###### Editorial Note on [Part 172](/current/title-21/part-172?toc=1)

#### Editorial Note:

Nomenclature changes to part 172 appear at [61 FR 14482](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/61-FR-14482), Apr. 2, 1996; [66 FR 56035](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/66-FR-56035), Nov. 6, 2001; [66 FR 66742](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/66-FR-66742), Dec. 27, 2001; [68 FR 15355](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/68-FR-15355), Mar. 31, 2003; [70 FR 40880](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/70-FR-40880), July 15, 2005; [70 FR 67651](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/70-FR-67651), Nov. 8, 2005; [70 FR 72074](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/70-FR-72074), Dec. 1, 2005; and [81 FR 49896](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/81-FR-49896), July 29, 2016.

#### § 172.510 Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors.

Natural flavoring substances and natural adjuvants may be safely used in food in accordance with the following conditions.

(a) They are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended physical or technical effect and in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice.

(b) In the appropriate forms (plant parts, fluid and solid extracts, concentrates, absolutes, oils, gums, balsams, resins, oleoresins, waxes, and distillates) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, previously sanctioned for such use, or regulated in any section of this part.

| Common name | Scientific name | Limitations |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aloe | *Aloe perryi* Baker, *A. barbadensis* Mill., *A. ferox* Mill., and hybrids of this sp. with *A. africana* Mill. and *A. spicata* Baker | |
| Althea root and flowers | *Althea officinalis* L | |
| Amyris (West Indian sandalwood) | *Amyris balsamifera* L | |
| Angola weed | *Roccella fuciformis* Ach | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Arnica flowers | *Arnica montana* L., *A. fulgens* Pursh, *A. sororia* Greene, or *A. cordifolia* Hooker | Do. |
| Artemisia (wormwood) | *Artemisia* spp | Finished food thujone free1 |
| Artichoke leaves | *Cynara scolymus* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Benzoin resin | *Styrax benzoin* Dryander, *S. paralleloneurus* Perkins, *S. tonkinensis* (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich, or other spp. of the Section *Anthostyrax* of the genus *Styrax* | |
| Blackberry bark | *Rubus,* Section *Eubatus* | |
| Boldus (boldo) leaves | *Peumus boldus* Mol | Do. |
| Boronia flowers | *Boronia megastigma* Nees | |
| Bryonia root | *Bryonia alba* L., or *B. diocia* Jacq | Do. |
| Buchu leaves | *Barosma betulina* Bartl. et Wendl., *B. crenulata* (L.) Hook. or *B. serratifolia* Willd | |
| Buckbean leaves | *Menyanthes trifoliata* L | Do. |
| Cajeput | *Melaleuca leucadendron* L. and other *Melaleuca* spp | |
| Calumba root | *Jateorhiza palmata* (Lam.) Miers | Do. |
| Camphor tree | *Cinnamomum camphora* (L.) Nees et Eberm | Safrole free |
| Cascara sagrada | *Rhamnus purshiana* DC | |
| Cassie flowers | *Acacia farnesiana* (L.) Willd | |
| Castor oil | *Ricinus communis* L | |
| Catechu, black | *Acacia catechu* Willd | |
| Cedar, white (aborvitae), leaves and twigs | *Thuja occidentalis* L | Finished food thujone free1 |
| Centuary | *Centaurium umbellatum* Gilib | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Cherry pits | *Prunus avium* L. or *P. cerasus* L | Not to exceed 25 p.p.m. prussic acid |
| Cherry-laurel leaves | *Prunus laurocerasus* L | Do. |
| Chestnut leaves | *Castanea dentata* (Marsh.) Borkh | |
| Chirata | *Swertia chirata* Buch.-Ham | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Cinchona, red, bark | *Cinchona succirubra* Pav. or its hybrids | In beverages only; not more than 83 p.p.m. total cinchona alkaloids in finished beverage |
| Cinchona, yellow, bark | *Cinchona ledgeriana* Moens, *C. calisaya* Wedd., or hybrids of these with other spp. of *Cinchona.* | Do. |
| Copaiba | South American spp. of *Copaifera* L | |
| Cork, oak | *Quercus suber* L., or *Q. occidentalis* F. Gay | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Costmary | *Chrysanthemum balsamita* L | Do. |
