The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado

2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

2022 CO 10

Supreme Court Case No. 20SC646

Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals

Court of Appeals Case No. 19CA203

Petitioner:

Joy Maphis,

v.

Respondent:

City of Boulder, Colorado.

Judgment Affirmed

en banc

February 22, 2022

Attorneys for Petitioner:

Randall J. Paulsen & Associates, P.C.

Randall J. Paulsen

Westminster, Colorado

O’Brien Law Firm, LLC

Shauna O’Brien

Westminster, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent:

Office of the City Attorney

Sandra M. Llanes

Luis A. Toro

Boulder, Colorado
2

Attorney for Amicus Curiae Colorado Intergovernmental Risk Sharing 

Agency:

Samuel J. Light

Denver, Colorado

Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Colorado Municipal League:

David W. Broadwell

Laurel Witt

Denver, Colorado

Attorney for Amicus Curiae Colorado Trial Lawyers Association:

Just Law Group, LLC

John F. Poor

Denver, Colorado

JUSTICE HART delivered the Opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF JUSTICE 

BOATRIGHT, JUSTICE HOOD, and JUSTICE BERKENKOTTER joined.

JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ, joined by JUSTICE GABRIEL and JUSTICE SAMOUR,

dissented.
3

JUSTICE HART delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 After tripping over a deviation in a sidewalk in the City of Boulder (“City”), 

Joy Maphis sued the City for her injuries under the Colorado Governmental 

Immunity Act (“CGIA”). The City moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction, arguing that it was immune from suit as the sidewalk did not 

constitute a “dangerous condition” under section 24-10-106(1)(d)(1), C.R.S. (2021), 

of the CGIA. The district court denied the City’s motion based on its finding that 

the deviation was “difficult to detect” and was larger than what the City classified 

as a “hazard” warranting repair. The City appealed, and the court of appeals 

reversed, concluding that the undisputed evidence failed to establish that the 

sidewalk presented the type of dangerous condition for which the City had

waived its immunity from suit.

1

1 We granted certiorari to review the following issues:

1. Whether the court of appeals erred by reviewing the trial court’s 

findings of fact for clear error and its legal conclusion—that the 

sidewalk did not constitute such a dangerous condition as to 

waive Boulder’s immunity—de novo.

2. Whether the court of appeals erred by holding that the sidewalk 

did not constitute a dangerous condition for purposes of waiving 

Boulder’s immunity pursuant to the Colorado [Governmental] 

Immunity Act, section 24-10-106(1)(d)(1), C.R.S. (2020).
4

¶2 We agree with the court of appeals that Maphis failed to establish a waiver 

of immunity. Reviewing de novo the legal question of whether the sidewalk 

constituted a dangerous condition under the CGIA, we hold that Maphis’s

evidence did not establish that the sidewalk deviation presented a risk that 

“exceeded the bounds of reason.” City & Cty. of Denver v. Dennis, 2018 CO 37, ¶ 23, 

418 P.3d 489, 497. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals and hold that the 

City retained its immunity from suit under the CGIA.

I. Facts and Procedural History

¶3 On April 8, 2017, Maphis tripped over a two-and-a-half-inch deviation in a 

concrete sidewalk in the City and fell, fracturing both elbows and injuring her face. 

The City had identified the sidewalk as needing repair just weeks earlier and was 

only a few days away from making those repairs at the time of her fall.

¶4 Maphis filed suit against the City to recover for her injuries, alleging that 

the City was liable because it knew of the dangerous condition of the sidewalk yet 

failed to correct the condition or warn pedestrians of its existence.2 The City 

moved to dismiss Maphis’s claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under 

2 Maphis also brought a negligence per se claim against a private party, Moreland 

Family LTD Partnership, for failure to maintain the sidewalk adjacent to their 

property pursuant to Boulder Municipal Code § 8-2-6. That claim is not at issue 

on appeal. 
5

section 24-10-106(1)(d)(1), which waives governmental immunity for a 

“dangerous condition.” It alleged, in part, immunity from suit because the 

deviation in the sidewalk was not “unreasonably dangerous” under the standard 

for what constitutes a “dangerous condition,” as articulated by this court in 

Dennis, ¶ 23, 418 P.3d at 497. 

