily...................... 203

discharge, monthly.................. 304

gage heights....................... 302-303

Cambridge, Minn., 

Rum River at:

description.................... ..... 186

discharge.......................... 187,307

discharge, daily...................... 188

discharge, monthly.................. 189

gage heights......................... 187

Canfleld, G. H., work of..................... 19

Cannon River basin, description of........ 232-234

drainage areas in ........................ 232

stream flow in......................... 234-237

water power developed in............... 234

Cannon River, elevations and distances along,

table of........................ 233-234

Cannon River at 

Welch, Minn.:

description........................ 234-235

discharge.......................... 235,307

discharge, daily...................... 236

discharge, monthly.................. 237

gage heights......................... 235

Cardston, Alberta,

St. Mary River near: -

description.......................... 27

discharge........................... 28,307

discharge, daily....................

discharge, monthly................

Carlyle, HI.,

Kaskaskia River at:

description........................ 291-292

discharge.......................... 292,308

discharge, daily...................... 293

discharge, monthly.................. 294

gage heights....................... 292-293

Cedar Falls, Wis.,

Red Cedar River at:

description.......................... 241

gage heights......................... 241

Cedar River nearAustin, Minn.:

description........................ 264-265

discharge.......................... 265,308

discharge, daily...................... 266

discharge, monthly.................. 267

gage heights......................... 265

Chandler, E. F., work of..................... 19

Chippewa Falls, Wis.,

Chippewa River (Wis.) at:

description.......................... 240

...................... 240

Chippewa River (Minn.) nearWatson, Minn.: Page, 

description.......................... 212

discharge.......................... 213,307

discharge, daily.................... 213-214

discharge, monthly.................. 214

gage heights......................... 213

Chippewa River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 239

Chippewa River (Wis.) at 

Chippewa Falls, Wis.:

description.......................... 240

gage heights......................... 240

Chippewa River (Wis.) basin, description of. 237-239 

stream flow in......................... 240-241

Clearwater River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 55

water power on.......................... 56

Red Lake River near:

discharge............................ 306

Clearwater River at 

Red Lake Falls, Minn.: 

. description.......................... 65

discharge........................... 66,307

discharge, daily..................... 66-67

discharge, monthly.................. 67

gage heights......................... 66

Cooperation, credit for....................... 18

Cooperative data, use of..................... 17-18

Cottonwood R^ver nearNew trim, Minn.:

description.......................... 217

discharge.......................... 218,307

discharge, daily................... 218-219

discharge, monthly.................. 219

gage heights......................... 218

Crookston, Minn., 

Red Lake River at:

description.......................... 59-60

discharge........................... 60,307

discharge, daily..................... 61

discharge, monthly.................. 62

gage heights.......................... 60-61

Cross Lake dam, Minn., 

Pine River below:

See Pine River reservoir. 

Cross River, elevations and distances along,

table of.......................... 78

Crow River at 

Rockford, Minn.:

description........................ 176-177

discharge.......................... 177,307

discharge, daily..................... 178

discharge, monthly.................. 178

gage heights......................... 177

Crow River basin, description of........... 174-175

drainage areas in........................ 174

stream flow in......................... 175-180

water power developed In............... 175

Crow River (North Fork) near 

Rockford, Minn.:

description........................ 175-176

discharge............................ 176

...................... 176
INDEX. 311

Crow River (South Fork) near 

Rockford, Minn.: Page, 

description........................ 178-179

discharge.......................... 179,307

discharge, daily..................... 180

discharge, monthly.................. 180

gage heights......................... 179

Crow Wing River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 162

Crow Wing River at 

Nimrod, Minn.:

description........................... 162

discharge............................ 163

gage heights......................... 163

Pillager, Minn.:

description........................ 163-164

discharge.......................... 164,307

discharge, daily..................... 165

discharge, monthly.................. 166

gage heights......................... 164

Crow Wing River basin, description of.... 160-162

drainage areas in........................ 160

stream flow in......................... 162-166

Current meters, views of..................... 14

Current-meter stations, views of............. 14

D. 

