9282 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fish and Wildlife Service 

50 CFR Part 10 

[FWS–R9–MB–2007–0109;91200–1231– 

9BPP] 

RIN 1018–AB72 

General Provisions; Revised List of 

Migratory Birds 

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Interior. 

ACTION: Final rule. 

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, revise the List of 

Migratory Birds by both adding and 

removing numerous species. Reasons for 

the changes to the list include correcting 

previous mistakes including 

misspellings, adding species based on 

new evidence of occurrence in the 

United States or U.S. territories, 

removing species no longer known to 

occur within the United States, and 

changing names based on new 

taxonomy. The net increase of 175 

species (186 added and 11 removed) 

brings the total number of species 

protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty 

Act (MBTA) to 1007. We regulate most 

aspects of the taking, possession, 

transportation, sale, purchase, barter, 

exportation, and importation of 

migratory birds. An accurate and up-todate list of species protected by the 

MBTA is essential for regulatory 

purposes. 

DATES: This rule is effective March 31, 

2010. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist, Division 

of Migratory Bird Management, at 703– 

358–1799. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

What Statutory Authority Does the 

Service Have for This Rulemaking? 

We have statutory authority and 

responsibility for enforcing the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 

U.S.C. 703–711), the Fish and Wildlife 

Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 

712), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 

1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–j). The MBTA 

implements Conventions between the 

United States and four neighboring 

countries for the protection of migratory 

birds, as follows: 

(1) Canada: Convention for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds, August 

16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on 

behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. 

No. 628; 

(2) Mexico: Convention for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds and Game 

Mammals, February 7, 1936, United 

States-United Mexican States (Mexico), 

50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912; 

(3) Japan: Convention for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds 

in Danger of Extinction, and Their 

Environment, March 4, 1972, United 

States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. 

No. 7990; and 

(4) Russia: Convention for the 

Conservation of Migratory Birds and 

Their Environment, United StatesUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics 

(Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 

3110, T.I.A.S. 9073. 

What Is the Purpose of This 

Rulemaking? 

Our purpose is to inform the public of 

the species protected by the MBTA and 

its implementing regulations. These 

regulations are found in Title 50, Code 

of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 

20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of 

the taking, possession, transportation, 

sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and 

importation of migratory birds. An 

accurate and up-to-date list of species 

protected by the MBTA is essential for 

regulatory purposes. 

Why Is This Amendment of the List of 

Migratory Birds Necessary? 

The amendment is needed to: (1) Add 

two species covered by the Japanese and 

Russian Conventions that were 

mistakenly omitted from previous lists; 

(2) add 29 species of accidental or 

casual occurrence documented prior to 

April 1985, but not included in prior 

lists; (3) add 65 species based on new 

distributional records documenting 

their occurrence in the United States 

since April 1985; (4) add 24 species that 

occur naturally in the United States 

only in Hawaii; (5) add 28 species that 

occur naturally in the United States 

only in the Pacific island territories of 

American Samoa, Baker and Howland 

Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana 

Islands; (6) add 38 species newly 

recognized as a result of taxonomic 

changes; (7) remove 10 species not 

known to occur within the boundaries 

of the United States or its territories; (8) 

remove one species that is now treated 

as a subspecies; (9) change the common 

(English) names of 48 species to 

conform with accepted use; (10) change 

the scientific names of 66 species to 

conform with accepted use; (11) change 

the common and scientific names of 

seven species to conform with accepted 

use; (12) change the scientific names of 

four species in the alphabetical list to 

conform with accepted use and to 

correct inconsistencies between the 

alphabetical and taxonomic lists; (13) 

correct errors in the common (English) 

name of two species; (14) correct errors 

in the scientific names of three species 

in the taxonomic list; and (15) change 

the status of one taxon from protected 

subspecies to non-protected species 

(due to lack of natural occurrence in the 

United States or its territories). In 

accordance with the Migratory Bird 

Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108– 

447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our 

determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR 

12710), that the Mute Swan (Cygnus 

olor), which was never formally listed 

in 50 CFR 10.13 but was briefly treated 

as protected by the MBTA as the result 

of a court order (Hill v. Norton, 275 F.3d 

98 (D.C. Cir. 2001)), is no longer 

afforded protection because it is 

nonnative and human-introduced. See 

Fund for Animals v. Norton, 374 F. 

Supp. 2d 91 (D. D.C. 2005, denying 

injunction because of the clear language 

of the MBTRA). The District Court’s 

judgment was later affirmed on appeal 

(Fund for Animals v. Kempthorne, 472 

F.3d 872, D.C. Cir. 2006). 

The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 

10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 

(50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule 

published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), 

we suggested updating the List of 

Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, 

removing 1 species, and revising the 

common (English) or scientific names of 

23 previously listed species to conform 

to the most recent nomenclature. The 

proposed amendments were 

necessitated by five published 

supplements to the 6th (1983) edition of 

the American Ornithologists’ Union’s 

(AOU’s) Check-list of North American 

birds. Knowing that additional 

amendments would be necessary 

following the anticipated publication of 

a 7th edition of the Check-list, we 

elected to delay publication of a final 

rule until after the appearance of the 

revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed 

rule generated just two public 

comments, from the American 

Ornithologists’ Union and the 

Association of Scientific Collections. 

The comments of those organizations, 

mostly editorial in nature, are reflected 

in this document, as appropriate. 

Following publication of the 7th 

edition of the Check-list in July 1998, 

administrative workloads and staff 

shortages prevented work on a final rule 

until September 2000. A followup 

proposed rule was deemed necessary 

because of the five-year delay since 

publication of the initial proposed rule, 

and the many new changes necessitated 

by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In 

a second proposed rule published 

October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we 

suggested adding 30 species, removing 

one species, and revising the common 

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Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 9283 

(English) or scientific names of 78 

previously-listed species to conform to 

accepted use. 

Of the 116 letters received on the 

proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 

dealt solely with the presumed 

protective status of the Mute Swan 

(Cygnus olor) under the MBTA. Of the 

remaining seven letters, three provided 

comments of a general nature (including 

recommendations for adding or deleting 

certain species); two expressed general 

support without offering specific 

comments; one questioned the legality 

of extending MBTA protection to 

species that do not cross State or 

international boundaries; and one 

expressed concern about the harvest of 

MBTA-protected shorebirds in the 

Caribbean. These comments remain part 

of the public record and were 

incorporated, as appropriate, into this 

final rule. 

Because of the delay since publication 

of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the 

many new changes necessitated by six 

published supplements (AOU 2000, 

2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th 

edition of the Check-list, we published 

a third proposed rule on August 24, 

2006 (71 FR 50194). This allowed the 

public to review and comment on all of 

the desired changes that have come to 

light since publication of the 1995 and 

2001 proposed rules. In addition, this 

final rule incorporates the changes in 

the AOU supplement published in 2007. 

What Scientific Authorities Are Used 

To Amend the List of Migratory Birds? 

Although bird names (common and 

scientific) are relatively stable, staying 

current with standardized use is 

necessary to avoid confusion in 

communications. In making our 

determinations, we primarily relied on 

the American Ornithologists’ Union’s 

Check-list of North American birds 

(AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 

2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 

2007), on matters of taxonomy, 

nomenclature, and the sequence of 

species and other higher taxonomic 

categories (orders, families, subfamilies) 

for species that occur in North America. 

For the few species that occur outside 

the geographic area covered by the 

Check-list, we relied primarily on 

Monroe and Sibley (1993). Though we 

primarily rely on the above checklists, 

when informed taxonomic opinion is 

inconsistent or controversial, we 

evaluate available published and 

unpublished information and come to 

our own conclusion regarding the 

validity of taxa. 

What Criteria Are Used To Identify 

Individual Species Protected by the 

MBTA? 

A species qualifies for protection 

under the MBTA by meeting one or 

more of the following four criteria: 

(1) It is a species covered by the 

Canadian Convention of 1916, as 

amended in 1996, by virtue of meeting 

the following three criteria: (a) It 

belongs to a family or group of species 

named in the Canadian Convention, as 

amended; (b) specimens, photographs, 

videotape recordings, or audiotape 

recordings provide convincing evidence 

of natural occurrence in the United 

States or its territories; and (c) the 

documentation of such records has been 

recognized by the AOU or other 

competent scientific authorities. 

(2) It is a species covered by the 

Mexican Convention of 1936, as 

amended in 1972, by virtue of meeting 

the following three criteria: It (a) 

belongs to a family or group of species 

named in the Mexican Convention, as 

amended; (b) specimens, photographs, 

videotape recordings, or audiotape 

recordings provide convincing evidence 

of natural occurrence in the United 

States or its territories; and (c) the 

documentation of such records has been 

recognized by the AOU or other 

competent scientific authorities. 

(3) It is a species listed in the annex 

to the Japanese Convention of 1972, as 

amended. 

(4) It is a species listed in the 

appendix to the Russian Convention of 

1976. 

In accordance with the MBTRA, we 

have not listed species whose 

occurrences in the United States are 

solely the result of intentional or 

unintentional human-assisted 

introduction(s). We hereby adopt the 

definition of ‘‘human-assisted 

introduction’’ as used in the notice 

implementing the MBTRA (70 FR 

12710): ‘‘An intentional introduction is 

one that was purposeful—for example, 

the person(s) or institution(s) involved 

intended for it to happen. An 

unintentional introduction is one that 

was unforeseen or unintended, for 

example, the establishment of selfsustaining populations following 

repeated escapes from captive facilities.’’ 

How Do the Scientific Names Used Here 

Compare to Those That Appear in the 

Japanese and Russian Conventions? 

The Japanese and Russian 

Conventions list individual species of 

birds that are covered. For 37 of these 

species, the scientific (genus or species) 

name currently recognized by scientific 

authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe 

and Sibley 1993) differs from that which 

appears in the Conventions. The 

following cross-reference provides a 

linkage between the scientific names 

used in this list and those that appear 

in the annex to the Japanese Convention 

and the appendix to the Russian 

Convention. The first name is the 

modern equivalent proposed here, and 

the second name is that which appears 

in one or both of the Conventions. These 

changes modernize the regulatory list 

without revising either the Japanese or 

the Russian Convention (indicated by J 

and R, respectively): 

Accipiter gularis (Japanese 

Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter 

virgatus (J & R); 

Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) 

is listed as Tringa hypoleucos (J & R); 

Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is 

listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula 

(R); 

Anas americana (American Wigeon) is 

listed as Mareca americana (J); 

Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is 

listed as Spatula clypeata (J); 

Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is 

listed as Mareca penelope (J); 

Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed 

as Anous tenuirostris (J); 

Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is 

listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R); 

Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates 

Branta nigricans (R); 

Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as 

Crocethia alba (J); 

Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is 

listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J); 

Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) 

is listed as Acanthis flammea (J); 

Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) 

is included as part of Carduelis 

flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis 

hornemanni (R); 

Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian 

Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias 

morinellus (J & R); 

Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is 

listed as Anser caerulescens (J); 

Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed 

as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte 

canagica (R); 

Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) 

incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R); 

Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is 

listed as Demigretta sacra (J); 

Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus 

Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa 

narcissina (J); 

Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is 

listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R); 

Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is 

listed as Capella gallinago (R); 

Gallinago megala (Swinhoe’s Snipe) is 

listed as Capella megala (R); 

Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is 

listed as Capella stenura (R); 

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Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed 

Tattler) is included as part of Tringa 

incana (J); 

Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering 

Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J); 

Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) 

is listed as Erithacus calliope (J); 

Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) 

incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J); 

Mergellus albellus (Smew) is listed as 

Mergus albellus (J & R); 

Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as 

Milvus korschun (R); 

Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is 

included as part of Numenius 

minutus (J); 

Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked 

Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus 

(R); 

Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed 

Albatross) is listed as Diomedea 

albatrus (J & R); 

Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan 

Albatross) is listed as Diomedea 

immutabilis (J & R); 

Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed 

Albatross) is listed as Diomedea 

nigripes (J & R); 

Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is 

listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R); 

Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is 

listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and 

Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is 

listed as Turdus pallidus (R). 

How Do the Changes Affect the List of 

Migratory Birds? 

The amendments (186 additions, 11 

removals, 121 name changes, and 9 

corrections) affect a grand total of 327 

species and result in a net addition of 

175 species to the List of Migratory 

Birds, increasing the species total from 

832 to 1007. Of the 175 species that we 

add to the list, 38 were previously 

covered under the MBTA as subspecies 

of listed species. These amendments can 

be logically arranged in the following 15 

categories: 

(1) Add two species that are included 

in the Appendix of the Russian 

Convention and in the Annex to the 

Japanese Convention, respectively; the 

omission of these species in previous 

lists was an oversight. These species 

also qualify for protection under the 

Canadian and Mexican Conventions as 

members of the families Anatidae and 

Laridae, respectively: 

Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; 

and 

Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris. 

(2) Add 29 species based on review 

and acceptance by AOU (prior to April 

1985) of distributional records 

documenting their occurrence in the 

United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. 

Virgin Islands. These species belong to 

families covered by the Canadian and/ 

or Mexican Conventions. They were 

excluded from the 1985 list because 

their occurrence was viewed as 

accidental or casual, a criterion no 

longer viewed as inconsistent with the 

MBTA or its underlying Conventions. A 

species of accidental or casual 

occurrence is one whose normal range 

is far enough removed from the United 

States as to make regular occurrence 

unlikely or improbable (AOU 1983). For 

each species, we list the State(s) in 

which it has been recorded plus the 

relevant AOU publication(s): 

Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta— 

Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, 

1998); 

Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea 

exulans—California (AOU 1982, 1983, 

1998); 

Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa 

parellina—Louisiana, Texas (AOU 

1982, 1983, 1998); 

Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis— 

Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 

Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla— 

Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 

Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs— 

Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); 

Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops— 

Texas, Virginia (AOU 1982, 1983, 

1998); 

Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata— 

Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); 

Flycatcher, La Sagra’s, Myiarchus 

sagrae—Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); 

Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus 

varius—Maine, Tennessee (AOU 

1982, 1983, 1998); 

Gull, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri—Florida 

(AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003); 

Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostis— 

Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 

Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis 

heloisa—Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 

1998); 

Martin, Southern, Progne elegans— 

Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 

Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus 

gundlachii—Florida (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); 

Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma 

nigripennis—Hawaii (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); 

Petrel, Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax— 

Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 

Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus 

hispaniolensis—Puerto Rico (AOU 

1983, 1995, 1998); 

Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis—Alaska 

(AOU 1982, 1983, 1995); 

Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus— 

Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); 

Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia— 

Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); 

Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris 

leucomelas—California (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); 

Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus— 

Alaska, California (AOU 1982, 1983, 

1998); 

Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura 

brachyura—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 

1983, 1998); 

Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex— 

Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio (AOU 1983, 

1998); 

Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris— 

Florida (AOU 1983, 1998); 

Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus 

fuscatus—Alaska, California (AOU 

1982, 1983, 1998); 

Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis 

lachrymosa—Arizona (AOU 1982, 

1983, 1998); and 

Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus 

sibilatrix—Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 

1998). 

(3) Add 65 species based on review 

and acceptance by AOU (since April 

1985) of new distributional records 

documenting their occurrence in the 

United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. 

Virgin Islands. These species belong to 

families covered by the Canadian and/ 

or Mexican Conventions and most are 

considered to be of accidental or casual 

occurrence. For each species, we list the 

State(s) in which it has been recorded 

plus the relevant publication(s): 

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche 

melanophris—Virginia (AOU 2002); 

Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria 

palpebrata—California (AOU 1997, 

1998); 

Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger 

cyanurus—Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); 

Bunting, Pine, Emberiza 

leucocephalos—Alaska (AOU 1995, 

1998); 

Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza 

aureola—Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998); 

Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza 

elegans—Alaska (AOU 2000); 

Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis 

jugularis—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 

1998); 

Catbird, Black, Melanoptila 

glabrirostris—Texas (AOU 1998); 

Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata— 

Texas (AOU 1998); 

Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta— 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

Puerto Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998); 

Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis 

viridicata—Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); 

Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus— 

Massachusetts, (AOU 2007); 

Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus 

leucophalus—Florida, New Mexico, 

Texas (AOU 2002); 

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Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis— 

Texas (AOU 2006); 

Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes 

phaeocercus—Texas (AOU 1998); 

Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur 

semitorquatus—Texas (AOU 1998) 

Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis— 

Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998); 

Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio 

flavirostris—New York (AOU 1991, 

1998, 2002); 

Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis 

apricaria—Alaska (Western Birds 

2001); 

Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser 

erythropus—Alaska (AOU 1995, 

1998); 

Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus 

cirrocephalus—Florida (AOU 2002); 

Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus— 

Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Texas 

(AOU 2002); 

Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis 

(=cachinnans)—Maryland (AOU 

1993, 1998, 2007); 

Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza 

caerulescens—Texas (AOU 1998); 

Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo— 

Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); 

Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia 

rutila—Arizona, New Mexico (AOU 

1998); 

Hummingbird, Xantus’s, Hylocharis 

xantusii—California (AOU 1998); 

Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax 

prevostii—Texas (AOU 1998); 

Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera— 

Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, 

1998); 

Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis 

caerulescens—Arizona, Texas (AOU 

1998); 

Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, 

Catharus mexicanus—Texas (AOU 

2006); 

Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, 

Catharus aurantiirostris—Texas (AOU 

2002); 

Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata—Texas 

(AOU 1989, 1998); 

Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius—Texas (AOU 

2002); 

Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow— 

North Carolina (AOU 1998); 

Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma 

macroptera—California (AOU 2004); 

Petrel, Stejneger’s, Pterodroma 

longirostris—California, Hawaii (AOU 

1989, 1998); 

Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus— 

Florida (AOU 2004); 

Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris— 

Texas (AOU 1998); 

Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola 

bacchus—Alaska (AOU 2000); 

Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis— 

Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998); 

Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane— 

Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998); 

Robin, White-throated, Turdus 

assimilis—Texas (AOU 1998); 

Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus— 

Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); 

Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris 

edwardsii—North Carolina (AOU 

2006); 

Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys 

cinereus—Texas (AOU 1998); 

Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus— 

Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); 

Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus 

himantopus—Alaska (AOU 1985, 

1998); 

Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus—Alaska 

(AOU 1987, 1998, 2004); 

Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta 

tropica—North Carolina (AOU 2006); 

Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma 

hornbyi—California (AOU 2007); 

Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta 

albilinea—Florida (AOU 2005); 

Swift, Alpine, Apus melba—Puerto Rico 

(AOU 1998); 

Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga 

bidentata—Arizona, Texas (AOU 

1987, 1998); 

Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii— 

Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006); 

Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida— 

Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, 

1998, 2003); 

Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata— 

Texas (AOU 1998); 

Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia 

orientalis—Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998); 

Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister—Texas 

(AOU 1987, 1998); 

Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola— 

Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998); 

Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula 

superciliosa—Arizona (AOU 1987, 

1998); 

Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella 

lanceolata—Alaska, California (AOU 

1985, 1998); 

Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus 

inornatus—Alaska (AOU 2002); 

Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca— 

Alaska (AOU 2004); and 

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, 

Dendrocopos major—Alaska (AOU 

1987, 1998). 

