## I N T H E C O U R T O F C R I M I N A L A P P E A L S

O F T E X A S

N O

. P D

- 0 5 4 5

- 1 4

E X P A R T E T H O M A S E D W A R D C A S T I L L O

, A p p e l l a n t

O N S T A T E ’ S P E T I T I O N F O R D I S C R E T I O N A R Y R E V I E W

F R O M T H E F O U R T H C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

B E X A R C O U N T Y

H E R V E Y

, J

. , d e l i v e r e d t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e C o u r t i n w h i c h K E L L E R

, P

. J

. , a n d

M E Y E R S

, J O H N S O N

, K E A S L E R

, A L C A L A

, R IC H A R D S O N

, a n d N E W E L L

, J J

. , j o i n e d

.

Y E A R Y

, J

. , d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e

.

O P I N I O N

T h e q u e s t i o n i n t h i s c a s e i s w h e t h e r t h e s u c c e s s i v e p r o s e c u t i o n o f T h o m a s E d w a r d

C a s t i l l o

, A p p e l l a n t

, f

o r b u r g l a r y a n d a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t i s j e o p a r d y b a r r e d b e c a u s e o f h i s

p r i o r a c q u i t t a l f

o r c a p i t a l m u r d e r

. B e c a u s e w e h o l d t h a t t h e b u r g l a r y c h a r g e i s j e o p a r d y

b a r r e d

, b u t t h e a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t i s n o t

, w e w i l l a f f i r m t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e c o u r t o f

a p p e a l s i n p a r t a n d r e v e r s e i t i n p a r t

.

F A C T S A N D P R O C E D U R A L H IS T O R Y

I n 2 0 0 0

, A p p e l l a n t m a r r i e d C a r o l S a n c h e z

. A b o u t t e n y e a r s l a t e r

, S a n c h e z m e t aCastil lo –2

m a n n a m e d R o g e l i o “ R a y ” N a v a

, w h o m s h e m o v e d i n w i t h a f t e r s e p a r a t i n g f

r o m

A p p e l l a n t

. I n t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g h o u r s o f A u g u s t 1 5

, 2 0 1 0

, a f t e r N a v a a n d S a n c h e z 1

r e t u r n e d t o N a v a ’ s h o m e a n d w e n t t o b e d

, A p p e l l a n t

, w h o h a d b e e n h i d i n g i n N a v a ’ s

b e d r o o m

, s t a b b e d N a v a a n d t h e n S a n c h e z

. T h e e v i d e n c e s h o w e d t h a t N a v a l i k e l y d i e d

i n s t a n t l y

, b u t t h a t S a n c h e z s u r v i v e d t h e e n c o u n t e r d e s p i t e b e i n g s t a b b e d e l e v e n t i m e s i n

t o t a l

, a m o n g o t h e r i n

j u r i e s s h e s u f

f e r e d t h a t n i g h t

.

A p p e l l a n t w a s c h a r g e d i n t w o s e p a r a t e i n d i c t m e n t s r e t u r n e d o n t h e s a m e d a y

. A l l

o f t h e c h a r g e s s t e m m e d f r o m t h e s a m e i n c i d e n t

. T h e f i r s t i n d i c t m e n t a l l e g e d t h a t

A p p e l l a n t c o m m i t t e d c a p i t a l m u r d e r w h e n h e i n t e n t i o n a l l y c a u s e d t h e d e a t h o f N a v a

w h i l e “ i n t h e c o u r s e o f c o m m i t t i n g o r a t t e m p t i n g t o c o m m i t t h e o f f e n s e o f b u r g l a r y o f a

h a b i t a t i o n o w n e d b y ” N a v a

. T h e s e c o n d i n d i c t m e n t c h a r g e d A p p e l l a n t w i t h a g g r a v a t e d 2

a s s a u l t a n d b u r g l a r y

. T h e f i r s t c o u n t s t a t e d t h a t A p p e l l a n t i n t e n t i o n a l l y

, k n o w i n g l y

, o r 3

Approxim ately

four we eks af

ter Sanc hez moved in with Nava, she moved bac k in with 1

Appellant. Howe ver, she lived with him aga in for only a fe w day s befor e she le ft to stay with her

sister and, ultimately , moved bac k in with Nava.

The c apital-murde r alleg ation stated, 2

[O] n or about the 15th Da y of Aug ust, 2010, THOMAS CASTI L L O, her einaf ter

ref err ed to as de fenda

nt, did intentionally

cause the dea th of an individual,

namely , Roge lio Nava, he reina fter r efe rre d to as complainant, by CUTTI NG AND

STABB I NG THE COMPL AI

NANT WI TH A DEA DL Y WEAPON, NAMEL Y,

A KNI FE, TH AT I

N THE MAN

NER OF I TS USE AND I NTENDE D USE WAS

CAPABL E OF CAUSI

NG DEA TH AND SERI OUS BO DI L Y I NJ URY, and the

defe ndant was in the c ourse of committing or a ttempting to commit the offe nse of

BU RGL ARY OF A HAB I TATI ON owne d by Roge lio Nava[.]

