423 

NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 423 

Marine Flora and Fauna of 

the Northeastern United State~ 

Crustacea: Cumacea 

Les Watling 

April 1979 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

National Marine Fisheries Service 
NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS 

National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars 

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365. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of vertical temperature and salinity sections by computer. By Forrest R. Miller 

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367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration 

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368. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study, 

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369. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidae) 10 the western 

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370. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the 

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371. Ocean fishery management. Discussion and research. By Adam A. 

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372. Fishery publications. calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By 

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374. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. 

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386. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Pycnogonida. By Lawrence R. McCloskey. September 1973, iii + 12 p., 1 fig . 

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Continued on inside back cover 
NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 423 

Marine Flora and Fauna of 

the Northeastern United States. 

Crustacea: Cumacea 

Les Watling 

April 1979 

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Juanita M. Kreps , Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Richard A. Frank, Administrator 

Terry L. Leitzeli, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

For S. le by the Su perintendent of Docu ments, U.S. Government Printing Office W.,hington, D.C. 20~02 Stock No. 003-017-00446-5 
FOREWORD 

This issue of the "Circulars" is part of a subseries entitled "Marine Flora and Fauna of the 

Northeastern United States." This subseries will consist of original, illustrated, modern 

manuals on t he identification, classification, and general biology of the estuarine and coastal 

marine plants and animals of the northeastern United States. Manuals will be published at irregular intervals on as many taxa of the region as there are specialists available to collaborate 

in their preparation. 

The manuals are an outgrowth of the widely used " Keys to Marine Invertebrates of the 

Woods Hole Region," edited by R. 1. Smith, published in 1964, and produced under the 

auspices of the Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 

Mass. Instead of revising the "Woods Hole Keys," the staff of the Systematics-Ecology Program decided to expand the geographic coverage and bathymetric range and produce the keys 

in an entirely new set of expanded publications. 

The "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is being prepared in 

collaboration with systematic specialists in the United States and abroad. Each manual will be 

based primarily on recent and ongoing revisionary systematic research and a fresh examination of the plants and animals. Each major taxon, treated in a separate manual, will include an 

introduction, illustrated glossary, uniform originally illustrated keys, annotated check list with 

information when available on distribution, habitat, life history, and related biology, 

references to the major literature of the grouP. and a systematic index. 

The e manuals are intended for use by biology students, biologists, biological oceanographers, informed laymen, and others wishing to identify coastal organisms for this region. In 

many instances the manuals will serve as a guide to additional information about the species or 

the group. 

Geographic coverage of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" 

is planned to include organisms from the headwaters of estuaries seaward to the approximately 200-m depth on the continental shelf from Maine to Virginia, but may vary somewhat 

with each major taxon and the interests of collaborators. Whenever possible representative 

specimens dealt with in the manuals will be deposited in the reference collections of major 

museums in the region. 

After a sufficient number of manuals of related taxonomic groups have been published, 

the manuals will be revised, grouped, and issued as special volumes. These volumes will thu 

consist of compilations of individual manuals within phyla such as the Cnidaria, Arthropoda, 

and Mollusca, or of groups of phyla. 

II 
CONTENTS 

Introduction ............................................................. 1 

External morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

Internal morphology ....................................................... 3 

Development and life history .......................... ..... . ... ............. 4 

Ecology and distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Key to Cumacea .......................................................... 5 

Annotated systematic list. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Systematic index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

Coordinating editors comments ....... ... ..... ........ ........ ....... ........ 23 

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material 

mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or 

to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends 

or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned 

herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly 

the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS 

publication. 

1lI 
Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern 

United States. Crustacea: Cumacea 1 

LES WATLING2 

ABSTRACT 

This manual includes an introduction on the external and interanl morphology, development, 

life history, ecology and distribution, an illustrated key, an annotated systematic list, a selected 

bibliography, and an index to the 34 species of cumacean peracarid crustaceans occurring in waters 

shallower than 200 m from Nova Scotia to Chesapeake Bay. 

INTRODUCTION 

Cumaceans are small (1-10 mm in length) peracarid 

crustaceans which are found in all seas from the shallowest brackish waters to depths greater than 7,000 m. Jones 

(1969) listed 770 known species belonging to 82 genera. 

Of these, 257 were known from a single sample and 169 

from single specimens. The cumaceans from the northeastern United States are reasonably well known, at least 

in nearshore and continental shelf waters. This is due 

primarily to the efforts of Sars (1871, 1900), Caiman 

(1912), and Zimmer (1943). Zimmer (in prep.) listed 49 

species which had been found in the region from Newfoundland to south of Cape Hatteras in shallow to abyssal waters. The 34 species occurring in waters shallower 

than 200 m from Nova Scotia to Chesapeake Bay are 

treated in the present account. Workers interested in 

North American species outside this region should consult Zimmer (1944), Bacescu (1971), and Watling (1977) 

for subtropical and tropical species, and Jones (1969, 

1973), Bacescu (1972), Bacescu and Muradian (1974a, b) 

and Reyss (1974a, b) for recently described deepwater 

species. 

The Cumacea are an order of the Superorder 

Peracarida in the Subclass Malacostraca. They are distinguished from other peracarids in having the following 

combination of features: the carapace is fused dorsally 

with the first three or four, or rarely six thoracic somites; 

the telson is present, reduced, or incorporated into the 

last abdominal somite; the eyes are fused dorsally; the 

second antennae lack an exopodite ; and pleopods are absent in the female (with one exception) and often 

reduced in number or absent in the male. 

'Contribution No. 125 of the Ira C. Darling Center. 

'Department of Oceanography, Ira C. Darling Center, University of 

Maine, Walpole, ME 04573. 

1 

EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY 

The carapace (Fig. 1, c) is fused with at least the first 

three thoracic somites, rarely with as many as six, and is 

strongly extended laterally to form a branchial cavity. 

Anteriorly, each side of the carapace is produced in the 

form of pseudorostrallobes (Fig. 1, pl) . The two pseudorostral lobes project forward in contact with, but not 

fused with each other to form a pseudorostrum. Often, 

projecting anteriorly beyond the pseudorostrum are the 

tips of the branchial exopodites of the first maxilliped. 

These come together anteriorly, and with the pseudorostrum form the siphon(s), or exhalant canal for the respiratory current. In some genera, for example, Eudorella 

and Eudorellopsis, the pseudorostral lobes are reflexed 

upwards and no pseudorostrum is apparent although a 

siphon is still formed. Other features of the carapace include the antennal notch (an) located below the pseudorostrum, and the frontal lobe (fl) from which the ocular 

lobe protrudes anteriorly. The carapace may be either 

completely smooth or variously sculptured with grooves, 

ridges, spines, or tubercles, and may be more or les 

covered with hairs. 