DaMuda, 111.,

Spoon River at:

discharge............................. 306

Data, explanation of........................ 13-15

field methods used in collection of...... 15

Data on stream flow in publications of United 

States Geological Survey, character of.......................... 9-12

Definition of terms.......................... 12

Des Moines River at 

Jackson, Minn.:

description.......................... 268

discharge.......................... 268,308

discharge, daily..................... 269

discharge, monthly.................. 270

gage heights....................... 268-269

Des Moines River basin, description of.... 267-268

stream flow in......................... 268-270

Devils Lake nearDevils Lake, N. Dak.:

description.......................... 52

gage heights......................... 53

Discharge, definition of...................... 12

summary of........................... 307-308

Discharge measurements, accuracy of........ 15-17

nature of................................ 14

Drainage basins, list of...................... 9

E. 

Elmore, 111.,

Spoon River near:

discharge............................ 306

Emerson, C. J., work of..................... 19

Equivalents, list of.......................... 12-13

F.

Fargo, N. Dak., 

Red River at:

description.......................... 39

discharge........................... 40,307

discharge, daily..................... 40-41

discharge, monthly.................. 41

...................... 40

Fergus Falls, Minn., 

Ottertail River near 

Dayton Hollow dam on, view of..... 38

description......... ................ 35-36

discharge........................... 36,307

discharge, daily..................... 37

discharge, monthly.................. 38

gage heights......................... 37

Pelican River near:

description.......................... 44

discharge........................... 45,307

discharge, daily..................... 46

discharge, monthly.................. 47

gage heights......................... 45

Red River near:

description.......................... 38

gage heights......................... 39

Flambeau River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 239

Follansbee, Robert, work of................. 19

Fort Ripley, Minn.,

Mississippi River near:

description.......................... 106

discharge............................ 107

gage heights......................... 107

G. 

Gage heights, readings of.................... 14

Gaging stations, views of.................... 14

list of, in Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River drainage basins...... 19-22

Grand Forks, N. Dak., 

Red River at:

description.......................... 41-42

discharge....................... 42,306,307

discharge, daily..................... 43

discharge, monthly.................. 44

gage heights......................... 43

Gray, G. A., work of........................ 19

H.

Hartsburg, 111., 

Sugar Creek at:

discharge............................ 306

Horton, A. H., work of...................... 19

Houston, Minn., 

Root River near:

description.......................... 249

discharge.......................... 250,307

discharge, daily..................... 251

discharge, monthly.................. 252

gage heights......................... 250

Hudson Bay drainage basin, gaging stations

in............................... 19-20

stream flow in........................... 22-89

streams of............................... 22

I. 

Illinois River basin, description of........... 270

stream flow in......................... 270-282

International Falls, Minn., 

Rainy River at:

description.......................... 80

discharge............................ 80

gage heights.............. ..... 81

measurement of, plate showing...... 38

Investigations, authority for................. 7

scope of................................. *
312 INDEX.

Page. 

Iowa River basin, description of........... 262-264

stream flow in......................... 264-267

J.

Jackson, H. J., work of.................... 19

Jackson, Minn.:

Des Moines River at 

description.......................... 268

discharge.......................... 268,308

discharge, daily..................... 269

discharge, monthly.................. 270

gage heights....................... 268-269

Jones, B. E., work of........................ 19

K.

