Streamflow From the 

United States Into the 

Atlantic Ocean During 

1931-60

By CONRAD D. BUE

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1899-1

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

William T. Pecora, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print'ng Office 

Washington, D.G. 20402 - Price 25 cents (paper cover)
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract__ _____.___._....._.________.._.___._.___.______________ II

Introduction. _____________________________________________________ 1

Purpose and scope_-___________________________________________ 1

Drainage areas.____---___-______-___-_-___________-__-___--___ 3

Divisions of coastline--------_---_--_---------____-__-------_-_--_- 3

Estimating discharge from ungaged areas_____________________________ 6

Period 1951-60__..____________._____________.. 6

Period 1931-50-__---_-___--_____---_____---__--__-__________ 6

Adjustment for major diversions.___________________________________ 11

Municipal use.________________________________________________ 11

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal.___-__--____-_____--__-______._ 14

Diversion from the Santee River to the Cooper River._____________ 15

Streamflow-______________________________________________________ 16

Summary of streamflow into the Atlantic Ocean.__________________ 16

Discharge of the Hudson River at mouth, 1890-1960.-..__________ 20

Discharge of the Charles River at mouth, 1920-60_____________ 29

Mean monthly discharge of the Penobscot and James Rivers, 1951-60- 29

Discharge of principal rivers, 1951-60 and 1931-60.-----__-__-__ 30

Comparison between different periods___________________________ 32

References__ _ ___________________________________________________ 35

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES 1-3. Graphs showing:

1. Use of water by New York City__.--__._-_._.___ 112

2. Pattern of streamflow into the Atlantic Ocean,

1931-60._____----_-.-_______-_-_-_-______ 19

3. Mean monthly discharge of Penobscot and James

Riveis, 1951-60.____________________ 30

in
IV CONTENTS

TABLES

TABLE 1. Use of water by New York City_______________________ 113

2. Components of discharge from reach 28__________________ 16

3. Streamflow into the Atlantic Ocean by segments...________ 18

4-13. Discharge from reaches 

4. 1-4, segment l.._______________________._______ 21

5. 5-10, segment 2______________________________ 22

6. 11-16, segment 3_.__--_-_._____-__.____ 23

7. 17-20, segment 4_._. _____ .___ _____ ._ . 24

8. 21-23, segment 5_____________________________ 25

9. 24 and 25, segment 6---_-----_-_---_---_-._-_--_ 26

10. 26 and 27, segment 7--------------------------- 26

11. 28-30, segment 8__..________--___-__-________ 27

12. 31 and 32, segment 9__._....____...._._ 27

13. 33 and 34, segment 10--_______-__---__-______ 28

14. Annual discharge of Hudson River at mouth, 1890-1P<50____ 28

15. Spill from Croton Reservoir___________________________ 29

16. Annual discharge of the Charles River at mouth and sewage

waste into Boston Harbor, 1920-60.___---__-_-___-____ 30

17. Mean monthly discharge of the Penobscot and James Rivers

1951-60.________-_-______.______.-__-_-_ 31

18. Discharge of principal rivers, 1951-60 and 1931-60._______ 31

19. Comparison between means for 10- and 30-year periods and 

period of record at selected gaging stations on principal 

rivers._____________________________________ ______ 34
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

STREAMFLOW FROM THE UNITED STATES INTO THE 

ATLANTIC OCEAN DURING 1931-60

By CONRAD D. BUE

ABSTRACT

Streamflow from the United States into the Atlantic Ocean, between the international stream St. Croix River, inclusive, and Cape Sable, Fla., averared about 

355,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) during the 30-year period 1931-60, o^ roughly 

20 percent of the water that, on the average flows out of the conterminous United 

States. The area drained by streams flowing into the Atlantic Ocean is about 

288,000 square miles, including the Canadian part of the St. Croix and Connecticut 

River basins, or a little less than 10 percent of the area of the conterminous United 

States. Hence, the average streamflow into the Atlantic Ocean, in terms of cubic 

feet per second per square mile, is about twice the national average of the flow 

that leaves the conterminous United States. Flow from about three-fourths of the 

area draining into the Atlantic Ocean is gaged at streamflow measuring stations 

of the U.S. Geological Survey. The remaining one-fourth of the drairage area 

consists mostly of low-lying coastal areas from which the flow was estimated, 

largely on the basis of nearby gaging stations.

Streamflow, in terms of cubic feet per second per square mile, decreases rather 

progressively from north to south. It averages nearly 2 cfs along the Maine 

coast, about 1 cfs along the North Carolina coast, and about 0.9 cfs along the 

Florida coast.

INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The original purpose of this study was to furnish data on streamflow 

into the Atlantic Ocean as requested by the Woods Hole Oceanc qraphic 

Institution. The data consisted of the following: Discharge 1 y years 

from specified segments of coastline for a 10-year period (the period 

not specified), discharge of the Charles Biver at mouth for the period 

1920-60, discharge of the Hudson River at mouth for the. period 

1890-1960, and mean monthly discharge of the Penobscot and James 

Rivers at mouth for a 10-year period (the period not specified). The 

10-year period 1951-60 was selected, partly because more streamflow

II
I 2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

records were available for that period than for any earlie** period and 

partly because it was presumed that data for a recent per'od would be 

more useful to the institution than those for an earlier period.

The coastline between the Canadian border and Cape Sable, Fla., 

was divided into 10 segments, as proposed by Dr. K. O. Emery of the 

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. For convenience, the segments 

of coastline were divided into reaches, some reaches consisting of the 

mouths of individual rivers or bays. The segments range, in size of 

contributing drainage area, from 10,808 square miles to 79,260 square 

miles. The total contributing drainage area is 288,339 square miles, of 

which about three-fourths is gaged. Flow from the remaining onefourth, which consists mostly of coastal areas, was estimated on the 

basis of streamflow records from nearby gaging stations.

Figures of discharge into the ocean between Cape Kennedy and 

Cape Sable were furnished by the Tallahassee office of the U.S. Geological Survey. Much of the area along the coast from Cr.pe Kennedy 

to St. Lucie Canal contains well-developed canal systems constructed 

by drainage districts. The major drainage canals were gaged during 

the entire 10-year period; flow in other canals having shorter records 

was estimated from the short-term records. From St. Lucie Canal 

southward to Cape Sable about 85 percent of the drainage to the ocean 

was gaged as of 1965.

After the original 10-year study was completed, the study was extended back to 1931 so as to coincide with the standard reference period 

1931-60.

For the purpose of determining flow into the ocean, v^ater wasted 

from cities along the coast was added to the observed streamflow 

where the waste was large enough to be of some significance. Cities 

for which the wastes were thus accounted are Boston, New York, 

Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. Where figures 

of actual waste were not available, it was assumed that tl~e waste was 

equivalent to the water consumption of the city. Streamflow records 

used herein are, with certain exceptions, the observed discharges as 

measured at gaging stations and do not include water diverted upstream from the gaging stations for municipal use by downstream 

cities. Hence, where these diversions are of significant size, it is appropriate that they be accounted for by adding the waste water to obtain 

the total inflow into the ocean.

For the purpose of estimating ungaged inflow to the Hudson River 

below Mechanicville, the 378 square miles of drainage are?, of the Croton Eiver above the Croton Dam was withdrawn as being noncontributing, because all the water of the Croton River is diverted at the dam 

for municipal use by New York City, except for occasional spill at the
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAF I 3

dam. The spill, measured at a gaging station just below the dam, 

was added to the fllow of the Hudson River. The water diverted to 

New York City is assumed to be wasted into the bay beyond the mouth 

of the Hudson River and was included in the outflow from reach 18. 

Figures of drainage area of the Hudson River, however, as well as 

those for reach 18, include the Croton River basin.

DRAINAGE AREAS

Streamflow reports of the U.S. Geological Survey give drainage 

areas at all gaging stations used in this study. Gaging stations are, 

however, almost invariably located some distance above the mouth 

of the stream and above tidewater, so that the lower reaches of rivers 

tributary to the ocean are ungaged, and many small coastal t asins are 

wholly ungaged. For areas of ungaged drainages, the following various 

reports were consulted: Carter (1959), Maine State Water Storage 

Commission (1910 and 1913), Vermeule (1894), Virginia Department 

of Conservation and Economic Development (1960), and Walker 

(1962).

For the other coastal States, supplementary drainage area data were 

obtained from the district offices of the Geological Survey, mostly in 

mimeographed, unpublished form. Some supplemental drainage area 

data were also available in the Corps of Engineers' "308" reports 

reports prepared under the provisions of House Document No. 308, 

69th Congress, first session.

The areas of many small basins, or subbasins, were measi^red with 

a planimeter. As the maps used were small scale, the areas are subject to a fairly large percentage error, but as these areas constitute only 

a very small part of the total area, the overall error from this source 

is probably insignificant. In some basins, where the total drainage area 

had already been determined by the Corps of Engineers or another 

agency it was possible to adjust the planimetered areas so that the 

sum of all the subareas within the basin agreed with the total. Wherever possible, such adjustments were made to the planimetered areas 

to avoid inconsistencies with figures already published.

DIVISIONS OF COASTLINE

SEGMENT 1 

St. CroLs River to Penobscot Bay, inclusive

Reach 1: St. Croix River to the East Machias River, inclusive. 

Reach 2: Machias River to Pleasant Bay, exclusive of tre Narraguagus River. 

Reach 3. Narraguagus River to but excluding Penobscot Bay.
I 4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

Reach 4: Penobscot Bay, which includes the Penobsco* River and 

contributing areas on the right and left banks of the bay.

SEGMENT 2 

From Penobscot Bay to Orleans, Mass.

Reach 5: From Penobscot Bay to and including the outer exit of the 

Kennebec and Androscoggin Rivers.

Reach 6: From the Androscoggin River to and including the Saco 

River.

Reach 7: From the Saco River to and including the Piscataqua 

River.

Reach 8: From the Piscataqua River to Cape Ann, Mass.

Reach 9: Massachusetts Bay, extending from Cape Ann to the 42d 

parallel.

Reach 10: From the 42d parallel to Orleans, Mass. This reach consists mainly of Cape Cod Bay.

SEGMENT 3 

From Orleans, Mass., to the Connecticut-New York State line

Reach 11: From Orleans to but exclusive of the Taunton River.

Reach 12: Narraganset Bay, including the Taunton River.

Reach 13: From Narraganset Bay to the Rhode Island-Connecticut 

State line.

Reach 14: From the Rhode Island-Connecticut State line to and including the Connecticut River.

Reach 15: From the Connecticut River to and including the Housatonic River.

Reach 16: From the Housatonic River to the Connecticut-New York 

State line.

SEGMENT 4 

From the Connecticut-New York States line to Cape May, N.J.

Reach 17: Consists of Long Island and a contributing area lying

between the East River and the Hudson River drainage

divide. 

Reach 18: Lower New York Bay, which includes the Hudson, Hackensack, Passaic, and Raritan Rivers, and the spill from

Croton Reservoir. 

Reach 19: From Lower New York Bay to but exclusive of the Mullica

River. 

Reach 20: Mullica River to Cape May.
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAF I 5

SEGMENT 5 

From Cape May to Cape Henry, Va.

Reach 21: Delaware Bay.

Reach 22: Coastal area in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, between

Cape Henlopen, Del., and Cape Charles, Va. 

Reach 23: Chesapeake Bay.

SEGMENT 6 

From Cape Henry to a point on the outer bank east of Moorhead City, N.C., at lat 34°40'

Reach 24: From Cape Henry to lat 35°55', which appears to be about

the junction of Albemarle and Panilico Sounds Because

of the outer bank, however, the water from Albemarle

Sound may have to flow south to the first break in the

bank, which appears to be at lat 35°49'.

Reach 25: From lat 35°55' to lat 34°40'. It includes Pamlico Sound 

and probably most of Core Sound.

SEGMENT 7

From lat 34°40' (the vicinity of Moorhead City) to Georgetown, S.C., exclusive of the Pee Dee

River

Reach 26: From lat 34°40' to and including the Cape Fer.r River. 