¶5 To determine whether the City had waived its immunity, the district court 

held an evidentiary hearing pursuant to Trinity Broadcasting of Denver, Inc. v. City 

of Westminster, 848 P.2d 916 (Colo. 1993). Both Maphis and the City’s Principal 

Transportation Projects Engineer, Gerrit Slatter, testified. Maphis testified to the 

extent of her injuries and to the fact that the deviation “was invisible. You couldn’t 

see it when you were walking.” She further testified that, in her opinion, the 

deviation was unreasonably dangerous. 

¶6 Slatter testified about the City’s sidewalk repair program and the condition 

of the sidewalk. He first explained that the City runs both a proactive and a 

reactive repair program. Through the proactive program, the City independently 

identifies and repairs damaged sidewalks as it works through geographic zones;

while through the reactive program, the City receives a complaint or concern 

about a particular sidewalk and fixes it. Under the proactive program, Slatter 

explained, the City (1) “consults with an engineering consultant [who] goes 

through the zone to identify areas that are in need of repair . . . and . . . develop[s] 
6

an exhibit and a cost estimate”; (2) “use[s] that to work with a contractor to 

develop a scope of work and get a construction estimate”; (3) has “a public 

engagement effort” to “notify the neighborhood . . . that there will be sidewalk 

repair work happening over the coming year or two”; (4) “send[s] individual 

letters . . . indicating whether a repair will be implemented in front of their 

property”; and (5) has an “engineering technician[ ] . . . field visit and field edit the 

recommendations from the consultant to make sure that there is concurrence with 

the recommendations” and, “if they identify other repairs that may be needed 

within the zone, they . . . mark those locations and then notify the adjacent 

property owners.” Here, Slatter testified, the sidewalk deviation was not 

identified in the initial review of the geographic zone in 2015. It was identified 

and “marked . . . for repair” during the field visit by the City’s engineering 

technician shortly before the previously scheduled repairs for the zone were going 

to take place. 

¶7 Slatter further agreed to the fact that “a deviation greater than three quarters

of an inch constitutes a hazard” under the City’s sidewalk repair program and that 

such a deviation indicates the sidewalk is unsafe as “a potential tripping hazard.” 

He also explained that when the sidewalk repair program was “conceived in 2010, 

the thought was that there would be sufficient funding to . . . address all the 

sidewalk repair needs within a geographic zone on a yearly basis.” However, 
7

“budget limitations and being able to address the repairs that are needed” mean

that the City needs “a couple of years” to work through each zone. 

¶8 After the Trinity hearing, the district court issued a minute order concluding 

that the City waived its immunity because the sidewalk deviation “constituted a 

‘dangerous condition.’” It specifically found that: 

• “a sidewalk deviation greater than [three quarters] of an inch 

constitutes a ‘hazard’ by the City’s own definition”; 

• the deviation of the sidewalk was approximately two-and-a-half inches 

in height at the time of Maphis’s fall; and

• the deviation was “largely imperceptible.” 

On these facts, the district court reasoned that because “the coloring of the 

sidewalk ma[de] the deviation difficult to detect, increase[d] the degree of the 

tripping hazard, and thus the risk to the walking public,” it constituted an 

“unreasonable risk of harm to the health and safety of the public, such that 

[Maphis] . . . over[came] her burden to prove that the City . . . waived its 

immunity.” 

¶9 The City appealed the district court’s order, and, in a divided opinion, a

division of the court of appeals reversed. Maphis v. City of Boulder, No. 19CA0203 

(June 25, 2020). Reviewing de novo the question of whether the deviation in the 

sidewalk constituted a “dangerous condition,” the division majority concluded 

that while “there is little doubt that the sidewalk’s condition created some risk” as 
8

a tripping hazard, that risk was not one that “exceeded the bounds of reason” 

under the standard set forth by this court in Dennis. Maphis at ¶ 26. In particular, 

the division noted that the undisputed facts showed (1) the City had received no 

citizen complaints about this sidewalk deviation; (2) the deviation had not been 

identified as needing repair during the City engineer’s assessment of the zone in 

2015 but had instead been identified during a routine area inspection just weeks 

before the accident; and (3) undisputed testimony and exhibits at the Trinity

hearing demonstrated that uneven sidewalks are commonplace in Boulder. Id. at 

¶ 26. Given these facts, the division majority concluded that the sidewalk 

deviation did not constitute a “dangerous condition” for purposes of waiving the 

City’s immunity under the CGIA. This conclusion, the division explained, aligns 

with the “General Assembly’s intent to lessen potential burdens on taxpayers, and 

to permit municipalities to prioritize repairs.” Id. at ¶ 32.

