Page 113 TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES § 801

(C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory

right;

(D) without observance of procedure required by law;

(E) unsupported by substantial evidence in

a case subject to sections 556 and 557 of this

title or otherwise reviewed on the record of

an agency hearing provided by statute; or

(F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent

that the facts are subject to trial de novo by

the reviewing court.

In making the foregoing determinations, the

court shall review the whole record or those

parts of it cited by a party, and due account

shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error.

(Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 393.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Derivation U.S. Code Revised Statutes and

Statutes at Large

.................. 5 U.S.C. 1009(e). June 11, 1946, ch. 324, §10(e),

60 Stat. 243.

Standard changes are made to conform with the definitions applicable and the style of this title as outlined

in the preface of this report.

ABBREVIATION OF RECORD

Pub. L. 85–791, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 941, which authorized abbreviation of record on review or enforcement of orders of administrative agencies and review

on the original papers, provided, in section 35 thereof,

that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] shall not

be construed to repeal or modify any provision of the

Administrative Procedure Act [see Short Title note set

out preceding section 551 of this title].’’

CHAPTER 8—CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW OF

AGENCY RULEMAKING

Sec.

801. Congressional review.

802. Congressional disapproval procedure.

803. Special rule on statutory, regulatory, and judicial deadlines.

804. Definitions.

805. Judicial review.

806. Applicability; severability.

807. Exemption for monetary policy.

808. Effective date of certain rules.

§ 801. Congressional review

(a)(1)(A) Before a rule can take effect, the Federal agency promulgating such rule shall submit

to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General a report containing—

(i) a copy of the rule;

(ii) a concise general statement relating to

the rule, including whether it is a major rule;

and

(iii) the proposed effective date of the rule.

(B) On the date of the submission of the report

under subparagraph (A), the Federal agency promulgating the rule shall submit to the Comptroller General and make available to each

House of Congress—

(i) a complete copy of the cost-benefit analysis of the rule, if any;

(ii) the agency’s actions relevant to sections

603, 604, 605, 607, and 609;

(iii) the agency’s actions relevant to sections 202, 203, 204, and 205 of the Unfunded

Mandates Reform Act of 1995; and

(iv) any other relevant information or requirements under any other Act and any relevant Executive orders.

(C) Upon receipt of a report submitted under

subparagraph (A), each House shall provide copies of the report to the chairman and ranking

member of each standing committee with jurisdiction under the rules of the House of Representatives or the Senate to report a bill to

amend the provision of law under which the rule

is issued.

(2)(A) The Comptroller General shall provide a

report on each major rule to the committees of

jurisdiction in each House of the Congress by

the end of 15 calendar days after the submission

or publication date as provided in section

802(b)(2). The report of the Comptroller General

shall include an assessment of the agency’s compliance with procedural steps required by paragraph (1)(B).

(B) Federal agencies shall cooperate with the

Comptroller General by providing information

relevant to the Comptroller General’s report

under subparagraph (A).

(3) A major rule relating to a report submitted

under paragraph (1) shall take effect on the latest of—

(A) the later of the date occurring 60 days

after the date on which—

(i) the Congress receives the report submitted under paragraph (1); or

(ii) the rule is published in the Federal

Register, if so published;

(B) if the Congress passes a joint resolution

of disapproval described in section 802 relating

to the rule, and the President signs a veto of

such resolution, the earlier date—

(i) on which either House of Congress votes

and fails to override the veto of the President; or

(ii) occurring 30 session days after the date

on which the Congress received the veto and

objections of the President; or

(C) the date the rule would have otherwise

taken effect, if not for this section (unless a

joint resolution of disapproval under section

802 is enacted).

(4) Except for a major rule, a rule shall take

effect as otherwise provided by law after submission to Congress under paragraph (1).

(5) Notwithstanding paragraph (3), the effective date of a rule shall not be delayed by operation of this chapter beyond the date on which

either House of Congress votes to reject a joint

resolution of disapproval under section 802.

