Toward a National Prog

for Library and Informa

Services: Goals for Act

Prepared by 

The National Commission on Libraries 

and Information Science 

Washington, D.C. 

1975 
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publicat

United States. National Commission on Libraries 

Science. 

Toward a national program for library and inf

goals for action. 

Includes bibliographical references and index. 

I. Libraries-United States. 2. Library cooperat

3. Information services-United States. I. Title. 

Z731.U5665 1975 021'.00973 75-15775 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governm

Washington, D.C. 20402-Price $1.45 

Stock Number 052-003-00086-5 
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERV

The Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The Need for Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The Influence of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . 

A Threshold Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The Rationale for Federal Involvement . . . 

II. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF LIBRARIES 

Public Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Special Libraries and Information Centers . 

School Libraries and School Media Programs 

University and Research Libraries . . . . . . . 

Other Academic Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

State Library Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Federal Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

General Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

III. SOME CONCERNS OF THE PRIVATE 

Economic Viability ......................

Relationship to the Federal Government ....

Copyright ..............................

In Summary ...........................

IV. THE TREND TOWARD COOPERAT

TION ..............................

Present Networking Activities ............

Barriers to Cooperative Action ............

V. THE RECOMMENDED NATIONAL PR

Program Objectives .....................

The Nationwide Network Concept .......

Major Federal Responsibilities ........

(!) To Encourage and Promulgate Stan

(2) To Make Unique and Major Resour

tions Available Nationwide ......
sibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Responsrbilities of State Governments . 

Responsibilities of the Private Sector . . 

Responsibilities of the Library of Congre

Proposed Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

VI. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

REFERENCES AND NOTES . . . . . . . . . 

GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

LISTING OF RELATED PAPERS . . . 

APPENDICES 

Appendix I-Public Law 91-345 . . . . . . . . . 

Appendix II-List of Commission Members 

Appendix III-List of Commission Staff . . . 

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

lV 
g

Federal and State Responsibilities in the Nationa

gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

FigureIIIProposed Coordinated Federal Support to Impl

the National Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

After the first draft of the document was prep

widely circulated throughout the library informat

nity to solicit criticisms, suggestions and new da

basis of initial reactions, together with the add

accomplished concurrently by the Commission, a r

ment was developed and a new feedback cycle w

The present document is the result of the feedb

It seeks to provide a framework on which the lib

formation science professions and the American pu

able to construct a National Program for Library a

tion Services for the people of the United States

comments received by the National Commission 

and Information Science in hundreds of letters fro

tions, private individuals, testimony given at ma

hearings throughout the country, and opinions 

seminars and open forums conducted through the 

societies. 

In this document can be found the basic jus

quired to substantiate the need for a National P

for new Federal legislation. The Commission ex

ommend Federal legislation starting in 1976. Tha

we celebrate the 200th anniversary of this nation

ence, will be a most appropriate time to inaugurat

Program for Library and Information Services 

the potential of the information revolution now 

Users of information, the American citizens, 

paramount in all of the Commission's deliberation

posed program aims to increase each person's a

nation's rich knowledge resources. 

The Commission is aware that the adoption o

mation techniques requires careful planning, pa

great deal of cooperative effort by many people. 

in perceiving the problems of transition, the 

sought the advice and guidance of many specialist
library and information services, and, ulti

support the program receives from the Unit

The members of the National Commissio

Information Science join me in thanking a

assisted in the development and revision 

Program Document. This document is a dy

plan and, as such, will undergo constant scru

It is our intention to issue a revised editio

Program Document within two years. We w

tinuing suggestions and constructive criticis

I wish to take this opportunity to acknow

butions and efforts of the members of th

mission in the development of this docum

Commission's National Program Committe

addition to myself, William Baker, Carlo

Dunlap, John Lorenz, Bessie Moore, an

Chairman. Special thanks and appreciation 

Becker for assuming the major responsibilit

National Program Document. I am also ap

erick Swartz, formerly Deputy Director of 

for his help in preparing the second draft, a

Trezza, Executive Director of the Commiss

in the revision and preparation of the third 

manuscript. 

viii 

Fred

Cha

May 
educational system. They are component parts o

knowledge resource * that must be strengthened

and sustained for all the people of the United Sta

needed in the course of their personal and econom

National concern for protecting and improving 

knowledge resources is evident in many past ac

Congress and in the growing number of legislati

calling for specific information programs. The Of

agement and Budget in the Executive Branch of 

has also stressed the need for orderly growth and w

ment of library and information facilities within 

Government. 

If our nation is to achieve the most effective use 

information resources and the largest return for fu

in them, common goals, objectives, methods and s

needed now for the coordinated development of 

facilities. Unless a coordinated program is estab

nationwide level, expenditures, facilities, and eff

unnecessarily duplicated, and interconnection will 

creasingly difficult as local, state and multistate syst

without benefit of a common purpose and a commo

The Commission believes that the existing patter

serving limited geographic areas or various spec

will lead to costly, uneven and wasteful services 

not taken now to provide a firm foundation for 

development. According! y, the Commission believ

has come to develop a nationwide program which 

together today's collection of disparate parts into a 

system of library and information services. 

Essentially, the National Program formulated b

mission is based on five major assumptions: 

* The word "knowledge" in this document is used in

with the word "information." 
p, , 

and spiritual. 

Second, that all the people of the Unit

the right, according to their individ

realistic and convenient access to thi

source for their personal enrichment 

ment, and thereby for the progress of 

Third, that with the help of new techno

national resolve, the disparate and discr

of recorded information in the Unit

beconie, in due course, an integrate

network. 

Fourth, that the rights and interests of 

lishers and other providers of inform

ognized in the National Program in 

maintain their economic and competi

Fifth, that legislation devised for the c

opment of library and information ser

undermine constitutionally-protected 

sonal privacy and intellectual freedom, 

serve local, state and regional autonom

The National Program derives from regi

throughout the country, and from conferenc

sions, and correspondence with professional

mental, educational, and other experts, as w

users, whose interests in the emergence o

centered program attracted them to the wo

sion. The Commission's working philosoph

It is the Commission's intent that the use

including potential, as well as current us

principal focus of a National Program. 

X 
To eventually provide every individual in the 

States with equal opportunity of access to th

of the total information resource which will 

the individual's educational, working, cultur

leisure-time needs and interests, regardless of 

dividual's location, social or physical condi

level of intellectual achievement. 

To make progress toward the attainment of th

Commission has developed two major program 

(1) to strengthen, develop, or create where needed, 

material resources which are supportive of high qu

and information services; and (2) to join together 

and information facilities in the country, through 

pattern of organization, uniform standards, and 

munications, to form a nationwide network. Such 

must have incentives strong enough to encourage 

cooperation and participation, not only by states an

ernments, but by interested public and private agen

Although the Federal Government would have re

for aiding in the development of compatible state 

state networks, furthering common practices, perfo

vant research and development, increasing coordinat

the private and public sectors, improving access t

mation resources of Federal agencies, and perfor

relevant functions, the Federal Government would 

rectly control nor operate the nationwide netwo

particular, it would exercise no control whatsoev

information content exchange over the network. 

Furthermore, the nationwide network proposed 

mission would not be a monolithic and authorit

structure, but would form a shelter and fram

families of geographic and functional networks de

interconnected ·according to a comprehensive plan. 

rently exist many networks of varying sizes, all of 
sources. An ideal nationwide network req

local holdings of sufficient scope and quan

immediate needs of local users. 

In the same vein, the concept of a nation

not imply a substitution of computer tech

resources. As in the past, the bulk of user 

delivered at the local level, but the netwo

the additional back-up resources as well as t

directions for reaching specialized material

in other lrbraries and information center

needed locally. 

The Commission's National Program, as 

document, is intended to provide the gen

Federal legislation. It will help to focus p

sional attention on the critical library and 

lems facing the nation today, and it will l

for a major upgrading of library and info

an expansion of cooperative services throu

and planned system development. 

Xll 
Information Services 

In establishing the National Commission on L

Information Science (Public Law 91-345), Congr

that "library and information services adequate 

needs of the people of the United States are essenti

national-goals and to utilize most effectively the n

cational resources." It called on the Federal Gov

"cooperate with state and local governments and 

private agencies in assuring optimum provision o

ices." Furthermore, the law authorized the Nation

sion to "promote research and development activ

will extend and improve the nation's library and i

handling capability as essential links in the na

munication networks." 

The Resources 

Information, whether in the raw form of empir

in the highly processed form we call "knowledge

to be regarded as a national resource as critical to 

well-being and security as any natural resource, su

or coal. The wealth of popular, intellectual, sc

research resources in the libraries and informati

of the United States is one of the great strengths o

But like many natural resources, knowledge re

coordinated in growth and usage, are in dang

wasted and inefficiently utilized. 

In advanced societies, a substantial part of th

handed down to successive generations in the form 

knowledge. This resource consists of books, journa

texts; of audio and visual materials; and of sma

information or data that can be separately man

by a computer. In recent years, these records h
or conversely, an advanced society that lo

record will regress." ' 

In the United States information is create

and distributed by a vast array of diverse in

in the private and public sectors, employing 

and dealing with billions of dollars, using w

nologies to achieve equally widely varyin

publishing industry, indexing and abstracti

services, the communications media, and 

information services are just a few of the 

elements that make up the rich mosaic of 

information scene. The more than 8,300 

thousands of school libraries, libraries in 

versities, armed forces, law, medical and 

special libraries, and information analysis 

other information facilities in the public 

serve as custodians and dispensers of recor

every form. 

Libraries and other information facilities 

of that part of our cultural heritage which 

must be adequately equipped, organized, f

connected if their resources are to be made 

people of the United States. This, the Com

only be brought about with the help of th

ment, in full cooperation with state and 

and related public and private agencies and 

Federal Government has a continuing resp

ment innovative, flexible measures that w

tinuing development of libraries and infor

The Need for Access 

Ready access to information and knowled

to individual advancement as well as to nat

2 
pyg

p

"practical knowledge" to solve immediate problems 

life and work. There may be a need for "professi

edge" to further his continuing education. Or th

a need for "intellectual knowledge," the kind th

his understanding of the arts, humanities, and sc

which enriches the individual's personal life. R

pleasure, pursuing an innovative idea, or exploring 

just to satisfy one's innate curiosity, are other va

for reading, listening or looking. In addition, peo

need for ethical, religious and philosophical insigh

Organizations, like individuals, need information 

edge. Business organizations need facts and data 

a market, develop a new product, or adapt a new 

Schools need information to improve and extend t

process. Research organizations need information 

size new data with known facts as part of the creat

Government needs information at every level to 

plans, refine decision-making, and help governm

to anticipate and resolve problems. 

The 93rd U.S. Congress accurately described th

of the national information need in Senate Joint Re

(P.L. 93-568) which authorizes a White House Co

Library and Information Services. The law states 

access to information and ideas is indispensable to 

ment of human potential, the advancement of civil

the continuance of enlightened self-government." 

It is almost impossible to generalize in assessing 

To understand the variety of user needs for libr

formation service and the extent to which they are 

the Commission has conferred with many indiv

groups representing different constituencies. It i

library and information needs are felt at all level

regardless of an individual's location, social conditi

of intellectual achievement. Although library an
handicapped, the physically handicapped

tionalized require highly specialized reso

The immediate informational and libra

adults include easy access to library mate

back books, phonograph records, reference m

visual materials. Various ethnic groups, 

Indians, Asian Americans, Black Americ

Americans require not only the traditional 

information service, but also various kinds 

example, they need materials and service

guage, or help in reading English, or spec

as where to go for a job. Users in the pro

scientist, the researcher, the scholar, and 

information for increasing their own pr

their continuing education. They often 

quickly, and some of them are accustomed 

telecommunications, and other technology

it. In addition, there are those whose inf

affected by their location-the rural popu

remote areas who do not have direct acces

as do their counterparts in metropolitan 

groups, such as senior citizens, the very y

need still other kinds of services and resourc

The Commission is keenly aware that m

done to develop systematic understanding 

needs of various special constituencies in 

such as the economically disadvantaged, t

the handicapped. We need to know who 

are, what they need, how fast they need 

value-to them and to society-of increa

information and knowledge. We also nee

nonusers are, what information services are 

why they do not use the existing facilities, 

and educate them so they will make use o

4 
distribution system. Many local library facilitie

cedures designed for other times and conditions ca

cope with the ever-increasing volume of informati

in this country and abroad-nor can they fully 

rapidly-changing information needs of our society. 

The information-dependent institutions in ou

business, industry, agriculture education, governm

sional societies, and others concerned with inform

-are alarmed by the deteriorating ability of some 

facilities to meet the essential needs of their cons

some fields, such as medicine, where the need is gr

haps better understood, Congress has passed specia

for development of information systems tailored t

cific requirements. These have been successful. In 

where the need is no less great, there has been 

Federal activity. Local programs to improve li

provide better information services have usuall

coordinated-lacking in continuity, overall leaders

ficient funding. The nation must take steps now t

and organize these resources into a coherent nat

tem, or it may soon face a form of information chao

sap the nation's intellectual energy and weaken its 

structure. Although information and knowledge 

digious quantity in our country, they are unevenly 

and we often do not have the means to move relev

tion to those who need it at the time they need it. 

New networks can be developed where required 

ones can be extended to allow requisite inform

moved to individuals and groups, some of whom 

be expected to travel to the established informati

available today. If this is not done, the nation's abi

to changing environmental, societal and politica

and to find solutions to major problems is dimini

out valid and time! y information, the economy c
library service in the United States today. 

library and information service is neede

common sense of direction and purpose, a 

tional cooperative action, and a consistent 

tion. 

The scope of the Commission's charg

compasses the library and information nee

of the United States. It is the Commission

to introduce remedial and innovative refo

later when the information crisis has bec

quently, the Commission has directed its 

ning a new nationwide program for bett

effective library and information services

would eventually provide people everyw

with access to broad reserves of intellectual 

may lead full, satisfying, and productive 

responsible members of society. 

The Influence of Technology 

This nation's future capability to han

fectively will, to an important degree, depe

how rapidly we are able to integrate new te

and devices into the mainstream of our in

Libraries are affected by four new tech

micrographics, telecommunications, and 

The use of computers in libraries has alre

However, direct application of computers 

focused mainly on housekeeping functio

potential for recording, analyzing, and re

has not yet been fully explored and rea

there are critical shortages of trained hu

funds to help libraries convert from m

methods. 

6 
pp, 

and related equipment incompatibilities, have se

the rate of acceptance. It has become clear, h

microfilm technology offers considerable potent

and cost savings in libraries and represents a new 

mation transfer. Together with the computer 

munications it promises to become a powerful for

future library and information systems. 

Libraries have been reasonably active in acq

visual materials: films, filmstrips, slides, audio ca

tapes, video cassettes, and computer tapes. U

capable personnel to handle such materials are in 

and the equipment is not only complex and expe

many cases, so little standardized that it causes 

confusion to the user. A critical source of evaluat

to cope with the profusion of new and often inc

vices that continually appear on the market. 