¶10 Judge Richman, dissenting, reasoned that the City “created a dangerous 

condition and its failure to act [was] unreasonable” because it had identified the 

sidewalk for repair but had not yet repaired it at the time of Maphis’s fall. Id. at 

¶ 44. 

¶11 Maphis petitioned this court for certiorari, and we granted review.
9

II. Analysis

¶12 We begin by explaining that questions of sovereign immunity under the 

CGIA present mixed questions of fact and law, with jurisdictional facts reviewed 

for clear error and the question of whether those facts constitute a “dangerous 

condition” for purposes of the CGIA reviewed de novo. We then review de novo 

whether the sidewalk deviation in this case constituted a dangerous condition 

under the standard for “unreasonable risk” announced in Dennis. We conclude 

that it did not. 

A. Standard of Review

¶13 Whether the CGIA applies to protect the government from suit is a question 

of subject matter jurisdiction governed by the standard for dismissal pursuant to 

C.R.C.P. 12(b)(1). Dennis, ¶¶ 9–10, 418 P.3d at 494; St. Vrain Valley Sch. Dist. 

RE-1J v. Loveland, 2017 CO 54, ¶ 10, 395 P.3d 751, 754. As such, the plaintiff carries 

the burden of proof to show that the government waived its immunity. Dennis,

¶ 11, 418 P.3d at 494; see also City & Cty of Denver v. Crandall, 161 P.3d 627, 632 

(Colo. 2007) (explaining that “in a Trinity hearing on a C.R.C.P. 12(b)(1) motion to 

dismiss, the plaintiff must carry the burden of proving jurisdictional facts 

adequate to support subject matter jurisdiction”). But “this burden is relatively 

lenient” in the CGIA context “as the plaintiff is afforded the reasonable inferences 

from [their] undisputed evidence.” Dennis, ¶ 11, 418 P.3d at 494. 
10

¶14 It is well-established that the application of sovereign immunity presents a 

mixed question of fact and law. See id. at ¶ 12, 418 P.3d at 494 (explaining the 

standard of review for determining whether sovereign immunity applies); St.

Vrain Valley Sch. Dist. RE-1J, ¶ 10, 395 P.3d at 754 (same); Crandall, 161 P.3d at 633 

(same); Tidwell ex rel. Tidwell v. City & Cty. of Denver, 83 P.3d 75, 81 (Colo. 2003) 

(same). The district court makes “factual findings about its ability to hear the 

case,” Dennis, ¶ 9, 418 P.3d at 494, and resolves “any factual dispute[s] upon which 

the existence of jurisdiction may turn,” Swieckowski v. City of Ft. Collins, 934 P.2d 

1380, 1384 (Colo. 1997). On appellate review, we defer to the district court’s factual 

findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Dennis, ¶ 12, 418 P.3d at 494. 

¶15 “Once the questions of fact are resolved, we review questions of 

governmental immunity de novo,” id., as the only remaining question “is one of 

statutory interpretation,” St. Vrain Valley Sch. Dist. RE-1J, ¶ 10, 395 P.3d at 754.

When interpreting a statute, our goal is to give effect to legislative intent. Elder v. 

Williams, 2020 CO 88, ¶ 18, 477 P.3d 694, 698. In doing so, we look at the statute 

“as a whole, giving consistent, harmonious, and sensible effect to all of its parts.” 

Dennis, ¶ 12, 418 P.3d at 494. 

¶16 Applying these principles, we now review de novo whether the condition 

of the sidewalk on which Maphis tripped constitutes a “dangerous 
11

condition”—and whether the City thus waived its governmental immunity under 

section 24-10-106(1)(d)(1) of the CGIA. 

