Early Experiences with 

COVID-19 at ICE 

Detention Facilities 

June 18, 2020 

OIG-20-42 
-XQH
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DHS OIG HIGHLIGHTS
 

Early Experiences with COVID-19 at ICE Detention Facilities
 

June 18, 2020 

Why We 

Did This 

Inspection 

The World Health 

Organization (WHO) 

declared novel 

coronavirus 19 

(COVID-19) a pandemic 

on March 11, 2020, 

noting that it was not 

just a public health 

crisis, but one that 

would affect every sector 

of society. We surveyed 

personnel at ICE 

detention facilities from 

April 8 to 20, 2020, 

regarding their 

experiences and 

challenges managing 

COVID-19 among 

detainees in their 

custody and among 

their staff. 

What We 

Recommend 

We make no 

recommendations. 

For Further Information: 

Contact our Office of Public Affairs 

at (202) 981-6000, or email us at 

DHS-OIG.OfficePublicAffairs@oig.dhs.gov 

What We Found 

The number of detainees in U.S. Immigration and Customs 

Enforcement’s (ICE) custody who have tested positive for 

COVID-19 has risen dramatically, from one detainee on 

March 25, 2020, to 1,312 detainees on May 26, 2020. The 

188 ICE detention facilities that responded to our survey 

described various actions they have taken to prevent and 

mitigate the pandemic’s spread among detainees. These 

actions include increased cleaning and disinfecting of 

common areas, and quarantining new detainees, when 

possible, as a precautionary measure. However, facilities 

reported concerns with their inability to practice social 

distancing among detainees, and to isolate or quarantine 

individuals who may be infected with COVID-19. Regarding 

staffing, facilities reported decreases in current staff 

availability due to COVID-19, but have contingency plans in 

place to ensure continued operations. The personnel at 

facilities also expressed concerns with the availability of staff, 

as well as protective equipment for staff, if an outbreak of 

COVID-19 occurred in the facility. Overall, almost all facility 

personnel stated they were prepared to address COVID-19, 

but expressed concerns if the pandemic continued to spread. 

At the time of our survey, 23 facilities reported having 

detainees who tested positive for COVID-19; this number had 

risen to 52 facilities as of May 26, 2020. 

ICE Response

ICE described the COVID-19 pandemic as an “unprecedented 

public health crisis,” and reiterated measures described in 

this report that it had taken to detect and mitigate the spread 

of COVID-19 in its detention facilities. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Table of Contents 

Background .................................................................................................... 2 

Results of Inspection ....................................................................................... 6 

Facilities Described Actions Taken to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19 among 

Detainees, but Are Challenged in Physically Distancing Detainees ............... 7 

Facilities Have Contingency Plans to Ensure Continued Operations, but 

Expressed Concerns with Availability of Staff and Protective Equipment if
 

COVID-19 Spreads ................................................................................... 11 

ICE Has Provided Guidance Regarding COVID-19, but Only Certain 

Detention Facilities Must Comply ............................................................. 14 

Appendixes 

Appendix A: Objective, Scope, and Methodology ...................................... 16 

Appendix B: Agency Comments to the Draft Report .................................. 18 

Appendix C: Survey Results ..................................................................... 21 

Appendix D: Special Reviews and Evaluations Major Contributors to This
 

Report .................................................................................. 29 

Appendix E: Report Distribution .............................................................. 30 

Abbreviations 

CBP U.S. Customs and Border Protection 

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

COVID-19 novel coronavirus 19 

ICE U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
 

IGSA intergovernmental service agreement 

IHSC ICE Health Services Corps 

OIG Office of Inspector General 

PPE personal protective equipment 

PBNDS Performance-Based National Detention Standards 

WHO World Health Organization 

www.oig.dhs.gov OIG-20-42 
 

 

 

 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Background 

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared novel coronavirus 19 

(COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020, noting that it was not just a public 

health crisis, but one that would affect every sector of society. On that day, 

roughly 118,000 people had confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide, and 4,291 

people had died. Less than 3 months later, on May 26, there were more than 

5.4 million confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide, with 1.6 million cases and 

almost 97,000 deaths in the United States alone. 

COVID-19 spreads easily, particularly in congregate environments such as 

detention centers, where housing, recreation, food service, and workplace 

components are present in a single physical setting. Typically, detained aliens 

come from a variety of geographic locations, turnover frequently, and cannot 

leave the facility. In addition, detention settings may have limited medical 

resources, difficulty maintaining environmental cleanliness, and limited options 

for social distancing. Combined, these factors create unique challenges for 

detention centers to mitigate the risk of infection and transmission of COVID-19. 

Within the Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Immigration and Customs 

Enforcement (ICE) oversees the detention of aliens in approximately 200 

facilities that it manages in conjunction with private contractors or state or local 

governments. These facilities either house ICE detainees exclusively (i.e., 

dedicated facilities) or house ICE detainees as well as other individuals, like 

state or local inmates (i.e., non-dedicated facilities).1 All facilities that hold ICE 

detainees require adherence to standards2 that establish consistent conditions 

of confinement, program operations, and management expectations within ICE’s 

detention system. These standards also set requirements for detainee 

environmental health and safety (e.g., cleanliness, sanitation, security, and 

segregation) and medical services. 