(4) Add 24 species that belong to 

families covered by the Canadian and/ 

or Mexican Conventions, but occur 

naturally in the United States only in 

Hawaii: 

Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris 

Akepa, Loxops coccineus 

Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus 

ellisianus 

Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi 

Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi 

Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei 

Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana 

Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata 

Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens 

Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus 

kauaiensis 

Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus 

Anianiau, Magumma parva 

Apapane, Himatione sanguinea 

Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana 

Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans 

Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima 

Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea 

Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea 

Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris 

Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus 

Ou, Psittirostra psittacea 

Palila, Loxioides bailleui 

Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor 

xanthophrys 

Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma 

(5) Add 28 species that belong to 

families covered by the Canadian and/ 

or Mexican Conventions, but occur 

naturally in the United States only in 

the Pacific island territories of American 

Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, 

Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands 

(Pratt et al. 1987). We also list the 

territory or territories in which each 

species is known to occur: 

Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis 

(Guam); 

Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax 

melanoleucos (Northern Marianas); 

Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis 

(American Samoa); 

Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (Guam, 

Northern Marianas); 

Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa 

(American Samoa); 

Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, 

Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American 

Samoa); 

Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus 

perousii (American Samoa); 

Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus 

roseicapilla (Guam, Northern 

Marianas); 

Greenshank, Nordmann’s, Tringa 

guttifer (Guam); 

Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba 

stairi (American Samoa); 

Ground-Dove, White-throated, 

Gallicolumba xanthonura (Guam, 

Northern Marianas); 

Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern 

Marianas); 

Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula 

pacifica (American Samoa); 

Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus 

chloris (American Samoa, Northern 

Marianas); 

Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus 

cinnamominus (Guam); 

Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus 

ostralegus (Guam); 

Petrel, Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera 

(American Samoa); 

Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker 

and Howland Islands); 

Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata 

(American Samoa); 

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Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus 

philippensis (American Samoa); 

Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam); 

Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, 

Acrocephalus luscinia (Northern 

Marianas, formerly Guam); 

Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira’s, 

Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, 

Northern Marianas); 

Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata 

fuliginosa (American Samoa); 

Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta 

grallaria (American Samoa); 

Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio 

porphyrio (American Samoa); 

Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi 

(Guam, Northern Marianas); and 

Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus 

spodiopygius (American Samoa). 

(6) Add 38 species because of recent 

taxonomic changes in which taxa 

formerly treated as subspecies have 

been determined to be distinct species. 

Given that each of these species was 

formerly treated as subspecies of a listed 

species, these additions will not change 

the protective status of any of these taxa, 

only the names by which they are 

known. In each case, we reference the 

AOU publication(s) supporting the 

change: 

Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose 

[=Bean Goose]) [AOU 2007]; 

Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly 

treated as subspecies of Fulica 

americana, American Coot) [AOU 

1993, 1998]; 

Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) 

[AOU 1995, 1998]; 

Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax 

occidentalis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, 

Western [=Pacific-slope] Flycatcher) 

[AOU 1989, 1998]; 

Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila 

californica (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Polioptila melanura, 

Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, 

1998]; 

Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Pluvialis dominica, Lesser 

[=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU 

1993, 1998]; 

Grebe, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western 

Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998]; 

Heron, Green, Butorides virescens 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Butorides striatus, Green-backed 

[=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998]; 

Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush 

[=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; 

Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered 

Kite) ([AOU 1983, 1993, 1998]); 

Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly 

treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, 

Arctic Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998]; 

Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia 

(formerly treated as subspecies of Pica 

pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) 

[AOU 2000]; 

Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus 

perdix—formerly treated as a 

subspecies of Brachyramphus 

marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet (AOU 

1997); 

Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly 

treated as subspecies of Phaeornis 

obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) 

[AOU 1985, 1998]; 

Oriole, Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] 

Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998]; 

Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma 

sandwichensis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, 

Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel) 

[AOU 2002]; 

Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma 

cervicalis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Pterodroma externa, 

White-necked [=Juan Fernandez] 

Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998]; 

Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU 

1989, 1998); 

Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 

1993, 1998]; 

Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte 

australis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy 

Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; 

Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte 

tephrocotis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy 

Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; 

Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus 

nuchalis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, 

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU 

1985, 1998]; 

Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub 

[=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 

1995, 1998]; 

Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma 

californica (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Aphelocoma 

coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay 

[=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; 

Snipe, Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) 

[AOU 2002]; 

Sparrow, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, 

Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly 

treated as subspecies of Ammodramus 

caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh 

Sharp-tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, 

1998]; 

Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis 

portoricensis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripeheaded [=Western] Tanager 

[=Spindalis]) [AOU 2000]; 

Thrush, Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked 

Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998]; 

Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus 

atricristatus (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] 

bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU 

2002]; 

Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Parus [=Baeolophus] inornatus, Plain 

[=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998]; 

Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Pipilo fuscus, Brown [=Canyon] 

Towhee) [AOU 1989, 1998]; 

Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufoussided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, 

1998]; 

Vireo, Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii (formerly 

treated as subspecies of Vireo 

solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] 

Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; 

Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blueheaded] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; 

Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) 

[AOU 1987, 1998]; 

Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla 

tschutschensis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow 

Wagtail) [AOU 2004]; 

Woodpecker, American Three-toed, 

Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as 

subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, 

Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed] 

Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and 

Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae 

(formerly treated as subspecies of 

Picoides stricklandi, Strickland’s 

Woodpecker) [AOU 2000]. 

(7) Remove 10 species based on 

revised taxonomic treatments and new 

distributional evidence confirming that 

their known geographic ranges lie 

entirely outside the political boundaries 

of the United States and its territories. 

In each case, we reference the AOU 

publication(s) supporting these changes: 

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Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU 

1993, 1998); 

Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), 

Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998); 

Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus 

caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); 

Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica 

pica (AOU 2000); 

Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU 

1998; treated as conspecific with 

Black Noddy, Anous minutus); 

Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), 

Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002); 

Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU 

1983, 1989, 1998); 

Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU 

2004); 

Woodpecker, Strickland’s, Picoides 

stricklandi (AOU 2000); and 

Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian 

Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis (AOU 

2003). 

(8) Remove one former species that is 

now treated as a subspecies: 

Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens 

(lugens will remain protected as a 

subspecies of Motacilla alba, White 

Wagtail) [AOU 2005]. 

(9) Revise the common (English) 

names of 48 species to conform to the 

most recent nomenclatural treatment. 

These revisions do not change the 

protective status of any of these taxa, 

only the names by which they are 

known. In each case, we reference the 

published source(s) for the name 

change: 

Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, becomes 

Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1998); 

Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, 

becomes Bittern, Yellow (AOU 1991, 

1998); 

Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, 

becomes Crow, Tamaulipas (AOU 

1997, 1998); 

Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, 

becomes Curlew, Little (AOU 1987, 

1998); 

Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa 

griseisticta, becomes Flycatcher, Graystreaked (AOU 2004); 

Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax 

difficilis, becomes Flycatcher, Pacificslope (AOU 1989, 1998); 

Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis 

dominica, becomes Golden-Plover, 

American (AOU 1993, 1998); 

Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes 

Bean-Goose, Taiga (AOU 2007) 

Goose, Ross’, Chen rossii, becomes 

Goose, Ross’s (AOU 1998); 

Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus 

ridibundus, becomes Gull, Blackheaded (AOU 1995, 1998); 

Gull, Ross’, Rhodostethia rosea, 

becomes Gull, Ross’s (AOU 1998); 

Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter 

gularis, becomes Sparrowhawk, 

Japanese (Monroe and Sibley 1993); 

Hawk, Harris’, Parabuteo unicinctus, 

becomes Hawk, Harris’s (AOU 1998); 

Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, 

becomes Owl, Northern Hawk (AOU 

1989, 1998); 

Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, 

becomes Reef-Egret, Pacific (Monroe 

and Sibley 1993); 

Hoopoe, Upupa epops, becomes 

Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998); 

Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma 

ultramarina, becomes Jay, Mexican 

(AOU 1995, 1998); 

Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, 

becomes Scrub-Jay, Florida (AOU 

1995, 1998); 

Kite, American Swallow-tailed, 

Elanoides forficatus, becomes Kite, 

Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); 

Murrelet, Xantus’, Synthliboramphus 

hypoleucus, becomes Murrelet, 

Xantus’s (AOU 1998); 

Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus, 

becomes Nightjar, Gray (AOU 2004); 

Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, becomes 

Duck, Long-tailed (AOU 2000); 

Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus 

dominicensis, becomes Oriole, Greater 

Antillean (AOU 2000); 

Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, 

becomes Oriole, Baltimore (AOU 

1995, 1998); 

Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma 

externa, becomes Petrel, Juan 

Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998); 

Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius 

leschenaultii, becomes Sand-Plover, 

Greater (AOU 2004); 

Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius 

mongolus, becomes Sand-Plover, 

Lesser (AOU 2004); 

Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza 

schoeniclus, becomes Bunting, Reed 

(AOU 1995, 1998); 

Reed-Bunting, Pallas’, Emberiza pallasi, 

becomes Bunting, Pallas’s (AOU 1995, 

1998); 

Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus 

pygmeus, becomes Sandpiper, Spoonbilled (AOU 2004); 

Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, 

becomes Lark, Sky (AOU 1995, 1998); 

Sparrow, Harris’, Zonotrichia querela, 

becomes Sparrow, Harris’s (AOU 

1998); 

Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus 

caudacutus, becomes Sparrow, 

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (AOU 1995, 

1998); 

Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, 

becomes Starling, White-cheeked 

(Monroe and Sibley 1993); 

Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus 

philippensis, becomes Starling, 

Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 

1993); 

Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, 

becomes Stint, Red-necked (AOU 

1995); 

Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma 

tristrami, becomes Storm-Petrel, 

Tristram’s (AOU 1989, 1998); 

Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis 

phoenicobia, becomes Palm-Swift, 

Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998); 

Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, 

becomes Spindalis, Western (AOU 

2000); 

Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, becomes 

Duck, Falcated (AOU 1997, 1998); 

Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, 

becomes Thrush, Eyebrowed (AOU 

1989, 1998); 

Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, becomes 

Towhee, Canyon (AOU 1989, 1998); 

Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo 

erythrophthalmus, becomes Towhee, 

Eastern (AOU 1995, 1998); 

Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, 

becomes Pipit, Olive-backed (AOU 

1995, 1998); 

Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, 

becomes Quetzel, Eared (AOU 2002); 

Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, 

becomes Vireo, Blue-headed (AOU 

1997, 1998); 

Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica 

angelae, becomes Warbler, Elfinwoods (AOU 1998); and 

Woodpecker, Lewis’, Melanerpes lewis, 

becomes Woodpecker, Lewis’s (AOU 

1998). 

(10) Revise the scientific names of 66 

species to conform to the most recent 

nomenclatural treatment. These 

revisions do not change the protective 

status of any of these taxa, only the 

names by which they are known. In 

each case, we reference the AOU 

publication(s) documenting the name 

change: 

Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) 

becomes Actitis macularius (AOU 

2004); 

Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) becomes 

Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002); 

Amphispiza quinquestriata (Fivestriped Sparrow) becomes Aimophila 

quinquestriata (AOU 1997, 1998); 

Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) 

becomes Ardea alba (AOU 1995, 

1998); 

Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar 

Skua) becomes Stercorarius 

maccormicki (AOU 2000); 

Catharacta skua (Great Skua) becomes 

Stercorarius skua (AOU 2000); 

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) 

becomes Tringa semipalmata (AOU 

2006); 

Ceryle alcyon (Belted Kingfisher) 

becomes Megaceryl alcyon (AOU 

2007); 

Ceryle torquatus (= Ceryle torquata) 

(Ringed Kingfisher) becomes 

Megaceryl torquata (AOU 2004, 2007); 

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Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) 

becomes Patagioenas fasciata (AOU 

2003); 

Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) 

becomes Patagioenas flavirostris 

(AOU 2003); 

Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) 

becomes Patagioenas inornata (AOU 

2003); 

Columba leucocephala (White-crowned 

Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas 

leucocephala (AOU 2003); 

Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped 

Pigeon) becomes Patagioenas 

squamosa (AOU 2003); 

Contopus borealis (Olive-sided 

Flycatcher) becomes Contopus 

cooperi (AOU 1997, 1998); 

Cuculus saturatus (Oriental Cuckoo) 

becomes Cuculus optatus (AOU 

2006); 

Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet 

Auklet) becomes Aethia psittacula 

(AOU 1997, 1998); 

Delichon urbica (Common HouseMartin) becomes Delichon urbicum 

(AOU 2004); 

Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed 

Albatross) becomes Phoebastria 

albatrus (AOU 1997, 1998); 

Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellownosed Albatross) becomes 

Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU 

1997, 1998); 

Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan 

Albatross) becomes Phoebastria 

immutabilis (AOU 1997, 1998); 

Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed 

Albatross) becomes Phoebastria 

nigripes (AOU 1997, 1998); 

Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) 

becomes Passerina caerulea (AOU 

2002); 

Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed 

Tattler) becomes Tringa brevipes 

(AOU 2006); 

Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering 

Tattler) becomes Tringa incana (AOU 

2006); 

Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating 

Warbler) becomes Helmitheros 

vermivorum (AOU 2004); 

Hirundo fulva (Cave Swallow) becomes 

Petrochelidon fulva (AOU 1997, 

1998); 

Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) 

becomes Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 

(AOU 1997, 1998); 

Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus 

Flycatcher) becomes Ficedula 

narcissina (AOU 1991, 1998); 

Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian 

Goose) becomes Branta sandvicensis 

(AOU 1993, 1998); 

Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl) becomes 

Bubo scandiacus (AOU 2003); 

Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese NightHeron) becomes Gorsachius goisagi 

(Monroe and Sibley 1993); 

Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned 

Night-Heron) becomes Nyctanassa 

violacea (AOU 1998); 

Orthorhynchus cristatus (Antillean 

Crested Hummingbird) becomes 

Orthorhyncus cristatus (AOU 1987); 

Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) 

becomes Megascops asio (AOU 2003); 

Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) 

becomes Megascops kennicottii (AOU 

2003); 

Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican ScreechOwl) becomes Megascops nudipes 

(AOU 2003); 

Otus trichopsis (Whiskered ScreechOwl) becomes Megascops trichopsis 

(AOU 2003); 

Oxyura dominica (Masked Duck) 

becomes Nomonyx dominicus (AOU 

1997, 1998); 

Parus atricapillus (Black-capped 

Chickadee) becomes Poecile 

atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); 

Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) 

becomes Baeolophus bicolor (AOU 

1997, 1998); 

Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) 

becomes Poecile carolinensis (AOU 

1997, 1998); 

Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) 

becomes Poecile gambeli (AOU 1997, 

1998); 

Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) 

becomes Poecile hudsonica (AOU 

1997, 1998, 2000); 

Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed 

Chickadee) becomes Poecile rufescens 

(AOU 1997, 1998); 

Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) 

becomes Poecile sclateri (AOU 1997, 

1998); 

Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) 

becomes Baeolophus wollweberi 

(AOU 1997, 1998); 

Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) 

becomes Phalaropus fulicarius (AOU 

2002); 

Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) 

becomes Caracara cheriway (AOU 

1993, 1998, 2000); 

Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) 

becomes Porphyrio martinica (AOU 

2002); 

Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican 

Lizard-Cuckoo) becomes Coccyzus 

vieilloti (AOU 2006); 

Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) 

becomes Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU 

2003); 

Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) becomes 

Sternula albifrons (AOU 2006); 

Sterna aleutica (Aleutian Tern) becomes 

Onychoprion aleuticus (AOU 2006); 

Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) 

becomes Onychoprion anaethetus 

(AOU 2006); 

Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) becomes 

Sternula antillarum (AOU 2006); 

Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) becomes 

Hydroprogne caspia (AOU 2006); 

Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) becomes 

Thalasseus elegans (AOU 2006); 

Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) becomes 

Onychoprion fuscatus (AOU 2006); 

Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) 

becomes Onychoprion lunatus (AOU 

2006); 

Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) becomes 

Thalasseus maximus (AOU 2006); 

Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) 

becomes Gelochelidon nilotica (AOU 

2006); 

Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) 

becomes Thalasseus sandvicensis 

(AOU 2006); 

Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) 

becomes Morus bassanus (AOU 1989, 

1998); 

Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) 

becomes Tiaris olivaceus (AOU 2004); 

and 

Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) 

becomes Toxostoma crissale (AOU 

1985, 1998). 

(11) Revise the common (English) and 

scientific names of seven species to 

conform with the most recent 

nomenclatural treatment. These 

revisions do not change the protective 

status of any of these taxa, only the 

names by which they are known. In 

each case, we reference the 

publication(s) supporting the name 

change: 

Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax 

olivaceus, becomes Cormorant, 

Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus 

(AOU 1991, 1998); 

Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, 

becomes Egret, Intermediate, 

Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and 

Sibley 1993); 

Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax 

melanolophus, becomes Night-Heron, 

Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus 

(Monroe and Sibley 1993); 

Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, 

becomes Omao, Myadestes obscurus 

(AOU 1985, 1998); 

Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis 

palmeri, becomes Puaiohi, Myadestes 

palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998); 

Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, becomes 

Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile 

cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and 

Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, 

becomes Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus 

inornatus (AOU 1997, 1998). 

(12) Revise incorrect or invalid 

scientific names of four species in the 

alphabetical list to reflect the most 

recent nomenclatural treatment and to 

correct inconsistencies between the 

alphabetical and taxonomic lists: 

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus 

tridactyla, becomes Rissa trydactyla 

(AOU 1998); 

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Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 9289 

Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus 

brevirostris, becomes Rissa 

brevirostris (AOU 1998); 

Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, 

becomes Rynchops niger (AOU 1998); 

and 

Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, 

becomes Hylocichla mustelina (AOU 

1998). 

(13) Revise the common (English) 

name of two species in the alphabetical 

and taxonomic lists to correct 

misspellings: 

Bittern, Schrenk’s, Ixobrychus 

eurhythmus, becomes Bittern, 

Schrenck’s (Monroe and Sibley 1993); 

and 

Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus 

miniatus, becomes Redstart, Slatethroated (AOU 1998). 

(14) Revise the scientific names of 

three species in the taxonomic list to 

correct misspellings and inconsistencies 

between the alphabetical and taxonomic 

lists: 

Sialis currucoides (Mountain Bluebird) 

becomes Sialia currucoides (AOU 

1998); 

Sialis mexicana (Western Bluebird) 

becomes Sialia mexicana (AOU 

1998); and 

Sialis sialis (Eastern Bluebird) becomes 

Sialia sialis (AOU 1998). 

(15) Change the status of one taxon 

from protected subspecies to nonprotected species (because there is no 

known natural occurrence of the newly 

recognized species in the United States 

or its territories). In accordance with the 

AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon has 

been treated as a subspecies 

(pelegrinoides) of the Peregrine Falcon 

(Falco peregrinus) in 50 CFR 10.13. We 

defer to the taxonomic treatment of 

Monroe and Sibley (1993) in 

recognizing F. peregrinus pelegrinoides 

as a distinct species, Falco 

pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This 

brings our treatment of this taxon into 

conformity with that adopted by the 

Convention on International Trade in 

Endangered Species of Wild Flora and 

Fauna (CITES), thereby removing an 

inconsistency between the MBTA (50 

CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 CFR 23.23) 

lists. This simple taxonomic change 

does not add or remove any species 

from the list: 

Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, formerly 

considered a subspecies of the 

Peregrine Falcon, is changed to Falco 

pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon 

(Monroe and Sibley 1993). 

TheBarbary Falcon is not subject to 

the MBTA because its known 

geographic range lies entirely outside 

the political boundaries of the United 

States and its territories. This does not 

change the legal status of any other 

subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, all 

of which will continue to be protected 

under the MBTA. 

We continue to consider all 

previously recognized subspecies of the 

Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) as 

one species. 

As a general practice, we use the AOU 

as a key source for taxonomic decisions. 

However, for species that are hunted, 

we may see a higher level of certainty 

about taxonomic changes before 

modifying hunting regulations and 

management plans, and communicating 

those changes to the public. 