(b)(1) A rule shall not take effect (or continue), if the Congress enacts a joint resolution

of disapproval, described under section 802, of

the rule.

(2) A rule that does not take effect (or does not

continue) under paragraph (1) may not be reissued in substantially the same form, and a new

rule that is substantially the same as such a

rule may not be issued, unless the reissued or

new rule is specifically authorized by a law enacted after the date of the joint resolution disapproving the original rule.

(c)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of

this section (except subject to paragraph (3)), a
§ 801 TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES Page 114

rule that would not take effect by reason of subsection (a)(3) may take effect, if the President

makes a determination under paragraph (2) and

submits written notice of such determination to

the Congress.

(2) Paragraph (1) applies to a determination

made by the President by Executive order that

the rule should take effect because such rule is—

(A) necessary because of an imminent threat

to health or safety or other emergency;

(B) necessary for the enforcement of criminal laws;

(C) necessary for national security; or

(D) issued pursuant to any statute implementing an international trade agreement.

(3) An exercise by the President of the authority under this subsection shall have no effect on

the procedures under section 802 or the effect of

a joint resolution of disapproval under this section.

(d)(1) In addition to the opportunity for review

otherwise provided under this chapter, in the

case of any rule for which a report was submitted in accordance with subsection (a)(1)(A) during the period beginning on the date occurring—

(A) in the case of the Senate, 60 session days,

or

(B) in the case of the House of Representatives, 60 legislative days,

before the date the Congress adjourns a session

of Congress through the date on which the same

or succeeding Congress first convenes its next

session, section 802 shall apply to such rule in

the succeeding session of Congress.

(2)(A) In applying section 802 for purposes of

such additional review, a rule described under

paragraph (1) shall be treated as though—

(i) such rule were published in the Federal

Register (as a rule that shall take effect) on—

(I) in the case of the Senate, the 15th session day, or

(II) in the case of the House of Representatives, the 15th legislative day,

after the succeeding session of Congress first

convenes; and

(ii) a report on such rule were submitted to

Congress under subsection (a)(1) on such date.

(B) Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to affect the requirement under subsection (a)(1) that a report shall be submitted to

Congress before a rule can take effect.

(3) A rule described under paragraph (1) shall

take effect as otherwise provided by law (including other subsections of this section).

(e)(1) For purposes of this subsection, section

802 shall also apply to any major rule promulgated between March 1, 1996, and the date of the

enactment of this chapter.

(2) In applying section 802 for purposes of Congressional review, a rule described under paragraph (1) shall be treated as though—

(A) such rule were published in the Federal

Register on the date of enactment of this

chapter; and

(B) a report on such rule were submitted to

Congress under subsection (a)(1) on such date.

(3) The effectiveness of a rule described under

paragraph (1) shall be as otherwise provided by

law, unless the rule is made of no force or effect

under section 802.

(f) Any rule that takes effect and later is made

of no force or effect by enactment of a joint resolution under section 802 shall be treated as

though such rule had never taken effect.

(g) If the Congress does not enact a joint resolution of disapproval under section 802 respecting a rule, no court or agency may infer any intent of the Congress from any action or inaction

of the Congress with regard to such rule, related

statute, or joint resolution of disapproval.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 868.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

Sections 202, 203, 204, and 205 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995, referred to in subsec.

(a)(1)(B)(iii), are classified to sections 1532, 1533, 1534,

and 1535, respectively, of Title 2, The Congress.

The date of the enactment of this chapter, referred to

in subsec. (e)(1), (2), is the date of the enactment of

Pub. L. 104–121, which was approved Mar. 29, 1996.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section 252 of Pub. L. 104–121 provided that: ‘‘The

amendment made by section 351 [probably means section 251, enacting this chapter] shall take effect on the

date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 29, 1996].’’

TRUTH IN REGULATING

Pub. L. 106–312, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1248, as amended by Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814,

provided that:

‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Truth in Regulating

Act of 2000’.

‘‘SEC. 2. PURPOSES.