The ICE Health Service Corps (IHSC) either provides direct care or oversees 

medical care through local government staff or private contractors, to detainees 

in ICE detention facilities. In addition to standards regarding detainee health 

1 Dedicated facilities include: Service Processing Centers, which are DHS-owned facilities generally 

operated by contract detention staff; Contract Detention Facilities, which are facilities owned and 

operated by private companies and contracted directly by ICE; and Dedicated Intergovernmental 

Service Agreement facilities, which are dedicated to housing only ICE detainees under an 

intergovernmental service agreement (IGSA) with ICE. Non-dedicated facilities include: IGSA 

facilities, which are facilities, such as local and county jails, housing ICE detainees (and other 

inmates) under an IGSA with ICE; and U.S. Marshals Service Intergovernmental Agreement facilities, 

which are contracted by Marshals Service but also used by ICE. 

2 Depending on their type, facilities must adhere to the National Detention Standards issued in 2000 

or 2019; ICE’s 2008 Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS), or the 2011 PBNDS 

(Revised in 2016). 

www.oig.dhs.gov 2 OIG-20-42 
 

 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

and safety included in national standards, IHSC also establishes its own policies 

regarding detainee care. Additionally, ICE’s Pandemic Workforce Protection Plan 

from May 2017 lists actions ICE should take to protect staff, as well as 

individuals in its custody, in the event of a potential pandemic. 

Overall, the number of ICE detention facility staff with confirmed cases of 

COVID-19 has increased in the months since WHO first declared a pandemic. 

On April 6, 2020, seven ICE detention facility staff had confirmed cases of 

COVID-19.3 Seven weeks later, on May 26, 2020, there were 44 confirmed 

cases of COVID-19 among ICE detention facility staff. Figure 1 shows the 

number of ICE detention facility staff with confirmed cases of COVID-19 since 

March. 

Figure 1: Increase in Number of ICE Staff with COVID-19, 

March 23–May 26, 2020 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

3/23 3/30 4/6 4/13 4/20 4/27 5/4 5/11 5/18 5/25 

Source: Office of Inspector General (OIG) analysis of ICE data 

The number of ICE detainees confirmed to have COVID-19 has also risen 

dramatically, from the first detainee who tested positive for COVID-19 on 

March 25, 2020, to 1,312 detainees on May 26, 2020, as seen in figure 2. 

3 ICE only tracks information regarding its own employees at its facilities. Therefore, the 

number of staff with confirmed cases of COVID-19 does not include contracted staff, who often 

make up the majority of staff at ICE detention facilities. In many cases, ICE employees are not 

located at facilities and the only staff members are contracted employees. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Figure 2: Increase in Number of ICE Detainees with COVID-19, 

March 23–May 26, 2020 

0 

200 

400 

600 

800 

1000 

1200 

1400 

3/23 3/30 4/6 4/13 4/20 4/27 5/4 5/11 5/18 5/25 

Source: OIG analysis of ICE data 

As of May 26, 2020, 2,535 detainees had been tested for COVID-19. On May 7, 

2020, ICE reported the first of two detainee deaths in its custody attributable 

to COVID-19; the detainee had been in custody at Otay Mesa Detention Center 

in San Diego.4 ICE reported the death of a second detainee, who had been in 

custody at Stewart Detention Center in Lumpkin, Georgia, May 25, 2020. 

Figures 3 and 4 show the growth in the number of detainees with confirmed 

cases of COVID-19 at ICE facilities across the country from April 6 to May 26, 

2020. 

4 “ICE detainee in California is first in U.S immigration custody to die of coronavirus,” 

Washington Post, May 7, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/coronavirus-icedetainee-death/2020/05/06/3be3852e-8ff2-11ea-9e23-6914ee410a5f_story.html 

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 OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Figure 3: Detainees with COVID-19 as of April 6, 2020 

Source: OIG map developed from ICE data 

Figure 4: Detainees with COVID-19 as of May 26, 2020 

Source: OIG map developed from ICE data 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Because of the unique challenges detecting, preventing, and mitigating 

COVID-19 in detention facilities, in April 2020, OIG initiated a limited-scope 

review of ICE’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic at its facilities, with 

respect to both the detainees and staff. OIG surveyed personnel at 196 ICE 

detention facilities regarding their experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic 

from April 8 to 20, 2020. We received 188 surveys, for a 96 percent response 

rate. We also reviewed COVID-19 guidance distributed to ICE facilities during 

the early stages of the pandemic, and interviewed the IHSC Medical Director. 

Our analysis provides a snapshot of steps ICE and the facilities have taken to 

manage COVID-19, as well as challenges they face with staffing, resources, 

facility operations, and detainee care. Most information presented in this 

report represents the experience and perspective of personnel at ICE facilities 

at a particular time — April 8–20, 2020. We intend to conduct a more 

comprehensive review of ICE’s response to the pandemic at its detention 

facilities in the coming months. 

Results of Inspection 

Personnel at the ICE detention facilities who responded to our survey5 

described various actions they have taken to prevent and mitigate the 

pandemic’s spread among detainees. These actions include increased cleaning 

and disinfecting of common areas, and isolating new detainees, when possible, 

as a precautionary measure. However, facilities reported concerns with their 

inability to practice social distancing among detainees, and to isolate or 

quarantine individuals who may be infected with COVID-19. Regarding 

staffing, facilities reported decreases in current staff availability due to 

COVID-19, but have contingency plans in place to ensure continued 

operations. The facilities also expressed concerns with the availability of staff, 

as well as protective equipment for staff, if there were an outbreak of COVID-19 

at the facility. Overall, the majority of facilities stated they were prepared to 

address COVID-19, but expressed concerns if the pandemic continued to 

spread. Since our survey concluded, the number of detainees who have tested 

positive for COVID-19 has risen from 220 on April 20, 2020, to 1,312 on May 

26, 2020, representing a 496 percent increase in just 4 weeks. 