B. A “Dangerous Condition” Under the CGIA Is a Physical 

Condition that Constitutes an Unreasonable Risk

¶17 The CGIA provides immunity to public entities in claims for injuries that lie 

in or could lie in tort but waives this immunity in certain limited circumstances. 

§ 24-10-106. Responding to this court’s prior abrogation of sovereign immunity, 

the General Assembly enacted the CGIA with the purposes of (1) protecting

governments from unlimited liability that could “disrupt or make prohibitively 

expensive the provision of . . . essential public services,” § 24-10-102, C.R.S. (2021); 

(2) protecting taxpayers “against excessive fiscal burdens” as they would 

“ultimately bear the fiscal burdens of unlimited liability,” id.; and (3) “permit[ting]

a person to seek redress for personal injuries caused by a public entity” in 

circumstances identified in the statute, State v. Moldovan, 842 P.2d 220, 222 (Colo. 

1992). Because the CGIA derogates the common law, we construe its immunity 

provisions strictly but waiver provisions broadly. Elder, ¶ 20, 477 P.3d at 698.

¶18 At issue in this case is the provision that waives immunity in an action for 

injuries resulting from the “dangerous condition of a . . . sidewalk.” 

§ 24-10-106(1)(d)(1). The CGIA expressly defines a “dangerous condition” as “a 

physical condition . . . that constitutes an unreasonable risk to the health or safety of 

the public.” § 24-10-103(1.3), C.R.S. (2021) (emphasis added).
12

¶19 In Dennis, we held that “‘unreasonable’ in this context means ‘exceeding the 

bounds of reason or moderation.’” ¶ 23, 418 P.3d at 497 (quoting Unreasonable,

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (unabr. ed. 2002)). We explained 

that because the term “unreasonable” modifies the word “risk,” the CGIA requires

“more than a foreseeable risk of harm.” Id. at ¶ 22, 418 P.3d at 497 (emphases added). 

In other words, there are “situations when there is a chance the [condition] could 

cause an injury, or it is foreseeable that [it] could cause an injury” but the 

government nonetheless does not waive its immunity. Id. This balance is 

necessary because the CGIA waives governmental immunity in a narrower class 

of circumstances than those that might subject a private entity to liability. 

¶20 Applying this standard in Dennis, we held that the condition of a road, 

though somewhat deteriorated, was not unreasonable. There, a passenger on a 

motorcycle was injured at an intersection in Denver when the driver of a car 

turned in front of the motorcycle and “effectively [cut] off” the motorcycle. Id. at 

¶ 3, 418 P.3d at 493. The driver of the motorcycle attempted to stop before hitting 

the car but was unable to, and the passenger was flung from the motorcycle and 

suffered severe injury. Id. The passenger sued the City and County of Denver 

(“Denver”) alleging that the condition of the road at the intersection prevented the 

driver from effectively stopping the motorcycle. Id. at ¶ 4, 418 P.3d at 493. 
13

¶21 Reviewing whether the condition of the road constituted a “dangerous 

condition,” we found that the plaintiff presented evidence showing a 

“deteriorated road”—i.e., “cracked and rutted”—“but not a road which was

unreasonably risky on which to drive.” Id. at ¶ 26, 418 P.3d at 498 (emphasis added). 

We explained that “while [the plaintiff] is afforded the inferences of her 

undisputed evidence, she nevertheless bore the burden of proving that the road 

constituted an unreasonable risk.” Id. And we concluded that the plaintiff had 

not met that burden. Thus, Denver had not waived its governmental immunity.

¶22 We reiterate today that to prove the “dangerous condition” element of the 

immunity waiver, a plaintiff must show that the “condition created a chance of 

injury, damage, or loss which exceeded the bounds of reason.” Id. at ¶ 23, 418 P.3d 

at 497. Assessing whether the plaintiff has met this burden requires examining the 

totality of the circumstances presented by the undisputed evidence as to whether 

that particular condition presented an unreasonable risk. Id.