Community Antenna Television (CATV), al

cable television, is a technology still in its infa

stations have very powerful antennas that enable 

ture TV signals from many distant transmitters a

the signals to the home through underground ca

the technology embraces versatile broadband co

systems capable of providing the subscriber, 

cable, with many channels and, potentially, t

munication of both picture and sound, facsimil

access to data processing. It thus becomes poss

sound and picture answers to information ques

to individual home TV sets, over CA TV educati

reserved by Federal Communications Commissio

for this purpose. Although there have been 

experiments exploring the possibilities for dev

library services and providing remote use of pre

much more needs to be done before the full poten

for library applications is realized. 
p

CATV systems and computer data banks ar

be used by libraries as means for informa

In the last decade, technology for the c

and transmission of information has bee

Numerous on-line computer information sys

and it is now realistic to consider harnes

technology for new systems of organization, 

bution of information through networks. 

nology, and in information practices, occu

Commission believes that the potential of th

must be utilized to the fullest extent poss

potential can be realized only by means of 

ning and adequate financing. 

National planning for information techno

several reasons. First, information techno

a long-range commitment from the Feder

required for sharing costs, contributing to 

velopment, and ensuring the stability of the 

information technology is complex, and a 

technical direction at the national level is 

relevant agencies are to coordinate their a

Third, information technology is specializ

mentation will depend upon the technica

people who will work with it. And, finally

nology breaks down former barriers to access

Its introduction, therefore, invariably alte

of doing things and necessitates national c

tion on re-education of the specialist and th

There are two other important reasons 

tional level: (1) the rising cost of conventi

tions requires that information activities d

arrangements, which, if done outside of 

will be very difficult to interrelate; and 

8 
networks among libraries. 

It was the Copyright Law which enabled the 

to achieve for its people the freest, the most un

the widest dissemination of information in histor

is, in fact, the Constitutionally prescribed mean

ing the progress of science and the useful arts

the creator a limited monopoly, not in the idea

form in which they are embodied. 

In recent years, because of the widespread in

easy-to-operate copying machines and simplifi

distributing information electronically, the issu

copyright protection have grown increasingly co

nation is to maintain the open and free society w

with broad dissemination of information, then 

system of copyright is absolutely essential. 

Copyright issues are now before the Congress. 

solution must address the "threshold problem" 

the rights and interests of authors, publishers, a

viders of information-in order to encourage t

creation and dissemination of their intellectua

the interests of the user in obtaining ready a

works. The judicially constructed doctrine of "

vides only a partial answer to this problem, and 

must be worked out which will maintain the ec

ity of publishing in the context of new technolog

reproduction and electronic distribution. 

The Commission believes that .it is essential 

of networking systems should be among those 

the Congress in devising new statutory provision

sound and clear copyright policy be worked out 

incentives for those who create and disseminate 

intellectual materials. 

Workable means must also be found whereb

community can satisfy its legal and moral obli

author and publisher while meeting its instituti
puter networks for processing, for obtaini

licenses and accounting for usage. 

The Rationale for Federal Invo

While the Federal Government appears to 

of the part played by libraries and informat

tional growth and economic productivity, th

lieves that now is the time for the Federal 

cooperation with state and local governm

formation as a national resource. The Com

that the concept of a National Program for 

formation Services is a highly appropriate 

mental action because the concept is designe

user needs for information that are m

than ever before; with 

information technology that is nowhere m

developed than in the United States. 

It should be recognized that the United 

may now have an unusual opportunity to p

tion economy," is not alone in this positi

Germany and other countries have publishe

which attest to the importance of national in

and networks. Norway has been working 

last few years through its National Office 

Special Libraries, and in Great Britain, th

Board has made remarkable progress under 

If we, in this country, fail to link our own 

nationally so that all can use them, we will be 

significant contribution that we can make 

our life and the productivity of our people. 

missing the opportunity to join other natio

sources on an international level. 

10 
tion services. Practically, it would seek better org

velopment, coordination and management of 

libraries and information facilities and services. 


p

the Federal Government's responsibility for coo

nationwide program which would provide, as an 

that every individual in the country have equal 

of access to the information and knowledge he nee

Any program of this magnitude, however, requi

current situation be assessed and understood bef

recommendations are made for future improveme

There are almost 90,000 libraries in the United S

They vary in size and complexity from small villa

with only a few shelves of books for recreational 

large research libraries with magnificent collection

subjects. Collectively, they are the foundation o

nationwide information network should be built

that problems and deficiencies exist in no way de

successes and achievements of the past. On the c

purpose of presenting problems and deficiencies 

stock and to build on the best of what is available. 

Public Libraries 

Public libraries in the United States are facing 

lems with respect to their internal operations. Fi

port is not keeping pace with increasing costs; and 

are under increased pressure to give service in m

and depth to a wide range of users who vary in ag

and interests. They are limited in their ability 

technological sources of information, and they are 

from upgrading their present manual methods to 

systems. In many instances, these problems have 

public library to extend its normal resource sha

by affiliating with technical processing cooperatives

on larger libraries for backup, expanding inter

tionships, and joining public library systems an

outside their local jurisdictions. 
j

American life. Public libraries, includin

the backbone of the library system in Amer

tential windows on any future nationwid

fore, a great deal depends on the streng

and material resources and on their ability 

programs of value to their constituents. M

are well below the minimum American L

standards and are inadequate to meet the in

the public. The public library, particula

politan centers, is in a state of flux, and m

funding and operating philosophy must oc

its community effectively in the future. 

indicate that local sources of revenue alone 

to meet the public's demand for new progr

tion, and new staff.' Moreover, recent dev

turbing evidence that public libraries are s

by deficit budgets resulting from cuts in m

failure to get Federal revenue sharing fund

governmental funding at the local, state, 

is essential to achieve the content and quali

services commensurate with the needs o

Special Libraries and Informat

Special libraries and information centers 

contribution by supplying information nee

Typically, they exist to serve the interests 

of which they are a part, whether in the 

sector. 

Special libraries are found in businesses, 

tions, government agencies, museums, ho

radio and television stations, and profession

tions. Some concentrate on specific mate

or pictures. They vary in size from large i

14 
, 

p

the most complete and the best organized of any 

particular subjects in the country. 

Because of their identification with their pa

tions, they may be less familiar to the genera

public and academic libraries. Lack of know

location and availability of these specific collecti

barrier to their use beyond their own jurisdicti

inclusion in them of certain materials proprie

respective organizations. 

The Commission believes that a great many 

complex, work-related information problems 

being served by such specialized information serv

ing work-related information needs is as imp

Commission believes, then devising a mechani

selected holdings and services of special libraries 

available to more people throughout the coun

extremely beneficial to the nation. Every effort 

to include the resources of special libraries -in the 

of a nationwide network. 

School Libraries and School Medi

Programs 

School libraries, public and private, are imp

personal, intellectual and social development of 

child. They house the many materials required 

for formal teaching-learning activities, and they 

primary access point in school to which the child 

recorded knowledge. The school library often g

the first exposure to information resources and mo

information behavior for the future. Thus, the 

plays an essential part in readying the child for a

society. 

In addition to acquiring and making availab
Despite its fundamental role in educating 

shaping his future information habits, the 

deficient in many ways. In most cases, sc

operated far below American Library As

Association for Educational Communication

(AECT) standards. Generally, they do not h

and audiovisual materials to support the va

curricula; many do not have professional pe

rely on volunteer assistance. Innercity schoo

crowded to even have space for a library. 

where they exist, usually do not have any cl

portive staff which is technically trained to t

of the new educational technology. 

The Commission endorses existing med

encourages all schools, both public and priva

their implementation as soon as possible.' 

Within recent years, school libraries hav

new programs for sharing resources and c

activities. Although many boards of educ

librarians see the potential benefits clearly, 

in Federal funding have slowed down this 

posed consolidation of categorical aid progra

and secondary schools would have a furth

upon cooperative efforts. Local resources at 

level will always be needed to serve the 

formal education. For this reason, it is impo

the school library and school media centers

meet existing. standards and function effe

components of the school environment. A

resources of a nationwide network would pr

by increasing the child's opportunity for inde

adding to his ability to become a literate, we

capable .of lifelong learning in a rapidly ch

16 
who are engaged in work in the sciences and 

as well as the general public. Like the univer

most of them are situated, research libraries 

today with rising costs, a rapidly changing set 

objectives, and the impact of new technology. 

lishing rate increasing and the dollar shrinkin

search libraries are finding it increasingly difficu

their work loads and are unable to meet all of 

mands placed on them. As a group, however, th

some cooperative efforts to improve their own 

ciency (e.g., streamlining interlibrary loan pro

ardizing approaches to computer use, developi

and/ or cooperative acquisition programs, an

sources). They have also defined a long-rang

collective action to help overcome existing prob

introducing new means for extending ac

corded information; 

ensuring a natural capacity for continue

ment of distinctive collections and resou

initiating research and development ac

common concern; 

creating a national bibliographic data ba

chine-readable form; 

developing a national program for the pr

of research materials. 

Research libraries in the United States have 

sources of over two hundred million volumes. 

pared to share these resources with others; in

now sharing them through a growing system 
qyp

of these collections are responsibilities that 

they are to continue to serve as a national r

libraries must deal with the effect of rapidl

all of the services they customarily provide. 

of supporting instruction and research ar

libraries are without the necessary means 

innovative and effective programs. If the 

ment could provide sufficient research and d

it would permit these libraries to experim

forms of collective activities that would ser

needs, but state, regional, and national need

Although the major research libraries h

pendently, there is a trend today toward gr

ence among them. Their combined resou

asset of great value to the nation, and the C

it is in the best interests of the country to ass

institutions in forming a stronger set of wo

that will permit them to serve more, rather 

Federal assistance in establishing central

services, in developing technical standards 

communication usage, and in helping to sust

of unique collections, are among some of th

eral Government can take toward making 

active participants in a nationwide network

mission does not advocate total subsidizatio

the Federal Government, it does see the ne

criteria by which certain repositories of 

publicly and privately supported, are partiall

government in exchange for their wider 

general public. 

The Commission believes that the probl

search libraries cannot be solved by the ind

acting alone, or through local or state jurisdi

18 
some cases, the libraries are so poorly housed an

the quality of the instructional program is serio

Very often newer colleges enroll students be

library resources are on hand to support their st

standards which stipulate a minimum of three 

one for administrative duties; one for reference a

and one for cataloging-are rarely met in the sm

As a result, many of these campuses lack the st

services they need and are unable to improve 

After 1945, when college enrollments and bu

the rise, some colleges were able to expand the

grams. Those that did now have strong collec

undergraduate users. Many other libraries, 

less fortunate, and several constraints in the past 

kept them from remedying the situation. Inf

formation "explosion," changing curricula, dec

ments, and decreasing budgets are some of the re

slow growth. With acquisitions being curtail

braries are in a declining situation, and their 

responsive to the demands of their students 

diminishing. College and junior college librarie

than they lend, and a national cooperative p

increase their ability to satisfy the specialized de

constituents. 

State Library Agencies 

State library agencies generally perform sever

tions: ( 1) they serve as a regular library for sta

employees; (2) they serve as a statewide resou

interlibrary loan and reference; and (3) they p

point within the state for long-range, statewide li

and development. 
ment. Support of state library agencies v

Some states provide strong support in term

and state aid for public libraries and mu

operation, while others provide minimal s

library agency and only token assistance to s

Thus, state library agencies are struggling 

functional role in the library community th

image from that of an extension service to 

operating responsibility) to one of leadersh

of library systems and information net;work

and coordinating responsibility). 

Public libraries, in some states, have led 

tem and network development. Today, 

library agency must assume the responsibil

tor of such development for all types of lib

tion activities within the state. Sustained 

funding will enable the state library agen

referral patterns, utilize new technology, an

face activities to ensure that the total librar

resources of the state are used effectively a

Federal Libraries 

Within the Federal establishment the Un

ment operates more than 2,300 libraries wh

Federal statutory missions and have, as 

cumulated specialized resources of major si

ticular, the Library of Congress, the N

Medicine, and the National Agricultural 

portant national collections. 

Although some informal cooperative eff

libraries do exist, they are not yet organized a

However, Federal librarians meet periodic

grams of common interest, and, to a limited 

20 
in March 1965 at the initiative of the Library 

with the cooperation of the former Bureau of th

improve coordination and planning among rese

of the Federal Government, so that common pro

be identified, solutions sought, and services to the 

and the nation improved. Currently, the primary 

of most Federal libraries is to serve their depa

sonnel. Most Federal libraries do recognize the 

ing the general public, but few can do so because 

and administrative constraints. A serious need exi

to promote their use more widely. To enable 

libraries to make their resources available to th

require specific authorizing legislation or specif

cations. 

Many Federal libraries do not enjoy the full su

agency administrators. The latter frequently con

to be part of overhead-no different from such 

supply, mailroom, inventory, etc. In an effort to 

attitude, some libraries have changed their name f

to "information center," hoping this new phra

aptly convey the substantive character of their fu

eral libraries need to be strengthened in many w

them to serve a larger section of the population. 

An entirely different set of problems besets ano

of the Federal information community. This is 

activities established in various departments to ma

graphic control over, and provide dissemination 

reports. The major organizations in this field inc

tional Technical Information Service (NTIS); 

Documentation Center (DDC); the NASA Scienti

nical Information Facility; and the Education

Information Center (ERIC). Among these inform

the government has placed under control several 

nical reports and has made copies of these rep

to large constituencies. Unfortunately, each star
p, g

the process by which new Federal li'brar

services are established. As a result, dupl

easily be built. To avoid such costly error

be required to consider alternatives like: 

information services with an existing 

service or library; or (2) contracting wit

for such services; or (3) developing netw

the public and private sectors to satisfy 

information. 

It has been suggested that government 

initiate information services which can 

private sector unless the cost to the go

significant! y reduced or unless the services 

are unable to meet the government's spec

ness, quality and continuity. The Commi

of the need to establish government policy 

roles to be assumed by the public and the 

distribution of published materials gathe

ment programs. Both sectors have impo

and means must be found which will en

mutually reinforcing rather than competi

mation generated by the government is in 

mechanisms are required which will en

sector to cooperate with the government f

tive marketing and distribution of infor

generated by the government. 

General Observations 

From testimony taken at the Commis

ings, from relevant research studies and re

ferences with professional and lay groups, 

tions can be made concerning some of the 

setting the nation's libraries. The list is 

22 
ards in most parts of the country. Certain se

population are better served than others. Li

ment is often unsystematic and unintegrate

mented development has resulted in waste

and the inefficient use of the total nation

resource. Moreover, if libraries continue 

they are now-unrelated to one another, a 

informal cooperative arrangements, lacking c

ards and compatibility, etc.-in a few years 

no longer be possible to organize them in

national system. 

