NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 446 

Marine Flora and Fauna of 

the Northeastern United States. 

Lichens (Ascomycetes) of 

the Intertidal Region 

Ronald M. Taylor 

August 1982 

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Malcolm Baldridge, Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

John V. Byrne, Administrator 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries 
FOREWORD 

ThIS MF Circular I, part ur tht: sub'>t:nc, "Munne l'lora ,mu hlunil 01 the Northe.t\tt:fn Unlteu 

States." ""hlch t:onSI,\', of onglnal tlillstruteu 1llout:rn Illunuuls Oil thl' Idcntlfll;atloll. ,Ia .. 1Il<.:.ltll1n. ,mu 

general bIology 01 the e,tuanlle anu (oustal 111anl1l: plant' olnu anl111ul, of th~ northeastern lJnlh!O States 

The 111anuab arc puhh,heo at Irregular Intcnal, on 01' man) tJ\a of the regIon a, therc are peel.lil,t" u\ atl 

able to collaborate tn theIr preparatton 

GeographIc coveruge of tht: "Manne Flora oIllli Fauna pf thl' ortheu,tt:rn l 'nlteu St.lte .. t\ pl.tnn d hl 

1I1clude organl'Il)!, fro111 the heau""aters 01 e,tuClne, ,eav. ,mi til appro\llllutclj the 2()() III ucpth (In the on· 

ttnental shelf from MaIne tll VlrglnlJ. but ma) \.If) '''111ev. hat v. Ith e.lch rnaJIH t.1 nn ,lI1U thc Interest (If 

collaborators. Whene\ er po"lblc rcpre,cntatt\c 'pelI111ell' uealt v,lth III the manual arc ucp<.' ItCU In th 

reference collecttons of major museum, 01 the rcglon 

The "Manne Flom anu Fuuna 01 the nrtheastcrn Llnlleu Stoltes" I Oclng prep.1red In ,oll,lh.,rallon 

"'Ith S) stematle SpeCiultsh In the l;l1Iteu tatc, and abr'lau tach rn,tnualls t1,l';cd pnrnanl) (In re ent and 

ongoing rev ISlonal) ') ,ternattl re,carrh and a ire,h nJmlnatm pf the pl..tnts and anl111,11 E:l h 111,lJor 

ta\on. treated In a separ..ttc manual. Incluoe, .In Introducttnn. IlIu,trolteu gil" ,II) unll 'rill unglnall) tllu 

trated keys. annotated ,hecklt,t v. Ilh inll'rrnatl\lO ,\ hen ~\ atlahk llll uI,tnhutIPn. hablt.lt. Itfe hi tol) nd 

related blOlog). references t~) the major IttCI1lturc "I the: group. and ~ ') -telllati Ind \ 

These manua" are intended Illr u,e h) blolog) ,tudent,. blllil'gl'h. bl(,logleal oceanographer.;. 

1I1formed la)men. ano others v. I,hlng to lu<.'ntll) C".I,lal nrg .. nl,m, ror thl' reg Inn Ott nth) ,.In \Cne 

gUides to addttl~)nal 1I1f lrmatton a!xlut 'pee It.!' pr gmup, 

The manual> arc an outgrov. th llf thl· v. Id<.'l) u,cd .. K<), t" \loInn< Jill <.'rtcbr .. tcs 01 the \\Oods Hole 

RegIon." edlled b) R I mllh 111 1\)04. and pnlduud under the oIU pIce 01 the S) tem,llI holog) Pro· 

gram. Manne BIologIcal L.1bt.,ratof), Wlxlth Hllk. f,la ,\It<.'r a ulll lent number 01 manu.l! 01 related 

taxonomIc groups have been publl\hed. the manual, "til be ft.!' I l'd. gr upt'd. nd h u<.'d pe~1.l1 \01· 

umes. \\ hieh v. til con'l,t ll! ':ompliatllln, I~lr ph fa or gn>up, llf ph) I 
CONTENTS 

Introduction ..... .. ...... . .. . .... . .... . . . . . ................... .. ..... . .... . .. . ...... .. ................. . . 

Methods of collection and studying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 

Ecology ......... .. ..... . . ' ........... . .. . ..... .. ....................... . .. . . . ......................... . . 2 

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 4 

llIustrated key to species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Annotated list of species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 

Selected bibliography . ...... . ........ . ...... . ........ . ..... . . . ....... . .................................... 22 

Systematic index .... . .. . ............. . . .. ........ .... ......... . .............. . ........ . .................. 24 

Acknowledgments ...................... . ................... . .......................... . .................. 25 

Coordinating Editor's comments ........ . ................................................................ . ... 26 

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS ) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material 

mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMF S, or 

to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends 

or endorses any proprietary product or proprietar y material mentioned 

herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly 

the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS 

publication. 

III 
Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern 

United States. Lichens (Ascomycetes) of 

the Intertidal Region 

RONALD M. TAYLOR I 

ABSTRACT 

This manual treats the lichens found in the intertidal region from New Jersey to Newfoundland. Methods of 

collection, preparation. and study are briefly treated. Twenty-two species are covered, both in an illustrated key 

and an alphabetical listing, with brief descriptions and notes on ecology and distribution. A glossary of terms is 

included . 

INTRODUCTION 

The content and style of this paper are intended to encourage 

and serve all who might wish to study the lichens of the fascinating 

and complex marine littoral environment. It is evident from the literature and from inquiries directed to the author that the marine 

lichen flora presents an interesting enigma to biologists of diverse 

disciplines. It is hoped that this paper will help them in studying, 

recognizing, and accurately reporting the lichens of the littoral 

zone. 

