1 

Filed 5/29/14 P. v. Williams CA3 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT 

(Sacramento) 

---- 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

JOSEPH RAHEEM WILLIAMS, 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

C068754 

(Super. Ct. No. 08F01226) 

 Defendant Joseph Raheem Williams shot and killed a man in front of a hotel. Law 

enforcement apprehended him several days later, read him his Miranda1 rights and 

interviewed him. 

 

1 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694] (Miranda). 
2 

 The People charged defendant with murder and being a felon in possession of a 

firearm. At trial, defendant asserted self-defense. A recording of the police interview 

was played to the jury. The jury found defendant guilty of voluntary manslaughter and of 

possessing a firearm. 

 The trial court imposed the maximum sentence of 11 years for manslaughter, 10 

years for a firearm enhancement and one year for a prior prison term, suspending an 

eight-month term for firearm possession. 

 Defendant now contends (1) the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing 

argument; (2) the trial court erred in admitting defendant’s interrogation statements to the 

police in violation of Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694]; (3) his failure to 

respond to certain police questions was used against him in violation of Doyle v. Ohio

(1976) 426 U.S. 610 [49 L.Ed.2d 91] (Doyle); and (4) in sentencing defendant, the trial 

court ignored the jury’s findings, failed to consider mitigating factors and demonstrated 

animus toward defendant. 

 We conclude (1) the prosecutor’s comments were a legitimate response to the 

evidence, and we presume the jury followed the trial court’s instructions rather than the 

prosecutor’s arguments; (2) based on the totality of the circumstances and giving 

deference to the trial court’s findings of fact, defendant’s statements in the interrogation 

could be interpreted by a reasonable police officer as expressions of frustration rather 

than an invocation of the right to remain silent, and defendant did not effectively invoke 

his Miranda right to halt the questioning; (3) any error in allowing the prosecutor to 

comment on the recorded interrogation statement was harmless beyond a reasonable 

doubt; and (4) in sentencing defendant, the trial court did not err and did not abuse its 

discretion. 

 We will affirm the judgment. 
3 

BACKGROUND 

 Lashaun Blake was celebrating her 17th birthday with friends at the Double Tree 

Hotel. In another room, Alex Hunter was celebrating his 21st birthday with his siblings 

and friends. Defendant and “Goldie” Benoit had joined the party of teenage girls because 

they knew Blake’s boyfriend. Benoit, defendant and two of the girls made a trip to a 

nearby convenience store in Benoit’s car. At about the same time, Hunter, his brother 

and their two sisters were walking toward their cars. Benoit was “driving crazy” as he 

prepared to park his Ford Taurus. 

 After yelling at the Hunter group to move, Benoit narrowly missed hitting them 

with the car. As defendant and Benoit got out of the car, there was an exchange of heated 

words. Hunter followed defendant’s group as they walked away, challenging them to 

fight. Defendant responded to Hunter’s unexpected tap on the shoulder by turning and 

shooting him at a range of less than three to four feet, killing him with a single gunshot 

wound to the chest. Defendant and Benoit ran away. 

 Police arrested defendant several days later and questioned him. During the 

interrogation, defendant said only that he “didn’t do the shooting.” At trial, he asserted 

self-defense, saying he believed the victim had a gun and was threatening him when he 

pulled the trigger. The trial court denied defendant’s motion in limine to exclude 

evidence from defendant’s interrogation and the jury saw a video recording of it. 

 The jury found defendant not guilty of murder but convicted him of voluntary 

manslaughter. The jury also found true the allegation that defendant personally used a 

firearm. The trial court sentenced him to an aggregate of 22 years in prison. Additional 

facts are included in the discussion as relevant to the contentions on appeal. 

DISCUSSION 

I 

 Defendant contends the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by suggesting in 

closing argument that defendant’s claim of self-defense had to be rejected because the 
4 

victim did not have a gun. Defense counsel promptly objected to the argument, but the 

trial court overruled the objection and refused to admonish the jury. Defendant argues 

this was sufficient grounds for the mistrial he sought in the trial court and for reversal on 

appeal. 

 Prosecutorial misconduct violates the Fourteenth Amendment when it “ ‘infects 

the trial with such unfairness’ ” as to make the conviction a denial of due process. 