Reach 27: From the Cape Fear River to the Pee Dee River, but 

exclusive of both.

SEGMENT 8 

Pee Dee River to but exclusive of the Altamaha River

Reach 28: Pee Dee River to the Edisto River, inclusive of both. 

Reach 29: From the Edisto River to and including the Savannah

River. 

Reach 30: From the Savannah River to the Altamaha River, but

exclusive of both.

SEGMENT 9 

Altamaha River to Cape Kennedy

Reach 31: Altamaha River to the St. Marys River, inclusive of both. 

Reach 32: From the St. Marys River to Cape Kennedy.

SEGMENT 10

From Cape Kennedy to Cape Sable, Fla.

Reach 33: From Cape Kennedy to and including the St. Lucie Canal

and the St. Lucie River. 

Reach 34: From the St. Lucie Canal to Cape Sable.

368-916 70 2
I 6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

ESTIMATING DISCHARGE FROM TJNGAGED AREAS

PERIOD 1951-60

Discharge from ungaged areas was estimated, by years, on the basis 

of nearby gaged streams. Mean discharge for the year in a nearby gaged 

stream, or streams, expressed as cubic feet per second per square 

mile, was applied to the ungaged area. Insofar as possible-, the gaged 

streams used were those having drainage areas of similar size as the 

ungaged area and at similar elevations, so that it could be inferred 

that the runoff characteristics of the gaged streams were somewhat 

similar to the ungaged area from which discharge was to be estimated.

In estimating the discharge from an ungaged area, as many streamflow records as available were used as a basis. The modal number of 

streamflow records available was three; for a very few areas only one 

streamflow record was available, or as many as five. With a very few 

exceptions, the mean discharges for the year from the gaga-d streams, 

expressed as cubic feet per second per square mile, were simply averaged and applied to the ungaged area. In the few exceptional areas, 

where there was great disparity in the discharge of the gaged streams, 

greater weight was given to streams that had drainage areas of comparable size.

It is recognized that this technique is subject to error, the error 

being variable from year to year and from place to plac^. The flow 

of small streams, particularly the monthly flow, tends to be erratic, 

even if their basins adjoin. For example, in any 1-month period the 

flow of one stream may be substantially less than in the preceding 

month, whereas in a nearby stream the flow may be greater than in 

the preceding month. However, the resulting errors introduced in the 

estimated yearly means of ungaged streams should be much smaller 

than in monthly means, and the errors in long-term means even 

smaller. During the period 1951-60 only about 25 percent of the total 

area of the Atlantic Coast drainage was ungaged; the corresponding 

estimated discharge was 24 percent of the total.

Extension of the study from 1950 back to 1931 required some modification of the procedures used in calculating the flow for the period 

1951-60, owing to the fact that many streamflow records used in the 

10-year study did not go back to 1931. Those modifications are discussed briefly in the following section of the report.

PERIOD 1931-50

Insofar as possible, the same gaging-station records and the same 

procedures were used in calculating streamflow into the ocean for the 

20-year period 1931-50 as for the 10-year period 1951-60. Along the 

New England coast most of the stations used in the 10-year study
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 7

had records of the required length. For the comparatively few records 

that did not go back to 1931, it was possible to make extensions on the 

basis of nearby streams. South of New England, many records did not 

go back beyond 1951, or not far enough to warrant extension. Hence, 

for some areas along the coast south of New England it was foimd expedient to resort to graphical relations with long-record stations, 

rather than attempt to extend the records of many small streams. 

Graphical extensions were thus made for discharge from Long Island, 

Chesapeake Bay, Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, reach 26 consisting 

mainly of the Cape Fear River, reach 27 consisting mainly of the Pee 

Dee River, reach 28 consisting mainly of the Santee River, and reach 

29 consisting mainly of the Savannah River.

REACH 17 (LONG ISLAND)

Long Island and a 155 square-mile area in continental New York 

lying between the East and Hudson Rivers are designated as reach 17. 

A greater part of the streamflow from Long Island is southward directly into the ocean, and only a small part is northward into Long 

Island Sound, but as all the flow eventually discharges into tl °. ocean, 

this study makes no attempt to separate the two components1

For the 10-year study, no streamflow records were available in Kings 

and Queens Counties. Streamflow from these counties was estimated 

largely on the basis of runoff rates in the Bronx River, although the 

high degree of urbanization has undoubtedly had a marked effect on 

the natural runoff rates. In addition to streamflow, water is wasted to 

the ocean in sewers. Some of this wasted water comes from the New 

York City municipal system and some is pumped from wells on Long 

Island. For the purpose of this study, no adjustment was made for 

either component of wastage. (All the water from the New York City 

system is assumed to be wasted into New York Bay. See "Municipal 

use" under the section "Adjustment for major diversions.")

For Nassau and Suffolk Counties, 18 gaging-station records were 

available in the 10-year study. Additional information, both quantitative and qualitative, was obtained from Brice (1951), Sawyer (1958), 

and from E. J. Pluhowski (oral commim., about Mar. 15, 19-5) who 

had participated in a ground-water study in Suffolk County.

Very little of the information used in the 10-year study was s.vailable 

for the period 1931-50, so that period was estimated from a curve of 

relation between the Hudson River and the streamflow from Long 

Island for the period 1951-60. The points scatter considerably, but a 

relation was loosely defined. The mean of the 20 years estimated 

graphically is 1,014 cfs (cubic feet per second), which, wh°.n combined with the 10-year mean of 1,106 cfs, gives a 30-year mean of 1,045
I 8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

cfs. The 30-year mean thus obtained is about 6 percent loss than the 

10-year mean, which is consistent with other streamflow records along 

this part of the coastline. (See also table 19.)

REACH 23 (CHESAPEAKE BAY)

In calculating the inflow to Chesapeake Bay for the 10-year period 

1951-60, gaging-station records from 54 streams were used. These 

streamflow records accounted for about 80 percent of the drainage 

basin of the bay, ungaged areas constituting the remaining: 20 percent. 

Streamflow from the ungaged areas was estimated on the basis of records at nearby gaged streams.

Many of the records used in the 10-year study did not go back beyond 1951, or at best only a few years. When the study WTS extended 

back to 1931, other procedures were necessary in lieu of the missing 

streamflow records. The best results were obtained from curves of relation between selected reference gaging stations and inflo^ to the bay 

for the 10-year period 1951-60. A requirement for a reference station 

was that its record go back to 1931 and hence could be used as a basis 

for estimating inflow to the bay during the period 1931-50. The stations used were Susquehanna Kiver at Marietta, Pa.; Potomac Kiver 

near Washington, D.C., adjusted for diversions; EappahannockKiver 

near Fredericksburg, Va.; South Anna Eiver near AshlaiH, Va.; Appomattox Eiver near Petersburg, Va.; and James Eiver near Eichmond, Va., adjusted to include the flow of the James Eiver and 

Kanawha Canal, which have a total drainage area of 47,634 square 

miles, or 73 percent of the drainage area of the bay.

The bay was divided into segments by cross sectionr across the 

bay. Cross section 1 was just above the mouth of the Potomac, cross 

section 2 was just below the Potomac, cross section 3 was just above the 

James, 'and cross section 4 was across the mouth of the H.y between 

Capes Charles and Henry. Inflow above cross section 1 was estimated 

from Susquehanna Eiver at Marietta. The increment of inf ow between 

cross sections 1 and 2 was estimated from Potomac Eiver near Washington, D.C. The increment of inflow 'between cross sections 2 and 3 

was estimated from Eappahannock Elver near Fredericksburg and 

South Anna Eiver near Ashland, the Eappahannock Eiver being given 

a weight of 2 on the basis of comparative drainage areas. The increment of inflow between cross sections 3 and 4 was estimated from James 

Eiver near Eichmond and Appomattox Eiver near Petersburg, the 

Appomattox Eiver being given a weight of 2.6 on the basis of comparative drainage areas. The total inflow to the bay is tl <m the sum 

of the four increments.

To check the probable reliability of the estimates obtained by this 

procedure, the inflow to the bay was estimated for the years 1951-60
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 9

and compared with the basic calculations in which all available streamflow records were used. Differences in the yearly means ranged from 

 8 percent to +7 percent, but the two 10-year means agreed within 

half a percent. It is assumed that the estimates for the 20-yerr period 

1931-50 are within the same range of accuracy.

REACH 24 (ALBEMARLE SOUND)

The inflow to Albermarle Sound during the 20-year period 1931-50 

was estimated from a curve of relation between the yearly inflow to the 

sound for the 10-year period 1951-60 and a weighted average of the 

flow at the gaging stations Nottoway River near Sebrell, Va., and 

Roanoke River at Roanoke Rapids, N.C. The Sebrell record was given 

a weight of 2.8 on the basis of the fact that its drainage area was 

more nearly comparable with that of the ungaged streams.

REACH 25 (PAMLICO SOUND)

The inflow to Pamlico Sound during the 20-year period of 1931-50 

was estimated from a curve of relation between the flow at tin gaging 

stations Tar River at Tarboro, N.C., and Neuse River at Kinston, N.C., 

and the total yearly inflow to the sound for the 10-year period 1951- 

60. Both stations were given equal weight.

REACH 26 (CAFE FEAR RIVER)

Reach 26 (10,521 sq mi) consists mainly of the Cape Fear River 

(9,136 sq mi at mouth). None of the gaging stations used in the 1951- 

60 study had records back to 1931. The principal station, Ope Fear 

River at lock 3 near Tarheel, N.C., which has records beginning in 

1938, was extended back to 1931 on the basis of the upstream station 

at Fayetteville. A curve of relation was then drawn between tl ^ yearly 

flow at the Tarheel station and the yearly inflow to the read during 

1951-60, and from this relation curve, the inflow during 1931-50 was 

estimated on the basis of the Tarheel station.

REACH 27 (PEE DEE RIVER)

Reach 27 (18,562 sq mi) consists mainly of the Pee Dee River (16,310 

sq mi at mouth). As few of the gaging stations used in the 1951-60 

study have records back to 1931, the outflow from reach 27 during 

the 20-year period 1931-50 was estimated from a curve of relation 

between a weighted yearly flow at four gaging stations and the yearly 

outflow from reach 27 during the period 1951-60. The stations used 

were Pee Dee River at Pee Dee, S.C.; Lynches River at EPngham, 

S.C.; Lumber River at Boardman, S.C.; and Black River at Kingstree, 

S.C.; which have a combined drainage area of 12,340 square miles. 

On the basis of comparative drainage areas, the flow at the last three 

stations was given double weight.
I 10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES 

REACH 28 (SANTEE RIVER)

Keach 28 (20,545 sq mi) consists mainly of the Santee Eiver (15,700 

sq mi at mouth). Owing to regulation and lack of streamf ow records, 

it was not possible to calculate the outflow from reach 28 for 1931-50 

by the some procedure as for 1951-60. The outflow was estimated 

from a curve of relation between yearly flow of Santee Eiver near Pineville and of reach 28 for the period 1951-60.

In order to use the gaging station Santee River near Pineville 

as a reference, it was necessary to construct an adjusted record of unregulated flow for the entire period 1931-60. The Santee Eiver is 

completely regulated by Lake Marion just upstream from the Pineville gaging station, and the greater part of the flow of the river is 

diverted from Lake Marion to Lake Moultrie through the Lakes 

Marion-Moultrie diversion canal. Only the water released down the 

Santee Eiver, which in most years is a small part of the total flow, 

passes the Pineville station.