‘‘The purposes of this Act are to—

‘‘(1) increase the transparency of important regulatory decisions;

‘‘(2) promote effective congressional oversight to

ensure that agency rules fulfill statutory requirements in an efficient, effective, and fair manner; and

‘‘(3) increase the accountability of Congress and the

agencies to the people they serve.

‘‘SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

‘‘In this Act, the term—

‘‘(1) ‘agency’ has the meaning given such term

under section 551(1) of title 5, United States Code;

‘‘(2) ‘economically significant rule’ means any proposed or final rule, including an interim or direct

final rule, that may have an annual effect on the

economy of $100,000,000 or more or adversely affect in

a material way the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or communities; and

‘‘(3) ‘independent evaluation’ means a substantive

evaluation of the agency’s data, methodology, and assumptions used in developing the economically significant rule, including—

‘‘(A) an explanation of how any strengths or

weaknesses in those data, methodology, and assumptions support or detract from conclusions

reached by the agency; and

‘‘(B) the implications, if any, of those strengths

or weaknesses for the rulemaking.

‘‘SEC. 4. PILOT PROJECT FOR REPORT ON RULES.

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—

‘‘(1) REQUEST FOR REVIEW.—When an agency publishes an economically significant rule, a chairman

or ranking member of a committee of jurisdiction of

either House of Congress may request the Comptroller General of the United States to review the rule.

‘‘(2) REPORT.—The Comptroller General shall submit a report on each economically significant rule se-
Page 115 TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES § 802

lected under paragraph (4) to the committees of jurisdiction in each House of Congress not later than 180

calendar days after a committee request is received.

The report shall include an independent evaluation of

the economically significant rule by the Comptroller

General.

‘‘(3) INDEPENDENT EVALUATION.—The independent

evaluation of the economically significant rule by

the Comptroller General under paragraph (2) shall include—

‘‘(A) an evaluation of the agency’s analysis of the

potential benefits of the rule, including any beneficial effects that cannot be quantified in monetary

terms and the identification of the persons or entities likely to receive the benefits;

‘‘(B) an evaluation of the agency’s analysis of the

potential costs of the rule, including any adverse

effects that cannot be quantified in monetary terms

and the identification of the persons or entities

likely to bear the costs;

‘‘(C) an evaluation of the agency’s analysis of alternative approaches set forth in the notice of proposed rulemaking and in the rulemaking record, as

well as of any regulatory impact analysis, federalism assessment, or other analysis or assessment

prepared by the agency or required for the economically significant rule; and

‘‘(D) a summary of the results of the evaluation

of the Comptroller General and the implications of

those results.

‘‘(4) PROCEDURES FOR PRIORITIES OF REQUESTS.—The

Comptroller General shall have discretion to develop

procedures for determining the priority and number

of requests for review under paragraph (1) for which

a report will be submitted under paragraph (2).

‘‘(b) AUTHORITY OF COMPTROLLER GENERAL.—Each

agency shall promptly cooperate with the Comptroller

General in carrying out this Act. Nothing in this Act is

intended to expand or limit the authority of the Government Accountability Office.

‘‘SEC. 5. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

‘‘There are authorized to be appropriated to the Government Accountability Office to carry out this Act

$5,200,000 for each of fiscal years 2000 through 2002.

‘‘SEC. 6. EFFECTIVE DATE AND DURATION OF

PILOT PROJECT.

‘‘(a) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This Act and the amendments

made by this Act shall take effect 90 days after the

date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 2000].

‘‘(b) DURATION OF PILOT PROJECT.—The pilot project

under this Act shall continue for a period of 3 years, if

in each fiscal year, or portion thereof included in that

period, a specific annual appropriation not less than

$5,200,000 or the pro-rated equivalent thereof shall have

been made for the pilot project.

‘‘(c) REPORT.—Before the conclusion of the 3-year period, the Comptroller General shall submit to Congress

a report reviewing the effectiveness of the pilot project

and recommending whether or not Congress should permanently authorize the pilot project.’’

