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No. 114,389

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,

Appellee,

v.

TODD LLOYD,

Appellant.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.

The State has the burden of establishing probation violations. To sustain an order 

revoking probation on the ground that a probationer has committed a violation of the 

conditions of probation, commission of the violation must be established by a

preponderance of the evidence.

2.

A preponderance of the evidence is established when the evidence demonstrates a 

fact is more probably true than not true.

3.

Before a defendant may be bound over for trial, the district court must find 

probable cause to believe a felony has been committed. Probable cause at a preliminary 

hearing has been defined as evidence sufficient to cause a person of ordinary prudence 

and caution to conscientiously entertain a reasonable belief of the accused's guilt.
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4.

The probable cause standard of proof required to bind a defendant over for trial is 

a lesser burden of proof than the preponderance of the evidence standard needed to 

establish a probation violation, and a district court errs when it relies solely on a probable 

cause finding from a preliminary hearing to find a defendant in violation of his or her 

conditions of probation.

Appeal from Reno District Court; TRISH ROSE, judge. Opinion filed June 17, 2016. Vacated and 

remanded with directions.

Sam Shirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Keith E. Schroeder, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before BRUNS, P.J., POWELL and GARDNER, JJ.

POWELL, J.: Todd Lloyd appeals the revocation of his probation, contending the 

district court erred in relying upon a probable cause finding made at his preliminary 

hearing on a new charge of kidnapping to find by a preponderance of the evidence that 

Lloyd had violated the conditions of his probation. The district court then revoked his 

probation and ordered Lloyd to serve his underlying sentence. Because we agree with 

Lloyd that the standard for binding someone over for trial—probable cause the defendant 

committed the act(s) for which he or she was charged—is a lesser standard than that 

required to find someone in violation of the terms and conditions of probation—by a 

preponderance of the evidence—we find the district court erred by relying on the wrong 

standard to find him in violation of his probation. Accordingly, we vacate the district 

court's order and remand for further proceedings.
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On February 1, 2013, Lloyd pled no contest to aggravated battery and 

misdemeanor theft. Despite having an A criminal history score, the district court granted 

Lloyd's motion for a downward dispositional departure to probation and sentenced him to 

24 months' probation with a 32-month underlying prison sentence. Less than a year later, 

in October 2013 Lloyd stipulated to a number of probation violations; the district court 

imposed a 60-day jail sanction and extended Lloyd's probation for 24 months. In 

December 2013 Lloyd again stipulated to a probation violation; the district court imposed 

another 60-day jail sanction and extended Lloyd's probation for an additional 24 months.

In April 2014, Lloyd was involved in a standoff with police that resulted in his 

arrest and being charged with kidnapping. After this incident, the State filed a motion to 

revoke Lloyd's probation. The amended motion included 14 alleged probation violations. 

Before the hearing on the State's motion to revoke probation, a preliminary hearing was 

held on the April 2014 kidnapping charge, and Lloyd was bound over for trial and 

arraigned.

At the subsequent probation revocation hearing, the State moved to amend its 

motion to revoke to include just one alleged probation violation: that Lloyd had been 

bound over on a charge of kidnapping. The district court granted this motion. Lloyd's 

defense attorney stated:

"Because of the new case pending, he will stipulate that he was found in violation 

or bound over for preliminary hearing, and that the standard at the preliminary hearing is 

higher than it is at a probation violation, so the Court can find that he is in violation of his 

probation based on the difference in the standards."
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When asked by the district court, Lloyd himself stipulated only to being bound 

over for arraignment in the kidnapping case. He did not stipulate to violating the terms 

and conditions of his probation or to his guilt in the kidnapping case. Based on the

stipulation of being bound over in the kidnapping case, the district court found Lloyd 

violated the conditions of his probation and imposed Lloyd's underlying sentence of 32 

months' imprisonment.

Lloyd timely appeals.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR IN REVOKING LLOYD'S PROBATION BASED SOLELY ON 

THE PROBABLE CAUSE FINDING IN THE NEW CRIMINAL CASE?

On appeal, Lloyd contends that the trial court erred in revoking his probation 

based solely on the probable cause finding made in the kidnapping case. Lloyd argues the 

State had the burden to prove a violation of the terms and conditions of probation by a 

preponderance of the evidence and failed to do so.

Revocation of probation by the district court is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion. State v. Gumfory, 281 Kan. 1168, 1170, 135 P.3d 1191 (2006). A district court 

abuses its discretion when its decision "(1) is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable; (2) is 

based on an error of law; or (3) is based on an error of fact." State v. Waller, 299 Kan. 

707, 722, 328 P.3d 1111 (2014).

