U.S. Department of Homeland Security

Customs and Border Protection

 

 

Preparation Manual 

for the 

U.S. Border Patrol Test 

Prep 1896 

June 2005 
Preparation Manual for the U.S. Border Patrol Test 

CONTENTS 

Introduction ................................................................................................1 

Section I. Test-Taking Tips....................................................................2 

Section II. Preparing for the U.S. Border Patrol 

Logical Reasoning Test........................................................3 

Introduction..............................................................................................3 

Preparing for Logical Reasoning Questions ............................................4 

Logical Reasoning Practice Test...........................................................12

Section III. Sample Questions for the Spanish Language 

Proficiency Test...................................................................19 

Introduction............................................................................................19

Part I......................................................................................................20 

Part II.....................................................................................................21

Section IV. Preparing for the Artificial Language Test........................26 

Introduction............................................................................................26 

Vocabulary Lists ....................................................................................28 

Grammatical Rules................................................................................29 

Glossary of Grammatical Terms............................................................32 

Practice Test .........................................................................................35

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Preparation Manual for the U.S. Border Patrol Test 

INTRODUCTION 

Purpose of the Manual

The purpose of this manual is to help you prepare to take the U.S. Border Patrol Test. This 

manual will familiarize you with the U.S. Border Patrol Logical Reasoning Test, the Spanish 

Language Proficiency Test, and the Artificial Language Test (ALT) and will give you a chance 

to study some sample questions and explanations for the correct answers to each question. If you 

have not had much practice taking written, multiple-choice tests, you will have an opportunity to 

see what the tests look like and to practice taking questions similar to those on the tests. 

Organization of the Manual

The manual is organized into four sections. The first section provides some tips for taking the 

U.S. Border Patrol Test. The second section provides preparation material for the U.S. Border 

Patrol Logical Reasoning Test and a practice test with explanations for the answers to the 

practice test. Sample questions for the Spanish Language Proficiency Test follow in the third 

section. The final section provides a practice test for the ALT along with explanations for the 

answers to the practice test. 

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Section I: Test Taking Tips 

1. You will do your best on the test if you stay calm and relaxed. Take a few deep, slow

breaths to help you maintain your calm. 

2. Pay careful attention to all directions before beginning. 

3. Answer the easier questions first. Skip questions you find to be very difficult and come

back to them later. 

4. For each question, read the entire question and all response options carefully before 

deciding upon an answer. 

5. If you do not know the answer to a question, eliminate the response options that you 

know to be incorrect or probably incorrect and then guess from the remaining response 

options. 

6. Your score is based only on the number of questions you answer correctly. You are not 

penalized for answering questions incorrectly. Therefore, you should answer every 

question, even questions that you must guess. 

7. If you finish before time is up, go back and check your answers. 

8. Be sure that you mark your answer sheet correctly. If you have to change an answer, 

erase the first answer before marking the new answer. If you skip a question, be sure to 

answer the next question in the appropriate place on the answer sheet. 

9. Ignore any patterns of A’s, B’s, C’s, D’s, or E’s on your answer sheet. These correct 

answer positions are chosen randomly and there is no way to improve your chances by 

guessing based on an answer sheet pattern. 

10. Take the Spanish Language Proficiency Test if you are proficient in standard Spanish; 

otherwise take the Artificial Language Test.

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Section II. Preparing for the U.S. Border Patrol Logical Reasoning Test 

INTRODUCTION 

Purpose of this Section

The purpose of this section is to help you prepare to take the U.S. Border Patrol Logical 

Reasoning Test. The test described in this section evaluates how well applicants can read, 

understand, and apply critical thinking skills to factual situations. Border Patrol Agents must 

read and study laws, legal commentary, and regulations. They often must make critical decisions 

that require superior reasoning skills. Additionally, they may be called upon to testify in court 

and must be able to follow and anticipate the kind of reasoning used in legal proceedings. As a 

result, they will receive training at the Border Patrol Academy that requires that they read, 

understand, and be able to apply a wealth of detailed, written information. Although some

information must be memorized, much of the information that Border Patrol Agents will use 

must be learned through independent reasoning. This test is designed to select trainees who will 

be able to handle the very demanding academic workload at the Border Patrol Academy and who 

will subsequently be able to handle complex reasoning and decision-making situations on the 

job. 

This section of the manual will familiarize you with the test and the instructions and will give 

you a chance to study some sample questions and explanations for the correct answers to each 

question. You will have an opportunity to see what the test looks like and to practice taking 

questions similar to those on the test.

Organization of this Section

Section II is organized into two parts. The first part explains the types of questions on the test. 

The practice test follows in the second part. It contains questions that are similar to, but not 

exactly the same as, the questions on the real test. The practice test is followed by detailed 

explanations of every practice test question. These explanations will give you information about 

what is correct about the correct response options and what is incorrect about the wrong response 

options. Understanding the reasons for the correct and incorrect response options should assist 

you in distinguishing between a right and wrong answer on the test. 

Educated Guessing

There is no penalty for guessing on this test; therefore, you should answer every question. If you 

guess blindly, you have one chance in five of getting the right answer. However, your chance of 

choosing the right answer just by guessing is greatly improved by using a little mental detective 

work to eliminate one or more response options that are probably or certainly wrong. 

A poor guessing strategy is to try to determine the next answer based on its letter or on some

pattern of letters among the answer choices. There may be several D’s or A’s or any other letter 

in a row, or there may not be. Trying to uncover some pattern in these letters and guessing based 

on that pattern is not an effective test-taking strategy. 

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PREPARING FOR LOGICAL REASONING QUESTIONS 

Logical Reasoning 

Reasoning is the single most important competency for successful performance in Border Patrol 

jobs (and in other jobs in the economy). Correct reasoning is useful for decision making and 

problem solving, activities that prevail on the job. In this part, you will read some useful 

information about reasoning correctly. 

The questions in this examination are designed to test your ability to understand complicated 

written material and to derive correct conclusions from it. The kind of reading that these 

questions ask you to do is different from ordinary reading in which you just follow the general 

meaning of a series of sentences to see what the writer thinks about a topic. It is the kind of 

reading you have to do with complex material when you intend to take some action or draw 

some conclusion based on that material. 

The test asks you to make logical conclusions based on facts you are given in various 

paragraphs. These conclusions need to be based only on the facts in the paragraph. Therefore, 

answering requires careful reading and focused thought about what information is given and 

what information is not given. 

The following information will give you some suggestions about how to approach the questions 

and some information about how you can develop your reasoning skills.

Reading the Paragraph

Every reading paragraph in the test is drawn from some kind of written material relating to 

Border Patrol or government work. There may be facts in a paragraph that do not actually apply 

to every part of the Federal Government or that may not always be true everywhere. In 

answering the questions, it is important that you accept every fact in the paragraph as true. 

Remember that you are not being judged on your knowledge of facts, but rather on your ability 

to read and reason on the basis of given facts. 

Not all information is the same kind of information. There can be information about events or 

situations, and there can be information about individuals and groups (or categories). It is 

important to examine information in the paragraph closely to determine what kind of information 

it is. Is the information about two or more categories of things? Is the information about how 

two events or situations are linked together? It is also important to recognize whether the 

information is positive or negative. Usually, information is positive (for example, “these tire 

tracks are several days old”), but knowledge that something is not the case is also useful 

information (for example, “these tire tracks are not from a truck”).

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Reading the Lead-In or Basic Question

In this test, you will find a paragraph, followed by a lead-in phrase that asks you to complete a 

sentence by choosing one of several response options labeled from (A) to (E). The lead-in 

phrase may be either positive or negative: “From the information given above, it can be validly 

concluded that” or “From the information given above, it CANNOT be validly concluded that.” 

It is important to focus on the lead-in phrase at the beginning of a question to determine whether 

it is positive or negative. Do not skim over the lead-in phrase. 

Positive lead-in phrases are followed by four invalid conclusions and one valid conclusion. Your 

task is to find the valid one. Negative lead-in phrases, by contrast, are followed by four valid 

conclusions and only one invalid conclusion. The task in these questions is to determine what 

cannot be validly concluded based on the facts in the paragraph.

The lead-in phrase may also limit the possible answers in some way. For example, a lead-in 

phrase such as “From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that, during the 

1990’s in California” means that there might be different answers based on other times and 

places, but for the purpose of the test question, only conditions in California during the 1990’s 

(as described in the paragraph) should be considered.

Reasoning About Groups or Categories 

As was stated before, not all information is the same kind of information. There can be 

information about events or situations, and there can be information about individuals and groups 

(or categories). This part of Section II discusses how to deal with information about groups or 

categories. 

“All” Statements

A statement about two groups that begins with the words “all” or “every” gives you some

important information about how the two groups are related. The words “all” and “every” tell 

you that everything in the first group is also in the second group. For example, in the statement, 

“All the law enforcement officers on the case are Federal law enforcement officers,” the first 

group, consisting of law enforcement officers on the case, is totally included in the second group, 

consisting of Federal law enforcement officers.

The “all” statement does not provide sufficient information to determine whether or not all 

members of the second group are included in the first group. Suppose that a librarian told you 

“All the books on this set of shelves are about law enforcement.” From this information, you 

might be tempted to conclude that all of the library’s books on law enforcement (the second 

group) are on that set of shelves (the first group), but this conclusion is invalid. The books on 

those shelves might only be part of the entire group of books on law enforcement. The sentence 

does NOT provide information on whether or not other law enforcement books are placed 

elsewhere in the library. The following examples provide an “all” statement (all of Group A are 

Group B) followed by an invalid “all” statement (all of Group B are Group A). To develop a 

good grasp of this concept, try to create some examples of your own.

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True: All the people at my party speak Spanish. 

Therefore, Invalid: All the people who speak Spanish are at my party. 

True: All Supreme Court justices are lawyers. 

Therefore, Invalid: All lawyers are Supreme Court justices. 

True: All U.S. Presidents were elected. 

Therefore, Invalid: All officials who were elected are U.S. Presidents. 

True: Every U.S. Border Patrol Agent works for the U.S. Government. 

Therefore, Invalid: Everyone working for the U.S. Government is a U.S. Border Patrol Agent. 

True: Every U.S. Senator is a member of the U.S. Congress. 

Therefore, Invalid: Every member of the U.S. Congress is a U.S. Senator. 

Every “all” statement provides sufficient information to determine that at least some members of

the second group are included in the first group. Returning to our previous examples, we can 

validly conclude that “some Federal law enforcement officers are on the case” and that “some of 

the books about law enforcement are on this set of shelves.” Developing numerous examples on 

your own of a true “all” statement (all of Group A are Group B) and a “some” statement (some 

of Group B are Group A) will help you to develop a mastery of this concept.

More examples: 

True: All the people at my party speak Spanish. 

Therefore, Valid: Some people who speak Spanish are at my party. 

True: All Supreme Court justices are lawyers. 

Therefore, Valid: Some lawyers are Supreme Court justices. 

True: All U.S. Presidents were elected. 

Therefore, Valid: Some officials who were elected are U.S. Presidents. 

True: Every U.S. Border Patrol Agent works for the U.S. Government. 

Therefore, Valid: Some employees of the U.S. Government are U.S. Border Patrol Agents.

True: Every U.S. Senator is a member of the U.S. Congress. 

Therefore, Valid: Some members of the U.S. Congress are U.S. Senators.

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Reasoning From “None” and “Not” Statements

Information that something is NOT true is useful information. For example, you may learn that 

one group of things is NOT part of another group of things. This is the same as saying that there 

is no overlap at all between the two groups of things. Here, you can draw conclusions about 

either group as it relates to the other since you can count on the fact that the two groups have no 

members in common. If you can say that no reptiles are warm-blooded, you can also say that no 

warm-blooded creatures are reptiles because you know that the first statement means that there is 

no overlap between the two groups. In the test, you will see phrases or terms such as “It is not 

the case that” or “Not all of” or words that begin with the prefix “non-.” All of these are ways to 

say that a negative fact has been established. 

Sometimes, our ordinary speech habits can cause us to jump to conclusions. Most people would 

not make a statement such as “Some of the pizza has no pepperoni” unless they are trying to 

suggest at the same time that some of the pizza does have pepperoni. By contrast, a detective 

might make a statement such as “some of the bloodstains were not human blood” simply because 

only part of the samples had come back from the laboratory. The detective is trying to suggest 

that at least some of the bloodstains were not human blood. The rest of the bloodstains might or 

might not be human blood. 

As you work through the practice test, think about each negative phrase or term you find. Take 

care to assume only as much as is definitely indicated by the facts as given, and no more.

Reasoning About Parts of a Group

The term “some” refers to a part of a larger group. For example, in the statement “Some agents 

are taking specialized training,” the term “some agents” refers to a portion of the group of all 

agents. You should note, however, that the fact that we know that “some agents are taking 

specialized training” implies nothing about the remaining portion of the set of agents: other 

agents may or may not be taking specialized training. Unless information is provided in the 

paragraph to the contrary, treat “some” as meaning “at least some.” 

Statements that refer to a portion of a set may contain other terms such as “most,” “a few,” or 

“almost all.” Also, as discussed in the previous section, they can be negative, as in “Many 

agents are not fluent in French.” From this statement you may be tempted to infer that there are 

at least a few agents who are fluent in French, but that would be jumping to a conclusion. From

this statement alone, you do not know about the entire group of agents and whether or not they 

are fluent in French. In these cases, you should remember that the term refers only to a part of 

the group and that from this information on part of the group you cannot infer anything about the 

rest of the group. Unfortunately, neglecting this principle of sound reasoning can cause costly 

errors. 

When you see a paragraph describing parts of a group, read the paragraph carefully to see if that 

description is based on knowledge of the entire group or only on knowledge of part of the group.

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Reasoning About “If-Then” Statements

As was said before, there can be information about events or situations, and there can be 

information about individuals and groups. Previously, Section II discussed how to deal with 

information about groups. Next, Section II will discuss how to deal with information about the 

relationship between events or situations. 

We are all familiar with the idea of a chain of events in which one thing leads to another thing, 

which in turn leads to a third thing, and so on. For example, “if a person is convicted of 

possession of a gram of marijuana in Aker County, that person is guilty of a misdemeanor, and 

persons found guilty of a misdemeanor in Aker County are fined by the court.” It is easy to see 

that one can think backward and forward along this chain. 

Thinking forward means that, when the first thing happens, the later events will follow. For 

example, if you learn that Bill is convicted of possession of a gram of marijuana in Aker County, 

you know that Bill is guilty of a misdemeanor. Furthermore, if you know that Bill is guilty of a 

misdemeanor in Aker County, you know that Bill will be fined by the court. 

Thinking backward means that if later events do not occur, the earlier events did not occur. For 

example, if you know that Bill has never been fined by the court in Aker County, you know that 

he has not been found guilty of a misdemeanor there. Furthermore, by reasoning backward from

the fact that Bill has not been found guilty of a misdemeanor in Aker County, you know that he 

has never been convicted of possession of a gram of marijuana there.

The wording we typically use to indicate this kind of linkage between events includes the simple 

“if-then” sentence in which the first event is in a statement tagged by “if” and the second event is 

in a statement tagged by “then.” An example would be the sentence “if Chris gets assigned to 

the Bike Patrol, then the Bike Patrol will need additional equipment.” We also use the same

language to describe signs that such a linkage has already happened. An example of that 

structure would be the sentence “If there are tracks on the ground, then people passed through 

this area on foot.” 

There are other ways of wording this relationship, however. When a sentence starts with the 

word “whenever,” it means that a linkage between two events is being described: “Whenever I 

hear that song, I think about the beach.” The phrases “each time” or “every time” suggest the 

same thing: “Every time there is a power surge, my computer switches off.” 

