# Patent

## Title
System for determining ambient temperature

## Abstract

A mechanism for indicating ambient temperature of an enclosure from temperatures determined within the enclosure. The temperatures may be obtained from two or more sensors at each of two or more locations within the enclosure. The enclosure may include an apparatus inside such as electronics of which power consumption may be determined. Data including temperatures of two locations within the enclosure at various electronics power consumption levels may be entered into a 2-D plot. An approximation of the 2-D plot may be effected with an appropriate equation to be solved for ambient temperature. The data of the dimensional 2-D plot plus temperatures of a third location and air flow levels in the enclosure may be entered into a 3-D plot. An approximation of the 3-D plot may be effected with an appropriate equation to be solved for ambient temperature.

## Background
BACKGROUND
The present invention pertains to temperature sensing and particularly to indirect temperature determination.
SUMMARY
The invention is a mechanism for indicating an ambient temperature about an enclosure containing a device, from determined temperatures within the enclosure.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a diagram of enclosure having possibly power consuming equipment and temperature sensors for providing temperatures from two locations in the enclosure;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a straight line fitted to data from sensors in the enclosure plotted on a two-coordinate graph for determining ambient temperature from a fitted equation;
FIG. 3a a graph of a temperature of a first vicinity in the enclosure versus power;
FIG. 3b a graph of a temperature of a second vicinity in the enclosure versus power;
FIG. 3c is a graph resulting from a combining the graphs of FIGS. 3a and 3b into one of the first temperature of the first vicinity versus the temperature of the second vicinity of the enclosure;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of an enclosure of equipment having sensors for providing temperatures from three locations in the enclosure;
FIG. 4a is a diagram of a processor with inputs from various sensors pertinent to the enclosure;
FIG. 5 a table of data from sensors for three locations in the enclosure for various air flows and power consumption levels in the equipment in the enclosure;
FIG. 6 is a three-coordinate graph having a plot of the data of FIG. 5 which is plane-fitted with an equation;
FIG. 7 is a two-coordinate graph of cool versus warm temperatures; and
FIG. 8 is a three-coordinate graph having a plot of another set of data which is plane-fitted with an equation.



DESCRIPTION
Accurate ambient temperature sensing is needed in a thermostat application. Sensing temperature using thermistors, semiconductor temperature sensors, thermocouples or any other form of temperature sensors from within an enclosure of electronics or equipment may result in a temperature higher than the ambient air temperature surrounding the enclosure of the equipment or device. The term “ambient” used herein refers to the volume proximate to, external of and surrounding the enclosure. The difference between the ambient and the sensed temperature may vary and be affected by the amount of electrical energy needed to power the device, ventilation, how close or far the temperature sensors are from warm components of the device, air flow surrounding the enclosure and/or device, device materials and their thermal conductivities, and so forth. If the amount of heat generated inside the enclosure is low and constant, constant temperature compensation might be sufficient. But when the heat generated inside the case or enclosure is high and variable, computing the ambient temperature may become very challenging.
The invention may be used for enabling the device or a processor to calculate the ambient temperature by sensing two or more different temperature points within the enclosure. An algorithm used to calculate the ambient temperature may be independent of power consumption of the device.
Two or more temperature sensors may be placed in different locations within the enclosure of the device. In theory, any two locations that have different temperatures in steady state under a given load should work. In practice, one temperature sensor “Thot” may be placed close to the heat generating components. The other temperature sensor “Tcool” may be placed in about the coldest location within the device. Under very stable ambient conditions, the temperatures may be sampled at different equipment or device power load conditions. The temperatures sampled may be used to generate equations in terms of power (by means of curve fitting). The equations may be regarded as approximations of two-dimensional and three-dimensional relationships which may be graphs, plots, representations, and/or the like.
The equations may include the following. Tcool=Tambient+f(x)>Tcool=determined cool temperature. x=power dissipated in the device. f(x)=heat rise with respect to power for the cool temperature sensor. Thot=Tambient+f(x)>Thot=determined hot temperature. x=power dissipated in the device. f(x)=heat rise with respect to power for the hot temperature sensor. From the system of two equations, x and Tambient are unknowns. Once these equations are solved, Tambient=f(Tcool, Thot). And since Tcool and Thot are determined values, ambient temperature may be calculated from them. f(x) may be approximated (i.e., fitted) to a linear function, but it can also be non-linear for increased accuracy; however, in the latter case f(x) would be more complicated to implement.
The present approach does not suggest sensing ambient temperature via one sensor, such as a thermistor, then sensing a warm temperature via another sensor and calculating an error to compensate for the sensed ambient temperature. The ambient temperature may be calculated from two different temperatures within an enclosure of a device or equipment, and therefore ambient temperature becomes a function of both temperatures or a function of additional temperatures if more than two sensors are used, where the additional temperatures and the initial two temperatures are averaged together into two or three temperatures within the enclosure.
The present approach does not require special algorithms for special cases; it may work well even if there is no heat generated within the device. The sought temperature is not necessarily time dependent; the ambient temperature may be a function of the different temperatures and be calculated virtually instantaneously.
The present system may use a two-dimensional (2-D) model with two or more temperature sensors in two groups of the sensors in an enclosure of some equipment, or a three-dimensional (3-D) model with three or more temperature sensors in three groups of sensors in the enclosure to determine the ambient temperature. Each group may provide an average temperature of the sensors in the group. The 3-D model may also be used to readily detect air flow. The equipment may be a piece of electronics that generates heat because the usage of power within the enclosure where the sensors are placed. Although the equipment may be inactivated and the sensors detecting temperatures inside the enclosure of the equipment may themselves indicate the ambient temperature. Equations for determining ambient temperature from internal enclosure sensors may have a form of the following equation,

