**GAO-04-639**                      Published: Jul 22, 2004. Publicly Released: Jul 22, 2004.                  

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## Highlights

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 extended protections against sex discrimination to students and employees at institutions receiving federal assistance for educational programs or activities. In the 32 years since Title IX was enacted, women have made significant gains in many fields, but much attention has focused on women's participation in the sciences. Because of the concern about women's access to opportunities in the sciences, which receive billions of dollars in federal assistance, this report addresses: (1) how do the Department of Education (Education), the Department of Energy (Energy), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) ensure that federal grant recipient institutions comply with Title IX in math, engineering, and science; (2) what do data show about women's participation in these fields; and (3) what promising practices exist to promote their participation?

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## Topics

Science and Technology

Data collectionEducationEmployment discriminationEngineeringLife sciencesMathematicsReporting requirementsSex discriminationWomenWomen's rightsFederal grantsGrant monitoringGrant administration