Kaskaskia River at or near 

Arcola, 111.:

description........................ 285-286

discharge.......................... 286,308

discharge, daily..................... 287

discharge, monthly.................. 287

gage heights......................... 286

Carlyle, 111.:

description........................ 291-292

discharge.......................... 292,308

discharge, daily..................... 293

discharge, monthly.................. 294

gage heights....................... 292-293

New Athens, 111.:

description.......................... 294

discharge.......................... 295,. 308

discharge, daily................... 295-296

discharge, monthly.................. 296

gage heights......................... 295

Shelbyville, 111.:

description........................ 287-288

discharge.......................... 288,308

discharge, daily..................... 289

discharge, monthly.................. 289

gage heights......................... 288

Vandalia, 111.:

description........................ 289-290

discharge.......................... 290,308

discharge, daily..................... 291

discharge, monthly.................. 291

gage heights......................... 290

Kaskaskia River basin, description of....... 285

stream flow in......................... 285-301

Kawishiwi River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 78-79

Kenney, 111.,

Salt Creek near:

description.......................... 280

discharge............................ 280

discharge, daily..................... 281

discharge, monthly.................. 282

gage heights......................... 281

Kettle River, elevations and distances along,

table of.......................... 226

Kettle River basin, description of......... 224-225

drainage areas in........................ 225

stream flow in......................... 226-228

Kettle River near 

Sandstone, Minn.:

description........................ 226-227

discharge............................ 307

Page.

Kettle River near Continued. 

Sandstone, Minn. Continued.

discharge, daily................... 227-228

discharge, monthly.................. 228

gage heights......................... 227

Kimball, Alberta, 

St. Mary River at:

discharge............................ 306

L.

Lac Qui Parle River at 

Lac Qui Parle, Minn.:

description.......................... 211

discharge..................'.......... 211

gage heights......................... 212

Lamb, W. A., work of....................... 19

Lanesboro, Minn.,

Root River (North Branch) near:

description.......................... 252

discharge............................ 253

gage heights...'...................... 253

Lebanon, 111.,

Silver Creek near:

description.......................... 299

discharge.......................... 299,508

discharge, daily..................... 300

discharge, monthly.................. 301

gage heights....................... 299-300

Libby post office, Minn.,

Sandy River near. See Sandy Lake res-

 ervoir: 

Little Fork, Minn.,

Little Fork River at:

description.......................... 83

discharge............................ 84

discharge, daily..................... 84-85

discharge, monthly.................. 84

gage heights......................... 84

Little Fork River at 

Little Fork, Minn.:

description.......................... 83

discharge........................... 84,307

discharge, daily..................... 84-85

discharge, monthly.................. 84

gage heights......................... 84

Little Fork River basin, description of....... 82-83

stream flow in........................... 83-86

Little Fork River, log jam on, view of....... 82

Long Prairie River nearMotley, Minn.:

description........................ 166-167

discharge.......................... 167,307

discharge, daily..................... 168

discharge, monthly.................. 169

gage heights......................... 167

M. 

Mankato, Minn.,

Minnesota River near 

description........................ 199-200

discharge...................... 200-201,307

discharge, daily................... 204-208

discharge, monthly................ 208-209

gage heights....................... 201-204

Maquon, 111.,

Spoon River at:

......................... 306
INDEX. 313

Page. 

McChristie, M. E., work of.................. 19

Matters, J. G., workof...................... 19

Merrill, Wis.,

Wisconsin River at:

description........................ 257-258

gage heights......................... 258

Minnesota River, elevations and distances

along, table of................. 192,193

Minnesota River basin, description of...... 189,194

drainage areas in...................... 190,191

stream flow in......................... 194,222

water powers developed in............... 193

Minnesota River near 

Mankato, Minn.:

description........................ 199-200

discharge...................... 200-201,307

discharge, daily................... 204-208

discharge, monthly................ 208-209

gage heights....................... 201-204

Montevideo, Minn.:

description.......................... 197

discharge.......................... 198,307

discharge, daily................... 198,199

discharge, monthly.................. 199

Odessa, Minn.:

description.......................... 194

discharge.......................... 195,307

discharge, daily..................... 196

discharge, monthly.................. 197

gage heights......................... 195

Minot, N. Dak.,

Mouse River at:

description.......................... 71

discharge........................... 72,307

discharge, daily..................... 72-73

discharge, monthly.................. 73

gage heights......................... 72

Miscellaneous measurements in 

Hudson Bay drainage basin............. 306

Mississippi River drainage basin (upper). 306 

Mississippi River at or near 

Anoka, Minn.:

description........................ 107-108

discharge.......................... 108,307

discharge, daily..................... 110

discharge, monthly.................. Ill

gage heights......................... 109

Fort Ripley, Minn.:

description. .......................... 106

discharge............................ 107

gage heights......................... 107

Libby post office, Minn. See Sandy 

River.