Ta=(T1−aT2−b)/(1−a),

where Ta is ambient temperature, T1 may represent a hotter temperature and T2 may represent a colder temperature in the enclosure 14 containing equipment 27. Sensors 12 and 13 for T1 and T2, respectively, may be situated in two different places of the enclosure 14, as shown in FIG. 1. Data may be taken and plotted on a two dimensional graph as shown in FIG. 2. A classic form of the equation for a straight line fitted to a plot of temperature data may be

y=ax+b. 

From the graph, the constant “a” may be the slope and the constant “b” may be the offset of the line 11 from the zero coordinates. The “constant” nomenclature “a”, “b”, and so on, may be lower or upper case. The graph may show T1 versus T2 for various ambient temperatures. There may instead be two or more sensors situated in a vicinity representing T1, and two or more sensors situated in another vicinity representing T2, rather than single sensors representing T1 and T2, respectively. An output average of the two or more sensors may be taken for T1 and an average of the other two or more sensors may be taken for T2. An additional third sensor or group of sensors may be used for averaging with one or more sensors or for T3 and for determining air flow direction and/or magnitude. For illustrative purposes, just two sensors 12 and 13 may be used in the enclosure 14. When the equipment or device 27 in the enclosure 14 is energized, one may have T1>T2>Ta. T1 may be regarded as the Thot and T2 may be regarded as Tcold. Using the equation,

Ta=(T1−aT2−b)/(1−a),

with values provided for the constants, the ambient temperature Ta may be determined. Values of the constants may be determined with data from empirical tests, simulation or calculations under conditions that the enclosure 14 is likely to be subject. Data may be taken from the temperature sensors and plotted in graphs 15 and 16 in FIGS. 3a and 3b for T1 versus power and T2 versus power, respectively. Data may be taken at different power levels of the equipment 27 in the enclosure 14. The ambient temperature may be held constant. The plots may be fitted with straight lines. The graphs 15 and 16 may be combined into a graph 17 in FIG. 3c. The common power determinations or measurements of the graphs 15 and 16 may drop out, resulting in T1 versus T2 in a graph 17. The slope value of the solid line in graph 17 may be determined and substituted for “a” and the offset from graph 17 may be determined, measured or calculated and substituted for “b”. One set of data as shown in FIGS. 3a-3c may be sufficient in a situation where the direction and magnitude of air flow, if any, remain the same for measurements or determinations, or are negligible, and thus the resultant equation should be adequate in determining the ambient temperature Ta. Where air flow is changed, then a new set of data, like that in FIGS. 3a and 3b, should be taken for the equipment 27 of enclosure 14 situated in the new air flow. The new air flow may result in a different line (dashed) 19 in graph 17 of FIG. 3c. 