5 Appendix C contains the full survey results. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Facilities Described Actions Taken to Prevent the Spread of 

COVID-19 among Detainees, but Are Challenged in Physically 

Distancing Detainees 

ICE detention facilities reported various actions they have taken to prevent and 

mitigate the pandemic’s spread among detainees. For example, almost every 

facility conducts risk assessments to determine detainees’ potential exposure to 

COVID-19 and has testing protocols in place to decide whether to test a 

detainee for COVID-19. Facilities also generally reported that they had 

adequate supplies to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 among detainees, and 

have taken other steps, such as increasing the cleaning and disinfecting of 

common areas, and isolating new detainees, when possible, as a precautionary 

measure. However, facilities reported that their major concern was their 

inability to practice social distancing among detainees, and to isolate or 

quarantine individuals who may be infected with COVID-19. 

Facilities Reported Conducting Risk Assessments and Having Testing 

Protocols in Place for Detainees 

Nearly all facilities that responded (182) reported they conduct risk 

assessments on detainees to determine their potential exposure to COVID-19. 

Most facilities also reported having testing protocols in place for deciding 

whether to test a detainee for COVID-19.6 Generally, these testing protocols 

include determining whether detainees were previously exposed to COVID-19, 

conducting a health assessment for COVID-19 symptoms when detainees are 

initially processed at a facility, and observing detainees for potential COVID-19 

symptoms while at the facility. Most detainees who met the protocols were 

tested, but 5 facilities reported that a total of 20 detainees had not been. 

Overall, respondents stated that 243 detainees had been tested at the time of 

our survey. 

Overall, more than half (110) of facilities reported being able to test detainees 

on-site for COVID-19. However, this number differs greatly for dedicated 

versus non-dedicated facilities –– of the 188 facilities that responded to our 

survey, 31 were dedicated facilities that housed only ICE detainees and 157 

were non-dedicated facilities that housed a mixture of both detainees and 

inmates. Eighty-four percent (26 of 31) of dedicated facilities indicated they 

had on-site testing capacity, compared to 54 percent (84 of 157) of nondedicated facilities. The ability to test on-site may affect whether detainees are 

being tested at all — 77 percent (24 of 31) of dedicated facilities responded that 

6 Depending on who owns and operates the facility, facilities reported that their protocols were 

based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance, guidance from IHSC or 

the contract medical staff at the facility, or guidance from local authorities, such as the board 

of health or health department. Most facilities are not owned or operated by ICE. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

they had tested detainees for potential COVID-19, while 20 percent (32 of 157) 

of non-dedicated facilities reported doing so. 

Facilities Reported Having Adequate Supplies for Detainees and Took 

Other Actions to Mitigate the Spread of COVID-19 

Overall, 93 percent (175) of personnel at facilities reported they were prepared 

to handle COVID-19. Generally, facilities reported they had adequate supplies 

for detainees to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 among detainees. 

Specifically, 89 percent (168) reported they had enough masks for detainees 

who exhibited COVID-19 symptoms or tested positive for COVID-19. About 90 

percent (170) of facilities reported having enough liquid soap for detainees. 

However, more than one-third (69) reported not having enough hand sanitizer 

for detainee use. 

In addition to providing supplies to detainees who exhibited COVID-19 

symptoms or tested positive for COVID-19, facilities have taken other steps to 

mitigate the spread of COVID-19. For example, 18 percent (33) of facilities 

reported they had released detainees for reasons related to COVID-19. 

According to ICE data, facilities released 1,137 detainees from March 17 to 

May 5, 2020, due to reasons related to COVID-19. The majority (80 percent) of 

the released detainees were male, and 30 percent of these detainees were 50 

years or older. Additionally, ICE has been required to release detainees based 

on judicial court orders.7 ICE also temporarily adjusted its enforcement 

posture starting March 18, 2020, to focus on public-safety risks and 

individuals subject to mandatory detention for criminal violations. Otherwise, 

ICE stated that it would “exercise discretion to delay enforcement actions until 

after the crisis or use alternatives to detention, as appropriate.”8 ICE also 

continued to repatriate detainees to their home countries. Ultimately, the 

combination of judicial releases, releases related to COVID-19, the adjustment 

in ICE’s enforcement posture, and continued repatriations has resulted in a 

large decrease in ICE’s detention population: On April 1, 2020, ICE’s detained 

population was 35,457; by May 26, 2020, 25,939 detainees were in ICE 

custody, a decrease of 27 percent. 

Some facilities reported they would not accept additional detainees in order to 

reduce their population and prevent the potential spread of COVID-19 among 

detainees. In mid-April, ICE began tracking facilities that do not accept intake 

or transfer of detainees due to COVID-19; as of May 4, 2020, 20 facilities had 

7 As of May 21, 2020, ICE advised it had released 372 detainees pursuant to various court
 

orders.
 8 “Updated ICE statement on COVID-19,” March 18, 2020,
 

https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/updated-ice-statement-covid-19 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

not accepted new detainees or the transfer of detainees from other facilities, 

while another 42 had not accepted either new detainees or transfers. 

Survey results described other measures facilities had taken to help prevent or 

mitigate the spread of COVID-19 based on guidance they received. These 

measures include: 

x screening and quarantining newly arrived detainees; 

x increasing the cleaning and disinfecting of common areas; 

x staggering meal times or recreation; 

x providing masks to detainees, even those who are not sick and not 

exhibiting symptoms; 

x performing routine temperature checks of detainees and staff; and 

x suspending visitations. 