St. Paul, Minn.:

description........................ 111-112

discharge.......................... 112,307

discharge, daily................... 122-131

discharge, monthly................ 131-135

gage heights....................... 113-122

(above) Sandy River:

description.......................... 95

discharge........................... 95,307

discharge, daily.................... 95-102

discharge, monthly................ 103-106

Page.

Mississippi River (upper), elevations and distances along, table of............. 92

reservoirs on headwaters of, list of....... 94

Mississippi River basin (upper), description

of............................... 90-95

rainfall at points in, table showing....... 93

stream flow in...........................95-306

Monk,P. S., workof........................ 19

Montevideo, Minn.,

Minnesota River near:

description.......................... 197

discharge.......................... 198,307

discharge, daily................... 198-199

discharge, monthly.................. 199

gage heights......................... 198

Monticello, HI.,

Sangamon River near:

description.......................... 271

discharge.......................... 272,308

discharge, daily..................... 273

discharge, monthly.................. 273

gage heights......................... 272

Mora, Minn.,

Snake River at:

 description.......................... 230

discharge.......................... 230,307

discharge, daily..................... 231

discharge, monthly.................. 231

gage heights......................... 230

Motley, Minn.,

Long Prairie River near:

description........................ 166-167

discharge.......................... 167,307

discharge, daily..................... 168

discharge, monthly.................. 169

gage heights......................... 167

Mouse River at 

Minot, N. Dak.:

description.......................... 71

discharge........................... 72,307

discharge, daily..................... 72-73

discharge, monthly.................. 73

gage heights......................... 72

Mouse River basin, description of ......... 70-71

stream flow in........................... 71-73

N.

Necedah, Wis.,

Wisconsin River near:

description.......................... 259

discharge............................ 259

gage heights....................... 259-260

Neche, N. Dak.,

Pembina River at:

description.......................... 67-68

discharge........................... 68,307

discharge, daily..................... 69

discharge, monthly.................. 70

gage heights......................... 68-69

New Athens, 111.,

Kaskaskia River at:

description........................... 294

discharge.......................... 295,308

discharge,daily................... 295-296

discharge, monthly.................. 296

gage heights........................ 295
314 INDEX.

New Ulm, Minn.,

Cottonwood River near: Page. 

description.......................... 217

discharge.......................... 218,307

discharge,daily................... 218-219

discharge, monthly.................. 219

gage heights......................... 218

Nimrod, Minn.,

Crow Wing River at:

description.......................... 162

discharge............................ 163

gage heights......................... 163

Nomland, J. O.,work of..................... 19

O. 

Oakford, 111.,

Sangamon River near:

description........................ 275-276

discharge.......................... 276,308

discharge, daily..................... 277

3, monthly.................. 277

...................... 276

Odessa, Minn.,

Minnesota River near:

description.......................... 194

discharge.......................... 195,307

discharge, daily..................... 196

discharge, monthly.................. 197

gage heights......................... 195

Onamia, Minn., 

Rnm River at:

description........................ 183-184

discharge.......................... 184,307

discharge, daily..................... 185

discharge, monthly.................. 186

gage heights......................... 184

Ottertail River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 34

Ottertail River nearFergus Falls, Minn.:

Dayton Hollow dam on, view of..... 38

description.......................... 35-36

discharge........................... 36,307

discharge, daily...................... 37

discharge, monthly.................. 38

gage heights......................... 37

P.