The cephalothorax consists of the carapace and the 

free (uncovered) thoracic somites (Fig. 1, T4, T8). The 

latter may also be variously ornamented, occasionally 

bearing spines dorsally or along the lateral margin , and 

in many cases having minutely or coarsely serrate anterior margins. The abdomen or pleon (PLl, PL6) consi t 

of six somites of which the fifth is usually the longe t. In 

some families a variable number of pleonal somite bear 

posteroventral appendages, the pleopods. The ixth 

pleonal somite never has pleopods but bear paired 

uropods (Fig. 1, u) and, in three familie , an independent telson (t). In the remaining familie , the tel on I. 

coalesced with the sixth pleonal somite. The anus and 

associated protective flap are located either terminall) 

on the sixth pleonal somite or at the ba, e of the telson. 
s 

br 

At A2 Mx p 2 

Md 

Mxt 

M x p 1 

Figure I.-Side view of a cumacean and the seven anterior appendage •. A I. antenna I; A2. antenna 2; l\ld. mandible; :'t1x I. maxilla I; "Ix:? 

maxilla 2; Mxpl. maxilliped I; Mxp2. maxilliped 2; PI. pereopod I; P.). pereopod .;; 1'1.1. pleon .omite I; Ptf;. pleon .omite 6; TI. thoraei 

somite 4; Til. thoracic somite 8; af. accessory flagellum; an. antennal notch; b. ba,i, ; br. branchial apparatu,; e. carapace; co. eoxa; ex. exopod 

fl. frontal lobe; ip, incisor process; 1m, lacinia mobilis; mf, main flagellum; mp. molar proce , ; o. oo.tegite; pa. palp; pl. p eudoro trallobe 

s, siphon; t, telson; u, uropod. 

The first antenna (antennula) (Fig. I, AI) consists of a 

three-articled:

1 peduncle, the third article of which bears 

two rami. The longer of these rami is referred to a the 

main flagellum (mf) and may consist of, at most, six articles. The other ramus, the accessory flagellum (af), is 

usually shorter and may have as many as four articles although most frequently it is uniarticulate and occasionally absent. 

The second antenna (antenna) (Fig. 1, A2) is rudimentary in the female but, with one exception, is strongly 

developed in the male. In the female the antenna may 

consist of one to five articles; in the male there is a fivearticled peduncle which bears a multiarticulate flagellum. 

The mandible (Fig. 1, Md) in cumaceans is a simple 

structure. It consists of one article, lacking a palp. A 

strong molar process (mp) and a more or less toothed incisor process (ip) characterize its structure. On the left 

mandible, near the incisor process, is a small movable 

tooth called the lacinia mobilis (lm) which is a feature 

peculiar to all peracarids. 

The first maxilla (maxillule) (Fig. 1, Mx1) is a small 

flattened appendage located just ventral to the labium. 

·'The divisions of a crustacean appendage have variously been referred 

to as segments, joints, articles, or podomeres. Since these divisions 

should not be considered as segments (a term which is more properly applied to the subdivisions of the body), nor as joints (which are, in fact, the 

flexible parts of the exoskeleton which facilitate bending) the terms article or podomere are preferred. 

2 

It consit of a three-articled protopod, the first and thlf 

article ot which bear terminally eto e or pi no e lobe 

termed endites, and a uniarticulate, backwardly dlrecte 

palp (pal. 

The econd maxilla (maxilla) (Fig. I, :-Vlx2) con ito 

a three-articled protopod, of which only the third articl 

bears an endite. On the outer ide of the third article i 

thin, half-oval plate, which i the reduced exopod. 

The fir t maxilliped (Fig. I, Mxpl) 1 in reality th 

highly modified fir t thoracic appendage, or thoracopod 

It normally con ists of even articles. The coxa bears th 

epipod, moditied as a branchial apparatus. This truc 

ture. which may be very elaborate, i composed of 

anteriorly directed siphonal part ( ), and a backwardl 

directed branchial part. The latter bear the branchia 

lobules (br) (gills) arranged either in a simple row or a 

open spiral. The remainder of the appendage extend 

forward and aids in the manipulation of food in th 

vicinity of the mouth. 

The second maxilliped (Fig. 1, Mxp2) is the modifie 

second thoracopod. This appendage is characterized b 

its elongate basis (b), which may be longer than th 

remainder of the leg. In some species the ischium may b 

absent. The coxae (co) of this appendage pair are usuall 

contiguous along the midline of the body and in female 

bear posteriorly directed setose lobes which are though 

to be rudimentary oostegites (0). 

The third maxilliped (Fig. 2, Mxp3) (thoracopod 3 

consists of the usual seven articles, and in many specie 

bears a natatory exopod (ex). Here, as with the previou 
b-~rMxp3 Ps 

P3 

P1 

P2 

a 

----en 

u 

Figure 2.-Thoracic appendages, telson, and uropod ofa cumacean. Mxp3 , maxilliped 3; PI , 2, :1, ij, pe reopods 1-:1, i); T.lelson ; U, uropod; a, anus; b, basis; co, coxa; d, dactyl ; en, endopod; ex, exopod; p, propodus. 

appendage, the basis (b) is often much longer than the 

remainder of the leg. It should also be noticed that the 

exopod is attached to the basis proximally and the 

remainder of the leg, which is considered to be the endopod, is attached distally. 

The remaining five pairs of thoracopods (4-8), 

pereopods 1-5, (Fig. 2, Pl-3, 5), are fundamentally 

similar in structure to the third maxilliped, consisting of 

two protopod and five endopod articles. An exopod may 

be present on any of these legs except the last. The first 

two pairs of pereopods are generally directed forward, the 

last three pairs posteriorly. 

The pleopods are always absent in females and may 

either be present or absent in males. There may be a 

maximum of five pairs, but three, two, or one pair also 

occur. They are attached ventrally on the posterior 

margin of each somite and consist of a coxa, basis, and 

two rami which bear long, plumose setae. In immature 

males the rami are not fully developed and the plumose 

setae are absent. 

The last pair of appendages are the uropods (Fig. 2, U). 

3 

They consist of an uniarticulate peduncle which bears a 

two-articled outer ramus (exopod, ex) and an inner 

ramus (endopod, en) of one to three articles. 

Paired penes are known only from two deep-sea 

genera, Archaeocuma, from the Peru Trench, and 

Campylaspenis from off Cape Hatteras, both occurring 

at below 3,OOO-m depth. In Archaeocuma the lobes are 

short, conical, and well separated, whereas in Campy laspenis there is a single, very long bifid lobe . In both cases 

the penes are located between the bases of pereopod 5. 

INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY 

The nervous system consists of a supraesophageal 

ganglionic mass and a ventral chain of 17 paired ganglia. 

The ganglia of the mouthparts and the first maxilliped 

are close together, but the following 13 pairs remain well 

separated with the members of each pair nearly fused in 

the midline. The sessile compound eyes are coalesced 

dorsally in the midline. Other sense organs include the 
esthetascs (or asthetes), modified setae on the antennules which probably function as olfactory organs. 

The digestive system consists of the typical foregut, 

midgut, and hindgut sections. The foregut, derived from 

the embryonic stomodaeum, is lined with chitin and is 

subdivided into esophageal and stomachal regions. The 

stomach walls are irregularly thickened for mastication 

and are also provided with numerous stiff setae which act 

as a filtering mechanism. At the junction between the 

stomach and the midgut are one to four pairs of posteriorly directed finger-shaped caeca. The midgut is 

similar in size to the stomach. The chitin-lined hindgut, 

derived from the embryonic proctodaeum, often extends 

through most of the thorax and the abdomen and opens 

either "entrodistally on the last body somite or ventrally 

midway along the telson. 

The excretory system consists of a pair of maxillary 

glands, so-named because the ducts open to the outside 

of the body at the base of the maxillae. 

Respiration occurs through the branchial epipod of the 

first maxilliped as well as through the inner surface of the 

carapace in this region. 

The heart extends from the third to the fifth or seventh 

thoracic somites and is penetrated by only a single pair of 

ostia. There is an anteriorly directed aorta which expands into a cerebral heart in the head. The heart also 

gives off three or four pairs of lateral arteries and a posterior aorta. The blood is unpigmented. 

The sexes are separate. The gonads in either sex consist of paired tubes situated in the thorax above or to the 

sides of the gut. The oviducts open on the insides of the 

coxae of pereopod 3 (thoracopod 6) while the vasa deferentia open through two adjacent papillae located on the 

last thoracic sternite. Females, when mature, bear 

oostegites on thoracopods 3-6 which form the brood, or 

incubatory, pouch. 

DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE HISTORY 

Gnewuch and Croker (1973) observed in the laboratory 

mating of the intertidal species Mancocuma stellifera. 

They noted that in all cases the female moulted prior to 

oviposition, which occurred 12-96 h later. Presumably 

the eggs were fertilized as they were released into the 

marsupium. No other observations of mating in cumaceans have been made although several instances of precopula have been noted from field collections. 

Eggs are carried in the brood pouch where they hatch 

as a nauplius and remain to moult three more times, 

finally reaching the manca stage. The manca resembles 

the adult but lacks the last pair of pereopods. The young 

now leave the brood pouch and moult several more times 

until the subadult ("Vorbereitungstadium" in the papers 

of Zimmer) is reached. At this stage, the gonads begin to 

mature and the secondary sexual characters become apparent. The animal then moults to the adult stage (from 

Zimmer the "Brutkleid" stage for the female and "Hochzeitkleid" stage for the male) where the secondary sex 

characters are fully developed and reproduction occurs. 

4 

Further moulting and reproduction may occur after sexual maturity is reached. 

Life history data are thus far available for only four of 

the species which occur in the region from Labrador to 

Cape Hatteras. Of these, M . stellifera and Diastylis 

sculpta (Gnewuch and Croker 1973; Corey 1976) have 

been studied in American waters, while the data for 

Iphinoe trispinosa and D. rathkei have been obtained 

from European studies (Corey 1969; Forsman 1938; 

Kruger 1940). Corey (1976) noted that shallow-water and 

intertidal species such as M. stellifera, D. sculpta, and 1. 

tnspinosa have two breeding generations per year, in the 

summer and in the fall. In contrast, the deeper water D. 

rathkei released young only in the winter. Maximum life 

spans 'also varied with time of release of young. Those 

released in early summer lived about 5 mo (the summer 

generation) whereas those released in late summer and 

fall (the winter generation) lived about 12 and 9 mo, 

respectively. The single generation of D. rathkei had a 

life span of about 11

/2 yr. 

ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION 

Cumaceans are dwellers of the benthos, leaving the 

sediment only during hours of darkness. They live partially or completely buried in the sediment, feeding for 

the most part by filtering small particles from below the 

sediment surface or by grazing material from the surfaces 

of individual grains. The genus Campy laspis , whose 

mouthparts appear to be modified for piercing, may feed 

on Foraminifera or small, interstitial crustaceans (Jones 

1973). 

Many cumacean species are known to migrate into the 

plankton especially at night. The diurnal migration pattern of D. rathkei was critically examined by Anger and 

Valentin (1976). They noted that moulting occurred only 

in the plankton, and also, perhaps as a response to predation pressures, only at night. In fact no D. rathkei was 

observed to leave the sediment during the day. Mating 

also occured during a short nocturnal swarming period. 

Most cumacean species inhabit sediments whose 

grains lie within a narrow size range. On the continental 

shelf off the Ivory Coast, LeLoeuff and Intes (1972) found 

only 2 of the 19 species with wide sediment grain-size 

tolerances. Most species in fact will not settle on sediment whose grains are too fine or too coarse . Dixon (1944) 

suggested that since the respiratory current comes 

through the sediment in which the animal is buried, a 

preponderance of fine grains could cause clogging of the 

respiratory and particle filter-feeding apparatus. Wieser 

(1956) suggested that the preference of Cumella vulgaris 

for a certain substratum was dependent on the amount 

and sort of food available. 

The depth and latitudinal distributions of the 34 

species considered in this study are outlined in Table 1. 

Four species are found in brackish waters, and nine 

others in nearshore shallow marine waters. With the exception of four species whose distributions include the 
--------------~--------~--~-, 

continental slope, the remammg species are found at 

mid- to outer continental shelf depths. Seventeen species 

have been found only in the northern part of the region, 

while 13 others ranged from north of George's Bank to off 

Chesapeake Bay; only 4 of the species considered have 

not been found north of the region. 

Table I.- Depth and latitudina l distribution of cumaceans found in the region from Newfoundla nd to off Chesapeake Bay. 

(AA = amphi-AtIantic; B = found in brackish water; NA = North American endemic). 