Facilities Are Concerned with Their Inability to Practice Social Distancing 

and Implement Other Physical Restrictions 

Despite the actions that facilities have already taken related to COVID-19, they 

remained concerned with their ability to practice social distancing and their 

limited space to quarantine or isolate detainees. Generally, the nature of 

detention facilities makes social distancing impractical, as detainees are 

housed together in dorm-like pods, some with as many as 50 to 75 detainees in 

each pod. Additionally, most detention centers have few means to isolate large 

numbers of detainees.9 

Survey results demonstrate the limitations experienced by some facilities with 

their physical space, size, and configuration: 

x 11 percent (21) of facilities reported they did not have the capacity to 

hold detainees in quarantine or isolation if a detainee exhibited 

suspected COVID-19 symptoms; 

x 12 percent (23) reported they could not quarantine or isolate a detainee 

who had tested positive for COVID-19; and 

x 29 percent (55) reported they did not have negative pressure ventilation 

rooms to isolate airborne infections. Another one-third (62) reported they 

had only one or two negative pressure rooms in their facilities. 

9 Detainees are classified as low, medium, or high-risk, based on information about the 

detainee, such as criminal history, institutional disciplinary history, medical information, or 

history of victimization, and housed accordingly. Typically, detainees of different classifications 

and genders may not be comingled, which also limits the ability of detention centers to 

separate detainees who are suspected of having or have tested positive for COVID-19. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Again, survey results indicated a difference between dedicated and nondedicated facilities. Every dedicated facility (31) reported being able to 

quarantine or isolate detainees with confirmed cases of COVID-19, while 15 

percent (21 of 157) of non-dedicated facilities reported they could not. In 

addition, while all but one dedicated facility had negative pressure ventilation 

rooms,10 34 percent (54 of 165) of non-dedicated facilities did not. 

The ability to quarantine or isolate detainees, and the lack of negative pressure 

ventilation rooms, was a major challenge for facilities, as evidenced in the 

following survey comments: 

x “Our facility is an open dorm setting. We have limited isolations [sic] cells in 

our special housing unit.” 

x “The only challenge would be the ability to isolate someone.... The rooms can 

only house a detainee for a max of 12 hours. We have no negative pressure 

rooms.” 

x “The facility is only equipped with one negative pressure room. The ICE 

Detainees are housed in Dorm style housing, this creates issues when 

attempting to maintain effective social distancing while [in] the dorms.” 

x “Only one negative pressure room in the facility; if multiple patients present as 

positive or with symptoms and are tested, [we have] no negative pressure rooms 

to house them until test results are received.” 

x “The major challenges [sic] is having enough places to properly quarantine 

detainees. Six of the dorms are open and do not have individual cells.” 

In addition to concerns with their ability to quarantine or isolate detainees, 

facilities also reported concerns with their ability to practice social distancing 

among detainees: 

x “Social distancing is the major challenge due to the facility structure and the 

culture of the detainees we house.” 

x “As within any other institution, social distancing is a challenge.” 

x “Social distancing in a correctional facility is a challenge.” 

x	 “The major challenges are the inability to ‘social distance’ as recommended due 

to space restrictions and limited isolation cells available.” 

x	 “This is an enclosed environment so keeping social distancing is a challenge.” 

10 According to the CDC, a negative pressure room is used to isolate individuals with a 

suspected or confirmed airborne infectious disease. The rooms have negative pressure in the 

room and direct exhaust of air from the room to the outside of the building; 

https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/isolation/glossary.html. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Facilities Have Contingency Plans to Ensure Continued 

Operations, but Expressed Concerns with Availability of Staff 

and Protective Equipment if COVID-19 Spread 

Facilities reported decreases in current staff availability due to COVID-19, 

either because staff are self-quarantining or are unavailable to work because of 

community mitigation measures. Still, many facilities reported having 

contingency plans in place to ensure continued operations. Finally, facilities 

expressed concerns with the availability of staff, as well as protective 

equipment for staff, if COVID-19 spread. 

Facilities Reported Decreases in Staff Availability Due to COVID-19 

In response to our survey, 23 percent of facilities (43) reported they had staff 

members who had tested positive for COVID-19. About half (97) reported they 

had staff who were in precautionary self-quarantine, and one-third of facilities 

(62) stated they had staff members who were unavailable to work due to 

community mitigation measures. Our survey did not identify the total number 

of employees who work in these facilities, but in total, facilities reported that 

almost 850 employees were unavailable because of the pandemic. 

As shown in table 1, facility staff experiences with COVID-19 differed based on 

whether the facilities were dedicated or not dedicated to housing ICE detainees. 

Survey results indicated a greater percentage of dedicated facilities had staff 

who tested positive and who were in precautionary self-quarantine, compared 

to non-dedicated facilities. 