That sec ond indictment alleg ed, 3Castil lo –3

r e c k l e s s l y c a u s e d s e r i o u s b o d i l y i n j u r y t o S a n c h e z u s i n g a d e a d l y w e a p o n

. T h e s e c o n d

c o u n t a l l e g e d t h a t A p p e l l a n t i n t e n t i o n a l l y o r k n o w i n g l y e n t e r e d t h e h a b i t a t i o n o f N a v a

w i t h o u t h i s e f

f e c t i v e c o n s e n t a n d “ a t t e m p t e d t o c o m m i t a n d c o m m i t t e d t h e f e l o n y o f f e n s e

o f a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t [ ] a g a i n s t ” S a n c h e z

.

B e f o r e t h e c a p i t a l

- m u r d e r t r i a l b e g a n

, A p p e l l a n t m o v e d t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e

i n d i c t m e n t s a n d f

o r t h e S t a t e t o s p e c i f

y h o w t h e p r e d i c a t e b u r g l a r y f o r t h e c a p i t a l

- m u r d e r

c h a r g e w a s c o m m i t t e d

. T h e S t a t e o b j e c t e d

, a n d t h e t r i a l c o u r t d e n i e d A p p e l l a n t ’ s 4

m o t i o n s

. A t t h e c h a r g e c o n f e r e n c e

, A p p e l l a n t a s k e d f o r l e s s e r

- i n c l u d e d

- o f

f e n s e

i n s t r u c t i o n s o n m u r d e r a n d m a n s l a u g h t e r

, w h i c h t h e t r i a l c o u r t d e n i e d

. A p p e l l a n t w a s

s u b s e q u e n t l y a c q u i t t e d o f c a p i t a l m u r d e r

. A f t e r h i s a c q u i t t a l

, a n d b e f o r e A p p e l l a n t ’ s

s e c o n d t r i a l f

o r b u r g l a r y a n d a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t

, A p p e l l a n t f i l e d a p r e t r i a l w r i t a p p l i c a t i o n

a r g u i n g t h a t t h e s e c o n d p r o s e c u t i o n w a s b a r r e d b y d o u b l e j e o p a r d y

. T h e t r i a l c o u r t d e n i e d

[O] n or about the 15th Da y of Aug ust, 2010, THOMAS CASTI L L O, her einaf ter

ref err ed to as de fenda

nt, did intentionally , knowing ly and re cklessly

cause serious

bodily injury to Carol Sanchez by

CUTTI NG AND STABB I

NG THE

COMPL AI

NANT WI TH A DEA DL Y WEAPON, NAMEL Y, A KNI FE, TH AT

I N THE MAN

NER OF I TS USE AND I NTENDE D USE WAS C APABL E OF

CAUSI NG DEA TH AND SERI OUS BO DI L Y I NJ URY, and Car ol Sanchez was

a member of the de fenda

nt’s family [.]

. . .

[O] n or about the 15th Da y of Aug ust, 2010, THOMAS CASTI L L O did

intentionally

and knowing ly

enter a habitation, and the rein a ttempted to commit

and committed the fe lony offe nse of AG GRAVATED ASSAUL T, ag ainst Carol

Sanchez, without the eff

ective c onsent of Rog elo Nava , the owner [.]

See T E X

. P E N A L C O D E § 30.02(a) (1)–( 3). 4Castil lo –4

A p p e l l a n t ’ s a p p l i c a t i o n

, a n d h e a p p e a l e d

. T h e S a n A n t o n i o C o u r t o f A p p e a l s r e v e r s e d t h e

d e c i s i o n o f t h e t r i a l c o u r t a n d r e m a n d e d t h e c a u s e f o r t h e s e c o n d i n d i c t m e n t t o b e

d i s m i s s e d

. C a s t i l l o v

. S t a t e

, 4 3 2 S

. W

. 3 d 4 5 7

, 4 7 0 ( T e x

. A p p

. — S a n A n t o n i o 2 0 1 4

, p e t

.

g r a n t e d )

. T h e S t a t e t h e n f i l e d a p e t i t i o n f

o r d i s c r e t i o n a r y r e v i e w o n t h r e e g r o u n d s

, 5

a r g u i n g t h a t t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s e r r e d w h e n i t d e c i d e d t h a t t h e s e c o n d p r o s e c u t i o n o f

A p p e l l a n t w a s j e o p a r d y b a r r e d

. W e g r a n t e d r e v i e w

.