George's Bank and north 

Nearshore shallow water: 

Eudorella difficilis (NA) 

Eudorella emarginata (AA) 

Eudorella truncatula (AA) 

Mid- to outer continental shelf: 

Iphinoe trispinosa (AA) 

Leucon nasicoides (AA) 

Campylaspis affinis (AA) 

Lamprops quadriplicata (NA) 

Lamprops fuscata (AA) 

Brachydiastylis resima (AA) 

Diastylis lucifera (AA) 

Diastylis rathkei (AA) 

Leptostylis ampullacea (AA) 

Leptostylis longimana (AA) 

Continental shelf and slope: 

Eudorellopsis biplicata (NA) 

Eudorellopsis integra (NA) 

Leucon nasica (AA) 

Diastylis goodsiri (AA) 

Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay 

Pseudoleptocuma minor (NA) 

Mancocuma stellifera (B, NA) 

Eudorella pusilla (NA) 

Diastylis polita (NA) 

Oxyurostylis smithi (NA) 

Eudorella hispida (NA) 

Eudorellopsis deformis (AA) 

Campylaspis rubicunda (AA) 

Petalosarsia declivis (AA) 

Diastylis abbreviata (NA) 

Diastylis quadrispinosa (NA) 

Diastylis cornuifer (NA) 

Diastylis sculpta (NA) 

KEY TO CUMACEA 

Maine to Chesapeake Bay 

Cyclaspis pustulata (B, NA) 

Cyclaspis varians (B, NA) 

Leucon americanus (NA) 

Almyracumaproximoculi (B, NA) 

1 With independent telson (Figs. 2, 21, 23) .................................................... 19 

1 Without independent telson (Figs. 3, 6) ....................................................... 2 

2 (1) Endopod of uropod consists of 1 article (Fig. 3) ................................................ 3 

2 (1) Endopod of uropod consists of 2 articles (Fig. 8) ............................................... 7 

3 (2) Exopod on PI only ... . ........................ ............ ........ ....................... .4 

3 (2) Exopod on at least PI and P2 ................................. . .. .......................... 5 

5 
(3) Endopod of uropod with lateral spines (Fig. 3) . ....................... . .......... Cyclaspis varians 

Figure :L-C)"claspis varians. 

side view and uropod. 

~ (3) Endopod of uropod without lateral spines (Fig. 4) ............ ....... ..... ...... Cyclaspis pustulata 

Figure ~.-Cyclaspis pustulata, uropod. 

5 (3) Carapace with posterodorsal, laterally directed horns; outer margin of uropod inner ramus 

curved (Fig. 5) ...... .. ............... .. . . ............. .... ........ .. . Almyracuma proximoculi 

Figure 5.-Almyracuma proximoculi, 

side view and uropod . 

5 (3) Carapace posterodorsaUy smooth, rounded; outer margin of uropod inner ramus straight .............. 6 

6 (5) Mxp3, 4th article as long as wide; uropod peduncle serrate along inner margin (Fig. 6) .. .. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ...................... ... ....... Campylaspis rubicunda 

6 
Figure 6.-Campylaspis rubicunda, 

side view, uropod, and maxilliped 3. 

6 (5) Mxp3, 4th article twice as long 

as wide; uropod peduncle 

smooth, not serrate along inner 

margin (Fig. 7) ........ Campylaspis affinis 

Figure 7.-Campylaspis affinis, 

uropod and maxilliped 3. 

7 
Exopod on PI only (Fig. 8) ..........•.•............•..........•.•.•....•...• . /phiruJP. t rL. pirttJ (J 

~ igure .- 1 phino(' Iri.'pino'a. ,idt? \ it?". 

uropoo. lind pereopod I and 2. 

7 (2) Exopod on at least PI and P2 ............................................................. . 

'8 (7) Pseudorostrurn distinct and produced either anteriorly or dorsally (Figs. 11, 14) .................... 10 

8 (7) Pseudorostrurn weak; carapace blunt anteriorly (Fig. 9) ......................................... 9 

8 
Figure 9.-Mancocuma stellifera, side view and pereopod I. 

9 (8) P1, article 5 medially expanded, twice as wide as article 6; male with 2 pairs of pleopods which 

are rudimentary (Fig. 9) ................................ . ................. Mancocuma stellifera 

9 (8) P1, article 5 not expanded, only slightly wider than article 6; male with 3 pairs of normal pleopods (Fig. 10) ...................... . ..... ............................ . Pseudoleptocuma minor 

Figure IO.-Pseudoleptocuma minor, side view and distal articles of pe reopod 1. 

9 
o (8) Pseudorostrum produced anteriorly .................. .......... ... ... . ...................... 11 

o (8) Pseudorostrum truncate anteriorly, efferent orifice dorsal ............................ . .... ...... 13 

1 (10) Carapace, dorsal margin convex, strongly serrate in female; uropod, endopod as long as exopod, 

endopod basal article much longer than distal article (Fig. 12) ...... . .. . .... .... .............. .. 12 

11 (10) Carapace, dorsal margin flat, weakly serrate ; uropod, endopod shorter than exopod, endopod 

articles subequal in length (Fig. 11) .... .. ......... . .. .. . ... ... ........ . . ..... . Leucon americanus 

...... --. 

Figure ll.-Leucon americanus, side view and uropod. 

12 (11) Uropod, exopod with 2-4 long setae on inner margin (Fig. 12) ..................... . Leucon nasicoides 

Figure 12.-Leucon nasicoides, 

carapace and uropod. 

12 (11) Uropod, exopod with 8 or more long setae on inner margin (Fig. 13) . ... ...... .. . . ... ... Leucon nasica 

10 
Figure 13.-Leucon nasica. uropod. 

13 (10) Exopod of uropod longer than endopod; pseudorostrallobe with strong erect process posterior to 

efferent orifice (Fig. 14) ................................................................... 14 

Figure 14.-Eudorellop8is deformis. 

side view and uropod. 

13 (10) Exopod of uropod shorter than endopod; pseudorostrallobe without strong erect process posterior to efferent orifice (Fig. 19) ........................................................ . .... 16 

14 (13) Anterior margin of carapace with broad lamellar teeth (Fig. 14) ................ Eudorellopsis deformis 

14 (13) Anterior margin of carapace smooth, without teeth ............................................ 15 

11 
15 (14) Uropod, exopod with several long setae, peduncle article twice as long as wide (Fig. 15) ... 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... ..................... . .... Eudorpllop8i.~ intpgra 

FiKun' I" . Fudor('//opsUI inll·pro. uropod 

f iKun' It. . J.uriord/OIJHl lJi"itcrllo. 

urop()d . 

15 (14) Uropod, exopod with few short etae, pedun Ie article short. only a long a. wide (F ig. 16) . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......... . ............................. Eudorellop i blpltcata 

16 (13) Uropod. exopod medial margin with 7 or more long elae ....................................... 17 

16 (13) Uropod, exopod medial margin with les than long elae ...................................... 1 

17 (16) Uropod, exopod longer than endopod ba 'al artic! ; P2, article 5 nearl) twice the I ngth ()farticle 

4; P3, article 4 twice the length of article :3 (Fig. 17) ..........•.•..............•.. Eudorella hi pida 

Figure 17 -Eudorello hispida. uropou 

(after Han~ n InO) and per(;opod a. 