(2) Library and other information resources i

States are unevenly distributed, a fact whic

the uneven population distribution and div

tures in the country. While some people i

States have easy access to rich resources, other

of even the most basic materials. Financi

libraries varies widely. Thirteen states, for 

no state aid programs for public libraries, a

munities throughout the country lack the m

form of basic library service. According to 

port of the National Advisory Commission 

"some 20 million Americans, largely in rural 

public library service at all, and some 10 

have access only to very small libraries with ve

collections and little or no service from p

brarians." Although the population which 

library services today represents a substantial 

over the situation which existed thirty yea

service outside urban centers is usually inade

(3) There is a critical need to identify and add

lems of those without even the most basi

services and those who are being served on

(4) With the increase in the amount of materi
() p

lated needs exist throughout the Uni

present they serve only a limited clientele

(6) Greater collaboration should be deve

braries and the commercial and other 

tributors of the newer information 

results are in the public interest. In ge

aware of the many specialized inform

computer information retrieval systems 

use. 

(7) Funding for most library and informati

level-local, state, multistate, and Fede

A major change in the Federal investm

information services is needed to ensure 

ment through funding formulas and arr

mutually reinforcing at every level. 

(8) New Federal and state legislation is 

give local libraries the incentive activ

systems of service outside their imme

Without incentive and assistance, it is 

jurisdictions will allocate funds to pro

tional services through state, regional or 

Not all library problems are included in th

does reflect some of the major deficiencies 

tion. 

24 
The term "private sector" as used here inc

and other organizations outside of government 

tax supported. Libraries in the private sector 

in Chapter II. This Chapter concentrates on o

the for-profit and not-for-profit parts of the 

which are engaged in the production, processing

tion of information. Some of these are commerc

while others are not-for-profit scientific and p

cieties. 

Publishing and abstracting and indexing orga

long produced, marketed, and sold printed mater

graphic access tools to individuals, libraries, and 

tions. These organizations continue to perform 

in information transfer. However, with new de

computers, telecommunications, and image te

with the growing importance of nonprint materi

for-profit companies have also begun to cont

flow of information goods and services. This l

of publishing and information companies has com

as the "information industry." While many 

services are relatively experimental, there is an i

the information industry will exert increased in

nation's information services in the years ahead. 

The increased pace of technological change, 

media, the computer, and advancements in co

and micrographics have all combined to produc

of information at an unprecedented rate; info

quired by more people and groups than ever be

this information is available from public sour

formation is not. However, the information it

jurisdictional boundaries and to the user, info

formation. He or she is hardly concerned with 

between a public or a private source. The Co
is also dependent upon, the private secto

implementation. 

Commercial firms engaged in informatio

independently of each other, in accordance 

the for-profit sector of the economy and in k

quirements of Federal antitrust regulations

tunity for coordinated development, such 

library consortia and networking activities, 

able in this part of the private sector. S

ordination does exist through trade and p

tions. 

The principal problems of publishers 

companies and other information organizati

to the Commission in a series of discussions 

with representative groups of the for-profit 

part of the private sector. The economic i

those who create and publish knowledge and 

and use it became obvious very quickly, an

is aware that, in fashioning a new Nationa

remain sensitive to this interface. 

The Commission also recognizes that a p

the National Program cannot, and indeed 

veloped and operated entirely out of Feder

that many information services addressed to 

and to specialized user clienteles should co

for chiefly by those who benefit from them, 

taxpayer at large. The initiatives taken in 

to develop and operate new user-suppor

valuable contribution to the National P

necessity must focus the major part of its at

user clienteles and less specialized informat

Three areas are of major concern to mu

part of the private sector: 

26 
to operate profitably depends on user satisfact

quent demands. If an enterprise is able to ope

then it can reinvest capital and accept new risks. 

In the not-for-profit part of the private se

viability is equally important. The societies an

organizations involved serve disciplines and oth

vital needs continue to increase. However, un

companies, these services cannot seek profit to p

for progress and must strive, through quality p

close balance between costs and revenues. 

The late 1960's saw a rapid growth in the num

consortia, a primary motive being to share resou

of saving money, expanding user services, or both

library systems and networks are being plann

mented that take advantage of opportunities pr

technology. The private sector recognizes the 

value of better articulated library systems, bu

about the potential threat of some library system

to its own economic well-being. 

Publishing and information services maintai

resources through networks implies a net loss in 

sales. Librarians, on the other hand, disagree w

insisting that the same volume of material will alw

to satisfy local needs, and that networks will l

information use and, hence, to increased sales. 

The producers of creative works and related in

the libraries and their users, who are the con

information, cannot exist without each other. 

tional library system is dependent upon a vi

sector to help support and sustain it. The Com

nizes that sound economic growth ih the pr

essential to the development of the National 

cautions should therefore, be taken to protect 
the Federal agencies spend billions of dolla

if not all, of which lead to new informatio

American public. At present, this inform

to the public through the Government P

depository system, the National Technical I

and through a variety of separate forma

rangements made by the agencies. Most 

appears in print but, in recent years, it ha

in computer tape format as well. 

In addition to its role as printer and .dist

Government also operates information se

support the mission-oriented agencies and, 

to serve the needs of the general public. N

ties of this kind are administered by Feder

agencies contract with private firms to publi

works; some agencies hire commercial firm

information centers; still others encourage 

to repackage and/or distribute their inform

to widen the range of utilization. 

The diversity of government policies ca

in some cases, alarm in the private secto

whether the Federal Government or the p

publish and disseminate information pro

funds. The private sector sees a positive 

tional economy and on the general tax bas

are permitted to compete for the publicat

services derived from Federal agency pr

maintains that publication by the private s

government substantial printing and dis

provide products of better quality that can 

tively. On the other hand, the Federal 

public responsibility, and many agencies 

sions, to publish and disseminate informa

public funds for public benefit and with 

28 
guidelines are needed. 

Copyright 

As mentioned in Chapter I, copyright contin

unsolved problem for both the producers and t

of copyrighted information. For the past several y

have been made to narrow the area of disagreeme

to find a legally sound and equitable solution. 

continues today. In 197 4, a new round of discu

representatives of authors, publishers, and l

initiated under the auspices of the Commission 

of the Register of Copyrights in the Library of C

object was to consider the proposed revisions of 

law as they affect libraries, authors, and publishe

ary 1975, the Supreme Court heard and handed 

4-4 decision in the Williams and Wilkins case

affirmed a lower court conclusion that the photo

tices of the National Library of Medicine and 

Institutes of Health Library did not constitute an 

of the copyright law. No written opinions were 

the Supreme Court. 

The statutory basis of contemporary copyright 

from 1909, and the law has not undergone m

since that time. Rapid technological advances

photocopying area, and later, in computers, com

and micrographics, have combined to create 

legal uncertainties about the future process o

exchange. 

The Commission has encouraged the private 

library community to find some basis for an equi

to the problems created by these developments. 

committees in both the House and Senate hav

mended negotiations so that the interested part

can formulate guidelines for library photocopying
tional Program. 

30 
Present Networking Activities 

Today's libraries generally have insufficien

meet the needs of the times. The major proble

were discussed in Chapter II. Briefly, they w

the increased cost of acquiring library ma

organizing them for use; 

the difficulty of recruiting and compensat

personnel for these tasks, especially when 

of languages, subjects, and services is grea

the growth of knowledge, with the cons

mands, particular! y on academic libraries, 

range of specialized materials; 

the varying levels of resources and fundin

in each state; 

the cost of storing infrequently-used mat

accumulate when a library tries to be self

and 

the requirement to serve constituencies th

now being served. 

These problems are not new, but they have 

serious over the years and have, in the last few 

critical proportions. 

No one library can afford the cost of acquirin

all the books, journals, microforms, computer da

tapes, audiovisual materials, and other inform
listing holdings of cooperating libraries, has 

devices used by libraries to facilitate the sh

During recent years, encouraged by Feder

ship and funding, and by the prospect o

service, libraries across the country began to 

of organizational relationships to increase 

sources. In some cases, such organizations 

with the major part of their support coming f

ing institutions, supplemented by grants from 

These cooperative programs are now vario

"library systems," "library consortia," or "

Some consist merely of informal, mutual ag

materials. A large number are bound by fo

use conventional communication means, suc

and the teletype; the number of those that 

and telecommunications is growing rapidly. 

A number of Federal institutions, like the 

of Medicine, have become major centers f

development of computerized communicati

ticular constituencies. They have moved a

and regional networking arrangements whi

institutions in a formal organizational pat

tensive information retrieval (IR) service n

several hundred terminal sites have been 

private sector by several commercial firms. 

arrangements not only give each particip

created in other centers, but they also prov

initiating other cooperative services. 

Typical of existing library networks are t

libraries of the metropolitan cities. Becaus

American's library resources are located in 

and because many of these areas cross state 

metropolitan cities have initiated cooperati

programs independently. Some have been 

32 
grams. 

Intrastate networks are being planned, or ar

in California, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Minneso

New York, Ohio, Washington, Wisconsin, and 

In the middle 1960's, a library network was 

crossed state lines: The New England Library In

work (NELINET). Operating as a program of 

land Board of Higher Education, the six sta

agreed to develop library network services. O

groups such as the Southwest Library Intersta

Endeavor (SLICE) and the Southeastern Lib

(SOLINET) have formed to carry out prescr

together. Many states are already involved 

library activities. Each multistate group is in a 

of development and funding, but all share a 

goals: to provide those library and information 

can be delivered more effectively by a relativ

regional approach than by either state or Fede

Recent recommendations in a report unde

Commission 'suggest that by building upon mul

resources and existing organizations, many o

bibliographic resources can be conserved and, at 

reach out through modern network technolog

number of citizens than is now the case using r

tive, isolated, and disjointed technology. Many 

ing regional groups, as well as some states, real

and responsibilities inherent in network su

dependency, and this is fostering a new approach 

information service. 

In addition to multistate library organizations 

there are still other activities that use commerci

tion networks to facilitate the distribution an

tion of bibliographic data to libraries in any st

active of these is the Ohio College Library C

a nonprofit institution, which today serves ov
y 

sion lists, and serials control to its services, 

include: subject search; direct user access; ci

and collection of management information. 

cial firm makes available a bibliographic ser

Both organizations provide for service charg

fee schedule, and both make active use of th

able Cataloging (MARC) computer tapes 

Library of Congress. At the state level, the sta

uses a cataloging data base as the foundation 

network connecting all libraries in the state. 

ment is expected to be completed by 1976. In 

plying centralized cataloging for the librari

computers will also produce processing kits (

as well as book catalogs. Development of acq

tion, and serials modules is being planned 

biennium at the close of which all state-supp

and major public libraries will be on-line to 

base. 

Although none of the existing library netw

full potential, a few have demonstrated th

source sharing through electronic networkin

some of the benefits that can be derived from 

communication. Library functions which can 

from improved interlibrary communication 

lending, coordinated acquisition program, 

loging. 

The primary source of centralized catalo

United States is the Library of Congress, w

able, for a fraction of the cost of original c

catalog cards of any of the titles it has proces

of the century. Shared cataloging, in the form 

with common bibliographic information, is a

commercial companies. 

34 
library, e.g., public or college; others, called "

"intertype" involve all types of libraries and inf

ters. Their administrative structures vary, as do 

and membership. The degree of formality in a 

work appears to be a function of size. Strong 

works require dependaible and sustained funding

a willingness on the part of the members to yie

autonomy, a structure that will survive changes 

and provision for growth and change. The im

success are preoccupation with questions of co

ganization, and impermanent funding mechan

shops and continuing education programs in org

management help to bring about understanding 

and administrative problems; the National Pr

help to provide continuity and stability to such 

While many statewide networks are conside

on local, state, and regional levels, most are proce

plans for an eventual tie-in to a nationwide netw

networks are the cornerstones on which a nation

will eventually be built, and it is only through car

toward a nationwide system than they can develo

Interstate compatibility is mandatory, if statewide 

to be economical and efficient in the context 

network. 

It should be emphasized that NCLIS regards th

ing and on-going trend toward cooperative statew

state networks as a movement which should be en

abetted with Federal support. Although there i

by which to measure the "value" of increased acce

tion that a network may provide, it seems clear t

educational, and recreational benefits will accrue 

both to the individual and to the country as a 

nationwide network is implemented. 
() y p

sectors is growing more diverse, and the c

the libraries, the publishing industry, 

abstracting services, the education com

various government agencies-have had 

perience in working together toward a 

goal. The Commission recognizes that 

comprehensive nationwide program mus

the fullest involvement and cooperation 

of the information community. The 

regards it as important that the functi

ships of all segments of this community b

and integrated into the prograrμ. Only 

mation community is joined together b

jective will it be possible for the nation t

ing information problems which confront 

(2) State, local, institutional, and private fun

and information activities is unstable and 

ing is not planned to foster interlibrary 

major way, and, consequently, no 

whereby local, state, and Federal fun

mutually reinforcing for a cooperative 

(3) Jurisdictional problems are impedimen

formation and knowledge respect no geog

and user needs are as various as human 

terests can make them, the provision of i

in many localities is still limited by the 

particular jurisdiction. Traditional fun

need to be changed to make them equ

local and nationwide objectives. 

(4) No national guidelines are available 

velopment of compatible, statewide and 

development. Unless administrative guid

are formulated soon, there is danger tha

group of networks will emerge which m

36 
the general public in addition to their respe

tions, and a willingness to form or join library 

tion service networks. 

(6) Professional librarians have concerns about t

technology. The computer and other electr

tion systems have made the average librarian 

tion specialist apprehensive about the loss of 

tact with the patron. This concern is ref

caution with which some libraries throughou

have moved to convert from traditional m

chine methods. Such conversion, in large p

reallocation of personnel, and entails a new a

approach to library management. Mainly, t

not technical but attitudinal. Technology a

entirely new conception of the library and i

requires the librarian to remold his thinking

to change his notion of librarianship, and 

above the computer, above the engineer, abo

analyst . . . " and thereby push the professio

tion of real social utility.' 

(7) The human resources required to plan, develo

the nation's libraries and information centers 

the most important elements in today's syste

in tomorrow's networks. Because future syste

determined, the quantity and quality of hu

which will be needed to meet future deman

assessed with certainty. It is evident, howe

approaches to library and information scie

will be necessary, if professionals, paraprof

other personnel are to be equipped to fun

traditional ways. Although many library op

undoubtedly, continue to be performed in tr

it is becoming progressively more important 

to be acquainted with the new technology

library and information science are in the 
graphic records for the use of all libra

centers. The current complex patte

services consists of a multiplicity of 

public and private sectors, providing 

and services. National bibliographic 

identify items of recorded informati

provide intellectual access to each such 

and to standardize the processing an

relevant data. 