D IS C U S S IO N

T h e D o u b l e J e o p a r d y C l a u s e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C o n s t i t u t i o n i s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e

s t a t e s t h r o u g h t h e F o u r t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t

, a n d i t p r o t e c t s a n a c c u s e d f r o m i m p e r m i s s i b l e

m u l t i p l e p u n i s h m e n t s o r s u c c e s s i v e p r o s e c u t i o n s f o r t h e s a m e o f

f e n s e a f t e r a n a c q u i t t a l o r

c o n v i c t i o n

. U

. S

. C O N S T

. a m e n d

. V

, c l

. 2 ; s e e E x p a r t e A m a d o r

, 3 2 6 S

. W

. 3 d 2 0 2

, 2 0 5

( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 1 0 )

. W h e n t w o d i s t i n c t s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n s a r e a t i s s u e

, w e o r d i n a r i l y

d e t e r m i n e l e g a l s a m e n e s s b y a p p l y i n g t h e s a m e

- e l e m e n t s t e s t t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r “ e a c h

The g rounds for r eview sta te, 5

(1) The Court of Appea ls erre d by reviving Grady v . Corbin (over ruled by the

Supreme Court), a

nd apply ing a

cog nate e vidence analy sis (rejec ted by this court)

in review ing a

double jeopar dy

claim.

(2) The Court of Appea ls erre d by finding that an ag g rava ted assault on a vic tim

not named in a c apital murder indictment was a le sser include d offe nse of the

capital murde r.

(3) The Court of Appea ls misapplied the law by finding that an off

ense w as

subsumed within the gr eate r if the State ‘ could have ’ used that of fense to prove

the g rea ter, rather than tha t it was require d to do so.Castil lo –5

p r o v i s i o n r e q u i r e s p r o o f o f a f a c t w h i c h t h e o t h e r d o e s n o t

. ” S e e U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. D i

x o n

, 6

5 0 9 U

. S

. 6 8 8

, 6 9 7 ( 1 9 9 3 ) ; B l o c k b u r g e r v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s

, 2 8 4 U

. S

. 2 9 9

, 3 0 4 ( 1 9 3 2 )

. U n d e r

t h a t t e s t

, l e s s e r

- i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e s a r e l e g a l l y t h e s a m e a s a g r e a t e r o f f e n s e

, a n d a r e w h o l l y

s u b s u m e d b y t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e g r e a t e r o f f e n s e

, u n l e s s t h e p o t e n t i a l l e s s e r

- i n c l u d e d

o f f e n s e r e q u i r e s p r o o f o f a f a c t n o t r e q u i r e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e g r e a t e r o f f e n s e

. S e e H

a r r i s v

.

O k l a h o m a

, 4 3 3 U

. S

. 6 8 2 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ( p e r c u r i a m ) ; B r o w n v

. O h i o

, 4 3 2 U

. S

. 1 6 1

, 1 6 8 ( 1 9 7 7 ) ;

s e e a l s o T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. a r t

. 3 7

. 0 9 ( 1 )

. T o d e t e r m i n e i f a n o f f e n s e i s a l e s s e r

i n c l u d e d o f a n o t h e r

, w e e m p l o y t h e c o g n a t e

- p l e a d i n g a p p r o a c h a d o p t e d i n H a l l v

. S t a t e

,

2 2 5 S

. W

. 3 d 5 2 4 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 0 7 )

, w h i c h r e q u i r e s u s t o c o m p a r e t h e e l e m e n t s o f

t h e g r e a t e r o f

f e n s e a s p l e d t o t h e s t a t u t o r y e l e m e n t s o f t h e p o t e n t i a l l e s s e r

- i n c l u d e d

o f f e n s e i n t h e a b s t r a c t

. I

d

. T h i s a n a l y s i s i s a l e g a l q u e s t i o n a n d d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n t h e

e v i d e n c e o f

f e r e d a t t r i a l

. S e e i d

. a t 5 3 5

.

7

I f t h e o f f e n s e s a r e l e g a l l y t h e s a m e

, t h e n e x t s t e p i s t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e

o f f e n s e s a r e f

a c t u a l l y t h e s a m e

. E

x p a r t e B e n s o n

, W R

– 8 1

, 7 6 4

- 0 1

, 2 0 1 5 W L 1 7 4 3 4 5 9

, a t

The same -ele ments test is used in both mul tiple-punishment and succ essive-pr osecution 6

case s, but in a multi ple-punishments ana ly sis, which is not at issue in thi s case , we a lso must

discern w hether

the L eg islature intended to a uthorize mult iple punishments for the same act.

Dixon , 509 U.S. 696–97 (same- elements test applies in the multiple-punishment and succ essiveprosec ution context ); Missouri v. Hunter , 459 U.S. 359, 368 (1983) (multiple-punishment

analy sis, in part, asks whethe r a de fenda nt who violates multipl e statutory provisions should be

subject to multipl e punishments); see Ex parte Ervin , 991 S.W .2d 804 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)

(apply ing Hunter to Texas).