The AOU recently adopted 

nomenclature that divides the 11 

subspecies of the previously-recognized 

single Canada Goose species into two 

species groups, Canada Goose and 

Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii) 

(AOU 2004). However, we choose to 

include the four subspecies AOU now 

considers Cackling Goose in the listing 

of Canada Goose, rather than include 

them in a separate species. Some 

waterfowl specialists do not agree that 

the data on which the AOU relied 

warranted the separation into two 

species. The AOU recommendation is 

based on research in large part 

supported by analysis of mitochondrial 

DNA (Van Wagner and Baker 1986, 

Shields and Wilson 1987, Quinn et al. 

1991, Paxinos et al. 2002, Scribner et al. 

2003). These studies suggest a difference 

between Cackling and Canada Geese 

primarily based on maternally inherited 

nonrecombinate mitochondrial DNA 

(mtDNA). We believe the mtDNA 

analyzed from geese in the geographic 

areas sampled indicate a substantial 

evolutionary distance between groups 

the AOU classifies as Cackling and 

Canada Geese. However, the nuclear 

(recombinant) microsatellite DNA 

(nuDNA) assessment presented in 

Scribner et al. (2003: Fig. 3) suggests 

either that the nuDNA has not yet sorted 

(nuDNA takes approximately four times 

as long to consolidate as does mtDNA 

[Zink and Barrowclough 2008]), or that 

this historical division is not being 

maintained because hybridization is 

occurring. An assessment of the nuDNA 

group samples from the North Slope of 

Alaska (now considered B. h. taverneri, 

a subspecies of Cackling Goose, by the 

AOU) suggests that this group is most 

closely paired with samples from South 

Central Alaska (B. c. parvipes, 

considered a subspecies of Canada 

Goose by the AOU). These results are 

consistent with those reported by Van 

Wagner and Baker (1990). If Cackling 

and Canada Geese are hybridizing, it is 

unclear what the outcome will be. 

Consequently, FWS is concerned 

whether the sample size and geographic 

distribution of specimens obtained for 

genetic analysis was adequate to 

determine the extent of hybridization. 

We suggest additional analysis of 

samples collected at several potential 

zones of integration to reduce this 

uncertainty, including the north slope of 

Alaska (B. h. taverneri and B. c. 

parvipes), and Arctic Canada (B. h. 

hutchinsii and B. c. parvipes, and B. h. 

hutchinsii and B. c. interior). Some of 

this work is already underway. 

Issues related to monitoring and 

assessment of the proposed two species/ 

Canada Goose complex also need to be 

resolved to ensure that the continuity in 

status assessments is maintained. We 

are also reluctant to begin informing the 

public, both hunters and non-hunters 

alike, of the implications of this change 

until further studies confirm that this 

separation is warranted. Additional 

research on Canada/Cackling Goose 

taxonomy and breeding distribution is 

currently being conducted and better 

techniques for field and harvest 

identification are in development. We 

will consider this additional 

information when it is available, at 

which time we may reconsider our 

decision. In any case, we emphasize 

that, regardless of name, goose 

subspecies identified as Cackling Goose 

by the AOU remain protected under the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act as Canada 

Goose. 

For ease of comparison, changes are 

summarized in the following table 

(numbers reference the categories 

treated above). Species whose names 

have been revised (categories 9–14) 

appear in both the left-hand column 

(old name removed) and right-hand 

column (new name added). To ensure 

that these two separate actions appear 

on the same line of the table, we employ 

brackets to identify old (removed) or 

new (added) names that are listed in 

correct alphabetical order elsewhere in 

the table: 

Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically) 

Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris (4). 

Akepa, Loxops coccineus (4). 

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically) 

Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus (4). 

Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi (4). 

Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi (4). 

Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei (4). 

Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana (4). 

Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate (4). 

Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris (3). 

Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea nigripes (10) ..................................... Albatross, Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes (10). 

Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis (10) ........................................ Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis (10). 

Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata (3). 

Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea albatrus (10) ...................................... Albatross, Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus (10). 

Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2). 

Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2). 

Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea chlororhynchos (10) ....................... Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (10). 

Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens (4). 

Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis (4). 

Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus (4). 

Anianiau, Magumma parva (4). 

Apapane, Himatione sanguinea (4). 

Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (10) .................................... Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (10). 

Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba (9) ........................................................... [see Owl, Barn]. 

Bean-Goose, Taiga, Anser fabalis (9). 

Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris (6). 

Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (5). 

Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis (9) ................................................. Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis (9). 

Bittern, Schrenk’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (13) ...................................... Bittern, Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (13). 

Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis (14) .......................................................... Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (14). 

Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides (14) ............................................. Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia currucoides (14). 

Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana (14) .................................................. Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (14). 

Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3). 

Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2). 

Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2). 

Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2). 

[see Reed-Bunting, Pallas’] ...................................................................... Bunting, Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi (9). 

Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3). 

[see Reed-Bunting, Common] .................................................................. Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus (9). 

Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola (3). 

Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans (3). 

Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis (3). 

Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus (10) ............................................. Caracara, Crested, Caracara cheriway (10). 

Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3). 

Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2). 

Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus atricapillus (10) ................................... Chickadee, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus (10). 

Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus (10) .............................................. Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (10). 

Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis (10) .......................................... Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile carolinensis (10). 

Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus rufescens (10) ............................... Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens (10). 

[see Tit, Siberian] ..................................................................................... Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (11). 

Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri (10) ................................................. Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (10). 

Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli (10) ............................................... Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (10). 

Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (6). 

Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (5). 

Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus (11) ............................ Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (11). 

Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2). 

Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (5). 

Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana (4). 

Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (5). 

Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus (9) ...................................................... Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (9). 

Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus (10) ................................................ Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus optatus (10). 

Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2). 

Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus (9) ...................................................... Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (9). 

[see Teal, Falcated] .................................................................................. Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata (9). 

[see Oldsquaw] ......................................................................................... Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (9). 

Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica (10) ...................................................... Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus (10). 

Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata (3). 

Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (5). 

Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1). 

Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus (10) ..................................................... Egret, Great, Ardea alba (10). 

Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia (11) ................................................... Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (11). 

Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta (3). 

Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3). 

[Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (=Falco 

pelegrinoides)] (15).

Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus (3). 

Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans (4). 

Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima (4). 

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically) 

Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (7) ......................................................... [see Rosy-Finch]. 

Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (6). 

Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (6). 

Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta (9) ............................... Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta (9). 

Flycatcher, La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae (2). 

Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa narcissina (10) ................................... Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (10). 

Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus borealis (10) ...................................... Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi (10). 

Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis (9) ........................................... Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis (9). 

Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3). 

Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis (3). 

Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3). 

Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius (2). 

Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus (3). 

Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3). 

Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (5). 

Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (5). 

Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (5). 

Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3). 

Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica (10) ............................................ Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio martinica (10). 

Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus (10) .................................................... Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (10). 

Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (6). 

Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica (9) ......................................... Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica (9). 

Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis apricaria (3). 

Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (6). 

Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis (9) ................................................................ [see Bean-Goose, Taiga]. 

Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis (10) ...................................... Goose, Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis (10). 

Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus (3). 

Goose, Ross’, Chen rossii (9) .................................................................. Goose, Ross’s, Chen rossii (9). 

Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea (10) ........................................... Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus (10). 

Grebe, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii (6). 

Greenshank, Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer (5). 

Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea (10) ................................................... Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (10). 

Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (5). 

Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (5). 

Gull, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri (2). 

Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (9) ................................. Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (9). 

Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1). 

Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3). 

Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus (3). 

Gull, Ross’, Rhodostethia rosea (9) ......................................................... Gull, Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea (9). 

Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis (3). 

Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis (9) ............................................ [see Sparrowhawk, Japanese]. 

Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3). 

Hawk, Harris’, Parabuteo unicinctus (9) ................................................... Hawk, Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus (9). 

Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2). 

Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula (9) ...................................................... [see Owl, Northern Hawk]. 

Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (5). 

Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (6). 

Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus (7) ........................................... [see Heron, Green]. 

Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra (9) ..................................................... [see Reef-Egret, Pacific]. 

Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo (3). 

Hoopoe, Upupa epops (9) ........................................................................ Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops (9). 

House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica (10) ......................................... House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbicum (10). 

Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhynchus cristatus (10) ............... Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus (10). 

Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2). 

Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3). 

Hummingbird, Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii (3). 

Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea (4). 

Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (5). 

Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina (9) .................................... Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (9). 

Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9) .............................................. [see Scrub-Jay, Florida]. 

Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea (4). 

Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (6). 

Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (5). 

Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (5). 

Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon (10) ...................................................... Kingfisher, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon (10). 

Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus (10) ................................................ Kingfisher, Ringed, Megaceryle torquata (10). 

Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (9) ........................... Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (9). 

Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (7) .......................................... [see Kite, White-tailed]. 

Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (6). 

Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla (12) .......................................... Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa trydactyla (12). 

Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris (12) ......................................... Kittiwake, Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris (12). 

[see Skylark, Eurasian] ............................................................................. Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (9). 

Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera vieilloti (10) ............................ Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti (10). 

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically) 

Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (6). 

Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (7) ....................................... [see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia]. 

Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (6). 

Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii (3). 

Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3). 

Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2). 

Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris (4). 

Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2). 

Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3). 

Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix (6). 

Murrelet, Xantus’, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (9) .............................. Murrelet, Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (9). 

Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax goisagi (10) ..................................... Night-Heron, Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi (10). 

Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus (11) ................................ Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (11). 

Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax violaceus (10) ........................ Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea (10). 

Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus (3). 

Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3). 

Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus (9) ................................................ Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus indicus (9). 

Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (7) ...................................................... Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (4). 

Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (9) ............................................................ [see Duck, Long-tailed]. 

Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (6). 

[see Thrush, Hawaiian] ............................................................................. Omao, Myadestes obscurus (11). 

Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula (9) ......................................................... Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (9). 

Oriole, Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii (6). 

Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis (9) ........................................ Oriole, Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis (9). 

Ou, Psittirostra psittacea (4). 

Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus (10) ......................................................... Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (10). 

[see Barn-Owl, Common] ......................................................................... Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (9). 

Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata (3). 

[see Hawk-Owl, Northern] ........................................................................ Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (9). 

Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca (10) ........................................................ Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiacus (10). 

Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3). 

Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (5). 

Palila, Loxioides bailleui (4). 

[see Swift, Antillean Palm] ........................................................................ Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia (9). 

Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys (4). 

Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3). 

Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis (2). 

Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma phaeopygia (7) ................................... [see Petrel, Hawaiian]. 

Petrel, Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera (5). 

Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera (3). 

Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (6). 

Petrel, Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax (2). 

Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa (9) ........................................ Petrel, Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa (9). 

Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (5). 

Petrel, Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris (3). 

Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (5). 

Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (6). 

Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus (3). 

Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2). 

Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria (10) ............................................... Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (10). 

Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata (10) ............................................ Pigeon, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata (10). 

Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata (10) ...................................................... Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (10). 

Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba flavirostris (10) ........................................... Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (10). 

Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa (10) ...................................... Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa (10). 

Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba leucocephala (10) .............................. Pigeon, White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala (10). 

Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (7) ........................................................... [see Pipit, American]. 

Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (6). 

[see Tree-Pipit, Olive] ............................................................................... Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (9). 

Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis (2). 

Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3). 

Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii (9) .................................... [see Sand-Plover, Greater]. 

Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus (9) ........................................... [see Sand-Plover, Lesser]. 

Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3). 

Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma (4). 

[see Thrush, Small Kauai] ........................................................................ Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (11). 

[see Trogon, Eared] .................................................................................. Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9). 

Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (5). 

Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (5). 

Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2). 

Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus (13) ................................... Redstart, Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus (13). 

Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus (9) ................................ [see Bunting, Reed]. 

Reed-Bunting, Pallas’, Emberiza pallasi (9) ............................................. [see Bunting, Pallas’s]. 

Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia (5). 

[see Heron, Pacific Reef] ......................................................................... Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (9). 

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically) 

Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3). 

Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3). 

Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3). 

Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (6). 

Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (6). 

Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (6). 

Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3). 

Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (9) ............................... Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (9). 

Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia (10) ............................................... Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularius (10). 

[see Plover, Great Sand] .......................................................................... Sand-Plover, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii (9). 

[see Plover, Mongolian] ............................................................................ Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (9). 

Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (6). 

Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia (2). 

Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio (10) ..................................................... Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (10). 

Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes (10) ....................................... Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes (10). 

Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii (10) ........................................... Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops kennicottii (10). 

Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis (10) ........................................ Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis (10). 

[see Jay, Scrub] ........................................................................................ Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (9). 

Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (6). 

Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (6). 

Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii (3). 

Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas (2). 

Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus (2). 

Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus (3). 

Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3). 

Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger (12) .................................................... Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger (12). 

Skua, Great, Catharacta skua (10) .......................................................... Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua (10). 

Skua, South Polar, Catharacta maccormicki (10) .................................... Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (10). 

Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis (9) .................................................... [see Lark, Sky]. 

Snipe, Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata (6). 

Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata (10) ........................... Sparrow, Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata (10). 

Sparrow, Harris’, Zonotrichia querula (9) ................................................. Sparrow, Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula (9). 

Sparrow, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (6). 

Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (9) ............................. Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (9). 

[see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow] .................................................................... Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis (9). 

Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (6). 

[see Tanager, Stripe-headed] ................................................................... Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (9). 

Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja (10) ......................................................... Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (10). 

Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis (9) ..................................... Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis (9). 

Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus (9) ..................................................... Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus (9). 

Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3). 

Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis (9) .............................................. Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (9). 

Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (3). 

Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica (3). 

Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma matsudairae (5). 

Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (5). 

Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi (3). 

Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami (9) ...................................... Storm-Petrel, Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami (9). 

Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (5). 

Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva (10) ........................................................... Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (10). 

Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota (10) ................................................... Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (10). 

Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3). 

Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (5). 

Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3). 

Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia (9) .................................... [see Palm-Swift, Antillean]. 

Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2). 

Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (5). 

Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (5). 

Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3). 

Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena (9) ............................................ [see Spindalis, Western]. 

Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus brevipes (10) ...................................... Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (10). 

Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus incanus (10) ........................................ Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incana (10). 

Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata (9) ............................................................... [see Duck, Falcated]. 

Tern, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica (10) ......................................................... Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (10). 

Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus (10) ...................................................... Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (10). 

Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia (10) ........................................................... Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (10). 

Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans (10) .......................................................... Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (10). 

Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata (10) .................................................... Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (10). 

Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3). 

Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica (10) ....................................................... Tern, Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica (10). 

Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex (2). 

Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum (10) .......................................................... Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (10). 

Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons (10) ............................................................. Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (10). 

Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima (10) ............................................................. Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus (10). 

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Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically) 

Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis (10) .............................................. Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis (10). 

Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata (10) .............................................................. Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (10). 

Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3). 

Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale (10) .............................................. Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma crissale (10). 

Thrush, Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli (6). 

Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus (9) .............................................. Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (9). 

Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus (11) ............................................ [see Omao]. 

Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri (11) .......................................... [see Puaiohi]. 

Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima (12) .................................................... Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (12). 

Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus (11) ............................................................... [see Chickadee, Gray-headed]. 

Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (6). 

Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi (10) ................................................ Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi (10). 

Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (6). 

Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus (11) ...................................................... Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (11). 

Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor (10) ........................................................ Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (10). 

Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3). 

Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (6). 

Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus (9) ............................................................ Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus (9). 

Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (9) ................................ Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (9). 

Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (6). 

Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni (9) ..................................................... [see Pipit, Olive-backed]. 

Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (9) ................................................... [see Quetzel, Eared]. 

Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis (3). 

Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius (9) ............................................................ Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (9). 

Vireo, Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii (6). 

Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (6). 

Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2). 

Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (6). 

Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister (3). 

Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (8) ............................................ Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola (3). 

Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (7) .......................................................... [see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow]. 

Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (6). 

Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa (3). 

Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus (2). 

Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae (9) ......................................... Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae (9). 

Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2). 

Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata (3). 

Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2). 

Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus (3). 

Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivora (10) ................................ Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum (10). 

Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca (3). 

Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (10) ............................................... Willet, Tringa semipalmata (10). 

Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (6). 

Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (6). 

Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major (3). 

Woodpecker, Lewis’, Melanerpes lewis (9) .............................................. Woodpecker, Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis (9). 

Woodpecker, Strickland’s, Picoides stricklandi (7) .................................. [see Woodpecker, Arizona]. 

Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides tridactylis (7) .................................... [see Woodpecker, American Three-toed]. 

How Do the Changes Implemented Here 

Differ From Those Discussed in the 

Proposed Rule? 

(1) Three species are added to 

category 2: 

Tern, Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex; 

Warbler, Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus; 

and 

Warbler, Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix. 

(2) Six species are added to category 

3: 

Falcon, Red-footed, Falco vespertinus; 

Golden-Plover, European, Pluvialis 

apricaria; 

Storm-Petrel, Ringed, Oceanodroma 

hornbyi; 

Warbler, Lanceolated, Locustella 

lanceolata; 

Warbler, Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus 

inornatus; and 

Whitethroat, Lesser, Sylvia curruca. 

(3) A new category 4 is created and 24 

species are added to this category: 

Akekee, Loxops caeruleirostris; 

Akepa, Loxops coccineus; 

Akialoa, Greater, Hemignathus 

ellisianus; 

Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi; 

Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi; 

Akohekohe, Palmeria dole; 

Alauahio, Maui, Paroreomyza montana; 

Alauahio, Oahu, Paroreomyza maculate; 

Amakihi, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens; 

Amakihi, Kauai, Hemignathus 

kauaiensis; 

Amakihi, Oahu, Hemignathus flavus; 

Anianiau, Magumma parva; 

Apapane, Himatione sanguinea; 

Creeper, Hawaii, Oreomystis mana; 

Finch, Laysan, Telespiza cantans; 

Finch, Nihoa, Telespiza ultima; 

Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea; 

Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea; 

Millerbird, Acrocephalus familiaris; 

Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus; 

Ou, Psittirostra psittacea; 

Palila, Loxioides bailleui; 

Parrotbill, Maui, Pseudonestor 

xanthophrys; and 

Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma. 

(4) One species is added to category 

5: 

Reed-Warbler, Nightingale, 

Acrocephalus luscinia 

(5) One species is removed from 

category 6: 

Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii. 

Recognition as a separate species 

deferred and will remain as 

subspecies of Branta canadensis, 

Canada Goose. 

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(6) One species is added to category 

6: 

Bean-Goose, Tundra, Anser serrirostris. 

(7) One species deleted from category 

7 is reinstated: 

Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus 

caudifasciatus. 

(8) The common name of one species 

is changed (category 9): 

Goose, Bean, Anser fabalis, becomes 

Bean-Goose, Taiga. 

(9) The scientific name of four species 

is changed (category 3, category 10): 

Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans 

becomes Larus michahellis; 

Kingfisher, Belted, Ceryle alcyon 

becomes Megaceryle alcyon; 

Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus 

becomes Megaceryle torquata; and 

Hummingbird, Antillean Crested, 

Orthorhynchus cristatus becomes 

Orthorhyncus cristatus. 

(10) The scientific names of six 

species spelled erroneously in the 

proposed rule are corrected to conform 

to the AOU Check-list (1998) and 

supplements: 

Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus 

becomes Emberiza schoeniclus; 

Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes 

becomes Myiozetetes similes; 

Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca becomes 

Bubo scandiacus; 

Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus 

becomes Contopus caribaeus; 

Tanager, Puerto Rican, Neospingus 

speculiferus becomes Nesospingus 

speculiferus; and 

Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros 

vermivorus becomes Helmitheros 

vermivorum. 

(11) Other editorial changes: 

Crake, Paint-billed (category 2)— 

Louisiana is deleted from, and 

Virginia added to, the known range; 

Ground-Dove, White-throated (category 

5)—American Samoa is deleted from, 

and Guam and the Northern Marianas 

are added to, the known range; 

Gull, Kelp (category 3)—Indiana and 

Texas are added to the known range; 

Murrelet, Long-billed—moved from 

category 3 to category 6; 

Shrike, Brown (category 2)—California 

is added to the known range; 

Storm-Petrel, Ringed (category 2)— 

Alaska is deleted from, and California 

added to, the known range; and 

the family Cathartidae, and its included 

species, is moved from the 

Ciconiiformes to the beginning of the 

Falconiformes, as they were on the 

1985 list. 

How Is the List of Migratory Birds 

Organized? 