(People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1202.) Even if the conduct does not reach that 

level, it may violate California law if it involves “ ‘the use of deceptive or reprehensible 

methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.’ ” (Ibid.) Regarding closing 

arguments, “It is within the domain of legitimate argument for a prosecutor to state his 

deductions or conclusions drawn from the evidence and to relate to the jury that, in his 

opinion, the evidence shows that the defendant is guilty of the crimes charged, unless his 

statements are not based upon legitimate evidence or are to the effect that he has personal 

knowledge of the defendant's guilt.” (People v. Calpito (1970) 9 Cal.App.3d 212, 223, 

citing People v. Dillinger (1968) 268 Cal.App.2d 140, 144.) It is not proper, however, 

for a prosecutor to misstate the law or resort to personal attacks on the integrity of 

opposing counsel. (People v. Bell (1989) 49 Cal.3d 502, 538.) 

 Here, defendant claims the prosecutor “implied a lower burden of proof” and 

shifted the burden of proof to defendant. Noting that not a single witness said the victim 

had a gun, the prosecutor argued: “Why is it so important to the defense that [the victim] 

have a gun? Because that’s the one way they are trying to create this situation where it 

could be justified to use a gun on an unarmed person. It is not justified to shoot down an 

unarmed person. That is not what self-defense is all about.” Defendant immediately 

objected, saying the argument misstated the law. The trial court overruled the objection. 

 One element of self-defense is a reasonable belief that a person is in “imminent 

danger of being killed or suffering great bodily injury.” (CALCRIM No. 505.) The jury 

was so instructed. The law recognizes, of course, that great bodily injury can be inflicted 
5 

without a firearm. (People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1035 [finding the key 

inquiry in an aggravated assault conviction is the nature of the force applied by a 

defendant, not whether he used a weapon].) Defendant testified that the victim claimed 

to be a “UFC fighter,” which defendant understood to mean someone who fights in a 

cage for money or sport.2 Defendant contends the prosecutor’s statement impermissibly 

led the jury to conclude that defendant had to prove the victim had a gun, instead of the 

prosecutor having to prove that defendant did not act in self-defense. 

 On review of alleged misconduct in a closing argument, we must examine the 

context of the argument as a whole. (People v. Cole, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1203.) In 

this case, defendant contended that, at the very beginning of the conflict, the victim threw 

up his hand and raised his shirt to “flash[]” a gun. He went on to testify that he did not 

know why, but the victim followed him as defendant and his friends tried to make their 

way back to their hotel room. He said the victim persisted in demanding a fight and 

saying something about a gun. Defendant said he was trying to avoid a fight by walking 

away in the moments before he shot the victim. But as defendant reached the stairs, he 

said he felt a pull on his left shoulder as the victim turned him around and suddenly they 

faced one another at very close range. He said he did not intend to shoot anybody, but 

“[i]t just happened.” He said he did not want the victim to shoot him or pistol-whip him. 

 Following the defense objection, the prosecutor continued his closing argument, 

pointing out that although the victim’s actions were not consistent with having a gun, he 

did talk about fighting, calling defendant and his friend cowards. The prosecutor said, 

“Again, no one is excusing his behavior. He is being a jerk that night. If he would have 

let it go, he’d still be alive, but he didn’t. But he didn’t ever talk about having a gun. No 

 

2 The parties stipulated that the ultimate fighting championship or UFC is sponsored by 

MMA, the world’s premier mixed martial arts organization, and that it features men who 

engage in boxing, wrestling, judo and other martial arts. 
6 

one heard him say I’m going to shoot you. He talked about fighting.” The prosecutor 

rhetorically asked whether the victim would not have just pulled the gun out if he had 

one, instead of tapping defendant on the shoulder to say, “I’m talking to you,” as one 

witness had testified. 

 Moments later, the prosecutor continued, “As far as the stand your ground, I mean, 

that’s the law. . . . But if you stand your ground, you still are limited to using the force 

that is necessary under the circumstances, you know, to meet the threat. You can’t use 

any more force than is necessary to meet the threat, even when you are standing your 

ground.” He went on, “the point I was making earlier in my first argument is that you 

still cannot use any more force than is necessary. [¶] So the decision you have to make 

then . . . is whether or not the defendant actually, actually felt that he was in imminent 

danger of death or great bodily injury requiring the immediate use of force.” 