A lichen is not "a plant" but rather a life or growth form comprised of two kinds of plants, a fungus and an alga, growing 

together in a symbiotic relationship. Although botanists differ as to 

the exact nature of the symbiotic relationship, each member of the 

relationship seems to benefit from the other. In reality, there are 

probably different kinds of relationships in different lichens. Most 

lichens are fungus dominated, i.e., the shape and most of the mass 

of the lichen is derived from the fungus. All lhe marine lichens 

treated in this manual, except for the genus Lichina , are fungus 

dominated and the fungus is an Ascomycete. 

Marine I ichens occur in three growth forms: fruticose, foliose, 

and crustose. Fruticose forms are usually upright or pendant in relationship to the substrate; they stand out away from the substrate. 

LichinQ, the only genus of fruticose lichens in the littoral region 

grows in a shrublike form. Foliose forms, as the name implies, 

have a leafy appearance, often in rosette form, and may be removed 

from the substrate. The only genus of foliose lichens in the littoral 

region is Xanrhoria . Crustose forms often appear as discolored 

areas on rocks and are usually destroyed if one attempts to remove 

them from the substrate. They may be shiny or dull, black, green, 

or brown. Most marine lichens are crustose and grow on rocks; one 

species, Arrhopyrenia halodyres, grows on barnacles. 

Lichens may be found in a continuous range of habitats, from 

low tide to mountain tops. The species included in this manual are 

those found in the intertidal zone plus the normal spray zone but not 

what is often called the "storm spray zone." 

Some of the lichens in this manual are obligate marine lichens, 

i.e., they grow only where they are struck directly by saltwater. 

Others are facultative, being found also in areas remote from the 

sea. My criterion for including a facultative lichen is its occurrence 

with, or at the same height on the shore as, an obligate marine 

species. 

IScie nce Department, Lan>lng Community College. LanSing. Ml 48914. 

METHODS OF COLLECTION AND STUDYING 

Marine lichens inhabit rocks or the barnacles attached to them. 

Most littoral lichens are crustose and cannot be removed from the 

rocks without being destroyed. They must be collected along with a 

piece of the rock substrate, using rock chisels and a 3-lb hammer. 

Ideally one should strive to collect specimens on pieces of rock 

small enough to fit well into 4" X 6" herbarium packets. This will 

not always be possible because the lichen may grow on an irregular 

piece of rock that does not break easily. Further preparation can be 

done in the laboratory, but it is usually easier to reduce the size of a 

rock in the field. 

Once the specimen is removed it must be placed in a suitable 

container. Paper bags are quite satisfactory if the bag is strong. 

Unfortunately, the specimens are often wet, and the wet bag may 

need to be placed in another bag. PIa tic or other waterproof bags 

are not desirable since they retard drying and promote molding. If a 

waterproof bag is used in the field, the specimen should be transferred to a paper bag and air dried within a day of collection. 

A rock saw would seem to provide a fairly ideal solution to the 

problem of shaping rocks for herbarium packets in the laboratory. 

However, the use of a rock saw requires a liquid coolant to protect 

the blade. In preparing lichen specimens, water should be used 

rather than the oil employed in lapidary work. This works well with 

nonlittoral specimens, but with littoral lichens the soaking that 

results from the water coolant and the additional water required to 

rinse the specimen causes excessive reticulation that is detrimental 

to fu1!!re stu<ry. 

Hydraulic devices are available which break rocks by applying 

pressure to chisel like jaws. These produce fractures in the rocks 

that are not as neat or predictable as the cut of a saw but they do 

avoid reticulation and are quite satisfactory. 

After sizing, the rocks should be glued to cards of suitable size. 

This prevents abrasion of the specimens and degradation of the 

rock. Also, it provides a way to permanently identify the rock fragments examined for the lichen in question. 

Many of the diagnostic characteristics of littoral lichens are 

readily observed with a dissecting microscope at a magnification of 

20 power. Bright illumination is important because of the dark color 

of many thalli, especially in the genus Verrllcaria. Thalli should be 

observed in both wet and dry conditions. Water added to the thallus 

sparingly to avoid unnatural reticulation often increases its transparency, thus revealing subsurface patterns. 
Secltnn, 01' Il11illng \II1.IClUrl'\ 111,1) Iw 1lI.llk h) h,llld II I1h 

rJlnf bladc rhc sl11all \I/C ,)1 I Ill' pellll1l'll.l "I 111,111) Pl'll~~ 111 I, I 

rl/('(//"/o an: dilTinill hUI [hI( IlllP'''\lbk In 'L'lll<)[1 ,\ d"uhle CII· d 

rJlOf hladc, hn)l..L'n kl1glhlll\l', 1\ 111<1\1 1111 .. hll' 

l\1ll'n)I{)ml' 'l'l'liOI1' ,lfl'l'omplll',l1l'd h) Ihe 111IIlllll III e n,llure 

of the Ihalli and 1IlL'1I ,ldhl'll'llL'l'l<> the 10 ' 1.. IIh Ifltc Illrth ITIlore 

the inH\lll,'rell,1 (11 PYll'lhk',If11<lU' II, hl'l1~ .11'1.' h.tr I .II1J bnl1le md 

dOIH11 rcspnnd 11,'1\ I" Ihl'll\llal p,lrtlllllllllhc Idll1 t~dllllqUl' 