Table 1: Facilities with Staff Affected by COVID-19, 

Dedicated versus Non-Dedicated Facilities, April 8–20, 2020
 

Dedicated Facilities Non-Dedicated 

Facilities 

Staff members have tested 

positive for COVID-19 

38.7% 

(12 of 31) 

19.7% 

(31 of 157) 

Staff members are in 

precautionary self-quarantine 

67.7% 

(21 of 31) 

48.4% 

(76 of 157) 

Staff members are unavailable to 

work 

32.3% 

(10 of 31) 

33.1% 

(52 of 157) 

Source: OIG analysis of survey responses 

Most Facilities Have Prepared Contingency Staffing Plans, but Some 

Facilities Expressed Concerns about Staffing Shortages 

When asked about contingency staffing plans during the pandemic, facilities 

described various solutions, including requesting staff from other facilities, 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

working longer shifts on additional days, and reassigning staff from other 

responsibilities to detention services. Survey responses included: 

x	 “Our staff are currently working 8 hour shifts. If staffing levels decrease we will 

go to 12 hour shifts. We also have 2nd and 3rd responders that we can pull 

from if our staffing levels go down. These responders currently work in the field 

sites - [Corrections Officers] and Probation and Parole Officers.” 

x	 “The plan ranges from standard overtime shifts being filled to the consolidation 

[of] non-essential post[s], the use of security trained staff who are in nonsecurity roles, as well as the implementation of 12 hour shifts to reduce a shift 

during the day to reallocate those staff members.” 

x	 “All facility staff has been put on notice that they are subject to be called to 

work in the event of short staffing. We will also utilize the services of staff from 

other departments within the agency if the need arises. The local hospital will 

[be] utilized if proper medical care [cannot] be provided at the detention center.” 

Although most facilities responded that they were prepared to handle the 

pandemic, a small number expressed concern with staffing, especially medical 

staff, and reported that maintaining minimum staffing would be a major 

challenge if the pandemic spreads. For example, one facility reported, “We do 

not have any medical staff. If any detainee tests positive for COVID-19 we will 

have to shut down the detention facility...we do not have the medical capacity 

to house anyone with COVID-19.” Other facilities responded, “...if the 

pandemic gets inside the jail, their biggest challenge would be losing staff,” and 

“Staffing issues (possible staffing shortages and staff introducing COVID-19 

into [the facility])...is [sic] a possible future major challenge.” 

Facilities Are Concerned about Future Availability of PPE and Supplies 

We asked facilities whether they had enough personal protective equipment 

(PPE) and other supplies on hand for all facility staff.11 Most facilities reported 

having enough gloves and disinfectant cleaning agents, and about two-thirds 

said they had enough N95 respirators if a COVID-19 outbreak were to occur. 

Table 2 describes availability at facilities as reported by survey respondents. 

11 To help stop the spread of COVID-19, the CDC recommends the use of PPE, such as gloves 

and a face mask. See Interim Guidance on Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 

(COVID-19) in Correctional and Detention Facilities, March 23, 2020. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Table 2: Availability of PPE and Supplies at Facilities, April 8–20, 2020 

Percentage and Number of 

Facilities 

Nitrile or latex gloves 95.7% 

(180 of 188) 

Disinfectant cleaning agents 95.7% 

(180 of 188) 

Hand sanitizer 85.1% 

(160 of 188) 

Standard surgical masks 81.4% 

(153 of 188) 

Face shields or goggles 73.4% 

(138 of 188) 

N95 respirators 67.6% 

(127 of 188) 

Source: OIG analysis of survey responses 

While IHSC provides personal protective equipment (PPE) to its staff if they are 

located on-site, other types of detention staff and detainees must use PPE 

provided either by ICE or the contractor running the facility. Overall, more 

non-dedicated facilities reported they had access to PPE compared to dedicated 

facilities. For example, 76 percent (119 of 157) of non-dedicated facilities 

reported having face shields or goggles, compared to 61 percent (19 of 31) of 

dedicated facilities. Another 89 percent (139 of 157) of non-dedicated facilities 

reported having hand sanitizer for staff, compared to 68 percent (21 of 31) of 

dedicated facilities. 

Many facilities expressed concern about maintaining sufficient supplies of PPE, 

as well as future shortages, if the pandemic continues. When asked about 

major challenges related to the spread of COVID-19, the facilities’ biggest 

concern was availability of PPE. Thirty percent (56) of facilities expressed these 

concerns, stating for example: 

x	 “Securing enough protective equipment, especially surgical and/or N95 masks. 

We do have a significant amount currently on [sic] stock, however if an 

outbreak were to occur the stock would be depleted. We have been attempting 

to acquire additional equipment for weeks, however as most are aware this is 

difficult given the high demand.” 

x	 “Our major challenge is securing enough PPE equipment for our Corrections 

officers, medical staff, and inmate population to meet the CDC 

recommendations of proper PPE use. We have limited supply of PPE and are 

utilizing all avenues in order to restock what is currently being used and trying 

to get to a point that meets CDC’s recommended PPE use.” 

x	 “The major challenge has been ordering supplies to ensure the appropriate 

stock of PPE is available as needed. We have been able to keep the appropriate 

level of supplies so far but it has been a struggle with vendors.” 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

ICE Has Provided Guidance Regarding COVID-19, but Only 

Certain Detention Facilities Must Comply 

ICE began providing guidance to detention facilities regarding COVID-19 in 

January 2020. For example, IHSC provided information on cleaning and 

disinfecting facilities, and reviewing high-risk detainees who should be 

considered for release. Later guidance included overall guidance from the CDC 

regarding detention facilities,12 while other guidance offered best practices for 

staff regarding preparedness, prevention, and management of COVID-19 at ICE 

facilities in particular. ICE also issued updated policies and procedures for 

facilities to follow during the pandemic, including: 

x updated telework policies; 

x suspension of social visitations; 

x updated requirements for legal visitations; 

x tracking, wearing, and requesting additional PPE; and 

x reporting requirements regarding suspected and confirmed COVID-19 

cases. 

The guidance also included measures such as screening newly arrived detainees 

for COVID-19 symptoms, quarantining new detainees for 14 days, and 

considering how to increase social distancing among detainees. Our review of 

documents indicated that ICE continued to provide new and updated guidance 

to its facilities on a regular basis, often communicating with facilities daily. 