 The prosecutor accurately defined the jury’s decision as “whether or not the 

defendant actually, actually felt that he was in imminent danger . . . of great bodily injury 

requiring the immediate use of force.” Addressing the statement to which defendant 

objected once more, he continued, “And, you know, you can feel that way if another 

person isn’t armed. I mean, that’s -- that’s -- if I misspoke before, that is true, you can be 

in that position where you feel like you have to use deadly force because you feel like 

you are actually in imminent danger of death or great bodily injury requiring the use of 

immediate force. The other person doesn’t have to be armed for you to meet that point, 

obviously.” 

 Defendant claims the prosecutor “did not clarify his previous misstatement” 

because he did not make it “explicitly clear” that defendant’s shooting could be justified 

even if the victim did not have a gun. He further contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion when it “implicitly endorsed” the misstatement by overruling defendant’s 

objection. 
7 

 We disagree. As we just recounted, defendant testified that, at the time he pulled 

the trigger, he feared being shot or pistol-whipped by the victim. The prosecutor’s 

comments about the reasonableness of defendant’s fear were legitimately part of closing 

argument. In context, the prosecutor’s single statement about shooting an unarmed man 

was not likely to be perceived as an explanation of the law of self-defense but as an 

attack on the reasonableness of the defense theory and the evidence supporting it. 

Moreover, we presume that the jury relied on the instructions of the trial court, not the 

arguments of counsel. (People v. Morales (2001) 25 Cal.4th 34, 47.) The jury was 

instructed to follow the law as explained by the trial court and was told, “If you believe 

that the parties’ comments on the law conflict with my instructions, you must follow my 

instructions.” Defendant has asserted no objection to the self-defense instruction, 

CALCRIM No. 505. The prosecutor’s statement did not infect the trial with unfairness 

so as to deprive defendant of due process, nor did it employ deceptive or reprehensible 

methods to persuade the jury. 

 We find no merit in defendant’s contention that the trial court “implicitly 

endorsed” a misstatement of law simply by overruling a defense objection. The 

instruction was correct and any misstatement by the prosecutor was corrected by the 

prosecutor and addressed again by defendant’s closing argument. Among other things, 

defense counsel argued in closing that the law clearly and undoubtedly gave defendant 

“an entitlement to use self-defense” to avoid “great bodily injury, if not being shot.” 

Defense counsel said “any reasonable person” under the circumstances would believe 

they were in imminent danger of death or great bodily injury, and he emphasized that 

even if the victim was not a fighter and did not have a gun, defendant was entitled to 

defend himself if his belief about the threat was reasonable at the time. The jury found 

defendant not guilty of murder, which is inconsistent with defendant’s claim that they 

may have adopted the prosecutor’s statement that shooting an unarmed man was never 

justified. There was no prosecutorial misconduct and no prejudice. 
8 

II 

 Defendant next contends his conviction must be reversed because the trial court 

erroneously admitted evidence that violated his Miranda rights. 

 The police arrested defendant a few days after the shooting and questioned him 

later that day. Before trial, defendant moved to exclude the interrogation on the ground 

that he had asserted his constitutional right to remain silent by not answering pertinent 

questions. The trial court denied the motion and allowed the jury to see a video recording 

of the police interview. After reviewing a transcript and listening to the recording, the 

trial court found that the interviewing detective gave defendant appropriate warnings at 

the start of the interview and defendant affirmatively responded that he understood them. 

The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that defendant’s waiver was knowing, 

intelligent and voluntary. 

 Defendant argued that even if his initial waiver was effective, he invoked his right 

to cut off questioning by not answering questions about the crime or by giving only 

evasive answers to questions about the crime. But the trial court found that defendant 

interspersed silence with numerous responses and did not clearly communicate to the 

detective that the interview was over. The trial court found defendant “never invoked his 

right to remain silent” and, because the statements were voluntary, they could be 

admitted into evidence. After the ruling, defense counsel urged the trial court to 

reconsider a segment of the interview in which defendant said to the detective, “I don’t 

wanna talk about that, bro.” The trial court determined that the phrase referred to the 

subject of the police chase preceding defendant’s arrest, although defendant urged that it 

related to the crime. Defendant raised the issue again after opening statements and the 

trial court agreed to accept his objection as continuing throughout the trial. 