It is important to realize that you cannot validly switch the order of the two statements in this 

type of sentence. If you do, your conclusion may be wrong and may lead to costly errors in reallife situations. For example, you learn that “If the jet engines are reversed (the first statement), 

the speed of the plane will decrease very rapidly (the second statement).” From this information, 

you cannot validly infer that “If the speed of the plane decreases very rapidly (the second 

statement), then the jet engines have been reversed (the first statement)”. The following 

examples start with a true “if-then” sentence, followed by an invalid “if-then” sentence with the 

first and second statements reversed. 

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True: If a person is a Border Patrol Agent, the person is an employee of the U.S. 

Government. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a person is an employee of the U.S. Government, the person is a Border 

Patrol Agent. 

True: If a criminal receives a pardon, the criminal will be released. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a criminal is released, the criminal has received a pardon. 

True: If a person is convicted of murder, that person is guilty of a felony. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a person is guilty of a felony, that person has been convicted of murder. 

True: If a person lives in Germany, the person lives in Europe. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a person lives in Europe, the person lives in Germany. 

True: If a car has no gas, the car will not run. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a car does not run, the car has no gas. 

You can, however, validly reverse the order of these two statements when the statements are 

made opposite (that is, negated). For example, you learn that “If the jet engines are reversed (the 

first statement), the speed of the plane will decrease very rapidly (the second statement).” From

this information, you can validly infer that “If the speed of the plane does not decrease very 

rapidly (the negation or opposite of the second statement), then the jet engines have not been 

reversed (the negation or opposite of the first statement)”. The following examples start with a 

true “if-then” sentence, followed by a true (or valid) “if-then” sentence with the first and second 

statements made opposite (negated) and reversed in order.

True: If a person is a Border Patrol Agent, the person is an employee of the U.S. 

Government. 

Therefore, True: If a person is not an employee of the U.S. Government, the person is not a 

Border Patrol Agent. 

True: If a criminal receives a pardon, the criminal will be released. 

Therefore, True: If a criminal is not released, the criminal has not received a pardon. 

True: If a person is convicted of murder, that person is guilty of a felony. 

Therefore, True: If a person is not guilty of a felony, that person has not been convicted of 

murder. 

True: If a person lives in Germany, the person lives in Europe. 

Therefore, True: If a person does not live in Europe, the person does not live in Germany. 

True: If a car has no gas, the car will not run. 

Therefore, True: If a car runs, the car has gas.

You cannot infer the opposite of the second statement from the opposite of the first statement. 

For example, you cannot validly infer that “If the jet engines are not reversed (the opposite of the 

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first statement), then the speed of the plane does not decrease very rapidly (the opposite of the 

second statement)”. The following examples start with a true “if-then” sentence followed by an 

invalid “if-then” sentence made of the opposite of the first and second statements. 

True: If a person is a Border Patrol Agent, the person is an employee of the U.S. 

Government. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a person is not a Border Patrol Agent, the person is not an employee of 

the U.S. Government. 

True: If a criminal receives a pardon, the criminal will be released. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a criminal does not receive a pardon, the criminal will not be released. 

True: If a person is convicted of murder, that person is guilty of a felony. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a person is not convicted of murder, that person is not guilty of a felony. 

True: If a person lives in Germany, the person lives in Europe. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a person does not live in Germany, the person does not live in Europe. 

True: If a car has no gas, the car will not run. 

Therefore, Invalid: If a car has gas, the car will run.

A Few Final Cautions About Wording 

There are test preparation classes that train people to take tests. In some of these courses, 

students are advised against choosing any answer in a reasoning test if it starts with the word 

“all” or the word “none.” This is supposed to be useful advice because it is believed that most 

correct answers strike a balance between extremes and usually do not cover subjects that can be 

summarized in sentences beginning with “all” or “none.” If you have heard this advice before, 

you should ignore it for this test. “All” statements and “none” statements occur in real-life 

situations and, consequently, you will be asked to work with them in this test in the reading 

paragraphs as well as in both correct and incorrect responses. 

In general, you should pay attention to any words that provide information on groups or on 

linked events. This includes a wide range of negative words (such as “seldom” or “never” or 

“illegal” or “prohibited”) and negative prefixes (such as “non-” “un-” or “dis-”). It also includes 

positive words (such as “all” or “some” or “most” or “always”). You should also watch for 

connectors such as “whenever” or “unless” or “except,” since these words sometimes contain 

key information about relations among the facts given in the paragraph. 

English is a language that ordinarily uses single negatives. The word “not,” by itself, does the 

job of making a formal English sentence into its opposite: “That bird is NOT an eagle.” On this 

test, if you read a sentence such as “The cord is not wound,” it means the cord is still unwound. 

When an English sentence has two negatives, the sentence has a positive meaning. For example, 

a sentence that reads “This application is NOT unworthy” means that the application IS worthy. 

The sentence “The bell did ring” could be stated “It is NOT the case that the bell did NOT ring.” 

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Finally, it is extremely important to pay close attention to the use of the word “ONLY.” A 

sentence such as “The door will open IF AND ONLY IF both keys are used” is a very strong 

statement that means that there is just one way to open the door—with both keys. If the sentence 

just said, “The door will open if the key is used,” there may be several other ways to open the 

door. But that is not the case when the expression “if and only if” is used.

Remember These Tips When Taking the Logical Reasoning Test

1. In questions with positive lead statements, always choose the only conclusion that can 

definitely be drawn from the information given in the paragraph. 

2. Remember NOT to use any outside factual information to reach your conclusion. 

3. Read the lead-in sentence and the paragraph very carefully. Also, read all the answer 

choices before you mark the one you think is correct. 

4. Pay special attention whenever the question uses words such as “all,” “some,” or “none.” 

Other terms such as “unless” or “except” or “only” are also important. These words help 

to define the facts from which you must draw conclusions. 

5. Also pay special attention whenever you see a negative prefix such as “non-” or a 

negative verb such as “disconnect” or “unfasten.” These may be crucial to understanding 

the basic facts in the paragraph. 

6. Ignore any advice you may have received in the past about avoiding an answer that 

contains the word “all” or the word “none.” These may be signs of an incorrect response 

in some tests, but not in this test. You will find these words in both right and wrong 

response options. 

7. Take the sample test and study the explanation for each of the questions very carefully. 

This will help you fine-tune your reasoning on the actual test.

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LOGICAL REASONING PRACTICE TEST 

In questions 1 through 8, some questions will ask you to select the only answer that can be 

validly concluded from the paragraph. These questions include a paragraph followed by five 

response options. Preceding the five response options will be the phrase “From the information 

given above, it can be validly concluded that.” In other questions you may be asked to select the 

only answer that cannot be validly concluded from the paragraph. These questions include a 

paragraph followed by five response options. Preceding the five response options will be the 

phrase “From the information given above, it CANNOT be validly concluded that.” 

You must use only the information provided in the paragraph, without using any outside 

information whatsoever.

It is suggested that you take not more than 20 minutes to complete questions 1 through 8. The 

questions on this practice test will not be on the real test, but the real questions will be similar in 

form and difficulty to these. The explanations for the correct and incorrect responses are found 

after the sample questions.

1. Often, crimes are characterized as either malum in se—inherently evil—or malum prohibitum—

criminal because they are declared as offenses by a legislature. Murder is an example of the former. 

Failing to file a tax return illustrates the latter. Some jurisdictions no longer distinguish between 

crimes malum in se and malum prohibitum, although many still do.

From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that 

A) many jurisdictions no longer distinguish between crimes malum in se and malum prohibitum

B) some jurisdictions still distinguish between crimes malum in se and malum prohibitum

C) some crimes characterized as malum in se are not inherently evil 

D) some crimes characterized as malum prohibitum are not declared by a legislature to be an offense 

E) sometimes failing to file a tax return is characterized as malum in se 

2. A trucking company can act as a common carrier—for hire to the general public at published rates. 

As a common carrier, it is liable for any cargo damage, unless the company can show that it was not 

negligent. If the company can demonstrate that it was not negligent, then it is not liable for cargo 

damage. In contrast, a contract carrier (a trucking company hired by a shipper under a specific 

contract) is only responsible for cargo damage as spelled out in the contract. A Claus Inc. tractortrailer, acting under common carrier authority, was in a 5-vehicle accident that damaged its cargo. A 

Nichols Inc. tractor-trailer, acting under contract carrier authority, was involved in the same accident, 

and its cargo was also damaged. 

From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that, in reference to the accident, 

A) if Claus Inc. is liable, then it can show that it was not negligent 

B) if Claus Inc. cannot show that it was not negligent, then it is not liable 

C) if Claus Inc. can show that it was not negligent, then it is not liable

D) if Nichols Inc. is liable, then it cannot show that it is negligent 

E) if Nichols Inc. can show that it is not negligent, then it is not liable

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3. A rapidly changing technical environment in government is promoting greater reliance on electronic 

mail (e-mail) systems. As this usage grows, there are increasing chances of conflict between the 

users’ expectations of privacy and public access rights. In some investigations, access to all e-mail, 

including those messages stored in archival files and messages outside the scope of the investigation, 

has been sought and granted. In spite of this, some people send messages through e-mail that would 

never be said face-to-face or written formally. 

From the information given above, it CANNOT be validly concluded that

A) some e-mail messages that have been requested as part of investigations have contained messages 

that would never be said face-to-face

B) some messages that people would never say face-to-face are sent in e-mail messages 

C) some e-mail messages have been requested as part of investigations

D) e-mail messages have not been exempted from investigations

E) some e-mail messages contain information that would be omitted from formal writing 

4. Phyllis T. is a former Federal employee who was entitled to benefits under the Federal Employee 

Compensation Act because of a job-related, disabling injury. When an eligible Federal employee has 

such an injury, the benefit is determined by this test: If the beneficiary is married or has dependents, 

benefits are 3/4 of the person’s salary at the time of the injury; otherwise, benefits are set at 2/3 of the 

salary. Phyllis T.’s benefits were 2/3 of her salary when she was injured. 

From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that, when Phyllis T. was injured, she 

A) was married but without dependents 

B) was not married and had no dependents 

C) was not married but had dependents 

D) was married and had dependents 

E) had never been married 

5. Some 480,000 immigrants were living in a certain country in 1999. Although most of these 

immigrants were not employed in professional occupations, many of them were. For instance, many

of them were engineers and many of them were nurses. Very few of these immigrants were 

librarians, another professional occupation. 

From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that, in 1999, in the country described 

above,

A) most immigrants were either engineers or nurses 

B) it is not the case that some of the nurses were immigrants 

C) none of the engineers were immigrants 

D) most of those not employed in professional occupations were immigrants 

E) some of the engineers were immigrants 

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6. Police officers were led to believe that many weapons sold at a certain gun store were sold illegally. 

Upon investigating the lead, the officers learned that all of the weapons sold by the store that were 

made by Precision Arms were sold legally. Also, none of the illegally sold weapons were .45 caliber. 

From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that, concerning the weapons sold at 

the store,

A) all of the .45 caliber weapons were made by Precision Arms

B) none of the .45 caliber weapons were made by Precision Arms 

C) some of the weapons made by Precision Arms were .45 caliber weapons 

D) all of the .45 caliber weapons were sold legally

E) some of the weapons made by Precision Arms were sold illegally 

7. Impressions made by the ridges on the ends of the fingers and thumbs are useful means of 

identification, since no two persons have the same pattern of ridges. If finger patterns from 

fingerprints are not decipherable, then they cannot be classified by general shape and contour or by

pattern type. If they cannot be classified by these characteristics, then it is impossible to identify the 

person to whom the fingerprints belong.

From the information given above, it CANNOT be validly concluded that 

A) if it is possible to identify the person to whom fingerprints belong, then the fingerprints are 

decipherable 

B) if finger patterns from fingerprints are not decipherable, then it is impossible to identify the 

person to whom the fingerprints belong

C) if fingerprints are decipherable, then it is impossible to identify the person to whom they belong 

D) if fingerprints can be classified by general shape and contour or by pattern type, then they are 

decipherable 

E) if it is possible to identify the person to whom fingerprints belong, then the fingerprints can be 

classified by general shape and contour or pattern type 

8. Explosives are substances or devices capable of producing a volume of rapidly expanding gases that 

exert a sudden pressure on their surroundings. Chemical explosives are the most commonly used, 

although there are mechanical and nuclear explosives. All mechanical explosives are devices in 

which a physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a container with 

compressed air. While nuclear explosives are by far the most powerful, all nuclear explosives have 

been restricted to military weapons. 

From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that 

A) all explosives that have been restricted to military weapons are nuclear explosives 

B) no mechanical explosives are devices in which a physical reaction is produced, such as that 

caused by overloading a container with compressed air 

C) some nuclear explosives have not been restricted to military weapons 

D) all mechanical explosives have been restricted to military weapons 

E) some devices in which a physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a 

container with compressed air, are mechanical explosives 

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ANALYSIS OF LOGICAL REASONING PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS 

1. Correct Answer: B) some jurisdictions still distinguish between crimes malum in se and 

malum prohibitum. 

This question is concerned with classification of crimes into sets—that is, with the classification 

of crimes as either malum in se or malum prohibitum. The last phrase in the last sentence tells us 

that many jurisdictions make the distinction between these two categories of crimes. Response B 

follows from that sentence, because if many jurisdictions make the distinction, some jurisdictions 

make the distinction. From the fact that many jurisdictions make the distinction, it cannot be 

inferred that many do not make the distinction. Therefore, Response A is incorrect. 

Responses C, D, and E are based on erroneous definitions of the two classes of crimes. The 

paragraph tells us that all crimes characterized as malum in se are inherently evil. Response C is 

false because it cannot be the case that SOME crimes characterized as malum in se are NOT 

inherently evil. The paragraph also tells us that all crimes characterized as malum prohibitum are 

declared as offenses by a legislature. Response D is false because it cannot be the case that SOME 

crimes characterized as malum prohibitum are NOT declared by a legislature to be an offense. In 

the paragraph, we are told that filing a tax return late is malum prohibitum, rather than malum in se. 

Response E is incorrect because it cannot be the case that failing to file a tax return is malum in se.

2. Correct Answer: C) If Claus Inc. can show that it was not negligent, then it is not liable. 

The second sentence states the liability rule for common carriers: all common carriers are liable 

for cargo damage unless they can show that they are not negligent; if they can show that they are 

not negligent, then they are not liable for cargo damage. Claus Inc. is a common carrier, and 

accordingly this rule applies to it. From this rule it follows that if Claus Inc. can show it was not 

negligent, then it is not liable, Response C. Response A contradicts this rule by claiming that 

when Claus Inc. is liable it can show that it was not negligent. Response B contradicts this rule 

by claiming that Claus Inc. is not liable even when it cannot show that it is not negligent. 

Responses D and E concern Nichols Inc., a contract carrier. However, the terms of the Nichols 

Inc. contract were not disclosed in the paragraph, so neither response is supported. 

3. Correct Answer: A) some e-mail messages that have been requested as part of 

investigations have contained messages that would never be said face-to-face. 

This is an example of a test question with a negative lead-in statement. It asks for the conclusion 

that is NOT supported by the paragraph. That means that four of the statements are valid 

conclusions from the paragraph while one is not. Response B (some messages that people would 

never say face-to-face are sent in e-mail messages) is a valid conclusion because it restates a fact 

given in the last sentence of the paragraph. Response E (some e-mail messages contain 

information that would be omitted from formal writing) is valid because it restates the other fact

in the last sentence of the paragraph. 