The species are listed in two formats 

to suit the needs of different segments 

of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR 

10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 

10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, 

species are listed by common (English) 

group names, with the scientific name 

of each species following the English 

group name. This format, similar to that 

used in modern telephone directories, is 

most useful to members of the lay 

public. In the taxonomic listing, species 

are listed in phylogenetic sequence by 

scientific name, with the English name 

following the scientific name. To help 

clarify species relationships, we also list 

the higher-level taxonomic categories of 

Order, Family, and Subfamily. This 

format follows the sequence adopted by 

the AOU (1998, 2004) and is most useful 

to ornithologists and other scientists. 

What Species Are Not Protected by the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act? 

The MBTA does not apply to: 

(1) Nonnative species introduced into 

the United States or its territories by 

means of intentional or unintentional 

human assistance that belong to families 

or groups covered by the Canadian, 

Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in 

accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 

12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list 

of nonnative human-introduced bird 

species in this category. Note, though, 

that native species that are introduced 

into parts of the United States where 

they are not native are still protected 

under the MBTA regardless of where 

they occur in the U.S. or its territories. 

(2) Nonnative human-introduced 

species that belong to families or groups 

not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, 

or Russian Conventions, including 

Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae 

(chachalacas), Megapodiidae 

(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, 

ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae 

(buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New 

World quail), Pteroclididae 

(sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), 

Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae 

(toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), 

Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae 

(ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae 

(bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae 

(fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers), 

Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae 

(starlings; except as listed in the 

Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old 

World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), 

Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and 

numerous other families not currently 

represented in the United States or its 

territories. 

(3) Native species that belong to 

families or groups represented in the 

United States, but which are not 

expressly mentioned by the Canadian, 

Mexican, or Russian Conventions, 

including the Megapodiidae 

(megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, 

ptarmigan, and turkeys), 

Odontophoridae (New World quail), 

Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae 

(pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), 

Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae 

(honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), 

Timaliidae (wrentit), and Coerebidae 

(bananaquit). It should be noted that 

this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 

notice to the extent that they are 

inconsistent. Specifically, the Mexican 

Convention lists the family Sylviidae 

(which includes and subfamily 

Sylviinae) and the family Fringillidae 

(which includes the subfamily 

Depanidinae). Thus, all members of 

these two subfamilies are now included 

on this list. 

Partial lists of the species included in 

categories 2 and 3 are available at 

http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/ 

RegulationsPolicies/mbta/ 

MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html. 

Responses to Public Comments 

On August 24, 2006, we published in 

the Federal Register (71 FR 50194) a 

proposed rule to revise the list of 

migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13. We 

solicited public comments on the 

proposed rule for 60 days, ending on 

October 23, 2006. The comment period 

was reopened on December 14, 2006 (71 

FR 75188), extending the comment 

period to December 29, 2006. Any 

comments submitted from October 24, 

2006, to the extension date were 

considered in this final rule. 

We received 69 comment letters in 

response to the proposed rule; 32 letters 

were from 21 identified agencies, 

organizations, or private firms (includes 

10 separate letters from one firm, and 

two from an organization). The 

following text discusses the substantive 

comments received and provides our 

responses to those comments. 

Comment. The American Samoa 

Department of Marine and Wildlife 

Resources, and the Office of the 

Governor of American Samoa objected 

to the inclusion of 14 species native to 

American Samoa. They argued a 

‘‘complete absence of a scientific basis 

for inclusion in a treaty based on the 

concept of ‘‘shared migratory’ species’’ 

and ‘‘lack of demonstrated biological 

need for protection.’’ They also felt that 

the Service ‘‘did not consider the extent 

to which the stringent requirement of 

the new federal regulation will affect the 

daily activities of our people,’’ and 

emphasized that ‘‘All species proposed 

for listing are fully protected under 

Chapter 8, Title 24, of the American 

Samoa Administrative Code.’’ 

Response: We recognize and 

appreciate the positive steps taken by 

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9296 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

the government of American Samoa to 

protect its native wildlife resources. The 

Service looks forward to continuing a 

close working relationship with the 

Department of Marine and Wildlife 

Resources, and pledges to consult with 

that agency before undertaking any 

action on any species covered by this 

rule that might affect the people of 

American Samoa. 

Our determination that these species 

merit protection under the MBTA is 

based strictly on legal, not biological, 

considerations. Unlike the Endangered 

Species Act, the MBTA requires no 

‘‘demonstrated biological need for 

protection.’’ Furthermore, the MBTA 

and implementing regulations provide 

considerable flexibility for managing 

bird populations, including 

establishment of hunting seasons (where 

deemed appropriate), the control of 

nuisance bird populations, and the 

issuance of permits allowing 

appropriate use by humans. 

Applying the protection of the MBTA 

to these 14 species will not affect the 

people of American Samoa to any 

greater or lesser degree than the 

protection of more than 900 other 

species of migratory birds affects the 

residents of the other 13 territories, 50 

States, and the District of Columbia. 

We find this action to be consistent 

with the protection of bird species 

native to other U.S. territories (i.e., 

Hawaii prior to Statehood, the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the 

U.S. Virgin Islands) that belong to 

families covered by the Canadian and 

Mexican Conventions. Under those 

Conventions, any species that belongs to 

a covered family is protected anywhere 

and everywhere that it might occur in 

the U.S. and its territories, regardless of 

its biological or migratory status. 

We note that each of the 14 species 

added to the list from American Samoa 

belong to one of seven families 

expressly covered by the Canadian or 

Mexican Conventions: Anatidae (ducks), 

Procellariidae (petrels), Hydrobatidae 

(storm-petrels), Rallidae (rails), 

Columbidae (pigeons), Apodidae 

(swifts), Alcedinidae (kingfishers). 

Examples of related species from the 

Hawaiian Islands that have historically 

been protected under the MBTA include 

Hawaiian Duck, Hawaiian Petrel, 

Tristram’s Storm-Petrel, and Hawaiian 

Coot. 

Finally, we note that several other 

species of birds native to American 

Samoa, notably petrels, shearwaters, 

tropicbirds, boobies, frigatebirds, 

shorebirds, and terns and noddies, have 

long been protected under the MBTA 

without presenting undue regulatory 

burdens on the government and 

residents of American Samoa. 

Comment. The Atlantic Flyway 

Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife 

Conservation Commission, South 

Florida Water Management District, 

Everglades National Park, and The 

Nature Conservancy all raised concerns 

about adding the Purple Swamphen on 

grounds that Federal protection would 

‘‘compromise efforts to remove’’ this 

species from south Florida, where it has 

become established in recent years and 

is now viewed as an ‘‘undesirable 

exotic.’’ 

Response: We are aware that adding 

the Purple Swamphen to the list of 

MBTA-protected species (because of its 

occurrence as a native species in 

American Samoa) will have the 

undesirable consequence of affording 

similar protection to the introduced 

population now established in south 

Florida. We agree that this species ‘‘has 

the capacity to become a serious 

invasive problem.’’ 

Fortunately, the MBTA provides 

mechanisms that allow for the prudent 

management of species that are causing, 

or are about to cause, economic or 

ecological damage. In the case of the 

Purple Swamphen in south Florida, we 

believe that a depredation order 

targeting this species in selected 

geographic areas will address the 

concerns raised by the above agencies 

and organizations. Depredation orders 

allow specified species of birds to be 

taken at specified times and places and 

under specified conditions without 

need of a Federal permit; they are 

designed expressly for the types of 

control actions envisioned in this 

instance. The Service recognizes the 

urgency of the problem, and today has 

finalized a rule allowing control of 

Purple Swamphens anywhere in the 

contiguous United States, Alaska, 

Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin 

Islands that they are found. 

Comment. The Atlantic Flyway 

Council, Florida Fish and Wildlife 

Conservation Commission, South 

Carolina Department of Natural 

Resources, Texas Parks and Wildlife, 

Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, Everglades National Park, 

The Nature Conservancy, a member of 

the Brevard County (Florida) Board of 

County Commissioners, and three 

residents of Palm City, Florida, 

expressed concerns about adding the 

Muscovy Duck because of various kinds 

of damages that the birds have been 

documented to inflict on private 

properties. 

Response: The Service has concluded 

that the Muscovy Duck warrants 

protection under the MBTA because of 

the recent northward expansion of wild 

birds into extreme south Texas, where 

breeding has been confirmed. The 

unfortunate consequence of this is that 

all Muscovy Ducks in the U.S., 

regardless of their origin and status, will 

also receive the protection of the MBTA. 

The Muscovy Duck has a long history 

of having been intentionally introduced 

to localities throughout the U.S. Small 

flocks of domestic or semi-domestic 

birds are found on farm ponds, in 

municipal parks, or in zoological parks 

in captive, semi-captive, and semi-wild 

conditions. Where present, these birds 

are largely or entirely dependent on 

human assistance for their survival, 

especially in the form of food handouts. 

In some parts of the southern U.S. (in 

Florida, especially), birds have escaped 

or been released, and have subsequently 

formed feral populations in close 

association with humans. In Florida, for 

example, feral populations have been 

confirmed breeding and have apparently 

been self-sustaining for more than 10 

years, with breeding now documented 

in all 67 of Florida’s counties. 

Muscovy Ducks can foul backyards, 

patios, swimming pools, bathing 

beaches, golf courses, and docks with 

their droppings. Their aggressive 

behavior can prevent landowners from 

using their own properties, or citizens 

from using public recreation facilities. 

To alleviate this problem, today we have 

revised 50 CFR part 21 to prohibit sale 

of muscovy ducks for hunting, and to 

authorize a depredation order allowing 

their removal without a permit in 

locations in which the species does not 

occur naturally in the contiguous 

United States, Alaska, and Hawaii, and 

in U.S. territories and possessions. 

Comment. The American Bird 

Conservancy and a private individual 

expressed their concern that the 

Hawaiian honeycreepers were excluded 

from the list. They countered the 

Service’s justification for excluding this 

group by arguing that, ‘‘The fact that the 

Drepanidinae is not expressly 

mentioned in the treaties is irrelevant 

because the taxonomic status of the 

group has been changed and it now falls 

under a family that is included under 

the MBTA, the Fringillidae.’’ 

Response: Species included in the 

subfamily Drepanidinae (which 

includes the Hawaiian honeycreepers) 

are added to the list under the family 

Fringillidae. This addition is consistent 

with the latest edition of the AOU 

Checklist of North American Birds on 

matters of taxonomy and also meets the 

criteria for qualifying as an MBTAprotected species requiring that a 

species belongs to a family or group of 

species named in one of the MBTA’s 

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underlying Conventions. In addition, 

Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris) 

and Nightingale Reed-Warbler 

(Acrocephalus luscinia) have been 

added to the list under the Sylviidae 

family (subfamily Sylviinae), another 

family specifically named in the 

Mexican Convention of 1936. 

Comment. International Zoological 

Imports and their legal counsel 

questioned the inclusion of Eurasian 

Bullfinch and Hawfinch on the list, 

citing, for example, beliefs that (a) ‘‘their 

geographic ranges lie entirely outside 

the United States and its territories,’’ (b) 

they are ‘‘nonnative,’’ and (c) they ‘‘have 

only an accidental/casual presence in 

the United States, and accidental/ 

casual birds are not covered by the 

MBTA.’’ 

Response: There is ample scientific 

documentation of the natural 

occurrence of these species in western 

Alaska. Given the paucity of observers 

in western Alaska to record their 

presence, it seems likely that both 

species occur there annually, albeit in 

small numbers. Whether these species 

are regular migrants in the U.S. or 

merely vagrants is irrelevant. Vagrancy 

is a natural process inherent to many 

species of migratory birds and can lead 

to the development of regular migratory 

patterns or the establishment of new 

populations (such as those of the Cattle 

Egret and the Lesser Black-backed Gull). 

It was a previous unwritten FWS policy, 

not the language of the MBTA, that 

excluded some species of casual or 

accidental occurrence from inclusion in 

previous versions of 50 CFR 10.13. This 

policy mirrored earlier versions of the 

AOU Check-list, which flagged species 

of casual or accidental occurrence and 

did not treat them as regular members 

of the North American avifauna, a 

practice discontinued with the 5th 

(1957) edition of the Check-list. 

Moreover, the policy was never applied 

uniformly: A few accidental/casual 

species, such as the, Corn Crake and the 

Eurasian Lapwing, have long been listed 

in 50 CFR 10.13, though many others 

have not. We also note the precedent set 

by the Japanese and Russian 

Conventions, which specifically list 

numerous species of casual or 

accidental occurrence in the U.S., such 

as the Chinese Egret and the European 

Hoopoe. 

In summary, neither the MBTA nor 

the Conventions explicitly exclude any 

species of migratory bird because it is 

casual or accidental in the U.S. More to 

the point, Eurasian Bullfinch and 

Hawfinch are both specifically listed in 

the Japanese and Russian Conventions. 

Comment. Opposition to the addition 

of Common Chaffinch and Eurasian 

Siskin was received from two importers 

or suppliers of cage birds (International 

Pet and Supply, International 

Zoological Imports), five cage bird 

organizations (American Federation of 

Aviculture, Michiana Bird Society, 

National Cage Bird Show, National 

Finch and Softbill Society, Society of 

Parrot Breeders and Exhibitors), and 27 

private citizens. In support of their 

argument, opponents claimed that (a) 

these species are non-native to the U.S.; 

(b) individuals are present in the wild 

only as a result of intentional releases 

or accidental escapes from captivity, 

and that sightings occur especially near 

where birds are sold; (c) thousands of 

breeders are raising these birds in 

captivity; (d) they have been imported 

and sold since 1998; and (e) adding 

them to 50 CFR 10.13 will harm pet bird 

owners, bird enthusiasts, and breeders, 

and have a negative financial impact on 

the pet bird trade. 

Response: The Common Chaffinch is 

considered to be ‘‘casual in northeastern 

North American’’ south to Maine and 

Massachusetts, ‘‘where presumably 

natural vagrants’’ (AOU 1998), with 

‘‘about a dozen reports, some accepted 

by local bird record committees, 

reported between late September and 

late May, from e. Canada, New England, 

and New Jersey’’ (American Birding 

Association 2002). It also appears on the 

official checklists of Maine (Maine Bird 

Records Committee 2005) and 

Massachusetts (Massachusetts Avian 

Records Committee 2006) as natural 

vagrants. 

There is one definitive specimen 

record (plus a sight report) of the 

Eurasian Siskin in Alaska, where 

considered accidental (AOU 1998). This 

species is also included on the official 

list of Maine birds (Maine Bird Records 

Committee 2005), apparently on the 

basis of a bird captured in 1962 that 

showed no signs of having been in 

captivity (Borrer 1963). 

We cannot confirm the opponents’ 

statements that ‘‘thousands of breeders 

are raising these birds in captivity.’’ One 

dealer reported importing, purchasing, 

and selling ‘‘large quantities’’ of these 

species ‘‘for the past 15 years;’’ while 

another claimed to have imported more 

than 4,000 Common Chaffinches and 

10,000 Eurasian Siskins in the past 

decade. But these claims are 

contradicted by one commenter who 

noted that ‘‘these birds are bred by very 

few U.S. hobbyists and others interested 

in captive breeding. For instance, 

current available information reveals 

that in 2003 NFSS [National Finch and 

Softbill Society] annual census reported 

only two out of eight-hundred NFSS 

members registered working with the 

Common Chaffinch and the same two 

members registered working with the 

Eurasian Siskin.’’ 

It is true that there is a long history 

of importing and selling these species in 

the U.S. For example, over a six-year 

period (1969–1974), 190 Common 

Chaffinches and 272 Eurasian Siskins 

were imported into the U.S. (as 

summarized by McLaren et al. 1989). If 

figures supplied by dealers are accurate 

(see preceding paragraph), then imports 

have increased substantially in recent 

years. 

It is also true that there have been 

many intentional releases or accidental 

escapes of captive individuals of these 

and other European finches into the 

wild, as is acknowledge by the AOU 

(1998) and American Birding 

Association (ABA) (2002). The most 

notable and recent example was a series 

of reports from throughout the Great 

Lakes and New England in spring 2004 

of innumerable individuals of numerous 

European species—including Common 

Chaffinch and Eurasian Siskin—that 

had apparently escaped from an import 

facility near Chicago, Illinois (Dinsmore 

and Silcock 2004). One major importer 

reported the intentional release or 

accidental escape of 12,700 (15 percent) 

of 82,800 individuals of 19 species from 

one facility during the past decade; this 

included 1,131 Common Chaffinches 

and 1,946 European Siskins. 

In summary, while there is 

documented evidence of the intentional 

release or accidental escape of caged 

Common Chaffinches and Eurasian 

Siskins, we also find credible evidence 

to support our contention that both 

species have occurred in the U.S. as 

natural vagrants unhindered by human 

intervention. As with the Eurasian 

Bullfinch and Hawfinch discussed 

above, the Common Chaffinch and 

Eurasian Siskin warrant protection 

under the MBTA, regardless of their 

status as casual or accidental vagrants. 

Comment. One commenter cautioned 

against listing cage-birds bought in 

Mexico, smuggled across the border, 

and released in Texas ‘‘just to please 

those wanting to either raise funds for 

a refuge, or add to their bird life-list.’’ 

Five species were specifically 

mentioned in this regard: Masked 

Tityra, Blue Mockingbird, Orange-billed 

Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed 

Nightingale-Thrush, and Blue Bunting. 

Response: We are keenly aware of the 

problems posed by the illegal smuggling 

of birds into the U.S. from Mexico. Both 

the AOU (1998) and the Texas 

Ornithological Society (TOS) 

(Lockwood et al. 2003) go to great 

lengths to investigate the origins of rare 

birds reported in Texas near the 

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Mexican border and to invalidate any 

records for which there is evidence of 

human intervention, such as illegal 

trafficking or smuggling. We are not 

aware of any evidence to suggest that 

the activities alluded to by the 

commenter have actually taken place. 

The U.S. birding community is 

relatively small, close-knit, and selfpoliced, with the vast majority of 

birders adhering to a voluntary ‘‘code of 

ethics’’. If anyone was conducting illegal 

activities to pad their life-lists or to help 

raise funds for a refuge, it would most 

likely become widely known and 

condemned. Each of the species 

mentioned by the commentator has been 

accepted by the AOU and TOS as valid, 

wild migrants in the U.S. As such, we 

deem them eligible for inclusion in 50 

CFR 10.13. 

Comment. The Wisconsin Department 

of Natural Resources indicated that 

recognition and protection of the 

Cackling Goose as distinct from the 

Canada Goose would create 

management problems, as it is probably 

unrealistic to expect hunters to be able 

to recognize and distinguish between 

these similar species on the wing. It was 

requested that the Service consider 

professional discussions that have 

occurred over the last two years. 

Response: The Service recognizes the 

management concerns referred to by the 

commenter, as well as the current lack 

of uniform agreement among waterfowl 

specialists. The Service has reviewed 

many of the professional views 

concerning the AOU decision to split 

the Canada Goose into two species. The 

AOU Committee on Classification and 

Nomenclature indicated that additional 

taxonomic changes may occur as a 

result of further research on Canada 

Goose taxonomy (AOU 2004). We will 

consider new information when it is 

available. As discussed in the rule, at 

this time, we will continue to include 

the Cackling Goose within the listing for 

the Canada Goose rather than as a 

separate species. 

Comment. The American Bird 

Conservancy (ABC) complained that we 

continue to deny Federal protection to 

several species that are native to the 

U.S., or occur in the U.S. as natural 

vagrants. They specifically mention 

seven species in this regard: Oriental 

Pratincole, Green Parakeet, Puerto Rican 

Parrot, Red-crowned Parrot, Puerto 

Rican Tody, Wrentit, and Bananaquit. 