| Costus root | *Saussurea lappa* Clarke | |
| Cubeb | *Piper cubeba* L. f | |
| Currant, black, buds and leaves | *Ribes nigrum* L | |
| Damiana leaves | *Turnera diffusa* Willd | |
| Davana | *Artemisia pallens* Wall | |
| Dill, Indian | *Anethum sowa* Roxb. (*Peucedanum graveolens* Benth et Hook., *Anethum graveolens* L.) | |
| Dittany (fraxinella) roots | *Dictamnus albus* L | Do. |
| Dittany of Crete | *Origanum dictamnus* L | |
| Dragon's blood (dracorubin) | *Daemonorops* spp | |
| Elder tree leaves | *Sambucus nigra* L | In alcoholic beverages only; not to exceed 25 p.p.m. prussic acid in the flavor |
| Elecampane rhizome and roots | *Inula helenium* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Elemi | *Canarium commune* L. or *C. luzonicum* Miq | |
| Erigeron | *Erigeron canadensis* L | |
| Eucalyptus globulus leaves | *Eucalyptus globulus* Labill | |
| Fir (“pine”) needles and twigs | *Abies sibirica* Ledeb., *A. alba* Mill., *A. sachalinesis* Masters or *A. mayriana* Miyabe et Kudo | |
| Fir, balsam, needles and twigs | *Abies balsamea* (L.) Mill | |
| Galanga, greater | *Alpinia galanga* Willd | Do. |
| Galbanum | *Ferula galbaniflua* Boiss. et Buhse and other *Ferula* spp | |
| Gambir (catechu, pale) | *Uncaria gambir* Roxb | |
| Genet flowers | *Spartium junceum* L | |
| Gentian rhizome and roots | *Gentiana lutea* L | |
| Gentian, stemless | *Gentiana acaulis* L | Do. |
| Germander, chamaedrys | *Teucrium chamaedrys* L | Do. |
| Germander, golden | *Teucrium polium* L | Do. |
| Guaiac | *Guaiacum officinale* L., *G. santum* L., *Bulnesia sarmienti* Lor | |
| Guarana | *Paullinia cupana* HBK | |
| Haw, black, bark | *Viburnum prunifolium* L | |
| Hemlock needles and twigs | *Tsuga canadensis* (L.) Carr. or *T. heterophylla* (Raf.) Sarg | |
| Hyacinth flowers | *Hyacinthus orientalis* L | |
| Iceland moss | *Cetraria islandica* Ach | Do. |
| Imperatoria | *Peucedanum ostruthium* (L.). Koch (*Imperatoria ostruthium* L.) | |
| Iva | *Achillea moschata* Jacq | Do. |
| Labdanum | *Cistus* spp | |
| Lemon-verbena | *Lippia citriodora* HBK | Do. |
| Linaloe wood | *Bursera delpechiana* Poiss. and other *Bursera* spp | |
| Linden leaves | *Tillia* spp | Do. |
| Lovage | *Levisticum officinale* Koch | |
| Lungmoss (lungwort) | *Sticta pulmonacea* Ach | |
| Maidenhair fern | *Adiantum capillus-veneris* L | Do. |
| Maple, mountain | *Acer spicatum* Lam | |
| Mimosa (black wattle) flowers | *Acacia decurrens* Willd. var. *dealbata* | |
| Mullein flowers | *Verbascum phlomoides* L. or *V. thapsiforme* Schrad | Do. |
| Myrrh | *Commiphora molmol* Engl., *C. abyssinica* (Berg) Engl., or other *Commiphora* spp | |
| Myrtle leaves | *Myrtus communis* L | Do. |
| Oak, English, wood | *Quercus robur* L | Do. |
| Oak, white, chips | *Quercus alba* L | |
| Oak moss | *Evernia prunastri* (L.) Ach., *E. furfuracea* (L.) Mann, and other lichens | Finished food thujone free1 |
| Olibanum | *Boswellia carteri* Birdw. and other *Boswellia* spp | |
| Opopanax (bisabolmyrrh) | *Opopanax chironium* Koch (true opopanax) of *Commiphora erythraea* Engl. var. *Llabrescens* | |
| Orris root | *Iris germanica* L. (including its variety *florentina* Dykes) and *I. pallida* Lam | |
| Pansy | *Viola tricolor* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Passion flower | *Passiflora incarnata* L | |
| Patchouly | *Pogostemon cablin* Benth. and *P. heyneanus* Benth | |
| Peach leaves | *Prunus persica* (L.) Batsch | In alcoholic beverages only; not to exceed 25 p.p.m. prussic acid in the flavor |
| Pennyroyal, American | *Hedeoma pulegioides* (L.) Pers | |
| Pennyroyal, European | *Mentha pulegium* L | |
| Pine, dwarf, needles and twigs | *Pinus mugo* Turra var. *pumilio* (Haenke) Zenari | |
| Pine, Scotch, needles and twigs | *Pinus sylvestris* L | |
| Pine, white, bark | *Pinus strobus* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Pine, white oil | *Pinus palustris* Mill., and other *Pinus* spp | |
| Poplar buds | *Populus balsamifera* L. (*P. tacamahacca* Mill.), *P. candicans* Ait., or *P. nigra* L | Do. |
| Quassia | *Picrasma excelsa* (Sw.) Planch, or *Quassia amara* L | |