(9) One of the chief obstacles to sharing 

of public knowledge about the loca

sources. Not only must the public 

library networks and commercial infor

but every potential user must be instil

learn, to read, to find out, and to kno

known to the teaching profession an

radio, and newspaper media should be 

users, at every age level, about the lo

information services available to serve 

The barriers and problems recounted 

a result of the independent growth whi

the development of libraries and inform

country. To erase barriers to cooperative 

major new program which is built on the 

cooperation. A new program will requir

among libraries and also call for ·cooper

the distributors and users of information

the information cycle, from production 

viable economic relationships. The next c

issues and sets forth the outline of a pro

gram. 

38 
At present there is no national program of libr

formation service for the development of Federa

local library, and other information activities in 

States. As a result, existing programs are generall

to one another and continue to develop throughout 

in uncoordinated ways. In some cases, this tends to 

compatible systems and counterproductive activitie

reason, the Commission believes the time has com

that future development of the nation's informatio

will occur in a cohesive manner according to a na

The National Program proposed by the Commi

sents an overall structure within which current 

can be corrected and future requirements can be 

The program is designed to be evolutionary and d

tend to solve all of the problems besetting today's 

information world, but it does set forth certain 

which can guide its development and improvement 

ahead. 

The National Commission is firmly committed 

tinuation of categorical aid as part of the Nation

Although past Federal funding achieved many 

objectives, the results fell short of the original goals

more remains to be done. The proposed Nation

would coordinate and reinforce all Federal efforts 

local and specialized services and, at the same tim

a national framework for planned, systematic grow

and information services in the public and private 

Program Objectives 

Objective 1. Ensure that basic minimums of libr

formation services adequate to mee

of all local communities are satisfied
resources are inadequate at the local l

need strong components. It is, therefore

National Program provide that local com

tain basic levels of service and materials, 

resources al'e also strengthened. Only 

have been strengthened can resource sh

efforts lead to successful networking arran

national levels. Major existing legislatio

and educa.tion for librarianship (Librar

struction Act, Titles I, II, III and IV; E

dary Education Act, Title II; Higher Ed

and the Medical Library Act of 1974) has 

deal, but it is the Commission's view that F

form of categorical aid is still needed, 

should be made to expand and retain it. A 

ened LSCA is a major priority for 1976. 

Objective 2. Provide adequate special s

stituencies, including the un

There are large user constituencies w

and materials of a specialized sort. Suc

poor, the illiterate, the blind, the visually 

capped, the ethnic minorities, American 

tions, the very young, senior citizens, inne

workers, the institutionalized, and man

society. The Commission believes that al

to read" and that the Federal Governme

to help them. 

In accordance with the Commission's 

vidual in the United States must, through 

be given equal opportunity of access to 

at the time they are needed, the National 

that those people requiring specialized se

40 
ts couty s vey ageabout 0 oac

Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans. M

people have no library or information servicesat 

such services exist, the personnel who operate th

times perceived as insensitive and unresponsive

The more than six million blind and physically 

persons in the United States need materials in a s

The National Commission commends the Library 

Division for the Blind and Physically Handica

dedicated work in this area, and regards it as cr

work be continued and expanded. Specifically, th

recommends that added efforts be made to seek 

those eligible for the service; utilize more effective

resources available, considering the expense an

sumed in the production of embossed and record

periodicals; increase the quantity and quality 

materials, taking advantage insofar as possible of 

logical advances in the production of braille and 

and implement plans for the computerized Na

Catalog of embossed and recorded materials. Att

also be directed toward· the continued increase in 

of appropriate circulation outlets, so that handica

may be served more adequately by their local libr

development of the ,multistate service, centralize

storage and distribution centers, development of 

interlibrary loan techniques; and the promotion o

and communication among participating libraries 

The Commission is aware of and very much con

the unique library and information needs of t

Indian and the responsibility of the Federal 

toward meeting these needs. In its treaties with 

the Federal Government undertook an obligatio

adequate education to Indians on their reserv

includes a concomitant obligation to provide co

library materials and services. There are still ma

reservations who speak or understand English w
g , 

Federal funding for libraries. The new 

must provide a workable base for assista

Indian reservations are tied into the prop

work. 

The Commission believes that service 

stituencies ranks very high in the scale 

National Program. Every person in Am

his or her ,economic, cultural or social sit

right of access to knowledge. New legislati

this principle and provide a channel for a

ments of special constituencies and taking 

Objective 3. Strengthen existing statewid

tems. 

Not all states are at the same level of lib

service development. Some states have 

grams; others function at less-well develo

others have no statewide programs at all

are the essential building blocks in any n

system, it is important that they all attain 

proficiency and strength as parts of a n

Most states do not yet provide sufficie

library and other information activities. 

tional Program of Library and Informa

provide formula-matched funds to the sta

tain certain minimum requirements with 

services, and staffing. In time this should e

at the local level, to satisfy the vast majo

formation demands generated by the peo

The National Program would also assist 

intrastate networks compatible with the 

national use. The state networks would p

access to required materials in other parts 

42 
Program that are of common concern nationally

a commitment on the part of the states to accept, 

with the local governments, a fair share of the res

funding libraries within their own jurisdictions. 

lation would spell out the obligations to be as

states when joining the National Program, 

services they would receive in return, and set 

matching fund criteria for development of the i

of the National Program. (cf. Responsibilities 

Governments, page 6 I). 

Objective 4. Ensure basic and continuing edu

sonnel essential to the implement

tional Program. 

The development of adequate human resourc

and information service has been one of the Com

cerns since its inception. In its 1971-1972 A

the Commission made the point as follows: "I

that those giving service in libraries and inform

be qualified for their work. Poor help in identify

ing information is bad for the user and will ultim

the organization that provides the inadequate s

The successful implementation of an all-enc

tionwide program depends largely on whethe

staffing and resource needs of libraries and infor

are adequately met. The program must have pe

are competent, sensitive to user needs, and able 

techniques. This is especially true in service to 

disadvantaged, those with a language other than E

in the home, the homebound, the blind, and 

handicapped. The quality of training, the appr

that training to existing and changing condit

attitudes of those who serve can make or break 

provide satisfaction or discontent among those s

The domain of library and information sc
Schools of library and information scie

need to redefine their educational program

exceptionally-qualified students and b

needed to remold traditional librarianship 

fession. However, no concerted effort ha

bring this about. 

It is essential, therefore, that the Nation

sideration to both basic and continuing ed

at all levels, professional and paraprofessio

to educational curricula will be needed in 

tion science if librarians, information sc

nicians, and auxiliary personnel are to le

interdisciplinary team. Expressions of ne

approach, preferably an interdisciplinary 

many national, regional and state prof

schools of library and information scienc

libraries, and from librarians, information 

employers. An interdisciplinary approac

not necessarily imply that every libraria

become a computer scientist or vice ver

library operations that can and should 

formed in traditional ways. It is essenti

librarians understand the potentials of th

and this is especially true for those libra

user directly. Those in contact with the u

the capabilities of the statewide or natio

which they are working. 

To achieve a technological and organiz

libraries and information centers will req

to recruitment, personnel development, c

technical training, trustee orientation, a

lating to human resources. The Federa

primary responsibility to ensure that all 

ticipate in the National Program have a

to be educationally equipped and traine

44 
mation service programs in operation by the Fe

ment-such as those in the Library of Congress, 

Library of Medicine, the National Agricultural 

the 2,300 or more Federal libraries and informa

constitute invaluable operating programs that ar

nificance to the proposed National Program. M

programs are already performing centralized bi

reference, and other services which are of benefit 

in the country. The National Program will mak

national services, and must ensure that they ar

nated and continued at levels strong enough t

the national need. These existing Federal pro

become critically important elements in the Nati

even though they remain administratively auto

As stated earlier (cf. Objective I, page 39), th

believes that existing categorical aid programs sh

to be administered by those mission-oriented a

are directly concerned with the substance of a pa

lem area. The Commission believes that the vari

of operating and grant programs in the Federal 

are so great that any attempt to centralize them 

agency might be not only impractical, but also un

the Commission proposes to involve the best reso

best capabilities of all of the agencies of the gove

can make a significant contribution to the Natio

Public Law 91-345, establishing the Nationa

on Libraries and Information Science, assigns t

mary responsibility for developing and recomm

plans, and advising the appropriate government

on . . . policy" with respect to meeting the li

formation service needs of the people of the Uni

the proposed National Program, the Commissio

cise this responsibility through the developme

policy, coordination of existing programs, and c

programs as appropriate. 
new types of information services. Two 

of this sector can be identified as having 

special contributions to the National P

libraries and information centers (in both 

profit organizations); and various service 

Special libraries and information center

in business and industry, in museums a

other organizations of all kinds, often ha

tions of material and the capability of pr

date analytical service for their own org

user-oriented, have frequently taken adv

nology, and have developed tools to assis

users more effectively. They have a his

operation. 

Certain segments of the private sector 

types of information services for sale to 

all kinds, including libraries in the publi

Many of these services employ unconvent

derive from applications of the new techn

fiche, video cassettes, on-line, computerize

ile transmission, and CA TV. In some ca

represent innovative extensions of past 

gether, the new commercial and other pr

tion services are growing rapidly in nu

value. 

Since information has an economic v

use of commercial and other private secto

is becoming accepted as a reliable and co

obtaining information. 

While little precedent exists for incorp

resources and services into the country's fu

structure, it seems essential that they be 

of any National Program. 

46 
is needed, as a matter of first priority, is a locus 

sponsibility, some agency in the Federal establis

policies with respect to library and information 

ties can be transplanted into action. Such an a

responsibilities would include: implementing 

network, coordinating the National Program, an

practice related policies enunciated by the Nati

sion. It would also have authority to make grants 

establish standards and encourage their adoptio

take other functions consistent with the Commis

to implement a program of national concern. 

One of the most important issues to be resolve

a National Program of Library and Informati

deciding what kind of permanent operating agen

at a Federal level for this purpose and recomm

the agency should be located in the government

It may not, strictly speaking, be necessary to 

Federal agency. It may be that the proposed fu

National Program could be assigned to several ex

merely by broadening their responsibilities. T

thing is that the new National Program will re

ministrative and operational functions and tha

there seems to be no natural home to accommoda

Commission firmly believes that the respons

agency, whether old or new, should be neither 

ing, nor authoritarian, nor prescriptive, nor re

rather, that it should be supportive and coord

agency is seen as one which would encourage coo

at every level and which would coordinate ba

services. It would have no control whatsoever ov

of the information flowing over the nationwid

would, however, be backed by legislation to enab

the necessary funding from the Congress for meet

needs of the National Program. It would also 
y 

diverse needs of all. 

It is not yet clear where an agency re

and information service belongs in the org

of the Federal Government, or whether 

agency to which this role would be appro

ing national agencies have been mentio

(1) The Library of Congress; 

(2) The Office of Libraries and Learning R

of Education; and 

(3) The National Commission on Librar

Science. 

Recognizing the importance of the rela

proposed program and the private secto

suggested that the new responsibilities a

signed to a quasi-governmental agency 

lines of the Corporation for Public Broa

It is far from clear at the moment wh

might be, and the Commission, therefore

other alternatives should be thoroughly i

The Commission cannot stress strongly 

attached to finding a suitable home in go

menting, coordinating and integrating lib

service on a national scale. 

Objective 8. Plan, develop and impleme

work of library and inform

The National Commission believes that 

the pluralistic cooperative programs of th

a national frame of reference for future d

nation be able to achieve optimum explo

formation and knowledge resources in th

The next section describes the main 

posed nationwide network whose purpose

48 
pppg

lems and deficiencies on a broad front and pro

hensive approach toward their solution. In 

existing programs would be strengthened or 

other cases, the Commission would initiate n

such as the nationwide network. To bring thi

require new legislation. This legislation would 

the total program; assign responsibilities and f

the Federal Government to relevant agencies; 

authorizations; specify the criteria for participa

work; and authorize multiyear appropriations 

with program and accountability requirements. 

The Nationwide Network Conc

Maj or Federal Responsibilities 

A nationwide network of libraries and info

means an integrated system encompassing state n

state networks, and specialized networks in 

private sectors. The Federal Government w

library or information service to join the netwo

provide technical inducements and funding in

governments and the private sector to strength

to affiliate. 

At first, network affiliation is expected to 

tionally through formal agreements or contractu

among groups of libraries and other inform

But later, the Federal Government would p

and other incentives to the states and to the p

enable them to achieve working interconnect

specific instances, the Federal Government w

sponsibility for the interstate portion of the ne

Specifically, it would collaborate with appropri

societies in promulgating interstate technical s

would support the introduction of additiona
evolving confederation of those who deal w

information resources. The following pa

Fed~ral responsibilities as identified by t

m1ss10n. 

(1) To encourage and promulgate standard

an essential function, to be performed 

sponsible for implementing the nationw

be that of encouraging and guiding the 

adoption of common standards and 

adherence to which is implicit in system 

mentation of a nationwide informatio

standards include those required to assu

between intrastate networks, multistate 

cialized networks in the public and pri

50 

The importance of establishing stand

level cannot be overstated. It is the pr

achieving economies of scale and red

among libraries and other members of th

munity. Current research in computer 

indicates the need for standards coverin

including computer hardware and so

tocols, data communications, data stand

and codes, and bibliographic standards. 

to standards problems and requirements 

can significantly reduce the incompat

connection problems that arise when 

veloped systems are integrated into a 

network. The establishment of standar

work development process would be dis

frequent! y, ineffective. 

The Institute for Computer Science

(ICST) at the National Bureau of Sta

mentwide responsibility for developin
, py 

computer networking, computer system per

urement and evaluation, magnetic media, d

tions and computer hardware. Although 

Institute's technical program is conceptua

the concerns of the National Program, it wo

the outputs of the current program do not 

requirements of the entire information com

more needs to be done, in both the publ

sectors, if the more generalized standardiz

are to be satisfactorily solved. 

In addition to having technical standards

relating to hardware and software, a nationw

library and information service will also ne

common bibliographic standards. The most 

for bibliographic standardization in the U

the MARC-II format developed by the Libra

The format has proved so useful that it ha

accepted as a standard by the American L

tion, the American National Standards Ins

International Standards Organization. 

Aside from bibliographic standards for m

serials, other areas are in need of standards 

uniform development. For example, bibliogr

must be provided for reports, maps, pictures, 

readable data files, sound recordings, etc. T

for Educational Communications and Techn

has already issued a publication entitled 

Cataloging Non-Print Material," and the L

ress has work in progress to extend the MA

include the new media. 

The commercial and not-for-profit indexi

ing services do not yet possess a common ap

liographic control. In order to achieve the 

interchange of bibliographic data over on-
52 

cording to standard procedures and c

ment has been reached in the bibliog

standard computer character set-such 

diacritical marks, numerals, punctuatio

bols-but more remains to be done to 

herence to these conventions by librari

At a Conference on National Biblio

April 1974, representatives of the pub

tor were unanimous in their agreeme

system of bibliographic files is an essenti

bibliographic system. They recommen

be in a standard machine-readable form

base contain " ... certain records whi

the unique identification of each item 

priate locations of each." " As a resu

the auspices of NCLIS, the National S

and the Council on Library Resources w

ary 1975 to achieve this bibliographic o

mission firmly believes that unless com

standards are agreed upon along the l

mendation, the nation will face a fo

chaos within the next few years. 