Unregulated streamflow records upstream at Ferguson were available for 1931-41. As the drainage area at Ferguson is only 100 

square miles less than at Pineville, the two sites are considered equivalent when Pineville is adjusted for regulation. The Ferguson record 

ends with the 1941 water year. Storage in Lake Marion began in 

November 1941. The Pineville record begins in May 1942, but records 

of diversion in the Marion-Moultrie canal were not pubHshed until 

October 1943. Hence, for the purpose of this study, the water years 

1942 and 1943 were cosidered as being missing at Pineville. An unregulated record at Pineville was then constructed as follows: for the 

period 1931-41, the observed flow at Ferguson was used; fo^ the period 

1944-60, the observed flow at Pineville was adjusted for diversion in 

the Marion-Moultrie canal and for change in contents in La ke Marion; 

and for the years 1942 and 1943, the flow was estimated from a curve 

of relation between Pineville, adjusted, and Saluda Eiver rear Columbia, S.C., adjusted, based on the periods 1936-41 and 1944-45. Beginning with 1944 the Pineville record was adjusted by adding to the 

observed flow at the Pineville station the flow of the Marion-Moultrie 

canal, adjusted for change in contents in Lake Marion converted to 

equivalent cubic feet per second. If storage in Lake Marion decreased 

during the year, the equivalent amount of the decrease was subtracted 

because it had come out of storage rather than down the Santee Eiver; 

conversely, if storage in Lake Marion increased, the equivalent amount 

was added. The adjusted mean thus obtained at Pineville for the 10- 

year period 1951-60 is about 11 percent less than the adjusted mean 

for the 30-year period 1931-60, which is consistent with other streamflow records along this part of the coastline. (See also tr.ble 19.)

A curve of relation was drawn between the adjusted Pineville flow
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN 111

and the outflow from reach 28 for the 10-year period 1951-60, and 

this relation was used to estimate the outflow from reach £? for the 

period 1931-50 on the basis of adjusted Pineville flow for that period.

BEACH 29 (SAVANNAH RIVER)

Reach 29 (13,445 sq mi) consists mainly of the Savannah Eiver 

(10,600 sq mi at mouth). Outflow from the reach for the period 

1931-50 was estimated from a curve of relation between tiH station 

Savannah River near Clyo, Ga., and the yearly outflow from the reach 

for the period 1951-60. A gap of 4 years (1934-37) in the Cl^o record 

was estimated on the basis of a curve of relation between the Clyo 

station (9,850 sq mi) and the Augusta station (7,508 sq mi).

ADJUSTMENT FOR MAJOR DIVERSIONS

MUNICIPAL USE 

BOSTON

The figures showing the amount of waste from sewers that flowed 

into Boston Harbor were furnished by the Massachusetts Metropolitan 

District Commission. As nearly as can be ascertained, the waste is 

water that was diverted above measuring points on streams and hence 

is not included in the streamflow records. As actual, or historic, flow 

is used in this study, diversions were not traced to the stream or 

streams from which they originated, nor was any adjustment made to 

streamflow. The waste must, however, be added to obtain the flow 

of Massachusetts B'ay into the ocean. Figures of waste were furnished 

for the years 1920-60; for the 10 years 1951-60 the waste averaged 

537 cfs, and for the 30 years 1931-60 it averaged 466 cfs.

NEW YORK CITY

Water for the New York City municipal supply is diverted above 

measuring points on streams and hence is not included in thQ. streamflow records. Except for spill at Croton Dam, all the Grot on River 

is diverted at the dam to the municipal water system. (Se^ p. 12).

Figures of water use and population for the years 1898-1951 were 

obtained from a report entitled "A Description of the Water-Supply 

System of the City of New York," by the New York Department of 

Water Supply, Gas and Electricity (1952). Figures of water use for 

the years 1952-60 were obtained from the New York Department 

of Water Supply; figures of population for those years were furnished 

by the Bureau of the Census. Although the figures of water use were 

used only for the period 1931-60 in calculating the flow into the bay 

(reach 18), earlier figures are available and they are shown in table 1. 

Figure 1 shows a graphical comparison between water use and population for the period 1900-60.
112 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

1900

1800

1950 1960

FIGURE 1. Use of water by New York City.
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN 113

TABLE 1. Use of water by New York City for calendar years 1898-1960

[Figures for 1898-1951 obtained from a report "A Description of the Water-Supply System of New York 

City," 1952, by the New York Department of Water Supply, Gas, and Electricity; those for 1952-60 

furnished by the New York Department of Water Supply]

Calendar 

year

1898 -

1899 ---

1900 ---

1901 

1902 _-_

1903-__---

1904 ---

1905 ---

1906 ---

1907 ---

1908 ---

IQflQ

1910 ---

1911 ---

1912 -_-

1913 ---

1914 -__

Cubic 

feet 

per 

second

- 503

_ 542

. 574

_ 583

_ 600

_ 616

_ 652

_ 688

_ 715

- 739

_ 743

_ 744

TC*?

- 714

_ 727

- 718

_ 786

Calendar 

year

1915 -_

1916 -_-

1917--__-

1918 -_-

1919 __

1920 ___

1921- 

1922. _ -__

1923 _-_

1924 --

1925- -__

1926 ---

1 Q97

1928 ---

1929 --

1930 _-_

1931 ___

Cubic 

feet 

per 

second

_ 766

- 816

_ 845

_ 958

_ 958

_ 1,068

_ 1,060

_ 1,089

_ 1, 125

_ 1, 148

_ 1,239

- 1,274

1 97R

_ 1,293

_ 1,396

_ 1,458

- 1,399

Calendar 

year

1932 __

1933 

1934 --

1935- -

1936 __ _

1937 ___

1938 ___

1939 __

1940 __

1941 

1942 

1943 __

1Q4.4.

1945 ___

1946 

1947- __-

1948 -__

Cubic 

feet 

per 

second

_ 1,391

. 1,389

_ 1,422

_ 1,410

- 1,443

. 1,444

_ 1,452

_ 1,488

- 1,368

_ 1,433

_ 1,344

_ 1,395

1 4Q4

- 1,567

_ 1,660

- 1,753

_ 1,795

Calendir 

year

1949 -

1950 _

1951 -

1952------

1953 __._

1954------

1955 __-.

1956 ____

1957 -

1958 _-__

1959 --__

I960 .--_

Mean,

1931-60-

Cubic 

feet 

per 

second

1,796

1,458

1,596

1,676

1,698

1,651

1,716

1,729

1,822

1,785

1,876

1,903

1,578

Water use by New York City (table 1) averaged 1,745 cfs during the 

10-year period 1951-60 and 1,578 cfs during the 30-year period 1931- 

60. Waste water is discharged at several points, including the lower 

Hudson River, the East River, Long Island Sound, Rockavay Inlet, 

Jamaica Bay, Raritan Bay, and New York Bay. As no breakdown of 

the amounts wasted at each point is available, all the waste is assumed 

to be discharged, either directly or indirectly, into New York Bay 

beyond the mouth of the Hudson River. Thus, all the waste ir included 

in the discharge of reach 18, segment 4 (table 7). This assumption as 

to point of discharge introduces a slight inaccuracy, but the figures of 

total outflow from reaches 17 and 18 are not affected.

PHILADELPHIA

The city of Philadelphia takes its water from the Delaware and 

Schuylkill Rivers. Water from the Schuylkill River is diverted at a 

point upstream from the measuring point, the gaging station Schuylkill River at Philadelphia, but the streamflow records are adjusted for 

this diversion. Water from the Delaware River is diverted at a point 

downstream from the Trenton gaging station. As Philadelphia wastes 

its water back into the Delaware River, no further adjustment for 

waste is applicable.

BALTIMORE

According to Water-Supply Paper 1812, the water use of Baltimore 

in 1962 was 211 mgd, (million gallons per day) and the population

368-916 70 3
I 14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

served was 1,387,000. According to the 1954 inventory by the U.S. Public Health Service, the water use was 199 mgd, and the population 

served was 1,261,000. Therefore, it was assumed that the average water 

use during the decade 1951-60 was 205 mgd, or 318 cfs.

Water from the Gunpowder Eiver, supplemented from the Susquehanna River, constitutes about 55 percent of the total, and the Patapsco River furnishes the remaining 45 percent. Water is taker out of the 

Gunpowder and Patapsco Rivers above the measuring points, so that 

the streamflow records do not include the diversions. Water from the 

Susquehanna is taken out downstream from the measuring point, so 

that no adjustment would be required for this diversion. It was assumed, however, that the supplemental water from the Susauehanna is 

so small in comparison with the Gunpowder diversion that the entire 

diversion of 318 cfs can be added to the flow of Chesapeake Bay during 

the period 1951-60 without appreciable error. As the flow of Chesapeake Bay was calculated graphically for the period 1931-50 (see section on Chesapeake Bay), no separate adjustment was made for that 

period.

WASHINGTON, B.C.

The city of Washington takes its water from the Potomac River 

upstream from the gaging station near Washington D.C., and wastes 

its water back into the Potomac River downstream from the gaging 

station. The Potomac River streamflow records used in this report are 

adjusted for this diversion, so that no further adjustment for waste 

from Washington is applicable.

CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL

The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is a sea-level navigation channel between the upper end of Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River. 

Water in the canal may flow in either direction, depending upon the 

difference in the height of the tides at the ends of the canal.

A publication by the Corps of Engineers, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, which is dated August 1965 and entitled "Inland Waterway 

Between Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay Problem of Disposal 

of Material to Be Removed From a Portion of Channel in the Chesapeake Bay," states that "under present conditions (27 X 250-foot channel), the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal carries approximately 

43,000,000 cubic feet more flow eastbound than it does westbound per 

tide cycle of 12.42 hours during normal tides." This net difference is 

equivalent to a little less than 1,000 cfs. A pamphlet issued by the 

Philadelphia District, Corps of Engineers, which is dated April 1967 

and entitled "Inland Waterway, Delaware River to Chesapeake Bay 

Historic Chesapeake and Delaware Canal," states that "the mean
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEA1 T I 15

range (of tide) at the Delaware River end is approximately 5% feet 

while at the western end of the canal proper it is about 2 fe°,t * * *. 

The mean level of the water surface at the western end is about 0.3 foot 

higher than mean river level in the Delaware at the eastern end."

Prior to 1935 the canal was 12 feet deep and the width ranged from 

90 to 150 feet. Between 1935 and 1938 the dimensions were increased 

to 27 feet deep and 250 feet wide. In 1954, work began on deepening 

the canal to 35 feet and widening it to 450 feet; as of Januarj 1,1967, 

the work was about 51 percent complete. As the canal is a sea-level 

channel, it would seem reasonable to believe that the slope of the 

water surface is little affected by change in dimensions, and that the 

flow in the canal is somewhat proportional to the controlling, or minimum, cross section. Accordingly, the net eastward flow in the canal is 

estimated to be about as follows: 1931-35, 200 cfs; 1936, 500 cfs; 1937, 

800 cfs; and 1938-60,1,000 cfs. When the enlargement now in progress 

is completed, the canal will likely carry proportionally more water 

than it does now.

As far as total flow into the ocean is concerned, it makes no difference 

whether or not adjustment is made for diversion of water by the canal. 

Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay are both in segment 5 of the coastline (see table 8); both unadjusted and adjusted figures are shown for 

both bays (reaches 21 and 23). The total outflow- from segment 5 is the 

same, regardless of which set of figures is used.

DIVERSION FROM THE SANTEE RIVER TO THE COOPER RIVER

Water is stored in Lake Marion (storage began in November 1941), 

2.4 miles upstream from the gaging station Santee River near Pineville and diverted through the Lakes Marion-Moultrie diversion canal 

to Lake Moultrie (storage began in November 1941), from whence 

it is released into the West Branch Cooper River. Records of discharge in the canal began in October 1944.

The Cooper River basin occupies roughly half of an ungaged area 

of 1,800 square miles of coastal area lying between the basins of the 

Santee and Edisto Rivers. The discharge of the Santee and Edisto 

Rivers, the diversion from the Santee to the Cooper River, and the 

discharge originating within the 1,800-square-mile area are included 

in reach 28, a breakdown of which is shown in table 2 for tho 10-year 

period 1951-60. About half of the discharge from the 1,800-square-mile 

area is assumed to originate in the Cooper River basin.

The amount of water released into the Cooper River basin is equal 

to the discharge of the Marion-Moultrie canal adjusted for change 

in contents in Lake Moultrie. If storage in Lake Moultrie increased 

during the year, the equivalent amount in cubic feet per second was sub-
116 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

tracted from the discharge of the Marion-Moultrie canal; conversely, 

if storage decreased, the equivalent amount was added. Records of 

release to the Cooper Eiver basin are available since 1944. During the 

17-year period 1944-60 the release ranged from 7,377 cfs in 1955 to 

19,920 cfs in 1960 and averaged 13,770 cfs. Releases during 1951-60 

are shown in table 2.