 The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that no person 

“shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself” and the 

Fourteenth Amendment extends this right to state criminal prosecutions. (Malloy v. 
9 

Hogan (1964) 378 U.S. 1, 12 [12 L.Ed.2d 653, 662].) Miranda warnings implicitly 

promise there will be no penalty for exercising the right to remain silent. (Doyle, supra,

426 U.S. at pp. 618-619 [49 L.Ed.2d at p. 98].) “A person who initially waives his or her 

Miranda rights retains the right to cut off further police interrogation.” (People v. Lopez

(2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1508, 1526.) 

 The question presented is whether defendant asserted his right to remain silent 

after the interview began or whether he was just selectively evasive. “[T]he admissibility 

of statements obtained after the person in custody has decided to remain silent depends 

under Miranda on whether his ‘right to cut off questioning’ was ‘scrupulously 

honored.’ ” (Michigan v. Mosley (1975) 423 U.S. 96, 104 [46 L.Ed.2d 313, 321], 

fn. omitted [quoting Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. at pp. 474, 479 [16 L.Ed.2d at pp. 723-

724, 726]].) A California court has held that there is “ ‘no right to remain silent 

selectively’ ” after a Miranda waiver (People v. Hurd (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 1084, 

1093), but a federal court deemed that decision “incorrectly and unreasonably applied 

[to] clearly established law.” (Hurd v. Terhune (9th Cir. 2010) 619 F.3d 1080, 1089.) 

The Ninth Circuit determined that the right to silence pertains independently to each 

question posed. (Id. at p. 1087) There is no definitive Supreme Court guidance on the 

extent to which interrogation evidence is admissible when a defendant answers some 

questions but not others. (People v. Bowman (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 353 364 [listing 

cases illustrating split of authority].) 

 On review, we accept the trial court’s resolution of disputed facts and inferences if 

they are substantially supported by the evidence, before applying federal standards to 

independently determine whether a challenged statement was elicited in violation of 

Miranda. (People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005, 1032-1033.) “In order to invoke 

the Fifth Amendment privilege after it has been waived, and in order to halt police 

questioning after it has begun, the suspect ‘must unambiguously’ assert his right to 

silence or counsel.” (People v. Stitely (2005) 35 Cal.4th 514, 535, citing Davis v. United 
10 

States (1994) 512 U.S. 452, 459 [129 L.Ed.2d 362, 371].) To determine whether there 

was an unambiguous assertion of the privilege after an initial waiver, we review the 

totality of the circumstances and the context of the words a defendant has used. 

(People v. Musselwhite (1998) 17 Cal.4th 1216, 1238.) Doing this, we employ an 

objective standard, that is, whether a reasonable police officer would have understood the 

defendant’s statements to require immediate cessation of questioning. (People v. Nelson

(2012) 53 Cal.4th 367, 376-378, citing Davis v. United States, supra, 512 U.S. 452, 459 

[129 L.Ed.2d 362, 371] and Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) 560 U.S. 370 [176 L.Ed.2d 

1098].) Expressions of frustration or animosity do not invoke the right to silence. 

(People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 434 [“ ‘I don’t want to talk about it’ ” was not 

an invocation].) 

 In this case, a few minutes after issuing Miranda warnings, the detective said, “Do 

you know why you’re here?” and offered an explanation to which defendant did not 

respond. After the detective continued, saying several people identified defendant as the 

“shoot[er]” at the hotel, defendant responded with a minute-long silence, then said, “Got 

a little bed in this joint?” After a colloquy about defendant being tired from the police 

chase at the time of his arrest, the detective asked, “What did you do on Saturday, 

Joseph?” Defendant responded, “I’m gonna go right back on the ground to sleep.” When 

defendant repeated the statement, the detective reflected that, if defendant went to sleep, 

they would not “get very far on what we’ve got to talk about,” to which defendant 

replied, “I don’t wanna talk about that, bro.” 

 After a brief and largely unintelligible exchange about the chase, the detective 

said, “I’ll let you sleep a little bit,” and left for about 20 seconds; when he returned, there 

was a brief conversation in which defendant said he wanted to go to jail and the detective 

said he would be taken to jail after unnamed others had been interviewed. The detective 

left again for two minutes, returning with photographs. Defendant acknowledged a 

photograph of the victim, saying he had “seen him around,” then asked again to be taken 
11 

to jail. The detective said, “Oh you will [but] what you go to jail for [depends] on how 

this plays out,” and showed defendant more photographs. Defendant looked at the 

photographs but deflected questions. A few minutes later, the detective pointedly asked, 

“Did you not shoot the guy or did you shoot the guy?” to which defendant responded, “I 

didn’t do the shooting.” 