Although w e compa

re the indictments in thi s case to fac ilitate the same-e lements 7

analy sis, that comparison does not re ly on evidenc e adduc ed at tria l, unlike the same-c onduct test

utiliz ed by

the Supreme Court in Grady v . Corbin , 495 U.S. 508, 521–22 (1990), overruled by

Dixon , 509 U.S. at 704.Castil lo –6

* 3 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. A p r

. 1 5

,

2 0 1 5 )

. W e d e t e r m i n e f

a c t u a l s a m e n e s s b y d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a l l o w a b l e u n i t o f p r o s e c u t i o n

a n d r e v i e w i n g t h e t r i a l r e c o r d t o e s t a b l i s h h o w m a n y u n i t s h a v e b e e n s h o w n

. I d

. T h e

a l l o w a b l e u n i t o f p r o s e c u t i o n o f a n o f f e n s e t u r n s o n s t a t u t o r y c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d u s u a l l y

r e q u i r e s a s c e r t a i n i n g t h e g r a v a m e n

, o r g r a v a m i n a

, o f t h e o f f e n s e

. S e e i d

. A f

t e r r e v i e w i n g

t h e r e c o r d

, i f a c o u r t c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e o f f e n s e s a r e b a s e d o n t h e s a m e u n i t o f

p r o s e c u t i o n

, t h e n t h e o f f e n s e s a r e f

a c t u a l l y t h e s a m e f

o r s u c c e s s i v e p r o s e c u t i o n p u r p o s e s

.

T o p r e v a i l

, t h e c l a i m a n t m u s t p r o v e l e g a l s a m e n e s s a n d f a c t u a l s a m e n e s s

. S e e i d

.

1

. B u r g l a r y

T h e S t a t e a r g u e s t h a t b u r g l a r y i s n o t t h e s a m e a s c a p i t a l m u r d e r a s p l e d i n t h i s c a s e

b e c a u s e

, u n d e r a s t r i c t a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s a m e

- e l e m e n t s t e s t

, e a c h o f f e n s e r e q u i r e s p r o o f

o f a f a c t t h a t t h e o t h e r d o e s n o t

. I t a l s o a s s e r t s t h a t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e

, f r o m r e a d i n g t h e

p l e a d i n g s a l o n e

, t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e S t a t e c h a r g e d A p p e l l a n t w i t h t h e s a m e b u r g l a r y

t w i c e

. A p p e l l a n t r e s p o n d s t h a t

, b a s e d o n t h e s a m e

- e l e m e n t s t e s t

, t h e b u r g l a r y o f f e n s e s a r e

l e g a l l y a n d f

a c t u a l l y t h e s a m e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h o u r d e c i s i o n i n L i t t r e l l v

. S t a t e

, 2 7 1

S

. W

. 3 d 2 7 3 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 0 8 )

.

I n L i t t r e l l

, t h e a p p e l l a n t w a s c h a r g e d

, i n p a r t

, w i t h f e l o n y m u r d e r a n d a g g r a v a t e d

r o b b e r y

, b o t h o f w h i c h w e r e “ c o m m i t t e d a g a i n s t t h e s a m e v i c t i m o n t h e s a m e d a t e

. ” I d

. a t

2 7 4

. T h e f

e l o n y

- m u r d e r c o u n t a l l e g e d t h a t

, w h i l e c o m m i t t i n g o r a t t e m p t i n g t o c o m m i t

a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

, t h e a p p e l l a n t “ c o m m i t t e d a n a c t c l e a r l y d a n g e r o u s t o h u m a n l i f e t h a tCastil lo –7

c a u s e d t h e c o m p l a i n a n t ’ s d e a t h d u r i n g t h e c o m m i s s i o n ( o r a t t e m p t e d c o m m i s s i o n ) o f

a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

. ” I

d

. a t 2 7 6

. T h e a g g r a v a t e d

- r o b b e r y c o u n t c h a r g e d t h e s a m e

a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

. I

d

. L i t t r e l l w a s c o n v i c t e d o f b o t h o f f e n s e s

, a n d o n a p p e a l

, h e a r g u e d

t h a t h i s c o n v i c t i o n s i m p e r m i s s i b l y p u n i s h e d h i m t w i c e f o r t h e s a m e o f

f e n s e

. I d

. a t

2 7 4

– 7 5

. T h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s d i s a g r e e d a n d h e l d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o d o u b l e

- j e o p a r d y

v i o l a t i o n b e c a u s e f

e l o n y m u r d e r a s a l l e g e d a n d a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y a r e n o t t h e “ s a m e ”

u n d e r B l o c k b u r

g e r

. I d

. a t 2 7 5

. W e r e v e r s e d t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s a n d

r e a s o n e d t h a t t h e o f

f e n s e s w e r e l e g a l l y t h e s a m e b e c a u s e t h e s t a n d

- a l o n e a g g r a v a t e d

r o b b e r y c h a r g e w a s a l e s s e r

- i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e o f f e l o n y m u r d e r a s p l e d i n t h a t c a s e :

T h e S t a t e ’ s t h e o r y o f f

e l o n y m u r d e r

, a s e x p r e s s e d i n C o u n t O n e o f t h e

i n d i c t m e n t

, i s t h a t t h e a p p e l l a n t c o m m i t t e d a n a c t c l e a r l y d a n g e r o u s t o

h u m a n l i f

e t h a t c a u s e d t h e c o m p l a i n a n t ’ s d e a t h d u r i n g t h e c o m m i s s i o n ( o r

a t t e m p t e d c o m m i s s i o n ) o f a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

. C o u n t T w o o f t h e i n d i c t m e n t

a l l e g e s t h a t s e l f

- s a m e p r e d i c a t e a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