A district court has no "discretion in a probation revocation proceeding until the 

evidence establishes a probation condition violation." State v. Garcia, 31 Kan. App. 2d 

338, 341, 64 P.3d 465 (2003). The State has the burden of establishing probation 

violations. K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 22-3716(b)(2). "To sustain an order revoking probation on 

the ground that a probationer has committed a violation of the conditions of probation, 

commission of the violation must be established by a preponderance of the evidence." 
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Gumfory, 281 Kan. at 1170. "A preponderance of the evidence is established when the 

evidence demonstrates a fact is more probably true than not true." State v. Inkelaar, 38 

Kan. App. 2d 312, 315, 164 P.3d 844 (2007), rev. denied 286 Kan. 1183 (2008). 

Conviction for the act which allegedly violated the conditions of probation is not 

required. 38 Kan. App. 2d at 315.

Here, the district court relied upon the probable cause finding in Lloyd's 

kidnapping case to conclude that the State had satisfied its duty to establish by a 

preponderance of the evidence that Lloyd had violated the terms and conditions of his 

probation by committing kidnapping. As we see it, the central question in this case is 

whether the probable cause standard used to bind over a defendant for trial amounts to a 

higher burden of proof than the preponderance of the evidence standard; if so, then the 

district court was at liberty to make the finding it did because the State had more than met 

its burden of proof.

It is well established that in every felony case—except for a grand jury 

indictment—a defendant is entitled to a preliminary hearing, and a district court must find 

"probable cause to believe a felony has been committed" before a defendant may be 

bound over for trial. K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 22-2902(3). "Probable cause at a preliminary 

hearing has been defined as evidence sufficient to cause a person of ordinary prudence 

and caution to conscientiously entertain a reasonable belief of the accused's guilt." State 

v. Puckett, 240 Kan. 393, 395, 729 P.2d 458 (1986). 

Our Supreme Court answered a very similar question in State v. Ultreras, 296

Kan. 828, 295 P.3d 1020 (2013), where the district court was faced with the proper 

burden of proof required to negate a claim of immunity from prosecution based upon the 

justified use of force. The district court held that the defendant had the burden to prove 

by a preponderance of the evidence that his use of force was necessary. Our Supreme 

Court rejected this, finding instead that the State had the burden to negate the defendant's 
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claim under a probable cause standard and that the district court had erred by "imposing a 

higher standard of proof than probable cause." 296 Kan. at 845.

Here, the district court revoked Lloyd's probation based solely on his admission to 

being bound over in another criminal case. The State did not present any evidence of a 

probation violation other than its own statements regarding the new charge. The State 

was required to prove the probation violation by a preponderance of the evidence, but 

only the lesser standard of probable cause was required for Lloyd to be bound over after 

his preliminary hearing. See K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 22-3716(b)(2); K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 22-

2902(3); Gumfory, 281 Kan. at 1170. Accordingly, the district court's revocation of 

Lloyd's probation on the basis of his stipulation was an error of law and, therefore, an 

abuse of discretion. See State v. Williams, No. 112,228, 2015 WL 5613253, at *7-8 (Kan. 

App. 2015) (unpublished opinion) (reversing probation revocation where stipulation to 

being bound over on another case not enough to revoke probation and State failed to 

prove validity of new charges by preponderance of evidence); State v. Bailey, No. 

100,918, 2009 WL 2506265, at *3 (Kan. App. 2009) (unpublished opinion) (reversing 

probation revocation where State put on no evidence other than copy of indictment and 

counsel's argument regarding nature of pending changes and district court relied on 

probable cause standard of proof for new charge rather than preponderance of evidence).

However, nothing in our opinion today prohibits a district court from combining a 

preliminary hearing with a probation violation hearing, provided the district court makes 

the proper probable cause findings with regard to the preliminary hearing and the proper 

preponderance of the evidence findings concerning the probation violation hearing.

Finally, we reject the State's argument that Lloyd's stipulation to being bound over 

on the kidnapping charge was invited error. He did not stipulate to violating his 

probation. As previously discussed, such a stipulation was inadequate to revoke his 

probation and, thus, invited error is inapplicable. We also reject the State's contention that 
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Lloyd's counsel's stipulation—that the preliminary hearing standard of proof is higher 

than it is at a probation violation hearing and the court can find Lloyd in violation of his 

probation based on the difference in the standards—is invited error because "no party can 

properly stipulate to an incorrect application of the law." State v. Donaldson, 35 Kan. 

App. 2d 540, 544, 133 P.3d 154 (2006).

We therefore vacate the district court's probation revocation order and imposition 

of sentence and remand this matter for a new probation violation hearing with 

instructions for the district court to apply the correct burden of proof. As we have vacated 

the district court's probation revocation order, Lloyd's additional assertion that the district 

court erred in not granting him an intermediate sanction is moot.

Vacated and remanded.