17 (16) Uropod, exopod shorter than endopod basal 

article; P2, article 5 approximately equal 

in length to article 4; P3, articles 3 and 4 

subequal in length (Fig. 18) .... . Eudorella emarginata 

12 

f iKure I .-f.'udorella emorginola. per pod .J and uropod 

(afler aT I !lU.II. 
18 (16) A1, main flagellum basal article without lateral setae; uropod, exopod shorter than endopod in 

female; P2, article 7, 11/2 times the length of article 6; P3, article 4 twice the length of artIcle 3 

(Fig. 19) . . .. . .... ......................................... .......... . .... EudlJrella pu. litH 

Figure 19.-Eudorella pusilla, side view, pereopod 2, and uropod . 

18 (16) A1 , main flagellum basal article with lateral 

setae; uropod, exopod longer than endopod in 

female; P2, article 7 twice the length of article 

6; P3, articles 4 and 3 subequal (Fig. 20) .. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eudorella truncatula 

Figure 20.-Eudorella trunca/uta, uropod 

and pereopod 3 (after Sars I ~()(). 

13 
19 (1) Telson short, rounded, without spines (Fig. :Ll) 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .,. . ... .f)etal().,ar~i(1 dl'c/wis 

Figure 21.-Petalo.'ar~i(l d.'dll'lJ;, ,id,' \11'" lind "'j"HI IIn,t urn!'".j , 

19 (1) Telson elongate, pointed, with plne~"",.... ... . . 2() 

20 (19) Tel on with apical pine . . ..... ~l 

20 (19) Tel on without apical pille 

(Fig. 22) ........... . Oxyuru.\ty/t" _,mllhl 

Figure 22 .-0x) ur()Nt.\li,mithi, id.· \ i.,,, 

and t..t'on nd uruj>ud 

21 (20) Telson with 5 apical spines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. <)<) 

21 (20) Telson with 2 apical spines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ~3 

22 (21) Telson, terminal spines, outer pair or 

outer 2 pairs longer than middle 

spine (Fig. 23) .............. Lamprops fuscata 

Figure 23.-Lamprops fuscaLa, telson and uropod. 

14 
22 (21) Telson, terminal spines, outermo. t and middle pine. approximately equal in length (1-1 . 1. ) 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... .......... . Lamp p quadnpl' ala 

Fi~urc 21.-Lamprops quadripiicata . ..' 

~ide ,ie" and lel.,on and uropod . r------_-..I.t 

23 (21) Telson hort, as long as or shorter than last somite; caparace without oblIque lateral fl(ige,,; 

uropod , exopod shorter than endopod ...................................... . . .. 

23 (21) Telson elongate, much longer than last somite, with at lea t 3 pairs of lateral "pine. ; carapace 

may be sculptured with strong, oblique, lateral ridges; uropod, exopod generally a" long a or 

longer than endopod ....... . ....................................... . .. . . . . 

21 

24 (23) Peduncle of uropod more than twice as long as telson (Fig. 25) ..... ..... . . . /,epto t\ iL /onRLmafl(J 

I i.:un' 2.>. I ~fJ o h II lonl/lmana, ,d .. \ II''' I nd "I n n 

2-1 (:13) Peduncle of uropod only 'lightly longer than telson (Fig .J ) •••••••• ,. • • • 

Fi.:un· ~h - I ,'pta,t.d', 

tel,on 

ampuliaccu, 

Ilnd uropod 

~ 

~ / V $ 

-L--_ ~ 
25 (23) Female with upturned rostrum; male P2, article 6 extending distally as a spinous process 

(Fig. 27) ................................ ·············· ·· ········· ·· ··· Brachydiastylis resima 

Figure 27.-Brachydiastylis resima, side view of 

female and male pereopod 1 (after Sars 1900). 

25 (23) Female rostrum extends straight anteriorly; male P2, article 6 without distal spinous process ......... 26 

26 (25) Fifth pedigerous somite with dorsal median spine or pair of spines; carapace without oblique 

la teral ridges . . .. ... . . . .... .. . .. . ... .. . . . ...... . .. .. .... . .. . ........... . ............. . ... 27 

26 (25) Fifth pedigerous somite without dorsal spines; carapace may have oblique lateral ridges ............. 29 

27 (26) Fifth pedigerous somite with single median dorsal spine; telson equal in length to peduncle of 

uropod (Fig. 28) . . ..... .... .... .......... . .... . .... . ...... .. .... . ...... Diastylis quadrispinosa 

Figure 28.-Diasty lis quadrispinosa, side view. 

27 (26) Several pedigerous somites with paired dorsal spines; telson longer than peduncle of uropod ....... . . . 28 

28 (27) Carapace with lateral row of anteriorly directed spines; all pedigerous and some abdominal 

somite with lateral spines (Fig. 29) . . ..... . .. ........ .... .. .. . .............. . . Diastylis cornuifer 

Figure 29.-Diasty lis cornuifer, dorsal view. 

16 
28 (27) Carapace without lateral row of spines; pedigerous somites serrate along lateral margins but 

lacking spines (Fig. 30) .................................................... Diastylis abbreuiata 

Figure 30.-Diastylis abbreviata, dorsal view. 

29 (26) Pedigerous somite 5 posterior corners produced as narrow elongate processes .. ....... ... . .......... 30 

29 (26) Pedigerous somite 5 posterior corners rounded or blunt ......................................... 31 

30 (29) Carapace without spines, but sculptured with strong vertical oblique 

ridges (Fig. 31) ................. Diastylis polita 

Figure 31.-Diastylis polita, side view. 

30 (29) Carapace with variable number of spines, without strong vertical oblique ridges (Fig. 32) .. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diastylis rathkei 

Figure 32.-Diastylis rathkei, side view. 

17 __________________________ -----------
gl (29) Carapace sculptured with strong vertical oblique lateral ridges (Fig. 33) ............... Dtastylis sculpta 

Figur(' :j:1 [haBty/", Btu/pta. dorkaJ vie .... . 

31 (29) Carapace without strong vertical oblique lateral ridges ............. ............................ 32 

32 (31) PI heavily armed with plumose setae, telson with at least 12 pair of lateral pine (FIg. 34) 

................................................ , ..................... Dia tyltS good lrl 

Figure 34.-Diastylis goodsiri, side 

view and telson and uropod. 

32 (31) PI with few plumose setae, telson with few (4 or 5) pairs of lateral spines (Fig. 35) .... . Diastylis lucifera 

Figure 35.-Diastylis lucifera , side 

view and telson and uropod. 