Response: These species do not 

qualify for protection under the MBTA 

because they (1) belong to families 

(Glareolidae, Todidae, Coerebidae, 

Psittacidae, Timaliidae, Coerebidae) not 

covered by either the Canadian or 

Mexican Conventions, and (2) are not 

specifically listed in either the Japanese 

or Russian Conventions. While this 

treatment may not be logical, as 

suggested by ABC, it is required by the 

language of the Conventions underlying 

the MBTA. 

Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council 

expressed confusion over the status of 

the family Timaliidae (including 

babblers and Wrentit), noting that we 

had listed it (71 FR 50205) both as an 

example of a nonnative humanintroduced family not protected by the 

MBTA and also as an example of a 

native family not specifically mentioned 

in treaties with Canada, Mexico, or 

Russia. 

Response: The Timaliidae properly 

belongs in category 2 as an example of 

nonnative human-introduced species 

(the babblers, introduced to Hawaii) not 

protected by the MBTA. The Timaliidae 

also properly belongs in category 3 as an 

example of a native family and species 

(the Wrentit) not specifically mentioned 

in Conventions with Canada or Mexico. 

This section of the final rule has been 

re-written for greater clarity. 

Comment. The Pacific Flyway Council 

recommended that we define ‘‘human 

introduction,’’ noting that ‘‘the issue of 

human-related introductions of species 

is potentially controversial, and defining 

the term in the document would clarify 

the Service’s intent and eliminate the 

need to search for the definition 

elsewhere.’’ 

Response: We agree with the 

desirability of being as specific as 

possible as to what we mean by ‘‘human 

introduction’’ or ‘‘human-assisted 

introduction.’’ Accordingly, we have 

added clarifying language to the end of 

the section entitled ‘‘What Criteria Are 

Used to Identify Individual Species 

Protected by the MBTA?’’ 

Comment. One commenter noted that 

numerous species intentionally 

introduced to the Hawaiian Islands from 

the continental U.S. are now protected 

under the MBTA, even though they are 

nonnative (examples: Cattle Egret, 

Mourning Dove, Barn Owl, Northern 

Cardinal, House Finch). In many 

instances, these species are competitors 

for food, carriers of disease, and 

predators of native wildlife. 

Response: In contrast to the 

Endangered Species Act, the MBTA has 

no provision for excluding a species 

from protection in designated parts of 

its range. A species protected by the 

MBTA is protected anywhere and 

everywhere that it might occur in the 

U.S. or its territories, even in localities 

where they are nonnative and 

introduced by humans. That being said, 

we also note that the MBTA provides 

mechanisms for dealing with situations 

in which protected species are causing 

economic damage, creating threats to 

human health and safety, or may be 

having a deleterious impact on native 

wildlife, particularly through issuance 

of depredation permits or authorization 

of depredation orders. 

Required Determinations 

Regulatory Planning and Review 

(Executive Order 12866) 

The Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) has determined that this rule is 

not significant and has reviewed it 

under Executive Order 12866. OMB 

bases its determination upon the 

following four criteria: 

(a) Whether the rule will have an 

annual effect of $100 million or more on 

the economy or adversely affect an 

economic sector, productivity, jobs, the 

environment, or other units of the 

government. 

(b) Whether the rule will create 

inconsistencies with other Federal 

agencies’ actions. 

(c) Whether the rule will materially 

affect entitlements, grants, user fees, 

loan programs, or the rights and 

obligations of their recipients. 

(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal 

or policy issues. 

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 

et seq.) 

Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act 

(5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the 

Small Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 

104–121)), whenever an agency is 

required to publish a notice of 

rulemaking for any proposed or final 

rule, it must prepare and make available 

for public comment a regulatory 

flexibility analysis that describes the 

effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., 

small businesses, small organizations, 

and small government jurisdictions). 

However, no regulatory flexibility 

analysis is required if the head of an 

agency certifies the rule does not have 

a significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

SBREFA amended the Regulatory 

Flexibility Act to require Federal 

agencies to provide the statement of the 

factual basis for certifying that a rule 

will not have a significant economic 

impact on a substantial number of small 

entities. A small number of caged bird 

dealers will be affected by this rule. 

However, we have examined this rule’s 

potential effects on small entities as 

required by the Regulatory Flexibility 

Act, and have determined that this 

action does not have a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities. This 

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Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 9299 

determination is based on the fact that 

we are simply updating the list of 

migratory bird species protected under 

the Conventions. Consequently, we 

certify that because this rule does not 

have a significant economic effect on a 

substantial number of small entities, a 

regulatory flexibility analysis is not 

required. 

This rule is not a major rule under the 

SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It does not 

have a significant impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

a. This rule does not have an annual 

effect on the economy of $100 million 

or more. 

b. This rule will not cause a major 

increase in costs or prices for 

consumers, individual industries, 

Federal, State, or local government 

agencies, or geographic regions. The 

updating of the list of migratory birds 

does not significantly affect costs or 

prices in any sector of the economy. 

c. This rule will not have significant 

adverse effects on competition, 

employment, investment, productivity, 

innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based 

enterprises to compete with foreignbased enterprises. 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

In accordance with the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et 

seq.), we have determined the following: 

a. This rule does not ‘‘significantly or 

uniquely’’ affect small governments. A 

small government agency plan is not 

required. b. This rule does not produce 

a Federal mandate of $100 million or 

greater in any year; i.e., it is not a 

‘‘significant regulatory action’’ under the 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. 

Takings 

In accordance with Executive Order 

12630, the rule does not have significant 

takings implications. This rule does not 

contain a provision for taking of private 

property. A takings implication 

assessment is not required. 

Federalism 

This rule does not have sufficient 

Federalism effects to warrant 

preparation of a Federalism assessment 

under Executive Order 13132. It does 

not interfere with the States’ ability to 

manage themselves or their funds. No 

significant economic impacts are 

expected to result from the updating of 

the list of migratory bird species. 

Civil Justice Reform 

In accordance with Executive Order 

12988, the Office of the Solicitor has 

determined that the rule does not 

unduly burden the judicial system and 

meets the requirements of sections 3(a) 

and 3(b)(2) of the Order. 

Paperwork Reduction Act 

We examined these regulations under 

the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. 

This regulations change has no direct 

impact on information collection. 

National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) 

Given that the revision of 50 CFR 

10.13 is strictly administrative in nature 

and does not constitute a Federal action 

in the context of NEPA it is categorically 

excluded from further NEPA 

requirements, as provided by 

Department of the Interior Manual 516 

DM 2, Appendix 1.10. 

Endangered Species Act (ESA) 

Ninety-six of the species on the List 

of Migratory Birds are also designated as 

endangered or threatened in all or some 

portion of their U.S. range under 

provisions of the Endangered Species 

Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.; see 

50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications 

arise from the dual listing since the two 

lists are developed under separate 

authorities and for different purposes. 

Because the rule is strictly 

administrative in nature, it does not 

require ESA consultation. 

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use 

(Executive Order 13211) 

On May 18, 2001, the President issued 

Executive Order 13211 addressing 

regulations that significantly affect 

energy supply, distribution, and use. 

Executive Order 13211 requires agencies 

to prepare Statements of Energy Effects 

when undertaking certain actions. 

Because this rule only affects the listing 

of protected species in the United 

States, it is not a significant regulatory 

action under Executive Order 12866, 

and does not significantly affect energy 

supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, 

this action is not a significant energy 

action and no Statement of Energy 

Effects is required. 

Regarding Government-toGovernment relationships with Tribes 

(59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 

13175, these revisions to existing 

regulations are purely administrative in 

nature. They will have no effect on 

Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal 

trust resources. 

References Cited 

A complete list of all references cited 

is available upon request (see 

ADDRESSES above). 

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 

Exports, Fish, Imports, Law 

enforcement, Plants, Transportation, 

Wildlife. 

Regulation Promulgation 

■ For the reasons discussed in the 

preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, 

subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of 

Federal Regulations, as follows: 

PART 10—[AMENDED] 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 10 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703– 

712; 16 U.S.C. 668a–d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 

U.S.C. 1531–1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361–1384, 

1401–1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a–742j–l; 16 U.S.C. 

3371–3378.-q4 

■ 2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows: 

§ 10.13 List of Migratory Birds. 

(a) Legal authority for this list. The 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 

U.S.C. 703–711, the Fish and Wildlife 

Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 

712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a–j. The MBTA 

implements Conventions between the 

United States and four neighboring 

countries for the protection of migratory 

birds, as follows: 

(1) Canada: Convention for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds, August 

16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on 

behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. 

No. 628, as amended; 

(2) Mexico: Convention for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds and Game 

Mammals, February 7, 1936, United 

States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 

50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912, as amended; 

(3) Japan: Convention for the 

Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds 

in Danger of Extinction, and Their 

Environment, March 4, 1972, United 

States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. 

No. 7990; and 

(4) Russia: Convention for the 

Conservation of Migratory Birds and 

Their Environment, United StatesUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics 

(=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 

3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712. 

(b) Purpose of this list. The purpose 

is to inform the public of the species 

protected by regulations designed to 

enforce the terms of the MBTA. These 

regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 

21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of 

the taking, possession, transportation, 

sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and 

importation of migratory birds. 

(c) What species are protected as 

migratory birds? Species protected as 

migratory birds are listed in two formats 

to suit the varying needs of the user: 

Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of 

this section and taxonomically in 

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9300 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

paragraph (c)(2) of this section. 

Taxonomy and nomenclature generally 

follow the 7th edition of the American 

Ornithologists’ Union’s Check-list of 

North American birds (1998, as 

amended through 2007). For species not 

treated by the AOU Check-list, we 

generally follow Monroe and Sibley’s A 

World Checklist of Birds (1993). 

(1) Alphabetical listing. Species are 

listed alphabetically by common 

(English) group names, with the 

scientific name of each species 

following the common name. It is 

possible that alphabetical listing by 

common group names may create 

confusion in those few instances in 

which the common (English) name of a 

species has changed. The species 

formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for 

example, is now known as the Falcated 

Duck. To prevent confusion, the 

alphabetical list has two entries for 

Falcated Duck: ‘‘DUCK, Falcated’’ and 

‘‘[TEAL, Falcated (see DUCK, 

Falcated)].’’ Other potential ambiguities 

are treated in the same way. 

ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella 

montanella 

AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris 

AKEPA, Loxops coccineus 

AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus 

ellisianus 

AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi 

AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi 

AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei 

ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza 

montana 

Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata 

ALBATROSS, Black-browed, 

Thalassarche melanophris 

Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes 

Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis 

Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata 

Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus 

Shy, Thalassarche cauta 

Wandering, Diomedea exulans 

Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche 

chlororhynchos 

ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga 

ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga 

sulcirostris 

Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani 

AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens 

Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis 

Oahu, Hemignathus flavus 

ANIANIAU, Magumma parva 

APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea 

AUKLET, Cassin’s, Ptychoramphus 

aleuticus 

Crested, Aethia cristatella 

Least, Aethia pusilla 

Parakeet, Aethia psittacula 

Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata 

Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea 

AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra 

americana 

[BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, 

Barn)] 

BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis 

Tundra, Anser serrirostris 

BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, 

Camptostoma imberbe 

BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus 

aglaiae 

BITTERN, American, Botaurus 

lentiginosus 

Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis 

[Chinese (see Yellow)] 

Least, Ixobrychus exilis 

Schrenck’s, Ixobrychus eurhythmus 

Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis 

BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus 

anthracinus 

BLACKBIRD, Brewer’s, Euphagus 

cyanocephalus 

Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus 

Rusty, Euphagus carolinus 

Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius 

humeralis 

Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor 

Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus 

xanthocephalus 

Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius 

xanthomus 

BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis 

Mountain, Sialia currucoides 

Western, Sialia mexicana 

BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger 

cyanurus 

BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica 

BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus 

BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii 

Brown, Sula leucogaster 

Masked, Sula dactylatra 

Red-footed, Sula sula 

BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla 

BRANT, Branta bernicla 

BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola 

BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula 

pyrrhula 

Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis 

BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa 

parellina 

Gray, Emberiza variabilis 

Indigo, Passerina cyanea 

Little, Emberiza pusilla 

Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys 

Lazuli, Passerina amoena 

McKay’s, Plectrophenax hyperboreus 

Painted, Passerina ciris 

Pallas’s, Emberiza pallasi 

Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos 

Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus 

Rustic, Emberiza rustica 

Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis 

Varied, Passerina versicolor 

Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola 

Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans 

BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus 

CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria 

CARACARA, Crested, Caracara 

cheriway 

CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis 

cardinalis 

CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis 

holosericeus 

Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis 

CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila 

glabrirostris 

Gray, Dumetella carolinensis 

CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla 

coelebs 

CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens 

CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile 

atricapillus 

Boreal, Poecile hudsonica 

Carolina, Poecile carolinensis 

Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens 

Gray-headed, Poecile cincta 

Mexican, Poecile sclateri 

Mountain, Poecile gambeli 

CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus 

carolinensis 

CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps 

californianus 

COOT, American, Fulica americana 

Caribbean, Fulica caribaea 

Eurasian, Fulica atra 

Hawaiian, Fulica alai 

CORMORANT, Brandt’s, Phalacrocorax 

penicillatus 

Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus 

Great, Phalacrocorax carbo 

Little Pied, Phalacrocorax 

melanoleucos 

Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus 

[Olivaceous (see Neotropic)] 

Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus 

Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile 

COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus 

Brown-headed, Molothrus ater 

Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis 

CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex 

Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops 

Spotless, Porzana tabuensis 

Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer 

CRANE, Common, Grus grus 

Sandhill, Grus canadensis 

Whooping, Grus americana 

CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana 

Hawaii, Oreomystis mana 

CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra 

White-winged, Loxia leucoptera 

CROW, American, Corvus 

brachyrhynchos 

Fish, Corvus ossifragus 

Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis 

Mariana, Corvus kubaryi 

[Mexican (see Tamaulipas)] 

Northwestern, Corvus caurinus 

Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus 

White-necked, Corvus 

leucognaphalus 

CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus 

erythropthalmus 

Common, Cuculus canorus 

Mangrove, Coccyzus minor 

Oriental, Cuculus optatus 

Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus 

CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius 

tahitiensis 

Eskimo, Numenius borealis 

Eurasian, Numenius arquata 

Far Eastern, Numenius 

madagascariensis 

[Least (see Little)] 

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Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 9301 

Little, Numenius minutus 

Long-billed, Numenius americanus 

DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana 

DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus 

DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius 

morinellus 

DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca 

Mourning, Zenaida macroura 

White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi 

White-winged, Zenaida asiatica 

Zenaida, Zenaida aurita 

DOVEKIE, Alle alle 

DOWITCHER, Long-billed, 

Limnodromus scolopaceus 

Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus 

DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes 

Falcated, Anas falcata 

Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus 

Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana 

Laysan, Anas laysanensis 

Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis 

Masked, Nomonyx dominicus 

Mottled, Anas fulvigula 

Muscovy, Cairina moschata 

Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa 

Ring-necked, Aythya collaris 

Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis 

Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha 

Tufted, Aythya fuligula 

Wood, Aix sponsa 

DUNLIN, Calidris alpina 

EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus 

Golden, Aquila chrysaetos 

White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla 

EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis 

Chinese, Egretta eulophotes 

Great, Ardea alba 

Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia 

Little, Egretta garzetta 

[Plumed (see Intermediate)] 

Reddish, Egretta rufescens 

Snowy, Egretta thula 

EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima 

King, Somateria spectabilis 

Spectacled, Somateria fischeri 

Steller’s, Polysticta stelleri 

ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica 

Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata 

EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon 

maugaeus 

EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia 

musica 

FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis 

Peregrine, Falco peregrinus 

Prairie, Falco mexicanus 

Red-Footed, Falco vespertinus 

FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris 

FINCH, Cassin’s, Carpodacus cassinii 

House, Carpodacus mexicanus 

Laysan, Telespiza cantans 

Nihoa, Telespiza ultima 

Purple, Carpodacus purpureus 

[Rosy (see ROSY–FINCH)] 

FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus 

ruber 

FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides 

Northern, Colaptes auratus 

FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax 

virescens 

Alder, Empidonax alnorum 

Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens 

Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus 

Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons 

Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis 

Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri 

Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer 

Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana 

Gray, Empidonax wrightii 

[Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)] 

Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta 

Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus 

Hammond’s, Empidonax hammondii 

La Sagra’s, Myiarchus sagrae 

Least, Empidonax minimus 

Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina 

Nutting’s, Myiarchus nuttingi 

Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi 

Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis 

Piratic, Legatus leucophalus 

Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum 

Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus 

Social, Myiozetetes similis 

Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes 

luteiventris 

Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus 

Variegated, Empidonomus varius 

Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus 

[Western (see Cordilleran and Pacificslope)] 

Willow, Empidonax traillii 

Yellow-bellied, Empidonax 

flaviventris 

FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur 

semitorquatus 

FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor 

Lesser, Fregata ariel 

Magnificent, Fregata magnificens 

FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis 

FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, 

Ptilinopus porphyraceus 

Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii 

Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla 

FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis 

GADWALL, Anas strepera 

GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio 

flavirostris 

Purple, Porphyrio martinica 

GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus 

GARGANEY, Anas querquedula 

GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, 

Polioptila nigriceps 

Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura 

Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea 

California, Polioptila californica 

GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica 

Black-tailed, Limosa limosa 

Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica 

Marbled, Limosa fedoa 

GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis 

dominica 

European, Pluvialis apricaria 

[Lesser (see American)] 

Pacific, Pluvialis fulva 

GOLDENEYE, Barrow’s, Bucephala 

islandica 

Common, Bucephala clangula 

GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis 

tristis 

Lawrence’s, Carduelis lawrencei 

Lesser, Carduelis psaltria 

GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis 

[Bean, (see BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga)] 

Canada, Branta canadensis (including 

Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii) 

Emperor, Chen canagica 

Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons 

Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis 

Lesser White-fronted, Anser 

erythropus 

Ross’s, Chen rossii 

Snow, Chen caerulescens 

GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis 

GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major 

Common, Quiscalus quiscula 

Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus 

Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger 

GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, 

Middendorff’s, Locustella 

ochotensis 

GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor 

Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus 

GREBE, Clark’s, Aechmophorus clarkii 

Eared, Podiceps nigricollis 

Horned, Podiceps auritus 

Least, Tachybaptus dominicus 

Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps 

Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena 

Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis 

GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis 

sinica 

GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa 

nebularia 

Nordmann’s, Tringa guttifer 

GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus 

melanocephalus 

Blue, Passerina caerulea 

Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis 

celaeno 

Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus 

Pine, Pinicola enucleator 

Rose-breasted, Pheucticus 

ludovicianus 

Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus 

GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina 

passerina 

Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi 

Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti 

White-throated, Gallicolumba 

xanthonura 

GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle 

Pigeon, Cepphus columba 

GULL, Belcher’s, Larus belcheri 

Black-headed, Larus ridibundus 

Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris 

Bonaparte’s, Larus philadelphia 

California, Larus californicus 

[Common Black-headed (see Blackheaded)] 

Franklin’s, Larus pipixcan 

Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus 

Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens 

Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus 

Great Black-backed, Larus marinus 

Heermann’s, Larus heermanni 

Herring, Larus argentatus 

Iceland, Larus glaucoides 

Ivory, Pagophila eburnea 

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9302 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