C. The Sidewalk Deviation Did Not Constitute a 

Dangerous Condition

¶23 Turning to the present case, we now consider whether Maphis met her 

burden to show that the sidewalk condition created a chance of injury, damage, or 

loss which exceeded the bounds of reason, such that the City could be liable for 

her injuries. 
14

¶24 Maphis contends that the sidewalk condition constituted an unreasonable 

risk because the two-and-a-half-inch deviation exceeded the City’s criteria for a 

tripping hazard by three fold and its coloration made it hard to see. On the 

undisputed facts at the Trinity hearing, we agree with the division that these 

factors alone do not outweigh the evidence demonstrating that this sidewalk 

condition—while undeniably significant for Maphis—did not constitute the type 

of “dangerous condition” for which the CGIA waives governmental immunity.

¶25 First, we note that the condition was not unreasonable merely because the 

deviation exceeded the City’s criteria for a “hazard” needing repair and the City 

had therefore marked it for repair. “Hazard” is synonymous with “risk.” Hazard, 

Merriam-Webster Online, https:/ /www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/hazard [https://perma.cc/6QRY-M39T]. And, as we 

observed in Dennis, the term “unreasonable” modifies the word “risk” in the 

CGIA. ¶ 23, 418 P.3d at 497. Thus, the mere fact that the City was aware of the 

deviation and had scheduled it for repair because they classified it as a hazard is 

not enough to qualify it as an “unreasonable risk.” The statutory language 

requires looking beyond the City’s criteria to determine whether the 

acknowledged hazard is one that exceeded the bounds of reason.

¶26 Further, the fact that the City had identified the deviation as needing repair 

does not make the risk it presents an unreasonable one. Certainly, once the City 
15

had identified the deviation for repair—just weeks before the accident—the risk 

was foreseeable. But, as we explained in Dennis, a waiver of immunity requires 

more than foreseeable risk. ¶ 22, 418 P.3d at 497.

¶27 Giving Maphis the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the undisputed 

evidence, the coloration of the sidewalk here did make the two-and-a-half-inch 

deviation “difficult to detect.” And the fact that the deviation was three times the 

height of the City’s “hazard” criteria might also have increased the risk it 

presented. But the degree of risk still did not exceed the bounds of reason as 

(1) deviations in slab sidewalks are commonplace throughout Colorado due to the 

harsh climate and other environmental factors; (2) the deviation was located in a 

residential area without any heightened safety concerns; and (3) the City had not 

received any citizen reports through its reactive program about the sidewalk.3 

¶28 Of course, in examining the totality of the circumstances shown by the 

undisputed facts in a different case, there certainly could be instances where a twoand-a-half-inch sidewalk deviation would constitute a dangerous condition. For 

example, the location of such a deviation in a high foot-traffic area or an area of 

3 The City might have done well to more clearly mark this deviation while it was 

awaiting repair. However, “[n]egligent failure to warn” does not “trigger[] a 

waiver of immunity under the CGIA.” Medina v. State, 35 P.3d 443, 449 (Colo. 

2001).
16

heightened public safety concern—such as at the entrance of an assisted-living 

facility, hospital, school, or daycare—or frequent citizen reporting of the condition 

would be additional evidence that might help a plaintiff meet the burden of proof. 

But none of these facts is present here. The City did not receive any complaints 

about this sidewalk deviation and only identified it independently for proactive 

repair on a second review of the neighborhood sidewalks just weeks before it was 

repaired. 

¶29 Maphis argues that the relative frequency of sidewalk deviations should not 

influence our reasonableness analysis as it lets municipalities off the hook for 

dangerous conditions just because those conditions are widespread. But the 

purposes of the CGIA suggest that the frequency with which a particular condition 

occurs is an appropriate consideration when evaluating whether governmental 

immunity has been waived. As the amicus brief submitted by the Colorado 

Municipal League explained, “no municipal sidewalk system is perfectly hazardfree at all times,” and local governments seeking to maintain their sidewalks are 

constrained not only by budgetary limitations, but also by the availability of 

contractors who can do the needed repairs. See Brief Amici Curiae, the Colorado 

Municipal League and the Colorado Intergovernmental Risk Sharing Agency, in Support 

of the City of Boulder, at 2. We cannot ignore the realities that Colorado’s local 

governments face in trying to maintain roads and sidewalks. As we explained in 
17