§ 802. Congressional disapproval procedure

(a) For purposes of this section, the term

‘‘joint resolution’’ means only a joint resolution

introduced in the period beginning on the date

on which the report referred to in section

801(a)(1)(A) is received by Congress and ending 60

days thereafter (excluding days either House of

Congress is adjourned for more than 3 days during a session of Congress), the matter after the

resolving clause of which is as follows: ‘‘That

Congress disapproves the rule submitted by the

ll relating to ll, and such rule shall have no

force or effect.’’ (The blank spaces being appropriately filled in).

(b)(1) A joint resolution described in subsection (a) shall be referred to the committees

in each House of Congress with jurisdiction.

(2) For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘submission or publication date’’ means the later of

the date on which—

(A) the Congress receives the report submitted under section 801(a)(1); or

(B) the rule is published in the Federal Register, if so published.

(c) In the Senate, if the committee to which is

referred a joint resolution described in subsection (a) has not reported such joint resolution (or an identical joint resolution) at the end

of 20 calendar days after the submission or publication date defined under subsection (b)(2),

such committee may be discharged from further

consideration of such joint resolution upon a petition supported in writing by 30 Members of the

Senate, and such joint resolution shall be placed

on the calendar.

(d)(1) In the Senate, when the committee to

which a joint resolution is referred has reported,

or when a committee is discharged (under subsection (c)) from further consideration of a joint

resolution described in subsection (a), it is at

any time thereafter in order (even though a previous motion to the same effect has been disagreed to) for a motion to proceed to the consideration of the joint resolution, and all points of

order against the joint resolution (and against

consideration of the joint resolution) are

waived. The motion is not subject to amendment, or to a motion to postpone, or to a motion

to proceed to the consideration of other business. A motion to reconsider the vote by which

the motion is agreed to or disagreed to shall not

be in order. If a motion to proceed to the consideration of the joint resolution is agreed to, the

joint resolution shall remain the unfinished

business of the Senate until disposed of.

(2) In the Senate, debate on the joint resolution, and on all debatable motions and appeals

in connection therewith, shall be limited to not

more than 10 hours, which shall be divided

equally between those favoring and those opposing the joint resolution. A motion further to

limit debate is in order and not debatable. An

amendment to, or a motion to postpone, or a

motion to proceed to the consideration of other

business, or a motion to recommit the joint resolution is not in order.

(3) In the Senate, immediately following the

conclusion of the debate on a joint resolution

described in subsection (a), and a single quorum

call at the conclusion of the debate if requested

in accordance with the rules of the Senate, the

vote on final passage of the joint resolution

shall occur.

(4) Appeals from the decisions of the Chair relating to the application of the rules of the Senate to the procedure relating to a joint resolution described in subsection (a) shall be decided

without debate.

(e) In the Senate the procedure specified in

subsection (c) or (d) shall not apply to the consideration of a joint resolution respecting a

rule—

(1) after the expiration of the 60 session days

beginning with the applicable submission or

publication date, or

(2) if the report under section 801(a)(1)(A)

was submitted during the period referred to in

section 801(d)(1), after the expiration of the 60
§ 803 TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES Page 116

session days beginning on the 15th session day

after the succeeding session of Congress first

convenes.

(f) If, before the passage by one House of a

joint resolution of that House described in subsection (a), that House receives from the other

House a joint resolution described in subsection

(a), then the following procedures shall apply:

(1) The joint resolution of the other House

shall not be referred to a committee.

(2) With respect to a joint resolution described in subsection (a) of the House receiving the joint resolution—

(A) the procedure in that House shall be

the same as if no joint resolution had been

received from the other House; but

(B) the vote on final passage shall be on

the joint resolution of the other House.

(g) This section is enacted by Congress—

(1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of

the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, and as such it is deemed a part of

the rules of each House, respectively, but applicable only with respect to the procedure to

be followed in that House in the case of a joint

resolution described in subsection (a), and it

supersedes other rules only to the extent that

it is inconsistent with such rules; and

(2) with full recognition of the constitutional right of either House to change the

rules (so far as relating to the procedure of

that House) at any time, in the same manner,

and to the same extent as in the case of any

other rule of that House.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 871.)