The two-dimensional approach just noted herein may be extended to a three-dimensional approach with a third sensor 18 situated in the enclosure 14, as illustratively shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4a shows a processor 37 which may determine an ambient temperature proximate to the enclosure 14 based on outputs from temperature sensors 12, 18 and 13, an air flow sensor 35 proximate (external and/or internal) to the enclosure, and a power level sensor 36 connected to a power input to the electronics equipment 27 and/or processor 37. The ambient temperature may be indicated at an output 38 of the processor 37 or electronics 27. Electronics 27 or processor 37 may be configured for either the two-dimensional approach and/or the three-dimensional approach as noted herein. Processor 37 may be internal or external to enclosure 14.
The 3-D approach may result in an equation which accommodates various air flows. The resultant plot of the data may result in a 3-D surface. The simplest form of this surface is a plane of a 3-axis coordinate system. The basic equation form may be

ax+by+cz+d=0.

For improved accuracy, a more complicated non-linear 3-D surface equation may be generated from the data. Three temperature readings for T1 sensor 12, T2 sensor 13 and T3 sensor 18 may be taken for each power level at various air flows or vice versa. The ambient temperature should be constant during the data taking.

For an illustrative example of data taking and determining the values of the constants for the three equations of the three-dimensional approach, one may note tables of FIG. 5. Each sensor and respective temperature may represent a coordinate axis of a 3-axis or 3-D graph 24 in FIG. 6. In table 21, temperature determinations or measurements T1, T2 and T3 from sensors 12, 13 and 18 for a first air flow and a first power level may be 85, 78 and 74 degrees F., respectively; for the first air flow and second power level, the determinations or measurements may be 88, 79 and 76 degrees, respectively; and for the first air flow and third power level, the determinations or measurements may be 89, 84 and 79, respectively. In table 22, temperature determinations or measurements T1, T2, and T3 from sensors 12, 13 and 18 for a second air flow and the first power level may be 80, 76, and 71 degrees, respectively; for the second air flow and the second power level, the determinations or measurements may be 84, 78 and 75 degrees, respectively; and for the second air flow and the third power level the determinations or measurements may be 86, 81 and 77 degrees, respectively. In table 23, temperature determinations or measurements T1, T2, and T3 from sensors 12, 13 and 18 for a third air flow and the first power level, the determinations or measurements may be 91, 80 and 76 degrees, respectively; and for the third air flow and the second power level the determinations or measurements may be 93, 84, and 78 degrees, respectively; and for the third air flow and the second power level, the determinations or measurements may be 95, 88 and 82 degrees, respectively.
Since the ambient temperature (Ta) may be regarded as at 70 degrees F., during data determination or a taking of the empirical measurements, the data may be adjusted for Ta, resulting in data points for plotting on the 3-coordinate graph 24, as illustrated in FIG. 6. The data points may be 15, 8, 4; 18, 9, 6; and 19, 14, 9; for air flow 1 and power levels 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Data points may be 10, 6, 1; 14, 8, 5; and 16, 11, 7; for air flow 2 and power levels 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Data points may be 21, 10, 6; 23, 14, 8; and 25, 18, 12; for air flow 3 and power levels 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The data points from 15, 8, 4 through 25, 18, 12, as indicated herein, may be labeled A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I, respectively. The latter labels may be used in graph 24. One may plane fit the data points and come up with a plane 26 and a corresponding equation. These data points may be inserted in versions of the following equation,

ax+by+cz+d=0,

to obtain values for the respective constants for the ultimate equation for obtaining Ta from T1, T2 and T3 at various air flows and power levels of the enclosure 14 and equipment 27.