18 
ANNOTATED . Y TEMATI ' LI. T 

The folJowing i a Ii t of the umacea fT m thl r glOn 

arranged y~tematically according to famil ,with genera 

Ii. ted alphab ticalJy within a family, and imilarly for 

the species within a genu . late on di tingui hing features, po ible 'ynonymou' pecie, ge graphic di tributlOn along the Atlantic oa t of I orth America, habitat 

preferen e , depth range, and reference to complete de -

scriptIOns are given .. Jones (19 9) hould be con ulted for 

key to world genera in each faml! 

LASS CR TA EA 

Order umacea 

Family B dotriidae . No independent tel on; generally 

5 pair, occa IOnally 3, 2, or 0 pair of pleopod in 

male; exopodite on thoracic appendage in the combination 2 normal and 2 rudimentary, 3 normal and 2 

rudimentary, or 4 normal and 1 rudimentary ; inner 

ramu of uropod f 1 or 2 article. 

,' ubfamdy Bodotriinae. Only fi t pair of pere pods 

with ex p d ; 5 pairs of pleopod in male. 

C.yclaSpLI; pw;tulata Zimmer, 1943. Known only from 

1 -m depth in he apeake Bay. pecimen very mall, 

2 mm m length . Zimmer.' 

Cyciaspl,\ uarians alman, 1912. ommon. From 

' heep cot River, Maine , to he apeake Bay, pnmanly 

in meohaline waters. ' urface (in plankton) to 20 

m. alman 1912. 

lphmoe trlspmoa (Good ir, 1 43). A northern pecle 

curring poradicalJy in the northern part of our 

region . ~urface to 150 m. 'ars 1 orey 1 69. 

ubfamily Mancocummae. Exopod on more than the 

fir. t pair of pereopod ; Ie than 5 pair of pleopod In 

males. 

Pscudoicptocuma mmor ( alman, 1912). ntil recent1)- considered to belong in the genu L ptocuma. ommono Gulf of 't. Lawrence t he apeake Ba} in fully 

marine water. On clean andy bottom, -25 

m. alman 1 12; \Vatling 1 77. 

Mancocuma steilL[era Zimmer, 1943. Abundant in 

selected localttle . Thi pecie i probably identical to 

M aitera Zimmer. 1943. Gulf of ~t. Lawrence to 

he-ap ake Bay. Intertidal and) beache to hallow 

subtidal. mann and etuarine. Zimmer. e lootnote 4. 

f amdy 1 uconidae 0 lIldep ndent tel. on; 2 (rarely 1 

or 0) p irs 01 pleap xi . thoracic e opodlte . male 5 

(rarel:- ~~) pain;, r male 4 (rarely 3) pairs; Inner remu 

llj mop xl nearly ah\ ay 01 2 artlc! . 

ably do • not occur 

1 

Eudorellup~i. blpil< ala 

,'cotla, 100-1,600 m. 

common 

m 'ar 

data 

Eudorellop. L mto,ra ( 

common . (,ulf of . t 

, nd 

L 'ucon na. lCOld 

land to :\lam . 

alman. 1 12 

Calm n 1 

m 
family Lampropidae. Telson present, usually with 3 or 

more terminal spines; 3 or 0 pairs of pleopods in males; 

thoracic exopodites, male 5 pairs, female 3 normal and 

2 rudimentary, rarely 2 normal or 2 normal and 2 rudimentary pairs; inner ramus of uropod of 3 articles. 

Lamprops quadriplicata S.1. Smith, 1879. Common. 

Caiman (1912) noted that the features used to distinguish this species from the European L. fasciata Sars, 

1863, were considerably variable, and consequently he 

suggested the two species may be synonymous. From 

off Newfoundland to Massachusetts, 2-65 m. (Not 

adequately illustrated.) 

Lampropos fuscata Sars, 1865. Rare. Newfoundland to 

Nova Scotia. Shallow water to 150 m. Sars 1900. 

Family Pseudocumatidae. Telson present, small; 2 

pairs of somewhat rudimentary pleopods in males; 

thoracic exopodites, male 5 pairs, female 3 normal and 

2 rudimentary pairs; inner ramus of uropods of 1 article. 

Petalosarsia decliuis (Sars, 1865). Common. Ofr Newfoundland to off Delaware (Watling, unpubl. data). 

Surface (plankton) to 160 m. Sars 1900. 

Family Diastylidae. Telson present, with 2 or 0 terminal spines; 2 or 0 pairs of pi eo pods in males; thoracic 

exopodites, male 5, rarely 3 pairs, female 3 normal, 3 

normal and 2 rudimentary, or rarely 2 normal or 0 

pairs; inner ramus of uropod of 2 or 3 articles, rarely of 

one article. 

Brachydiastylis resima (Kr6yer, 1846). Rare. Off 

Nova Scotia, 100 m. Sars 1900. 

Diastylis abbreuiata Sars, 1871. Rare. Gulf of Maine to 

off New Jersey, 30-70 m. Zimmer, see footnote 4. 

Diastylis cornuifer (Blake, 1929). Moderately common. 

This species was described from the Mount Desert 

region of Maine, and was subsequently documented 

from Casco Bay, Maine, and the Cape Cod region by 

Zimmer. Gulf of Maine to off New Jersey (Watling, 

unpubl. data), 2-200 m. Zimmer, see footnote 

4. (There are no complete figures of D. cornuifer.) 

Diasty lis goodsiri (Bell, 1855). Rare in the New 

England region, being found only in deeper water (150-

400 m) from off Nova Scotia. Sars 1900. 

Diastylis lucifera (Krcoyer, 1841). Rare. Nova Scotia to 

Gulf of Maine, 10-140 m. Sars 1900. 

Diasty lis polita (S.1. Smith, 1879). Common. Newfoundland to off Delaware (Watling, unpubl. 

data). Surface to 300 m, but most common in waters 

of 20-40 m. Caiman, 1912. (There are no complete 

figures of D. polita.) 

Diastylis quadrispinosa (Sars, 1871). This species was 

considered by Caiman (1912) to be synonymous with 

D. bispinosa (Stimpson, 1853) but he chose not to use 

the older name. Since the name D. quadrispinosa is so 

widely used it has been adopted here. Extremely abundant; from off Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. Muddy 

to clean sand and gravel bottoms, surface (plankton) 

to 200 m. Caiman 1912. 

20 

Diastylis rathkei (Krcoyer, 1841). Zimmer (1926, 1930) 

divided this pecies into D. rathkei and D. glabra, each 

with everal geographic subspecies. For this study it 

was not possi ble to demonstrate consistent differences 

between the e two forms and therefore D. glabra is 

con idered here to be a morphological variant. Rare in 

the ewfoundland to ova cotia region, 75-200 

m. alman 1912; Zimmer 1926, 1930. 