According to our survey results, about 83 percent (156) of facilities stated they 

had received COVID-19 guidance from ICE headquarters and 75 percent (141) 

had received guidance from IHSC. Responses regarding the receipt of guidance 

differed between dedicated and non-dedicated facilities. For example, every 

dedicated facility reported it had received guidance from ICE regarding 

COVID-19, while almost 20 percent (32) of non-dedicated facilities reported 

they had not. In addition, all but one dedicated facility reported receiving IHSC 

guidance, while 27 percent (43) of non-dedicated facilities reported they did 

not. Some guidance is only applicable to dedicated facilities and facilities with 

IHSC staff, while non-dedicated facilities and those without IHSC staff are not 

obligated to comply.13 Of our 188 survey respondents, 31 were dedicated 

facilities and 18 were IHSC-staffed facilities. ICE still requires non-dedicated 

facilities and those without IHSC staff to comply with local, state, tribal, 

12 See Interim Guidance on Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Correctional
 

and Detention Facilities, March 23, 2020.
 13 “Memorandum on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Action Plan, Revision 1,” March 27,
 

2020. See also “U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Enforcement and Removal 

Operations COVID-19 Pandemic Response Requirements,” April 10, 2020.
 

www.oig.dhs.gov 14 OIG-20-42 
 

 

 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

territorial, and Federal public health policies and authorities, as well as 

applicable detention standards. 

OIG Analysis of Management Comments 

We included a copy of ICE’s management comments in their entirety in 

appendix B. We also received technical comments and incorporated them in 

the report where appropriate. A summary of ICE’s response and our analysis 

follows. 

ICE Response: 

In its response, ICE described the COVID-19 pandemic as an “unprecedented 

public health crisis,” and reiterated measures it had taken to detect and 

mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in its detention facilities. In addition, ICE 

pointed out concerns with the shorter comment period (3 days), absence of 

recommendations, the summary nature of this report, and the lack of 

verification of the survey responses. 

OIG Response: 

We recognize the many challenges ICE faces with its mission and management 

of the COVID-19 pandemic in a detention environment. We also recognize this 

report’s limited objective and scope, given it is based on a survey, was not 

intended to provide an in-depth assessment of ICE’s ability to manage the 

pandemic in its detention facilities. The report’s shortened timeframe, 

including ICE’s comment period, reflects the OIG’s desire to conduct a broad 

overview of the facilities’ experiences in real time, from the staff’s perspectives 

on the ground. We appreciate ICE’s response within 6 business days of 

receiving the draft report. Further, we wished to provide the information to ICE 

and DHS while it was still relevant and useful, even with the rapidly evolving 

nature of this pandemic. Consequently, we did not verify the accuracy of 

survey responses, requested a shorter comment period, and made no 

recommendations. 

With a better understanding of the challenges this review disclosed, we can 

better plan for a more comprehensive review to evaluate ICE’s management of 

the COVID-19 pandemic at detention facilities, focus on specific issues and 

facilities, and provide necessary recommendations to improve the effectiveness 

and efficiency of ICE operations. We will coordinate with ICE, as appropriate, 

on these future projects. 

www.oig.dhs.gov 15 OIG-20-42 
 

 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Appendix A 

Objective, Scope, and Methodology 

The Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General was 

established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107−296) by 

amendment to the Inspector General Act of 1978. 

We initiated this review to determine how both U.S. Customs and Border 

Protection (CBP) and ICE are managing the pandemic at their facilities, with 

respect to both detainees in their custody and to their staff. Our observations 

regarding CBP facilities will be included in a separate report. We conducted 

our fieldwork in April and May 2020. 

To learn about ICE detention facilities’ experience with COVID-19, we asked 

ICE to provide the name of one individual at each facility who had knowledge 

of: (1) the daily operations of the facility and (2) how the facility was responding 

to the COVID-19 pandemic. We then sent an electronic survey by e-mail on 

April 8, 2020, to those individuals identified by ICE at 228 detention facilities, 

the entire population of detention facilities identified by ICE. Respondents 

included Wardens, Superintendents, Jail Commanders, Corrections Directors, 

and Corrections Chiefs, as well as ICE Supervisory Deportation and Detention 

Officers and ICE Officers in Charge. 

We chose to conduct the inspection via survey because of inherent risks 

associated with on-site inspections, and because the survey allowed us to 

quickly gain real-time information about ICE detention facilities. Of the 228 

facilities that we surveyed, we determined that 32 facilities were no longer 

operational. Of the 196 remaining facilities, 8 facilities did not respond, 

despite 3 follow-up attempts by e-mail and telephone. Ultimately, we received 

responses from 188 detention facilities, for a 96 percent response rate. We 

received all survey responses between April 8 and April 20, 2020. 

The responses in the survey represent the experiences of the 188 facilities at a 

particular time (April 8–20, 2020). At times, the information provided by the 

respondents differed from information publicly available on ICE’s website. In 

addition, we did not independently verify the accuracy of survey responses 

provided by personnel at the detention facilities. 

In addition to our survey of ICE detention facilities, we also reviewed ICE 

guidance related to COVID-19 and interviewed the IHSC Medical Director. We 

did not assess the detention facilities’ compliance with issued guidance. 

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 OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

We conducted this inspection under the authority of the Inspector General Act 

of 1978, as amended, and according to the Quality Standards for Federal 

Offices of Inspector General issued by the Council of the Inspectors General on 

Integrity and Efficiency. 