For an illustrative example, with respect to the 2-D model, the following temperatures were logged at 70 degrees F. ambient condition. These are at 3 different load conditions. The cool temperatures are 73.95439, 74.14308 and 74.80374 degrees F. The warm temperatures are 81.49281, 82.11406 and 84.3687. From these temperatures, one may subtract temperatures from ambient and graph. The results from the cool temperatures are 3.95439, 4.14308 and 4.80374. The results from the warm temperatures are 11.49281, 12.11406 and 14.3687. The results for both sets of temperatures may be plotted as coordinate points 33 a graph 31 of FIG. 7. One may generate a best curve fit 32. In this condition, it happens to be linear.

Twarm−Tambient=A*(Tcool−Tambient)+B, 

where A=2.9468 and B=0. One may look to the plot 33 and linear curve 32 fitting in graph 31 of FIG. 7.

One may have Tambient=(Twarm−A*Tcool−B)/(1−A)

After applying this equation to the original temperature, the calculated ambient temperatures are 70.08218, 70.04868 and 69.89057, respectively. As may be seen, the temperatures appear accurate. And since the above items have been the extreme load conditions, different loads in between would generate temperatures that fall on the same curve and therefore the ambient temperature can be recovered. When the same device is exposed to different ambient temperatures, the temperature rise on the sensors is constant and the ambient temperature may be recovered. With an example at ambient temperature=80 degrees, one may get cool temperatures of 84.03199, 83.59956 and 84.8985, and hot temperatures of 92.10085, 91.00635 and 94.71613. The calculated temperatures may be 79.88731, 79.79496 and 79.85554, respectively.

With respect to a 3-D model, three given different temperature sensors will generate a 3-D surface equation, in the case of a linear approach, this would be a plane. For example, Ax+By+Cz+D=0. Assuming that the plane crosses at (0,0,0), which means if no heat is generated within the device, then the temperature sensed by the sensors=ambient.

Ax+By+Cz=0, x, y, z are T1−Tambient, T2−Tambient, and T3−Tambient, respectively.

TAmbient=(A*T1+B*T2+C*T3)/(A+B+C),

where A, B and C are plane constants, and may be calculated algebraically or by the use of curve/surface fit software In some cases temperatures inside an enclosure might be affected by external environmental changes and a 2-D solution might not be sufficient to recover ambient temperature accurately. For instance, airflow direction or speed may cause some variation and constantly generate temperatures that do not fall on a 2-D dimensional curve. With a third sensor, temperature variations may be modeled with a surface of 3-D equation. A graph 41 in FIG. 8 shows an example of that. In this example, the points 42 are surface fit to a plane 43, instead of a 2-D curve or a line 32 as in FIG. 7.

Determinations, measurements, plotting, graphs, curve-, line- and plane-fitting, calculations, approximations, relationships, representations, managing equations and getting solutions, obtaining values for constants and temperatures such as ambient, doing flow and power level determinations or measurements, and other items for effecting the present system, and so forth, may be effected electronically with a processor or the like, along with appropriate software as desired or needed.
In the present specification, some of the matter may be of a hypothetical or prophetic nature although stated in another manner or tense.
Although the invention has been described with respect to at least one illustrative example, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the present specification. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications.

## Claims

1. A method for determining ambient temperature comprising:
determining a first set of temperatures from a first sensor at a first location within an enclosure having an apparatus that generates heat;
determining a second set of temperatures from a second sensor at a second location within the enclosure;
generating a two-dimensional relationship with a processor having inputs of the first and second sets of temperatures;
generating an equation with the processor as an approximation of the two-dimensional relationship; and
determining an ambient temperature proximate to and external of the enclosure from the equation with the processor;
wherein:
the two-dimensional relationship of the first and second temperatures is generated with the processor from the first and second sets of temperatures determined approximately simultaneously at several levels of power consumed by the apparatus;
the first set of temperatures at the several levels of power is represented as a first plot;
the second set of temperatures at the several levels of power is represented as a second plot; and
the first and second plots are combined into a third plot representing the first set of temperatures versus the second set of temperatures with a portion of the plots representing the several levels of the power dropping out;

generating the equation as an approximation of the third plot; and
solving for the ambient temperature from the equation;
wherein:


the equation is Ta=(T1−AT2−B)/(1−A);

A is a slope of the third plot;
B is an offset of the third plot;
T1 is a temperature at the first location; and
T2 is a temperature at the second location.