1\1{1 tl','hnlljlh,'\ l'mph,) 111£ 1 In:all1g 1111 r\l(()I11~ rc .11I~f.1 

lOr, Oil" technlljuL' II110h " !,(lllnn '<I 11.1110\\ 1.1) er of .1 '.If 11\ 

smalll'{)lllalnCI. rhl' pcntllL'lllllll IS 11101 1(11 d C\l'mlllll1l' "Ilh 

8(1lh t~,hm'lu( ha\l' Ihe dl oId\oIntol 

dues lIn the ~hde urroundmg the c lion 

the slide i. to be photogr..lphed 

"1\1. 1111 d 11 ohol 

n Ih 

Ind 

If 

ome SPCCIC uf hchen, gl\ a (olor reaction I pow lum 

h)dr xide, A drop of 10% olullon I .Ipplt d II Ith 01 dmppm 

pipelle or capillal") tubc, dlre..!l) to th c nc! f to rn dullJ 

exposed b) fmgmentoltlon or an tn(1 Ion 

ante son (1439) dc, nbed a number 01 em lronm ntall 

mduced morphlllnglcal \ an,llIun tn Itttural hch n In 'en ntl .md 

described m delall the \ analllln, LlI c nmn c!eted pelle B th 

Weber (1962) and Sante. on (II) 9) hJ\ L'mph.1 \Zed Ihe Impor 

lance of undeNand IIlg the rang of \ anJlIon tndUl d b) Ih 

em ironment. 

Thc author ha. tml'ed \ anaUllil of mglc thallt n m (lntlnUous to areolate and lrom smooth tll ndged rhL' auth"r 11.1' .11 0 

obseryed I'ariatlons 01 perithecla frnlll ,unken I" pnlllllnL'ntl) 

raised on a ~ingle thallu., E\en [he darkne {,fthe I!l\\er Ide ,)fth' 

excipulum (Illner llIllllg of pentheClulIl) I. yU([L' \ ..lriable \\ uhlll a 

single speCIes. Shade modlfll:atlon I \\ ell I..nn\\ nand predlet,lbk 

among littoral lichens Shade eauses Ilghler plgmcnt.ltllln and 

redUC[lOn in size and number of Juga (blad pegs, lump', ()[ ridge 

protruding from the surface) Some 'pecles lhat are di\linct in 

appearance when growing In good 11Iuminalion app.:ar much Ie 

distinct when growlIlg III the shadc, The dIstinguishing fealure 01 a 

species are frequently reduced by the ,hade modification , As a 

result there is considerable taxonomIc confusion among the hade 

modifications of Verrucaria sTriatu/a. r: dillllllnico, and. to :1 

lesser degree, V erichsenii, Too much ~[res~ can be placed on 

perithecium size. Vanatlon of pentheclUm size on a ~lIlgle thallus 

beyond the range accepted in some taxonomIc I..eys have been 

observed, Thus the taxonomic character "perithecta IIghll) 

smaller (or larger) than . , . ,. should be regarded II Ith u~piclOn , 

dl pc I 

h..lhll I , II I n I 

lOlilu tn· \.m tlon III Ih 

'pccle 

nh rn end of th luJ~ 

mn~ • 

\pl.ltn 

til c dteL!' \\ L're compu[L'd <Ire altnll), air Jnd \I .I[d I mpc r.lIure • 

,,)IM IIlS11Iatl,'n, and ud.11 r.lIlge ~l' Impie In II ~ rs em~ rged c'uhd 

1M the suc,'c" {If .In) P<:CIC' l'r I'M gencr.ll dl\ ersll) H,)II el cr. b) 

tall) ing [hL' number {,r lime, Ihal e..lch l:nl tnlnmental laCI,lr II a 

I III ol\l:d as one "I [he mo. [ Imp 'T1ant mtluence,. Ihe f{lllol\ Ing frequen'::lc re,ulted: ,allnll), 21, In,,,la[llln. I:, aIr temperalure, 12, 

udJI range, 7. and II aler Ie I11P'::ralU re, 2, 

Wher.:: suffiCient collec:u{ln, \1 ere made II) pnn idL' adequale 

data, \erllcal dbtnbullons 01 Ihe lanou, marine lichens I\ere 

graphed (Figs. 1- ) In Ihe,c gmphs the eXlent abo\ e mean high 
50~ 

50: 

50~ 

1()n 

'5m 

MHW 

4hrs 

Shrs 

12hrs 

16hrs 

20hrs 

24hrs 

Figure I.-Vertical distribution of Arthopyrenio ha/odytes. 

10m 

5m 

MH'..J 

4hrs 

Shrs 

12hrs 

16hrs 

20hrs 

24hrs 

Figure 2.-Vertical distribution of Verrucaria degelii. 

l()n 

5m 

~H(.,! 

4hrs 

Shrs 

12hrs ;--- 16hrs 

~ 20hrs 

I 24hrs 

Figure 3,-Yertical distribution of \ 'errucaria ditmarsica. 

50" 50: 

50~ 50~ 

50 50' 

......... "-.. "-

" . 

t.hrs 

hrs 

12hr' 

16hr s 

28hrs 

24hrs \ 

Figure 4.- Vertical distribution of Verrucaria enchsenil. 

l()n 

5m 

MHW 

4hrs 

Shr 

12er 

16~ rs 

Figure S.- Vertical distribution of l errucaria maura . 

1 

I t .. rs 

Figure 6. - Yertical di,tributi on of \"rurana mIcro para 
50: 

l 10m 

5m 

MHW 

4hrs 

8hrs 

12hrs 

16hrs 

20hrs 

24hrs 

Figure 7.-Vertical distribution of Verrucaria mucosa. 

tide is given in meters. Due to the great variation in the distance 

between mean low tide and mean high tide (ca. 1 to 10 m), the distance below high tide is given in hours of submergence. Each interval on the X-axis represents 10 % of the total collections of that 

species by the author. In each figure the graph on the right represents the vertical distribution on exposed shores and the graph on 

the left represents the vertical distribution on sheltered shores. 