And, finally, standards are needed 

prography and micrographics. Althoug

ful standards already exist, there are 

examples of nonstandardization which 

dure. For example, there is no unive

ridge on the market that is compatibl

equipment. Considering that more 

companies are engaged in manufacturi

ment and services, the development of 

a difficult chore. However, if microfi

dynamic medium in library operation

ducers and groups like the National M
networking, full and active community parti

veloping these standards is mandatory. A 

centage of the total input to libraries is now

tinue to be, provided by the private sector. 

bibliographic standards will control both the 

content of this input. All computer-readabl

as all microforms, will be impacted by these 

higher degree of expertise than is currently a

one sector will be required to set these st

Federal Government, therefore, has a respo

courage and support present and future s

efforts, both in the public and private secto

vide for the modification of existing stan

coordinated development of new standard

needed. The responsible Federal agency w

promulgation and enforcement of standard

major and most important functions. 

(2) To make unique and major resource collec

nationwide. The new network would mak

major resource collections available nationwi

"unique collections" refers to a body of ma

formation which shares a common characte

form (newspapers), period (Renaissance), la

nese), or subject (chemistry). The Commis

that there are many institutions in the 

publicly and privately supported, whose coll

one-of-a-kind resources of general interest 

benefit for the entire population, e.g., the 

research collections of Harvard University, 

Public Library, and the Newberry Librar

known but singularly important, the Glas

Center in Corning, New York, the Chem

Service in Columbus, Ohio, and many ot

sponsible Federal agency must identify mea
and sustaining their particular collections

Charges may have to be levied for the 

collections. When such compensation i

priate fees and payment methods will n

(3) To develop centralized services for netw

responsibility of the Federal Governmen

sor and support centralized bibliographic 

in the public and private sectors, when it 

demonstrated that such central service

majority of libraries and information 

economies of scale. 

54 

Examples of potential services include 

visual repository, a national system of 

munication, a national depository for t

master microforms and "best copies" o

nificant research value, or a national per

National Library of Medicine (NLM), 

ready the "library of final resort" for m

not held elsewhere in the country. 

In the humanities there is a steady inc

lishment of bibliographic data banks of 

published in the United States and ab

combine these and other data banks fo

research in the humanities could lead to 

of a centralized computer retrieval servi

ties available through the nationwide n

The Commission, of course, recogniz

tions are better performed locally than c

in many areas of the country some inst

fully duplicating effort, performing rep

storing similar materials beyond those 

local everyday demands, and giving inc

services to the public because of the 

services. Existing national services that 
ment de nova, will need to be carefully art

posed legislation. 

(4) To explore computer use. Computer techn

very important part of the design of a fut

information network. Computers have be

able tools in the operation of library and i

works. 

Today, libraries use computers for many 

operations: recording, control, disseminatio

of bibliographic information, catalog ca

circulation control, book ordering, serial rec

routine library functions. Aside from the

research is also being pursued by libraries 

using the computer to answer library refer

a number of libraries, in fact, have already 

computer bibliographic data bases. Librari

might be expected to have the full text of c

stored in a form readable by machine. 

The nationwide network may require se

installations for centralized processing to 

the machine-readable bibliographic record

the Library of Congress and other nationa

forms (such as cards, book catalogs, special 

selective dissemination of information (SD

suitable for decentralized use in each state. F

or each state, or that matter, to operate a 

puter installation would be prohibitivel

most cases. The cooperative, time-shared

tional approach to computer usage, support

mission, appears to be the most econom

solution. 

Computer installations in the nationwide 

carry out three functions: the first, dedic

graphic production (the processing of m
ments of suppliers of information. The e

computer centers for interstate use in th

offset the need for some libraries to m

computers-probably dedicated minicom

local internal processing needs. In fact, 

may eventually become a distinct and 

component within a national communi

puter network. Coinputers at the mult

national network would probably be a 

time-shared computers, with transmitti

terminals in the member institutions. 

(5) To apply new forms of telecommunication

purpose of a nationwide network is to 

contact with his materials, finding ways o

delivery of information constitutes one 

portant aspects of the network concept. 

work must incorporate appropriate mean

ing rapidly and effectively with the fac

desired material is located. It is in re

niques which allow optimal interconnec

and resource that the greatest change in 

and practices will be required. 

56 

Of all the different kinds of equipmen

for interlibrary communications, the o

ceived widest acceptance, other than voic

as a low-cost practical tool, is the teletyp

communications between and among libr

informal and formal network configur

generally used to augment library holdin

basis, to provide for general communic

libraries, to serve as a channel for query

and to accommodate reference questions 

ness, industry and government also ·u

exchanging information. 
g

these unified facilities on a large scale. W

few years, domestic communication satellite

ing over the United States, thus further en

tion's capability to exchange information in 

Although distribution of documents f

graphic or microform collections through ele

to individual libraries, or even directly to 

soon be technically feasible, the bulk of in

most probably for a long time to come, be t

regular communication channels such as m

vice, intercity bus, rail, dedicated interl

systems, bookmobile, and other means. E

the present time, many commercial tele

companies are upgrading their lines, it wo

the regular costs for library and inform

munications would still be too high, and th

to the Federal telecommunications regul

needed to guarantee reasonable rates for 

mation exchange. 

The Commission believes that rapid a

telecommunication among members of the 

work could turn out to be the greatest b

national distribution of knowledge for 

progress. For this reason, the responsible a

directed to explore all possible avenues le

able communication rates for library and i

working purposes. First, as an interim step

should be explored of incorporating this ty

cation into the normal Federal Telecomm

tem (FTS). In this case, special legislation 

sary to authorize interstate use of the FTS 

charge or at a reduced rate. Second, appro

made to the Federal Communications Com

or the National Aeronautics and Space A
y 

py 

communication links at lower tariff rates 

ence and stimulate the development of n

tion systems. 

The United States Government is in a 

the whole nationwide library and in.form

initial impetus by subsidizing low-cost rate

scheme reaches a level of usage that ensu

viability. 

(6) To support research and development. T

nation's heterogeneous information facili

into a nationwide network will pose man

Some of these problems will arise from t

the new technology, some will derive from 

information systems on users, and othe

with the profession itself as it struggles w

of change. 

58 

A stronger Federal program of research 

through grants and contracts, can provide 

work within which common investigation

out. By concentrating specialized skills on 

problems, the Federal Government helps 

and costly _piecemeal research that would 

formed by the states, provides for researc

tion across jurisdictional boundaries and, 

greatly accelerates the rate at which new m

ment can be transformed into operating sy

For example, a Federal policy shoul

which encourages and facilitates the dev

communication technology and services e

interlibrary communication (and anothe

should encourage the sharing of relevan

ware developed at government expense). 

The Commission believes that a vigo

search and development effort is essential
and problems of research libraries, methodol

niques developed for these specific purposes 

ferred to and used to good advantage in o

the OSIS/NSF research and development 

further strengthened and conducted in clos

with the Commission, they would most certa

new insights into network organization 

nomics, technology, access, and use that w

celerate the implementation of a national 

brary and information service activities. 

demonstration in library and informatio

library training rests with the U.S. Office 

Library Research and Demonstration Prog

inception, this program has provided fundi

tions for the improvement of libraries an

science. Current focus is on consortia build

cient use of resources, and on groups with sp

needs (such as the economically disadvantag

norities, senior citizens, women) and on im

training in library and information science. 

gram emphasis has been on networks to be 

which are designed to serve as bases for-s

and national networks. 

(7) To foster cooperation with similar nationa

tional programs. In recent years, computer a

tions technology have made the concept o

information network a practical reality. As 

countries are trying to articulate their pla

information programs with broader intern

Through the good offices of the United N

tional, Scientific and Cultural Organizatio

productive efforts are underway to achieve 

patibility among national information syste
which is directed toward the more syste

of international information services. T

also participates actively in the informati

International Standards Office (ISO), th

right Convention (UCC), the Internatio

Library Associations (!FLA), including 

jective of Universal Bibliographic Cont

tion for Economic Cooperation and Dev

the Federation Internationale de Docu

and other related programs. 

There are also some new developmen

standards which hold great promise for 

ing of original input of bibliograph

International Standard Bibliographic De

ographs and serials, proposed by the Int

tion of Library Associations (IFLA) Com

ing. Final agreement on the precise term

should bring about substantial benefits 

and users. 

Americans need access to foreign pu

formation, and vice versa. A worldwide n

day, enable people of any country to t

resources of the world. A step closer to 

this ideal can be taken if the proposed 

supports a strong leadership role for th

the evolution of compatible informatio

works throughout the world. 

Organizational Relationships a

Supporting Responsibilities 

Figure I depicts the organizational relatio

ernment agencies and the private sector as 

National Program by the Commission. 

60 
LIBRARY OF CONGRE$S 

NATIONAL LIBRARY 

OFMEO!CINE 

NATIONAL Ai'.lRICUL TUIIAL 

LIBRARY 

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNOA.TI0/1; 

USOE; INTERIOR; HEW; NATIONAL 

7 

I 

I 

I LI 

~--

1----

ENOOWMEIIT FOR THE HUMANITIES; 1- - - -

FEOEIIAL LIIIRARIU: FEOEAAL 

INFORMAT!OII CENTERS 

e .. 1"""N,1io••I N"d G<no,o,t,NowPtOjJrlffl< 

Pr•?O•fl Now Le9isl11ion 

A!l<1"S and ov,lu,tos 1h1 Nalion,1 P,Oll,.m 

S,ms As Ad,iso,y Body for R•1poo>lblo Agency 

RESPONSlBLE AO~NCY 

Plon,,nd lmpl,monu N"ion,t N•<work 

Sul'l)O•U N,,;.,,.,.i Co!lmlon, 

SupporU N.tkio,I S.rvlm 

Sou and EMorcos SluidorO, 

SupJ)Ol11l101<1rclt ,nd Oo,.lopment 

Prn,;dts Comp,uor and TeJtcommunf<,tiom 

Syn•m• '"' lnttnmo u,. Oov,lop, Human •nd M,10,i1! R<1oure<1 

e .. 1u,m Uw s.11,1 .. ,lon 

Promoto< ,nd J'IJbllcim 

M,k., Gr,nt, ond Cont,,.u 

Coonf1nati, with Otho, f'r<>it0tl" 

IIT>pl,m,nu Otho, P,rU of th• N,tion,t Prog,om a, 

,

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ir· 

I I 

I I 

- ..J I __ _, I 

,,commr:od«I by NCLIS -•---•-

S

L

A

A

G

FIGURE l. THE PROPOSED NATIONAL PROGRAM OF LIBRARY ANO INFORMATION 

In addition to the Executive Branch of the Fed

ment, there are three other key components in 

national network which are crucial to its success. 

are the fifty states, all of whom have resources to 

the network and requirements to be filled by 

Second, there is the Library of Congress, which is 

of the nation's bibliographic system and is uniq

perform centralized services vital to the network. F

is the private sector, which contains a multitude 

new information services which fulfill a large part 

daily demand for information. 

Responsibilities of State Governments. Nationa

field of library and information service cannot 

unless there is careful articulation between local, 

state, and national planning. It is the Commissio

each of these levels in the nationwide program 

its share of the total financial burden. For exam

eral Government would fund those aspects of 

which support national objectives, and stimulate s

multistate library development needed to support 
Such a program must commit the state to p

matching funding for development of resou

including special forms of statewide netwo

specialized services. 

If this type of quid fJro quo philosophy w

if incentive formulae were worked out to 

multistate, and national financing mutually r

nationwide network could grow from the 

achieve this goal, however, requires that the 

the various levels be well defined, that finan

clear! y recognized and that legal commitment

through appropriate statutes. Some states m

vide funding for the further developmen

information services within the state, while 

elect to share funding with local governments

It would be an important advance if the 

to prepare and/or update corresponding 

forth statewide programs of library and inf

and specifically committing individual states 

and matching funding. 

Responsibility for fostering the coordina

sources and services throughout a state ha

signed to a state library agency or to anothe

same legal authority and functions. This ag

focus for statewide planning and coordinat

library and information services and for coor

plans with those of the Federal Governme

should solicit the widest possible participat

formation, and user communities. Several 

linois,. New York, and Washington already 

systems or networks which are in harmony 

sion's program. The fifty states, however, 

commitment to continuing support and f

and information activities at a level comm

needs of their constituents. 

62 
partners by the Federal Government in develop

porting useful patterns of service. Among the be

could accrue from such a partnership are greater 

for compatible programs and sustained fund

mutually-supportive efforts. 

Proposed Federal legislation in support of lib

formation services must recognize that the states a

stages of developing their services; some states 

initiated plans, and others are in the early stages 

while still others are already implementing sophi

grams. Some states have networks organized by ty

others have networks that include all types of l

still others have networks that include informatio

well as libraries. Federal-state funding formulae 

fore, be devised which will take into account thes

among the states and provide the means for suppo

levels of development. 

Some of the advantages which would accru

through its affiliation with, and participation in, 

network are as follows: 

(1) It would enable a state to get more inform

residents than it could possibly afford to amas

own capital investment by providing them w

the total information and knowledge resou

country. 

(2) It would enable a state to receive reduced-ra

telecommunications services through the Fede

munications System or commercial channels

alone would repay participation because it 

share in a very sizeable Federal investment. 

(3) It would enable a state to receive computer so

puter data bases, technical equipment, and ot

which derive from the Federal Government's 

information science research and developme

(4) It would ensure that the state's internal netwo
() 

the Federal Government to initiate n

within the state at levels consistent with 

scope of the national network. 

(7) It would enable the state to spend 

optimally by investing mainly for gene

needs and relying on the nationwide net

specialized materials, for interstate serv

services of common concern. 

Multistate groups are forming in differen

try to provide a mechanism for planning 

program among several states. Such grou

ganized when two or more states decide to 

and other resources for a specific purpose, 

an all inclusive library and information pro

state groups are created by interstate com

corporated, and others function less forma

entity does exist for a multistate group, the 

must decide how financial support from th

ment can be channeled to the new organiza

Figure II is a table comparing the Na

sponsibilities of the Federal Government 

ments. 

Responsibilities of the Private Sector. T

defined as organizations ( either for-profi

which are not directly tax supported. Su

Program depends on the degree to which t

the nation carries out its responsibilities 

and coordination of libraries and informa

major producer of cultural, scientific, techn

information, the private sector must take 

bility toward developing the informatio

nation. 

64 
part1c1pant in the National Program. Special 

a peculiarly American invention; and it is hop

leaders of business and industry who employ prof

sonnel as an investment to put knowledge to wo

will encourage shared resources through the N

gram as a reasonable response to a national need. 

sector should work closely with the public sector 

produce materials and provide services which w

national network both useful and cost-effective. 

sector is already contributing toward improved pro

basis of competition in the marketplace. 