Pelican River, elevations and distances along,

table of.......................... 34

Pelican River nearFergus Falls, Minn.:

description.......................... 44

discharge........................... 45,307

discharge, daily...................... 46

discharge, monthly.................. 47

gage heights......................... 45

Pembina River at 

Neche, N. Dak.:

description.......................... 67-68

discharge........................... 68,307

discharge, daily..... ................ 69

discharge, monthly.................. 70

Pillager, Minn.,

Crow Wing River at:

description........................ 163-164

....................... 164,307

Pillager, Minn. Continued.

Crow Wing River at Continued.

discharge, daily...................... 165

discharge, monthly.................. 166

gage heights......................... 164

Pinckneyville, 111.,

Beaucoup Creek near:

description.......................... 304

discharge.................^....... 304,308

discharge, daily...................... 305

discharge, monthly.................. 306

gage heights......................... 305

Pine River below 

Cross Lake dam, Minn. See Pine River 

reservoir.

Pine River reservoir, Minn.:

description........................ 148-149

discharge............................ 307

discharge, daily.................... 149-156

discharge, monthly................ 157-159

Pine River reservoir, Minn.,

Pine River below:

description........................ 148-149

discharge-........................... 307

discharge, daily.................... 149-156

discharge, monthly................ 157-159

Poag, HI.,

Cahokia Creek at:

description.......................... 283

discharge.......................... 283,308

discharge, daily...................... 284

discharge, monthly.................. 284

gage heights....................... 283-284

Price meters, views of....................... 14

Publications, data on stream flow in......... 9-12

lists of................................... 9-11

R. 

Rainier, Minn.,

Rainy Lake near:

description.......................... 81

gage heights ........................ 82

Rainy Lake near 

Rainier, Minn.:

description.......................... 81

gage heights......................... 82

Rainy River at - 

In ternational Falls, Minn.:

description.......................... 80

discharge............................ 80

gage heights......................... 81

measurement of, plate showing...... 38

Rainy River basin, description of........... 75-80

drainage areas in, list of.................. 76

elevations and distances along boundary

waters of, table of................. 78

elevations and distances along streams in,

table of.......................... 78-79

stream flow in........................... 80-89

Rapid River, elevations and distances along,

table of.......................... 79

Rapidan Mills, Minn., 

Blue Earth River at:

description........................ 219-220

discharge.......................... 220,307

discharge, daily.................... 221-222

discharge, monthly.................. 222

gage heights......................... 221
INDEX. 315

Rating curves and tables, accuracy of........ 15-17

construction of.......................... 14-15

Rat Root River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 79

Red Cedar River at 

Cedar Falls, Wis.:

description.......................... 241

gage heights......................... 41

Red Lake Falls, Minn., 

Clearwater River at:

description.......................... 65

discharge........................... 66,307

discharge, daily..................... 66-67

discharge, monthly.................. 67

gage heights......................... 66

Red Lake River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 55

water power on.......................... 56

Red Lake River at or near 

Clearwater River:

discharge............................ 306

Crookston, Minn.:

description.......................... 59-60

discharge........................... 60,307

discharge, daily..................... 61

discharge, monthly.................. 62

gage heights......................... 60-61

mouth of river:

discharge............................ 306

Thief River Falls, Minn.:

description.......................... 57

discharge........................... 57,307

discharge, daily..................... 58-59

discharge, monthly.................. 59

gage heights......................... 58

Red Lake River basin, description of........ 53-57

drainage areas in, list of................. 53

stream flow in........................... 57-67

water powers developed in............... 56

Red River at or near 

Fargo, N. Dak.:

description.......................... 39

discharge........................... 40,307

discharge, daily..................... 40-41

discharge, monthly.................. 41

gage heights......................... 40

Fergus Falls, Minn.:

description.......................... 38

Grand Forks, N. Dak.:

description.......................... 41-42

discharge....................... 42,306,307

discharge, daily..................... 43

discharge, monthly.................. 44

gage heights......................... 43

Red River basin, description of.............. 31-35

drainage areas in, list of................. 33

elevations and distances along streams

in, table of...................... 34

stream flow in........................... 35-74

water powers developed in.............. 35

Redwood Falls, Minn., 

Redwood River near:

description........................ 214-215

discharge.......................... 215,307

discharge, daily..................... 216

Page.