GLOSSARY 

The use of lichenological terminology in this publication has 

been reduced to a minimum. Several terms are illustrated as well as 

defined. 

laminal soredia~~~~ 

upper cortex 

lower cortex 

lam 

5m 

50% 50 

~l HW 

4hrs 

8hrS 

12hrs 

16hrs 

20hrs 

24hrs & 

Figure 8.-Vertical distribution of Verrucaria striatufa . 

Apical At the tip or apex (Fig. 9). 

Apothecium (pI. Apothecia) Disc, saucer, or cup shaped fruiting body (Fig.9). 

Areolate Broken by clefts into small , usually angu lar and irregular patches (areoles). 

Areole (pI. Areoles) Area of a thallus divided from the rest of 

the thallus by fissures (Fig. 10). 

Arete (pl . Aretes) Sharp peak elevated above a ridge . 

Ascocarp (pI. Ascocarps) An Ascomycete fruiting body giving 

rise to and containi ng asc i and ascospores (Figs. 9, 10). 

Ascus (pI. Asci) A sack-like structure within which ascospores 

are formed and contained in the ascocarp (Fig. 10). 

Carbonaceous Made up largely of carbon deposits. 

soredia 

.'" ,". 

'. 'f ! .. _ 

thall ine 

margin 

Figure 9.-Composite foliose li chen with apothecia. 
Citrine Lemon yellow color. 

Conidium (pI. Conidia) Asexual reproductive spores of Ascomycete . 

Continuous Thallus unbroken by gaps or fissures. 

Cortex (pI. Cortices or Cortexes) The compact outermost fun -

gallayerofa lichen thallus (Figs. 9,10). 

Craterous Having a depression resembling the crater of a volcano. 

Crenulate Having small rounded lobes. 

Crustose A type of thallus which usually adheres tightly to the 

substrate and cannot be removed from it without destruction of the 

thallus; lacks a lower cortex and rhizines (Fig. 10). 

Cusp (pI. Cusps) Crescent shaped mound . 

Dendritic Having a pattern resembling the branching of a tree 

limb . 

Dispersed Scattered . 

Endolithic Growing within the rock substrate . 

Epithecium (pI. Epithecia) Covering of the hymenium. 

Evaginate To protrude as if a pocket turned inside-out. 

Excipulum (pI. Excipula) As used here, the inner wall of a 

perithec ium . 

Foliose A type of thallus, leaflike or lobed , often with rhizines 

or hairlike processes on lower surface, usuall y with lower cortex , 

algal layer limited to upper side (Fig . 9). 

Fruticose A type of thallus that is shrublike, stalked , or pendant with the algal layer usuall y on all sides. 

FUSiform Narrowed both ways from a swoll en middl e. 

Glabrous Having a smooth even surface. 

Globose Spherical . 

Holdfast (pI. Holdfasts) The basal portion of an algal thallus 

attaching it to the substrate. 

Hyaline Colorless. 

Hymenium (pl . Hymenia) The layer of the ascocarp contai ning 

the asci and usually paraphyses (Fig. 9). 

Hyporhal/us (pI. Hypothalli) A marginal outgrowth of hyphae 

from the thallus of a crustose lichen (Fig. 10). 

Immersed Sunken mostly or entirely below the surface of the 

thallus. 

Impressed Indented. 

In volucrellum (pI. In volucrella) The usually bl ack and carboareole~~~ ____ ~_ 

naceous covering of a perithecium (Fig . 10). 

Isidium (pI. Isidia ) Small cylindrical, coralloid , or globose 

outgrowths of the thallus serving as vegetative disseminules. They 

are covered with cortex and contain both fungal and algal components (Fig. 9). 

Isthmus (pl. Isrhmuses) A narrow passage. 

Jugum (pI. Juga) Protrusions of carbonaceous material extending at least partly above the thallus surface as ridges, pegs, or irregular lumps (Fig . 10). 

Laminal On the flat surface of the thallus (usually upper) (Fig. 

9). 

Lenticular An area, pointed at each end, inclosed by two intersecting convex curves. 

Littoral lichen Growing between the tides. The term is 

extended herein to include those struck by saltwater due to wave 

action and is used interchangeably with the term "marine." 

Locule (pl . Londes) Chamber or cavity. 

Medulla (pI. Medullae) An area of loosely packed hyphae 

internal to the thallus and its projections such as podetia, isidia, etc . 

(Figs. 9 , 10). 

Morphotype (pI. Morphorypes) A thallus of a given species 

hav ing a different appearance than other members of the species. 

Necral Occurring after death . 

Necral reticulation A network of cracks caused by treatment 

and/or storage after collection. 

Nodular convex Like a small rounded lump. 

Oblong ellipsoid In the form of an elongated circle; more elongated than the typical elipse. 

Oblong ovoid In the form of an elongated oval. 

Olivaceous Having a color similar to that of a green olive. 

Orbicular Spherical or nearly so. 

Ostiole (pl . Ostioles) The apical opening of a perithecium (Fig. 

10). 

Paraphysis (pI. Paraphyses) Sterile hyphae intermingled with 

asci in the hymenium of an ascocarp (Figs. 9, 10). 

Parasymbiont (pI. Parasymbionts) An organism living In 

harmless association with another without mutual benefit. 

Pendant Dangling . 

Perithecoid In the shape of a perithecium. 