TABLE 2. Components of discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reach 28

Water year

1951_-_________

1952__.________

1953_-_________

1954____. ______

1955___ ___ ____

1956___________

1957__ _____--

1958__--_--____

1959____-_

1960_-_________

TJngaged Release fronr 

Santee River Bdisto River area m- Santee 

at mouth at mouth eluding River to 

Cooper Cooper 

River basin » River

______ 1,305

______ 2,937

______ 1,357

______ 1,298

______ 1,303

______ 1,288

-_-___ 1,289

---___ 4,658

----- 1,615

9 217

1,910 

2,322 

2,214 

1,621 

1,311 

1,667 

1,401 

3, 104 

2,998 

5,748

1, 116 

1,332 

1,242 

1,008 

684 

810 

774 

1,710 

1,566 

2,988

11, 920 

12, 570 

13, 410 

11, 530 

7,377 

9,003 

9,817 

18, 130 

13, 890 

19, 920

Total for 

reach 28

16, 250 

19, 160 

18, 220 

15, 460 

10, 680 

12, 770 

13, 280 

27, 600 

20, 070 

37, 880

Mean. 2, 627 2, 430 1, 323 12, 760 19, 140

Drainage area in 

square miles _ 15, 700 3, 045 1,800 20, 545

1 Approximately half of this discharge is assumed to originate in the Cooper River basin

STREAMFI.OW

SUMMARY OF STREAMFLOW INTO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

Streamflow from the United States into the Atlantic Ocean, between 

the St. Croix River, inclusive, and Cape Sable, Fla., averaged about 

363,000 cfs during the 10-year period 1951-60 and about 355,000 cfs 

during the 30-year period 1931-60. Streamflow from the conterminous United States into the oceans and across the international 

boundaries was computed by Langbein (1949) as about 1,800,000 cfs 

for the period 1921-45, and the Water Resources Council (1968) gives 

1,860,000 cfs as the annual natural runoff for the period 1931-60 from 

the same area. Hence, the flow into the Atlantic Ocean is roughly 

20 percent of the flow from the conterminous United State*.

The area drained by streams flowing into the Atlantic Ocean is 288,- 

339 square miles, including 625 square miles of the St. Croix River 

basin in New Brunswick and 114 square miles of the Connecticut River 

basin in Quebec, a little less than 10 percent of the area of the conterminous United States. Thus in terms of cubic feet per second per 

square mile, the flow into the Atlantic Ocean is about twice the national
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 17

average of the flow that leaves the conterminous United States. Table 

3 summarizes, by segments, streamflow into the Atlantic Ocean for each 

year of the 30-year period 1931-60. The table shows also the 30-year 

mean for each segment, and the segment means and yearly totals expressed in terms of cubic feet per second per square mile. Flow is not 

uniformly high or low along the entire coastline. In some segments 

the flow may be below average in any 1-year period and above average 

in other segments. However, in 1931, the year of lowest total flow, 

the flow in all segments was well below average, and in 1960, the year 

of highest total flow, the flow in all segments was well above average.

Total discharge to the ocean, in terms of cubic feet per second 

(from table 3), is plotted in figure 2. Although there apparently is 

a very slight upward trend during the 30-year period, this trend is 

probably due to the fact that the period begins in a sequence of low 

years and ends in a sequence of high years. If the graph were extended both ways so as to include some higher years before 1931 and 

some lower years after 1960, the apparent upward trend would 110 

doubt be nullified.

In terms of cubic feet per second per square mile, streamflow decreases rather progressively from north to south. It averages nearly 

2 cfs along the Maine coast, about 1 cfs along the North Carolina 

coast, and about 0.9 cfs along the Florida coast.

In contrast to streamflow, precipitation increases from north to 

south. The normal statewide precipitation is about 42 inches in Maine, 

49 inches in North Carolina, and 55 inches in Florida. Accordingly, 

the precipitation-runoff ratio decreases from about 0.6 in Maine to 

about 0.3 in North Carolina and to about 0.2 in Florida. This decrease in runoff from north to south may be explained in pr.rt by the 

corresponding increase in evaporation. According to U.S. Weather 

Bureau Technical Paper No. 37 (pi. 1) average annual Clrss A pan 

evaporation averages about 25-30 inches in Maine, 50-55 inches in 

North Carolina, and 60-65 inches in Florida.

As pointed out by Hidore (1966), one cause of the decreasing 

runoff per unit area from north to south is the greater seepage into 

the coastal plain sediments (the coastal plain widens progressively 

from New Jersey southward to North Carolina). Proof of this is 

found in the existence of fresh water in the extension of the coastal 

plain aquifiers under the continental shelf (Manheim, 1967).

Tables 4-13 show the breakdown of discharge by reaches for each 

of the 10 segments.

Many streams that discharge from the mainland empty into a bay 

or a sound, instead of directly into the ocean. As the outflow from bays 

and sounds is not measured directly, the outflow from such bodies of 

water to the ocean is considered as being equivalent to the tctal inflow
TABLE 3. Streamflow in cubic feet per second into the Atlantic Ocean, 'by segments between t

1931-60

Water year Segment 11 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5 Segment 6 Segmen

1931 17.030 27,210 23,430 21,070 57,370 19,050 23,0

1932 23,070 29,530 22,470 24,240 68,560 15,950 21,4

1933 23,230 38,720 34,710 34,630 119,300 27,220 32,3

1934 24,430 32,480 30,140 26,590 71,680 22,270 16,8

1935 _. 23,830 36,300 30,990 28,580 106,800 32,600 28,1

1936 _______ .... 28,440 43,220 33,130 33,110 117,900 42,140 47,1

1937 23,870 40,900 35,760 33,020 114,500 42,500 43,0

1938 ___ 23,750 40,640 42,200 35,070 94,540 33,170 22,5

1939-. ________ .. _ 23,550 36,140 35,210 33,610 94,600 35,290 34,7

1940 23,560 33,390 30,790 29,590 97,780 29,790 18,0

1941 17,570 21,900 20,830 23,100 75,010 18,960 18,8

1942_ .... 20,870 26,790 24,080 23,690 79,990 15,180 23,5

1943 __ ______ _______ 19,160 32,740 32,850 36,120 124,700 29,520 30,6

1944 21,220 33,120 23,710 26,280 82,600 25,820 33,0

1945 _- 28,940 43,160 35,700 36,500 107,900 35,920 38,2

1946_____ _______________ _ _ 22,350 36,580 31,550 33,170 114,100 33,580 36,9

1947_____________________________ 26,140 38,060 29,010 31,840 89,450 20,930 25,0

1948 _ 16,920 27,310 30,670 31,580 103,800 34,220 41,5

1949- _ ______._.. 18,710 26,280 25,460 28,850 112,200 39,260 44,6

1950____. _________ ___________ _ 19,700 26,670 23,270 26,810 97,060 23,100 23,1

1951._____________________ 32,550 44,130 32,770 34,320 116,500 16,680 16,0

1952 _ ____ 27,760 48,040 40,530 43,070 128,000 27,600 24,6

1953___ _______ .___ .. 23,480 42,330 36,560 34,970 111,900 21,400 24,5

1954________ ____________________ 33,910 48,780 32,740 26,820 65,040 20,110 19,3

1955,. _________ . ____________ 32,110 43,480 38,110 30,080 87,600 25,560 24,3

1956_.__ ________ _ ______ 18,170 37,530 40,740 36,590 97,900 21,120 20,8

1957_______________________ _____ 15,330 23,270 21,520 23,170 88,850 25,720 21,6

1958_.___________________________ 28,300 43,390 34,750 33,360 122,000 42,720 43,9

1959____.________________________ 24,430 31,070 27,520 27,650 73,850 28,360 34,7

1960._________________ ----___ __.. 32,510 48,270 39,630 37,760 119,300 45,740 54,2

Mean....-.-..-_._.----_.._ 23,830 36,050 31,360 30,840 98,030 28,380 29,5

Mean oer square mile. ______ 1.8ft 1.72 1.75 1. .a 1.94 1.00 1

Drainage area in square miles. _. 13,236 20,901 17,968 19,456 79, 260 28,262 29,0

J Includes 625 square miles of St. Croix River basin in New Brunswick and 114 square miles of Connecticut R
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 19

1.80

FIGURE 2. Pattern of streamflow into the Atlantic Ocean, 1931-60.

to those bodies. The inflow to a bay or a sound and the outflow to the 

ocean are theoretically equivalent if adjustments were made for rainfall on and evaporation from the water surface of that body and for 

ground-water inflow. These items are probably relatively small, on 

the average, and probably constitute only a small percentage of the 

total inflow to that body of water. Hence, in this study no adjustments 

are attempted.

Chesapeake Bay is the largest bay discharging into the ocean, so 

that it is discussed briefly as an example of the probable magnitude of 

the adjustments that would be applicable for rainfall, evaporation, 

and ground-water inflow. The average annual rainfall on Chesapeake 

Bay is in the range of 32-48 inches (U.S. Weather Bureau, 1955), 

and the average annual evaporation is in the range of 36-40 inches 

(U.S. Weather Bureau, 1959, pi. 2). If the average annual rainfall is 

assumed to be 40 inches and the average annual evaporation, 38 inches,
I 20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

the net rainfall is only 2 inches, which on the 2,800 square miles of 

water surface of the bay is equivalent to about 400 cfs, or about onehalf of 1 percent of the average inflow to the bay. The U.S. Geological 

Survey has estimated the upward leakage into the bay from artesian 

aquifers lying beneath it to be about 250 cfs and hr,s qualified 

the estimate as possibly being in error by an order of magnitude, but 

the Survey has made no estimate of direct seepage along the shore 

( E. G. Otten, written commun., Aug. 17,1967). Thus it appears that, 

on the average, the net effect of rainfall, evaporation, and groundwater inflow is small, percentagewise, although if a me nth of low 

streamflow were also a month of low rainfall and high evaporation, 

the net effect might constitute a large percentage of the total inflow. 

In calculating the flow to the ocean for the period 1951-60, the most 

downstream gaging-statioii records of required length were used. 

These records were about 240 in number and accounted for about threefourths of the drainage area between the Canadian border and Cape 

Kennedy. Flow from the ungaged areas between the Canadian border 

and Cape Kennedy was estimated on the basis of nearby gaging stations. Between Cape Kennedy and Cape Sable the streamflow to the 

ocean is so complicated by canals and drainage facilities that the 

author made no attempt to calculate flow to the ocean on the basis of 

streamflow records; for this part of the coastline, flow records were 

furnished by the Tallahassee office of the U.S. Geological Survey.

DISCHABGE OF THE HUDSON EIVEB AT MOUTH, 1890-1960

Discharge of the Hudson River at mouth was computed for the 

years 1890-1960. Streamflow records available were as follows: Hudson River at Mechanicville, 1890-1955; Mohawk River at Cohoes (at 

Vischer Ferry Dam prior to 1919), 1899-1960; Hudson River at Green 

Island, 1947-60; and records from seven small streams below Green 

Island, 1929-60. The gaging stations on these seven streams were as 

follows: Poesten Kill near Troy, 89 square miles; Kinderhook Creek 

at Rossman, 329 square miles; Catskill Creek at Oakhill, 98 square 

miles; Esopus Creek at Coldbrook, 192 square miles; Rordout Creek 

at Rosendale, 386 square miles; Wallkill River at Gardiner, 711 square 

miles; and Wappinger Creek near Wappinger Falls, 182 square miles.