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The next-to-last sentence in the paragraph is the source of both response C (some e-mail 

messages have been requested as part of investigations) and response D (e-mail messages have 

not been exempted from investigations). Both of these choices restate information in that 

sentence, based on the fact that access to e-mail messages was sought and granted. This leaves 

only the first option, response A (Some e-mail messages that have been requested as part of 

investigations have contained messages that would never be said face-to-face). This is the only 

choice that does NOT represent a valid conclusion, because even though we know from the 

paragraph that there is a group of e-mail messages that are requested in investigations and also 

that there is a group of messages that contain information that people would not say face-to-face, 

there is nothing that says that these groups overlap. We simply do not know. 

4. Correct Answer: B) Phyllis T. was not married and had no dependents. 

This question concerns an either/or situation. The paragraph states that benefits under the Federal 

Employees Compensation Act are awarded at one level (3/4 of salary) if a beneficiary is married 

or has dependents when injured and at another level (2/3 of salary) if this is not true. 

Phyllis T. is eligible for benefits under the Act. The paragraph states that Phyllis T.’s benefit 

level was 2/3 of her salary. Given this benefit level, it is clear that Phyllis T. did not meet either 

of the conditions for the 3/4 level. Therefore, responses A, C, and D cannot be correct (A states 

that she was married, C states that she had dependents, and D states that she both was married 

and had dependents). Response E goes beyond the facts given because prior marriages are not 

listed as a factor relating to this benefit. The one correct conclusion is that Phyllis T. did not 

meet either requirement to qualify for the higher benefit level (3/4 of salary), so response B is the 

correct answer to the question. 

5. Correct Answer: E) some of the engineers were immigrants 

Response E is correct because it restates the third sentence in terms of the overlap between 

immigrants and engineers in the country described in the paragraph. Response A says that most 

immigrants are engineers or nurses, which are professional occupations. However, the second 

sentence says that most immigrants are not employed in professional occupations, so Response A 

is false. Response B is false because it denies that there is any overlap between immigrants and 

nurses, even though this overlap is clear from the third sentence of the paragraph. Response C is 

false because it denies the overlap between immigrants and engineers. Because the paragraph 

does not give complete information about the non-professionals (immigrant and non-immigrant) 

in the country described in the paragraph, Response D is invalid. 

6. Correct Answer: D) all of the .45 caliber weapons were sold legally 

The second and last sentences are the two main premises in the paragraph. These two sentences 

give information about three categories of weapons: weapons made by Precision Arms, weapons 

sold legally, and .45 caliber weapons. 

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The last sentence states that none of the illegally sold weapons were .45 caliber. This means that 

none of the .45 caliber weapons were sold illegally. Notice that this new statement is a double 

negative. In affirmative form the statement means that all of the .45 caliber weapons were sold 

legally, Choice D. 

The information that all of the .45 caliber weapons were sold legally (last sentence), combined 

with the information that all of the weapons made by Precision Arms were sold legally (second 

sentence), allows us to draw no valid conclusions about the relationship between the .45 caliber 

weapons and the weapons made by Precision Arms. There is insufficient information about the 

entire group of weapons sold legally to know whether the group of .45 caliber weapons and the 

group of weapons made by Precision Arms overlapped entirely (Choice A), partially (Choice C), 

or not at all (Choice B). 

Choice E contradicts the second sentence and is, therefore, invalid. 

7. Correct Answer: C) if fingerprints are decipherable, then it is impossible to identify the 

person to whom they belong 

This question asks for the response option that cannot be validly concluded from the information 

in the paragraph. The only response option that cannot be validly concluded is Response C, so 

the correct answer to question 7 is Response C. Response C is invalid because the paragraph 

does not provide enough information to conclude whether or not it would be possible to identify 

the person to whom the fingerprints belong from the mere fact that the fingerprints are 

decipherable. 

Response A refers to a condition where it is possible to identify the person to whom fingerprints 

belong. Based on the final sentence in the paragraph, this condition of fingerprints means that 

the fingerprints could be classified by general shape and contour or by pattern type. Based on 

the second sentence, the ability to classify the fingerprints means that the fingerprints are 

decipherable. 

Since Response B refers to a condition in which finger patterns from fingerprints are not 

decipherable, we know from the second sentence that, in that circumstance, they cannot be 

classified by general shape and contour or by pattern type. From the final sentence in the 

paragraph, we can infer that since they cannot be classified by these characteristics, then it is 

impossible to identify the person to whom the fingerprints belong. 

According to the second sentence, fingerprints cannot be classified by general shape and contour 

or by pattern type when they are not decipherable. Therefore, if fingerprints can be classified by 

general shape and contour or by pattern type, then the fingerprints must be decipherable, 

Response D. According to the third sentence, it is impossible to identify the owner of a set of 

fingerprints when the fingerprints cannot be classified by general shape and contour or by pattern 

type. Therefore, if it is possible to identify the person to whom fingerprints belong, then the 

fingerprints must be able to be classified by general shape and contour or pattern type, Response 

E. Notice that Responses D and E are valid based on the same type of reasoning. The first and 

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second statements of the second sentence were made opposite and reversed in Response D, and 

the first and second statements of the final sentence were made opposite and reversed in 

Response E. 

8. Correct Answer: E) some devices in which a physical reaction is produced, such as that 

caused by overloading a container with compressed air, are mechanical explosives 

The correct answer is E. The third sentence states the overlap between all mechanical explosives 

and devices in which a physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a 

container with compressed air. From this, we can safely conclude that some devices in which a 

physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a container with compressed 

air, are mechanical explosives. 

Response A is incorrect because the paragraph does not provide sufficient information to validly 

conclude that all explosives which have been restricted to military weapons are nuclear weapons. 

It may be that some types of explosives other than nuclear weapons also have been restricted to 

military weapons. 

Responses B and C are incorrect because they contradict the paragraph. Response B contradicts 

the third sentence, and Response C contradicts the last sentence. 

Response D is incorrect because the paragraph provides no information about whether or not 

mechanical explosives are restricted to military weapons.

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Section III. Sample Questions for the Spanish Language Proficiency Test 

INTRODUCTION 

Purpose of this Section

The purpose of this Section is to provide you with information about the Spanish Language 

Proficiency Test. All Border Patrol Agents are required to know the Spanish language. 

Accordingly, all applicants for the position of Border Patrol Agent are required to take either the 

Spanish Language Proficiency Test or the ALT. Applicants who already know Spanish should 

take the Spanish Language Proficiency Test; all other applicants should take the ALT. The 

sample questions in this section will make you very familiar with both the type and the difficulty

level of the questions on the Spanish Language Proficiency Test, thus giving you a guide to 

judge whether you should take the Spanish Language Proficiency Test or the ALT. 

These sample questions and explanations are not intended to teach you enough Spanish to pass 

the Spanish Language Proficiency Test. The purpose of these questions and explanations is to 

make you familiar with the types of questions on the Spanish Language Proficiency Test.

Organization of this Section

The Spanish Language Proficiency Test is divided into two parts. The first part consists entirely 

of vocabulary questions; the second part is divided into three sections, each section dealing with 

a different type of grammar question. The following pages contain four examples of each type 

of question included in the Spanish Language Proficiency Test. 

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Sample Questions for the Spanish Language Proficiency Test

PART I

Read the sentence and then choose the most appropriate synonym for the underlined 

word. 

1. Es muy complicado pilotar mi avión. 

A) fácil 

B) difícil 

C) divertido 

D) compilado

E) comparado 

The word complicado means complicated. In the context of the sentence, it refers to 

something that is hard to do. Hence, response B, difícil (“difficult”), is the best synonym. 

Response A, fácil (“easy”), is opposite in meaning to complicado. Response C, 

divertido, has the same beginning syllable (“di-”) as the correct answer, but its meaning 

(“amusing”) is completely different. The basic meanings of responses D and E 

(“compiled” and “compared,” respectively) are completely different from the meaning of 

complicado, although both compilado and comparado are phonetically similar to it. 

2. Es fácil comprender lo que el agente está diciendo. 

A) responder 

B) comprobar 

C) entender 

D) pretender 

E) desentender 

The word comprender means to understand something after watching, listening to, or 

reading it. Hence, response C, entender (“to understand”), is the best synonym. 

Response E, desentender, is the exact opposite of the correct answer; in fact, it is 

entender, but with a negative prefix added to it, thus giving it the meaning of “to 

misunderstand.” Responses A, B, and D (“to respond,” “to verify,” and “to pretend”) are 

completely unrelated to the meaning of comprender. 

3. Hay que esclarecer todo el proceso. 

 A) encontrar 

 B) concentrar 

 C) aclarar 

 D) empeorar 

 E) aplastar 

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The word esclarecer means to clarify. Hence, response C, aclarar (“to clarify”), is the 

best synonym. Responses A, B, D, and E (“to find,” “to concentrate,” “to worsen,” and 

“to crush”) are completely unrelated to the meaning of esclarecer. 

4. Hemos otorgado concesiones especiales a los países en vías de desarrollo. 

 A) privilegios 

 B) determinaciones 

 C) estipendios

 D) cortesías 

 E) ofrendas 

The word concesiones means concessions, rights or privileges that have been granted. 

Hence, response A, privilegios (“privileges”) is the best synonym. Responses B, C, D, 

and E (“determinations,” “stipends,” “courtesies,” and “offerings”) are completely 

unrelated to the meaning of concesiones. 

PART II

Section I 

Read each sentence carefully. Select the appropriate word or phrase to fill each blank 

space. 

1. Me gusta entrar la puerta que está de la oficina. 

A) a, sobre 

B) en, desde 

C) con, bajo 

D) en, al lado 

E) por, detrás 

The correct answer is response E, por, detrás. Responses A, B, C, and D all use 

incorrect prepositions. 

2. La agente me la correspondencia cuando yo no en casa. 

A) traido, estoy 

B) traer, estuviera 

C) trajo, estaba 

D) traerá, habré estado 

E) habrá traido, estar 

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The correct answer is response C, trajo, estaba, because both verbs represent the 

correct past tense in the indicative mood (preterite indefinite trajo and preterite imperfect 

estaba). In responses A, B, D, and E, the wrong forms of the verb have been used. 

3. Los oficiales _______ usan la sala de reuniones para discutir asuntos ______.

A) sumariamente / difícil 

B) frecuentemente / variadas 

C) normalmente / diversos 

D) rara vez / personal 

E) ocasionalmente / unilateral 

Choice C is the correct answer. The adverb normalmente (“normally”) correctly 

modifies the verb usan (“[they] use”), and the plural, masculine adjective diversos

(“diverse”) agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies (“asuntos”). In 

responses A, D, and E, there is no agreement in number between adjective and noun. 

In response B, there is no agreement in gender between adjective and noun. 

4. ________ a los detenidos y ________ al tanto de los resultados. 

A) Visita / pónlos 

B) Visite / ponerlos 

C) Visitaré / ponga 

D) Habré visitado / pondré 

E) Visitando / había puesto 

Response A is the correct answer. The two imperative verb forms [tú] visita and [tú] 

pónlos are the correct choices. In responses B, C, D, and E, there is no agreement 

between the two main verbs. 

Section II 

Read each sentence carefully. Select the one sentence that is correct. 

1. A) Todos los agentes coincidieron del sospechoso cuando entrarían por la puerta. 

B) El sospechoso que entró fue señalado en la puerta con los agentes coincidiendo. 

C) Todos los agentes señalaron al mismo sospechoso cuando entró por la puerta. 

D) Todos los agentes coincidió en señalar al sospechoso cuando entrarán por la 

puerta. 

The correct answer to this item is response C because it has the proper sentence 

structure (subject, verb, direct object) and contains no errors. Responses A, B, and D 

contain various errors, including incorrect prepositions, illogical structures, or incorrect 

verb forms; hence, none of them can be the correct answer. 

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2. A) La inmigración ilegal y el contrabando suponen un gran problema para 

muchos países. 

B) La inmigración ilegal y el contrabando supongo un problema grande para 

muchos países. 

C) Muchos países con gran problemas suponían la inmigración ilegal y el 

contrabando. 

D) La inmigración ilegales y el contrabando suponen un gran problema para 

muchos países. 

The correct answer to this item is response A because it has the proper sentence 

structure (subject, verb, direct object, indirect object) and contains no errors. 

Responses B, C, and D contain various errors, including incorrect terms, illogical 

structures, or incorrect verb forms; hence, none of these responses can be the correct 

answer. 

3. A) Como el agente sabía que andando es bueno para la salud, andaría unos veinte 

minutos antes de iniciar el entrenamiento oficial. 

B) Como el agente sabía que andar es bueno para la salud, anduvo unos veinte 

minutos antes de iniciar el entrenamiento oficial. 

C) Andaría unos veinte minutos como andar es bueno sabía el agente antes de 

iniciar el entrenamiento oficial. 

D) Que andar es bueno para la salud unos veinte minutos antes de había iniciado el 

entrenamiento oficial el agente sabía que andaría. 

The correct answer to this item is response B because it has the proper sentence 

structure (subject, verb, direct object) and contains no errors. Responses A, C, and D 

contain various errors, including incorrect terms, misplaced clauses, or disagreement of 

verb tenses; hence, none of these responses can be the correct answer. 

4. A) Aunque hay países donde existen varias agrupaciones de derechos humanos 

que se preocupan por velar sobre las garantías individuales y que resultan muy 

efectivas en ciertas sociedades en que su esfera de influencia es muy limitada o 

casi nula. 

B) Existen varias agrupaciones internacionales de derechos humanos que se 

preocupan por velar sobre las garantías individuales y que resultan muy 

efectivas en ciertas sociedades, aunque hay países en que su esfera de 

influencia es muy limitada o casi nula. 

C) Existen de derechos humanos varias agrupaciones internacionales que se 

preocupan por velar sobre las garantías individuales, aunque hay países en que 

su esfera de influencia que resultan muy efectivas en ciertas sociedades es muy 

limitada o casi nula. 

D) Hay países en que existen varias agrupaciones internacionales de derechos 

humanos y que resultan muy efectivas en ciertas sociedades aunque que se 

preocupan por velar sobre las garantías individuales en que su esfera de 

influencia es muy limitada o casi nula. 

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The correct answer to this item is response B because it has the proper sentence 

structure (subject, verb, direct object, indirect object) and contains no errors. 

Responses A, C, and D contain misplaced clauses; hence, none of these responses 

can be the correct answer. 

Section III 

Read each sentence carefully. Select the correct word or phrase to replace the 

underlined portions of the sentence. In those cases in which the sentence needs no 

correction, select alternative (E). 

1. Los agentes detectaron el contrabando antes de abrir la maleta. 

A) abriendo 

B) abrirá 

C) abriremos 

D) abrió 

E) No es necesario hacer ninguna corrección. 

The correct answer to this item is response E because the infinitive form of the verb, 

abrir, must be used after the preposition de. Incorrect forms of the verb have been used 

in the other responses; namely, response A (gerund), response B (future imperfect), 

response C (future imperfect), and response D (preterite indefinite). 

2. Es necesario tener todo las documentos de identificación en regla. 

A) todos las 

B) todo el 

C) todas las 

D) todos los 

E) No es necesario hacer ninguna corrección. 

The correct answer is response D because todos los is plural in number and masculine 

in gender, and is thus in agreement with documentos. Responses A, B, and C have 

either the wrong gender or the wrong number. 

3. Los manuales hemos abarcado un sinnúmero de posibilidades y hemos abreviado

el tiempo que se necesita para completar los trámites. 

 A) abarcando / abreviando 

 B) abarcados / abreviados 

C) abarcó / abrevió 

D) abarcan / abrevian 

E) No es necesario hacer ninguna corrección. 

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Response D is the correct answer because the two verbs in the third person plural 

[abarcan (“cover”) and abrevian (“shorten”)] agree with the masculine plural subject 

manuales (“manuals”). 

Responses A and B use incorrect verb forms (gerund and participle). In responses C 

and E, there is no agreement between verbs and subject. 