Figure IO .-Composite crustose li chen with perithecia . 
Perilhecilllll (pI. Perilhecill) A na\h.\hapeJ "'Ll)L'arp enLlmeu 

except for the apica l pore (ostiole), It 1\ u, uall y 1111)le or k,\ ,ul1h.el1 

into the thall us (Fig, 10) 

Phycohio/ll (pI. Phl'colnOIlI,\) The algal 111\':111her 01 the itLhell 

ymbiosis (Figs, 9, 10) 

Pselldosepllllll (pI. PI(,/Illo,\('{llci) Appeanng to he .In IIlIl·1I1.d 

wall but Oot composeJ of the ~allle maten,d fnrnllng the LL'II 11;t11 

P"cllidilllll (pi P"clllclill) mall f1a\h. \haped til glohlll.11 'tnll" 

ture resembling perithecI.\ but contal11l11g lll11iuI<l il1\te,lu 01 ,I'L I 

and ascospores, 

PyrellcOCarlJOlIs Ha\J11g penthena . 

Pyrello/ichclI (pi P,r('//olich,'I1.I) I Ic hen h,l\ l11g pc'nthe l.t 

(Fig, 10), 

Relllforlll Kldne) \hapeu. 

ReI/CII/alIOII A netllh.e appearance. 

Rilllose Haling minute Lr,lch.-. usuall) rcklTlng 10.1 lor111 III 

areolatlon 

SO-HCO/OIIS ro\\lng on a roeh. or roe"·II"c \lIbstfJtL'. 

Sessile 01 supported b) a \tal h. 

SlIllp/e DesenblOg a spore h.11 109 a \Ingk, undl\ IdLd L,II It) 

.\'n/n/lCllc 11 ,,\ Ill' SIH dl.l 1111 Ihc Ih.dlu~ 

SU/{,tll/l l/1 (pi \oln/tll) mc,w, II( VL' 'ctatl\C rcpIllduUI Ifl "I 

tl1\: I I dll' 11 LIH1\I,tln,' 01 111.I'SL'S 01 hyph.tc .mll Ihelr.1 SI l.tted ul ',1' 

nlptulll1g Ihrough .Ind nol llllcrcd h} III !.onl,lImn' orlCX 1 Jotg (1) 

,\'/1I1/1 :11/1/' 11'1 'nlll'\) J 11.11 MC,I .tho\c high IIUC lit II. 'Hrud 

b) drop' 01 C.tI\.lIer re,uliing Irol11 Ihc Imp.1 I I \\dICS 00 Ihe 

rOL") ,hllre IIndei 111111 !CHill Lllndtlll,n, 

,\1(11111 IIJ/tl\ '(1111 I pi 'II/II II ( hJI ,HC,I, ,J IC Ihe u UJI pIa) 

lonc Ih.lt I Spl,l)cd \\ IIh , .I .... dler (,nl) dunng.1 torm 

\11/" /1/111'\ H,lIrl) ,ur\cJ j'UIV. If 1 

\111>,11111(' I { 1\ 1/1' h Hlnd.tne th.lt ar poorly II IIngul hed 

.\1I1>1II( IXI'd Sunken Cl111r I} or rno tl} bel \\ Ihe uppcr uria e 

III Ihe th.tllu 

\111111/0111//(01 III H,I\ 10' ~oo In'110n at IOlenal 1\ 10 In 

,lPPl.lf III I: n ,HI} like a Inn' of b\:ad but not \0 pmnouo~ed 

/7/(/1/1111 111<1' I:/1I Ipl IJ/or '/11 ) ,\ pot he, tal nm hal 10 the am 

('101'0 ilIOn ,\ the Ihallu (II I) 

/11111/11 \ t pi l71a/l1) I hc It hen hod} ont,lImn !loth Ig.1l Joll 

lun '.tl omronent 

/ilhcrC/I/(/I1 lId\ln' d "an} appear.tn e 

ll.ll ~lR \ll J)K ' 10 PI ' 11 '-; 

The ke) IS based pnmanl) ,10 L'har.tcten IlL' IhJt opc at 20 JTl;I mil allOn til me 

observatIOn of spores 1\ nh a c()mpnund nllefl)\l\)r~ 111~1) be requlr d 

The \'ertl~JI sections of pcnthecia 1)1' I (IrtIC(1I /{/ ,pc I .\lu tmlLd 10 Ih "'\ rc I pi al lion 

Because of the e:\trcme degree or I anation III pelll' of mann' IlI.h n (e pcLlJII) of I am ana, Idenull alloo of pc Ie from Ih ) 

alone hould be regarded as (entallle unIt! the more d uti d de nptilln In Ih ,\nnut.1ted I I t of pc IC 1 read 

Five pecies from the Canadian 'lariume Pmllll<ee ,Ire til Iud d \ en thou h at pre ent the) rc n t nil. 0 frum th a tcrn Cnllcd 

States, At least one species. lu-rucaria 1I1<1l1r,/ ha' nnl been Lollcued 111 Ih" ea tern L nil d SI.Ih: re entl) but the author hOI cn pc 1m n 

collected from the area o\er 50 ) r ago 

2 (1) 

Thallus fohosc (Fig. 9): a1\\a) orJngc "nd KOH ... pUI11I" 

Thallus crusto,e (Fig 10) onl) In a lc\\ pC(,le l)ral1ge ,Ind KOH purplc 

Thallu erect. fruticose. compo\ed pnmanl) 111 alpl (Ca[Vlltrll) filament, U 0 drp )1cnthnlOld Ihg II) 

Figure t) ,-I.lch,no ranfinll, ~tale j, 0,1 

mm. 

Thallus with oredla rna tl) apical (Fig. 12). thallus lobe, rlOel) dn Ided (0 2-U.: 111m \\ Ide) 

Figure l2.-Thallus or XOll lh oria cOlldelorio, Scale i, 

t mm . 

.. 

. 