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 OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Appendix B 

ICE Comments to the Draft Report 

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 OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

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 OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Appendix C: Survey Results 

Our survey to ICE facilities contained both multiple-choice and open-ended 

questions. For multiple-choice questions, we provide a table of the responses. 

For open-ended questions calling for a numeric response, we provided a table 

categorizing the response, followed by the range of responses and the total. 

Responses to open-ended questions calling for a descriptive or narrative 

answers were too lengthy for inclusion; therefore, we included examples of 

representative responses throughout the report. 

QUESTIONS ABOUT FACILITY STAFF 

1. Total number of staff who have been tested for COVID-19: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one employee has 

been tested 112 59.6% 

None tested 75 39.9% 

No Response 1 0.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 105 employees who had 

been tested at the time of our survey. The total number of staff who were 

reported tested was 1,005. 

2. Total number of facilities with staff who have tested positive for COVID-19: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one employee 

tested positive 43 22.9% 

None tested positive 145 77.1% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 66 employees who had 

tested positive for COVID-19 at the time of our survey. The total number of staff 

who were reported to have tested positive was 286. 

3. Total number of staff who are in precautionary self-quarantine: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one employee is in 

precautionary selfquarantine 97 51.6% 

None are in precautionary 

self-quarantine 91 48.4% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 55 employees who were 

in precautionary self-quarantine at the time of our survey. The total number of 

staff who were reported to be in precautionary self-quarantine was 578. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

4. Total number of staff who are unavailable to work due to community 

mitigation measure (considered non-essential; absent for child care due to 

school closures, weather and safety leave, etc.): 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one employee is 

unavailable to work 62 33.0% 

No employees are 

unavailable to work 126 67.0% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 400 employees who were 

unavailable to work at the time of our survey. The total number of staff who 

were reported to be unavailable to work was 845. 

QUESTIONS ABOUT STAFF RESOURCES, SUPPLIES, AND GUIDANCE 

5. Do you believe the facility has enough of the following protective equipment 

and supplies on hand for all facility staff (including non-medical and 

medical) to use if a COVID-19 outbreak occurs in the facility? 

a. Nitrile or latex gloves 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 180 95.7% 

No 8 4.3% 

Total 188 100.0% 

b. Standard surgical masks 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 153 81.4% 

No 35 18.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

c. N95 respirators 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 127 67.6% 

No 60 31.9% 

No 

Response 1 0.5% 

Grand 

Total 188 100.0% 

d. Hand sanitizer 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 160 85.1% 

No 28 14.9% 

Total 188 100.0% 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

e. Face shields or goggles 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 138 73.4% 

No 50 26.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

f. Disinfectant cleaning agents 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 180 95.7% 

No 7 3.7% 

No 

Response 1 0.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

6. Have all facility staff (including non-medical and medical staff) been 

trained in the proper fitting, use, and disposal of the above protective 

equipment? 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 169 89.9% 

No 18 9.6% 

No 

Response 1 0.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

7. Has the facility received guidance from the following offices that addresses 

how to prevent, control, and mitigate an outbreak of COVID-19 in the facility? 

a. ICE Headquarters 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 156 83.0% 

No 32 17.0% 

Total 188 100.0% 

b. ICE Health Service Corps (IHSC) 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 141 75.0% 

No 44 23.4% 

No 

Response 3 1.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

8. What are the facility's contingency staffing plans in the event the facility is 

not capable of providing adequate services and care to detainees during the 

COVID-19 pandemic? 

Facilities provided a range of open-ended responses we did not include in this 

report. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

QUESTIONS ABOUT ICE DETAINEES AT FACILITY 

9. Total number of ICE detainees at facility: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee at 

facility 144 76.6% 

No detainees are at facility 43 22.9% 

No Response 1 0.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 1,720 detainees at their 

facility at the time of our survey. The total number of detainees who were 

reported to be in the detention facilities was 33,712. 

10. Total number of ICE detainees who have been tested for COVID-19: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee has 

been tested 56 29.8% 

No detainee has been tested 132 70.2% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 28 detainees who had 

been tested at the time of our survey. The total number of detainees who were 

reported to be tested was 243. 

11. Total number of ICE detainees who have tested positive for COVID-19: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee has 

tested positive 23 12.2% 

No detainee has tested 

positive 165 87.8% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 18 detainees who had 

tested positive at the time of our survey. The total number of detainees who 

were reported to have tested positive was 90. 

12. Total number of ICE detainees who are in isolation for suspected 

COVID-19 symptoms or exposure: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee is in 

isolation 31 16.5% 

No detainee is in isolation 157 83.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 327 detainees who were 

in isolation at the time of our survey. The total number of detainees who were 

reported to be in isolation was 1,093. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

13. Total number of ICE detainees who are being monitored for suspected 

COVID-19 symptoms or exposure: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee is 

being monitored 40 21.3% 

No detainee is being 

monitored 147 78.2% 

No Response 1 0.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 480 detainees who were 

being monitored at the time of our survey. The total number of detainees who 

were reported as being monitored was 2,312. 

14. Total number of detainees released from the facility for reasons (i.e., 

detainee is in a high risk group) related to COVID-19 pandemic: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee has 

been released 33 17.6% 

No detainee has been 

released 155 82.4% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 128 detainees who had 

been released from the facility at the time of our survey. The total number of 

detainees who has been released was 764. 