Redwood Falls, Mum. Continued. 

Redwood River, near Continued.

discharge, monthly.................. 217

gage heights......................... 215

Redwood River nearRedwood Falls, Minn.:

description........................ 214-215

discharge.......................... 215,307

discharge, daily..................... 216

discharge, monthly.................. 217

gage heights......................... 215

Rhinelander, Wis.,

Wisconsin River near:

description........................ 256-257

gage heights......................... 257

Rice, R. C., work of......................... 19

Richards, Raymond, work of................ 19

Riverton, HI.,

Sangamon River at:

description........................ 273-274

discharge.......................... 274,308

discharge, daily..................... 275

discharge, monthly.................. 275

gage heights......................... 274

Rockford, Minn.: 

Crow River at:

description........*:............... 176-177

discharge.......................... 177,307

discharge, daily..................... 178

discharge, monthly.................. 178

gage heights......................... 177

Crow River (North Fork) near:

description........................ 175-176

discharge............................ 176

gage heights......................... 176

Crow River (South Fork) near:

description........................ 178-179

discharge.......................... 179,307

discharge, daily..................... 180

discharge, monthly.................. 180

gage heights......................... 179

Root River, elevations and distances along,

table of.......................... 248

Root River basin, description of............ 246-249

drainage areas in........................ 247

stream flow in......................... 249-253

water powers developed in............... 249

Root River near 

Houston, Minn.:

description.......................... 249

discharge.......................... 250,307

discharge, daily..................... 251

discharge, monthly.................. 252

gage heights......................... 250

Root River (North Branch) near 

Lanesboro, Minn.:

description.......................... 252

discharge............................ 253

gage heights......................... 253

Rum River, elevations and distances along,

table of........................ 182-183

Rum River at 

Cambridge, Minn.:

description.......................... 186

discharge.......................... 187,307

discharge, daily..................... 188
316 INDEX.

Bum River at Continued. Page. 

Cambridge, Minn. Continued.

discharge, monthly.................. 189

gage heights......................... 187

Onamia, Minn.:

description........................ 183-184

discharge.......................... 184,307

discharge, daily..................... 185

discharge, monthly.................. 186

gage heights......................... 184

Bum River basin, description of........... 180-183

drainage areas in, list of.................. 181

stream flow in......................... 183-189

Run-off, definition of........................ 12

8.

St. Cloud, Minn., 

Sauk River near:

description.......................... 171

discharge.......................... 171,307

discharge, daily................... 172-173

discharge, monthly.................. 173

gage heights......................... 172

St. Croix River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 224

St. Croix River basin,description of........ 223-224

stream flow in......................... 224-231

St. Louis River near 

Skibo, Minn.:

dam on, view of..................... 82

St. Mary River at or near 

Babb, Mont.:

description.......................... 23,25

discharge........................ 23,25,307

discharge,'daily..................... 24,26

discharge, monthly.................. 25,27

gage heights......................... 24,26

Cardston, Alberta:

description.......................... 27

discharge........................... 28,307

discharge, daily..................... 28-29

discharge, monthly.................. 29

gage heights......................... 28

Kimball, Alberta:

discharge............................ 306

St. Mary River basin, description of......... 22-23

stream flow in........................... 23-31

St. Paul, Minn.,

Mississippi River at:

description........................ 111-112

discharge.......................... 112,307

discharge, daily.................... 122-131

discharge, monthly................ 131-135

gage heights....................... 113-122

Salt Creek near 

Kenney, 111.:

description.......................... 280

discharge.......................... 280,308

discharge, daily...................... 281

discharge, monthly.................. 282

gage heights......................... 281

Sandstone, Minn., 

Kettle River near:

description........................ 226-227

discharge............................ 307

discharge, daily.................... 227-228

discharge, monthly.................. 228

...................... 227

Sandy Lake dam, Minn., Page. 