4. Los que abastecen las cocinas de las unidades de rescate anoche trajeron 

magníficas provisiones.

A) habían abastecido / lentamente 

B) abasteciendo / no 

C) abastecieran / mañana 

D) abastezco / arriba 

E) No es necesario hacer ninguna corrección. 

Response E is the correct answer because the present indicative verb abastecen

(“[they] supply”) agrees with the preterite indefinite trajeron (“[they] brought”) after the 

correctly selected adverb anoche (“last night”). In response A, the adverb of manner 

lentamente (“slowly”) is incorrect. Responses B and C use the wrong verb form. 

Response D does not have agreement in number between subject and verb.

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Section IV: Preparing for the Artificial Language Test 

INTRODUCTION 

Purpose of this Section

The purpose of this section is to help you to prepare for the Artificial Language Test (ALT). 

This test is intended to assess an applicant’s ability to learn Spanish. The test is based on an 

artificial language, the rules of which are based on some of the grammatical structures of 

Spanish. Because all Border Patrol Agents are required to know the Spanish language, it is 

important to assess language-learning abilities in all applicants to the Border Patrol Agent 

occupation who do not already know Spanish. A validation study conducted by the U.S. Office 

of Personnel Management and an attrition study conducted at the Border Patrol Academy 

demonstrated that the ALT is an extremely effective predictor of success in learning Spanish at

the Academy. Accordingly, you are encouraged to study this manual with special care and 

attention. 

This section is designed to allow every opportunity for you to study the grammatical rules of the 

Artificial Language prior to taking the ALT. In this way, you can spend concentrated time in 

learning to use grammatical rules that you will need to apply not only in the test, but also in the 

process of learning Spanish, if you are selected for a Border Patrol Agent (Trainee) position.

Organization of this Section

Section IV contains several parts: vocabulary lists (or dictionary) for the Artificial Language, a 

set of grammatical rules, a glossary of grammatical terms (for applicants who do not remember 

the meaning of some of these terms), a practice test, which is similar in format and length to the 

actual test, and, lastly, a clear and concise explanation of why each response in the test is right or 

wrong. This last part should greatly assist you in learning how to apply each of the rules. The 

parts of this section are organized in the following sequence. 

First: The Vocabulary Lists 

The lists of words need not be memorized because during the actual test they will be available to 

you for constant consultation. 

Second: The Glossary of Grammatical Rules for the Artificial Language 

These rules are the essence of the Artificial Language because they are the essence of its 

connection to the structures of the Spanish language. There is no need to memorize the rules 

because they will be available to you during the test. Also, you should note that some of the 

rules will be different in the actual test. For example, if the feminine form of a noun takes the 

suffix nef in the rules presented in this manual, in the actual test the feminine form of a noun 

may take a different ending. 

Third: Glossary of Grammatical Terms

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This glossary will provide a refresher mini-course in grammatical terms (such as “verb,” 

“noun,” “adjective,” and “adverb”) for applicants who have forgotten the meaning of these 

terms. The glossary will also be available for consultation during the actual test. In this section, 

however, the meaning of the terms will be discussed in greater depth, and it is therefore 

advisable for you to study the discussion here with special attention and concentration. 

Fourth: The Practice Test 

The practice test is similar, but not exactly the same, in length and format, and in its application 

of the grammatical rules to the actual test. 

The practice test questions contain tasks that require a correct translation from English to the 

Artificial Language and that require the application of grammatical rules to Artificial Language 

sentences. In some cases, these tasks involve an entire sentence, while in others they involve 

only part of a sentence. 

While taking the practice test, you should refer to all the materials described above, that is, to the 

vocabulary lists, the grammatical rules for the Artificial Language, and the glossary of 

grammatical terms. During the actual test, you will be able to refer to these sources at all times. 

When taking the actual test, you will be given two booklets: One (called the “Supplemental 

Booklet”) will contain the reference materials (the vocabulary lists, the grammatical rules, and 

the glossary of grammatical terms), while the other will contain the test questions. You will have

access to the “Supplemental Booklet” at all times while taking the test, and you will be able to 

consult the reference materials in the Supplemental Booklet while answering the test questions. 

Therefore, it would be advisable for you to practice using the reference materials while taking 

the practice test. 

Fifth: The Rationale for Each Response 

The last part of this section contains a clear and concise explanation of why each response choice

in the test is right or wrong. Since the test is a multiple-choice test, each response choice must 

be evaluated separately. Consequently, it is important for you to know which rule is pertinent to 

each response choice. As will be clear from the study of the explanations, some response 

choices (those that are correct) conform to the appropriate rules, while the majority of response 

choices (those that are incorrect) violate one or more of the rules. 

It is very advisable for you to analyze each and every one of the explanations after taking the 

practice test. If you find that many of your answers to the test questions are incorrect, it would 

be a good idea for you to retake the practice test after (1) studying the rationale for each response 

choice, and (2) studying the grammatical rules once again, with more attention to detail.

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THE VOCABULARY LISTS 

The words on the following lists are the same; they are merely arranged differently, as they 

would be in a bilingual dictionary. In the first list, you can look up words in English to find their 

equivalent word in the Artificial Language. In the second list, you can look up words in the 

Artificial Language to find their equivalent word in English. During the actual test, you will 

have the vocabulary lists with you for consultation at all times. Nonetheless, you should note 

that the words given below are not the same as those given in the actual test. Therefore, it is best 

not to try to memorize them before taking the actual test. 

Word List Arranged Alphabetically

by the English Word

Word List Arranged Alphabetically

by the Artificial Language Word

English

Artificial 

Language English

Artificial 

Language

Artificial 

Language English

Artificial 

Language English

a, an bex skillful janle almanlek government kaplek man

alien huslek that velle arker to drive kometlek friend

and loa the wir avelek enemy lexker to station

boy ekaplek this volle bex a, an liaker to injure 

country failek to be synker bonker to guard loa and

difficult glasle to border regker browlek river mor from

enemy avelek to cross chonker chonker to cross pirker to escape 

friend kometlek to drive arker colle legal quea of

from mor to escape pirker daqlek jeep regker to border

government almanlek to guard bonker degker to shoot synker to be

he, him yev to have tulker ekaplek boy tatker to spy

jeep daqlek to identify kalenker failek country trenedlek paper

legal colle to injure liaker frigker to work tulker to have

loyal inle to inspect zelker glasle difficult velle that

man kaplek to shoot degker huslek alien volle this

of quea to spy tatker inle loyal wir the

paper trenedlek to station lexker janle skillful yev he, him

river browlek to work frigker kalenker to identify zelker to inspect 

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GRAMMATICAL RULES FOR THE ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE 

The grammatical rules given here are similar, but not identical, to those used in the ALT. Some

of the suffixes (word endings) and prefixes (additions to the beginning of a word) used in the 

actual test differ from those used in the practice test. 

During the actual test, you will have access to the rules at all times. Consequently, it is 

important that you understand these rules, but it is not necessary that you memorize them. In 

fact, memorizing them will hinder rather than help you, since there are differences between the 

rules in the version of the Artificial Language that appears here and the one that appears in the 

actual test. 

You should note that the next part of this section contains a glossary of grammatical terms to 

assist you if you are not thoroughly familiar with the meaning of these grammatical terms. 

Rule 1: To form the feminine singular of a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, or an article, add the 

suffix nef to the masculine singular form. Only nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles take 

feminine endings in the Artificial Language. When gender is not specified, the masculine form

is used. 

 Example: If a male eagle is a verlek, then a female eagle is a verleknef. 

If an ambitious man is a tosle man, an ambitious woman is a toslenef woman. 

Rule 2: To form the plural of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles, add the suffix oz to the 

correct singular form. 

 Example: If one male eagle is a verlek, several male eagles are verlekoz. 

If an ambitious woman is a toslenef woman, several ambitious women are 

toslenefoz women. 

Rule 3: Adjectives modifying nouns and pronouns with feminine and/or plural endings must 

have endings that agree with the words they modify. In addition, an article (a/an and the) 

preceding a noun must also agree with the noun in gender and number. 

Example: If an active male eagle is a sojle verlek, an active female eagle is a sojlenef

verleknef and several active female eagles are sojlenefoz verleknefoz. 

 If this male eagle is volle verlek, these female eagles are vollenefoz verleknefoz. 

 If the male eagle is wir verlek, the female eagle is wirnef verleknef and the female 

eagles are wirnefoz verleknefoz. 

 If a male eagle is bex verlek, several male eagles are bexoz verlekoz. 

Rule 4: The stem of a verb is obtained by omitting the suffix ker from the infinitive form of the 

verb. 

Example: The stem of the verb tirker is tir.

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Rule 5: All subjects and their verbs must agree in number; that is, singular subjects require 

singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs. (See Rules 6 and 7.) 

Rule 6: To form the present tense of a verb, add the suffix em to the stem for the singular or the 

suffix im to the stem for the plural. 

Example: If to bark is nalker then nalem is the present tense for the singular (the dog barks) 

and nalim is the present tense for the plural (the dogs bark). 

Rule 7: To form the past tense of a verb, first add the suffix zot to the stem, and then add the 

suffix em if the verb is singular or the suffix im if it is plural. 

Example: If to bark is nalker, then nalzotem is the past tense for the singular (the dog 

barked) and nalzotim is the past tense for the plural (the dogs barked). 

Rule 8: To form the past participle of a verb, add to the stem of the verb the suffix to. It can be 

used to form compound tenses with the verb to have, as a predicate with the verb to be, or as an 

adjective. In the last two cases, it takes masculine, feminine, singular and plural forms in 

agreement with the noun to which it refers. 

An example of use in a compound tense with the verb to have: 

If to bark is nalker and to have is tulker, then tulem nalto is the present perfect for the 

singular (the dog has barked) and tulim nalto is the present perfect for the plural (the 

dogs have barked). Similarly, tulzotem nalto is the past perfect for the singular (the 

dog had barked) and tulzotim nalto is the past perfect for the plural (the dogs had 

barked). 

An example of use as a predicate with the verb to be: 

If to adopt is rapker and to be is synker, then a boy was adopted is a ekaplek 

synzotem rapto and many girls were adopted is ekapleknefoz synzotim raptonefoz. 

An example of use as an adjective: 

If to delight is kasker then a delighted boy is a kasto ekaplek and many delighted girls

are kastonefoz ekapleknefoz. 

Rule 9: To form a noun from a verb, add the suffix lek to the stem of the verb. 

Example: If longker is to write, then a writer is a longlek. 

Rule 10: To form an adjective from a noun, substitute the suffix le for the suffix lek. 

Example: If pellek is beauty, then a beautiful male eagle is a pelle verlek and a beautiful 

female eagle is a pellenef verleknef. (Note the feminine suffix nef.) 

Rule 11: To form an adverb from an adjective, add the suffix ki to the masculine form of the 

adjective. (Note that adverbs do not change their form to agree in gender or number with the 

word they modify.) 

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Example: If pelle is beautiful, then beautifully is pelleki. 

Rule 12: To form the possessive of a noun or pronoun, add the suffix ae to the noun or pronoun 

after any plural or feminine suffixes. 

Example: If a boglek is a dog, then a dog's collar is a boglekae collar. 

If he is yev, then his book is yevae book. 

If she is yevnef, then her book is yevnefae book.

Rule 13: To make a word negative, add the prefix fer to the correct affirmative form. 

Example: If an active male eagle is a sojle verlek, an inactive male eagle is a fersojle verlek. 

If the dog barks is boglek nalem, then the dog does not bark is the boglek 

fernalem. 

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GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

This glossary will be available to you during the actual test, but it is recommended that you study

the glossary before taking the test. The glossary contains basic grammatical concepts that apply 

to English, Spanish, and the Artificial Language. The glossary contains fairly extensive and 

comprehensive explanations of each grammatical concept. The explanations in the actual test 

are not comprehensive. Consequently, it is particularly important that you study these 

explanations very carefully.

Article: An article is a word that precedes a noun and determines whether it is a definite or 

indefinite noun; for instance the book, an object. 

Adjective: An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun (for example, intelligent

women). Generally, an adjective serves to answer questions such as: which, what kind of, how 

many. For example, (1) “This book” would be the adjectival answer to the question “which 

book?” (2) “a beautiful book” would be the adjectival answer to the question “what kind of 

book?” and (3) “several days” would be the adjectival answer to the question “how many days?”

In English, adjectives have only one form, regardless of the type of noun they modify. More 

specifically, whether a noun is feminine or masculine, singular or plural, the adjective used to 

modify it remains the same; for example, the adjective strong is exactly the same when it refers 

to one man, one woman, many women, or many men. By contrast, in both Spanish and the 

Artificial Language, the ending of the adjective is different if the adjective is modifying a 

singular masculine noun, a singular feminine noun, a plural feminine noun, or a plural masculine 

noun. 

Adverb: An adverb is a word used to modify a verb. For example, the sentence “It was 

produced” could be modified to express where it was produced by saying “It was produced 

locally.” 

Generally, an adverb is used to answer the questions where (as in the example above), when (as 

for example, “he comes frequently”), how (as for example, “she thinks logically”). Adverbs 

sometimes are used to modify an adjective or another adverb. For example, in the sentence “She 

has a really beautiful mind,” the adverb really modifies the adjective beautiful. In the sentence 

“She thinks very logically,” the adverb very modifies the adverb logically. In the Artificial 

Language the only adverbs used are those which modify verbs. In the Spanish language, as well 

as in the English language, adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 

Gender: As a grammatical concept, gender refers to the classification of words according to 

whether they are masculine, feminine, or neuter. 

As stated above, Spanish takes masculine or feminine endings for nouns, adjectives, and articles. 

The neuter form is used sometimes to express abstraction in a more emphatic manner. The 

neuter form is NOT used in the Artificial Language. Consequently, it is very important for you 

to remember that in the Artificial Language all nouns, adjectives, and articles take either a 

masculine or a feminine ending according to whether the sentence refers to a male or female. 

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Also, all nouns and adjectives in the Artificial Language were conceived (for the sake of 

simplicity) to be masculine. Thus, unless the feminine gender is specified in the sentence, the 

masculine gender is used always. 

Infinitive: An infinitive is the general, abstract form of a verb; for example, to look, to think, to 

remember, to walk. Once the action expressed by a verb is attached to a specific subject (a 

person, animal, or thing), then we say the verb is “conjugated,” or linked to that subject; for 

example, “he/she thinks,” “the dog runs,” “the table broke.” 

In contrast to the way that an infinitive in English is preceded by the word “to” (as in “to think”), 

in the Artificial Language (and in Spanish), infinitives are defined by their suffix. In the version 

of the Artificial Language used here, this ending (or suffix) is ker (in the actual test, the ending 

will be different).

Noun: A noun is a word which names a person, place, thing, or abstraction; for example, 

Lindsay, Chicago, tree, wisdom. A noun can refer to an individual (as in Lindsay, an individual 

person, or Chicago, an individual place) or to a set (as in “all stones,” “all trees,” “all cities”). 

Prefix: A prefix always occurs at the beginning of a word. It can be a single letter or a sequence 

of letters; for example, amoral, illegal, dysfunctional. 

A prefix is the opposite of a suffix, which always occurs at the end of a word, but both serve to 

change the basic word in some way. For example, polite is the basic word (in this case an 

adjective) to express the concept of behavior that conforms to accepted social norms, while 

adding the prefix im and creating the word impolite transforms the word polite into its 

contradictory concept. You should note that in the Artificial Language a prefix is used to create 

a negative concept (see Rule 13). Such a rule mimics both Spanish and English, in both of which 

negation is usually expressed by using a negative prefix. 