 For 13 minutes, defendant evaded and deflected the detective’s follow-up 

questions, alternating silence, mumbling, saying he was sleepy and asking to be taken to 

jail, but never actually responding or asserting his rights; the detective finally confirmed 

defendant had nothing to say and just wanted to go to sleep. In the midst of the 

detective’s follow-up questions, defendant twice asked, “This even legal?” to which the 

detective responded, “We wouldn’t do it if it wasn’t legal. We’re the police.” The entire 

interview lasted about 30 minutes. 

 The trial court reviewed the recorded interview and concluded from defendant’s 

bantering that “this defendant has apparently extensive contact with law enforcement” 

and had the “clear ability to communicate to the detective that the interview was over” 

but “did no such thing.” The trial court concluded that the statement “I don’t wanna talk 

about that, bro” referred to the chase preceding defendant’s arrest, not the shooting. 

Evaluating the totality of the circumstances and giving deference to the trial court’s 

findings of fact, we conclude that defendant’s statements could be interpreted by a 

reasonable police officer as expressions of frustration rather than an invocation of the 

right to remain silent. (See People v. Rundle (2008) 43 Cal.4th 76, 115, disapproved on 

other grounds in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421 [right to silence not 

invoked by expressions of frustration or animosity or refusal to discuss a particular 

subject]; People v. Silva (1988) 45 Cal.3d 604, 630 [same].) We conclude defendant did 

not effectively invoke his Miranda right to halt the questioning. 
12 

III 

 Defendant contends that, even if his Miranda rights were not violated, the trial 

court violated his constitutional rights by allowing the prosecutor to show the jury his 

postarrest interview and describe his nonanswers as proof of guilt. 

 In Doyle, supra, 426 U.S. 610 [49 L.Ed.2d 91], the United States Supreme Court 

said “every post-arrest silence is insolubly ambiguous” due to the assurances implicit in 

the Miranda warnings that silence will carry no penalty. (Doyle, supra, 426 U.S. at 

pp. 617-618 [49 L.Ed.2d at pp. 97-98].) Impeaching a defendant with his post-Miranda

silence is a violation of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. (Id. at 

p. 619 [49 L.Ed.2d at p. 98].) Post-Miranda silence may not be used as evidence of guilt 

during the prosecution’s case-in-chief. (People v. Coffman and Marlow (2004) 

34 Cal.4th 1, 118; People v. Cockrell (1965) 63 Cal.2d 659, 669.) Similarly, nonanswers 

by a suspect in custody may not be used as adoptive admissions. (People v. Lopez, supra,

129 Cal.App.4th at p. 1526 [curse preceding request for counsel]; (Hurd v. Terhune, 

supra, 619 F.3d at pp. 1088-1089 [refusal to demonstrate shooting].) Silence at the time 

of arrest is not especially probative and has a high risk of causing prejudice that is not 

likely to be overcome by explanation. (United States v. Hale (1975) 422 U.S. 171, 180 

[45 L.Ed.2d 99, 107].) 

 “Under the rationale of Doyle, due process is violated whenever the prosecution 

uses for impeachment purposes a defendant's post-Miranda silence.” (Brecht v. 

Abrahamson (1993) 507 U.S. 619, 629 [123 L.Ed.2d 353, 367].) Trial error arising from 

a defendant’s exercise of the right to remain silent is evaluated under federal standards, 

so it is reversible unless it is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Chapman v. 

California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 21, 24 [17 L.Ed.2d 705, 709, 710-711].) When a 

defendant responds to some questions during a police interview and does not 

unambiguously invoke his right of silence, the silence does not trigger Doyle unless the 

circumstances lend themselves to an inference that silence or evasive replies were made 
13 

in reliance on the Fifth Amendment. (People v. Bowman, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 364-365.) In this case, the context was a postarrest interrogation, so refusal to discuss 

the shooting may very well have been based on the Fifth Amendment, particularly given 

that defendant asked, “This even legal?” after repeated attempts by the detective to 

provoke a response from him. 