FUNCTION FEDERAL ST

To foster caopcrarive programs within To develop and operate n

oai:h uate and among IIHD• by pro• matlon re1oura.,s within t

viding fodorat fuml!R{I to Inaugurate or 1mo funds oxprn,ly oarm

GOAL continuo lntortypo notworks at appro• within tha first three year

pr!ato levers, 10 demonstrate and tost Jnterfadng the intro,1010 

and ovaluato them, to support them and national notw<:11ks of 

with technology and to holp thorn 

move toward finai,tfal self-sufficiency. 

To inc,ea,e funding and aid in the To eng<>!JC In funding prog

FUNDING OP1=ration and lmprovomcnt of bade local rlKfu]remenls for ma

library and Information services at SCf'/lces sufficient to mec

all lovals. stitucnc/01 aro indood mo

PLANNING To coordlnMc tho Federal Program To establish and maintain 

w!th the states and with mul!lstate state program1 wlth feder

AND ;rOUPS. 

COORDINATION 

To cnatc a federal 1/brary and infor• To create a 5!atowldo libr

NETWORK mat Ion network th1t wilt make avail• that wlU make available th

abla tho lnlorm,nlon resources of st.ite government SQenclo

DEVELOPMENT fadtral agencies and to coordinate coordinate and develop ac

and develop accesi mechanisms to re1ources of ii reg Jon. the rosouro,s of tho nMlon. 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC To establish and/or support those 

bibliographical serv!cos or nationwide To provide means by wllf

scf'llees may be usr!d with

SERVICE concern that are bHI carried out on a centra!lled basis. 

To designate and help sustain unique, To dosionate and sunaln 

UNIQUE national co]lactlons and access ml!Cha• tha stctc major collection

nltms that all states may use as back•UP wider Internal use and gre

COLLECTIONS to their own resources. the state, 

To e,tabl\sh and Promulgate techn/cal To d,wolop mean. for eri1

STANDARDS standards and to fac/lJtitC inter• cooperation, To support 

connection across state 1/nes. implamentation of standa

Program. 

FIGURE II. FEDERAL AND STATE RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE NATION
RESEARCH development, and cvaluat!on In areas evaluation 

of nationwide concern or potential; to or potanti

AND monitor developments Jn library and informatio

DEVELOPMENT information services; 11nd to d/ssemi• rela1lng to 

nate Information relating 10 the above activities. 

To fund education and m1ining pro• To provid

EDUCATION grams in modem library and in for· In the dev

mat!on science through fellowihip5, del!nltion 

AND intern programs, etc, evalu11tlon 

TRAINING In cocpcra

for contin

PUBLICITY To plan and carry out prognms 10 To plan an

Inform potential u,ers of the 1urvices programs 

AND available through tM national network and to activaly encourage the use of PROMOTION these ser~ico1. 

To continually assess the progrou of the To monito

EVALUATION National Program and to ch11nge plans and state and 

directions accordingly. National P

grams whe

FIGURE IL FEDERAL AND STATE RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE 

Facilitating the active participation of 

the development of a national information 

legislative authority. A new orientation 

and user economics may also be require

traditional library information systems w

mercial and other specialized informatio

The exact role of the private sector in 

tion program is not yet known. The Com

this area will require intensive study an

with many different organizations before 

tive recommendation can be developed. 

Responsibilities of the Library of Cong

tional facilities with which the Commissi

largest and the most important to the suc

National Program is the Library of Cong

size, stature, and comprehensive collecti

Congress is the hub of the nation's bibliog

66 
and provides many user services for libraries t

country. It receives and catalogs the bulk of 

received by other American libraries, and the in

which it does centrally obviates the need for loc

The National Union Catalog, the Card Distri

and the MARC (Machine Readable Catalog

which includes making current cataloging info

able on magnetic tape, are prime examples of th

done by the Library of Congress which accrues 

of most American libraries. 

The participation of the Library of Congres

the development of a National Program and to t

the nationwide network because it has the ca

materials to perform many common services in 

of technical processing and reference and beca

national bibliographic standards for the program

tion may be needed to designate the Library 

having responsibilty for integral aspects of the 

gram. 

The Commission believes that the Librar

should be designated as the National Library. 

National Library it should accept the following 

in the National Program: 

(I) Expansion of the lending and lending-man

tion of the Library to that of a National Le

of final resort. The Library of Congress h

library lending a variety of its materials to 

for many years. In the development of a n

of information resources, there will be comp

tions organized for sequential service levels. 

and information materials will, in some cases

from the most comprehensive collection, tha

of Congress. To fulfill this requirement fo

the other significant resources in the nation
for added collections, a new system of 

munications, a new mechanism for ob

permission, and improved document 

techniques, will be required. 

(2) Expansion of coverage of the National P

sitions and Cataloging (NPAC). This pr

catalog quickly and disseminate catalogi

all current works of research value, has 

for over six years. In that time, the perc

acquired and cataloged from all source

pressed needs of the library and research 

United States, has climbed from fifty per

percent. The Commission believes th

Congress should seek to acquire, catalo

current and future use, a larger percen

output. With the expenditure of approxi

per year by the Library of Congress for s

estimated that there would be a fourfo

for research libraries alone, as well as ad

national benefits. This is the kind of eco

a coordinated National Program could b

(3) Expansion of Machine-Readable Catal

include cataloging in substantially all la

monographic, serial, and other significa

formation materials being acquired b

Congress; distribution of this data base

and regional centers and other national 

library and information service. This 

what has already become a landmark serv

university and research libraries, and in

of the nation, is essential for the effectiv

bibliographic apparatus of the Library 

other research libraries and information 

of maintaining bibliographic control 

amount of significant library and info

68 
cluding serials, the potential of a complete 

able data base can be fulfilled if a centra

speeds the products of these services to the 

his library and information service network

tion of the technology of on-line access an

networks must be accomplished as early as 

makes this economical! y possible. Some o

expected are automatic creation of local 

catalogs of local or remote collections, cus

liographies from large data bases, intercou

requests with current cataloging to eliminate 

ability of recently acquired items, and remote 

delivery of very recent cataloging production. 

(5) Development of an expanded general refe

to support the national system for bibliog

This would include faster means of comm

other libraries, particularly when the Libra

may be the sole source in the nation for 

formation. It would also include an exp

response, referral service to other sources o

(6) Operation of a comprehensive National Seri

will integrate and expand the present seria

the Library and provide an organized set of 

for the nation. Serials constitute the great

individual items in many libraries. Their or

cataloging, indexing, servicing, and preserv

a sizeable portion of the budget and consider

National efforts can substantially benefit all 

their work with serials more effective and 

improve the accessibility of serial literature 

(7) Establishment of a technical services cen

training in, and information about, Librar

techniques and processes, with emphasis o

The center's training program would answ

for a more detailed knowledge of the Librar
, 

them with up-to-date information abo

Congress's technical services. Its staff w

expansion of present programs involvin

consultation, technical institutes, and pu

(8) Development of improved access to state 

tions and cooperation with state and 

standardize cataloging and other techn

tion. Potentially useful information 

governmental publications is not now w

users, because it is not uniformly prin

nounced, organized, preserved, and pu

(9) Further implementation of the nationa

gram. The physical deterioration of 

particularly those printed on paper p

middle of the Nineteenth Century, 

critical problems for libraries. The solut

lies partly in increased research in pre

Inasmuch as the Library of Congress ha

an important effort in this area, a furth

would speed the time at which viable 

able. Additional funds for filming vita

storing rare materials, and for transferrin

terials into microform are equally imp

also essential to train the added conserv

tion specialists needed to retain the re

housed in the nation's libraries. 

Proposed Legislation 

Future legislation will have as its object

network and will outline the role of the Fe

the national libraries, and the states in its 

implementation. It will also specify the func

be performed centrally; it will establish the 

70 
intent is to create a program that is going to enf

and enspirit this country's creative powers, so t

be achieved with our total intellectual and know

ties. The Commission sees the National Program 

productivity and creativity, and not as an auth

inhibitive constraint which would control the 

people. 

Funding 

Beginning in 1956, with the passage of the Li

Act by the Congress, the Federal Government 

assumed responsibility for programs of financial 

libraries. There are some who view the contin

support of libraries by the Federal Governmen

because of the inferred fear that the bureaucrac

or later, stifle intellectual freedom. Certainly, th

of government money for libraries during the 

years disproves this theory. The Commission bel

American public not only accepts the princip

funding for libraries, but also equates it with 

responsibility for public education. 

Federal assistance programs for libraries have 

acquisition of materials, the provision of new se

training and research, new building construction, 

groups, and so forth. They have affected pu

school libraries, college and university libraries. 

tion of the funds under Title III of LSCA have a

able for interlibrary cooperation. At the close 

total sum in the annual Federal budget for libra

grams amounted to $140 million. In addition, 

Science Foundation and other government a

funded specific projects involving libraries, inde

stracting services, and other organizations in th

community. The Federal Government also s
nue sharing as an alternative method of su

and the General Revenue Sharing Act qu

receive appropriations for operating expen

derance of testimony to the Commission 

revenue sharing mechanism does not work 

The revenue sharing mechanism is unsatisf

because it forces them to compete for funds 

ments and their utilitarian agencies, such 

fire departments. As educational agents i

libraries provide long-range services to all 

fortunately, it is difficult to justify this as a l

conspicuous utilitarian problems need imm

As a result, city officials in some cities are 

some revenue with libraries. Indications rec

mission thus far reveal that, in some localitie

money is offsetting normal operating budgets 

than providing them with funds for new pro

In such circumstances, it is unlikely that rev

will have any impact at all on cooperativ

or intersystem planning. 

Recent actions by the Congress have resto

for many of the categorical aid programs 

nated, but the policy of the Administration 

their eventual termination. The President

year 1975, released for information and Co

in January 1974, mentioned a new Federa

area of library services. It outlines the 

legislation, called the Library Partnership A

bill calls for the improvement of library 

system of grants fostering interlibrary coope

demonstrations of basic library services wh

existent or marginal. The general purposes 

to those of Title III of the LSCA with th

closely specified and the eligible communit

72 
to be achieved. The Commission believes that 

must be continued and strengthened until a 

new program is authorized and adequately fun

States and local governments vary greatly in 

financial assistance they give to libraries. More

Federal funds are used within the states varies 

have used the money for state-level direction and 

while others have spent it on new or improved 

The Federal principle of requiring matching f

state and/or local governments has, itself, had 

In some instances, it has led states to originate 

that didn't exist before. In other cases, it has no

matching state aid for libraries. However, in ge

states have been able to take greater advantage 

tunity than poor states, even though the real n

been greater among the latter. 

Past Federal funding has succeeded in fulfilli

original objectives of Federal legislation, but by 

of them. An enlightened public policy of suppo

and other information activities, and contin

assistance, are dual objectives which the Commi

vital to the National Program. lf the nation is t

to constructive development and utilization of 

sources throughout the country, an infusion o

sistance on a large scale is mandatory, and the 

must also revise its philosophy on how Federal a

ing should be allocated to support this nation

What is needed is a program of balanced inte

funding. 

It is premature to stipulate the criteria for req

cial assistance from the Federal Government u

tional Program, but some suggestions are her

for consideration. For example, each recipient w

in advance to: 
p

dilute financial responsibility locally, re

state level to meet prescribed levels of s

• Match Federal funds with local or state 

a formula based on factors other than m

per capita income. 

• Develop a mutually-compatible formula 

between the state and local governme

between the state and Federal Governm

• Adhere lo the protocols and convention

for the nationwide network. 

Principles and criteria, like those above, 

rived at by careful study and discussion 

cerned, after which they will need to be in

legislation for the National Program. The C

to devise these guidelines in cooperation w

from the public and private sectors. In reco

divergence of development existing among 

agencies in the private sector, it is expecte

ing would support three different levels of 

(1) To help establish or initiate new progr

(2) to help strengthen existing programs; 

(3) to help extend the scope of successful p

Until a carefully articulated funding po

for the National Program, and until new 

to implement the National Program, the C

favors the continuation of categorical aid u

with appropriate revisions for strengthen

and with special emphasis on Title III, 

maintain national momentum toward coop

networking. 

Figure III depicts the type and purpose 

support required for the National Program. 

74 
... • ---~'---- -----''-----

formation services are not yet organized to meet 

the nation as a whole. Different libraries and 

services are, indeed, performing important serv

respective clienteles, but, as a group, they are de

hazardly. The Commission believes the time has 

na.tion to change direction by henceforth trea

information and knowledge as a national resourc

the benefits of library and information services 

all the people. Such action would prove a grea

catalyst for the country and place the United 

stronger position to cope with its own econom

problems. If we continue traditional practices 

the Commission fears that, within the span of on

America will be faced with information chaos t

against the country's best interests. 

Deficiencies in current resources and services de

planning for the systematic development of mat

man resources, the continuing education of pro

paraprofessional personnel, an adequate finan

libraries and other information-handling units, 

tive application of new technologies, and the dev

spirit of cooperation without which no nationw

improved services can succeed. 

A major transformation of the library and info

ture in this country is required. The new struc

based on a new philosophy of service and a new 

state investment policy. Success will depend on so

by each and every library and information cent

tion to a common sense of direction and purpo

mitment to national cooperative action, and on 

policies which treat information as a national res

Such a program implies an unprecedented 

libraries and information centers by Federal, st

governments. Merely continuing the past prac

small grants to the states for individual librarie
p, g p

will come about gradually, and it will take 

to achieve substantial results. Strong resourc

continue to be built at the local, state, and r

Federal assistance while the new basis for 

work is being prepared. 

We on the Commission believe that the 

pared and is ready to advance traditional 

apply computer and communication techno

together in creating the strongest possible in

for the country. 

America must not forget her dream of in

and of an open approach to learning and 

Commission firmly believes that recorded k

tional resource and its nationwide access a na

ity. It urges the American people, through 

local governments, and public and private i

port a nationwide program of library and in

as a high-priority national goal. 

78 
(y ), g, 

tion, 1971, p. 20. 

(2) American Library Directory, 28th Edition

R.R. Bowker Company, 1972. 

(3) United States Constitution, Article I, Sectio

"To promote the progress of science and u

securing for limited times to authors and 

exclusive right to their respective writi

coveries." 

(4) Libraries in the United States: public libra

academic libraries-3,000 (est.)*; Federa

2,313*; special libraries (other than Federa

school libraries-65,000 (est.)*; Total-90,6

having an * were supplied by the Nation

Education Statistics, USOE; those having 

plied by the Special Libraries Association. 

(5) Frase, R. W., Library Funding and Public 

cago, American Library Association, 1973. 

(6) Alternatives for Financing the Public Libr

Prepared for the National Commission on 

Information Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylv

ment Studies and Systems, Inc. 197 4. 

(7) American Association of School Libraries, 

sociation for Educational Communications 

ogy, Media Programs: District and School, C

and Washington, D.C., AECT, 1975. 