Sandy River at:

See Sandy Lake reservoir. 

Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn., 

Sandy River below:

description........................ 135-136

discharge, daily.................... 136-144

monthly outflow from................. 144-148

Sandy River,

Mississippi River above:

description.......................... 95

discharge........................... 95,307

discharge, daily.................... 95-102

discharge, monthly................ 103-106

Sandy River at or near 

Libby post office, Minn. See Sandy Lake

reservoir, 

(below) Sandy Lake reservoir, Minn.:

description........................ 135-136

discharge, daily.................... 136-144

monthly outflow from............. 144-148

Sangamon River at or near 

Monticello, 111.:

description.......................... 271

discharge.......................... 272,308

discharge, daily...................... 273

discharge, monthly.................. 273

gage heights......................... 252

Oakford, 111.:

description........................ 275-276

discharge.......................... 276,308

discharge, dally.......'............... 277

discharge, monthly.................. 277

gage heights......................... 276

Riverton, 111.:

description........................ 273-274

discharge.......................... 274,308

discharge, daily...................... 275

discharge, monthly.................. 275

gage heights......................... 274

Sangamon River basin, description of..... - 270-271

stream flow in......................... 271-282

Sangamon River (South Fork) near 

Taylorville, 111.:

description........................ 277-278

discharge.......................... 278,308

discharge, daily...................... 279

discharge, monthly.................. 280

gage heights....................... 278-279

Sauk River, elevations and distances along,

table of.......................... 170

Sauk River basin, description of........... 169-170

stream flow in......................... 171-173

water powers developed in............... 170

Sauk River near 

St. Cloud, Minn.:

description.......................... 171

discharge.......................... 171,307

discharge, daily.................... 172-173

discharge, monthly.................. 173

gage heights......................... 172

Second-foot, definition of.................... 12

Seville, 111.,

Spoon River at:

discharge............................ 306
INDEX. 317

Shelbyville, 111., Page. 

Kaskaskia River at:

description......................... 387-288

discharge.......................... 288,308

discharge, daily...................... 289

discharge, monthly.................. 289

gage heights......................... 288

Shoal Creek near 

Breese, 111.:

description........................ 296-297

discharge.......................... 297,308

discharge, daily...................... 298

discharge, monthly.................. 298

gage heights......................... 297

Silver Creek nearLebanon, 111.:

description.......................... 299

discharge.......................... 299,308

discharge, daily...................... 300

discharge, monthly.................. 301

gage heights....................... 299-300

SHbo, Minn.,

St. Louis River near:

dam on, view of..................... 82

Snake River, elevations and distances along,

table of.......................... 229

Snake River at 

Mora, Minn.:

description.......................... 230

discharge.......................... 230,307

discharge, daily...................... 231

discharge, monthly.................. 231

gage heights......................... 230

Snake River basin, description of.......... 228-229

stream flow in......................... 229-231

Spoon River at or near 

Dahinda, 111.:

discharge............................ 306

Elmore, HI.:

discharge............................ 306

Maquon, 111.:

discharge............................ 306

Seville, 111.:

discharge............................ 306

Stevens, G. C., work of...................... 19

Stone City, Iowa,

Wapsipinicon River at 

description.......................... 261

discharge............................ 308

discharge, daily...................... 262

discharge, monthly.................. 262

gage heights......................... 261

Stream measurement, accuracy of........... 15-17

Sugar Creek at 

Hartsburg, 111.:

discharge............................ 306

Swiftcurrent Creek near 

Babb, Mont.:

description.......................... 29-30

discharge........................... 30,307

discharge, daily..................... 30

discharge, monthly.................. 31

gage heights......................... 30

See also St. Mary River near Babb, 

Mont.