 The People argue that a criminal defendant should not be allowed “to engage law 

enforcement [after waiving Miranda] and then claim that flippant and evasive answers 

were in fact in ‘silence’ in reliance on Miranda.” They contend the prosecutor’s reliance 

on the interrogation was justified because defendant was trying to use evidence of his 

silence and evasion as a sword instead of a shield, as that concept was explained in 

People v. Champion (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1440 (Champion). The People argue the 

prosecutor focused on defendant’s actual responses and demeanor during the interview, 

which was consistent with the detective’s warning that whatever he said could be used 

against him and was a fair response at trial to his claim of self-defense. 

Champion involved a prosecutor’s reference to a defendant’s postarrest silence as 

a fair response to defendant’s trial claim that “no one would listen to him.” (Id. at 

pp. 1448, 1450.) Here, however, defendant testified that he acted in self-defense, not that 

no one would listen to him. Highlighting defendant’s failure to tell the police 

investigator defendant acted in self-defense was not a fair response under Champion.

 During opening statement, the prosecutor pointed out that, in response to hearing 

about the evidence against him during the police interview, defendant’s recorded 

response was, “How long I been here for?” and “Got a little bed in here?” “I’m gonna go 

right back on the ground to sleep.” The prosecutor noted that defendant never responded, 

“[T]he victim had a gun” or “I had to shoot to defend myself.” The interview was not 

mentioned on cross-examination. During closing argument, the prosecutor said, “Think 

about his attitude, his demeanor on that tape [¶] . . . [¶] [a]nd if you watch that tape, just 

days after he shot this person, you can see through [his] attitude that he’s a cold-blooded 
14 

killer. He has no remorse. He’s not feeling bad about it. He’s not showing any fear. . . . 

[¶] . . . [¶] Don’t you have anything to say about what happened? . . . [¶] . . . I’m going 

to lay down here on the floor . . . . He had killed a man five days earlier, shot him down 

and that’s his attitude. No remorse, no fear, definitely didn’t have any self-defenses 

going on.” 

 As we explained in part I, ante, a prosecutor may state his own conclusions from 

the evidence during closing argument and relate his belief that the defendant is guilty. 

(People v. Calpito, supra, 9 Cal.App.3d at p. 223.) But a prosecutor may not convert a 

defendant’s silence during a police interview into a tacit admission of guilt if the 

defendant has invoked his right to remain silent or seek counsel. (People v. Andrews

(1970) 14 Cal.App.3d 40, 47.) The prosecutor’s comments suggested that defendant’s 

failure to tell police he was defending himself proved he was not. If defendant had 

unambiguously cut off questioning or otherwise clearly asserted his right to remain silent, 

the evidence would have been inadmissible under Doyle. But as we explained in part II, 

he did not. In fact, at trial, defendant said he was evasive because he did not trust the 

detective and did not want to talk to him. 

 In any event, it is not necessary to decide whether a series of evasive answers 

punctuated by silence ought to be excluded from evidence under Doyle, because we 

conclude that, in this case, any error in admitting or allowing comment on the recorded 

interview was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

 The constitutional harmless error standard is “ ‘not whether, in a trial that occurred 

without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the 

guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.’ ” 

(People v. Quartermain (1997) 16 Cal.4th 600, 621, quoting Sullivan v. Louisiana (1993) 

508 U.S. 275, 279 [124 L.Ed.2d 182, 189].) Defendant admitted that he was carrying a 

gun on the night of the shooting, even though he knew there was a warrant for his arrest 

and he could not legally possess a gun. He said he had the gun with him because he 
15 

expected to return it to its owner who was “usually . . . around” when there were girls and 

drugs. He admitted that he spent the evening drinking, smoking marijuana, snorting 

cocaine and “popping” Ecstasy pills while “shooting dice” and listening to music. 

Defendant said the victim “flashed” a gun in his waistband from a distance of 30 or 40 

feet but, as he approached, the victim appeared to want a fistfight, not a gun battle. The 

victim did not actually have a gun and defendant admitted his vision was poor. 

Defendant said he was “high” and was just trying to get away when the victim pulled his 

shoulder and was suddenly facing him. He said he did not have it in his mind to shoot 

anybody but he did acknowledge shooting the victim. 