Dennis, doing so would impose an “impossibly high standard” whereby “state and 

local governments [must] keep [sidewalks] like new at all times.” ¶ 19, 418 P.3d 

at 496. This would significantly increase—not reduce—potential burdens on 

taxpayers. We described in Dennis, and we emphasize here:

The [City] could not simultaneously fix every [sidewalk]; some 

[sidewalks] would be prioritized and renovated before others. And 

when a [pedestrian] was injured on one of the non-prioritized 

[sidewalks] that were awaiting renovation, the government would be 

potentially liable for not fixing the [sidewalk]. Thus, the taxpayers 

would be footing both the costs of making [sidewalks] like new and 

the costs of potential lawsuits. 

Id. 

¶30 Thus, based on the totality of the circumstances presented by the 

undisputed evidence in this case, we hold that Maphis failed to establish that the 

sidewalk deviation created a chance of injury, damage, or loss which exceeded the 

bounds of reason. 

III. Conclusion

¶31 Reviewing de novo whether Maphis established that the sidewalk deviation 

created an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of the public, we agree with 

the court of appeals that she did not. Therefore, we affirm that the City’s 

governmental immunity has not been waived under the “dangerous condition” 

provision of the CGIA.
1

JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ, joined by JUSTICE GABRIEL and JUSTICE SAMOUR,

dissented.

¶32 The General Assembly has expressly waived governmental immunity for 

injuries resulting from a “dangerous condition” of a sidewalk. § 24-10-106(1)(d)(I), 

C.R.S. (2021). For that waiver to be given a meaningful effect, it must apply to 

conditions as severe as the sidewalk deviation at issue here: a nearly 

imperceptible, two-and-a-half-inch vertical deviation that was known to the City 

of Boulder, deemed an unsafe “hazard” under its own standards, and was 

scheduled for repair. I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the sidewalk 

deviation here did not, as a matter of law, constitute a “dangerous condition” as 

contemplated by the Colorado Governmental Immunity Act (“CGIA”). Because 

the majority opinion effectively narrows the scope of the CGIA’s waiver of 

immunity and creates an unjust result under the circumstances of this case, I 

respectfully dissent.

I. Factual Background

¶33 Joy Maphis was seriously injured when she tripped over a deviation in a 

residential sidewalk a few blocks from a commercial area in Boulder, Colorado. 

She fell, landing on her elbows and her face. Her left elbow was broken, and her 

right elbow was shattered. Maphis required sutures to repair her lip, and she 

underwent two surgeries to regain a meaningful range of motion in her right 
2

elbow. At the time of the Trinity hearing in this case, Maphis testified that she still 

could not straighten her left arm and was in constant pain.

¶34 The City was aware of the specific sidewalk deviation that caused Maphis’s 

fall because workers had identified it during a routine inspection a month prior to 

Maphis’s injury. Under the City’s guidelines, a deviation greater than three 

quarters of an inch is considered a “hazard.” The City’s engineer acknowledged 

at the Trinity hearing that such deviations make the sidewalk “unsafe.” The twoand-a-half-inch deviation here was more than three times that size. City workers 

had marked the sidewalk and scheduled it for repair. Unfortunately, the City did 

not complete those repairs until two days after Maphis tripped and fell. 

¶35 The deviation here was not only serious, but the district court also found 

that it was “largely imperceptible.” Maphis testified that she could not see the 

deviation because the coloring of the concrete on the vertical face of the slab 

blended in with the coloring of its top surface. Photographs of the sidewalk 

admitted into evidence at the Trinity hearing confirmed her testimony. Although 

the City had identified the deviation and scheduled it for repair, it did not mark 

the area (with orange paint or cones, for example) to make the hazard more visible 

to pedestrians.
3

II. The Sidewalk Deviation Constituted a “Dangerous 

Condition” 

¶36 The CGIA expressly waives a public entity’s immunity from suit in an action 

seeking compensation for injuries resulting from a “dangerous condition” of any 

public sidewalk within the corporate limits of a municipality. § 24-10-106(1)(d)(I). 