Pronoun: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun; for example, “she” instead of “Lindsay,” 

“they” instead of “the guards,” “it” instead of “the stone,” “himself/herself” instead of “the 

judge.” 

In both English and Spanish there is a difference between a pronoun that stands for the subject of 

an action (as in “He threw the stone,” meaning that Lindsay threw the stone), and a pronoun that 

stands for the object of an action (as in “The stone was thrown at him,” meaning that the stone 

was thrown at Lindsay). By contrast, in the Artificial Language used in this manual there is no 

grammatical difference between he and him, both being yev. Remember, however, that in the 

Artificial Language pronouns take feminine endings when the subject or object of the action is 

feminine. Accordingly, in the version of the Artificial Language given in this manual, both she

(subject) and her (object) would be yevnef (i.e., yev plus the feminine suffix nef).

Suffix: A suffix always occurs at the end of a word. It can be a single letter or a sequence of 

letters, for example, creamy, readable, nicely. Unlike prefixes, suffixes often change the “part of 

speech” (i.e., the type of word). For example, in the case of creamy, the suffix y changes the 

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noun cream into the adjective creamy, and in the case of nicely, the suffix ly changes the 

adjective nice into the adverb nicely. 

In addition, suffixes are used to conjugate verbs (for example, to change the present tense into 

the past tense: you walk, you walked) and to create the plural form of nouns (for example, boy, 

boys). In Spanish, suffixes are used for the same purposes, but they are used for other purposes 

too, such as creating plural forms for adjectives and changing the gender of a word. 

In the Artificial Language, suffixes are used (1) to change the part of speech (for example, Rule 

11 uses a suffix to change an adjective into an adverb), (2) to conjugate verbs (for example, 

Rules 6 and 7 use suffixes to express the present and past tenses), and (3) to create the plural 

form of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles (Rule 2). In addition, the Artificial Language 

mimics Spanish in using a suffix to express gender. 

You should study all the rules on suffixes in the Artificial Language, and you should practice 

using these rules, but you should NOT memorize them because (1) you will have them available 

to you at all times during the actual test, and (2) in the actual test, some of the suffixes and 

prefixes are different from the ones used in this practice test. 

Verb: A verb is used to express either an action or a state of being. For example, “He prepared

dinner” expresses the action of making all preparations for dinner, while “He is a citizen” 

expresses the state or condition of being a citizen. 

A condition or “state of being” can be permanent or transitory. For example, “The agent’s horse 

is a bay mare” expresses a permanent condition for the horse (being a bay mare), while “George 

is at lunch” expresses a transitory condition for George (being at lunch). The Spanish language, 

unlike English, has two different verbs to express permanent and transitory conditions, although 

the Artificial Language is akin to English rather than to Spanish in its use of a single verb to 

express any state of being. 

When a verb is linked to a subject (i.e., “conjugated”) it changes from the abstract infinitive form

to a specific form such as a present tense or a past tense. The Artificial Language primarily uses 

only two tenses: the simple past tense and the simple present tense in the indicative mood (see 

Rules 6 and 7). (Verbs in the indicative mood express a real action or condition, whereas verbs 

in the subjunctive mood express hypothetical actions or conditions. The subjunctive mood does 

not exist in the Artificial Language, but it is very important in Spanish.) 

You may find that the past participle is used in the test (see Rule 8). In that case, the present 

perfect tense (they have crossed) and the past perfect tense (they had crossed) will be used in the 

Artificial Language. 

Be sure to apply the rules as directed in the test material. If no rule governing the past participle 

is listed in the actual test material, then the past participle is treated as a simple past tense.

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PRACTICE TEST 

Directions for questions 1 through 20

For each sentence, decide which words have been translated correctly. Use scratch paper to list each numbered

word that is correctly translated into the Artificial Language. When you have finished listing the words that

are correctly translated in sentences 1 through 20, select your answer according to the following instructions: 

Mark: 

 A) if only the word numbered 1 is correctly translated

 B) if only the word numbered 2 is correctly translated

 C) if only the word numbered 3 is correctly translated

 D) if two or more of the numbered words are correctly translated

 E) if none of the numbered words is correctly translated 

Be sure to list only the numbered words which are correctly translated.

Study the sample question before going on to the test questions. 

 Sample Sentence Sample Translation

 He identifies the driver. Volle kalenim wir arlek. 

 1 2 3

The word numbered 1, volle, is incorrect since the translation of volle is this. The word yev should have been 

used. 

The word numbered 2, kalenim, is also incorrect because the singular form kalenem should have been used. 

The word numbered 3 is correct and should be written on your note paper. Arlek has been correctly formed 

from the infinitive arker (to drive) by applying Rules 9 and 4. Since the word numbered 3 has been identified

as the only word translated correctly, the answer to the sample question is C. 

Now go on with questions 1 through 20 and answer them in the manner indicated. Be sure to record your 

answers on the separate answer sheet. 

 Sentence

1. She is an alien. 

2. The guard is a friend.

3. The woman drove the jeep.

 Translation

Yev synem bexnef huslek. 

 1 2 3 

Wir bonlek synem bex kometlek. 

 1 2 3

Wirnef kapleknef arzotem wir daqlek. 

 1 2 3

1 

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Sentence 

4. That government is legal. 

5. The men and the women escaped. 

6. The alien's friend injured him.

7. This boy is from that country.

8. Those were difficult inspections. 

9. Spies are disloyal.

10. She was a skillful inspector.

11. Those aliens are not enemies of the 

 government. 

12. Guards have to identify illegal workers. 

13. A friendly alien guarded the boys. 

14. She is a loyal and skillful guard. 

15. These women work illegally.

16. The illegal papers were identified. 

17. Those women are not aliens from that 

 country. 

18. Spies are disloyal enemies of their 

 countries. 

19. The illegal aliens were not injured. 

20. The river borders the country, and to

cross the river is not legal.

 Translation

Velle almanlek synzotim colleki. 

 1 2 3 

Wiroz kaplek loa wirnefoz kapleknef pirker. 

 1 2 3 

Wir huslekae kometlek liazotim yevae. 

 1 2 3 

Volle ekaplek synem mor volle failek. 

 1 2 3 

Velle synzotim glasle zelkeroz. 

1 2 3

Tatleknef synzotem inlefer. 

 1 2 3 

Yevnef synzotem bex janlenef zelnef. 

 1 2 3 

Velle huslekoz synimfer avelekoz quea wir almanlek. 

 1 2 3 

Bonlekoz tulim kalenker fercolle friglekoz. 

 1 2 3 

Bex kometleki huslek bonzotem wiroz ekaplekoz. 

 1 2 3

Yevnef synem bexnef inle loa janle bonleknef. 

1 2 3 

Volleoz kapleknefoz frigim fercollekinef. 

 1 2 3

Wiroz fercolle trenedlekoz synim kalentooz. 

 1 2 3

Vellenefoz kapleknefoz fersynem huslekoz mor velle failek. 

 1 2 3

Tatlekoz synim ferinle avelekoz quea yevae failekoz. 

 1 2 3 

Wiroz fercolle huslekoz synimfer liatooz. 

 1 2 3 

Wir browlek regem wir failek, loa chonker wir browlek 

 1

synem fercolle. 

 2 3 

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Directions for questions 21 through 30

For each question in this group, select the one of the five suggested choices that correctly translates the

underlined word or group of words into the Artificial Language. 

Sample question: There is the boy. 

A) bex kaplek B) wir kaplek C) wir ekaplek D) velle ekaplek E) bex ekaplek 

Response Option C is the correct translation of the underlined words, the boy. Now read the following

paragraph and choose the correct translation for the words or groups of words that are underlined. 

Paragraph

The men and women who patrol and guard the border have a complex and difficult job. They have to deal with 

 21 22

both friendly and unfriendly aliens, as well as with well-trained and skillful spies, who are often dangerous. 

 23 24

They have to inspect and identify complex governmental papers that are written in various foreign languages, 

 25 26

and they have to make difficult decisions, frequently alone and away from their stations. This country's

 27 28

borders are skillfully guarded and kept secure by these loyal women and these loyal men. 

 29 30

21. A) kaplekoz loa kaplekferoz 26. A) almanleoz trenedlekoz

B) kaplekoz loa kapleknefoz B) almanlek trenedlek 

C) kaplekae loa kapleknefae C) almanlek trenedlekoz 

D) kaplekae loa kaplekferae D) almanlekoz trenedlekoz 

E) kaplekoz bex kaplekferoz E) almanle trenedlekoz 

22. A) bonimoz wir reglek 27. A) lexkeroz

B) bonimoz wir reglekoz B) lexlekae 

C) bonem wir reglek C) lexkerae 

D) bonker wir reglek D) lexlekoz 

E) bonim wir reglek E) lexleoz 

23. A) ferkometlekkioz huslekoz 28. A) volle failekae

B) ferkometlekki huslekki B) volleae failekae 

C) ferkometleoz huslekoz C) volle failek

D) ferkometlekoz huslekoz D) volleae failek

E) ferkometlekkioz huslekkioz E) volle faileae

24. A) janle tatlekoz 29. A) janlekioz bonzotim

B) janle tatlek B) janleki bontooz

C) janleoz tatlekoz C) janleki bonto

D) janleoz tatkeroz D) janlekioz bonzotem

E) janle tatkeroz E) janleki bonlekki 

25. A) yevoz tulim zelkerim 30. A) volleoz inlenef kapleknefoz 

B) yevoz tulem zelker B) vollenefoz inlenefoz kapleknefoz 

C) yevoz tulzotim zelker C) volleoz inle kapleknefoz 

D) yevoz tulzotim zelkerim D) vollenefoz inlenef kapleknefoz 

E) yevoz tulim zelker E) vollenefoz inle kapleknefoz

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Directions for questions 31 through 42

For this group of questions, select the one response option that is the correct translation of the English word or 

words in parentheses. You should translate the entire sentence in order to determine what form should be used. 

Sample question: (The man) synem bex avelek. 

A) Bex kaplek B) Bex ekaplek C) Loa kaplek D) Wir kaplek E) Wirlek kaplek 

Since Wir kaplek is the only one of these expressions that means the man, D is the correct answer to the 

sample question. Now answer questions 31 through 44. 

31. Velleoz (boys escaped). 

 A) ekaplekoz pirzotim

 B) ekaplekoz pirkerim

 C) ekaplekim pirzotim

 D) ekaplekim pirkerim

 E) ekaplekae pirzotim

32. Wirnefoz kapleknefoz (drove skillfully). 

 A) arzotnefim janlekinef 

 B) arzotnefim janlekinefoz 

 C) arzotim janlekinef 

 D) arzotim janleki 

 E) arzotim janlekinefoz 

33. Yevoz liazotim (her friend). 

A) yevnefae kometlek 

 B) yevnef kometlek 

 C) yevae kometlek 

D) yevnefae kometleknef 

 E) yevnef kometleknef 

34. (She was) mor velle failek. 

 A) Yevnef synzotim

 B) Yevnef synzotem

 C) Yevnef synzotnefim

 D) Yevnef synzotnefem

 E) Yevnef synim

35. Wiroz (women's papers) synim colleoz. 

 A) kapleknefae trenedlekoz 

 B) kapleknefozae trenedlekoz 

 C) kapleknefae trenedlekae 

 D) kapleknefozae trenedlekozae 

 E) kapleknefozae trenedleknefoz 

36. Yevnef (has to cross) velle browlek. 

 A) tulnefem chonkernef 

 B) tulemnef chonkernef 

 C) tulem chonkerem 

 D) tulkerem chonker 

 E) tulem chonker

37. Yevoz (work illegally). 

 A) frigem fercolleki 

 B) frigim colleki 

 C) frigim fercolleki 

 D) frigim fercolleim

 E) frigem fercolleem

38. Wirnefoz ferinlenefoz kapleknefoz (had spied). 

 A) tulker tatker

 B) tulim tatkernefoz 

 C) tulem tattonefoz 

 D) tulzotim tatto 

 E) tulzotem tatker

39. (That government's spies) synzotim avelekoz. 

A) Velle almanlekae tatlekoz 

 B) Velle almanlekoz tatlekoz 

C) Volle almanlekae tatlekoz 

D) Volle almanlekozae tatlekoz

 E) Volle almanlekoz tatlekoz 

40. Yevnef (is not an illegal) husleknef. 

 A) fersynem bex fercolle 

 B) fersynem bex fercollenef 

C) fersynem bexnef fercolle 

D) synem bex colle 

E) fersynem bexnef fercollenef 

41. Yev chonzotem wir (guard's station illegally). 

A) bonlekem lexlek fercolleki

B) bonlekae lexlek fercolleki 

C) bonlekem lexlekem fercolleki 

 D) bonlek lexlek fercolleki

E) bonlekae lexlekae fercollekiae 

42. Wiroz (inspected) kaplekoz chonzotim wir reglek. 

 A) zelzotim

 B) zelim

 C) zelto

 D) zelzotoz 

 E) zeltooz 

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Directions for questions 43 through 50

For the last group of questions (43 through 50), select the one of the five suggested answers which is the

correct form of the underlined expression as it is used in the sentence. At the end of the sentence you will find

instructions in parentheses telling you which form to use. In some sentences you will be asked to supply the 

correct form of two or more expressions. In this case, the instructions for these expressions are presented 

consecutively in the parentheses and are separated by a dash (for example, “past tense—adverb”). Be sure to 

translate the entire sentence before selecting your answer. 

Sample question: Yev bonker wir browlek. (present tense) 

A) bonzotem B) bonzotim C) boneim D) bonim E) bonem

Choices A and B are incorrect because they are in the past tense. Choice C is misspelled. Choice D is in the 

present tense, but it too is incorrect because the subject of the sentence is singular and therefore takes a verb 

with a singular rather than a plural ending. E is the answer to the sample question. When you understand what

you are to do, answer the rest of the questions in the test.

43. Wiroz huslekoz tulker chonker wir browlek. (present perfect plural verb) 

 A) tulim chonim

 B) tultooz chontooz 

 C) tulim chonto 

 D) tulzotim chonzotim

 E) tulzotim chontooz 

44. Yevnefoz fersynim inle. (negative plural feminine adjective)

 A) inlefer 

 B) ferinlenefoz 

 C) ferinlenef 

 D) ferinleoz 

 E) ferinlenoz 

45. Yevnef arker janle mor wir lexlek. (past tense—adverb) 

 A) arzotnef—janleki 

 B) arzotem—janleki 

 C) arzotem—janlenef 

 D) arzotnef—janlenefki 

 E) arzotem—janlenefki 

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46. Volle kaplek trenedlekoz synzotim mor yevnefae failek.

(feminine plural adjective—feminine plural possessive noun) 

 A) Vollenefoz—kapleknefozae

 B) Volleoznef—kapleknefozae

 C) Volleoz—kapleknefae 

 D) Vollenefoz—kapleknefoz 

 E) Vollenefoz—kapleknefaeoz

47. Wirnefoz kapleknefoz synzotim zelker, loa yev degzotim wir tatlek. 

(feminine plural noun—feminine plural pronoun) 

 A) zellekoz—yevnefoz 

 B) zelkeroz—yevnefoz 

 C) zellekoz—yevoz 

 D) zelkeroz—yevoz 

 E) zelleknefoz—yevnefoz 

48. Wirnef avelek synzotem kalenker. 

(feminine singular noun—past participle as predicate) 

 A) aveleknef—kalentonef 

 B) aveleknef—kalenzotem

 C) avelek—kalento 

 D) aveleknef—kalenzotnef 

 E) avelek—kalenker 

49. Vellenefoz colle huslek degker liazotim wiroz ekaplekoz. 

(negative feminine plural adjective—possessive feminine plural noun—plural noun) 

 A) fercollenef—huslekae—deglekoz 

 B) fercolle—huslekae—deglekoz 

 C) fercolle—husleknefae—deglekoz

 D) fercollenefoz—husleknefozae—deglekoz

 E) fercollenefoz—husleknefozae—degleknefoz 

50. Wiroz liaker ekaplekoz synzotim kometlek. 

(plural past participle adjective—negative plural adjective) 

 A) lialeoz— kometleoz 

 B) liatooz—ferkometleoz 

 C) liato—ferkometle 

 D) liaim—ferkometleoz 

 E) liatooz—kometleoz 

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RATIONALE FOR EACH RESPONSE CHOICE

A rationale, or justification, is provided below for each response choice in the practice test, 

including both correct and incorrect response choices. The purpose of these rationales is to help 

you to understand why each response choice is right or wrong, and, consequently, to help you to 

familiarize yourself more and more with the structures of the Artificial Language. 

