United States Court of Appeals

for the Fifth Circuit

No. 19-11359

Summary Calendar

CHERYL E. VANCE, 

Plaintiff — Appellant,

versus

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR; UNITED STATES 

POSTAL INSPECTION SERVICE, 

Defendants — Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Texas

USDC No. 3:19-CV-1183

Before KING, SMITH, and OLDHAM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Cheryl E. Vance appeals the dismissal of her tort claims against the 

U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service. Vance, a 

pro se litigant, raises various state tort claims, such as defamation and libel, 

* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should 

not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 

5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

July 31, 2020

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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No. 19-11359

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primarily alleging that Postal Inspector Jeff Krafels made false allegations

against her and therefore caused her to be wrongfully convicted and 

incarcerated. Because Vance’s claims are barred by sovereign immunity, we 

AFFIRM the judgment below.

“If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter 

jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.” Int’l Energy Ventures Mgmt., 

L.L.C. v. United Energy Grp., Ltd., 818 F.3d 193, 210 n.67 (5th Cir. 2016)

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3)). “Sovereign immunity is jurisdictional,” 

Cozzo v. Tangipahoa Par. Council—President Gov’t, 279 F.3d 273, 280 (5th 

Cir. 2002), and “[t]he basic rule of federal sovereign immunity is that the 

United States cannot be sued at all without the consent of Congress,”

Freeman v. United States, 556 F.3d 326, 334 (5th Cir. 2009). Moreover,

“[b]ecause sovereign immunity is jurisdictional in nature, ‘Congress’s 

waiver of [sovereign immunity] must be unequivocally expressed in statutory 

text and will not be implied.’” Id. at 335 (alterations in original) (quoting Lane 

v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996)).

Although the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) “waives sovereign 

immunity and permits suits against the United States,” id., it does so only for 

certain tort claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 2674. For example, “[t]o sue successfully 

under the FTCA, a plaintiff must name the United States as the sole 

defendant.” Baker v. McHugh, 672 F. App’x 357, 362 n.2 (5th Cir. 2016)

(quoting McGuire v. Turnbo, 137 F.3d 321, 324 (5th Cir. 1998)); accord Galvin 

v. Occupational Safety & Health Admin., 860 F.2d 181, 183 (5th Cir. 1988).

In the present case, Vance did not include the United States as a

defendant but instead sued the Department of Labor and the Postal 

Inspection Service. In other words, Vance failed to “name the United States 

as the sole defendant,” McGuire, 137 F.3d at 324, and the Department of 

Labor and the Postal Inspection Service cannot be sued under the FTCA. 

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Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction over Vance’s tort claims and we therefore 

AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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