The CGIA defines a “dangerous condition” as

a physical condition of a facility or the use thereof that constitutes an 

unreasonable risk to the health or safety of the public, which is known 

to exist or which in the exercise of reasonable care should have been 

known to exist and which condition is proximately caused by the 

negligent act or omission of the public entity or public employee in 

constructing or maintaining such facility.

§ 24-10-103(1.3), C.R.S. (2021).

¶37 To establish a “dangerous condition”—and thus, a waiver of immunity 

under section 24-10-106(1)(d)(I)—a plaintiff must show that her injury resulted 

from (1) the physical condition of a facility or the use thereof; (2) which constituted 

an unreasonable risk to the health or safety of the public; (3) which was known to 

exist or should have been known to exist in the exercise of reasonable care; and 

(4) which was proximately caused by the negligent act or omission of the public 

entity in constructing or maintaining the facility. Medina v. State, 35 P.3d 443, 454 

(Colo. 2001); see also St. Vrain Valley Sch. Dist. RE-1J v. Loveland, 2017 CO 54, ¶ 16, 

395 P.3d 751, 755. Here, there is no dispute that Maphis’s injuries resulted from 

the physical condition of the sidewalk; that the City knew about this specific 
4

sidewalk deviation; and that the condition of the sidewalk was a result of the City’s 

failure to maintain it. The only dispute is whether the condition of the sidewalk 

constituted “an unreasonable risk to the health or safety of the public.” 

§ 24-10-103(1.3).

¶38 To prove that a condition poses an “unreasonable risk,” the plaintiff must 

show that the condition “created a chance of injury, damage, or loss which 

exceeded the bounds of reason.” City & Cty. of Denver v. Dennis, 2018 CO 37, ¶ 23, 

418 P.3d 489, 497. Although I agree with the majority that the ultimate 

determination of whether the City has waived its governmental immunity is a 

question of law reviewed de novo, maj. op. ¶ 16, the determination of whether a 

particular condition presents an unreasonable risk “will necessarily be a factspecific inquiry.” Dennis, ¶ 23, 418 P.3d at 497. 

¶39 The facts here show that Maphis carried her burden of establishing that the 

sidewalk deviation presented an unreasonable risk. The two-and-a-half-inch

vertical deviation that caused Maphis to trip was more than three times the size of 

a deviation the City itself considered to render a sidewalk unsafe. While not every 

deviation exceeding the City’s three-quarter-inch standard automatically 

constitutes a dangerous condition, the deviation here far exceeded what the City 

itself deemed to require repair given the risk of injury it created. Moreover, the 

City had actually flagged and scheduled this particular sidewalk deviation for 
5

repair. In addition, the deviation here was also largely imperceptible, even during 

daylight hours, because the coloring of the slab’s vertical plane matched the slab’s 

top surface—yet the City did not visibly mark the deviation or otherwise take 

action to reduce pedestrians’ risk of injury while repairs were pending.1 In short, 

the known hazard in this case created a chance of injury that exceeded the bounds 

of reason. 

¶40 Our reasoning in Dennis actually supports the trial court’s conclusion here. 

We held in Dennis that the deteriorated condition of the road there carried “some

risk,” but that the risk was not unreasonable. Id. at ¶ 25, 418 P.3d at 497. In 

reaching that conclusion, however, we pointed to the absence of certain factors 

that are clearly present in this case. 

¶41 First, there was conflicting testimony in Dennis as to whether the condition 

of the road caused the collision (by preventing the motorcycle from stopping 

quickly enough to avoid the car that had turned in front of it). Id. at ¶ 24, 418 P.3d 

at 497. In other words, there were unresolved questions regarding whether the 

deteriorated road condition played a role in causing the accident. Id. Here, there 

1 While I acknowledge that a claim under the CGIA cannot be predicated solely on 

a failure to warn, see Medina, 35 P.3d at 449, the failure to call attention to the 

hazard here, particularly given how difficult it was to perceive, is relevant to 

determining whether it was unreasonably dangerous. 
6

is no such question. The vertical deviation in the sidewalk clearly caused Maphis 

to trip and fall, resulting in her serious injuries. 