(8) Resources and Bibliographic Support for a N

brary Program, A Study Prepared for the N

mission on Libraries and Information Scien

Maryland, Westat, Inc., 197 4. 

(9) Shera, J. H., The Foundation of Education f

ship, New York, Wiley-Becker and Hayes, 

(10) Conclusions and Recommendations, Confe

tional Bibliographic Control. Sponsored by 

on Library Resources and the National Sci

tion, Washington, D.C., 1974. 
Bibliographic Control 

The uniform identification of items of re

in various media and the availability of a m

ing subsequent access to such information. 

Consortium 

A formal association of libraries and other 

ing the same or interrelated service or pr

Constituency 

A particular user group with specialized r

brary and information service. 

Data Bases 

Files of bibliographic or other informatio

netic tape or disk for computer processing. 

Facsimile 

The electronic transmission of an exact du

graphic, or a film image. 

Federal 

Synonymous with the United States Govern

Federal Agency 

A component of government in the Exec

Branch of the Federal establishment. 

Hardware 

The physical equipment in a data processi

system (as contrasted with software). 

Information 

Includes facts and other recorded knowled

periodicals, newspapers, reports, audiovisu

80 
Information Industry 

Certain organizations in the for-profit part of the 

which process, store, or disseminate information 

tractual or sales arrangements. Examples of comp

information industry include: abstracting and i

ices; data base producers; reprint houses; commer

tion retrieval services, etc. 

Information Scientist 

A specialist in systems analysis, computers, com

micrographics, and other technology based means f

information. 

Information Technology 

Refers to the application of computers, telecom

micrographics, audiovisuals, and other equipmen

and materials for making information available t

Interface 

The area or mechanism of contact and interaction 

two systems, subsystems, or organizations. An inte

technical ( e.g., electronic) or administrative. 

Interlibrary Cooperation 

Informal agreements between and among librari

pate in a specific process or service for mutual ben

Librarian 

A specialist in the organization, management, an

of recorded information. 

Library 

An institution where diverse information is stor

cally organized, and where services are provided 

its use. It may contain books, films, magazines, 
National 

Refers to interests that transcend local, state

cerns. The term is also used to refer to o

operations embody or serve these broader 

National Bibliographic Center 

A place where the basic record for each bi

created (or verified) and held to serve the fu

libraries, information centers, abstracting 

ices, and national and trade bibliographies. 

National Lending Library 

A central library, within a country, respon

at least one copy of a prescribed class of m

it available to other libraries by loan or pho

National Plan 

The phased schedule by which the Nationa

mented to meet its program objectives. 

National Program 

An organized and articulated statement p

for the coherent development of library a

tivities in the United States to meet the n

Nationwide 

That which extends throughout the country

Network 

Two or more libraries and/or other organ

a common pattern of information excha

munications, for some functional purpose. 

consists of a formal arrangement whereby 

tion, and services provided by a variety o

82 
Retrieval services involving direct interaG,tive c

between the user at a terminal and the compute

to provide access to one or more data bases. 

Private Sector 

Organizations not directly tax supported. Inclu

tions outside of government such as profit-mak

and not-for-profit institutions, which produce, pr

disseminate information. 

Public Sector 

Organizations directly tax supported. 

Regional Resource Center 

An institution especially chartered to provide a co

to a cooperative of libraries in differing political 

Software 

The intellectual instructions-such as a compu

which govern machine operations. 

State Library Agency 

The official agency of a state charged by the law 

with the extension and development of public l

throughout the state. This agency has adequ

under the law of the state to administer state pl

ance with the provisions of the Library Services 

tion Act, and is generally responsible for statewide 

coordination of cooperative library and inform

System 

An organization of people, machines, material 

procedures, designed to accomplish a given pur

purposes. A system may exist within a library o

activity, or it may exist when two or more libra
User 

Any individual or group with a desire, no m

or how serious, to use libraries and informati

84 
y 

Allie Beth Martin, Director, Tulsa City /C

System 

3. The Relationship and Involvement of the S

with the National Program-Edward G. Str

Information Services, J. Walter Thompso

Chicago 

4. The Independent Research Library-Willi

ton, Executive Director and Librarian, Th

Library 

5. The Information Service Environment Rel

Priorities-Paul G. Zurkowski, President, I

dustry Association 

6. Manpower and Educational Programs for 

Research, and Professional Growth in Li

formation Services-Robert S. Taylor, De

Information Studies, Syracuse University 

7. School Library Media Programs and the 

gram for Library and Information Service

Franckowiak, School Library Supervisor, W

partment of Public Instruction 

8. National Program of Library and Informat

NCLIS: Implication for College and Comm

Libraries-Beverly P. Lynch, Executive Sec

tion of College and Research Libraries, Am

Association 

9. The National Library Network, Its Econo

and Funding-Robert M. Hayes, Dean, Gr

of Library and Information Science, Univ

fornia 

10. Intellectual Freedom and Privacy: Comm

tional Program for Library and Informat

R. Kathleen Molz, Chairman, Intellectual F

mittee, American Library Association 

11. International Library and Information Se
mission on Libraries and Information Sc

the Improvement of National Informati

man M. Weisman, Manager, Informat

tional Bureau of Standards 

14. The Relationship of the Government an

tor in the Proposed National Program

Vice President, Disclosure, Inc. 

15. New Federal Authority and Locus of 

John Bystrom, Professor of Communic

of Hawaii 

16. Relationship and Involvement of the M

and Information Community with the 

for Library and Information Services-M

Director, Continuing Education and L

Program-WI CHE 

17. The Future of Federal Categorical Li

Robert Frase, Consulting Economist 

18. Availability and Accessibility of Govern

in the National Program for Library 

Services-Bernard Fry, Dean, Graduat

Indiana University 

19. Cost Comparisons of Alternative Bib

Systems-Saul Herner, President, Hern

20. University Libraries and the National 

brary and Information Services-John M

tive Director, Association of Research Lib

21. Federal Libraries and Information Cen

22. Quantitative Data Required to Support 

National Program for Library and Infor

Theodore Samore, School of Library S

versity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 

23. Urban Information Centers and their 

National Program for Library and Infor

} ane E. Stevens, Library Science Dep

College 

86 
rector for Planning and Development, C

stracts Service 

26. The Impact of Machine-Readable Data Base

and Information Services-Martha William

Information Retrieval Research Laboratory

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 

27. The Role of The United States Book Exch

Nationwide Library and Information Service

Alice Dulany Ball, Executive Director, The U

Book Exchange, Inc. 
5lln5llct 

To establish a National Commission on Libraries and Intormatlon Sclenre, an

tor other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of th

United Btatea of America in Oongress aasembled, That this Act ma

be cited as the "National Commission on Libraries and Informatio

Science Act". STATEMENT OF FOLICY 

SEc. 2. The Congress hereby affirms that library and informatio

services adequate to meet the needs of the people of the United Stnte

are essential to achieve national goals and to utilize most effectivel

the Nation's educational resources and that the Federal Governmen

will cooperate with State and local governments and public an

private agencies in assuring optimum provision of such services. 

COMMISSION ESTABLISHED 

SEc. 3. (a} There is hereby established as an independent agenc

within the executive branch, a National Commission on Librarie

and Information Science (hereinafter referred to ns the "Com

mission"). 

(b) The Department of Health, Education, and We1fare shall pro

vide the Commission with necessary administrative services (includ

ing those related to budgeting, accounting, finnncial reporting, person

nel, and procurement) for which payment shnH be mnde in advanc

or by reimbursement, from funds of the Commission and such amoun

as may be a~ed upon by the Commission and the Secretnry o

Health, Education, and Welfare. 

CONTRIBUTIONS 

SEc. 4. The Commission shall have authority to accept in the name o

the United States grants, gifts, or bequests of money for immedin.

disbursement in furtherance of the functions of the Commission. Suc

grants, gifts, or bequests, after acceptance by the Commission, sha

l>e paid by the donor or his representative to the Treasurer of th

Umted States whose receipts shnll be their acquittnnce. The Treasur

of the United States shall enter them in a special account to the cred

of the Commission for the purpoSes in each case specified. 

FUNCTIONS 

SEC. 5. (a) The Commission shall have the primary res~nsibilit

for developing or recommending overall plans for, and advising th

a.PproP.riate governments and agencies on, the_polic:y set forth in se

tion 2. In ca.rrying out that responsibility .1. the Commission shnll-

(1) advise the President and the Liongrees on the imJ?lement

tion of national policy by such statements, presentations, an

reports e.s it deems appropriate; 

(2) conduct studies, surveys, anci analyses of the library an

informational needs of the Nation, including the special libra

and informational needs of rural areas, of economically, sociall

or culturally deprived persons, and of elderly persons, and th

means by which these needs may be met through informatio

centers, through the libraries of elementary and secondary schoo

and institutions of higher education, and through public, researc

special, and other types of libraries j 
Report to 

President and 

Coll8l'&SS• 

Contraot 

authority, 

Hearings, 

() pp

extt•nd and impl'ove the i'intion's lib

luu1dling capability ns essentiitl links in t

tions networks; 

(7) submit to the President and the C

Janu.u.ry 31 of each year) n report on its a

ceding fiscal year; and 

(8) m11ke and_publish such ndditionul 

necessary, including, but not limited to

transcripts of testimony, summary repo

Commission findings, studies, und recom

(b) The Commission 1s nuthorizC'<l to contra

1in.d other public nnd pl'ivute ngel'.I<·ies to cnrry 

under subsection (tt) and to publish tlnd d

findings, studies, and records ns it deems appr

(c) The Commission is furtl1er nuthorized 

11t such times nnd places as it deems nppropri

purposes of this Act. 

(d) The heads of all Fedeml agencies are

hibited by hiw, directed to roo11c1·nte with the 

out the purposes of this Act. 

84 STAT. 441 

~84,--iS~T~A"'T~. ~.~.~,--------------MEMBERSHIP 

Appointments 

by President. 

Tenns of 

office. 

Compent1ation, 

travel ex--

penses. 

90 

SEc. 6. (a.) The Commission shall be comp

Congress and fourteen members appointed b

with the advice and consent of the Senate. Fi

mission shall be professional librarians or 

nnd the remainder shall be persons having 

interest in the needs of our society for library 

at least one of whom shall be knowledgeable 

nologica.l aspects of library and informatio

and at least one other of whom shall be know

the library and information service and scie

One of tlie members of the Commission sh

President as Chairman of the Commission. T

appointive members of the Commission shall 

(1) the terms of office of the members first ap

on the date of enactment of this Act and sh

of one year, three at the end of two years, 

years, three at the end of four ye1t.rs, and thre

as designated by the President at the time of 

member appointed to fill a vacancy occurrin

of the term for which his predecessor was app

only for the.remainder of such term. 

(b) Members of the Commission who nre n

employ of the United States shall, while att

ferences of the Commission or otherwise enga

Commission, be entitled to receive compensat

Chairman, but not exceeding the rate speci
(~) The Commission may procure, without L·egnrd to the civi] 

ire or dassifietition laws, temporary and intermittent services of 

personnel ns is necessnry to the extent uuthorized by section 31

title 5, C'nited States Code, Out at rates not to exceed the rate spet

ut the time of such sen·i('e for grade GS-18 in section 5:1a:a of ti

n1ited Stittes Code, including traveltime, and while so serving o

bu!;iness of the Commission away from their homes or regular p

of business they may he allowed travel expenses, in('-luding per 

in lieu of subsistence, ns authorized by seetion 5703 of title ii, l"

States ('ode, for persons employed intermittently in the-Ctovem

service. ' 

.\UTHORIZATlON OF .\PPUOl'Rl.\1'lONS 

8Et:. 7. Theru n1·e he1·eby authorized to be appropriated $iiOO,OO

the tiS<."a! year ending ,June 30, 1070, and $7no,ooo for the fiscnl 

l:'nding ,lune l-\01 1n71, and for eneh surl'eedin:r ye11r1 for the Jnu

of 1·nl'l'.)'illl,!: out the prm·isio11sof this .\rt. 

Approved July 20, 1970, 

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY; 

HOUSE REPORl'S: No, 91-240 aooomp!IJ\Ying H,R, 10666 (Comm, on Educati

and Labor) and No, 91-1226 (Comm, of Conference), 

SENATE REPORT No, 91-196 (Comm, on Labor and Public Welfare), CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: 

Vol, 115 (1969): Me,y 23, considered and passed SeJ'Ul.te, 

Vol, 116 (1970): April 20, considered and passed House, amen

in lieu of H.R, 10666, 

June 29, House agreed to oonferenoe report, 

July 6, Senate agreed to conference report, 

Andrew A. Aines, Senior Staff Associate, Office 

formation Service, National Science Foundation

D.C. (1976) 

William 0. Baker, President, Bell Telephone 

Murray Hill, New Jersey (1975) 

Joseph Becker, President, Becker and Hayes 

Wiley and Sons, Los Angeles, California ( 1979) 

Frederick Burkhardt, President-Emeritus, Am

of Learned Societies, New York (1975) 

Daniel W. Casey, Immediate Past President, Am

Trustee Association, Syracuse, New York (1978) 

Harold C. Crotty, President, Brotherhood of M

Way Employes, Detroit, Michigan (1977) 

Carlos A. Cuadra, General Manager, SDC Sear

tem Development Corporation, Santa Moni

(1979) 

Leslie W. Dunlap, Dean, Library Administrat

versity of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa (1975) 

Martin Goland, President, Southwest Research 

Antonio, Texas (1977) 

Louis A. Lerner, Publisher, Lerner Home Ne

cago, Illinois (1977) 

John Lorenz (Ex Officio), The Acting Libraria

U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 

Bessie Boehm Moore, Coordinator, Economic 

mental Education, State Department of Educatio

Arkansas (1978) 

Catherine D. Scott, Librarian, National Air a

seum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D

Julia Li Wu, Head Librarian, Virgil Junior Hi

Angeles, California (1978) 

John E. Velde, Jr., Velde, Roelfs and Compa

nois (1979) 