U,/lIlIa ,ofljim 

.\ (/I/I/,orio c(/Ildc/arta 

2 (1) Thallus not sorediate, lobes wider than 0.5 mm . , , . ' .. , , ' , , . , .. , , , , , , , . , , , , ' , , . , . , , , , , .. ' , , , , . , . , , .. , ..... , . , . , ' ,3 
3 (2) Lobes flattened and 1 mm or more broad (Fig. 13) . .. .......... . ................. .. ...... .. ... .. . . Xanthoria parietina 

Figure 13.-Thallus of Xalllhoria parielilla. Scale is 1 

mm . 

3 (2) Lobes nodular-convex. lobes less than 1 mm wide (Fig . 14) .. . .... .. ..... ... ... .. ...... .. . . ... ..... . . Xanthoria elegans 

Figure 14.-Thallus of Xalllhoria elegalls. Scale is 1 

mm. 

4 (1) Ascocarp an apothecium (Fig . 9); thallus light (shades of white , gray, or yellow orange) .. .. ..... . ....... . ........... . ... 5 

4 (1) Ascocarp a perithecium (Fig . 10); occasionally more or less immersed with only ostiole showing ; thallus dark 

(shades of green , brown, or black) or apparently absent. . . . . . . ........ . .... . ...................... . .......... . ... 9 

5 (4) Thallus whitish to gray, KOH + yellow; spores colorless, one-celled (Fig . 15),11-18 x 6-8.5J.tm .... . ....... . Lecanora grantii 

Figure 15 .-0ne-ce ll ed spore. Scale is 

tOllm. ~ 

5 (4) Thallus yellow orange. KOH + purple ; spores colorless, polarilocular (Fig . 16) .... . ............................ . ...... 6 

Figure 16.-Polarilocular spore. Scale is 

IOl'nl. 
6 (5) 

6 (5) 

7 (6) 

7 (6) 

8 (7) 

Thallu covcred with globl)~c I\llila (Fig. 171. ~r(}rc\ C) 14 4 hi/ill 

Fi~url) 17.-1 hiJllu, of (a/o"llInl If"'" "II/'-fU 

Slill,' " III Oil". 

Thallu~ \\ Ithllut 1~ldia .. . .. 

~jj!urc 1 .-1 h.lllu, nf (a/opl"," ,opul", ... 

~t:.J1t' i ... 10 mill . 

Thallus IfTcgular. comp'h~J ,'I ca!lcr~d 10 or nun ('r u granule 

Thallu~ cltnnc of gmnule\ I-J 111m Jlan! I r (f I I I, pore I -I 

Figure 19.-Thallu, uf Caloplaca m.ao.hal/llla. 

~tal. j, 10 mOl 

Ul"p[lII11 \i'lf IIUI I I r{/ 

7 

11m ( alop/aca fcoplihm 

5- I'm al pia a m ,otholllna 

8 (7) Thallus orange )e1lo\\'. margtnallobule subcoO\e\ oriented in mJIJlIng manner, pon:' 10-14 : -IJln! (Fig 20) 

Figure 20.-Thallu> of Ca/op/aca marina. Scale i; 

1 mm. 

. aloplaca marina 
9 (4) 

9 (4) 

10 (9) 

10 (9) 

11 (9) 

Spores one-celled ......................................................... : ............ . ...... .. .......... 11 

Spores more than one-celled ............... '. ' .............................. . .............. . ................ 10 

Growing on thallus qf Verrucariae; paraphyses gelatinizing, spores 10-15 x 3 .5-5JLm with 4 locules and distinct central septum (Fig. 21) ..................................... . ................................ . Stigmidium marinum 

Figure 21.-Spore of Stigmidium 

marillulll. Scale is lO/Lm. 

On barnacles or rock; thallus scant to evidently lacking; paraphyses persistent, spores 9-20 x 4-7 JLm with two locules 

(Fig. 22) ....................... . ........ . ..... . .... . .. .. . . .... . ... ... . .. .. .. ... . .. . . .. . Arthopyrenia halodytes 

Figure 22.-Spore 

Scale 

of 

is 

Arthopyrellia 

IOl'm. 

halodytes. CD 

Thallus with pegs and/or ridges present (Fig . 23) . . . . . . . .. .. . ..... . .. .. .. .. . . .... . .. . . . .................... . ..... 16 

Figure 23.-a. Thallus with pegs. b. Thallus with ridges. Scale is 1 mm. 

a b 

11 (9) Thallus smooth; pegs and ridges lacking . . . . ..... . . .. . . . .. .... ... .. .. .... .... . ....................... . ........ 12 

12 (11) Thallus areolate (divided into fields by fissures, Fig. 24) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..................... .. ..... . .. . .......... 15 

Figure 24.-Areolate thallus. Scale is 

lmm. 

12 (11) Thallus continuous or discontinuous but not areolate (Fig . 25) ......... ..... .. .. ........ . .. . ............ . . . ...... ' .. 13 

Figure 25.-a. Continuous thallus. b. Discontinuous thallus. Scale is 

lmm. 

/ 

(" 

/' 

a 

OC3 c:Jb 
13 (12) Perithec ia elevated, often shiny, dOll1e -~ haped to hellll\phencal or ~(llllelill1e, pOlntcd (Fig 2h) .. .... 14 

Figure 26.- Thullu, \I ith cle, ah'd perot hec la . 

Scale i\ I mOl . 

13 (12) Peritheciaubll1erged to sltghtl) elevated (Fig. 27). ~pnrc., 8-11 

14 (13) 

Figure 27. - Thallu, ,,,th 'UbOlH~.d In 

slightl) ele'Dted perothc"u . "'Cille" I moo. 