. I n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h

f e l o n y m u r d e r a s a l l e g e d i n C o u n t O n e

, t h e S t a t e n e e d p r o v e n o m o r e t h a n

t h e a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y ( o r a t t e m p t e d a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y ) a l l e g e d i n C o u n t

T w o

, p l u s a d d i t i o n a l f

a c t s

. I n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h e a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

, t h e

S t a t e n e e d p r o v e n o a d d i t i o n a l f a c t t h a t i s n o t a l r e a d y c o n t a i n e d i n C o u n t

O n e

. A s t h e y a r e p l e d i n t h e i n d i c t m e n t

, t h e n

, C o u n t T w o i s c l e a r l y

s u b s u m e d w i t h i n

, a n d t h e r e f o r e c o n s t i t u t e s a l e s s e r

- i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e o f

,

C o u n t O n e

, b o t h a s a m a t t e r o f s t a t e l a w a n d f o r d o u b l e

-

j e o p a r d y p u r p o s e s

.

I d

. a t 2 7 6

– 7 7 ( f

o o t n o t e o m i t t e d )

.

A p p l y i n g t h e r e a s o n i n g o f o u r d e c i s i o n i n L i t t r e l l t o A p p e l l a n t ’ s c a s e

, t h e b u r g l a r y

c h a r g e i s a l e s s e r

- i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e o f c a p i t a l m u r d e r a s p l e d b e c a u s e

, t o e s t a b l i s h c a p i t a l

m u r d e r

, t h e S t a t e n e e d e d t o “ p r o v e n o m o r e t h a n t h e [ b u r g l a r y ] ( o r a t t e m p t e dCastil lo –8

[ b u r g l a r y ] )

. . . p l u s a d d i t i o n a l f a c t s

. ” I d

. W e a l s o d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e S t a t e ’ s a r g u m e n t t h a t

, 8

i n t h i s c a s e

, c a p i t a l m u r d e r a n d b u r g l a r y a r e n o t l e g a l l y t h e s a m e b e c a u s e t h e b u r g l a r y

c h a r g e a l l e g e d a c o m p l e t e d b u r g l a r y a n d t h e o t h e r d i d n o t

. W h e n f a c e d w i t h a n a l m o s t

i d e n t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n L i t t r e l l

, w e s t a t e d t h a t

, a s a m a t t e r o f s t a t e l a w

, a n a l l e g a t i o n o f a

c o m p l e t e d o f

f e n s e i s t h e s a m e a s a l l e g i n g a n a t t e m p t t o c o m m i t t h e s a m e o f f e n s e

. S e e i d

.

a t n

. 1 8 ( c i t i n g T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. a r t

. 3 7

. 0 9 ( 4 ) )

. O n t h a t b a s i s

, w e h e l d t h a t t h e

f e l o n y

- m u r d e r c h a r g e

, w h i c h a l l e g e d a c o m p l e t e d o r a t t e m p t e d a g g r a v a t e d r o b b e r y

, s t i l l

s u b s u m e d t h e s t a n d

- a l o n e a g g r a v a t e d

- r o b b e r y c h a r g e a l l e g i n g o n l y a c o m p l e t e d o f f e n s e

.

W h e n t h a t s a m e p r i n c i p l e i s a p p l i e d t o A p p e l l a n t ’ s c a s e

, t h e c a p i t a l

- m u r d e r c h a r g e s t i l l

s u b s u m e s t h e b u r g l a r y c o u n t

, d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t o n e c h a r g e a l l e g e s a c o m p l e t e d b u r g l a r y

a n d t h e o t h e r d o e s n o t

.

W e n o w t u r n t o a u n i t s a n a l y s i s t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e b u r g l a r y a l l e g a t i o n s

r e l i e d o n a n “ i d e n t i c a l c r i m i n a l a c t

. ” W e h a v e o f t e n h e l d t h a t t h e u n i t o f p r o s e c u t i o n f o r 9

See Langs v. State , 183 S.W .3d 680, 686 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (stating that, when a n 8

offe nse re quires alleg ing a n underly ing f elony , “the State must prove a ll of the eleme nts of the

underly ing f

elony ”); W

hitaker v. State , 977 S.W .2d 595, 598–99 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)

(examining the e lements of both ca pital murder a lleg ing bur g lary and the bur g lary

statute to

deter mine if the evide nce w as suffic ient to sustain the conviction); Bethard v. State , 767 S.W .2d

423, 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (to sustain a conviction for capital murde r alleg ing a predic ate

burg lary , the jury

had to believe bey ond a re asonable doubt that the predic ate f elony was

committed as define d in the burg lary statute).