Diasty LLs scuipta ' ars, 1871. ommon. Prince Edward 

Island (North umberland traits) to off ew .Jersey 

(WatlIng, unpubl. data) . Mo t commonly 7-65 m, 

occa ionally to 400 m; and and gravel to andy mud 

bottom. 'ar 1 71; Caiman 1912. 

LeptostyiLs ampullacea (Lilljeborg, 1 55). Rare . Gulf of 

Maine, 1 -165 m. 'ar 1900; Zimmer, ee footnote 4. 

LeptostyiLs longtmana ('ars, 1 5). Rare . Maine to 

Ma achu ett , 21-125 m. ' ars 1900. 

{Jxyuro!)tvLLs mithi alman, 1912. Common. Mame to 

Loui iana, e tuarine and marine. urface to 45 

m. Caiman 1912. 

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19-1 e" cumaces from the littoral water-, of FJonda ( anbbean 

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2.';0 

BACE , ~I • and Z. ~1\"'RADlA:--:, 

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BLAKE, C H 

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1974 , 'e" records of peracarid crustacean from oligohaline waten; 

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CALMAN, W. T. 

1912. The Crustacea of the Order Cumacea in the collection of the 

UOIted States :-.iational Museum. Proc. U.S. Nat!. Mus. 41:603-

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COREY, S. 

1969. The comparative life histories of three Cumacea (Crustaces): Cumopsi.s Ifoodsm (Van Benedenl, IphlTliie trtspinosa 

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1976. The life history of Diastylts sculpta SIS, 1871 (Crustacea: 

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DIXON, A. Y. 

1944. Notes on certain aspects of the biology of Cumops!s goodslri 

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FORSMAN, B. 

1938. Untersuchungen uber die Cumaceen des Skageraks. Zoo1. 

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1973. Macroinfauna of northern New England manne sand. I. The 

biology of Mancocuma stelllfera Zimmer, 1943 (Cru ta cea 

Cumacea). Can . J. Zoo!. 51 :1011-1020. 

HAN 'EN, H . J. 

1920. Crustacea Malacostraca . IV . Dan . lngolf-Exped . 3(Pa rt 

6) ' 1-86 

,JONES, 

1969. The systematics and distnbution of Cumacea from depth 

exceeding 200 meters. Galathea Rep. 10 ·99-1BO . 

1973. Some new Cumacea from deep water in the Atlanti c. Crustaceana 25 :297-319. 

JONE ,N. ., and W. D. BURBANCK. 

1959. A 1m) racuma proxlmocul! gen . et sp . nov. (Crustacea, Cuma -

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KROGER. VO K. 

1940. Zur lebensgeschichte der Cumacea Dtasty lis rathk et (Kroyer) in der Westlichen Ostsee. Kie!. Meeresforsch . 3:374-402. 

LeLOEUFF, P., and A. INTES. 

1972. Les cumaces du plateau continental de Cote d 'lvoire. Cah. 

O.RS .T .O.M., Sec. Oceanogr. 10:19-46. 

REYS , D. 

1974a . Contnbution a I'etude des Cumaces de profondeur de 

l'Atlantique ord : Ie genre Makroky lindrus Stebbing. Crustaceana 26:5-28. 

74h (ontnbutlon. I etud d 

Atl/lntIqu~ Ie genre [)tasl\ lou! 

~;- ... 

~AJ{..., (J. 0 

'i 1 

1900 

1977 TWII n~" g~nerll lind II new 

tacea ruma(('. ('om eo tern 

\\' ash ~9. 593-','1 

\\'IESER. \\ . 

1%6. 

/lorts Hart (( rustacea, l umaceo) 

ZIM:\IER C. 

192b. • orthern and 

"'w~dbh ~(ale :\Iuscum X (uma en 

sak ld. Hamll "er I. 3 I''''. 

19~1O l ntersuchungtn 81' !Jla 1)lIden (Ordnung (urn 

ceo). :\iIlt Zl .. 1 \Ius Her! n Ih 5 .' 

1943. ('ber neue und um8 !'en 

141.1-1t1·167. 

19-14. l umaceen de. troPI chen \\ e tatlant k Zoo n 

1-14:121-1:37. 
SYSTEMATIC INDEX 

Almyracuma proximoculi ........... . ........ 6, 19 truncatula ............................. 13, 19 

Archaeocuma ................................ 3 Eudorellopsis ................................. 1 

Bodotriidae ., ................. . ............. 19 biplicata ............................... 12, 19 

Bodotriinae ................................. 19 deform is ............................... 11, 19 

Brachydiastylis resima ..................... 16, 20 integra ................ . ............... 12, 19 

Campylaspenis ............................... 3 Iphinoe trispinosa ........................ 4, 8, 19 

Campylaspis ................................. 4 Lampropidae ................................ 20 

affinis .................................. 7, 19 Lamprops 

rubicunda .............................. 6, 19 fa ciata .................................. 20 

Cumella vulgaris . ............................. 4 fuscata ................................ 14, 20 

Cyclaspis quadriplicata ........................... 15, 20 

pustulata ............................... 6, 19 Leptocuma ................................. 19 

varians . ................................ 6, 19 Leptostyli;; 

Diastylidae ................................. 20 ampullacea ............................ 15, 20 

Diastylis longLmana ............................. 15, 20 

abbreviata ............................ 17, 20 Leucon 

comuifer . . ............................ 16, 20 amencanus ............................ 10, 19 

glabra .......... . ......................... 20 naSlca ................................. 10, 19 

goodsiri ............................... 18, 20 nasLcoldes ............................ 10, 19 

lucifera ................... .. .. . ........ 18, 20 Leuconidae ................................. 19 

polita ......... . ....................... 17, 20 Mancocuma 

quadrispinosa ...................... . ... 16, 20 altera .................................... 19 

rathkei . ............................. 4, 17, 20 stellifera . . .. . ........................ 4, 9, 19 

sculpta .............................. 4, 18, 20 MancocumlDae ............................. 19 

Eudorella .......... . ......................... 1 Nannastacidae ........... . .................. 19 

difficilis ........... . ...................... 19 Ox}urostyhs smLthL ... . ................... 14, 20 

emarginata ............................. 12, 19 Petalosarsia declwLs ....................... 14, 20 

hispida ................................ 12, 19 Pseudocumatldae .................. . ......... 20 

pusilla ................................ 13, 19 Pseudoleptocuma minor . .................... 9, 19 

22 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Preparation of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is being coordinated by the following 

Board: 

Coordinating Editor: 

Melbourne R. Carriker, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958. 

Editorial Advisers: 

Marie B. Abbott, 259 High Street, Coventry, Conn. 

Arthur G. Humes, Boston University Marine Program, 

Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. 