Question 1 Only the word numbered 2 is correct, so the answer is B. 

The word numbered 1, yev, is incorrect because it means he, not she. Rule 1 states that to form

the feminine singular of a pronoun, you have to add the suffix nef to the masculine singular 

form. Consequently, the correct pronoun for she is yevnef. 

The word numbered 2, synem, is correct. According to Rules 4 and 6, to form the present tense 

of a verb, you should add the suffix em to the stem of the verb when the verb has a singular 

subject (as is the case here). Note also that according to Rule 4, the stem of a verb is obtained by 

omitting the suffix ker from the infinitive form of the verb. Note also that according to Rule 5, 

all subjects and their verbs must agree in number; thus, if the subject is singular, the verb must be 

in the singular form. 

The word numbered 3, huslek, is incorrect. According to Rule 1, a feminine noun must take the 

ending nef. Accordingly, the word numbered 3 should have been husleknef. 

Question 2 Since all three words are correct, the answer is D.

The word numbered 1, wir, is correct. The vocabulary lists state that wir is the translation for 

the. Since the feminine gender is not specified, wir does not take a feminine ending. 

The word numbered 2, bonlek, is correct. According to Rule 9, in order to form a noun from a 

verb, the suffix lek should be added to the stem of the infinitive. The infinitive (as it appears in 

the vocabulary list) is bonker, and its stem is bon (note that all infinitives in the vocabulary list 

have the suffix ker and are distinguished only by their respective stems). 

The word numbered 3, kometlek, is correct. This is the word for friend as it appears in the 

vocabulary lists. Since the feminine gender is not specified in the sentence, kometlek does not 

take a feminine ending. 

Question 3 Since all three words are correct, the answer is D.

The word numbered 1, kapleknef, is correct. According to Rule 1, the feminine singular of a 

noun is formed by adding the suffix nef to the masculine singular. Accordingly, to form the 

word woman, the suffix nef should be added to the word kaplek (man). 

The word numbered 2, arzotem, is correct. According to Rule 4, the stem of the infinitive to 

drive is ar (since the infinitive form is arker in the vocabulary list). Since, according to Rule 7, 

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the past tense is formed by adding the suffix zot to the stem of the verb and then adding the 

suffix em when the verb is singular, the correct translation of drove is arzotem. 

The word numbered 3, daqlek, is the correct translation for jeep in the vocabulary lists. 

Question 4 Since only the word numbered 1 is correct, the answer is A.

The word numbered 1, almanlek, is the correct translation for the word government in the 

vocabulary list. 

The word numbered 2, synzotim, is incorrect. The correct way to form the present tense singular 

according to Rule 6 is to add the suffix em to the stem of the verb. Accordingly, the correct 

translation for is would be synem. The erroneous word synzotim is actually the past tense in the 

plural form were (see Rule 7). 

The word numbered 3, colleki, is incorrect. The correct translation for the word legal, which is 

an adjective, is colle (see vocabulary lists). The erroneous word colleki is actually the adverb 

legally, which is formed by adding the suffix ki to the adjectival form (see Rule 11). 

Question 5 Since none of the numbered words is correct, the answer is E. 

The word numbered 1, kaplek is incorrect. Kaplek is the word for the singular noun man. Since 

the word men is a plural noun, the correct translation according to Rule 2 would have been 

kaplekoz. As Rule 2 states, in the Artificial Language the plural of nouns is formed by adding 

the suffix oz to the correct singular form. 

The word numbered 2, kapleknef, is incorrect. Kapleknef is the word for the singular noun 

woman. Consequently, the word kapleknef correctly includes the suffix nef for the feminine 

form (Rule 1), but incorrectly neglects the suffix oz for the plural form (Rule 2). The correct 

translation of women is kapleknefoz. 

The word numbered 3, pirker, is incorrect. Pirker (to escape) is the infinitive form of the verb, 

whereas the sentence calls for the past tense escaped. To form the past tense (Rule 7) the suffix 

zot should be added to the stem of the verb, and then the suffix im should be added when the 

verb refers to a plural subject (men and women). Accordingly, the correct translation is pirzotim. 

Question 6 Since only the word numbered 1 is correct, the answer is A.

The word numbered 1, huslekae, is correct. Since alien's is a possessive form, the word huslek

(alien) must take the possessive suffix ae (Rule 12). 

The word numbered 2, liazotim, is incorrect. Liazotim correctly applies Rule 4 to form the stem

of the verb and correctly applies the suffix for the past tense, zot, but it incorrectly applies the 

plural suffix im. The correct translation for injured in this sentence would be liazotem since the 

verb refers to a singular subject and therefore takes the suffix em (see Rule 7). 

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The word numbered 3, yevae, is incorrect. The possessive ending yevae would apply to the 

possessive pronoun his, whereas the pronoun used in the sentence is him. According to the 

vocabulary list, the translation for him is yev. Accordingly, yev should have been used in the 

sentence. 

 

Question 7 Since two of the numbered words are correct, the answer is D.

The word numbered 1, volle, is correct. According to the vocabulary lists, the correct translation 

for this is volle. 

The word numbered 2, mor, is correct. According to the vocabulary lists, the correct translation 

for from is mor. 

You should note that it is not always necessary to apply the grammatical rules, as is the case with

the two words above. In the case of these words, it is sufficient to consult the vocabulary lists. It 

is necessary to apply the grammatical rules only when the word in question cannot be used 

exactly as it appears in the vocabulary lists. 

The word numbered 3, volle, is incorrect. According to the vocabulary lists, the correct 

translation for that is velle (volle means this, as seen in the case of the word numbered 1, above). 

Question 8 Since none of the numbered words is correct, the answer is E. 

The word numbered 1, velle, is incorrect. The correct translation of those would be velleoz, 

since those is the plural of that and, according to Rule 2, the plural form for pronouns must take 

the suffix oz. 

The word numbered 2, glasle, is incorrect. Glasle means difficult (as can be seen in the 

vocabulary lists), but according to Rule 2 adjectives take the ending oz when they are modifying 

a plural noun. Since the adjective difficult in the sentence is modifying the plural noun 

inspections, it must take the suffix oz. Accordingly, the correct form to use is glasleoz. (It is 

very important for you to bear in mind at all times that in the Artificial Language, as discussed in 

the section on grammatical rules, and as specifically dictated by Rules 1 and 3, nouns, pronouns, 

adjectives, and articles take plural and feminine suffixes in plural and feminine contexts. These 

transformations are akin to those of neo-Latin languages, including Spanish.) 

The word numbered 3, zelkeroz, is incorrect. According to Rule 9, in order to form a noun from 

a verb, the suffix lek should be added to the stem of the verb (in this case zel, which according to 

Rule 4 is the stem of the infinitive zelker, to inspect). Thus, the noun inspection (singular) is 

zellek; but in the sentence this noun appears in the plural (inspections). Consequently, according 

to Rule 2, zellek must take the ending oz, thus making it the plural zellekoz. 

Question 9 Since none of the numbered words is correct, the answer is E. 

The word numbered 1, tatleknef, is incorrect. Tatleknef is the correct word for a female spy 

(Rules 4, 9, and 1) whereas the word numbered 1 in the sentence refers to spies, in the plural and 

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with no specification as to gender. Therefore, the correct translation would be tatlekoz, which 

first forms a noun (tatlek) from the infinitive verb (tatker) according to Rules 4 and 9, and then 

forms the plural tatlekoz according to Rule 2. 

The word numbered 2, synzotem, is incorrect. The verb in the English sentence is a present 

tense in the plural form (are). The correct translation in this case must be synim, according to 

Rule 6, which states that, in order to form the present tense in the plural form, you should add the 

suffix im to the stem of the infinitive (which is itself formed by applying Rule 4). 

The word numbered 3, inlefer, is incorrect. According to Rule 13, the adjective disloyal must be 

formed by adding the negative prefix fer to the adjective inle (loyal). The word numbered 3, 

inlefer, erroneously uses fer as a negative suffix rather than as a negative prefix. In addition, the 

adjective must have a plural ending according to Rule 2, since it refers to the plural noun spies. 

Consequently, the correct translation must be ferinleoz. 

Question 10 Since only the word numbered 2 is correct, the answer is B.

The word numbered 1, bex, is incorrect. In the Artificial Language the article bex (in English 

a/an) takes a feminine ending (see Rules 1 and 3). The correct word is bexnef. 

The word numbered 2, janlenef, is correct. Janle (skillful) is an adjective, and as such must take 

a feminine ending when referring to a feminine subject (see Rules 1 and 3). 

The word numbered 3, zelnef, is incorrect. Since it is a noun (inspector in English), it must first 

take the ending lek—this is required by Rules 4 and 9, which state that to form a noun from a 

verb the suffix lek should replace the infinitive suffix ker (note that the infinitive form appears in 

the vocabulary lists: zelker). Once the noun (zellek) has been formed, then the feminine suffix 

nef must be added because the sentence has a feminine subject. Accordingly, the correct word 

would be zelleknef. 

Question 11 Since only the word numbered 3 is correct, the answer is C.

The word numbered 1, velle, is incorrect. Velle means that, whereas the word in the sentence is 

the plural those. Accordingly, velle must appear in the plural, which would be velleoz (see Rule 

2, which states that the plural of adjectives must be formed by adding the suffix oz to the 

singular form). 

The word numbered 2, synimfer, is incorrect. The first portion of the word synim is the correct 

form for are in the plural (see Rules 4 and 6), but the negative form fer must be used as a prefix 

rather than as a suffix (see Rule 13). Accordingly, the correct form for are not in the plural must 

be fersynim. 

The word numbered 3, avelekoz, is correct. According to the vocabulary lists, the correct 

translation of the noun enemy is avelek, and according to Rule 2, the plural of nouns is formed 

by adding the suffix oz to the singular. 

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Question 12 Since two of the numbered words are correct, the answer is D.

The word numbered 1, bonlekoz, is correct. Bonlekoz (which means guards) is formed by first 

changing the infinitive verb to guard (bonker) into the singular noun bonlek (see Rules 4 and 9, 

which state that to form a noun from a verb you should add the suffix lek to the stem of the 

verb). Next, in order to make the noun plural (guards), the suffix oz should be added to the 

singular form. 

The word numbered 2, fercolle, is incorrect. According to Rule 13, the adjective illegal must be 

formed by adding the prefix fer to the adjective colle (legal). According to Rules 3 and 2, the 

ending oz must be added to make the adjective plural because it is modifying a plural noun 

(workers). Accordingly, the correct word would be fercolleoz. 

The word numbered 3, friglekoz, is correct. The first portion of the noun, friglek, means worker; 

you form this noun (according to Rules 4 and 9) by adding the suffix lek to the stem of the 

infinitive frigker (to work). Next, according to Rule 2, in order to make the noun plural, you add 

the suffix oz to the singular. 

Question 13 Since two of the numbered words are correct, the answer is D.

The word numbered 1, kometleki, is incorrect. Kometleki uses the adverbial ending ki, whereas 

“friendly” is modifying the noun “alien” and is therefore, by definition, an adjective. The 

adjective is formed from the noun kometlek (found in the vocabulary lists) by changing the 

suffix lek to the suffix le (see Rule 10). Accordingly, the correct word would be kometle. 

The word numbered 2, bonzotem, is correct. Bonzotem (guarded) is the past tense of the verb to 

guard (bonker). According to Rules 4 and 7, bonzotem is formed by adding the suffix zot to the 

stem of the infinitive (bon). Next, according to Rule 7, since the sentence is about a singular 

subject (“a friendly alien”), the suffix em is added to the past tense, thus forming bonzotem. 

The word numbered 3, ekaplekoz, is correct. The noun ekaplek means boy, but since the 

sentence refers to boys in the plural, the correct noun in the Artificial Language is ekaplekoz

(according to Rule 2, the plural of nouns is formed by adding the suffix oz to the singular form). 

Question 14 Since only the word numbered 1 is correct, the answer is A.

The word numbered 1, yevnef, is correct. According to Rule 1, the pronoun she is formed by 

adding the suffix nef to the masculine pronoun yev (he). 

The word numbered 2, inle, is incorrect. Since the subject of the sentence (she) is feminine, the 

adjective inle (loyal) must take the feminine ending nef (see Rules 1 and 3), thus making it 

inlenef. 

Similarly, the word numbered 3, janle, is incorrect because the adjective janle (skillful) must take 

the feminine ending nef, thus making it janlenef. 

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Question 15 Since only the word numbered 2 is correct, the answer is B.

The word numbered 1, volleoz, is incorrect. Volleoz (these) is in the masculine form. Since the 

sentence is about a feminine subject (women), you must apply Rules 1 and 3, according to 

which adjectives (such as these) modifying a feminine noun (such as women) must take the 

ending nef before taking the plural ending oz (see Rule 2). Accordingly, the correct form for 

these in this sentence would be vollenefoz. 

The word numbered 2, frigim, is correct. According to Rules 4 and 6, the present tense of a verb 

is formed by adding the suffix im to the stem of the infinitive when the verb has a plural subject 

(as is the case in this sentence: women work). 

The word numbered 3, fercollekinef, is incorrect. According to Rule 11, in order to form an 

adverb from an adjective, you should add the suffix ki to the adjectival form. Thus, the adverb 

colleki (legally) is formed by adding the suffix ki to the adjective colle (legal). Next, when the 

word is negative, it takes the prefix fer (see Rule 13); accordingly, the adverb colleki must take 

the prefix fer, thus becoming the negative adverb fercolleki (illegally). Finally, the word 

fercolleki, being an adverb, must never take the feminine ending nef. As stated in Rule 11, 

adverbs do not change their form according to gender. The reason is that adverbs, by definition, 

modify verbs, which are, also by definition, genderless (see the discussion on verbs and adverbs 

in the glossary). 

Question 16 Since only the word numbered 2 is correct, the answer is B.

The word numbered 1, fercolle, is incorrect. The negative form for the term illegal is correctly 

formed according to Rule 13 by adding the prefix fer to the adjective colle (legal), but in this 

sentence the adjective illegal is modifying the plural noun papers (trenedlekoz) and must 

consequently take the plural ending oz, thus forming the plural adjective fercolleoz (Rules 2 

and 3). 

The word numbered 2, trenedlekoz, is correct. The singular noun paper (trenedlek) can be found 

in the vocabulary lists. Its plural is formed, according to Rule 2, by adding the suffix oz to the 

singular form, thus forming trenedlekoz. 

The word numbered 3, synim, is incorrect. The plural form of the past tense (were) is formed 

according to Rules 4 and 7 by adding the suffix zot to the stem of the verb (syn) and then adding 

the suffix im for the plural. Accordingly, the correct translation for were would be synzotim. 

Question 17 Since only the word numbered 3 is correct, the answer is C.