Ex parte Goodbre ad , 967 S.W .2d 859, 860 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (citing Luna v. State

, 9

493 S.W .2d 854, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973)) (stating that offe nses ar e the sa me only if they rely

on the same c riminal act a nd not merely

beca use they share the same na

me).Castil lo –9

b u r g l a r y i s e a c h u n l a w f u l e n t r y

, a n d a f

t e r e x a m i n i n g t h e r e c o r d

, i t i s i n d i s p u t a b l e t h a t 1 0

t h e S t a t e s o u g h t t o p r o s e c u t e A p p e l l a n t t w i c e f o r a s i n g l e u n l a w f

u l e n t r y

. W e a f

f i r m t h e 1 1

j u d g m e n t o f t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s t h a t A p p e l l a n t ’ s p r o s e c u t i o n f o r b u r g l a r y i s j e o p a r d y

b a r r e d b e c a u s e h e h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e b u r g l a r y a l l e g a t i o n i s l e g a l l y a n d f a c t u a l l y t h e s a m e

a s t h e c a p i t a l

- m u r d e r c h a r g e f o r w h i c h h e w a s p r e v i o u s l y a c q u i t t e d

.

2

. A g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t

T h e S t a t e a r g u e s t h a t A p p e l l a n t ’ s s u b s e q u e n t p r o s e c u t i o n f o r a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t i s

n o t b a r r e d b y d o u b l e j e o p a r d y b e c a u s e

, e a c h o f f e n s e r e q u i r e s p r o o f o f a f a c t t h e o t h e r

d o e s n o t

, a n d t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s e r r e d b y r e l y i n g o n t h e t r i a l r e c o r d t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e

o f f e n s e s a r e t h e s a m e

. T h e S t a t e a l s o c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e u n i t o f p r o s e c u t i o n f o r a s s a u l t a n d

c a p i t a l m u r d e r i s e a c h v i c t i m

, a n d b e c a u s e t w o d i f f e r e n t v i c t i m s a r e a l l e g e d

, t h e o f f e n s e s

a r e f a c t u a l l y d i f

f e r e n t

.

F i r s t

, w e m u s t a n s w e r w h e t h e r a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t i n t h e a b s t r a c t i s l e g a l l y t h e

s a m e a s t h e c a p i t a l

- m u r d e r c h a r g e a s p l e d i n t h i s c a s e

. T o e s t a b l i s h c a p i t a l m u r d e r

, t h e

S t a t e h a d t o s h o w t h a t A p p e l l a n t i n t e n t i o n a l l y c a u s e d t h e d e a t h o f N a v a b y c u t t i n g a n d

s t a b b i n g h i m w i t h a d e a d l y w e a p o n w h i l e i n t h e c o u r s e o f c o m m i t t i n g o r a t t e m p t i n g t o

c o m m i t b u r g l a r y

. S e e T E X

. P E N A L C O D E § 1 9

. 0 3 ( a ) ( 2 )

. T o p r o v e a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t

, t h e

S t a t e h a d t o s h o w t h a t A p p e l l a n t i n t e n t i o n a l l y

, k n o w i n g l y

, o r r e c k l e s s l y c a u s e d s e r i o u s

See E x parte Cavazos , 203 S.W .3d 333, 337 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). 1 0

The State doe s not arg ue that the bur g lary alleg ed in the ca

pital-murder

indictment was 1 1

fac tually differ ent from the bur g lary alleg ation in the second indictment.Castil lo –10

b o d i l y i n j u r y t o a p e r s o n o r u s e d o r e x h i b i t e d a d e a d l y w e a p o n w h i l e c a u s i n g b o d i l y i n j u r y

t o a n o t h e r

. S e e i d

. § 2 2

. 0 1 ( a ) ( 1 )

, 2 2

. 0 2 ( a ) ( 1 )

. A s a m a t t e r o f s t a t e l a w

, a n o f f e n s e i s a

l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o f a n o t h e r i f “ i t d i f f e r s f r o m t h e o f

f e n s e c h a r g e d o n l y i n t h e r e s p e c t t h a t a

l e s s c u l p a b l e m e n t a l s t a t e s u f f i c e s t o e s t a b l i s h i t s c o m m i s s i o n

. ” S e e T E X

. C O D E C R IM

.

P R O C

. a r t 3 7

. 0 9 ( 3 )

. T h a t i s t h e c a s e h e r e

. T o e s t a b l i s h t h e m u r d e r c o m p o n e n t o f c a p i t a l

m u r d e r

, t h e S t a t e m u s t s h o w t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t i n t e n t i o n a l l y o r k n o w i n g l y c a u s e d t h e

d e a t h o f a n i n d i v i d u a l

. T h e S t a t e

, h o w e v e r

, n e e d o n l y p r o v e t h a t a d e f e n d a n t i n t e n t i o n a l l y

,

k n o w i n g l y

, o r r e c k l e s s l y c o m m i t t e d a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t

. T h u s

, w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

n e c e s s a r y m e n s r e a f

o r c a p i t a l m u r d e r a n d a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t

, t h e o f f e n s e s d i f f e r o n l y i n

t h a t a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h a l e s s c u l p a b l e m e n t a l s t a t e t h a n c a p i t a l

m u r d e r

. C o m

p a r e T E X

. P E N A L C O D E § 1 9

. 0 3 ( a ) ( c i t i n g T E X

. P E N A L C O D E § 1 9

. 0 2 ( b ) ( 1 ) )