2. A method for determining ambient temperature, comprising:
determining a first set of temperatures from a first sensor at a first location within an enclosure having an apparatus that generates heat;
determining a second set of temperatures from a second sensor at a second location within the enclosure;
generating a two-dimensional relationship with a processor having inputs of the first and second sets of temperatures;
generating an equation with the processor as an approximation of the two-dimensional relationship; and
determining an ambient temperature proximate to and external of the enclosure from the equation with the processor;
determining a third set of temperatures at a third location within the enclosure;
generating a three-dimensional relationship of the first, second and third set of temperatures;
generating a second equation as an approximation of the three-dimensional relationship; and
determining an ambient temperature proximate to the enclosure from the second equation;
wherein the first, second and third set of temperatures are determined approximately simultaneously at several levels of power consumed by the apparatus and at several levels of flow within the enclosure, which are represented as a three-dimensional plot having a first axis representing the first set of temperatures, T1, a second axis representing the second set of temperatures, T2, and a third axis representing the third set of temperatures, T3; and
generating the second equation as an approximation of the three-dimensional plot;
wherein:


the second equation is Ta=(AT1+BT2+CT3+D)/(A+B+C);

Ta is the ambient temperature; and
A, B, C and D are constants.

3. A system for determining ambient temperature, comprising:
a first temperature sensor situated at a first location within an enclosure;
a second temperature sensor situated at a second location within the enclosure;
a processor connected to the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor;
wherein the processor is for determining an indication of ambient temperature of a volume proximate to and external of the enclosure based on a two-dimensional relationship representing outputs from the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor;
wherein the processor is for generating an equation approximating the two-dimensional relationship and for determining the ambient temperature from the equation; and
wherein:


the equation is Ta=(T1−AT2−B)/(1−A);

Ta is the ambient temperature;
T1 is an output of the first temperature sensor;
T2 is an output of the second temperature sensor; and
A and B are constants.

4. A system for determining ambient temperature comprising:
a first temperature sensor situated at a first location in an enclosure;
a second temperature sensor situated at a second location in the enclosure;
a third temperature sensor situated at a third location in the enclosure;
a processor connected to the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor and the third temperature sensor; and
wherein:
the processor determines an ambient temperature of a volume proximate to and external of the enclosure based on a three-dimensional relationship representing outputs from the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor and the third temperature sensor;
the processor generates an equation approximating the three-dimensional relationship; and
the processor determines the ambient temperature from the equation; and

wherein:


the equation is Ta=(AT1+BT2+CT3+D)/(A+B+C);

Ta is the ambient temperature;
the output of the first temperature sensor is an indication of a first temperature T1;
the output of the second temperature sensor is an indication of a second temperature T2;
the output of the third temperature sensor is an indication of a third temperature T3; and
A, B, C and D are constants.

5. A system for determining ambient temperature comprising:
a first temperature sensor situated at a first location in an enclosure;
a second temperature sensor situated at a second location in the enclosure;
a third temperature sensor situated at a third location in the enclosure;
a processor connected to the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor and the third temperature sensor; and
wherein:
the processor determines an ambient temperature of a volume proximate to and external of the enclosure based on a three-dimensional relationship representing outputs from the first temperature sensor, the second temperature sensor and the third temperature sensor;
the output of the first temperature sensor is an indication of a first temperature T1;
the output of the second temperature sensor is an indication of a second temperature T2;
the output of the third temperature sensor is an indication of a third temperature T3; and
the three dimensional relationship is a three-dimensional plot having a first axis representing T1, a second axis representing T2, and a third axis representing T3; and