§ 803. Special rule on statutory, regulatory, and

judicial deadlines

(a) In the case of any deadline for, relating to,

or involving any rule which does not take effect

(or the effectiveness of which is terminated) because of enactment of a joint resolution under

section 802, that deadline is extended until the

date 1 year after the date of enactment of the

joint resolution. Nothing in this subsection

shall be construed to affect a deadline merely by

reason of the postponement of a rule’s effective

date under section 801(a).

(b) The term ‘‘deadline’’ means any date certain for fulfilling any obligation or exercising

any authority established by or under any Federal statute or regulation, or by or under any

court order implementing any Federal statute

or regulation.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 873.)

§ 804. Definitions

For purposes of this chapter—

(1) The term ‘‘Federal agency’’ means any

agency as that term is defined in section

551(1).

(2) The term ‘‘major rule’’ means any rule

that the Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs of the Office of

Management and Budget finds has resulted in

or is likely to result in—

(A) an annual effect on the economy of

$100,000,000 or more;

(B) a major increase in costs or prices for

consumers, individual industries, Federal,

State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions; or

(C) significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity,

innovation, or on the ability of United

States-based enterprises to compete with

foreign-based enterprises in domestic and export markets.

The term does not include any rule promulgated under the Telecommunications Act of

1996 and the amendments made by that Act.

(3) The term ‘‘rule’’ has the meaning given

such term in section 551, except that such

term does not include—

(A) any rule of particular applicability, including a rule that approves or prescribes for

the future rates, wages, prices, services, or

allowances therefor, corporate or financial

structures, reorganizations, mergers, or acquisitions thereof, or accounting practices

or disclosures bearing on any of the foregoing;

(B) any rule relating to agency management or personnel; or

(C) any rule of agency organization, procedure, or practice that does not substantially

affect the rights or obligations of non-agency parties.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 873.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Telecommunications Act of 1996, referred to in

par. (2), is Pub. L. 104–104, Feb. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 56. For

complete classification of this Act to the Code, see

Short Title of 1996 Amendment note set out under section 609 of Title 47, Telegraphs, Telephones, and Radiotelegraphs, and Tables.

§ 805. Judicial review

No determination, finding, action, or omission

under this chapter shall be subject to judicial

review.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 873.)

§ 806. Applicability; severability

(a) This chapter shall apply notwithstanding

any other provision of law.

(b) If any provision of this chapter or the application of any provision of this chapter to any

person or circumstance, is held invalid, the application of such provision to other persons or

circumstances, and the remainder of this chapter, shall not be affected thereby.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 873.)

§ 807. Exemption for monetary policy

Nothing in this chapter shall apply to rules

that concern monetary policy proposed or implemented by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Open Market Committee.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 874.)
Page 117 TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES § 901

1So in original. Does not conform to section catchline.

§ 808. Effective date of certain rules

Notwithstanding section 801—

(1) any rule that establishes, modifies,

opens, closes, or conducts a regulatory program for a commercial, recreational, or subsistence activity related to hunting, fishing,

or camping, or

(2) any rule which an agency for good cause

finds (and incorporates the finding and a brief

statement of reasons therefor in the rule issued) that notice and public procedure thereon

are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to

the public interest,

shall take effect at such time as the Federal

agency promulgating the rule determines.

(Added Pub. L. 104–121, title II, §251, Mar. 29,

1996, 110 Stat. 874.)

CHAPTER 9—EXECUTIVE REORGANIZATION

Sec.

901. Purpose.

902. Definitions.

903. Reorganization plans.

904. Additional contents of reorganization plan.

905. Limitations on powers.1

906. Effective date and publication of reorganization plans.

907. Effect on other laws, pending legal proceedings, and unexpended appropriations.

908. Rules of Senate and House of Representatives

on reorganization plans.