,

w i t h T E X

. P E N A L C O D E § 2 2

. 0 2 ( a ) ( c i t i n g T E X

. P E N A L C O D E § 2 2

. 0 1 ( a ) ( 1 ) )

. F u r t h e r m o r e

,

b e c a u s e d e a t h i s a t y p e o f s e r i o u s b o d i l y i n j u r y a n d s e r i o u s b o d i l y i n j u r y i s a t y p e o f

b o d i l y i n j u r y

, i t n e c e s s a r i l y f

o l l o w s t h a t d e a t h i s a t y p e o f b o d i l y i n j u r y

. C o n s e q u e n t l y

, 1 2

a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t i s w i t h i n t h e p r o o f n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e S t a t e t o e s t a b l i s h c a p i t a l m u r d e r

a s c h a r g e d i n t h i s c a s e a n d b o t h o f f e n s e s a r e l e g a l l y t h e s a m e

. 1 3

This logic is simply

an application of the transitive prope rty of equa lity

that if a = b, and 1 2

b = c, the n a = c

. See J

ackson v . State , 992 S.W .2d 469, 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (dea th is a

form of se rious bodily

injury); see also T E X

. C O D E C R I M

. P R O C . art. 37.09(2) (an of fense is a

lesser inc luded of a

nother if the only

differ ence from the of

fense char g ed is that “a

less serious

injury or risk of injury

to the same pe rson . . . suffic es to establish its commissi on”).

See also Jack

son , 992 S.W .2d at 474–75 (a g g rava ted assault wa s within the proof 1 3

nece ssary to establish capital murde r, but the appe llant was not entitled to a lesser -includedCastil lo –11

T u r n i n g t o a u n i t a n a l y s i s

, w e f i r s t m u s t a n s w e r w h a t t h e a l l o w a b l e u n i t o f

p r o s e c u t i o n i s f

o r c a p i t a l m u r d e r a s p l e d i n t h i s c a s e

. W h e n t h e c h a r g e i s c a p i t a l m u r d e r

u n d e r S e c t i o n 1 9

. 0 3 ( a ) ( 2 ) o f t h e T e x a s P e n a l C o d e

, a s i t i s h e r e

, w e h a v e s t a t e d t h a t a

d e f e n d a n t m a y b e c h a r g e d o n c e f o r e a c h t i m e h e c a u s e s t h e d e a t h o f a n o t h e r p l u s t h e

a p p l i c a b l e a g g r a v a t e d c i r c u m s t a n c e t h a t e l e v a t e t h e o f f e n s e f r o m m u r d e r t o c a p i t a l

m u r d e r

. S e e G a r d n e r v

. S t a t e

, 3 0 6 S

. W

. 3 d 2 7 4

, 3 0 2 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 0 9 )

. T h u s

, t h e

1 4

r e l e v a n t u n i t o f p r o s e c u t i o n u n d e r S e c t i o n 1 9

. 0 3 ( a ) ( 2 ) i n t h i s c a s e i s t h e r e q u i s i t e m u r d e r

o f a p e r s o n p l u s p r o o f o f o n e o f t h e r e q u i r e d a g g r a v a t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r

t h e s t a t u t e

. S e e T E X

. P E N A L C O D E § § 1 9

. 0 3 ( a ) ( 2 )

, 3 0

. 0 2 ( a ) ( 2 )

. F u r t h e r m o r e

, w e h a v e h e l d

t h e u n i t o f p r o s e c u t i o n f o r a s s a u l t i v e o f

f e n s e s i s e a c h v i c t i m

. S e e S h e l b y v

. S t a t e

, 4 4 8

S

. W

. 3 d 4 3 1

, 4 3 9 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 1 4 )

. W h e n t h e v i c t i m s a l l e g e d i n t h e c a p i t a l

- m u r d e r

a n d a g g r a v a t e d

- a s s a u l t c h a r g e s a r e c o m p a r e d

, w e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e y a l l e g e t w o d i f f e r e n t

u n i t s o f p r o s e c u t i o n : N a v a a n d S a n c h e z

.

F u r t h e r m o r e

, A p p e l l a n t w a s n o t i n j e o p a r d y o f b e i n g c o n v i c t e d f o r c o m m i t t i n g

instruction beca

use there was no proof

that if the appe llant was g uilty , he wa s g uilty of only

ag g rava ted assault).