Spore· 6-11 X 3-5jtll1 .. 

14(13) Spore 18-22xS-9jtll1 .... , ........ 

4-5 lilll. thallu .. thl~~, green to gro.:enl~h-hl<ld; 

/ 

. . Vt.·rrucarw IIlL/C{)jll 

.J 

) 

~----------------~/ 

~0rrll( ana micro pora 

~errurllrl/l tflC/rnla 

15 (12) Areole ltght bro~ n on dark. bro\\ n prothallu\ (Fig 2 ): penlhecl<l hm\\ n, pore., thl~ ~ \\ albl (II 5 15-2. 

(27) x (4) 6-8( 14)jtll1 .. .. ..... .... 'I;'rru({trlj/ III1UlIIl(re\Ct 1/1 

a 

Figure 28 .-a. \ertical section of 

perit heci um . Scale i. 0.1 mm. b. 

Thallus of l'errucaria Inlernigrescens. Scale is 1 mm. b 

15 (12) Prothallus not evident; thallu proll1lnentl) fissured. penthecla bro~ n or black .. spores thm-\\ ailed. 9-12 )0., 5-6jtll1 

(Fig. 29) ..................................... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . errll('aria cellThocarpa 

a 

Figure 29.-a. Vertical section 

of perithecium. Scale is 0.1 

mm. b. Thallus of Verrucaria 

ceuthocarpa . Scale is 0.1 mm . 
16 (11) Thallus areolate (thallus divided into fields by fissures, Fig. 30) .. ....... .. ...... ..... ..... .. ....... .. . .. .......... 17 

Figure 30.-Areolate thallus. Scale is 1 mm . 

16 (11) Thallus not areolate .............................................. ........... ........ .. . ....... ........ ... . 20 

17 (16) Areoles bordered by raised juga (Fig. 31) .............. ... .................... .. ............................... 18 

Figure 31.-Areoles bordered by 

juga. Scale is 0.1 mm. 

17 (16) Areoles not bordered by juga (Fig. 32) ........................................................................ 19 

Figure 32.-Areoles "ithout juga . 

Scale is 0.1 mm. 

11 
17, P nthecla u uall~ Immer<;ed.o_[} Ie border frequentl~ raled. spore 9-1:! X 5-6Jlm: juga rarel) limited to borders of 

areal • u uall) cattered \\ Ithm areole <Fig. 33): thallu more tran lucent \\et than dr) ................... errLlcaria degelii 

a 

Figure 33.-a. Vertical ,ection of 

penthecium. Scale is 0.1 mm. b. 

Thallus of lerrucar;a degelii. 

Scale is 1 mm. b 

18 (/7/ Penthecla elevated. often craterous. juga formmg a retIculate pattern (Fig. 34): thallus opaque dry. translucent wet 

. . . .. . ................................... ... . VerrLlcaria amphibia 

Ia 

f i)!urc .H.-a. Vertical sectinn of perithecium. Scale is 1 mm. b. Thallus of lerrllCana amphibia. (Speclmcn illu,trated i, thid.er and stored longer than that in 

J i)! 3'1b.1 '1rale i, I mm 

1 t1 Juga ppean'lg a peg' prolrudmg fmm thallu, and al,o to some extent on pentheCla; thallus nmose-areolate, 

u ua h bl ..... kt ll-brN\n Llnu opaque (wet or df')): penthecla often large. 03-0.7 mm diameter, immersed or 

I .. t'd rtl) I p<.:li I n ing dbrupti). ,omctimc, depressed on lOp (Fig. 35), spores 10-:!0 X 7-10/lm ..... VerruClIriC/ inC/LIra 

ur < 

mm b 

a 

lion or p<rllh lum. 'lUI. I 11.1 

It I I mm. 
19 (J 7) Juga raised or immersed, appearing as usually irregular and often branched ridges often merging with or continuing 

over perithecia, if immersed appearing as black spots when wet; thallus blackish-brown, becoming brown to 

amber and translucent when wet; perithecia spreading and irregular at base , up to 0.3 mm'diameter (Fig. 36); 

spores 8-9 X 4.5-7 JLm ...................... ...... .................................. . ...... Verrucaria erichsenii 

a 

Figure 36.-a. Vertical section of perithecium. Scale is 0.1 mm. b. Thallus of Verrucaria erichsenii. Scale is 1 mm. 

W (16) Perithecia immersed , spores 9-12 X 5-6JLm; juga appearing as long sharp black ridges on borders of thallus, sometimes extending across thallus, fissures occasionally develop along juga and simulate areolation; thallus usually 

green to cream colored (Fig. 37) .. . .... ......................................................... Verrucaria degelii 

a 

Figure 37.-a. Vertical section of perithecium. Scale is 0.1 mm. b. Thallus of Verrucaria degelii. b 

Scale is 1 mm . 

10 (16) Perithecia raised and prominent (Fig. 38) ............................... ...... ........................ ......... 21 

Figure 38.-Thallus with prominent raised 

perithecia. 

III (20) Juga inclosing lenticular areas giving appearance of ripples on water, continuing on perithecium to form reticular 

pattern. Perithecium elevated, often craterous (Fig. 39); spores 9-20 X 4-7.5JLm ....................... Verrucaria amphibia 

a 

Figure 39.-a. Vertical section of perithecium. Scale is I mm. b. Thallus of Verrucaria amphibia. (Thalus thinner than Fig. 34b. Cracks developed in storage.) Scale is I mm. 