1 Expiration date of appointments in parenthesis. 
94 
Alphonse F. Trezza 

Executive Director 

Douglas S. Price 

Deputy Director 

Mary Alice Hedge Reszetar 

Associate Director 

Barbara K. Cranwell 

Executive Secretary 

Carl C. Thompson 

Administrative Assistant 

Martha D. Quigley 

Secretary, Special Assignments 

Former Commission Staff 

Charles H. Stevens 

Executive Director 

Roderick G. Swartz 

Deputy Director 

Linda R. Ulrich 

Administrative Assistant 

Access protocol 50 

Accessibility 5 I, 86 

Accounting See ACCOUNTS 

Accounts 55 

Acknowledgments viii 

Acquiring See ACQUISITIONS 

AND CATALOGING 

Acquisitions and cataloging ]9, 

31, 34, 54, 68, 69 

Administratively autonomous 45 

AECT See ASSOCIATION FOR 

EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY 

Affiliation 63 

ALA See AMERICAN LIBRARY 

ASSOCIATION 

"Alternatives for Financing the 

Public Library" 79 

American Association of School 

Libraries 79 

American child, Development of 

15 

American Indians 4, 40, 42 

American Library Association I 61 

51, 52, 79 

American Library Association's 

Standards 23 

American Library Directory 79 

American National Standards Institute 51 

American National Standards Institute Standardization Programs 50 

ANSI See AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE 

Approach See ACC

Appropriations 21

Appropriation au

Armed Forces 2 

Asian Americans 4

Association for Ed

munication a

16, 51, 79 

Attitudinal 37 

Audio 57 

Audiovisual mater

16, 24 

Authors ix, 9, 29 

Automated method

Automated systems 

See also Comput

Automation 44 

See also Comput

Availability 4, 15, 

Barriers 36, 38 

Benefits 63, 69 

Bibliographic 16, 5

Bibliographic acce

Bibliographic data 

Bibliographic data 

55 

See also On-lin

tions 

Ohio College 

Computer dat

Bibliographic reso

LIOGRAPHI

Bibliographic servi

Bibliographic stan

52, 53, 67, 68 

Bibliographic syste
Budgets 19, 69 

See Also Funding 

Bureau of the Budget 21 

Business 3, 5, 56 

Cable television 7 

Card Distribution Service 67 

See A /so Library of Congress 

Catalog ·card 55 

Cataloging See ACQUISITIONS 

AND CATALOGING 

Categorical aid 39, 40 

Categorical Aid Programs 16, 45, 

72 

Categorical Library Programs 86 

CATV See COMMUNITY ANTENNA TELEVISION 

CATV Systems See ANTENNA 

TELEVISION SYSTEMS 

Centralized cataloging See 

ACQUISITIONS AND 

CATALOGING 

Centralized computer retrieval 

service See INFORMATION 

RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS 

Centralized processing See PROCESSING 

Chemical Abstracts Service 53 

College enrollments 19 

College libraries See ACADEMIC 

LIBRARIES 

Commercial Communication Carriers See INFORMATION 

SERVICES 

Commercial distributors 24 

98 

ACQUIS

CATALO

Communicatio

50, 56, 57, 

Community A

7,46 

Community A

Systems 8 

Community c

ACADEM

Comprehensiv

tions See R

LIBRARI

Computer an

tions 49 

Computer dat

PUTER 

Computer dat

63,80 

Computer har

Computer inf

systems S

TION R

SYSTEMS 

Computerized 

services S

TIONS 

Computerized 

Catalog S

UNION 

PUTERIZ

Computer pro

PROCES

Computer soft

Computer tap

Computer tecl
UENCIES 

Constituents I 4, 19, 24, 63 

Consultation 70 

Consumers 27 

Continuing education 4, 35, 43, 

44,47 

See Also Education 

Contracting with the private sector See PRIVATE SECTOR, 

CONTRACTING WITH 

Controlled accessibility See 

ACCESSIBILITY 

Cooperation 10, 11, 59 

Cooperative action 16, I 7, 36, 38, 

47 

Cooperative arrangements See 

COOPERATION 

Cooperative library and information services See LIBRARY 

AND INFORMATION 

SERVICES 

Coordination xi, 8, II, 26, 32, 34, 

45, 47, 48, 62 

Coordinator 20 

Copying 10, 22, 54, 68 

Copying machines 9 

Copyright 8, 9, 29, 68 

See Also Copyright law 

Copyright issues 9 

Copyright law 9 

Cost-effectiveness 46 

Costs 4, 8, 24, 27, 31, 62, 64 

Council on Library Resources 52, 

79 

Credibility 65 

Criteria 43, 49, 55, 74 

DATA BASE

Data communicati

MUNICATIO

Data processing 69 

Data retrieval 35 

See Also Infor

trieval System

Defense Documen

(DDC) 21 

Demand 61 

Department of Hou

Urban Develo

Depository 28 

Design 32 

Deterioration 70 

Development 11, 1

39,48 

Development of 

child Se"' AME

CHILD, DEV

OF 

Digital 57 

See Also Comput

Direct functional c

Disadvantaged 4, 4

Dispensers 2 

Dissemination of i

9 

Distribution of in

22, 25 

Domestic Commu

lites 57 

Duplication See CO

Economic viability 

Economically disa

DISADVANT
Educational system ix 

Educational technology 16 

Electronic communications 35 

See Also Communications 

ERIC See EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER 

Equal Opportunity of Access ix, 

11, 41 

Ethnic groups See SPECIFIC 

GROUPS i.e. AMERICAN 

INDIANS 

ASIAN AMERICANS 

Evaluation 7 

Expenditures 68 

Facsimile 80 

Facsimile service 7, 46 

FCC See FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 

Federal agencies xi, 28, 29, 33, 36, 

60 

Federal assistance 18, 71, 78 

Federal Communications Commission 7, 57 

Federal funding 16, 20, 42, 66, 71, 

73 

See Also Budgets, Funding 

Federal Government ix, xi, I, 2, 

10, II, 18, 28, 40, 41, 43, 44, 

45, 48, 53, 55, 58, 62, 63, 64, 

70, 77 

Federal involvement 10 

Federal legislation vii, 11, 24, 43 

Federal librarians 20 

Federal libraries 21, 37, 79, 86 

100 

Federal tax m

Federal telec

lations 5

Federal Tele

tem 57, 

Federation I

Docume

FID See FED

NATIO

MENTA

Films 2, 51 

Financial as

Financing Se

ASSIST

The Founda

Libraria

Freedom and 

FTS See FED

MUNIC

Fund alloca

PRIATI

Funding 24, 

78 See A

Funding poli

Geographic a

Glass Inform

Glossary 80 

Government 

Grant progra

Grants 77 

Growth ix, 

Guidelines 2

Handicappe

See Also D

Hardware 80 
DEVELOPMENT 

Human resources xi, xii, 14, 37, 

40,43,44 

Humanities 17, 57 

!CST See INSTITUTE FOR 

COMPUTER SCIENCES 

AND TECHNOLOGY 

Identification 5, 15 

IFLA See INTERNATIONAL 

FEDERATION OF 

LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS 

llli teracy 40 

Incentives 9, 49, 62, 64 

Independent research libraries 85 

Indexing 2, 36, 51, 69 

Industry 5, 56 

Information !, 2, 3, 8, 36, 56, 80 

Information-Centered Program x 

Information centers 2, 5, 28, 81, 

85, 89 

Information community 21, 25, 

36, 50, 51, 81 

Information-dependent-institutions 5 

Information dissemination 7 

Information exchange 8, 25, 56 

Information explosion 6, 19 

Information facilities See INFORMATION CENTERS 

Information handling I, 46, 77 

Information industry See INFORMATION COMMUNITY 

Information need 89 

Information network 56 

Information programs ix, 59, 70 

49, 78, 85 

See Also Libraries 

tion services 

Information transfer 

MATION EXC

Information techniq

Inner city youths 40 

The Institute for C

ences and Techn

Integrated Telecomm

Systems 57 

Interactive compute

systems See COM

TIMESHARIN

Interlibrary commu

79 

See Also COMMU

TIONS 

Interlibrary coopera

79, 81 

See Also COOPER

Interlibrary loan pr

19, 32, 56 

International Feder

brary Associatio

International Librar

mation Service 8

International Standa

Interstate Compatibi

Interstate networks 3

See Also Network 

Interstate telecommu

services 63 

IR See INFORMA

TRIEVAL SYS

ISO See INTERNAT

STANDARDS 
See Also Information 

Language 4 

Law 2, 3, 29 

Leadership 44 

Legal base 35 

Legal obligations 9 

Legislation x, !I, 40, 47, 49, 62 

Lending 67 

Librarians ix, 27, 29, 37, 44, 52, 

70, 81 

Librarianship 44 

Libraries ix, 2, 6, 7, 13, 19, 25, 29, 

32,42,44,49,53,56, 81 

See Also Information community 

Libraries and information centers 

xii, 6, 10, !I, 37, 43, 44, 49, 

54,64,77 

Libraries and information services ix, x, xi, 1, 2, 3, 11, 23, 24, 

33, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 

45,51,61,62,69,72,77,78 

Libraries in colleges and universities See ACADEMIC 

LIBRARIES 

Library and information community 55 

Library and information facilities 

ix, xi, 1, 11 

Library and information networks 20 

See Also Information Networks 

Networks 

Library and information science 

37,43,44 

102 

Library mana

Library mater

Library netwo

Library of Co

41, 45, 51

71 

Library Partne

Library Resea

tion Prog

Library resour

Library Servic

Act 72, 74 

Library techni

Library traini

Local activitie

61, 62 

Local governm

73 

Local libraries 

See Also Lib

Local program

Local resource

Loan 67 

Long-Range P

LSCA See LIB

AND CO

ACT 

Machine meth

Machine read

67,69 

Machine read

86 

See Also Co

Machine read
See MACHINE READABLE 

CATALOGING FORMAT 

Marketing 22 

Matching funds 42, 43, 62, 70, 74 

Media centers 16, 44 

See Also Audiovisual materials 

Media programs 79, 85 

Media services See MEDIA 

CENTERS 

Medical periodicals 54 

Medicine 5 

Membership appointment 90 

Membership compensation 91 

Metropolitan areas 32 

Microfiche 46 

Microfilm 7, 52 

Microforms 31, 53, 68 

See Also Specific microforms i.e. 

Microfiche, Microfilm 

Micrographics 6, 7, 25, 29, 52 

Microphotograph 7 

Mini-computers 56 

See Also Computers 

Minorities 40, 41, 43 

See Also Specific minorities i.e. 

American Indians, Asian 

Americans 

Mobility 24 

Monographs viii, 51, 66 

Multistate activities ix, 24, 33, 49, 

56, 61, 64, 82 

Multistate library See MULTISTATE NETWORKS 

Multistate networks xi, 33, 35, 41, 

49,50 

Multitype 35 

Museums 46 

TIONAL AE

AND SPACE 

TRATION S

AND TECHN

FORMATION 

National Advisor

on Libraries 23 

National Aeronau

Administratio

National Aeronau

Administratio

Technical Info

ity 21 

National Agricultu

67, 72 

National audiovis

54 

National Bibliogra

National Bureau o

National Center 

Statistics 79 

National Commiss

ies and Inform

appears throu

National Commiss

ies and Inform

enabling legisl

National growth 2 

National guideline

National Institutes 

brary 29 

National .Lending 

National Library o

26,32,67 

National Microfilm 

National Office for 

Special Librari
78 

National Science Foundation 52, 

60, 79 

National Serials Service 69 

National Technical Information 

Service 21, 28 

National Union Catalog 67 

National Union Catalog, computerized 41 

Nationwide network See NETWORKING ACTIVITIES 

NCLIS See NATIONAL COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES 

AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 

NELINET See NEW ENGLAND 

LIBRARY INFORMATION NETWORK 

Networking activities xi, xii, 5, 81 

9, 14, 15, 18, 27, 31, 35, 42, 

44, 47, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 59, 

67, 70, 78, 82 

Newberry Library 53 

New England Library Information Network 33 

Newspaper media 38 

New technological sources 13, 37, 

46 

See Also Computers 

New York Public Library 53 

NIH library See NATIONAL 

INSTITUTES OF 

HEAL TH LIBRARY 

The Ninety-Third U. S. Congress 

3 

Non-print materials 25 

104 

COOPER

DEVELO

Office of Lib

Resource

Office of Mana

ix 

Office of Sc

Service, 

Foundati

Ohio College 

On-Line com

systems 8

See Also C

On-Line Ret

ON-LINE 

INFORM

SYSTEM

Opinion gathe

Organization 

eration a

Organizationa

OSIS /NSF Se

ENCE IN

SERVIC

SCIENCE 

Outreach prog

Overall plans 

Paperback bo

Paraprofession

Periodical, M

CAL PER

Personnel 7, 3

Phonograph r

Photocopying 

See Also Co
PROPRIATIONS 

Private sector, contracting with 

22 

Private sectors xi, 2, 11, 14, 22, 

25-30, 32, 36, 38, 46, 48, 49, 

53,60,61,83,85 

Processing 25, 55 

Production 25 

Productivity 4, I 0 

Products 28, 38 

Proposed legislation 70 

See Also Legislation 

Protocol 50, 74 

Providers of information x 

Public broadcasting 48 

Publication xii, 28, 69 

Public Law 91-345 I, 45, 89 

Public libraries 2, 13, 14, 20, 34, 

79, 85 

See Also Libraries 

Public sectors xi, 2, 14, 22, 26, 32, 

38, 39, 50, 74, 83 

Qua Ii ty of life I 0 

Quantity of material 41 

Quasi-governmental agency 48 

Radio 38 

Radio and television stations I 4 

R/D See RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Reading 3 

Recorded information x, I, 5, 15, 

77, 78 

Re-education 8 

Reference services 35, 45 

Regional centers 68 

g

Resource sharing 32, 

Revenue 14, 27 

See Also Funding 

Revenue sharing 72 

Rural areas 23 

Rural population 4 

Schoo! librarians 16 

See Also Librarians 

School libraries See 

LIBRARIES 

Schools 3 

SDI See SELECTIV

NATION OF IN

TION SERVICE

Selective disseminati

mation services 5

Seminars vii 

Senior citizens 4, 14, 4

Serials 67, 69 

Shared cataloging Se

TIONS AND CA

ING 

SLICE See SOUTHW

BRARY INTER

COOPERATIVE 

ENDEAVOR 

Software 83 

Software, computer 

PUTER SOFTW

Software documenta

SOLINET See SOUT

ERN LIBRARY 

WORK 

The Southeastern L

work 33 
Specialized networks 49 

See Also Network activity 

State and federal funding See 

FUNDING 

State governments!, 2, 10, 11, 43, 

49, 58, 73, 74 

State legislation 24 

Statutes 62 

Storage 7, 31 

Subsidizing 58 

Tariffrates 58 

Tax structures 23 

Technical education 8 

See Also EDUCATION 

Technical inducements 49 

Technical institutes 70 

Technical know ledge ix 

Technical reports 21 

Technology 6, 7, 27, 37, 59 

Technology, computer See COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 

Telecommunications 4, 6, 25, 32, 

57,58,63 

Telefacsimile See FACSIMILE 

Teletype 32, 57 

Television 38 

Texts 1 

Timesharing 55 

Tools 41 

Treaties 41 

Two-way communication 7 

106 

zation 5

United State

Universal b

60 

Universal c

60 

Universal m

University 

DEMIC 

Urban infor

U.S. Office 

User needs 3 

User orienta

User services 

Utilization 2

Video casset

See Also M

Video signal

See Also 

Systems 

Videotapes 2

See Also 

"\N11ite Hou

brary a

ices 3, 

Work-relate

25,39 

World Scie

tem 60 

Young adult