These seven records were used as a basis for estimating the ungaged 

flow below the Mohawk River prior to 1947 and below Green Island 

thereafter for the period 1929-60. A graphical relation between the 

flow at Mechanicville and the flow at mouth for the perod 1929-55 

was used to estimate the flow at mouth for the period 1890-1928. Discharge of the Hudson River is shown in table 14.
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 21 

TABLE 4. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reaches 1 4, segment 1

Water year

1931 __ ______ _ ___________

1932___ ___ _ __ ____________

1933 __ ______________________

1934___ ______ ____ _ _

1935____-___-__-______-_-____

1936 __ ______________________

1937_. __ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _

1938_________________________

1939--._- _ _________________

1940._.___ __________________

1941_______ __________________

1942_________________________

1943_ _____ _ _ ____ _ __

1944 _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _

1945-. ______________________

1946_ ________________________

1947___ ______________________

1948_________________._______

1949_.__ _ _ __ _ _ _ __

1950_ ________________________

1951. ________________________

1952___________ ______________

1953_ ________________________

1954 __ __ __ _ _______ _ __

1955__ ___ _ _

1956_______________._________

1957 ________________________

1958. _ ____ ________________

1959___ ______________________

I960. _ _ __ _________________

Mean__ _ __ ______

Drainage area in square miles

Reach 1 '

_ _ 2, 645

__ 3,947

__ 4,090

-. 4, 721

__ 4, 538

__ 5,220

__ 4, 161

__ 3,796

. 4, 556

._ 3,835

__ 3,340

__ 3, 782

._ 3,454

-. 3,803

__ 5,245

_- 4,097

__ 4,087

-. 3,475

__ 3, 166

__ 3,705

__ 6,278

-. 5,403

-. 4,333

__ 5,840

_. 6, 167

__ 3,477

__ 2,844

._ 4,738

__ 4,754

6,368

__ 4,330

2,358

Reach 2

1, 156

1,434

1,519

1,779

1,680

1,791

1,571

1,650

1,607

1,547

1,022

1,486

1,385

1, 519

1,951

1,451

1,636

1,013

1,232

1,323

2,276

2,046

1,633

2,341

2,012

1, 159

999

1,788

1,569

2, 120

1,590

797

Reach 3

1,552

2,003

2,024

2,086

2,252

2,543

2, 106

2, 127

2,045

2, 179

1,459

1,829

1,561

2,086

2,585

1,828

2,293

1,275

1,633

1,613

2,725

2,560

2, 169

2,966

2,342

1,510

1,310

2,294

2,201

2,928

2,069

1,034

Reach 4 2

11, 680

15, 690

15, 600

15, 840

15, 360

18, 890

16, 030

16, 180

15, 340

16, 000

11, 750

13, 770

12, 760

13, 810

19, 160

14, 970

18, 120

11, 160

12, 680

13, 060

21, 270

17, 750

15, 350

22, 760

21, 590

12, 020

10, 180

19, 480

15, 910

21, 090

15, 840

9,047

Segment 1

17, 030

23, 070

23, 230

24, 430

23, 830

28, 440

23, 870

23, 750

23, 550

23, 560

17, 570

20, 870

19, 160

21, 220

28, 940

22, 350

26, 140

16, 920

18, 710

19, 700

32, 550

27, 760

23, 480

33, 910

32, 110

18, 170

15, 330

28, 300

24, 430

32, 510

23, 830

13, 236

' Includes 625 square miles of St. Croix River basin in New Brunswick and 114 square miles of Connecticut 

River basin in Quebec. 

8 Penobscot Bay.
I 22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 5. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reaches 5-10, segment 2

Water year Reach 5 Reach 6 Reach 7 Reach 8 Reach 9 ' Reacl 10 2 Segment 2

1931._______ 13,570 4,135 1,094 6,714 1,292 406 27,210

1932..__.__ 15,920 3,983 1,176 7,159 988 302 29,530

1933___...--.. 18, 370 5,190 1,776 11,280 1,560 547 38,720

1934__.._...... 16, 570 4,367 1,248 8,630 1,251 413 32,480

1935.-.___...18,180 5,310 1,601 9,559 1,267 384 36,300

1936.....___.22,170 6,678 1,930 10,640 1,377 422 43,220

1937______._ 20, 630 6,265 1,816 10,430 1,309 449 40,900

1938__...__ 18,680 5,426 1,693 12,550 1,760 535 40,640

1939........... 17, 050 5,172 1,572 10,590 1,311 442 36,140

1940--.-.__..16,720 5,082 1,445 8,554 1,178 413 33,390

1941..._._.._ 10,920 3,241 932 5,550 917 341 21,900

1942._.__....._ 14, 390 3,700 958 6,448 1,008 286 26,790

1943._______ 16,300 4,707 1,327 8,796 1,233 374 32,740

1944......___ 17,660 5,168 1,279 7,844 956 216 33,120

1945.__-_-___ 22,090 6,398 1,910 10,860 1,490 413 43,160

1946..._____ 17,540 5,408 1,589 9,918 1,566 554 36,580

1947.-______ 20,600 5,617 1,530 8,849 1,125 334 38,060

1948.....____ 12,620 3,712 1,036 7,922 1,480 542 27,310

1949________ 13,370 4,117 1,160 6,255 1,010 365 26,280

1950---.-____ 13,980 4,151 995 6,373 954 221 26,670

1951._-_.____ 23,030 6,645 1,880 10,880 1,357 336 44,130

1952..______ 22,170 8,068 2,552 13,320 1,501 425 48,040

1953..______ 19,880 6,857 2,165 11,450 1,513 466 42,330

1954..______ 25,800 7,029 2,096 11,560 1,758 535 48,780

1955________ 22,750 6,030 1,700 10,620 1,877 499 43,480

1956._______ 16,110 5,263 1,771 11,840 1,967 576 37,530

1957-.______ 11,520 3,483 1,080 5,710 1,147 331 23,270

1958-.______ 22,500 5,962 1,823 10,830 1,718 557 43,390

1959..._____ 16,840 3,898 1,114 7,236 1,515 466 31,070

I960-_______ 24,590 7,154 2,092 12,310 1,660 461 48,270

Mean__ 18,080 5,274 1,544 9,356 1,368 420 36,050

Drainage area 

in square

miles______ 10,492 2,763 925 5,807 674 240 20,901

1 Massachusetts Bay Includes sewage waste from Boston, averaging 466 efs during 1931-60. (See table 16).

2 Cape Cod Bay.
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAF I 23 

TABLE 6. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, frotn reaches 11-16, segment 3

Water year

1931______..___

1932________ _

1933 ____ ....

1934. ........__

1935_. ___ ....

1936___-.______

1937 ___________

1938 __ ____ ___

1939________.._

1940._...__. ___

1941 _ .__. ____

1942.. _ . _____

1943_..__. _____

1944_ . _______

1945___________

1946... _..._._.

1947.... ___ ..

1948.... ___ ..

1949...........

1950 ___ . _____

1951 ____ . ___

1952... ________

1953 ___________

1954.... _......

1955 ____ . __

1956 ___________

1957 ___________

1958... ________

1959...........

1960 ____ --._.

Mean. _

Drainage area 

in square 

mile3__--____

Eeach 11

1, 102

821

1,485

1,122

1,044

1, 148

1,219

1,455

1,199

1, 122

927

111

1,019

588

1,122

1,507

906

1,473

991

600

912

1, 154

1,265

1,454

1,346

1,564

899

1,514

1,264

1,251

1, 142

653

Beach 12

2,448

1,689

3,457

2,660

2,789

2,847

2,926

3,897

2,953

2,553

1,882

1,825

2,437

1,441

2,801

3, 155

2,076

3, 182

2,100

1,556

2,537

3,095

3,049

3,205

3,549

3,938

1,958

3,330

2,832

3, 108

2,709

1.505

Beach 13

493

412

733

659

659

716

762

1, 111

733

768

516

453

596

423

687

720

498

789

530

445

555

720

763

792

806

892

487

880

719

629

665

338

Beach 14

16, 130

16, 840

24, 130

20, 990

22, 040

24, 120

25, 610

28, 760

24, 910

21, 400

14, 430

17, 370

23, 520

17, 900

25, 360

21, 620

21, 820

20, 250

17, 440

17, 400

23, 620

28, 710

25, 470

23, 520

26, 500

27, 610

15, 240

24, 120

18, 620

29, 140

22, 150

12.825

Reach 15

2,928

2,461

4,388

4,055

3,949

3,770

4,600

6, 105

4,763

4,284

2,689

3, 147

4,604

2,933

5, 140

3,982

3,280

4,321

3,890

2,981

4,548

6,013

5,305

3,423

5,285

5,853

2,595

4,228

3,638

4,949

4, 137

2.329

Beach If

327

247

517

651

50f

53f 644-

87C

654

664

38?

504

67]

42?

594

562

43c

651

507

284:

594-

837

705

347

62?

87?

344:

677

44?

55?

554

sir

Segment 3

23, 430

22, 470

34, 710

30, 140

30, 990

33, 130

35, 760

42, 200

35, 210

30, 790

20, 830

24, 080

32, 850

23, 710

35, 700

31, 550

29, 210

30, 670

25, 460

23, 270

32, 770

40, 530

36, 560

32, 740

38, 110

40, 740

21, 520

34, 750

27, 520

39, 630

31, 360

17. 968
I 24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 7. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reaches 17-20, segment 4

Water year

1931 ___ .._________.______._

1932__ ___________ ________

1933___-_ ___ -_____-__-_.___

1934 ___ ______________ _ ___.

1935_ _ . _ ____ ._ _____

1936_ ____________ _ __________

1937__ _ -_-_--.__-_-________.

1938 _ _____-__-______-.__ _ .

1939 _ __ _ __ _ __ .___ _

1940 __ . ____ ____ __ _.

1941 __________ _ _ _ .

1942. __ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ .

1943___-_-_-__-______-__.____.

1944_______ _ __.__-_-___-.__.

1945. __ __ _ _ ._ --__.

1946 _. _______ _ ---. _ .

1947_________-_______________.

1948_ ---.--_- _ ._ __ _ _ ...

1949 __ ___ _ _ ____ __ ___ __.

1950_---.-_-_ __ -_-_. __ -._.

1951_-.-_--_ ________________

1952________ ___ _______ _ __.

1953 _. _ _ _ __ _

1954. __________ __ _ ....

1955 ________ _ _____ ____ __.

1956_ _ __ -. ____ _ _ .

1957_____-__-__________-__-__.

1958 _ __ _ _ _ _ -_ -__.

1959 _ _ __ ______ ___.

I960. _ _____-_.