We ley . Tiffney, Professor Emeritus, Boston University, 

226 Edge Hill Road, Sharon, Mass. 

Ruth D. Turner, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 

Roland L. Wigley, National Marine Fisheries Service, 

Northeast Fisheries Center, NOAA, Woods Hole, Mass. 

Robert T. Wilce, Department of Botany, University of 

Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 

The Board established the format for the "Marine Flora and 

Fauna of the Northeastern United States," invites systematists 

to collaborate in the preparation of manuals, reviews manuscripts, and advises the Scientific Editor of the National Marine 

Fisheries Service. 

The author would like to thank Thomas Bowman, Division of 

Crustacea, Smithsonian Institution, and Roland Wigley, 

MFS, Woods Hole, for the loan of material from which many 

of the drawings were prepared and for critically reading the 

manuscript. The illustrations are the work of Margaret Macy. 

Special thanks go to Melbourne Carriker for his continued support of this work. 

COORDINATING EDITOR'S COMMENTS 

Publication of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the ortheastern nited tate " i mo t timely in view of the growing universal emphasi on environmental work and the urgent need for 

more precise and complete identification of coastal organisms 

than ha been aV8..1lable. It is mandatory, wherever possible, 

that organi m be identified accurately to species. Accurate 

"clentific name unlock the great quanti tie of biological information tored In libraries, obviate duplication of research 

already done, and often make po ible prediction of attributes of 

organism that have been inadequately tudied. 

Le Watling began his tudie on cumaceans willie at the College of Marine tudle, Univer ity of Delaware, where he 

received ill doctoral degree. In 1975 he joined the faculty of the 

Oceanography Department, niversity of Maine, at Orono, 

where the manual on cumaceans was completed. Besides his 

continuing work with cumaceans, Watling also is engaged in 

studies of the systematics and ecology of amphipod crustaceans 

as well a in quantitative aspects of marine benthic ecology. 

Preparation of this manual was supported in part by a grant 

from the Environmental Protection Agency to the Editorial 

Board of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern 

United tates." Work on the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the 

Northeastern United States" by the Coordinating Editor is supported by the College of Marine Studies, University of 

Delaware. 

Manuals are available from the following: 

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing 

Office, Washington DC 20402, for a charge. 

User Service Branch, Library and Information Services, 

Division D822, Washington Science Center, Building 4, 

Rockville, MD 20852, at no charge as long as the supply 

lasts. 

National Technical Information Services, U.S. Department 

of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 

22161, either as paper copy or microfiche, for a charge. 

Manuals are not copyrighted, and so may be photocopied 

from the NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circulars available in 

most major libraries. 

The manuals so far published in the NOAA Technical Report 

NMFS Circular series are listed below by author, title, circular 

number. and NTIS accession number: 

Circular 

MARINE FLORA AND FAU A OF THE ORTHEASTER UNITED STATES: No. NTIS No. 

COOK, DAVID G., and RALPH O. BRINKHURST. Annelida: Oligochaeta. 

BORROR, ARTHUR C. Protozoa: Ciliophora. 

MOUL, EDWIN T. Higher Plants of the Marine Fringe. 

McCLOSKEY, LAWRENCE R. Pycnogonida. 

MANNING, RAYMO DB. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. 

WILLIAMS, AUSTIN B. Crustacea: Decapoda. 

POLLOCK, LELAND W. Tardigrada. 

LARSON, RONALD J. Cnidaria: Scyphozoa. 

CA V ALIERE, A. R. Higher Fungi: Aacomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basiomycetes. 

COULL, BRUCE C. Copepoda: Harpacticoida. 

CUTLER, EDWARD B. Sipuncula. 

PAWSON, DAVIDL. Echinodermata: Holothuroidea. 

HO, JU-SHEY. Copepoda: Lernaeopodida and Sphyriidae. 

HO, JU-SHEY. Copepoda: Cyclopoids Parasitic on Fishes. 

CRESSEY, ROGERF. Crustacea: Branchiura. 

BOVEE, EUGENE C., and THOMAS K. SAWYER. Protozoa: Sarcodina: Amoebae. 

WATLING, LES. Crustacea: Cumacea. 

23 

374 COM 73 50670/LL 

378 

384 COM 74 50019/LL 

386 

387 COM 74 50487/LL 

389 COM 74 51194/LL 

394 PB 257987/AS 

397 PB 261839/ AS 

398 PB 268036/LL 

399 PB 268714/AS 

405 PB 273062/AS 

405 PB 274999/LL 

406 PB 280040/ AS 

409 PB 281969/LL 

413 PB 222923/5ST 

419 
ERRATA 

NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 401: Fl herie and Fl hery Resources of New York 

Bight, by J. L. McHugh 

Page I, footnote 2: Contribution 000 should read: Contribution 179 

Page 46, left column, paragraph 3, line 7: (McHugh 2976b) hould read : 

(McHugh In pre s b) 

NOAA Technical Report . MF Ir ular 413: :v1arine Flora and Fauna of the. 'orthea tern 

united State. Crustacea. BranchlUra, by Roger F. re,. ey 

Page 6, line 3, right Side. 

Page 6, line 4, right side. 

orrect 'cientlfic name to read : Argu/u,\ 'tIZO ll!thl 

Correct cientdic name to read . Argu/u, cato toml 

1< U,S Government Printing Office 1979-697-73 
388. Proceedings of the first U.S.-Japan meeting on aquaculture at 

Tokyo, Japan, October 18-19, 1971. William N. Shaw (editor). (18 

papers, 14 authors.) February 1974, iii + 133 p. For sale by tlie 

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Washington, D.C. 20402. 

389. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. 

Crustacea: Decapoda. By Austin B. Williams. April 1974, iii + 50 p., 111 

figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government 

Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 

390. Fishery publications, calendar year 1973: Lists and indexes. By 

Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. September 1974, iv + 14 p., 1 fig. 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing 

Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 

391. Calanoid cope pods of the genera Spinocalanus and Mimocalanus 

from the central Arctic Ocean, with a review of the Spinocalanidae. By 

David M. Damkaer. June 1975, x + 88 p., 225 figs., 4 tables. For sale 

by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Washington, D.C. 20402. 

392. Fishery publications, calendar year 1974: Lists and indexes. By 

Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. June 1975, iv + 27 p., 1 fig. 

393. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study-Texas: 

Area description . By Richard A. Diener. September 1975, vi + 129 p., 

55 figs., 26 tables. 

394. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Tardigrada. B.v Leland W. Pollock. May 1976, iii + 25 p., figs. For sale 

hv t he Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Washington. D.C'. 20402. 

395. Report of a colloquium on larval fish mortality studies and their 

relation to fishery research, January 1975. By John R. Hunter. May 

1976, iii + 5 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. 

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.