U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 

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29–112

" ! SENATE 104TH CONGRESS

2d Session

TREATY DOC.

1996

104–33

TAXATION CONVENTION WITH LUXEMBOURG

MESSAGE

FROM

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

TRANSMITTING

CONVENTION BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED

STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GRAND

DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE

TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME AND CAPITAL, SIGNED AT LUXEMBOURG ON APRIL 3, 1996

SEPTEMBER 4, 1996.—Convention was read the first time and, together

with the accompanying papers, referred to the Committee on Foreign

Relations and ordered to be printed for the use of the Senate.

(III)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

THE WHITE HOUSE, September 4, 1996.

To the Senate of the United States:

I transmit herewith for Senate advice and consent to ratification

the Convention Between the Government of the United States of

America and the Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal

Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, signed at

Luxembourg April 3, 1996. Accompanying the Convention is a related exchange of notes providing clarification with respect to the

application of the Convention in specified cases. Also transmitted

for the information of the Senate is the report of the Department

of State with respect to the Convention.

This Convention, which is similar to tax treaties between the

United States and other OECD nations, provides maximum rates

of tax to be applied to various types of income and protection from

double taxation of income. The Convention also provides for exchange of information to prevent fiscal evasion and sets forth

standard rules to limit the benefits of the Convention to persons

that are not engaged in treaty shopping.

I recommend that the Senate give early and favorable consideration to this Convention and give its advice and consent to ratification.

WILLIAM J. CLINTON.

(V)

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, August 30, 1996.

The PRESIDENT,

The White House.

THE PRESIDENT: I have the honor to submit to you, with a view

to its transmission to the Senate for advice and consent to ratification, the Convention Between the Government of the United States

of America and the Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of

Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital,

signed at Luxembourg April 3, 1996 (‘‘the Convention’’). Also enclosed for the information of the Senate is an exchange of notes

which provides clarification with respect to the application of the

Convention in specified cases.

This Convention will replace the existing Convention between

the United States of America and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

with Respect to Taxes on Income and Property signed December

18, 1962. The new Convention maintains many provisions of the

existing convention, but it also provides certain additional benefits

and updates the text to reflect current tax treaty policies.

This Convention is similar to the tax treaties between the United

States and other OECD nations. It provides maximum rates of tax

to be applied to various types of income, protection from double

taxation of income, exchange of information to prevent fiscal evasion, and standard rules to limit the benefits of the Convention to

persons that are not engaged in treaty-shopping. Like other U.S.

tax conventions, this Convention provides rules specifying when income that arises in one of the countries and is derived by residents

of the other country may be taxed by the country in which the income arises (the ‘‘source’’ country).

With respect to U.S. taxes, this Convention applies to federal income taxes (excluding social security taxes), and federal excise

taxes imposed on premiums paid to foreign insurers other than

premiums for reinsurance. For Luxembourg taxes, the Convention

applies to the income tax on individuals, communal trade tax, corporation tax, capital tax, and tax on the fees of directors of companies; it also applies to Luxembourg’s surcharges for its employment

fund on individual income and corporate taxes. Like the 1962 convention, however, this convention does not apply to Luxembourg

corporations that are now entitled, or subsequently become entitled, to special tax benefits available to companies that do not engage in an active trade or business, so-called 1929 holding companies. These companies are exempt from Luxembourg income tax on
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the receipt of income, and their shareholders are exempt from Luxembourg tax on the receipt of dividends from these companies.

The Convention establishes maximum rate of tax that may be

imposed by the source country on specified categories of income, including dividends, interest, and royalties. In most respects, these

rates are the same as in many recent U.S. treaties with OECD

countries. With one exception, the withholding rates on investment

income are generally the same as in the present U.S.-Luxembourg

treaty. Dividends on direct investments are generally subject to tax

by the source country at a rate of five percent. However, dividends

paid by companies that are residents of Luxembourg will be exempt from taxation by the source country if derived by a 25-percent

shareholder from a company engaged in the active conduct of a

trade or business in Luxembourg. Portfolio dividends remain taxable at 15 percent. In contrast, the current convention ties the tax

rate on portfolio dividends to Luxembourg’s statutory rate of tax.

Interest and royalties are generally exempt under the Convention from tax by the source country as under the present treaty.

In general, interest and royalties derived and beneficially owned by

a resident of a Contracting State are taxable only in that State.

This is not true, however, if the beneficial owner of the interest is

a resident of one Contracting State and the interest arises in the

other Contracting State from a permanent establishment through

which the interest owner carries on business or from a fixed base

from which the owner carries on personal services. In that situation, the income is to be considered either business profits or independent personal services income.