Mean ________ _ _______

Drainage area in square miles

Reach

17

770

910

._ 1, 140

910

990

._ 1,090

__ 1, 120

__ 1, 150

._ 1, 070

990

780

830

._ 1,270

870

._ 1,230

._ 1,090

._ 1, 120

._ 1,010

960

980

993

._ 1,340

._ 1,226

879

._ 1,035

._ 1, 307

889

._ 1,279

._ 1,001

1, 112

1, 045

1,556

Reach

18 »

18, 390

21, 160

29, 700

22, 520

24, 190

27, 870

28, 200

29, 960

27, 600

24, 850

19, 130

20, 550

31, 990

21, 990

31, 800

28, 240

28, 060

26, 550

23, 860

23, 400

30, 530

37, 150

29, 560

23, 180

26, 470

32, 340

19, 480

27, 410

22, 870

33, 120

26, 400

15, 816

Reach

19

823

866

1,359

1, 142

1, 165

1,405

1,462

1, 763

1, 759

1,317

1,208

988

1, 160

1,485

1,495

1,471

1,077

1,588

1,459

959

1, 118

1,739

1,541

1,060

1, 085

1,217

1,040

1,838

1,370

1,412

1,312

793

Reach

20

1,089

1,315

2,433

2,019

2,234

2,744

2, 2n 3

2, 199

3, 177

2,434

1,978

1, 320

1,711

1,9^9

1,970

2,372

1,5*8

2,434

2,5^9

1,474

1,6^2

2, 84.1

2,613

1,7^0

1,492

1, 777

1, 757

2, 8?8

2,408

2, 121

2, 09 1

1,2?1

Segment

4

21, 070

24, 240

34, 630

26, 590

28, 580

33, 110

33, 020

35, 070

33, 610

29, 590

23, 100

23, 690

36, 120

26, 280

36, 500

33, 170

31, 840

31, 580

28, 850

26, 810

34, 320

43, 070

34, 920

26, 820

30, 080

36, 590

23, 170

33, 360

27, 650

37, 760

30, 840

19, 456

'Includes water used by New York City (see table 1) averaging 1,578 cfs during 1931-60.
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 25 

TABLE 8. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reaches 21-28, segment 5

Water year

Reach 21, Delaware 

Bay

Un- Adjusted * 

adjusted 2

Reach 22

Reach 23, Chesapeake 

_____Bay«_____

Un- Adjusted * 

adjusted 2

Segment 5

1931_._________________ 12, 570 12,770 497 44,300 44, 10C 57,370

1932__._.. ._._...____ 13,320 13,520 543 54,700 54, 50C 68,560

1933____.._.__._....... 26,200 26,400 1,877 91,200 91, OOC 119,300

1934___________________ 17, 790 17,990 1,194 52,700 52,50C 71,680

1935___________.___ 20,880 21,080 1,510 84,400 84, 20C 106,800

1936______________.25,100 25,600 1,923 90,900 90, 40C 117,900

1937__.____________ 19,940 20,740 994 93,600 92, 80C 114,500

1938_-_-_.___________ 23,290 24,290 1,445 69,800 68, 80C 94,540

1939_________________._ 23, 210 24,210 1,793 69,600 68, 60C 94,600

1940-________________._ 20,330 21,330 1,352 76,100 75, 10C 97,780

1941___________ 16, 310 17,310 999 57,700 56, 70C 75,010

1942___________ 16,980 17,980 706 62,300 61, 30C 79,990

1943______________ 23,500 24,500 1,398 99,800 98, 80C 124,700

1944__________________. 17, 000 18,000 799 64,800 63, 80C 82,600

1945___________________ 23, 950 24,950 1,343 82,600 81, 60C 107,900

1946_____________ 22, 980 23,980 1,561 89,600 88, 60C 114,100

1947.__________._ 20,440 21,440 813 68,200 67, 20C 89,450

1948--_.___________ 22,820 23,820 1,589 79,400 78,40C 103,800

1949_________________ 20, 340 21,340 1,695 90,200 89, 20C 112,200

1950---________.__---__ 17, 980 18,980 883 78,200 77,20C 97,060

1951-______________.___ 23, 550 24,550 683 92,220 91,22C 116,500

1952_______________ 31, 440 32,440 1,580 95,010 94, QIC 128,000

1953______________ 25,880 26,880 1,134 84,850 83, 85C 111,900

1954____________._ 15,040 16,040 715 49,290 48, 29C 65,040

1955___-_______-__--___ 18, 050 19,050 855 68,690 67, 69C 87,600

1956________________ 22, 540 23,540 984 74,380 73, 38C 97,900

1957-_____________.____ 16,390 17,390 1,296 71,160 70, 16C 88,850

1958._______________ 23, 730 24,730 2,053 96,250 95, 25C 122,000

1959_____________ 16, 370 17,370 1,167 56,310 55, 31C 73,850

1960_________.___ 23, 860 24,860 1,463 93,930 92, 93C 119,300

Mean__________ 20,730 21,570 1,228

Drainage area in square

miles____________ 12,855 929 65,476 79,260

76, 070 75, 23C 98, 030

' Includes water diverted from Gunpowder and Patapsco Rivers above gaging stations by city of Baltimore and wasted into Bay, estimated at 318 cfs during 1951-60; discharge into bay determined graphically 

for 1931-50, so no separate estimate of wastage made for that period.

2 Adjustment is for water carried from Chesapeake Bay to Delaware River by Chesapeake and Delaware 

Canal, estimated at 200 cfe in 1931-35, 500 cfs in 1936,800 cfs in 1937, and 1,000 cfs in 1938-60. Adjustment not 

applicable to total for segment.
I 26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 9. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reaches %4 and ®&> segment 6

Water year Beach 24 '

1931

1932_. _ .__

1933 ___ .__

1934 ________

1935 ___ .__

1936 ________

1937 ________

1938 ________

1939 ___ ._.

1940. _ _.__

1941 ___ .__

1942 ________

1944. _______

1945- _ -__

1946.. ______

1947 ___ .__

1948 ________

10, 900 

10, 510 

17, 970 

14, 580 

21, 150 

25, 060 

24, 140 

23, 540 

20, 470 

21, 200 

12, 580 

10, 210 

17, 660 

16, 040 

21, 750 

20, 510 

13, 520 

20, 570 

24, 060

1 Albemarle Sound. 

2 Pamlico Sound.

TABLE 10. Discharge,

Water year

1931. _______

1932 _____

1933 ________

1934 ________

1935 ________

1936 _ . ____

1937___. ____

1938 ________

1939 ________

1940 ___ ___

1941 ________

1942. _______

1Q44.

1945 _____

1946. ___ _

1948

1949

Beach 26

8,880 

7,960 

10, 600 

6,900 

11, 250 

18, 580 

17, 180 

7,360 

14, 390 

7,140 

6,500 

6,600 

12, 050 

13, 420 

15, 690 

14, 770 

9,380 

13, 880 

16, 900

Beach 25 * Segment 6

8, 150 

5,440 

9,250 

7,690 

11, 450 

17, 080 

18, 360 

9,630 

14, 820 

8,590 

6,380 

4,970 

11, 860 

9,780 

14, 170 

13, 070 

7,410 

13, 650 

15, 200

19, 050 

15, 950 

27, 220 

22, 270 

32, 600 

42, 140 

42, 500 

33, 170 

35, 290 

29, 790 

18, 960 

15, 180 

29, 520 

25, 820 

35, 920 

33, 580 

20, 930 

34, 220 

39, 260

Water year

1950. __ -

1952. _____

1953 _ ._

1955 ______

1956 _ __

1958

1959 _ ._.

1960 ______

MeanDrainage 

area in 

square 

miles. __

in cubic feet per second, from

Beach 27

14, 170 

13, 510 

21, 740 

9,900 

16, 850 

28, 530 

25, 910 

15, 230 

20, 340 

10, 910 

12, 390 

16, 900 

13, 590 

19, 620 

22, 560 

22, 180 

15,710 

27, 710 

27, 710

Segment 7

23, 050 

21, 470 

32, 340 

16, 800 

28, 100 

47, 110 

43, 090 

22, 590 

34, 730 

18, 050 

18, 890 

23, 500 

30, 640 

33, 040 

38, 250 

36, 950 

25, 090 

41, 590 

44, 610

Water year

1950 _ ...

1952 -__

1954

1955 -.-

1956_. _ .

1958 _ -_.

1959 _ ...

Beach 24 »

_. 16,260

._ 12,080

 18,380

_. 12,540

._ 11, 160

_. 14,440

__ 12,570

_. 17, 130

__ 25,790

__ 14,010

__ 25,640

__ 17,550

__ 17,651

reaches 26

Beach 26

_. 9,020

__ 5,867

_. 9, 368

__ 8, 810

_. 7, 309

__ 11,800

__ 8, 797

._ 9, 164

-. 16,010

__ 14, 390

._ 18,860

Mean _ 11,290

Drainage 

area in 

square

_. 10,521

Beach 25 s Segment 6

6,840 

4,597 

9,215 

8,856 

8,950 

11, 120 

8,549 

8,587 

16, 930 

14, 350 

20, 100

10, 830

10, 611

23, 100 

16, 680 

27, 600 

21, 400 

20, 110 

25, 560 

21, 120 

25, 720 

42, 720 

28, 360 

45, 740

28, 380

28, 262

and 27, segment 7

Beach 27

14, 100 

10, 220 

15, 280 

15, 780 

12, 050 

12, 590 

12, 030 

12, 520 

27, 950 

20, 370 

35, 390

18, 280

18, 562

Segment 7

23, 120 

16, 090 

24, 650 

24, 590 

19, 360 

24, 390 

20, 830 

21, 680 

43, 960 

34, 760 

54, 250

29, 590

29, 083
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN 127 

TABLE 11. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reaches 28-30, segment 8

Water year Reach 28 Reach 29 Reach 30 Segment 8

1931___________________ 18,470 10,400 3,273 32,140

1932._______________.__. 20,700 13,110 3,489 37,300

1933--_.-._._____________ 28,920 15,730 4,651 49,300

1934_______________________ 17,850 11,000 3,111 31,960

1935___________________________ 22,100 12,200 3,410 37,710

1936____-_._____________ 35,310 23,250 9,436 68,000

1937_____-.__________-.-___ 35,060 21,040 8,768 64,870

1938______.____________ 20,600 12,690 2,907 36,200

1939_.___________________ 21,900 13,180 3,686 38,770

1940__________________ 13,650 12,270 3,367 29,290

1941______________________ 15,850 10,430 3,323 29,600

1942_______________________ 20,420 13,180 5,496 39,100

1943____________________ 24,100 15,770 3,906 43,780

1944___________________ 22,850 15,590 6,391 44,830

1945__________________ 20,560 10,050 2,684 33,290

1946____________.--_._ 24,790 15,430 3,911 44,130

1947_____________________ 18,140 13,410 5,024 36,570

1948________________-._ 30,440 22,860 11,840 65,140

1949______________________ 33,520 23,000 7,309 63,830

1950__._______________ 19,680 12,250 1,881 33,810

1951_____________________ 16,250 10,060 3,049 29,360

1952___________________ 19,160 12,750 3,709 35,620

1953-__._-_-______________ 18,220 10,740 4,403 33,360

1954._________________ 15,460 10,290 3,101 28,850

1955________________-_-_.__ 10,680 8,006 2,248 20,930

1956______________________ 12,770 8,648 2,997 24,420

1957_______________________ 13,280 9,515 2,873 25,670

1958________________--_-.__ 27,600 16,860 7,141 51,600

1959______________________ 20,070 11,290 4,305 35,660

I960-._____________________ 37,880 22,340 8,610 68,830

Mean________________ 21,880 13,910 4,677 40,460

Drainage area in square miles.____ 20,545 13,445 5,595 39,585

TABLE 12. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, from reaches 31 and 82, segment 9

Water year Reach 31 Reach 32 Segment 9 Water year Reach 31 Reach 32 Segment 9

1931_____ 12,110 9,665 21,780

1932.__.__ 12,740 4,554 17,290

1933_____ 22,120 9,033 31,150

1934______ 11,740 11,760 23,500

1935____ 9,994 5,721 15,720

1936. _____ 23,480 9,594 33,070

1937______ 21,810 6,725 28,540

1938__.___ 12,750 8,348 21,100

1939_____ 15,340 6,698 22,040

1940______ 12,290 6,641 18,930

1941_____ 10,050 9,984 20,030

1942________ 20,840 13,830 34,670

1943_____ 16,310 6,318 22,630

1944._______ 23,930 9,595 33,520

1945_____.__ 15,390 11,260 26,650

1946______ 20, 040 12,080 32,120

1947_____ 18, 970 11, 120 30, 090

1948______ 41,320 16,610 57,930

1949____ 27,960 11,790 39,750

1950_____.__ 10,570 8,399 18,970

1951____..11,930 8,081 20,010

1952______ 15,920 8,052 23,970

1953________ 16,470 12,460 28,930

1954________ 13,920 12,810 26,730

1955______ 6,949 5,661 12,610

1956____.___ 9,973 4,634 14,610

1957________ 14,210 9, 50C 23,710

1958________ 24,340 8,95? 33,300

1959____._ 19,040 13,73C 32,770

1960_____.__ 23,890 17,91C 41,800

Mean___ 17,210 9,717 26,930

Drainage 

area in 

square 

miles.____ 19, 625 10, 155 29, 780
128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 13. Discharge, in cubic feet per second, fromr caches S3 and 34, segment 10 

[Records furnished by Tallahassee Office, U.S. Geol. Survey]

Water year

1931. __-.-..

1932_. ______

1933 .

1934_. ______

1935 --

1936----

1937 ______

1938 - .

1939_ ____

1940_.._ _ .

1941. _______

1Q49

1943 - 

1944

1945- --

1946- .