¶42 Second, in Dennis, the city’s pavement engineer testified that he had 

inspected the road at that intersection a week before the accident and determined 

that it did not require immediate repair. Id. at ¶ 25, 418 P.3d at 498. Moreover, 

although the intersection was rated as “very poor” under the city’s internal 

analysis, the city’s rating system was “not related to how safe or dangerous a road 

is” but served only to assist the city in determining maintenance needs and

priorities. Id. at ¶ 5, 418 P.3d at 493. Here, by contrast, the City had identified and 

scheduled this sidewalk deviation for repair (and completed those repairs, albeit 

two days after Maphis’s accident). In addition, the City’s engineer acknowledged 

that under the City’s standards, a sidewalk deviation greater than three quarters 

of an inch is considered a hazard that makes the sidewalk “unsafe.” 

¶43 Third, we emphasized in Dennis that the road, while cracked and rutted, did 

not contain potholes or sinkholes “or any other road characteristics such as a raised 

pavement lip that could damage a vehicle and lead to an accident.” Id. at ¶ 26, 

418 P.3d at 498 (emphasis added). For this reason, we concluded that although the 

road was deteriorated, it was not a road on which it was unreasonably risky to 

drive. Id. Yet the vertical sidewalk deviation here presented the very type of 

hazard to a pedestrian that was missing from the facts evaluated in Dennis. 
7

¶44 In sum, the analysis in Dennis should lead us to affirm the district court’s 

conclusion here that the sidewalk deviation was a “dangerous condition” for 

purposes of the CGIA. In holding otherwise, the majority misapplies Dennis.

¶45 The majority concedes that “there certainly could be instances where a twoand-a-half-inch sidewalk deviation would constitute a dangerous condition” 

sufficient to waive immunity. Maj. op. ¶ 28. However, the majority apparently 

would limit such circumstances to “high foot-traffic area[s],” “area[s] of 

heightened public safety concern,” and sidewalk conditions that citizens have 

frequently reported. Id. Although such circumstances are certainly relevant to 

determining whether a sidewalk deviation constitutes a dangerous condition, they 

cannot serve to restrict the CGIA’s waiver of immunity. See Dennis, ¶ 14, 418 P.3d 

at 495 (“Because the CGIA derogates common law, we construe its waivers of 

immunity broadly.”). 

¶46 I fear the majority’s ruling today effectively precludes any tort claim against 

a municipality for the dangerous condition of a sidewalk—even a known 

hazardous condition that poses an unreasonable risk of injury—unless the 

condition occurs in a “high foot-traffic area” or “an area of heightened public 

safety concern.” Nothing in the CGIA suggests that we must construe the waiver 

of immunity for the dangerous condition of a public sidewalk so narrowly. A 

known, physical condition capable of causing the serious injuries sustained here 
8

cannot be deemed within the bounds of reason simply because it was located in an 

area of the city with lighter pedestrian traffic. As the facts of this case demonstrate, 

tripping over a sidewalk deviation (regardless of its location within a 

municipality) can result in serious, long-term injuries. True, the CGIA is aimed, 

in part, at preventing unlimited liability of the government, but its waivers of 

sovereign immunity are intended to allow individuals to seek redress for injuries 

caused by the government. Indeed, this is “one of the basic but often overlooked” 

purposes of the CGIA. Daniel v. City of Colo. Springs, 2014 CO 34, ¶ 13, 327 P.3d 

891, 895 (quoting State v. Moldovan, 842 P.2d 220, 222 (Colo. 1992)). In my view, 

today’s ruling overlooks that purpose. 

III. Conclusion

¶47 A finding that immunity has been waived does not mean that Maphis wins; 

it means only that she may bring her case to trial, where she would still have to 

prove the City’s negligence to prevail. But the majority’s opinion today precludes 

her from even having that opportunity. 

¶48 The CGIA clearly waives immunity for claims seeking compensation for 

injuries resulting from the dangerous condition of a public sidewalk. Because I 

believe Maphis established that the sidewalk deviation here constituted a 

“dangerous condition” sufficient to establish the waiver of immunity under 

section 24-10-106(1)(d)(I), I respectfully dissent.