We have noted tha t “[s] ome offe nses, such a s capital murde r, may contain both re sult of 1 4

conduct a nd nature of conduc t elements,” but we also stated that “the question become s which

aspec t of the statute pre dominates, or possibly whether both aspec ts are e qually

important for

deter mining the se para teness of of fense s.” Huffman v. State , 267 S.W .3d 902, 907 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008); see also By rd v. State , 336 S.W .3d 242, 250–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (stating that

the g rava men of thef

t is “two-prong ed” be cause owner ship and appropr iation of the prope rty “ar e

both important”). F or purpose s of our a g g rava ted-a ssault double-jeopa rdy analy sis, the predica te

murder unit of pr osecution aspe ct pre dominates.Castil lo –12

a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t a g a i n s t S a n c h e z d u r i n g h i s c a p i t a l

- m u r d e r t r i a l b e c a u s e t h e S t a t e d i d

n o t h a v e t o p r o v e t h a t A p p e l l a n t c o m m i t t e d a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t a g a i n s t S a n c h e z t o

e s t a b l i s h c a p i t a l m u r d e r

. T h e r e w a s n o s e t o f f a c t s t h a t t h e j u r y c o u l d h a v e b e l i e v e d t h a t

r e q u i r e d i t t o r e t u r n a g u i l t y v e r d i c t b a s e d o n a b e l i e f t h a t A p p e l l a n t c o m m i t t e d

a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t a g a i n s t S a n c h e z

. T h a t i s

, i f t h e j u r y c o n v i c t e d A p p e l l a n t o f c a p i t a l

m u r d e r

, i t m u s t h a v e a l s o b e l i e v e d t h a t A p p e l l a n t c o m m i t t e d a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t a g a i n s t

N a v a

.

T H E S T A T E ’ S G R O U N D S F O R R E V IE W

W e n o w e x p r e s s l y t u r n t o t h e S t a t e ’ s g r o u n d s f o r r e v i e w

. I n i t s f

i r s t g r o u n d f

o r

r e v i e w

, t h e S t a t e a s k s w h e t h e r “ [ t ] h e C o u r t o f A p p e a l s e r r e d b y r e v i v i n g G r a d y v

. C o r b i n

( o v e r r u l e d b y t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t )

, a n d a p p l y i n g a c o g n a t e e v i d e n c e a n a l y s i s ( r e j e c t e d b y

t h i s c o u r t ) i n r e v i e w i n g a d o u b l e j e o p a r d y c l a i m

. ” A s w e h a v e e x p l a i n e d

, t h e r e a r e t w o

r e l e v a n t i n q u i r i e s i n a d o u b l e

- j e o p a r d y a n a l y s i s

. T h e l e g a l

- s a m e n e s s i n q u i r y d e p e n d s o n

o n l y t h e p l e a d i n g s a n d s t a t u t o r y l a w

— n o t t h e r e c o r d

— t o a s c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t w o o f f e n s e s

a r e t h e s a m e

. T h e f

a c t u a l

- s a m e n e s s i n q u i r y r e q u i r e s a r e v i e w i n g c o u r t t o e x a m i n e t h e

e n t i r e r e c o r d t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e s a m e o f f e n s e s h a v e b e e n a l l e g e d

. W e d i s a v o w t h e

r e a s o n i n g o f t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t i t a p p e a r s t o h a v e g r a n t e d A p p e l l a n t

r e l i e f f r o m h i s p r o s e c u t i o n f

o r b u r g l a r y o n o n l y f

a c t u a l

- s a m e n e s s g r o u n d s

. C a s t i l l o

, 4 3 2

S

. W

. 3 d a t 4 6 6

– 6 7

. N o n e t h e l e s s

, h a v i n g f o u n d t h a t c a p i t a l m u r d e r a s p l e d a n d b u r g l a r y a r e

t h e s a m e o f

f e n s e s

, w e o v e r r u l e t h e S t a t e ’ s f i r s t g r o u n d f

o r r e v i e w

.Castil lo –13

I n i t s s e c o n d a n d t h i r d g r o u n d s f o r r e v i e w t h e S t a t e u r g e s t h a t “ [ t ] h e C o u r t o f

A p p e a l s e r r e d b y f

i n d i n g t h a t a n a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t o n a v i c t i m n o t n a m e d i n a c a p i t a l

m u r d e r i n d i c t m e n t w a s a l e s s e r i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e o f t h e c a p i t a l m u r d e r

, ” a n d “ [ t ] h e C o u r t

o f A p p e a l s m i s a p p l i e d t h e l a w b y f i n d i n g t h a t a n o f

f e n s e w a s s u b s u m e d w i t h i n t h e g r e a t e r

i f t h e S t a t e ‘ c o u l d h a v e ’ u s e d t h a t o f f e n s e t o p r o v e t h e g r e a t e r

, r a t h e r t h a n t h a t i t w a s

r e q u i r e d t o d o s o

. ” O n t h e f a c t s o f t h i s c a s e a n d f

o r t h e r e a s o n s e x p l a i n e d

, w e s u s t a i n t h e

S t a t e ’ s s e c o n d a n d t h i r d g r o u n d f o r r e v i e w

.

C o n c l u s i o n

B e c a u s e w e a g r e e w i t h t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s t h a t A p p e l l a n t ’ s p r o s e c u t i o n f o r

b u r g l a r y i s j e o p a r d y b a r r e d

, b u t w e c o n c l u d e t h a t h i s p r o s e c u t i o n f o r a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t

c o n v i c t i o n i s n o t

, w e a f f i r m t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s i n p a r t a n d r e v e r s e i t i n

p a r t

.

H e r v e y

, J

.

D e l i v e r e d : J u n e 3

, 2 0 1 5

P u b l i s h