909. Terms of resolution.

910. Introduction and reference of resolution.

911. Discharge of committee considering resolution.

912. Procedure after report or discharge of committee; debate; vote on final passage.

[913. Omitted.]

AMENDMENTS

1984—Pub. L. 98–614, §3(e)(3), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3193,

substituted ‘‘passage’’ for ‘‘disapproval’’ in item 912.

1977—Pub. L. 95–17, §2, Apr. 6, 1977, 91 Stat. 29, reenacted chapter heading and items 901 to 903, 905 to 909,

and 911 without change, substituted ‘‘plan’’ for ‘‘plans’’

in item 904 and ‘‘Introduction and reference of resolution’’ for ‘‘Reference of resolution to committee’’ in

item 910, inserted ‘‘; vote on final disapproval’’ in item

912, and omitted item 913 ‘‘Decisions without debate on

motion to postpone or proceed’’.

§ 901. Purpose

(a) The Congress declares that it is the policy

of the United States—

(1) to promote the better execution of the

laws, the more effective management of the

executive branch and of its agencies and functions, and the expeditious administration of

the public business;

(2) to reduce expenditures and promote economy to the fullest extent consistent with the

efficient operation of the Government;

(3) to increase the efficiency of the operations of the Government to the fullest extent

practicable;

(4) to group, coordinate, and consolidate

agencies and functions of the Government, as

nearly as may be, according to major purposes;

(5) to reduce the number of agencies by consolidating those having similar functions

under a single head, and to abolish such agencies or functions thereof as may not be necessary for the efficient conduct of the Government; and

(6) to eliminate overlapping and duplication

of effort.

(b) Congress declares that the public interest

demands the carrying out of the purposes of subsection (a) of this section and that the purposes

may be accomplished in great measure by proceeding under this chapter, and can be accomplished more speedily thereby than by the enactment of specific legislation.

(c) It is the intent of Congress that the President should provide appropriate means for broad

citizen advice and participation in restructuring

and reorganizing the executive branch.

(d) The President shall from time to time examine the organization of all agencies and shall

determine what changes in such organization

are necessary to carry out any policy set forth

in subsection (a) of this section.

(Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 394; Pub. L.

92–179, §1, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 574; Pub. L.

95–17, §2, Apr. 6, 1977, 91 Stat. 29.)

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES

Derivation U.S. Code Revised Statutes and

Statutes at Large

.................. 5 U.S.C. 133z. June 20, 1949, ch. 226, §2, 63

Stat. 203.

In subsection (a), the words ‘‘from time to time examine’’ are substituted for ‘‘examine and from time to

time reexamine’’ since the initial examination has been

executed. The words ‘‘of the Government’’ following

‘‘agencies’’ are omitted as unnecessary in view of the

definition of ‘‘agency’’ in section 902. In subsection

(a)(1), the words ‘‘of the Government’’ following ‘‘executive branch’’ are omitted as unnecessary and to conform to the style of this title.

Standard changes are made to conform with the definitions applicable and the style of this title as outlined

in the preface to the report.

CODIFICATION

Section 901(c) of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees, was

transferred to section 60e–2(a) of Title 2, The Congress.

AMENDMENTS

1977—Subsecs. (a) to (d). Pub. L. 95–17 reenacted subsecs. (a) and (b) without change, added subsec. (c), and

redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).

1971—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–179, §1(a), substituted

‘‘The Congress declares that it is the policy of the

United States’’ for ‘‘The President shall from time to

time examine the organization of all agencies and shall

determine what changes therein are necessary to accomplish the following purposes’’ preceding par. (1).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 92–179, §1(b), added subsec. (c)

consisting of provisions formerly set out preceding par.

(1) of subsec. (a).

SHORT TITLE OF 1984 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 98–614, §1, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3192, provided:

‘‘That this Act [amending sections 903 to 906 and 908 to

912 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Reorganization

Act Amendments of 1984’.’’

SHORT TITLE OF 1977 AMENDMENT

Section 1 of Pub. L. 95–17 provided: ‘‘That this Act

[amending this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Reorganization Act of 1977’.’’