Like other U.S. tax treaties, this Convention provides the standard anti-abuse rules for certain classes of investment income. In

addition, the proposed Convention provides for the elimination of

another potential abuse relating to the granting of U.S. treaty benefits in the so-called ‘‘triangular cases,’’ to third-country permanent

establishments of Luxembourg corporations that are exempt from

tax in Luxembourg by operation of Luxembourg law. Under the

proposed rule, full U.S. treaty benefits will be granted in these ‘‘triangular cases’’ only when the U.S.-source income is subject to a significant level of tax in Luxembourg and in the country in which the

permanent establishment is located.

The taxation of capital gains under the Convention is similar to

the rule in the present treaty and recent U.S. tax treaties. Gains

from the sale of personal property are taxed only in the seller’s

State or residence unless they are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base in the other State.

The proposed Convention generally follows the standard rules for

taxation by one country of the business profits of a resident of the

other. Each Contracting State may tax business profits of an enterprise of the other State only when the profits are attributable to

a permanent establishment located in the first state.

As with all recent U.S. treaties, this Convention permits the

United States to tax branch operations. This is not permitted under

the present treaty. The proposed Convention also accommodates a

provision of the 1986 Tax Reform Act that attributes to a permanent-establishment income that is earned during the life of the per-
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manent establishment but is deferred and not received until after

the permanent establishment no longer exists.

Consistent with U.S. treaty policy, the proposed Convention permits only the country of residence to tax profits from international

carriage by ships or airplanes and income from the use or rental

of ships, aircraft, or containers. Under the present treaty, only the

State where the ship or aircraft is registered may tax the income

derived from the operation of the ships or aircraft.

The taxation of income from the performance of personal services

under the proposed Convention is essentially the same as that

under other recent U.S. treaties with OECD countries. Such income

is taxable only the State of the person’s residence unless the person

has a fixed base regularly available in the other Contracting State.

Unlike many U.S. treaties, however, the proposed Convention allows the resident state to tax the income derived from employment

abroad a ship or aircraft operated in international traffic if the enterprise’s Contracting State fails to tax the income.

The proposed Convention contains standard rules making its

benefits unavailable to persons engaged in treaty-shopping. The

current treaty contains no such anti-treaty-shopping rules. Under

the proposed Convention, a company will be entitled to benefits if

it is a ‘‘qualified resident’’ of a Contracting State as defined in the

Convention.

The proposed Convention contains a variation on certain derivative benefits provisions contained in recent treaties between the

United States and the member states of the European Union. The

proposed Convention allows subsidiaries of publicly-traded companies to obtain benefits if seven or fewer residents of a state that

is a member of the European Union or a party to the North American Free Trade Agreement own at least 95 percent of the company

and the other state has a comprehensive income tax convention

with the Contracting State. The treaty does not establish a minimum threshold for Luxembourg ownership.

The proposed Convention also contains the standard rules necessary for administering the Convention, including rules for the

resolution of disputes under the Convention and for exchange of information. Unlike the current convention, the proposed Convention

contains a provision dealing with items of income that are not dealt

with specifically in other articles. Such a provision is standard in

our modern treaties.

The Convention authorizes the General Accounting Office and

the Tax-Writing Committees of Congress to obtain access to certain

tax information exchanged under the Convention for use in their

oversight of the administration of U.S. tax laws and treaties.

This Convention is subject to ratification. It will enter into force

on the day that the instruments of ratification are exchanged. It

will have effect with respect to taxes withheld by the source country for payments made or credited on or after the first day of January following entry into force and in other cases for taxable years

beginning on or after the first day of January following the date

on which the Convention enters into force. When the present convention affords a more favorable result for a taxpayer than the proposed Convention, the taxpayer may elect to continue to apply the
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provisions of the present convention, in its entirety, for one additional year.

This Convention will remain in force indefinitely unless terminated by one of the Contracting States. Either State may terminate

the Convention by giving at least six months of prior notice

through diplomatic channels.

An exchange of notes accompanies the Convention and is provided for the information of the Senate. This exchange of notes

clarifies the application of the Convention in specified cases. For

example, the notes specify that certain information pertaining to financial institutions may be obtained and provided to certain U.S.

authorities only in accordance with the terms of the Treaty Between the United States and Luxembourg on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters. That treaty, which sets forth the scope

of that obligation, is expected to be signed shortly and submitted

to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification.

A technical memorandum explaining in detail the provisions of

the Convention will be prepared by the Department of the Treasury and will be submitted separately to the Senate Committee on

Foreign Relations.

The Department of the Treasury and the Department of State cooperated in the negotiation of the Convention. It has the full approval of both Departments.

Respectfully submitted,

LYNN E. DAVIS.
(1)
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