1947.__.____

1948_._.____

1949 _ ___.

Reach 

33

1,600 

1,500 

2,500 

1,800 

1, 100 

2,200 

3,200 

1,400 

1,300 

2, 100 

2,400 

2,000 

1,600 

1,300 

1,600 

1,500 

2,900 

3,000 

1,600

Reach 

34

5,600 

6,400 

9,900 

13, 000 

4, 100 

15, 000 

7,800 

2,600 

3,800 

11, 000 

9,300 

8,300 

3,800 

3,300 

4,900 

8,500 

20, 000 

15, 000 

5,700

Segment 

10

7,200 

7,900 

12, 400 

14, 800 

5,200 

17, 200 

11, 000 

4,000 

5,100 

13, 100 

11, 700 

10, 300 

5,400 

4,600 

6,500 

10, 000 

22, 900 

18, 000 

7,300

Water year

1950 ____ .-

1951 _ __.--

1952 __ ____

1953_. ______

1954 __ ...

1955 -

1956 - -

1957_..___._

1958 _ _ -_

1959 .

1960 -- 

Mean_ 

Drainage 

area in 

square 

miles. ____

Reach 

33

1,800 

1,850 

1,670 

1,920 

2,790 

1,610 

1,190 

2,670 

1,730 

2,290 

3,700

1,994

1,357

R<?ach 

34

3 600 

4, 600 

5- 700 

8.200 

13, 000 

4:900 

1, 800 

4,500 

9 200 

7,300 

10, 000

7,693

9 451

Segment 

10

5,400 

6,450 

7,370 

10, 120 

15, 790 

6,510 

2,990 

7,170 

10, 930 

9,590 

13, 700

9,687

10, 808

TABLE 14. Annual discharge of Hudson River at mouth (13,366 sq m,i), 1890-1960

[Means for the following periods: 1890-1960 (71 yr) =21,520 cfs; 1931-60 (30 yrs)=21,300 cfs; 1921-45 (25 yr) = 

20,660 cfs; 1951-60 (10 yr) =22,790 cfal

Water year

1890 

1891 

1892 -

1893_.___

1894 

1895____.

1896..- -_

1897 

1898..__.

1899 _ -_

1900-___

1901- _ _

1902..-..

1903 __

1904..--.

1905 -

1906 

1907 

Cubic feet 

per second

25, 970

22, 770

30, 210

21, 570

17, 790

16, 400

21,410

25, 800

24, 180

20, 420

20, 270

20, 720

24, 380

26, 810

24, 390

24, 840

24, 440

20, 600

Water year

1908 ..

1909... __

1910. _

1911 -_

1912 _

1913 .

1914.. -__

1915. ___

1916. ___

1917 

1918_____

1919-_-_.

1920____.

1921 ____

1922 ..

1923 _

1924- _

1925 -

Cubic feet 

per second

27, 930

20, 370

19, 100

13, 640

22, 500

24, 200

19, 380

17, 250

22, 560

20, 280

17, 830

20, 080

20, 510

19, 620

24, 290

16, 380

21, 950

21, 580

Water year

1926 

1927 

1928. ._

1929- _

1930 ____

1931 

1932. _ _

1933 

1934 -.

1935 ._

1936 

1937 -

1938 __

1939 _ -

1Q40

1941 

1942 _ .

1943 _____

Cubic feet 

per second

22, 300

18, 120

28, 620

21, 020

16, 550

14, 570

18, 020

23, 650

17, 960

19, 900

22, 420

23, 160

23, 880

21, 990

20, 070

14, 770

16, 020

26, 840

Water year

1944 _ __

1945 _ ._

1946 

1947 

1948 

1949 _ 

1950 _ 

1951 ._

1952 

1953 __ .

1954 __

1955 _____

1956- _

1957 .

1958 

1959 

1960 _____

Cubic feet 

per second

17, 130

25, 720

22, 480

23, 270

20, 440

18, 870

19, 760

24, 870

29, 640

23, 460

19, 450

21, 490

26, 830

15, 080

21, 420

18, 450

27, 250

As explained on page 12, the Crotoii River basin atove Croton 

Dam was considered as being noncontributing, because the entire flow 

of the Croton River, except for spill over Croton Dam, is diverted 

for the New York City water supply. The spill, which is measured at 

a gaging station a short distance below the dam, was added to the
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAT 129

flow of the Hudson River. Table 15 gives the spill from Croton 

Reservoir. Gaging-station records are available since 1934. During 

the period 1934r-60, the spill ranged from 1 cfs in 1942 to 8*9 cfs in 

1956 and averaged 237 cfs for the 27 years. A flat estimate c f 235 cfs 

was made for the years prior to 1934.

DISCHARGE OF THE CHARLES RIVER AT MOUTH, 19f»O-60

The discharge of the Charles River at mouth was estimated by 

the Boston district of the U.S. Geological Survey. Below tin gaging 

station at Walthain, the discharge is complicated by storm sewers, 

some of which carry water into the basin and some out of the basin. 

The discharge was estimated by calendar years to be consistent with 

the figures of waste from Boston sewers, the figures being furnished by 

the Massachusetts Metropolitan District Commission by calendar 

years. The waste was not added to the Charles River but was included 

in the discharge of Boston Bay into the ocean. Discharge of the 

Charles River and the waste into Boston Harbor are shown in table 16.

TABLE 15. Spill from Croton Reservoir

Water year

1890-1933.....

1934... ______

1935... _ ...

1936.........

1937... .......

1938 - --.

1939... _ ...

1940.........

1941... .......

1942... ____ .

Cubic feet 

per 

second

1 235

276

206

210

255

558

434

55

34

1

Water year

1943 _ _...__.

1944__. ......

1945.........

1946... ._..__.

1947___. ......

1948.___......

1949 _--_--

1950 ___-_.

1951_________.

1952 __ __ .

Cubic feet 

per 

second

255

16

226

232

51

137

48

2

273

476

Water year

1953___ ____...

1954___. ......

1955 _-_---

1956......-.-.

1957... .......

1958... ..__...

1959.. _._.....

I960-.-....-.

Mean for

1934-60. ...

Cubic feet pelsecond

452

2

289

849

184

341

223

308

237

1 Estimated.

MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE OF PENOBSCOT AND JAMES RIVERS,

1951-60

The mean monthly discharge of the Penobscot and James Fivers at 

mouth for the period 1951-60 is shown in table 17. Mean monthly 

discharge is shown graphically in figure 3, expressed as a percentage 

of the mean, to give a better visual comparison of the monthly distribution of discharge of these two widely separated streams. The drainage area of the Penobscot River is 14 percent less than ths t of the 

James River, but mean annual discharge during the 10-year period 

was 67 percent greater; in other words, the mean discharge pe^ square 

mile of the Penobscot River was nearly double that of th*, James 

River. (See also table 18.)
130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 16, Annual discharge, in cubic feet per second, of the Charles River at mouth 

(275 sq mi) and sewage waste into Boston Harbor, 1920-60

Calendar year

1920___. -- .

1921 - 

1922... ._.-....

1923 -.- -

1924.. __._._...

1925 --

1926.. ._....._.

1927.. ._---....

1928 -

1929 

1930 -

1931___ ._......

1932... _._.....

1933-.-.. _ ...

1934__-_ ---._-.

1935... __ ....

1936 _ .._..._.

1937-_----__.__

1938 -

1939-... ____

1Q40

Charles 

River

-. 440

.- 314

.. 357

_. 404

.- 315

.- 302

.- 288

.- 496

.- 400

.. 337

.- 190

.. 330

.- 231

.. 314

.. 267

.. 281

.- 332

.- 292

.. 422

.. 249

94 e

Waste

340

328

319

323

316

337

343

370

347

350

336

370

351

378

367

379

416

398

439

398

401

Total

780

642

676

727

631

639

631

866

747

687

526

700

582

692

634

660

748

690

861

647

fi4fi

Calendar year

1941 _ -..._..._.

1942.... ___ ....

1943------ ___ -

1944-- -----

1945-- __ ------

1946--. ---------

1947--------

1948--. --------

1949 - -

1950 ----------

1951 ---------

1952 

1953- -----

1954.- .--- ___

1955 ___ -..- __

1956.... ______

1957 ---------

1958 _ __-_---._

1959-------- ___

1960 _____ ___

Mean for 1931-60.

Charles 

Eiver

140

215

226

191

307

278

215

286

163

179

314

273

334

391

497

392

182

390

355

479

292

Waste

410

419

498

455

554

525

460

511

415

456

478

495

529

562

579

605

518

549

518

534

466

Total

550

634

724

646

861

803

675

797

578

635

792

768

863

953

1,076

997

700

939

873

1,013

758

300

200

100

i~r i i

Penobscot River

1 I I ! I I. I

oga3Es<£53<» 6^Q^i!!I<i|^< (» 

FIGTJEE 3. Mean monthly discharge of Penobscot and James Rivers, 1951-60. 

DISCHARGE OF PRINCIPAL RIVERS, 1951-60 AND 1931-60

Table 18 gives the average discharge at mouth of 33 selected rivers 

for the periods 1951-60 and 1931-60. The table also gives the drainage 

area of each and the discharge expressed in cubic feet per second per 

square mile. With the exception of the Schuylkill River, which is 

tributary to the Delaware, these rivers empty directly into the Atlantic 

Ocean, or into a sound or a bay. The list includes most of the coastal
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 31

streams that have drainage areas greater than 1,000 square miles. 

Stream names are in the order from north to south, going counterclockwise around Chesapeake Bay. The State names show^ are the 

States through or between which the rivers flow at their mouths, 

regardless of how much of their drainage basins may be in another 

State.

TABLE 17. Mean monthly discharge, in cubic feet per second, of the Penobscot and

James Rivers, 1951-60

Month

October ______ _.

November _

December. ______

March____.____.

April. ---______.

May __ _ _-_-..

Penobscot 

River »

__. 9,849

__ 17,540

._- 20,750

__ 12,270

19 fi^Jfl

._- 14,850

___ 46,160

___ 27,300

James 

River

4,774

6,933

10, 940

11,760

"1 /» £i£if\

19, 370

18, 900

10, 550

Month

June____. _._

July..... _---.__.

August __ _____

September- ____ __

square miles __ _

Penobscct 

River J

_. 14,050

__ 8, 730

__ 8, 12f

__ 9,54?

__ 8, 57C

James 

River

6,678

3,832

6,305

4,051

10, 002

i Does not include two areas of about 223 and 254 square miles that contribute to the north and south 

shores of Penobscot Bay.

TABLE 18. Discharge of principal rivers, 1951-60 and 1931-60

Drainage 

River area (sq mi) -

Mean discharge (cfs)

1951-60 1931-60

Cu^ic feet per 

second per 

scuare mile

10 year 30 year

Part 1-A

St. Croix, Maine and New 

Brunswick____ ____ ______

Penobscot, Maine____ ______

Kennebec, Maine.. ______ ...

Saco, Maine. __ __________

Merrimack, Massachusetts.. _

Thames, Connecticut _______

Housatonic, Connecticut-....

1,635

_. 8,570

._ 5,970

._ 3,470

1,730

-. '4,800

.. 1,473

__ 11,250

_. 1, 949

3,325

16, 750

11,220

7,229

4,040

2 8, 901

2,976

21, 070

3,799

2,840

14, 970

9,871

6,440

3,545

2 7, 962

2,645

19, 320

3,422

2.03

1.95

1.88

2.08

2.34

1.85

2.02

1.87

1.95

1.74

1.75

1.65

1.85

2.05

1.66

1.80

1.72

1.76

Part 1-B

Hudson, New York and New

Raritan, New Jersey. ... ..___.

Delaware, Delaware and New 

Jersey _ __ ________ _______

Susquehanna, Maryland _ ____.

Potomac, Maryland and

Rappahannock , Virginia- _

. s 13, 366

1, 105

. 1, 916

. 11,415

. 27, 469

. 13, 670

. 2, 718

. 2, 663

4 22, 790

1,625

6 3, 145

7 19, 750

8 40, 290

9 14, 040

2,475

2,423 .