15. Do you believe the facility has enough of the following resources to 

maintain proper hygiene and protection among ICE detainees? 

a.	 Masks for detainees who exhibit COVID-19 symptoms or test positive for 

COVID-19: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 168 89.4% 

No 20 10.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

b. Liquid soap for detainee use: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 170 90.4% 

No 18 9.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

c. Hand sanitizer for detainee use: 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 118 62.8% 

No 69 36.7% 

No 

Response 1 0.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

16. How many ICE detainees can the facility hold in quarantine or isolation if a 

detainee exhibits suspected COVID-19 symptoms? 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee can be 

held in quarantine or 

isolation if a detainee 

exhibits suspected COVID19 symptoms 164 87.2% 

No detainees can be held in 

quarantine or isolation if a 

detainee exhibits suspected 

COVID-19 symptoms 21 11.2% 

No Response 3 1.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they could hold anywhere from zero to all detainees in 

quarantine or isolation if they exhibited suspected COVID-19 symptoms. A total 

number of detainees that could be held in quarantine or isolation was not 

available. 

17. How many ICE detainees can the facility hold in quarantine or isolation if a 

detainee tests positive for COVID-19? 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one detainee can be 

held in quarantine or 

isolation if a detainee tests 

positive for COVID-19 162 86.2% 

No detainees can be held in 

quarantine or isolation if a 

detainee tests positive for 

COVID-19 symptoms 23 12.2% 

No Response 3 1.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they could hold anywhere from zero to all detainees in 

quarantine or isolation if they tested positive for COVID-19 symptoms. A total 

number of detainees that could be held in quarantine or isolation was not 

available. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

18. How many negative pressure rooms does the facility have? 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

At least one negative 

pressure room 131 69.7% 

No negative pressure rooms 55 29.3% 

No Response 2 1.1% 

Total 188 100.0% 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 96 negative pressure 

rooms. The total number of isolation rooms reported was 649. 

QUESTIONS ABOUT FACILITY MEDICAL PRACTICES 

19. Does the facility conduct risk assessments on ICE detainees to determine 

potential COVID-19 exposure? 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 182 96.8% 

No 5 2.7% 

No 

Response 1 0.5% 

Total 188 100.0% 

20. What is the protocol, if any, to determine whether an ICE detainee should 

be tested for COVID-19? 

Facilities provided a range of open-ended responses we did not include in this 

report. 

a.	 If the facility has testing protocols in place, how many ICE detainees have 

met the testing protocols but have not been tested? 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 10 detainees who had 

not been tested. The total number of detainees who were reported as meeting 

protocols but not being tested was 20. 

21. Does the facility have the capacity to test ICE detainees for COVID-19 onsite? 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 110 58.5% 

No 76 40.4% 

No 

Response 2 1.1% 

Total 188 100.0% 

a.	 If yes, how many on-site COVID-19 testing kits does the facility have? 

Facilities responded that they had anywhere from 0 to 300 testing kits. The total 

number of on-site testing kits was reported as 2,044. 

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OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

OVERALL QUESTIONS 

22. Do you believe the facility is prepared to handle the COVID19 pandemic? 

Number of Facilities Percentage of Facilities 

Yes 175 93.1% 

No 10 5.3% 

No 

Response 3 1.6% 

Total 188 100.0% 

23. What are the major challenges, if any, facing the facility regarding the 

COVID-19 pandemic? 

Facilities provided a range of open-ended responses we did not include in this 

report. 

24. What other measures other than the ones described above has the facility 

taken to prepare for, prevent, control, and mitigate an outbreak of COVID-19 in 

the facility? 

Facilities provided a range of open-ended responses we did not include in this 

report. 

25. Is there anything else you would like to tell us about the facility's handling 

of the COVID-19 pandemic? 

Facilities provided a range of open-ended responses we did not include in this 

report. 

www.oig.dhs.gov 28 OIG-20-42 
 

 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Appendix D 

Special Reviews and Evaluations Major Contributors to This 

Report 

Erika Lang, Chief Inspector 

Carie Mellies, Lead Inspector 

Michael Brooks, Senior Inspector 

Ryan Nelson, Senior Inspector 

Donna Ruth, Senior Inspector 

Ronald Hunter, Inspector 

www.oig.dhs.gov 29 OIG-20-42 
 

 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

Department of Homeland Security 

Appendix E 

Report Distribution 

Department of Homeland Security 

Secretary 

Deputy Secretary 

Chief of Staff 

Deputy Chiefs of Staff 

General Counsel 

Executive Secretary 

Director, GAO/OIG Liaison Office 

Assistant Secretary for Office of Policy 

Assistant Secretary for Office of Public Affairs 

Assistant Secretary for Office of Legislative Affairs 

DHS Liaison 

ICE Liaison 

Office of Management and Budget 

Chief, Homeland Security Branch 

DHS OIG Budget Examiner 

Congress 

Congressional Oversight and Appropriations Committees 

www.oig.dhs.gov 30 OIG-20-42 
Additional Information and Copies 

To view this and any of our other reports, please visit our website at: 

www.oig.dhs.gov. 

For further information or questions, please contact Office of Inspector General 

Public Affairs at: DHS-OIG.OfficePublicAffairs@oig.dhs.gov. 

Follow us on Twitter at: @dhsoig. 

OIG Hotline 

To report fraud, waste, or abuse, visit our website at www.oig.dhs.gov and click 

on the red "Hotline" tab. If you cannot access our website, call our hotline at 

(800) 323-8603, fax our hotline at (202) 254-4297, or write to us at: 

Department of Homeland Security 

Office of Inspector General, Mail Stop 0305 

Attention: Hotline 

245 Murray Drive, SW 

Washington, DC 20528-0305