Kelp, Larus dominicanus 

Laughing, Larus atricilla 

Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus 

Little, Larus minutus 

Mew, Larus canus 

Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis 

Ross’s, Rhodostethia rosea 

Sabine’s, Xema sabini 

Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus 

Thayer’s, Larus thayeri 

Western, Larus occidentalis 

Yellow-footed, Larus livens 

Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis 

GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus 

HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus 

HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes 

coccothraustes 

HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see 

SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)] 

Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus 

Cooper’s, Accipiter cooperii 

Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens 

Ferruginous, Buteo regalis 

Gray, Buteo nitidus 

Harris’s, Parabuteo unicinctus 

Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius 

Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus 

Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis 

Roadside, Buteo magnirostris 

Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus 

Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus 

Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus 

Swainson’s, Buteo swainsoni 

White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus 

Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus 

HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson’s, Cuculus 

fugax 

[HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, 

Northern Hawk)] 

HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea 

Great Blue, Ardea herodias 

Green, Butorides virescens 

[Green-backed (see Green)] 

Little Blue, Egretta caerulea 

[Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, 

Pacific)] 

Tricolored, Egretta tricolor 

HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo 

HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops 

HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon 

urbicum 

HUMMINGBIRD, Allen’s, Selasphorus 

sasin 

Anna’s, Calypte anna 

Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus 

cristatus 

Berylline, Amazilia beryllina 

Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri 

Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae 

Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris 

Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus 

Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis 

Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa 

Calliope, Stellula calliope 

Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila 

Costa’s, Calypte costae 

Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer 

Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens 

Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris 

Rufous, Selasphorus rufus 

Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps 

White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis 

Xantus’s, Hylocharis xantusii 

IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus 

Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber 

White, Eudocimus albus 

White-faced, Plegadis chihi 

IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea 

IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula 

pacifica 

JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria 

JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa 

JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius 

longicaudus 

Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus 

Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus 

JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata 

Brown, Cyanocorax morio 

Gray, Perisoreus canadensis 

[Gray-breasted (see Mexican)] 

Green, Cyanocorax yncas 

Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina 

Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus 

[Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)] 

Steller’s, Cyanocitta stelleri 

JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis 

Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus 

KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea 

KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus 

KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius 

Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus 

KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus 

KINGBIRD, Cassin’s, Tyrannus 

vociferans 

Couch’s, Tyrannus couchii 

Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus 

Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis 

Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus 

Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris 

Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus 

Western, Tyrannus verticalis 

KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle 

alcyon 

Collared, Todirhamphus chloris 

Green, Chloroceryle americana 

Micronesian, Todirhamphus 

cinnamominus 

Ringed, Megaceryle torquata 

KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus 

satrapa 

Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula 

KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus 

KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see 

Swallow-tailed)] 

Black, Milvus migrans 

[Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)] 

Hook-billed, Chondrohierax 

uncinatus 

Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis 

Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis 

Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus 

White-tailed, Elanus leucurus 

KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa 

tridactyla 

Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris 

KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris 

Red, Calidris canutus 

LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus 

LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris 

Sky, Alauda arvensis 

LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna 

LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, 

Coccyzus vieilloti 

LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, 

Calcarius ornatus 

Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus 

McCown’s, Calcarius mccownii 

Smith’s, Calcarius pictus 

LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica 

Common, Gavia immer 

Pacific, Gavia pacifica 

Red-throated, Gavia stellata 

Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii 

MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia 

Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli 

MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos 

MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax 

dominicus 

Green, Anthracothorax viridis 

Green-breasted, Anthracothorax 

prevostii 

MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera 

Caribbean, Progne dominicensis 

Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca 

Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea 

Purple, Progne subis 

Southern, Progne elegans 

MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella 

magna 

Western, Sturnella neglecta 

MERGANSER, Common, Mergus 

merganser 

Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus 

Red-breasted, Mergus serrator 

MERLIN, Falco columbarius 

MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris 

MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus 

gundlachii 

Blue, Melanotis caerulescens 

Northern, Mimus polyglottos 

MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula 

chloropus 

MURRE, Common, Uria aalge 

Thick-billed, Uria lomvia 

MURRELET, Ancient, 

Synthliboramphus antiquus 

Craveri’s, Synthliboramphus craveri 

Kittlitz’s, Brachyramphus brevirostris 

Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix 

Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus 

Xantus’s, Synthliboramphus 

hypoleucus 

NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, 

Hirundapus caudacutus 

NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, 

Nycticorax nycticorax 

Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi 

[Malay (see Malayan)] 

Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus 

Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea 

NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles 

gundlachii 

Common, Chordeiles minor 

Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis 

NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Blackheaded, Catharus mexicanus 

Orange-billed, Catharus 

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aurantiirostris 

NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus 

ridgwayi 

Gray, Caprimulgus indicus 

[Jungle (see Gray)] 

Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus 

noctitherus 

NODDY, Black, Anous minutus 

Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea 

Brown, Anous stolidus 

[Lesser (see Black)] 

NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus 

NUTCRACKER, Clark’s, Nucifraga 

columbiana 

NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta 

pusilla 

Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea 

Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis 

White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis 

[OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)] 

OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis 

OMAO, Myadestes obscurus 

ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis 

Audubon’s, Icterus graduacauda 

Baltimore, Icterus galbula 

[Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)] 

Black-vented, Icterus wagleri 

Bullock’s, Icterus bullockii 

Greater Antillean, Icterus 

dominicensis 

Hooded, Icterus cucullatus 

[Northern (see Baltimore and 

Bullock’s)] 

Orchard, Icterus spurius 

Scott’s, Icterus parisorum 

Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus 

OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus 

OU, Psittirostra psittacea 

OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla 

OWL, Barn, Tyto alba 

Barred, Strix varia 

Boreal, Aegolius funereus 

Burrowing, Athene cunicularia 

Elf, Micrathene whitneyi 

Flammulated, Otus flammeolus 

Great Gray, Strix nebulosa 

Great Horned, Bubo virginianus 

Long-eared, Asio otus 

Mottled, Ciccaba virgata 

Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula 

Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius 

acadicus 

Short-eared, Asio flammeus 

Snowy, Bubo scandiacus 

Spotted, Strix occidentalis 

Stygian, Asio stygius 

OYSTERCATCHER, American, 

Haematopus palliatus 

Black, Haematopus bachmani 

Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus 

PALILA, Loxioides bailleui 

PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis 

phoenicobia 

PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor 

xanthophrys 

PARULA, Northern, Parula americana 

Tropical, Parula pitiayumi 

PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus 

albicollis 

PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus 

erythrorhynchos 

Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis 

PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow 

Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata 

Black-winged, Pterodroma 

nigripennis 

Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca 

Bulwer’s, Bulweria bulwerii 

Cook’s, Pterodroma cookii 

[Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)] 

Gould’s, Pterodroma leucoptera 

Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera 

Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis 

Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana 

Jouanin’s, Bulweria fallax 

Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa 

Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta 

Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata 

Murphy’s, Pterodroma ultima 

Phoenix, Pterodroma alba 

Stejneger’s, Pterodroma longirostris 

Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata 

White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis 

[White-necked, Pterodroma externa 

(see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)] 

PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus 

Greater, Contopus pertinax 

Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis 

Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris 

PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens 

PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus 

fulicarius 

Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus 

Wilson’s, Phalaropus tricolor 

PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans 

Eastern, Sayornis phoebe 

Say’s, Sayornis saya 

PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas 

fasciata 

Plain, Patagioenas inornata 

Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris 

Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa 

White-crowned, Patagioenas 

leucocephala 

PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta 

White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis 

PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens 

Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni 

Pechora, Anthus gustavi 

Red-throated, Anthus cervinus 

Sprague’s, Anthus spragueii 

Tree, Anthus trivialis 

[Water (see American)] 

PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis 

squatarola 

Collared, Charadrius collaris 

Common Ringed, Charadrius 

hiaticula 

[Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, 

Greater)] 

Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius 

[Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)] 

Mountain, Charadrius montanus 

Piping, Charadrius melodus 

Semipalmated, Charadrius 

semipalmatus 

Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus 

Wilson’s, Charadrius wilsonia 

POCHARD, Baer’s, Aythya baeri 

Common, Aythya ferina 

POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola 

bacchus 

POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus 

nuttallii 

POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma 

PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri 

PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica 

Horned, Fratercula corniculata 

Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata 

PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium 

brasilianum 

Northern, Glaucidium gnoma 

PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus 

QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon 

mystacea 

Key West, Geotrygon chrysia 

Ruddy, Geotrygon montana 

QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus 

RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis 

Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis 

Clapper, Rallus longirostris 

Guam, Gallirallus owstoni 

King, Rallus elegans 

Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus 

Virginia, Rallus limicola 

Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis 

RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus 

cryptoleucus 

Common, Corvus corax 

RAZORBILL, Alca torda 

REDHEAD, Aythya americana 

REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea 

Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni 

REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus 

REDSTART, American, Setophaga 

ruticilla 

Painted, Myioborus pictus 

Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus 

[REED-BUNTING, Common (see 

BUNTING, Reed)] 

[Pallas’ (see BUNTING, Pallas’s)] 

REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, 

Acrocephalus luscinia 

REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra 

REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis 

ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx 

californianus 

ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius 

Clay-colored, Turdus grayi 

Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus 

Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane 

White-throated, Turdus assimilis 

ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus 

erythrinus 

ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata 

Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis 

Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis 

RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia 

calliope 

RUFF, Philomachus pugnax 

SANDERLING, Calidris alba 

SANDPIPER, Baird’s, Calidris bairdii 

Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus 

Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis 

Common, Actitis hypoleucos 

Curlew, Calidris ferruginea 

Green, Tringa ochropus 

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9304 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

Least, Calidris minutilla 

Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis 

Pectoral, Calidris melanotos 

Purple, Calidris maritima 

Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis 

Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla 

Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata 

Solitary, Tringa solitaria 

[Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)] 

Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus 

pygmeus 

Spotted, Actitis macularius 

Stilt, Calidris himantopus 

Terek, Xenus cinereus 

Upland, Bartramia longicauda 

Western, Calidris mauri 

White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis 

Wood, Tringa glareola 

SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius 

leschenaultii 

Lesser, Charadrius mongolus 

SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, 

Sphyrapicus ruber 

Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis 

Williamson’s, Sphyrapicus thyroideus 

Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius 

SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila 

Lesser, Aythya affinis 

SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia 

SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra 

Surf, Melanitta perspicillata 

White-winged, Melanitta fusca 

SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops 

asio 

Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes 

Western, Megascops kennicottii 

Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis 

SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma 

coerulescens 

Island, Aphelocoma insularis 

Western, Aphelocoma californica 

SEA-EAGLE, Steller’s, Haliaeetus 

pelagicus 

SEEDEATER, White-collared, 

Sporophila torqueola 

SHEARWATER, Audubon’s, Puffinus 

lherminieri 

Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas 

Buller’s, Puffinus bulleri 

Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii 

Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis 

Cory’s, Calonectris diomedea 

Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes 

Greater, Puffinus gravis 

Little, Puffinus assimilis 

Manx, Puffinus puffinus 

Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus 

Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris 

Sooty, Puffinus griseus 

Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas 

Townsend’s, Puffinus auricularis 

Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus 

SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata 

SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus 

Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus 

Northern, Lanius excubitor 

SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys 

cinereus 

SISKIN, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus 

Pine, Carduelis pinus 

SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger 

SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua 

South Polar, Stercorarius 

maccormicki 

[SKYLARK, Eurasian (see LARK, Sky)] 

SMEW, Mergellus albellus 

SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago 

(rare in western Alaska; also see 

SNIPE, Wilson’s) 

Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus 

Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura 

Swinhoe’s, Gallinago megala 

Wilson’s, Gallinago delicata (the 

‘‘common’’ snipe hunted in most of 

the U.S.) 

SOLITAIRE, Townsend’s, Myadestes 

townsendi 

SORA, Porzana carolina 

SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella 

arborea 

Bachman’s, Aimophila aestivalis 

Baird’s, Ammodramus bairdii 

Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis 

Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata 

Botteri’s, Aimophila botterii 

Brewer’s, Spizella breweri 

Cassin’s, Aimophila cassinii 

Chipping, Spizella passerina 

Clay-colored, Spizella pallida 

Field, Spizella pusilla 

Five-striped, Aimophila 

quinquestriata 

Fox, Passerella iliaca 

Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia 

atricapilla 

Grasshopper, Ammodramus 

savannarum 

Harris’s, Zonotrichia querula 

Henslow’s, Ammodramus henslowii 

Lark, Chondestes grammacus 

Le Conte’s, Ammodramus leconteii 

Lincoln’s, Melospiza lincolnii 

Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus 

nelsoni 

Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus 

Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps 

Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis 

Sage, Amphispiza belli 

Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, 

Ammodramus caudacutus 

Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis 

Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus 

[Sharp-tailed (see Nelson’s Sharptailed and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed)] 

Song, Melospiza melodia 

Swamp, Melospiza georgiana 

Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus 

White-crowned, Zonotrichia 

leucophrys 

White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis 

Worthen’s, Spizella wortheni 

SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter 

gularis 

SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis 

portoricensis 

Western, Spindalis zena 

SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja 

STARLING, [Ashy (see White-cheeked)] 

Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus 

philippensis 

[Violet-backed (see Chestnutcheeked)] 

White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus 

STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, 

Heliomaster constantii 

STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus 

mexicanus 

Black-winged, Himantopus 

himantopus 

STINT, Little, Calidris minuta 

Long-toed, Calidris subminuta 

Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis 

[Rufous-necked (see Red-necked)] 

Temminck’s, Calidris temminckii 

STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus 

STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana 

STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma 

homochroa 

Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro 

Black, Oceanodroma melania 

Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica 

Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata 

Leach’s, Oceanodroma leucorhoa 

Least, Oceanodroma microsoma 

Matsudaira’s, Oceanodroma 

matsudairae 

Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa 

Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi 

[Sooty (see Tristram’s)] 

Tristram’s, Oceanodroma tristrami 

Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys 

White-faced, Pelagodroma marina 

White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria 

Wilson’s, Oceanites oceanicus 

SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata 

SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta 

cyaneoviridis 

Bank, Riparia riparia 

Barn, Hirundo rustica 

Cave, Petrochelidon fulva 

Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 

Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea 

Northern Rough-winged, 

Stelgidopteryx serripennis 

Tree, Tachycineta bicolor 

Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina 

SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio 

porphyrio 

SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator 

Tundra, Cygnus columbianus 

Whooper, Cygnus cygnus 

SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba 

[Antillean Palm (see PALM-SWIFT, 

Antillean)] 

Black, Cypseloides niger 

Chimney, Chaetura pelagica 

Common, Apus apus 

Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus 

Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura 

Vaux’s, Chaetura vauxi 

White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris 

White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis 

SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus 

bartschi 

White-rumped, Aerodramus 

spodiopygius 

TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga 

bidentata 

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Hepatic, Piranga flava 

Puerto Rican, Nesospingus 

speculiferus 

Scarlet, Piranga olivacea 

[Stripe-headed (see SPINDALIS, 

Puerto Rican and Western)] 

Summer, Piranga rubra 

Western, Piranga ludoviciana 

TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes 

Wandering, Tringa incana 

TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa 

Blue-winged, Anas discors 

Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera 

[Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)] 

Green-winged, Anas crecca 

TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus 

Arctic, Sterna paradisaea 

Black, Chlidonias niger 

Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana 

Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus 

Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia 

Common, Sterna hirundo 

Elegant, Thalasseus elegans 

Forster’s, Sterna forsteri 

Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus 

Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii 

Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica 

Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex 

Least, Sternula antillarum 

Little, Sternula albifrons 

Roseate, Sterna dougallii 

Royal, Thalleseus maximus 

Sandwich, Thalleseus sandvicensis 

Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus 

Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida 

White, Gygis alba 

White-winged, Chlidonias 

leucopterus 

THRASHER, Bendire’s, Toxostoma 

bendirei 

Brown, Toxostoma rufum 

California, Toxostoma redivivum 

Crissal, Toxostoma crissale 

Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre 

Le Conte’s, Toxostoma lecontei 

Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre 

Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus 

Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus 

THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola 

Bicknell’s, Catharus bicknelli 

Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius 

Dusky, Turdus naumanni 

Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus 

Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus 

[Hawaiian (see KAMAO, OLOMAO, 

and OMAO)] 

Hermit, Catharus guttatus 

Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus 

[Small Kauai (see PUAIOHI)] 

Swainson’s, Catharus ustulatus 

Varied, Ixoreus naevius 

Wood, Hylocichla mustelina 

[TIT, Siberian (see CHICKADEE, Grayheaded)] 

TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus 

atricristatus 

Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi 

Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi 

Oak, Baeolophus inornatus 

[Plain (see Juniper and Oak)] 

Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor 

TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata 

TOWHEE, Abert’s, Pipilo aberti 

[Brown (see California and Canyon)] 

California, Pipilo crissalis 

Canyon, Pipilo fuscus 

Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus 

Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus 

[Rufous-sided (see Eastern and 

Spotted)] 

Spotted, Pipilo maculatus 

[TREE-PIPIT, Olive (see PIPIT, Olivebacked)] 

TROGON, [Eared (see QUETZEL, 

Eared)] 

Elegant, Trogon elegans 

TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon 

aethereus 

Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda 

White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus 

TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria 

melanocephala 

Ruddy, Arenaria interpres 

TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia 

orientalis 

VEERY, Catharus fuscescens 

VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps 

VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus 

VIREO, Bell’s, Vireo bellii 

Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus 

Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus 

Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius 

Cassin’s, Vireo cassinii 

Gray, Vireo vicinior 

Hutton’s, Vireo huttoni 

Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus 

Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus 

Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri 

Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus 

[Solitary (see Blue-headed, Cassin’s, 

and Plumbeous)] 

Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris 

Warbling, Vireo gilvus 

White-eyed, Vireo griseus 

Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis 

Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons 

Yucatan, Vireo magister 

VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus 

Turkey, Cathartes aura 

WAGTAIL, [Black-backed (see White)] 

Citrine, Motacilla citreola 

Eastern Yellow, Motacilla 

tschutschensis 

Gray, Motacilla cinerea 

White, Motacilla alba 

[Yellow (see Eastern Yellow)] 

WARBLER, Adelaide’s, Dendroica 

adelaidae 

Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis 

Bachman’s, Vermivora bachmanii 

Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea 

Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia 

Black-throated Blue, Dendroica 

caerulescens 

Black-throated Gray, Dendroica 

nigrescens 

Black-throated Green, Dendroica 

virens 

Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca 

Blackpoll, Dendroica striata 

Blue-winged, Vermivora pinus 

Canada, Wilsonia canadensis 

Cape May, Dendroica tigrina 

Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea 

Chestnut-sided, Dendroica 

pensylvanica 

Colima, Vermivora crissalis 

Connecticut, Oporornis agilis 

Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa 

Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus 

Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae 

Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa 

Golden-cheeked, Dendroica 

chrysoparia 

Golden-crowned, Basileuterus 

culicivorus 

Golden-winged, Vermivora 

chrysoptera 

Grace’s, Dendroica graciae 

Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis 

Hooded, Wilsonia citrina 

Kentucky, Oporornis formosus 

Kirtland’s, Dendroica kirtlandii 

Lanceolated, Locustella lanceoloata 

Lucy’s, Vermivora luciae 

MacGillivray’s, Oporornis tolmiei 

Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia 

Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia 

Nashville, Vermivora ruficapilla 

Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus 

Orange-crowned, Vermivora celata 

Palm, Dendroica palmarum 

Pine, Dendroica pinus 

Prairie, Dendroica discolor 

Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea 

Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons 

Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons 

Swainson’s, Limnothlypis swainsonii 

Tennessee, Vermivora peregrina 

Townsend’s, Dendroica townsendi 

Virginia’s, Vermivora virginiae 

Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus 

Wilson’s, Wilsonia pusilla 

Wood, Phylloscopus siilatrix 

Worm-eating, Helmitheros 

vermivorum 

Yellow, Dendroica petechia 

Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus 

inornatus 

Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata 

Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica 

WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Seiurus 

motacilla 

Northern, Seiurus noveboracensis 

WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla 

garrulus 

Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum 

WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe 

oenanthe 

WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus 

WHIP-POOR-WILL, Caprimulgus 

vociferus 

WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, 

Dendrocygna autumnalis 

Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor 

West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea 

WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca 

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9306 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

WIGEON, American, Anas americana 

Eurasian, Anas penelope 

WILLET, Tringa semipalmata 

WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus 

virens 

Western, Contopus sordidulus 

WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax 

minor 

Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola 

WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes 

formicivorus 

American Three-toed, Picoides 

dorsalis 

Arizona, Picoides arizonae 

Black-backed, Picoides arcticus 

Downy, Picoides pubescens 

Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis 

Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons 

Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major 

Hairy, Picoides villosus 

Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis 

Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris 

Lewis’s, Melanerpes lewis 

Nuttall’s, Picoides nuttallii 

Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus 

Puerto Rican, Melanerpes 

portoricensis 

Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus 

Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis 

Red-headed, Melanerpes 

erythrocephalus 

[Strickland’s (see Arizona)] 

[Three-toed (see American Threetoed)] 

White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus 

WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox 

evelynae 

WREN, Bewick’s, Thryomanes bewickii 

Cactus, Campylorhynchus 

brunneicapillus 

Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus 

Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus 

House, Troglodytes aedon 

Marsh, Cistothorus palustris 

Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus 

Sedge, Cistothorus platensis 

Winter, Troglodytes troglodytes 

WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla 

YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa 

melanoleuca 

Lesser, Tringa flavipes 

YELLOWTHROAT, Common, 

Geothlypis trichas 

Gray-crowned, Geothlypis 

poliocephala 

(2) Taxonomic listing. Species are 

listed in phylogenetic sequence by 

scientific name, with the common 

(English) name following the scientific 

name. To help clarify species 

relationships, we also list the higherlevel taxonomic categories of Order, 

Family, and Subfamily. 