wherein:
a first T1, a first T2 and a first T3 determined at a first air flow and a first power input to an apparatus situated in the enclosure, are a first coordinate point T1′, T2′, T3′ in the three-dimensional plot;
a second T1, a second T2 and a second T3 determined at the first air flow and a second power input to the apparatus, are a second coordinate point T1′′, T2′′, T3′′ in the three-dimensional plot;
a third T1, a third T2 and a third T3 determined at a second air flow and the first power input to the apparatus, are a third coordinate point T1′′′, T2′′′, T3′′′ in the three-dimensional plot;
the equation (AT1+BT2+CT3+D)/(A+B+C) is an approximation incorporating the first, second and third coordinate points; and
A, B, C and D are constants.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein a fourth T1, a fourth T2 and a fourth T3 determined at a second air flow and the second power input to the apparatus are plotted as a fourth coordinate point T1′′′′, T2′′′′, T3′′′′ in the three-dimensional plot.

7. The system of claim 6, further comprising:
determining T1, T2, T3, T4, and other temperatures (TN) at additional sets of air flows and power inputs; and
where the temperatures, air flows and power inputs are determined from empirical tests, simulation, calculations and/or modeling.

8. A method for determining ambient temperature comprising:
determining a first set of temperatures from a first sensor at a first location within an enclosure having an apparatus that generates heat;
determining a second set of temperatures from a second sensor at a second location within the enclosure;
generating a two-dimensional relationship in a processor having inputs of the first and second sets of temperatures;
generating an equation in the processor as an approximation of the two-dimensional relationship; and
determining an ambient temperature proximate to the enclosure from the equation with the processor; and
wherein:
the two-dimensional relationship of the first and second temperatures is generated with the processor from the first and second sets of temperatures determined approximately simultaneously at several levels of power consumed by the apparatus;
the first set of temperatures at the several levels of power is represented as a first plot;
the second set of temperatures at the several levels of power is represented as a second plot; and
the first and second plots are combined into a third plot representing the first set of temperatures versus the second set of temperatures with a portion of the plots representing the several levels of the power dropping out; and
further comprising:
generating the equation as an approximation of the third plot; and
solving for the ambient temperature from the equation; and
wherein:


the equation is Ta=(T1−AT2−B)/(1−A);

A is a slope of the third plot;
B is an offset of the third plot;
T1 is a temperature at the first location; and
T2 is a temperature at the second location.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein T1 is greater than T2 if heat is generated by the apparatus.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the first set of temperatures is determined from one or more sensors at the first location;
the second set of temperatures is determined from one or more sensors at the second location;
temperatures from one or more sensors at the first location determined approximately simultaneously are averaged together as one temperature at the first location; and
temperatures from one or more sensors at the second location determined approximately simultaneously are averaged together as one temperature at the second location.

11. A system for determining ambient temperature, comprising:
a first temperature sensor situated at a first location in an enclosure;
a second temperature sensor situated at a second location in the enclosure; and
a processor connected to the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor; and
wherein:
the processor determines an indication of ambient temperature of a volume proximate to the enclosure based on a two-dimensional relationship representing outputs from the first temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor;
the processor generates an equation approximating the two-dimensional relationship;
the processor determines the ambient temperature from the equation;


the equation is Ta=(T1−AT2−B)/(1−A);


Ta is the ambient temperature;
T1 is an output of the first temperature sensor;
T2 is an output of the second temperature sensor; and
A and B are constants.

12. The system of claim 11, further comprising:
a power sensor for determining power levels to an apparatus in the enclosure and connected to the processor; and
wherein the sensor outputs are represented as:
a plot of first temperatures from the first temperature sensor versus power levels from the power sensor;
a plot of the second temperatures from the second temperature sensor versus the power levels from the power sensor;
the plot of the first temperatures versus the power levels is combined with the plot of the second temperatures versus the power levels to result in the plot of the first temperatures versus the second temperatures; and
the plot of the first temperatures versus the second temperatures is the two-dimensional relationship.