T. Page.

Tables, explanation of....................... 14-15

Taylorville, 111.,

Sangamon River (South Fork) near:

description........................ 277-278

discharge.......................... 278,308

discharge, daily...................... 279

discharge, monthly.................. 280

gage heights....................... 278-279

Terms, deflnitionsof......................... 12

Thief River Falls, Minn., 

Red Lake River at:

description.......................... 57

discharge........................... 57,307

discharge,daily...................... 58-59

discharge, monthly.................. 59

gage heights......................... 58

Thief River near:

description.......................... 62

discharge........................... 63,307

discharge, daily...................... 64

discharge, monthly.................. 65

gage heights......................... 63

Thief River nearThief River Falls, Minn.:

description.......................... 62

discharge........................... 63,307

discharge, daily..................... 64

discharge, monthly.................. 65

gage heights......................... 63

Twin Valley, Minn., 

Wild Rice River at:

description.......................... 50

discharge........................... 50,307

discharge, daily..................... 51

discharge, monthly ................. 52

gage heights......................... 51

U. 

University, N. Dak.,

evaporation at........................... 73-74

table showing....................... 74

rainfallat, table showing................ 74

temperature at, table showing........... 74

V. 

Vandalia, 111.,

Kaskaskia River at:

description........................ 289-290

discharge.......................... 290,308

discharge, daily.... -................. 291

discharge, monthly.................. 291

...................... 290

W.

Walters, M. I., work of...................... 19

Wapsipinicon River at 

Stone City, Iowa:

description.......................... 261

discharge............................ 308

discharge, daily..................... 262

discharge, monthly.................. 262

gage heights......................... 261

Wapsipinicon River basin, description of.. 260-261 

stream flow in......................... 261-262
318 INDEX.

Page. 

Warroad River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 79

Watson, Minn.,

Chippewa River near:

description.......................... 212

discharge.......................... 213,307

discharge, daily.................... 213-214

discharge, monthly.................. 214

gage heights......................... 213

Welch, Minn.,

Cannon River at:

description............... ........ 234-235

discharge.......................... 235,307

discharge, daily..................... 236

discharge, monthly.................. 237

gage heights......................... 235

Whetstone River near 

Big Stone, S. Dak.:

description.......................... 210

discharge............................ 210

gage heights................:...... 210-211

Wild Rice River, elevations and distances on,

table of.......................... 49

Wild Rice River at 

Twin Valley, Minn.:

description........................... 50

discharge........................... 50,307

discharge, daily..................... 51

discharge, monthly.................. 52

gage heights......................... 51

Wild Rice River basin, description of........ 47-50

drainage areas in........................ 47

stream flow in........................... 50-52

Wisconsin River, elevations and distances

along, table of................... 256

Wisconsin River at or near 

Merrill, Wis.:

description...........

Page.

257-258

Necedahp Wis.:

description.......................... 259

discharge............................ 259

gage heights....................... 25»-260

Rhinelander, Wis.:

description........................ 256-257

gage heights......................... 257

Wisconsin River basin, description of...... 253-256

stream flow in......................... 256-260

Wood, B. D., work of....................... 19

Work, division of............................ 19

Z.

Zumbro Falls, Minn., 

Zumbro River at:

description........................ 243-244

discharge.......................... 244,307

discharge, daily................... 245-246

discharge, monthly.................. 246

gage heights....................... 244-245

Zumbro River at 

Zumbro Falls, Minn.:

description........................ 243-244

discharge.......................... 244,307

discharge, daily................... 245-246

discharge, monthly.................. 246

gage heights....................... 244-245

Zumbro River basin, description of......... 242-243

drainage areas in........................ 242

stream flow in......................... 243-246

water powers developed in .............. 243

o