 The trial court instructed the jury that either heat of passion or imperfect selfdefense could reduce the murder charge to voluntary manslaughter. It also instructed the 

jury that if defendant believed there was imminent danger, the belief “must have been 

reasonable,” that a person is “only entitled to use that amount of force that a reasonable 

person would believe is necessary” and if defendant used more force than was necessary, 

“the killing was not justified.” The jury’s verdict of manslaughter, but not murder, 

indicates that defendant persuaded the jury he was provoked or that his fear of imminent 

danger was reasonable, despite his failure to assert self-defense in the police interview. 

But the jury also must have concluded that he used more force than was necessary. 

Given defendant’s own testimony that the victim was spoiling for a fistfight, suddenly 

shooting him in the chest at close range was an excessive response that necessarily would 

have rendered the killing “not justified,” regardless of how the defendant’s demeanor 

during the police interview was construed. The guilty verdict was “surely unattributable 

to” the admission of the interrogation evidence. Any error was harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 
16 

IV 

 In addition, defendant contends the trial court erred in sentencing him because it 

ignored the jury’s findings, failed to consider mitigating factors and demonstrated animus 

toward him. 

 A trial court has broad discretion in sentencing, but it must orally announce its 

reasons to encourage the careful exercise of that discretion and to enable parties to seek 

an immediate clarification or change in the event of errors or omissions in its reasoning. 

(People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 351.) Claims that a trial court weighed sentencing 

factors incorrectly or failed to give a sufficient number of valid reasons for the sentence 

cannot be considered for the first time on appeal. (Id. at pp. 352-353.) Here, defendant 

asserts for the first time on appeal that the trial court’s sentencing reasons were improper 

or insufficient. Defendant did not object to the sentence when it was imposed and did not 

assert judicial animus or judicial misconduct in the trial court. Accordingly, his 

contention is forfeited. (People v. Sturm (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1218, 1237.) 

 Acknowledging his failure to object, defendant contends that his presentencing 

argument against the upper term preserved the claim and, in any event, an objection 

would have been futile. Even if that were true, the record does not support defendant’s 

assertion that the trial court ignored the jury’s findings, failed to consider mitigating 

factors or demonstrated animus toward defendant. 

 In claiming that the trial court considered facts not found by the jury, defendant 

points to a reference in the probation report indicating that defendant said he “probably 

would have shot the victim sooner if he had been sober.” The trial court commented that 

the statement was “[u]ndoubtedly” true and that it “is a common tale in Sacramento.” 

Defendant also argues the trial court “implied” that it was ignoring the verdict by noting 

that the jury considered victim provocation when it found defendant guilty of 

manslaughter but not murder. He contends the trial court’s statement that the jury gave 

defendant “a tremendous break in view of all the surrounding circumstances” proves that 
17 

the trial court believed defendant committed murder and improperly made the sentencing 

decision on that basis. 

 The trial court apparently found the facts of this case abhorrent and minced no 

words in explaining the sentence, but even if defendant had preserved an objection to the 

sentence, we would find no abuse of discretion. (See People v. Scott, supra, 9 Cal.4th at 

p. 349 [standard of review].) Any “factor reasonably related to the sentencing” may be 

considered in selecting an authorized sentence, including evidence in the probation 

report. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.420(b).) Some of the aggravating factors that may be 

considered in imposing sentence include great violence, use of a weapon and conviction 

of other crimes. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a).) In sentencing defendant, the trial 

court articulated various aggravating and mitigating factors. Any one of the aggravating 

factors would have sufficed to justify the maximum sentence. (People v. Yim (2007) 

152 Cal.App.4th 366, 369.) 

 In mitigation, the trial court considered that defendant was only 23 years old and 

that the crime was unlikely to recur because of the victim’s provocation. Nonetheless, it 

concluded the aggravating factors far outweighed the mitigating factors. The probation 

report recommended the maximum term because defendant was on parole at the time of 

the crime. Among other things, the trial court noted that the crime involved great 

violence and great bodily harm, that defendant had engaged in a “continuous pattern of 

crime from the age of 12,” that he had a prior prison term, that he was on parole, and that 
18 

he had a poor parole record. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing 

defendant. 

DISPOSITION 

 The judgment is affirmed. 

 MAURO , J. 

We concur: 

 BUTZ , Acting P. J. 

 MURRAY , J.