| Quebracho bark | *Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco* Schlecht, or (*Quebrachia lorentzii* (Griseb)) | *Schinopsis lorentzii* (Griseb.) Engl. |
| Quillaia (soapbark) | *Quillaja saponaria* Mol | |
| Red saunders (red sandalwood) | *Pterocarpus san alinus* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Rhatany root | *Krameria triandra* Ruiz et Pav. or *K. argentea* Mart | |
| Rhubarb, garden root | *Rheum rhaponticum* L | Do. |
| Rhubarb root | *Rheum officinale* Baill., *R. palmatum* L., or other spp. (excepting *R. rhaponticum* L.) or hybrids of *Rheum* grown in China | |
| Roselle | *Hibiscus sabdariffa* L | Do. |
| Rosin (colophony) | *Pinus palustris* Mill., and other *Pinus* spp | Do. |
| St. Johnswort leaves, flowers, and caulis | *Hypericum perforatum* L | Hypericin-free alcohol distillate form only; in alcoholic beverages only |
| Sandalwood, white (yellow, or East Indian) | *Santalum album* L | |
| Sandarac | *Tetraclinis articulata* (Vahl.), Mast | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Sarsaparilla | *Smilax aristolochiaefolia* Mill., (Mexican sarsaparilla), *S. regelii* Killip et Morton (Honduras sarsaparilla), *S. febrifuga* Kunth (Ecuadorean sarsaparilla), or undetermined *Smilax* spp. (Ecuadorean or Central American sarsaparilla) | |
| Sassafras leaves | *Sassafras albidum* (Nutt.) Nees | Safrole free |
| Senna, Alexandria | *Cassia acutifolia* Delile | |
| Serpentaria (Virginia snakeroot) | *Aristolochia serpentaria* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Simaruba bark | *Simaruba amara* Aubl | Do. |
| Snakeroot, Canadian (wild ginger) | *Asarum canadense* L | |
| Spruce needles and twigs | *Picea glauca* (Moench) Voss or *P. mariana* (Mill.) BSP | |
| Storax (styrax) | *Liquidambar orientalis* Mill. or *L. styraciflua* L | |
| Tagetes (marigold) | *Tagetes patula* L., *T. erecta* L., or *T. minuta* L. (*T. glandulifera* Schrank) | As oil only |
| Tansy | *Tanacetum vulgare* L | In alcoholic beverages only; finished alcoholic beverage thujone free1 |
| Thistle, blessed (holy thistle) | *Onicus benedictus* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| *Thymus capitatus* (Spanish “origanum”) | *Thymus capitatus* Hoffmg. et Link | |
| Tolu | *Myroxylon balsamum* (L.) Harms | |
| Turpentine | *Pinus palustris* Mill. and other *Pinus* spp. which yield terpene oils exclusively | |
| Valerian rhizome and roots | *Valeriana officinalis* L | |
| Veronica | *Veronica officinalis* L | Do. |
| Vervain, European | *Verbena officinalis* L | Do. |
| Vetiver | *Vetiveria zizanioides* Stapf | Do. |
| Violet, Swiss | *Viola calcarata* L | |
| Walnut husks (hulls), leaves, and green nuts | *Juglans nigra* L. or *J. regia* L | |
| Woodruff, sweet | *Asperula odorata* L | In alcoholic beverages only |
| Yarrow | *Achillea millefolium* L | In beverages only; finished beverage thujone free1 |
| Yerba santa | *Eriodictyon californicum* (Hook, et Arn.) Torr | |
| Yucca, Joshua-tree | *Yucca brevifolia* Engelm | |
| Yucca, Mohave | *Yucca schidigera* Roezl ex Ortgies (*Y. mohavensis* Sarg.) | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 As determined by using the method (or, in other than alcoholic beverages, a suitable adaptation thereof) in section 9.129 of the “Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,” 13th Ed. (1980), which is incorporated by reference. Copies may be obtained from the AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 481 North Frederick Ave., suite 500, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, or may be examined at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: *<http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html>.* | | |

[[42 FR 14491](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/42-FR-14491), Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at [43 FR 14644](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/43-FR-14644), Apr. 7, 1978; [49 FR 10104](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/49-FR-10104), Mar. 19, 1984; [54 FR 24897](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/54-FR-24897), June 12, 1989; [69 FR 24511](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-24511), May 4, 2004; [72 FR 10357](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/72-FR-10357), Mar. 8, 2007]