Order ANSERIFORMES 

Family ANATIDAE 

Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE 

Dendrocygna autumnalis, Blackbellied Whistling-Duck 

Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian 

Whistling-Duck 

Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous 

Whistling-Duck 

Subfamily ANSERINAE 

Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose 

Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose 

Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted 

Goose 

Anser erythropus, Lesser Whitefronted Goose 

Chen canagica, Emperor Goose 

Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose 

Chen rossii, Ross’s Goose 

Branta bernicla, Brant 

Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose 

Branta canadensis, Canada Goose 

(including Branta hutchinsii, 

Cackling Goose) 

Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose 

Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan 

Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan 

Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan 

Subfamily ANATINAE 

Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck 

Aix sponsa, Wood Duck 

Anas strepera, Gadwall 

Anas falcata, Falcated Duck 

Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon 

Anas americana, American Wigeon 

Anas rubripes, American Black Duck 

Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard 

Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck 

Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck 

Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck 

Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed 

Duck 

Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck 

Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal 

Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal 

Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler 

Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked 

Pintail 

Anas acuta, Northern Pintail 

Anas querquedula, Garganey 

Anas formosa, Baikal Teal 

Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal 

Aythya valisineria, Canvasback 

Aythya americana, Redhead 

Aythya ferina, Common Pochard 

Aythya baeri, Baer’s Pochard 

Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck 

Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck 

Aythya marila, Greater Scaup 

Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup 

Polysticta stelleri, Steller’s Eider 

Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider 

Somateria spectabilis, King Eider 

Somateria mollissima, Common Eider 

Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin 

Duck 

Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter 

Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter 

Melanitta nigra, Black Scoter 

Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck 

Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead 

Bucephala clangula, Common 

Goldeneye 

Bucephala islandica, Barrow’s 

Goldeneye 

Mergellus albellus, Smew 

Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded 

Merganser 

Mergus merganser, Common 

Merganser 

Mergus serrator, Red-breasted 

Merganser 

Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck 

Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck 

Order GAVIIFORMES 

Family GAVIIDAE 

Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon 

Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon 

Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon 

Gavia immer, Common Loon 

Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon 

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES 

Family PODICIPEDIDAE 

Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe 

Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed 

Grebe 

Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe 

Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe 

Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe 

Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western 

Grebe 

Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark’s Grebe 

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES 

Family DIOMEDEIDAE 

Thalassarche chlororhynchos, 

Yellow-nosed Albatross 

Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross 

Thalassarche melanophris, Blackbrowed Albatross 

Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled 

Albatross 

Diomedea exulans, Wandering 

Albatross 

Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan 

Albatross 

Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed 

Albatross 

Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed 

Albatross 

Family PROCELLARIIDAE 

Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar 

Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged 

Petrel 

Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel 

Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald 

Petrel 

Pterodroma ultima, Murphy’s Petrel 

Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled 

Petrel 

Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel 

Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped 

Petrel 

Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez 

Petrel 

Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian 

Petrel 

Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked 

Petrel 

Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel 

Pterodroma nigripennis, Blackwinged Petrel 

Pterodroma cookii, Cook’s Petrel 

Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger’s 

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Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 9307 

Petrel 

Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel 

Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould’s Petrel 

Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel 

Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer’s Petrel 

Bulweria fallax, Jouanin’s Petrel 

Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked 

Shearwater 

Calonectris diomedea, Cory’s 

Shearwater 

Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde 

Shearwater 

Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus gravis, Greater Shearwater 

Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus bulleri, Buller’s Shearwater 

Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater 

Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed 

Shearwater 

Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas 

Shearwater 

Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater 

Puffinus auricularis, Townsend’s 

Shearwater 

Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented 

Shearwater 

Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon’s 

Shearwater 

Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater 

Family HYDROBATIDAE 

Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson’s StormPetrel 

Pelagodroma marina, White-faced 

Storm-Petrel 

Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied StormPetrel 

Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied 

Storm-Petrel 

Nesofregetta fuiginosa, Polynesian 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma hornbyi, Ringed StormPetrel 

Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach’s 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma matsudairae, 

Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma melania, Black StormPetrel 

Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram’s 

Storm-Petrel 

Oceanodroma microsoma, Least 

Storm-Petrel 

Order PELECANIFORMES 

Family PHAETHONTIDAE 

Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed 

Tropicbird 

Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed 

Tropicbird 

Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed 

Tropicbird 

Family SULIDAE 

Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby 

Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby 

Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby 

Sula sula, Red-footed Booby 

Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet 

Family PELECANIDAE 

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American 

White Pelican 

Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown 

Pelican 

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE 

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little 

Pied Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt’s 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced 

Cormorant 

Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic 

Cormorant 

Family ANHINGIDAE 

Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga 

Family FREGATIDAE 

Fregata magnificens, Magnificent 

Frigatebird 

Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird 

Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird 

Order CICONIIFORMES 

Family ARDEIDAE 

Botaurus lentiginosus, American 

Bittern 

Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern 

Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern 

Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck’s 

Bittern 

Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern 

Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron 

Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron 

Ardea alba, Great Egret 

Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate 

Egret 

Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret 

Egretta garzetta, Little Egret 

Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret 

Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron 

Egretta thula, Snowy Egret 

Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron 

Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron 

Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret 

Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret 

Ardeola bacchus, Chinese PondHeron 

Butorides virescens, Green Heron 

Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned 

Night-Heron 

Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned 

Night-Heron 

Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese NightHeron 

Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan 

Night-Heron 

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE 

Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE 

Eudocimus albus, White Ibis 

Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis 

Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis 

Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis 

Subfamily PLATALEINAE 

Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill 

Family CICONIIDAE 

Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru 

Mycteria americana, Wood Stork 

Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES 

Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE 

Phoenicopterus ruber, Greater 

Flamingo 

Order FALCONIFORMES 

Family CATHARTIDAE 

Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture 

Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture 

Gymnogyps californianus, California 

Condor 

Family ACCIPITRIDAE 

Subfamily PANDIONINAE 

Pandion haliaetus, Osprey 

Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE 

Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hookbilled Kite 

Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed 

Kite 

Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite 

Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite 

Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi 

Kite 

Milvus migrans, Black Kite 

Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle 

Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed 

Eagle 

Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller’s SeaEagle 

Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier 

Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk 

Accipiter gularis, Japanese 

Sparrowhawk 

Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned 

Hawk 

Accipiter cooperii, Cooper’s Hawk 

Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk 

Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane 

Hawk 

Buteogallus anthracinus, Common 

Black-Hawk 

Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris’s Hawk 

Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk 

Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk 

Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged 

Hawk 

Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk 

Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk 

Buteo swainsoni, Swainson’s Hawk 

Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed 

Hawk 

Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk 

Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk 

Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk 

Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk 

Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk 

Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle 

Family FALCONIDAE 

Subfamily MICRASTURINAE 

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Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared 

Forest-Falcon 

Subfamily CARACARINAE 

Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara 

Subfamily FALCONINAE 

Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel 

Falco sparverius, American Kestrel 

Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon 

Falco columbarius, Merlin 

Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby 

Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon 

Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon 

Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon 

Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon 

Order GRUIFORMES 

Family RALLIDAE 

Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow 

Rail 

Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail 

Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded 

Rail 

Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail 

Crex crex, Corn Crake 

Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail 

Rallus elegans, King Rail 

Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail 

Porzana carolina, Sora 

Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake 

Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted 

Crake 

Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake 

Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail 

Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule 

Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple 

Swamphen 

Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule 

Gallinula chloropus, Common 

Moorhen 

Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot 

Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot 

Fulica americana, American Coot 

Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot 

Family ARAMIDAE 

Aramus guarauna, Limpkin 

Family GRUIDAE 

Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane 

Grus grus, Common Crane 

Grus americana, Whooping Crane 

Order CHARADRIIFORMES 

Family CHARADRIIDAE 

Subfamily VANELLINAE 

Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing 

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE 

Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied 

Plover 

Pluvialis apricaria, European GoldenPlover 

Pluvialis dominica, American GoldenPlover 

Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover 

Charadrius mongolus, Lesser SandPlover 

Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater 

Sand-Plover 

Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover 

Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy 

Plover 

Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson’s Plover 

Charadrius hiaticula, Common 

Ringed Plover 

Charadrius semipalmatus, 

Semipalmated Plover 

Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover 

Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed 

Plover 

Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer 

Charadrius montanus, Mountain 

Plover 

Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian 

Dotterel 

Family HAEMATOPODIDAE 

Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian 

Oystercatcher 

Haematopus palliatus, American 

Oystercatcher 

Haematopus bachmani, Black 

Oystercatcher 

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE 

Himantopus himantopus, Blackwinged Stilt 

Himantopus mexicanus, Blacknecked Stilt 

Recurvirostra americana, American 

Avocet 

Family JACANIDAE 

Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana 

Family SCOLOPACIDAE 

Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE 

Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper 

Actitis hypoleucos, Common 

Sandpiper 

Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper 

Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper 

Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper 

Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler 

Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler 

Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank 

Tringa melanoleuca, Greater 

Yellowlegs 

Tringa nebularia, Common 

Greenshank 

Tringa guttifer, Nordmann’s 

Greenshank 

Tringa semipalmata, Willet 

Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs 

Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper 

Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper 

Bartramia longicauda, Upland 

Sandpiper 

Numenius minutus, Little Curlew 

Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew 

Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel 

Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed 

Curlew 

Numenius madagascariensis, Far 

Eastern Curlew 

Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew 

Numenius americanus, Long-billed 

Curlew 

Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit 

Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian 

Godwit 

Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit 

Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit 

Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone 

Arenaria melanocephala, Black 

Turnstone 

Aphriza virgata, Surfbird 

Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot 

Calidris canutus, Red Knot 

Calidris alba, Sanderling 

Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated 

Sandpiper 

Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper 

Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint 

Calidris minuta, Little Stint 

Calidris temminckii, Temminck’s 

Stint 

Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint 

Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper 

Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped 

Sandpiper 

Calidris bairdii, Baird’s Sandpiper 

Calidris melanotos, Pectoral 

Sandpiper 

Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed 

Sandpiper 

Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper 

Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper 

Calidris alpina, Dunlin 

Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper 

Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper 

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoonbilled Sandpiper 

Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed 

Sandpiper 

Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted 

Sandpiper 

Philomachus pugnax, Ruff 

Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed 

Dowitcher 

Limnodromus scolopaceus, Longbilled Dowitcher 

Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe 

Gallinago delicata, Wilson’s Snipe 

(the ‘‘common’’ snipe hunted in 

most of the U.S.) 

Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe 

(rare in western Alaska; also see 

Gallinago delicata) 

Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe 

Gallinago megala, Swinhoe’s Snipe 

Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian 

Woodcock 

Scolopax minor, American Woodcock 

Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE 

Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson’s 

Phalarope 

Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked 

Phalarope 

Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope 

Family LARIDAE 

Subfamily LARINAE 

Larus atricilla, Laughing Gull 

Larus pipixcan, Franklin’s Gull 

Larus minutus, Little Gull 

Larus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull 

Larus philadelphia, Bonaparte’s Gull 

Larus heermanni, Heermann’s Gull 

Larus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded 

Gull 

Larus belcheri, Belcher’s Gull 

Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull 

Larus canus, Mew Gull 

Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull 

Larus californicus, California Gull 

Larus argentatus, Herring Gull 

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Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull 

Larus thayeri, Thayer’s Gull 

Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull 

Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed 

Gull 

Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull 

Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull 

Larus occidentalis, Western Gull 

Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged 

Gull 

Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull 

Larus marinus, Great Black-backed 

Gull 

Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull 

Xema sabini, Sabine’s Gull 

Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged 

Kittiwake 

Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged 

Kittiwake 

Rhodostethia rosea, Ross’s Gull 

Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull 

Subfamily STERNINAE 

Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy 

Anous minutus, Black Noddy 

Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray 

Noddy 

Gygis alba, White Tern 

Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern 

Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed 

Tern 

Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled 

Tern 

Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern 

Sternula albifrons, Little Tern 

Sternula antillarum, Least Tern 

Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern 

Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed 

Tern 

Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern 

Chlidonias niger, Black Tern 

Chlidonias leucopterus, Whitewinged Tern 

Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern 

Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern 

Sterna hirundo, Common Tern 

Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern 

Sterna forsteri, Forster’s Tern 

Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern 

Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern 

Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern 

Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich 

Tern 

Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern 

Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE 

Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer 

Family STERCORARIIDAE 

Stercorarius skua, Great Skua 

Stercorarius maccormicki, South 

Polar Skua 

Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine 

Jaeger 

Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic 

Jaeger 

Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed 

Jaeger 

Family ALCIDAE 

Alle alle, Dovekie 

Uria aalge, Common Murre 

Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre 

Alca torda, Razorbill 

Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot 

Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot 

Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed 

Murrelet 

Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled 

Murrelet 

Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz’s 

Murrelet 

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, 

Xantus’s Murrelet 

Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri’s 

Murrelet 

Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient 

Murrelet 

Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin’s 

Auklet 

Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet 

Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet 

Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet 

Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet 

Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros 

Auklet 

Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin 

Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin 

Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin 

Order COLUMBIFORMES 

Family COLUMBIDAE 

Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped 

Pigeon 

Patagioenas leucocephala, Whitecrowned Pigeon 

Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed 

Pigeon 

Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon 

Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed 

Pigeon 

Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental 

Turtle-Dove 

Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove 

Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove 

Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove 

Columbina inca, Inca Dove 

Columbina passerina, Common 

Ground-Dove 

Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy GroundDove 

Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped 

Dove 

Geotrygon chrysia, Key West QuailDove 

Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled QuailDove 

Geotrygon montana, Ruddy QuailDove 

Gallicolumba xanthonura, Whitethroated Ground-Dove 

Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly GroundDove 

Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored 

Fruit-Dove 

Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana FruitDove 

Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimsoncrowned Fruit-Dove 

Ducula pacifica, Pacific ImperialPigeon 

Order CUCULIFORMES 

Family CUCULIDAE 

Subfamily CUCULINAE 

Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo 

Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo 

Cuculus fugax, Hodgson’s HawkCuckoo 

Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed 

Cuckoo 

Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo 

Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Blackbilled Cuckoo 

Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican 

Lizard-Cuckoo 

Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE 

Geococcyx californianus, Greater 

Roadrunner 

Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE 

Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani 

Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed 

Ani 

Order STRIGIFORMES 

Family TYTONIDAE 

Tyto alba, Barn Owl 

Family STRIGIDAE 

Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl 

Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl 

Megascops kennicottii, Western 

Screech-Owl 

Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl 

Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered 

Screech-Owl 

Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican 

Screech-Owl 

Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl 

Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl 

Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl 

Glaucidium gnoma, Northern PygmyOwl 

Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous 

Pygmy-Owl 

Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl 

Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl 

Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl 

Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl 

Strix varia, Barred Owl 

Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl 

Asio otus, Long-eared Owl 

Asio stygius, Stygian Owl 

Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl 

Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl 

Aegolius acadicus, Northern Sawwhet Owl 

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES 

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE 

Subfamily CHORDEILINAE 

Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser 

Nighthawk 

Chordeiles minor, Common 

Nighthawk 

Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean 

Nighthawk 

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE 

Nyctidromus albicollis, Common 

Pauraque 

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common 

Poorwill 

Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuckwill’s-widow 

Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared 

Nightjar 

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Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poorwill 

Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto 

Rican Nightjar 

Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar 

Order APODIFORMES 

Family APODIDAE 

Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE 

Cypseloides niger, Black Swift 

Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared 

Swift 

Subfamily CHAETURINAE 

Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift 

Chaetura vauxi, Vaux’s Swift 

Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed 

Swift 

Hirundapus caudacutus, Whitethroated Needletail 

Aerodramus spodiopygius, Whiterumped Swiftlet 

Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana 

Swiftlet 

Subfamily APODINAE 

Apus apus, Common Swift 

Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift 

Apus melba, Alpine Swift 

Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated 

Swift 

Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean 

Palm-Swift 

Family TROCHILIDAE 

Subfamily TROCHILINAE 

Colibri thalassinus, Green Violet-ear 

Anthracothorax prevostii, Greenbreasted Mango 

Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean 

Mango 

Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango 

Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated 

Carib 

Eulampis holosericeus, Greenthroated Carib 

Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean 

Crested Hummingbird 

Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican 

Emerald 

Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed 

Hummingbird 

Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared 

Hummingbird 

Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus’s 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia beryllina, Berylline 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon 

Hummingbird 

Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned 

Hummingbird 

Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated 

Hummingbird 

Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent 

Hummingbird 

Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped 

Starthroat 

Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama 

Woodstar 

Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer 

Hummingbird 

Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated 

Hummingbird 

Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned 

Hummingbird 

Calypte anna, Anna’s Hummingbird 

Calypte costae, Costa’s Hummingbird 

Stellula calliope, Calliope 

Hummingbird 

Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee 

Hummingbird 

Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed 

Hummingbird 

Selasphorus rufus, Rufous 

Hummingbird 

Selasphorus sasin, Allen’s 

Hummingbird 

Order TROGONIFORMES 

Family TROGONIDAE 

Subfamily TROGONINAE 

Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon 

Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel 

Order UPUPIFORMES 

Family UPUPIDAE 

Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe 

Order CORACIIFORMES 

Family ALCEDINIDAE 

Subfamily HALCYONINAE 

Todirhamphus cinnamominus, 

Micronesian Kingfisher 

Todirhamphus chloris, Collared 

Kingfisher 

Subfamily CERYLINAE 

Megaceryle torquata, Ringed 

Kingfisher 

Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher 

Chloroceryle americana, Green 

Kingfisher 

Order PICIFORMES 

Family PICIDAE 

Subfamily JYNGINAE 

Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck 

Subfamily PICINAE 

Melanerpes lewis, Lewis’s 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto 