The word numbered 1, fersynem, is incorrect. The verb (are) is a plural verb and, consequently, 

according to Rule 6, it must take the suffix im, rather than the suffix em. On the other hand, the 

use of the negative prefix (fer) is correct, since according to Rule 13 the prefix fer should be 

added to the affirmative form in order to make a word negative. Accordingly, the correct word 

for are not is fersynim. 

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The word numbered 2, huslekoz, is incorrect. According to the vocabulary lists, huslek means

alien, and, according to Rule 2, the plural of a noun is formed by adding the suffix oz, but since 

the subject of the sentence is feminine (women), the suffix nef must be added to the noun before 

making it plural (see Rules 1 and 2). Accordingly, the correct word is husleknefoz. 

The word numbered 3, failek, is correct. Failek is the word that appears in the vocabulary lists 

for country. 

Question 18 Since only the word numbered 1 is correct, the answer is A.

The word numbered 1, tatlekoz, is correct. According to Rules 4 and 9, in order to form a noun 

from a verb, the suffix lek should be added to the stem of the infinitive. Accordingly, in order to 

form the singular noun spy, the suffix lek should be added to the stem tat of the infinitive tatker

(to spy). Next, since the sentence contains the noun in the plural form, spies, tatlek must be 

transformed into its plural form. According to Rule 2, in order to form the plural of a noun, the 

suffix oz must be added to the singular. Consequently, the correct translation for spies is 

tatlekoz. 

The word numbered 2, ferinle, is incorrect. According to the vocabulary lists, the correct 

translation for the adjective loyal is inle, and according to Rule 13, the negative form, disloyal, is 

formed by adding the prefix fer to the affirmative form (thus forming the word ferinle). 

However, in the context of the sentence, ferinle is incorrect because it is a singular form, whereas 

the adjective in the sentence is modifying the plural noun avelekoz (enemies), thus necessitating 

the plural ending oz (see Rules 2 and 3). The correct word, therefore, would be ferinleoz. 

The word numbered 3, yevae, is incorrect. According to the vocabulary lists, the pronoun yev

means he or him; and the ending ae, according to Rule 12, is used to form the possessive form of 

a pronoun. Accordingly, yevae would be the possessive pronoun his, rather than the plural their

that appears in the sentence. Their is formed by first adding the suffix oz to the singular, thus 

forming the pronoun they (yevoz), and then adding the possessive ae, thus forming the 

possessive pronoun their (yevozae). 

Question 19 Since only the word numbered 3 is correct, the answer is C.

The word numbered 1, fercolle, is incorrect. According to the vocabulary lists, colle means 

legal. According to Rule 13, the negative form fercolle (illegal) is formed by adding the negative 

prefix fer to the affirmative. However, the adjective illegal is modifying a plural noun (aliens) in 

the sentence. Consequently, the adjective fercolle must take the plural ending oz, thus forming 

the word fercolleoz (Rules 2 and 3). 

The word numbered 2, synimfer, is incorrect. Synim is the present tense plural are, whereas the 

sentence has the verb in the past tense, were. According to Rules 4 and 7 the past tense is 

formed by adding the suffix zot to the stem of the infinitive and then adding the suffix im when 

the verb is in the plural form. Accordingly, the correct translation of were would be synzotim. 

Lastly, since the sentence has this verb in the negative form, were not, the prefix fer must be 

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added to the verb (Rule 13), thus forming fersynzotim. (Note that the sentence in question 19 

incorrectly uses fer as a suffix, rather than as a prefix.) 

The word numbered 3, liatooz, is correct. In this sentence, liatooz is a past participle, which is 

formed according to Rule 8. First, the suffix to should be added to the stem of the infinitive to 

make the verb a past participle. Next, the suffiz oz should be added to the past participle because 

the participle is used as a predicate to modify the masculine plural noun aliens. 

Question 20 Since only the word numbered 1 is correct, the answer is A.

The word numbered 1, chonker, is correct. According to the vocabulary lists, chonker is the 

infinitive form of the verb to cross. 

The word numbered 2, synem, is incorrect. The verb synem means is (it is formed by adding the 

suffix em to the stem syn, as indicated in Rules 4 and 6). In the sentence, however, the verb is 

negated (is not). According to Rule 13, a word is negated by adding the prefix fer to the word. 

Consequently, the correct translation for is not is fersynem. 

The word numbered 3, fercolle, is incorrect. According to the vocabulary lists, colle means 

legal. By applying Rule 13, we can make the word negative if we add the prefix fer, thus 

forming fercolle. However, this word means illegal, whereas in the sentence the adjective legal

is not negated. What is negated is the verb is. Consequently, the correct translation of is not 

legal is fersynem colle, rather than synem fercolle (which would be literally is illegal). Whereas 

logically the two phrases have the same meaning, structurally (grammatically) they are not the 

same. 

Question 21 The answer is B: kaplekoz loa kapleknefoz

First, the plural noun men is formed, according to Rule 2, by adding the suffix oz to the singular 

form of the noun kaplek. Accordingly, the correct word is kaplekoz. Second, the word and

(loa) is found in the vocabulary lists. Third, the plural noun women is formed, according to 

Rules 1 and 2, by first adding the feminine suffix nef to the singular masculine form of the noun 

(kaplek) and then adding the suffix oz for the plural. Accordingly, the correct word is 

kapleknefoz. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A incorrectly uses the negative fer instead of the feminine 

nef; response C incorrectly uses the possessive form ae instead of the plural form oz; response D 

incorrectly uses both the negative fer and the possessive ae; and response E incorrectly uses the 

negative fer and the article bex (a, an). 

Question 22 The answer is E: bonim wir reglek

First, you must form the present tense of the verb to guard (bonker). According to Rules 4 and 

6, the present tense of a verb is formed by omitting the infinitive suffix ker and replacing it with 

the suffix im when the subject is plural. Since the subject of this sentence is plural (men and 

women, i.e., they), the verb should take the plural suffix. Accordingly, the correct form is 

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bonim. Second, the article the is translated as wir, according to the vocabulary lists. Third, the 

noun border (reglek) is formed according to Rule 9 by adding the suffix lek to the stem of the 

verb. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A incorrectly applies Rule 2 to the verb by adding the 

suffix oz to the plural verb bonim. Rule 2 is only used to form the plural of nouns, pronouns, 

adjectives, and articles, NOT verbs. Response B also incorrectly applies Rule 2 to the verb, and, 

in addition, applies Rule 2 to the noun reglek (border), thus incorrectly making it the plural 

reglekoz (borders). Response C incorrectly uses the singular form of the verb (bonem), and 

response D incorrectly uses the infinitive form of the verb (bonker). 

Question 23 The answer is C: ferkometleoz huslekoz

First, the word ferkometleoz (unfriendly in the plural form) is formed by applying Rules 10, 13, 

3, and 2. Rule 10 tells you that to form an adjective from a noun you should use the suffix le, 

instead of the suffix lek. Hence you change the noun kometlek (friend), which appears in the 

vocabulary lists, to the adjective kometle; but since the adjective is negative in the sentence, and 

since it is modifying the plural noun aliens, you must also apply Rule 13 (thus adding the 

negative prefix fer) and Rules 3 and 2, thus adding the plural suffix oz. Second, the word 

huslekoz (aliens) is formed by applying Rule 2, according to which you must add the suffix oz to 

form the plural of a noun. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A, B, and E erroneously apply the rule to form adverbs 

(Rule 11) to the noun kometlek. In addition, responses B and E make the same error with the 

noun huslek. Response D erroneously applies the plural oz to the noun form ferkometlek (nonfriend), rather than to the correct adjectival form (ferkometle). 

Question 24 The answer is C: janleoz tatlekoz

First, the word janleoz (skillful in the plural form) is formed by applying Rules 3 and 2, 

according to which the suffix oz must be added to the adjective janle (skillful) because it is 

modifying the plural noun spies. Second, the word tatlekoz (spies) is formed by applying Rules 

4, 9, and 2, according to which in order to form a noun from a verb you should add the suffix lek

to the stem of the infinitive and, next, you should add the suffix oz to make the noun plural. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A, B, and E incorrectly neglect Rules 3 and 2 by using 

the singular adjective janle. In addition, response B fails to use the correct plural for spies; and 

responses D and E neglect Rule 9 to form a noun and instead use the infinitive to spy (tatker) 

with the plural ending oz (which, according to Rule 2, is only for nouns, pronouns, adjectives, 

and articles). 

Question 25 The answer is E: yevoz tulim zelker

First, the pronoun yevoz (they) is formed according to Rule 2 by adding the plural suffix to the 

singular pronoun yev (he). (Remember that all nouns and pronouns, unless referring to a 

specifically feminine subject, are assumed to be masculine.) Second, the verb tulim (have in the 

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plural present tense) is formed according to Rules 4 and 6 by adding the plural suffix im to the 

stem of the infinitive. Third, the infinitive zelker (to inspect) is found in the vocabulary lists. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A erroneously adds the plural verb form im to the 

infinitive zelker; response B erroneously uses the verb in its singular form tulem; responses C 

and D erroneously use the past tense tulzotim; in addition, response D erroneously adds the 

plural verb ending im to the infinitive zelker. 

Question 26 The answer is A: almanleoz trenedlekoz

First, the adjective almanleoz is formed by changing the suffix lek in the noun almanlek

(government) to the adjectival suffix le, thus transforming the noun into the adjective almanle

(governmental), and then adding the plural suffix oz to the adjective, since adjectives modifying 

plural nouns must take plural endings (see Rules 10, 3, and 2). Second, the plural noun 

trenedlekoz (papers) is formed, according to Rule 2, by adding the plural suffix oz to the singular 

form of the noun. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses B and C erroneously use the singular noun almanlek

(government) and, in addition, response B also erroneously uses the singular noun trenedlek

(paper); response D erroneously uses the plural noun almanlekoz (governments); and response E 

erroneously uses the singular form of the adjective almanle (governmental).

Question 27 The answer is D: lexlekoz

The plural noun lexlekoz (stations) is formed by first applying Rule 9, according to which in 

order to form a noun from a verb you should add the suffix lek to the stem of the verb. Then, 

apply Rule 2, according to which you must add the suffix oz to form the plural of a noun. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A incorrectly applies Rule 2 and adds the suffix oz to the 

infinitive lexker; response B incorrectly applies Rule 12 and adds the possessive suffix ae to the 

noun lexlek; response C incorrectly applies the possessive suffix ae to the infinitive lexker; and 

response E incorrectly applies Rule 10 to form the adjectival form lexle instead of the noun 

lexlek. 

Question 28 The answer is A: volle failekae

First, the word volle means this and is found in the vocabulary lists. Second, the word failekae

is a possessive form which is formed according to Rule 12 by adding the suffix ae to the noun 

failek (country), itself found in the vocabulary lists. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses B and D erroneously add the possessive ae to the 

adjective volle; responses C and D erroneously omit the possessive in failek; and response E 

erroneously uses an adjectival form (faile) instead of the noun failek. 

Question 29 The answer is B: janleki bontooz

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First, the adverb janleki (skillfully) is formed, according to Rule 11, by adding the suffix ki to 

the masculine form of the adjective janle (which appears in the vocabulary lists). Second, the 

verb bontooz is in the form of a past participle (guarded). According to Rule 8, the past 

participle of a verb is formed by adding the suffix to to the stem of the verb. Also, according to 

Rule 8, when the participle is used as a predicate with the verb to be, it must take the plural form

if the noun it modifies is plural. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and D erroneously add the plural suffix oz, which is 

NOT used for adverbs; in addition, responses A and D erroneously use the past tense of the verb 

rather than the participle. Response C uses the correct adverb (janleki), but fails to add the plural 

ending to the participle. Response E erroneously uses the adverbial ending ki with the noun 

guard (bonlek), rather than using the participle. 

Question 30 The answer is B: vollenefoz inlenefoz kapleknefoz

First, the adjective vollenefoz (these) is formed, according to Rules 3, 1, and 2, by adding the 

feminine suffix nef and then the plural suffix oz to the masculine singular form (volle). Second, 

the adjective inlenefoz (loyal) is formed, according to the same rules, by adding the same

suffixes, nef and oz, to the masculine singular form (inle). Third, the noun kapleknefoz

(women) is formed, according to Rules 1 and 2, by adding the suffix nef to the masculine noun 

kaplek (man) and then adding the suffix oz to kapleknef (woman) in order to make it plural. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and C incorrectly omit the feminine suffix in the 

adjective volleoz; in addition, response A incorrectly omits the plural suffix in the adjective 

inlenef, and response C incorrectly omits both the feminine suffix and the plural suffix in the 

adjective inle. Response D incorrectly omits the plural suffix in the adjective inlenef, and 

response E incorrectly omits both the feminine suffix and the plural suffix in the adjective inle. 

Question 31 The answer is A: ekaplekoz pirzotim

(The sentence Velleoz ekaplekoz pirzotim means Those boys escaped.)

First, the noun ekaplekoz (boys), is formed, according to Rule 2, by adding the suffix oz to the 

singular form of the noun (ekaplek: boy), which is found in the vocabulary lists. Second, the 

verb pirzotim (escaped) is formed, according to Rules 4 and 7, by first adding the past tense 

suffix zot to the stem of the verb and then adding the suffix im to denote that the subject of the 

sentence (and hence the verb) is plural. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses B and D erroneously add the plural verb suffix im to the 

infinitive form of the verb (pirker); in addition, response D erroneously adds the verb suffix im

to the noun ekaplek (boy). Response C likewise erroneously adds the verb suffix im to ekaplek. 

Response E erroneously uses the possessive suffix ae to form the plural of the noun ekaplek. 

Question 32 The answer is D: arzotim janleki

(The sentence Wirnefoz kapleknefoz arzotim janleki means The women drove skillfully.) 

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First, the verb arzotim (drove) is formed, according to Rules 4 and 7, by first adding the past 

tense suffix zot to the stem of the verb and then adding the suffix im to denote that the subject of 

the sentence (and hence the verb) is plural. Second, the adverb janleki (skillfully) is formed, 

according to Rule 11, by adding the suffix ki to the masculine form of the adjective. The 

adjective, janle, is found in the vocabulary lists. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and B erroneously add the feminine suffix nef to the 

verb. Similarly, responses A and C erroneously add the feminine suffix to the adverb, and 

responses B and E erroneously add both the feminine suffix and the plural suffix oz to the adverb 

(if you refer to Rule 11 you will note that adverbs never take feminine or plural endings). 

Question 33 The answer is A: yevnefae kometlek

(The sentence Yevoz liazotim yevnefae kometlek means They injured her friend.) 

First, the word yevnefae (her) is formed by successively applying Rules 1 and 12: Rule 1 states 

that the feminine of a pronoun is formed by adding the suffix nef to the masculine form of the 

pronoun (accordingly, yev is he, while yevnef is she); Rule 12 states that to form the possessive 

form of a pronoun (in this case to form her), you should add the suffix ae to the pronoun (thus 

forming yevnefae). Second, the noun kometlek (friend) is found in the vocabulary lists. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses B and E erroneously omit the possessive ending for the 

pronoun yevnef (meaning she rather than her); response C erroneously omits the feminine ending 

nef for the pronoun (which, as yevae, means his, rather than her); and, finally, responses D and E 

erroneously add the feminine ending nef to the noun kometlek (friend). In this last case you 

should note that, according to Rule 1, the feminine ending nef should be added only when the 

gender is explicitly feminine; in this case the gender of the “friend” is not specified in the 

sentence and, consequently, the noun friend (kometlek) must remain in the masculine form. 

Question 34 The answer is B: Yevnef synzotem 

(The sentence Yevnef synzotem mor velle failek means She was from that country.) 