4 21, 300

1,580

6 2, 960

7 18, 870

8 38, 100

9 14, 000

2,705

« 1.73

1.47

1.64

1.73

1.47

1.03

.91

.91

« 1.62

1.43

1. 54

1.65

1.39

1.02

1.00

See footnotes at end of table.
I 32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 18. Discharge of principal rivers, 1951-60 and 1931-60 Continued

Cubic feet per 

Drainage Mean discharge (cfs) second per 

River area square mile

1951-60 1931-60 10 year 30 year

Part 2-A

James, Virginia___________ 10,002 10 10, 030 10 10, 690 1.00 1.07

Chowan, North Carolina _______ 4,929 4,626 _-___. . 94 ______

Roanoke, North Carolina__.__ 9,666 8,620 9,585 .89 .99

Pamlico, North Carolina_.___ 4,302 4,693 _____. 1.09 ___.

Neuse, North Carolina.__.__. 5,598 5,703 5,903 1.02 1.06

Cape Fear, North Carolina____ 9,136 9,475 ______ 1.04 ____

Waccamaw, South Carolina.__ 1,580 1, 522 ______ . 96 ______

Pee Dee, South Carolina.______ 16,310 15,270 15,830 .94 .97

Santee, South Carolina.-_______ 15, 700 " 15, 400 n 17, 300 .98 1. 10

Edisto, South Carolina______ 3,045 2, 430 .__--.__ . 80 ______

Savannah, South Carolina and

Georgia.._____________ 10,600 10,280 12,030 .97 1.13

	Part 2-B

Ogeechee, Georgia. __ ____

Altamaha, Georgia _________

Satilla, Georgia __________

St. Marys, Georgia and 

Florida _ _ ___ ________

St. Johns, Florida. ______

_ 4,625

_ 14,200

_ 3,440

1,480

___ 8, 740

3,513

12, 140

2, 146

1,064

8,867

3,878

13, 140

2,460

1,253

8,404

0.76

.85

. 62

.72

1.01

0.84

.93

.72

.85

, 96

1 Excludes 210 square miles set aside for municipal use by city of Boston. (See p. 133.)

2 Adjusted for wastage; represents runoff from net area of 4,800 square miles. (See p. 133.)

3 Includes 378 square miles in Croton River basin.

< Includes spill from Croton Reservoir. (See table 15.)

 Based on net drainage area of 12,988 square miles, and excluding spill from Croton Reservoir.

« Adjusted for diversion made by city of Philadelphia.

' Does not include diversion from Chesapeake Bay to Delaware River through Chesapeake and Delaware 

Canal, estimated at 1,000 cfs for period 1951-60 and 840 cfs for period 1931-60.

8 Not adjusted for small diversions to Baltimore and Chester (which in 1967 averaged 73 cfs).

' Adjusted for diversions made above gaging station near District of Columbia and wasted back into 

river below station.

10 Includes flow of James River and Kanawha Canal.

" Completely regulated; reconstructed record including diversion to Cooper River basr\

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT PEI-IODf

Mean discharges for 1951-60,1931-60, and period of record through 

1966 is shown in table 19 for gaging stations on 26 principal rivers 

along the coast. The gaging stations are either the farthest downstream 

on the rivers or the stations with the longest record if the most downstream records were less than 30 years in length.

As the purpose of this study was to calculate actual streamflow into 

the Atlantic Ocean, the figures of mean discharge shown for 1931-60 

and 1951-60 in table 19 are the observed discharge unless otherwise 

indicated, with the exception of the Schuylkill and Potomac Rivers, 

which were adjusted for water diverted above the gaging station and 

wasted back into the river below the gaging station. In the column 

showing mean discharge during the period of record, several means are
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAT I 33

qualified as being adjusted for storage or for diversions or both. These 

adjustments may be fairly large in some years, but over the jieriod of 

record, the net effect is relatively small. Adjustments for storage may 

be either plus or minus in successive years, although if storage began 

during the period of record, the net adjustment to the period mean will 

always be plus. Adjustments for diversions are, of course, always in 

the same direction at any one gaging station.

In the Androscoggin River basin, a group of reservoirs upstream 

from the Auburn gaging station have a combined capacity of about 

700,000 acre-feet (30.3 billion cubic feet). During the 38-year period 

of record 1929-66, the yearly adjustments ranged from minu^ 402 cfs 

to plus 460 cfs. However, the adjustment to the mean for the period 

of record was only minus 2 cfs; the adjustment applicable to the 10- 

year mean is plus 2 cfs; and no adjustment is applicable to the 30-year 

mean. At the end of the 1966 water year, the amount of water in storage 

was about 443,500 acre-feet. Had storage begun during the period of 

record at Auburn, the adjustment applicable to the 38-year mer.n would 

have been plus 16 cfs.

In the Roanoke River basin, facilities for a large amount of storage 

have been constructed since 1950, and in some years since then the 

adjustments applicable to the observed yearly mean have been large. 

In 1953, for example, 1,110 cfs was stored. However, the adjustment 

applicable to the observed mean for 1951-60 is only plus 215 cfs, and 

to the observed mean for 1931-60, only plus 71 cfs. The adjusted mean 

for the 54-year period of record 1913-66 includes an adjustment of 

only 47 cfs.

It is evident from the records on the Androscoggin and Roanoke 

Rivers that long-term means at gaging stations are little affected by 

storage unless storage begins during the period of record at this gaging 

station. If a large amount of water is stored during the perioi of record, a short-term mean can, of course, be affected considerable

The means shown for the Savannah River at Augusta are all observed. There is considerable regulation by four reservoirs upstream 

from Augusta, and in the 1966 water year the monthly adjustment applicable ranged from minus 1,628 cfs to plus 3,765 cfs, but the net adjustment applicable to the yearly mean for 1966 was only pHs 1 cfs.

In the published records of discharge for Merrimack River below 

Concord River, at Lowell, Mass., the average discharge shown for the 

period of record has been adjusted for wastage into the Merrimack 

River. The figures of daily discharge are the observed discharge; the 

monthly summaries show both the observed monthly means and the 

monthly means adjusted for wastage. The term "wastage'' as used 

here bears explanation. A tributary area of 210 square miles in the
TABLE 19. Comparison between means for 10- and 30-year periods and period of recor

Part

1-A.... 

1 TZ

2-A. 

n TJ

Eiver

Schuylkill... .............

James. _ ____ - .......

Satilla .. . 

Location

At Cohoes, N.Y... ...... ...... ...

At Little Falls, NJ.. .........

Drainage 

area 

(sq. mi.)

..... 1,320

.. 6,600

.- 3,257

.... . 34,435

..... 9,661

.-... 1,545

..... 3,456

..... 4,500

762

..... 6,780

.... 1,893

..... 25,990

..--. 11,560

..... 1,599

..... 6,242

..... 1,335

..... 8,410

.... 2,690

.... 6,870

.... 1,030

14,700

720

7,508

13,600

.... 2,790 .

.... 700

3,120 .

..... 1,070

Tributary 

. .do. 

. __ do _________ 

.....do...............

.....do... ..............

Pamlico Sound. . ___ 

.....do 

.....do.... .............

.....do... ....... .......

.....do ......... ..

i Figures in parentheses are years of record. Some records prior to 1931 not continuous.

' Adjusted for storage.

> Net area, exclusive of 210 square mile set aside for Boston municipal use. (See 

p. 133.)

* Adjusted for wastage into Merrimack River from 210-square-mile area. (See p. 133.)

' Adjusted for storage and diversion.

« Years 1957-60 estim

' Through 1080. 

8 Unadjusted. 

* Adjusted for diver

10 29-year mean; reco

» Reconstructed rec

12 27-year mean; reco
STREAMFLOW FROM UNITED STATES INTO ATLANTIC OCEAN I 35

basins of the Sudbury and South Branch Nashua Rivers and Lake 

Cohituate has been set aside for the municipal water supply of Boston, 

and theoretically only the flow from the remaining 4,425 square miles 

passes the Lowell gaging station. Not all the flow from the 210 square 

miles is diverted, however, and the remainder, termed "wastage," flows 

into the Merrimack River and passes the Lowell gaging station. In 

tables 18 and 19, the figures of drainage area shown are exclusive of 

the 210 square miles, and the figures of mean discharge have been adjusted for wastage, because in both these tables the purpose is to show 

the runoff of the Merrimack River from the net drainage area. (In 

table 5, however, the drainage area shown for reach 8 includes the 210 

square miles, and the observed discharge of the Merrimack River was 

used; the water diverted from the 210 square miles to the city of Boston 

reappears as waste in Massachusetts Bay and is included in the outflow 

from reach 9. See also table 16 for waste from the city of Boston.) 

Table 19 shows that mean discharge was greater during 1951-60 

than during 1931-60 north of the Potomac River and less south of it; 

on the Potomac River itself there was very little difference betveen the 

two periods. Exceptions are the St. Johns River and its tributary, the 

Oklawaha River, in northern Florida where discharge was greater 

during 1951-60 than during 1931-60. Total streamflow to the ocean 

(table 3) followed a similar pattern. In segments 1-4, the discharge 

to the ocean was 10 percent greater during 1951-60 than durirg 1931- 

60; in segment 5, which includes Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay, 

discharge was 3 percent greater during 1951-60 than during 1931-60; 

in segments 6-10, discharge was 7 percent less during 1951-60 than 

during 1931-60; and total inflow to the ocean was 2 percent greater 

during 1951-60 than during 1931-60. This increase reflects the slight 

upward trend referred to in the section "Summary of streamf ow into 

the Atlantic Ocean" and shown graphically in figure 2.

REFERENCES

Brice, H. D., 1951, A progress report on streamflow investigations ir Suffolk

County, Long Island, 1903,1942-47: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 114 p. 

Carter, R. F., 1959, Drainage area data for Georgia streams: U.S. Geo1 . Survey

open-file report, 252 p. 

Durfor, C. N, and Becker, Edith, 1964, Public water supplies of the ICO largest

cities in the United States, 1962: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1812, 364 p. 

Hidore, John, 1966, Regional variation in natural water consumpticn in the

conterminous United States: Jour. Hydrology, v. 4, p. 79-90. 

Langbein, W. B., and others, 1949, Annual runoff in the United States: U.S.

GeoL Survey Circ. 52,14 p. 

Maine State Water Storage Commission, 1910, First Annual Report: Augusta,

Kennebec Journal Print. 373 p. [1911].
I 36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES

 1913, Fourth Annual Report: Waterville, Sentinel Publishir* Co., 323 p. 

[1914].

Manheim, F. T., 1967, Evidence for submarine discharge of water or the Atlantic 

Continental Slope of the southern United States, and suggestion for further 

search: New York Aead. Sei. Trans., ser. 2, v. 29, p. 839-853.

New York Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity, 1952, A description 

of the water-supply system of the city of New York: 63 p.

Sawyer, R. M., 1959, Progress report on streamflow investigations in Nassau 

County, Long Island, 1903, 1937-55: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 225 p.

U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, 1965, Inland waterway between Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay Problem of disposal of material 

to be removed from a portion of channel in the Chesapeake Fay: Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, 10 p.

 1967, Inland waterway, Delaware River to Chesapeake Fay Historic 

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal: Philadelphia District, pamphlet.

U.S. Weather Bureau, 1955, Mean annual total precipitation, based on years 

1931-55: Rainfall map.

 1959, Evaporation maps for the United States: U.S. Weather Bur. Tech. 

Paper 37,13 p., 5 pi.

Vermeule, C. C., 1894, Water supply: Trenton, Geol. Survey of Nev Jersey, vol. 

3, Final report of the State Geologist, 352 p.

Virginia Department of Conservation and Economic Development, 3960, Index of 

the surface waters of Virginia, 66 p.

Walker, P. N, 1962, Drainage areas at selected sites on streams in North Carolina [revised in 1965] : U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 80 p

Water Resources Council, 1968, The Nations water resources: Washington, D.C., 

The First National Assessment of the Water Resources Council, pt 3, chap. 

2, p. 6.