Rican Woodpecker 

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Redheaded Woodpecker 

Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted 

Woodpecker 

Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied 

Woodpecker 

Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson’s 

Sapsucker 

Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied 

Sapsucker 

Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped 

Sapsucker 

Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted 

Sapsucker 

Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted 

Woodpecker 

Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed 

Woodpecker 

Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall’s 

Woodpecker 

Picoides pubescens, Downy 

Woodpecker 

Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker 

Picoides arizonae, Arizona 

Woodpecker 

Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded 

Woodpecker 

Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed 

Woodpecker 

Picoides dorsalis, American Threetoed Woodpecker 

Picoides arcticus, Black-backed 

Woodpecker 

Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker 

Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker 

Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated 

Woodpecker 

Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed 

Woodpecker 

Order PASSERIFORMES 

Family TYRANNIDAE 

Subfamily ELAENIINAE 

Camptostoma imberbe, Northern 

Beardless-Tyrannulet 

Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish 

Elaenia 

Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia 

Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE 

Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted 

Flycatcher 

Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided 

Flycatcher 

Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee 

Contopus sordidulus, Western WoodPewee 

Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee 

Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee 

Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan 

Pewee 

Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean 

Pewee 

Empidonax flaviventris, Yellowbellied Flycatcher 

Empidonax virescens, Acadian 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax alnorum, Alder 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher 

Empidonax minimus, Least 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax hammondii, Hammond’s 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher 

Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran 

Flycatcher 

Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted 

Flycatcher 

Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe 

Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe 

Sayornis saya, Say’s Phoebe 

Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion 

Flycatcher 

Subfamily TYRANNINAE 

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Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting’s 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra’s 

Flycatcher 

Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican 

Flycatcher 

Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee 

Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher 

Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphurbellied Flycatcher 

Legatus leucophalus, Piratic 

Flycatcher 

Empidonomus varius, Variegated 

Flycatcher 

Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus couchii, Couch’s Kingbird 

Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin’s 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird 

Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird 

Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead 

Kingbird 

Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed 

Flycatcher 

Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed 

Flycatcher 

Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated 

Becard 

Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra 

Family LANIIDAE 

Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike 

Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead 

Shrike 

Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike 

Family VIREONIDAE 

Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo 

Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo 

Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo 

Vireo bellii, Bell’s Vireo 

Vireo atricapillus, Black-capped Vireo 

Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo 

Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated 

Vireo 

Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo 

Vireo cassinii, Cassin’s Vireo 

Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo 

Vireo huttoni, Hutton’s Vireo 

Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo 

Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia 

Vireo 

Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo 

Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo 

Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered 

Vireo 

Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo 

Family CORVIDAE 

Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay 

Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller’s Jay 

Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay 

Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay 

Cyanocorax morio, Brown Jay 

Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida 

Scrub-Jay 

Aphelocoma insularis, Island ScrubJay 

Aphelocoma californica, Western 

Scrub-Jay 

Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican 

Jay 

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon 

Jay 

Nucifraga columbiana, Clark’s 

Nutcracker 

Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie 

Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie 

Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow 

Corvus brachyrhynchos, American 

Crow 

Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow 

Corvus leucognaphalus, Whitenecked Crow 

Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow 

Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow 

Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow 

Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan 

Raven 

Corvus corax, Common Raven 

Family ALAUDIDAE 

Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark 

Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark 

Family HIRUNDINIDAE 

Subfamily HIRUNDININAE 

Progne subis, Purple Martin 

Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin 

Progne dominicensis, Caribbean 

Martin 

Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted 

Martin 

Progne elegans, Southern Martin 

Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin 

Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow 

Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove 

Swallow 

Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green 

Swallow 

Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama 

Swallow 

Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern 

Rough-winged Swallow 

Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow 

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff 

Swallow 

Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow 

Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow 

Delichon urbicum, Common HouseMartin 

Family PARIDAE 

Poecile carolinensis, Carolina 

Chickadee 

Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped 

Chickadee 

Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee 

Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee 

Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed 

Chickadee 

Poecile hudsonica, Boreal Chickadee 

Poecile cincta, Gray-headed 

Chickadee 

Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled 

Titmouse 

Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse 

Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper 

Titmouse 

Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse 

Baeolophus atricristatus, Blackcrested Titmouse 

Family REMIZIDAE 

Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin 

Family AEGITHALIDAE 

Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit 

Family SITTIDAE 

Subfamily SITTINAE 

Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted 

Nuthatch 

Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted 

Nuthatch 

Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch 

Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch 

Family CERTHIIDAE 

Subfamily CERTHIINAE 

Certhia americana, Brown Creeper 

Family TROGLODYTIDAE 

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, 

Cactus Wren 

Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren 

Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren 

Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina 

Wren 

Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick’s Wren 

Troglodytes aedon, House Wren 

Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren 

Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren 

Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren 

Family CINCLIDAE 

Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper 

Family REGULIDAE 

Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned 

Kinglet 

Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned 

Kinglet 

Family SYLVIIDAE 

Subfamily SYLVIINAE 

Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff’s 

Grasshopper-Warbler 

Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated 

Warbler 

Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale 

Reed-Warbler 

Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird 

Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow 

Warbler 

Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood 

Warbler 

Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler 

Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellowbrowed Warbler 

Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler 

Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat 

Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE 

Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray 

Gnatcatcher 

Polioptila californica, California 

Gnatcatcher 

Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed 

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9312 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

Gnatcatcher 

Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped 

Gnatcatcher 

Family MUSCICAPIDAE 

Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus 

Flycatcher 

Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked 

Flycatcher 

Family TURDIDAE 

Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat 

Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat 

Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin 

Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock 

Thrush 

Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked 

Bluetail 

Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern 

Wheatear 

Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat 

Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird 

Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird 

Sialia currucoides, Mountain 

Bluebird 

Myadestes townsendi, Townsend’s 

Solitaire 

Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao 

Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao 

Myadestes obscurus, Omao 

Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi 

Catharus aurantiirostris, Orangebilled Nightingale-Thrush 

Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed 

Nightingale-Thrush 

Catharus fuscescens, Veery 

Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked 

Thrush 

Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell’s Thrush 

Catharus ustulatus, Swainson’s 

Thrush 

Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush 

Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush 

Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush 

Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush 

Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare 

Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Robin 

Turdus assimilis, White-throated 

Robin 

Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed 

Robin 

Turdus migratorius, American Robin 

Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush 

Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush 

Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush 

Family MIMIDAE 

Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird 

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black 

Catbird 

Mimus polyglottos, Northern 

Mockingbird 

Mimus gundlachii, Bahama 

Mockingbird 

Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher 

Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher 

Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire’s 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma redivivum, California 

Thrasher 

Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher 

Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte’s 

Thrasher 

Melanotis caerulescens, Blue 

Mockingbird 

Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed 

Thrasher 

Family STURNIDAE 

Sturnus philippensis, Chestnutcheeked Starling 

Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked 

Starling 

Family PRUNELLIDAE 

Prunella montanella, Siberian 

Accentor 

Family MOTACILLIDAE 

Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern 

Yellow Wagtail 

Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail 

Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail 

Motacilla alba, White Wagtail 

Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit 

Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit 

Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit 

Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit 

Anthus rubescens, American Pipit 

Anthus spragueii, Sprague’s Pipit 

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE 

Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian 

Waxwing 

Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar 

Waxwing 

Family PTILOGONATIDAE 

Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silkyflycatcher 

Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla 

Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE 

Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive 

Warbler 

Family PARULIDAE 

Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman’s 

Warbler 

Vermivora pinus, Blue-winged 

Warbler 

Vermivora chrysoptera, Goldenwinged Warbler 

Vermivora peregrina, Tennessee 

Warbler 

Vermivora celata, Orange-crowned 

Warbler 

Vermivora ruficapilla, Nashville 

Warbler 

Vermivora virginiae, Virginia’s 

Warbler 

Vermivora crissalis, Colima Warbler 

Vermivora luciae, Lucy’s Warbler 

Parula superciliosa, Crescent-chested 

Warbler 

Parula americana, Northern Parula 

Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula 

Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler 

Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnutsided Warbler 

Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia 

Warbler 

Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler 

Dendroica caerulescens, Blackthroated Blue Warbler 

Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped 

Warbler 

Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated 

Gray Warbler 

Dendroica chrysoparia, Goldencheeked Warbler 

Dendroica virens, Black-throated 

Green Warbler 

Dendroica townsendi, Townsend’s 

Warbler 

Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit 

Warbler 

Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian 

Warbler 

Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated 

Warbler 

Dendroica graciae, Grace’s Warbler 

Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide’s 

Warbler 

Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler 

Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland’s 

Warbler 

Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler 

Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler 

Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted 

Warbler 

Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler 

Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler 

Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods 

Warbler 

Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white 

Warbler 

Setophaga ruticilla, American 

Redstart 

Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary 

Warbler 

Helmitheros vermivorum, Wormeating Warbler 

Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson’s 

Warbler 

Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird 

Seiurus noveboracensis, Northern 

Waterthrush 

Seiurus motacilla, Louisiana 

Waterthrush 

Oporornis formosus, Kentucky 

Warbler 

Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler 

Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning 

Warbler 

Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray’s 

Warbler 

Geothlypis trichas, Common 

Yellowthroat 

Geothlypis poliocephala, Graycrowned Yellowthroat 

Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler 

Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson’s Warbler 

Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler 

Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced 

Warbler 

Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart 

Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated 

Redstart 

Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed 

Warbler 

Basileuterus culicivorus, Goldencrowned Warbler 

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Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped 

Warbler 

Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat 

Family THRAUPIDAE 

Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto 

Rican Tanager 

Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager 

Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager 

Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager 

Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager 

Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored 

Tanager 

Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis 

Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican 

Spindalis 

Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia 

Family EMBERIZIDAE 

Sporophila torqueola, White-collared 

Seedeater 

Tiaris olivacea, Yellow-faced 

Grassquit 

Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit 

Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican 

Bullfinch 

Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive 

Sparrow 

Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee 

Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee 

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern 

Towhee 

Pipilo fuscus, Canyon Towhee 

Pipilo crissalis, California Towhee 

Pipilo aberti, Abert’s Towhee 

Aimophila carpalis, Rufous-winged 

Sparrow 

Aimophila cassinii, Cassin’s Sparrow 

Aimophila aestivalis, Bachman’s 

Sparrow 

Aimophila botterii, Botteri’s Sparrow 

Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned 

Sparrow 

Aimophila quinquestriata, Fivestriped Sparrow 

Spizella arborea, American Tree 

Sparrow 

Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow 

Spizella pallida, Clay-colored 

Sparrow 

Spizella breweri, Brewer’s Sparrow 

Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow 

Spizella wortheni, Worthen’s Sparrow 

Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned 

Sparrow 

Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow 

Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow 

Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated 

Sparrow 

Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow 

Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark 

Bunting 

Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus savannarum, 

Grasshopper Sparrow 

Ammodramus bairdii, Baird’s 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow’s 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte’s 

Sparrow 

Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson’s 

Sharp-tailed Sparrow 

Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh 

Sharp-tailed Sparrow 

Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside 

Sparrow 

Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow 

Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow 

Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln’s 

Sparrow 

Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow 

Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated 

Sparrow 

Zonotrichia querula, Harris’s Sparrow 

Zonotrichia leucophrys, Whitecrowned Sparrow 

Zonotrichia atricapilla, Goldencrowned Sparrow 

Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco 

Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco 

Calcarius mccownii, McCown’s 

Longspur 

Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland 

Longspur 

Calcarius pictus, Smith’s Longspur 

Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared 

Longspur 

Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine 

Bunting 

Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting 

Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting 

Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated 

Bunting 

Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted 

Bunting 

Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting 

Emberiza pallasi, Pallas’s Bunting 

Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting 

Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting 

Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay’s 

Bunting 

Family CARDINALIDAE 

Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimsoncollared Grosbeak 

Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern 

Cardinal 

Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia 

Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow 

Grosbeak 

Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rosebreasted Grosbeak 

Pheucticus melanocephalus, Blackheaded Grosbeak 

Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting 

Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak 

Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting 

Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting 

Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting 

Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting 

Spiza americana, Dickcissel 

Family ICTERIDAE 

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink 

Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged 

Blackbird 

Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored 

Blackbird 

Agelaius humeralis, Tawnyshouldered Blackbird 

Agelaius xanthomus, Yellowshouldered Blackbird 

Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark 

Sturnella neglecta, Western 

Meadowlark 

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 

Yellow-headed Blackbird 

Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird 

Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer’s 

Blackbird 

Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle 

Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle 

Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed 

Grackle 

Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean 

Grackle 

Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny 

Cowbird 

Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird 

Molothrus ater, Brown-headed 

Cowbird 

Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole 

Icterus dominicensis, Greater 

Antillean Oriole 

Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole 

Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole 

Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed 

Oriole 

Icterus bullockii, Bullock’s Oriole 

Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole 

Icterus graduacauda, Audubon’s 

Oriole 

Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole 

Icterus parisorum, Scott’s Oriole 

Family FRINGILLIDAE 

Subfamily FRINGILLINAE 

Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch 

Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling 

Subfamily CARDUELINAE 

Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned 

Rosy-Finch 

Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch 

Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped 

Rosy-Finch 

Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak 

Carpodacus erythrinus, Common 

Rosefinch 

Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch 

Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin’s Finch 

Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch 

Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill 

Loxia leucoptera, White-winged 

Crossbill 

Carduelis flammea, Common Redpoll 

Carduelis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll 

Carduelis spinus, Eurasian Siskin 

Carduelis pinus, Pine Siskin 

Carduelis psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch 

Carduelis lawrencei, Lawrence’s 

Goldfinch 

Carduelis tristis, American Goldfinch 

Carduelis sinica, Oriental Greenfinch 

Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch 

Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening 

Grosbeak 

Coccothraustes coccothraustes, 

Hawfinch 

Subfamily DREPANIDINAE 

Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch 

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9314 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 39 / Monday, March 1, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch 

Psittirostra psittacea, Ou 

Loxioides bailleui, Palila 

Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui 

Parrotbill 

Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi 

Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi 

Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai 

Amakihi 

Hemignathus ellisianus, Greater 

Akialoa 

Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu 

Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau 

Magumma parva, Anianiau 

Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki 

Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper 

Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu 

Alauahio 

Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie 

Paroreomyza montana, Maui 

Alauahio 

Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee 

Loxops coccineus, Akepa 

Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi 

Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe 

Himatione sanguinea, Apapane 

Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli 

Dated: February 3, 2010. 

Thomas L. Strickland, 

Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and 

Parks. 

[FR Doc. 2010–3294 Filed 2–26–10; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fish and Wildlife Service 

50 CFR Part 21 

Docket Number [FWS–R9–MB–2007–0018; 

91200–1231–9BPP] 

RIN 1018–AV33 

Migratory Bird Permits; Control of 

Purple Swamphens 

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Interior. 

ACTION: Final rule. 

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, change the regulations 

governing control of depredating or 

introduced migratory birds. The purple 

swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) is not 

native to any State, and competes with 

native species. However, we have added 

it to the list of species protected under 

our Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) 

obligations because it occurs naturally 

in the U.S. Territories of American 

Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, 

Guam, and the Commonwealth of the 

Northern Mariana Islands. We amend 

the regulations to allow removal of 

purple swamphens without a Federal 

permit in the following areas where the 

species is not native: the contiguous 

United States, Hawaii, Alaska, the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the 

U.S. Virgin Islands. This rule also 

requires the use of nontoxic shot or 

bullets if firearms are used to control 

purple swamphens. 

DATES: This rule will be effective on 

March 31, 2010. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. 

George T. Allen, Division of Migratory 

Bird Management, U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, 703–358–1825. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background 

The Fish and Wildlife Service is the 

Federal agency delegated the primary 

responsibility for managing migratory 

birds. This delegation is authorized by 

the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.), which 

implements conventions with Great 

Britain (for Canada), Mexico, Japan, and 

the Soviet Union (Russia). 

We implement the MBTA through 

regulations found in title 50 of the Code 

of Federal Regulations (CFR). In 50 CFR 

10.13, we list all species of migratory 

birds protected by the MBTA that are 

subject to the regulations protecting 

migratory birds in title 50, subchapter B 

(Taking, Possession, Transportation, 

Sale, Purchase, Barter, Exportation, and 

Importation of Wildlife and Plants). In 

50 CFR part 13 (General Permit 

Procedures) and part 21 (Migratory Bird 

Permits), regulations allow us to issue 

permits for certain activities otherwise 

prohibited in regard to migratory birds. 

In part 21, we issue permits for the 

taking, possession, transportation, sale, 

purchase, barter, importation, 

exportation, and banding and marking 

of migratory birds. We also provide 

certain exceptions to permit 

requirements for public, scientific, or 

educational institutions, and establish 

depredation and control orders that 

provide limited exceptions to the 

MBTA. 

Purple Swamphen 

The purple swamphen, a chickensized bird in the family Rallidae, is 

native to the Old World. In the United 

States and its territories, it is native only 

in American Samoa, Baker and 

Howland Islands, Guam, and the 

Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt et al. 

1987). Because of the species’ 

occurrence in these territories, it is 

protected under the MBTA Act 

(effective March 1, 2010.) Therefore, we 

included this species in the proposed 

rule (71 FR 50194, August 24, 2006) to 

revise the list of migratory birds found 

at 50 CFR 10.13. We proposed to add 

the species to the list because it is in a 

group of species that belong to families 

protected under treaties with Canada 

and Mexico. 

The purple swamphen was 

introduced in southern Florida through 

escapes from aviculturalists and from 

the Miami Metro Zoo in the early 1990s 

(Anonymous 2007). In Florida, the 

purple swamphen competes with native 

species and may impact the plant life of 

wetlands (Anonymous 2007). The 

purple swamphen has an international 

reputation for eating eggs and chicks, 

including ducklings, of other ground or 

near-ground nesting species 

(Anonymous 2007). As far as we know, 

counties in the southern half of Florida 

are the only place in the contiguous 

United States, Hawaii, Alaska, the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the 

U.S. Virgin Islands where the purple 

swamphen is found. 

This Control Order allows the 

removal of introduced purple 

swamphens in the contiguous United 

States, Alaska, Hawaii, the 

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the 

U.S. Virgin Islands from any location 

where they are found. This removal is 

in keeping with our other actions to 

reduce the spread of introduced species 

that compete with native species or 

harm habitats that they use. (see 

http://www.fws.gov/invasives/). 

Comments on the Proposed Rule 

We received two comments on the 

proposed rule published on August 22, 

2008 (70 FR 49631–49634). One 

commenter stated that (1) purple 

swamphens are not migratory and (2) 

are invasive and should be removed. 

Though the species is a migratory bird 

species under the MBTA, it is invasive 

in the continental U.S. and other 

locations outside its native range. We 

agree with the commenter’s assertion 

that the species should be removed 

where it has been introduced by 

humans. 

A State agency requested that ‘‘the 

requirement to bury or incinerate 

carcasses be removed. The nature of 

control programs, i.e., shooting purple 

swamphens in heavily vegetated habitat, 

precludes this as a practical disposal 

method.’’ We changed this rule to 

accommodate this request. 

Required Determinations 

Regulatory Planning and Review 

In accordance with the criteria in 

Executive Order 12866, this rule is not 

a significant regulatory action. The 

Office of Management and Budget 

makes the final determination of 

significance under E.O. 12866. 

a. This rule will not raise novel legal 

or policy issues. The provisions are in 

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