First, the pronoun yevnef (she) is formed, according to Rule 1, by adding the feminine suffix nef

to the masculine pronoun yev (he). Second, the verb synzotem (was) is formed, according to 

Rules 4 and 7 by first adding the past-tense suffix zot to the stem of the verb and then adding the 

suffix em to denote that the subject of the sentence (and hence the verb) is singular. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A, C, and E erroneously use the plural suffix im for the 

verb; response E erroneously omits the past-tense suffix zot, and responses C and D erroneously 

add the feminine suffix nef to the verb (recall that verbs and adverbs never take feminine 

endings). 

Question 35 The answer is B: kapleknefozae trenedlekoz 

(The sentence Wiroz kapleknefozae trenedlekoz synim colleoz means The women's papers are 

legal.)

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First, the plural possessive feminine noun kapleknefozae (women's) is formed by applying, 

successively, Rule 1 (which forms the feminine kapleknef—woman—by adding the suffix nef to 

the masculine noun kaplek—man), Rule 2 (which forms the plural kapleknefoz—women—by 

adding the plural suffix oz), and Rule 12 (which forms the possessive kapleknefozae—

women's—by adding the possessive suffix ae). Second, the noun trenedlekoz (papers) is formed 

by adding the plural suffix oz to the word for paper, trenedlek (which is found in the vocabulary 

lists). 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and C erroneously omit the plural suffix oz in the 

possessive noun women's (thus making the noun woman's in the possessive singular form); in 

addition, response C erroneously omits the plural suffix oz in the noun papers, and instead uses 

the possessive suffix ae (thus making the noun paper's in the possessive singular form). 

Response D erroneously adds the possessive suffix ae to the noun papers (thus making it into the 

possessive plural papers'), and response E erroneously makes the noun papers feminine by 

adding the suffix nef to it. 

Question 36 The answer is E: tulem chonker

(The sentence Yevnef tulem chonker velle browlek means She has to cross that river.) 

First, the verb tulem (has) is formed, according to Rules 4 and 6, by adding the singular suffix 

em to the stem of the infinitive tulker (to have). Second, the infinitive verb chonker (to cross) is 

found in the vocabulary lists. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and B incorrectly add the feminine suffix nef to both 

verb forms (A gives a different placement to the suffix in the verb has). Response C erroneously 

adds the singular suffix em to the infinitive chonker. Response D erroneously uses the infinitive 

form to have (tulker) and then adds the singular suffix em to it. 

Question 37 The answer is C: frigim fercolleki

(The sentence Yevoz frigim fercolleki means They work illegally.)

First, since the pronoun yevoz (they) is a plural subject, the present-tense verb work must be 

plural (Rule 5); it is formed, according to Rules 4 and 6, by adding the suffix im to the stem of 

the infinitive (which is itself found in the vocabulary lists), thus obtaining frigim. Second, the 

negative adverb illegally is formed, according to Rules 13 and 11, by adding the negative prefix 

fer to the affirmative form colle—legal (the affirmative form is found in the vocabulary lists), 

and by adding the adverbial suffix ki to the adjectival form. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A erroneously applies the singular suffix em instead of 

the plural suffix im; response B erroneously omits the negative prefix fer in the adverb; response 

D erroneously uses the verb suffix im instead of the adverbial suffix ki for the adverb; and 

response E erroneously uses the verb in the singular (frigem) and erroneously applies the same

singular verb ending em to the adverb. 

Question 38 The answer is D: tulzotim tatto

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(The sentence Wirnefoz ferinlenefoz kapleknefoz tulzotim tatto means The disloyal women had 

spied.) 

First, the word tulker (to have) is found in the vocabulary lists. Second, the plural past tense

form of tulker is formed, according to Rules 4 and 7, by adding the past tense suffix zot and the 

plural suffix im to the stem (thus forming the word tulzotim: had). Third, the past participle tatto

(spied) is formed by adding the suffix to to the stem of the verb tatker, according to Rule 8. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A incorrectly uses the infinitive of both tulker and tatker. 

Responses C and E do not use the plural suffix with tulker, and responses B and C do not use the 

past tense suffix with tulker. Responses A, B, and E do not use the suffix to with tatker. In 

addition, response C incorrectly uses the past participle of tatker as an adjective.

Question 39 The answer is A: Velle almanlekae tatlekoz

(The sentence Velle almanlekae tatlekoz synzotim avelekoz means That government's spies were 

enemies.) 

First, the word velle (that) is found in the vocabulary lists. Second, the possessive form of the 

noun almanlek (government) is formed, according to Rule 12, by adding the suffix ae to the noun 

(thus forming the word almanlekae: government's). Third, the plural noun tatlekoz (spies) is 

formed by adding the suffix oz to the singular form of the noun tatlek (which is itself formed, 

according to Rules 4 and 9, by adding the suffix lek to the stem of the infinitive). 

Among the incorrect choices, responses C, D, and E use the wrong word for that—the correct 

word is velle, not volle, which means this. In addition, responses D and E erroneously add the 

plural suffix oz to the noun almanlek (government), and response E erroneously omits the 

possessive form from the noun. Response B similarly omits the possessive form ae and 

erroneously adds the plural suffix oz. 

Question 40 The answer is E: fersynem bexnef fercollenef

(The sentence Yevnef fersynem bexnef fercollenef husleknef means She is not an illegal alien.) 

First, the verb fersynem (is not) is formed according to Rules 4, 6, and 13: According to Rules 4 

and 6, the singular form of the verb is formed by adding the singular suffix em to the stem of the 

infinitive (thus synem); and according to Rule 13, the negative form of the verb, is not, is formed 

by adding the prefix fer to the affirmative form (thus fersynem). Second, the article bex (a/an), 

as stated in Rules 1 and 3, takes the feminine ending nef to agree in gender with the noun it 

modifies. Third, the negative adjective fercollenef is formed, according to Rules 1 and 13, by 

adding the feminine suffix nef to the masculine form of the adjective (according to Rule 3, when 

an adjective is modifying a feminine noun, as is the case here, it must take a feminine ending), 

and by adding the negative prefix fer to the affirmative form (thus, fercollenef). 

Among the incorrect choices, response A erroneously omits the feminine suffix from the 

adjective. Responses B erroneously omits the feminine ending from the article bex. Response C 

erroneously omits the feminine ending from the adjective. Response D erroneously translates the 

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sentence into affirmative form (by omitting the negative suffix from both the verb and the 

adjective) and erroneously omits the feminine suffix from the adjective. 

Question 41 The answer is B: bonlekae lexlek fercolleki 

(The complete sentence Yev chonzotem wir bonlekae lexlek fercolleki means He crossed the 

guard's station illegally.) 

First, the possessive noun bonlekae (guard's) is formed according to Rules 4, 9, and 12 by first 

adding the nominal suffix lek to the stem of the infinitive (itself found in the vocabulary lists), 

thus obtaining the noun bonlek (guard), and then adding the possessive suffix ae to the noun. 

Second, the noun lexlek (station) is formed according to Rules 4 and 9 by adding the nominal 

suffix lek to the stem of the infinitive (itself found in the vocabulary lists). Third, the negative 

adverb fercolleki is formed, according to Rules 11 and 13, by adding the adverbial suffix ki to 

the masculine form of the adjective, and by adding the negative prefix fer to the affirmative form 

of the word. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and C incorrectly add the singular verb suffix em to 

the noun bonlek; in addition, response C adds this suffix to the noun lexlek. Response D 

erroneously omits the possessive suffix ae from the noun bonlek, and response E erroneously 

adds this suffix to the noun lexlek and to the adverb. 

Question 42 The answer is E: zeltooz

(The sentence Wiroz zeltooz kaplekoz chonzotim wir reglek means The inspected men crossed 

the border.) 

First, the past participle zelto (inspected) is formed according to Rule 8 by adding the suffix to

to the stem of the verb. Second, because the past participle is used as an adjective to modify the 

plural masculine noun men, the plural suffix oz is added to the past participle zelto, thus forming 

zeltooz. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A, B, and D do not form the past participle. Although 

response C forms the past participle, the past participle does not agree in number with noun it 

modifies. 

Question 43 The answer is C: tulim chonto 

(The sentence Wiroz huslekoz tulim chonto wir browlek means The aliens have crossed the 

river.)

According to the instructions in parentheses, the compound verb must be in the present perfect 

plural form. Therefore, according to Rule 8, the suffix im must be added to the stem of tulker in 

order to make it present tense, and the suffix to must be added to the stem of chonker to form the 

past participle. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A does not use the past participle form of chonker. 

Response B incorrectly uses the past participle form of tulker. In responses D and E, the past 

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tense of tulker is used incorrectly. Also, in responses B and E, the incorrect plural form of the 

participle is used. 

Question 44 The answer is B: ferinlenefoz 

(The sentence Yevnefoz fersynim ferinlenefoz means They (fem.) are not disloyal.) 

According to the instructions in parentheses, the adjective inle (loyal) must be in the negative 

plural feminine form. Therefore, according to Rule 13, the negative prefix fer must be added to 

inle. Then, according to Rules 3, 1, and 2, the suffix nef must be added to the masculine form in 

order to make it feminine, and, subsequently, the suffix oz must be added to form the plural. 

Among the incorrect choices, response A erroneously uses fer as a suffix and omits both the 

feminine and the plural suffixes; response C omits the plural; responses D and E omit the 

feminine; and response E is misspelled (the letter n is meaningless relative to the adjacent 

components of the word: inle and oz). 

Question 45 The answer is B: arzotem—janleki 

(The sentence Yevnef arzotem janleki mor wir lexlek means She drove skillfully from the 

station.) 

According to the instructions in parentheses, the verb (arker) must be in the past tense, and the 

adjective (janle) must be converted to adverbial form. In the case of the verb, the past tense 

singular is formed by adding the past-tense suffix zot to the stem of the infinitive and then 

adding the singular suffix em after zot (Rules 4 and 7). In the case of the adverb, according to 

Rule 11, an adverb is formed by adding the suffix ki to the masculine form of the adjective. You 

should recall in this context that verbs and adverbs never take feminine endings and that adverbs 

do not take plural endings. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and D erroneously add the feminine suffix to the verb; 

responses C, D, and E erroneously add the feminine suffix to the adverb; and response C 

altogether omits the adverbial ending ki, thus forming a feminine adjective (janlenef) rather than 

an adverb. 

Question 46 The answer is A: Vollenefoz—kapleknefozae

(The sentence Vollenefoz kapleknefozae trenedlekoz synzotim mor yevnefae failek means These 

women's papers were from her country.) 

According to the instructions in parentheses, the adjective these is a feminine plural adjective 

(since it must agree with the plural feminine noun women according to Rule 3). Therefore, 

according to Rules 1 and 2, the adjective volle must take the feminine suffix nef followed by the 

plural suffix oz. In regard to the noun, the instructions say that it is a feminine plural possessive 

noun. First, according to Rules 1 and 2, the feminine suffix nef is added to kaplek, followed by 

the plural ending oz. Finally, the possessive suffix ae is added (Rule 12). 

Among the incorrect response choices, response B erroneously adds the feminine suffix after the 

plural suffix. This procedure violates Rules 1 and 2, which state that the feminine singular is 

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formed by adding the feminine suffix to the masculine singular and that the plural of nouns is 

formed by adding the plural suffix oz to the correct singular form. Response C altogether omits 

the use of the feminine suffix in the adjective and the use of the plural suffix in the noun. 

Response D omits the possessive suffix in the noun; and response E erroneously adds the 

possessive suffix to the singular form of the noun (and then, meaninglessly, adds the plural suffix 

to this possessive singular). 

Question 47 The answer is E: zelleknefoz—yevnefoz

(The sentence Wirnefoz kapleknefoz synzotim zelleknefoz, loa yevnefoz degzotim wir tatlek

means The women were inspectors, and they shot the spy.)

According to the instructions in parentheses, both the noun (derived from zelker) and the 

pronoun (yev) must be in the feminine plural form. First, the noun zellek is formed from the 

verb zelker according to rules 4 and 9. Then, according to Rule 1, the suffix nef must be added 

to the singular masculine noun zellek before adding the plural suffix oz. In the case of the 

pronoun, exactly the same rule applies and, therefore, the suffix nef must be added to the 

singular pronoun yev (he) before adding the plural suffix oz. 

Among the incorrect response choices, responses A and C omit the feminine suffix from the 

noun, and response C also omits it from the pronoun; responses B and D erroneously add the 

plural suffix to the infinitive verb zelker, rather than to the noun zellek, and, in addition, they 

both omit the feminine suffix from the noun (with response D also omitting it from the pronoun).

Question 48 The answer is A: aveleknef—kalentonef

(The sentence Wirnef aveleknef synzotem kalentonef means The enemy (feminine) was 

identified.) 

According to the instructions in parentheses, both the noun (avelek) and the past participle (from

kalenker) must be in the feminine singular form. In the case of the noun, according to Rule 1, 

the suffix nef must be added to the singular masculine noun avelek. In the case of the past 

participle, according to rules 4 and 8, the suffix to must be added to the stem kalen before adding 

the feminine suffix nef. 

Among the incorrect response choices, responses C and E omit the feminine suffix from the 

noun, and response C also omits it from the past participle; responses B, D, and E fail to form the 

past participle. In addition, response C omits the feminine suffix from the past participle.

Question 49 The answer is D: fercollenefoz—husleknefozae—deglekoz

(The sentence Vellenefoz fercollenefoz husleknefozae deglekoz liazotim wiroz ekaplekoz means

Those illegal aliens’ (fem.) shots injured the boys.) 

According to the instructions in parentheses, the first word to be formed is the negative feminine 

plural adjective fercollenefoz (illegal). The negative adjective is formed according to Rule 13 by 

adding the prefix fer to the affirmative form (colle); the feminine plural is formed according to 

Rules 3, 1, and 2 by adding the feminine suffix nef to the masculine form and then adding the 

plural suffix oz to the feminine form. The second word to be formed is the possessive feminine 

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plural noun husleknefozae (aliens'). This noun is formed by adding, consecutively, the feminine 

suffix nef, the plural suffix oz, and the possessive suffix ae to the singular masculine noun 

huslek. The third word to be formed is the plural noun deglekoz (shots). This noun is formed 

according to Rules 9 and 2 by adding the suffix lek to the stem (deg) of the infinitive verb degker

(to shoot), and then adding the plural suffix oz to the noun (thus, deglekoz). 

Among the incorrect choices, response A erroneously omits the plural suffix oz in the adjective 

and both the feminine suffix nef and the plural suffix oz in the possessive noun. Response B 

erroneously omits the feminine suffix nef and the plural suffix oz in both the adjective and the 

possessive noun. Response C erroneously omits the feminine suffix nef in the adjective and the 

plural suffix oz in both the adjective and the possessive noun. Response E erroneously adds the 

feminine suffix nef to the noun deglekoz (shots), whose gender is not specified and must 

therefore be masculine. 

Question 50 The answer is B: liatooz—ferkometleoz

(The sentence Wiroz liatooz ekaplekoz synzotim ferkometleoz means The injured boys were 

unfriendly.) 

According to the instructions in parentheses, the first word to be formed is the plural past 

participle adjective liatooz (injured). According to Rule 8, the past participle must agree in 

number and gender with ekaplekoz, the noun which the adjectival past participle modifies. The 

past participle is formed according to Rules 4 and 8 by adding the suffix to to the stem lia. The 

plural participle is formed by adding the suffix oz. The second word to be formed is the negative 

plural adjective ferkometleoz (unfriendly). The adjective kometle is formed from the noun 

kometlek according to Rule 10. The negative prefix fer and the plural suffix oz are then added, 

according to Rules 13 and 2. 

Among the incorrect choices, responses A and D fail to form the past participle. Although response C 

correctly forms the past participle, the participle in response C is singular. Responses A and E fail to 

negate the predicate, while response C fails to use the plural form of the predicate. 

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