III (20) Juga scattered, not inclosing lenticular areas ................................................................... 22 
22 (21) Juga appearing as pegs to usuall y short riCIges, usuall y straIght bur somerrme crescen snapeu, urnemrn::n:;o·a----------

lescing with perithecium at base; thallus usually dark oli ve green but lighter and with fewer juga in shade; perithecia hemispherical, often shiny (Fig . 40) ; spores 6- 1 I x 3-5J.tm .................................. Verruca ria dilmarsica 

a 

Figure 40.-a. Vertical section of perithecium . Scale is 0. 1 111111. b . T hallus of Verrucaria dilmarsica. 

Scale is I mm. b 

22 (21) Juga broader, irregular, and sometimes branched (Fig. 41) ........................................................ 23 

Figure 41 .-Thallus \\ ith broad , sometimes branched 

juga. Sca le is I mm. 

23 (22) Juga conspicuous, highly irregular, frequently branched. raised or immersed and appeari ng as con picuous black 

spots in wet thallus, often merged with perithecia; wet thallus usually brown to amber and translucent (Fig . 42 ); 

perithecia up to 0.3 mm diameter, spores 8-9 x 4.5-7J.tm .......................................... Verrucaria erichsenii 

a 

Figure 42 .-a. Vert ical section of 

perithecium . Scale is 0. 1 mill. b. 

Thallus of Verrucaria erichsellii. 

Sca le is 1 mill. b 
23 (22) Juga prominent, black, and shiny, much thicker than in V erichsenii, frequentl y broadened into th ick irregular 

plates, espec iall y at thallus margin ; thallus usually grass green but darker in the sun and depigments rapidly in 

shade or in storage; perithecia typically hemispherical to globular with fl attened tops but may become quite 

irregular, angular, or dissected (Fig. 43); spores 8- 10 X 4-6/Lm ...................................... Verrucaria'striatula 

a 

Figure ·n.-a. Ver tical section of 

perit hecium. Scale is 0. 1 mm. b. 

Tha llus of Verrucaria striatula. 

Scale is I mm. 

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 

Where distributions were derived from the literature only, 

author and date are given . All other specimens were examined by 

he author. Where such specimens were collected by others, the colector's name is given followed by the identification of the herbarIum retaining the specimen. The remaining distributions are from 

he author's collections. 

Genus Arthopyrenia 

Mrthopyrenia halodytes (Ny!.) Arn. Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 1: 122. 

1891. Verrucaria halodytes Ny!. Mem. Soc . Sci . Nat. Cherbourg 

5:212 . 1857 . 

DESCRIPTION : Thallus epilithic (siliceous rock), endolithic 

(calcareous rock and hells), yellowish if epilithic, greyish or 

lackish-brown if endolithic. Perithecium almost wholly immersed 

n substrate or sessile with black hemispherical to broadly conical 

'nvolucrellum , 0.15 to 0.5 mm diameter, excipulum colorless to 

pale brown. Spores eight per ascus, ovoid, two-celled, one cell usually broader than the other, 9-20 x 4-7 .5/Lm . 

Swinscow (1965) considered this to be the only littoral species 

fthe genus and treated A. sublitoralis (Leight.) Arn. , A. Joveolata 

. L. Sm. and A. gyalectoidea Knowles as synonyms and reported 

range of 10-20 X 5-IO/Lm in spore size . Richard C. Harris (1975) 

reats thi species as cO.,a Pyrenocollema. 

Arrhopyrenia halodytes is often associated with shells or 

alcareous rocks but may also be found on siliceous rock . 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide on marine shores 

(Santesson 1939:52-63). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: NEW 

ERSEY: Cape May Co. CONNECTICUT: New London Co. 

I HODE ISLAND: Newport Co. MASSACHUSETTS: Barnstable 

Co., Plymouth Co., Essex Co. MAINE: Cumberland Co., Sagadahoc Co. , Hancock Co., Washington Co. NOVA SCOTIA: Yarmouth Co., Digby Co., Halifax Co., Victoria Co., Cape Breton 

Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: West Coast Section, Northern Peninsula Section , East Coast Section, Avalon Section . 

Genus CaLopLaca 

All of the littoral species of Caloplaca collected belong to the 

section Gasparrinia. 

Caloplaca marina (Wedd .) DuRietz, Method . Grund . Modern . 

Pflanzensoziol. 170. 1921. Lecanora marina Wedd. Mem. Soc. 

Sci. Nat. Sherbourg 19:275. 1875. 

DESCRIPTION: Thallus orange yellow to red orange, citrine in 

shade, orbicular, irregular, or subeffuse, small convex lobes contiguous or. in center of thallus, minutely granular or tuberculate , whitish prothallus sometimes visible. Apothecia reddish-orange , 

0.5-1.0 mm diameter, plane to convex , margins entire or crenulate. 

Spores ellipsoid , polarilocular, isthmus about 0.3 length of spore, 

10-14 X 5-7/Lm. 

Wade (1965) found this species often associated with Caloplaca 

thallincola and Verrucaria maura in the British Isles. Caloplaca 

thallincola has not been collected, however, in the littoral zone of 

North America . The white hypothallus is seen in young growth 

between the small subconvex lobules. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : Norway, Sweden , Poland (Nordin 1972), Finland (Ra'sanen 1927), Germany (Erichsen 1957), 

Novaya Zemyla (Lynge 1928), England (Ferry and Sheard 1969), 

Wales (Fletcher 1973b), France (Werner MSC). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: MAINE: 

Cumberland Co., Hancock Co. NOVA SCOTIA: Yarmouth Co., 

Digby Co., Shelburne Co., Halifax Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: 

Northern Peninsula Section. 
Caloplaca microthallina (Wedd.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 7:247. 

1931. Lecanora microthallina Wedd. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 19:276. 1875. 

DESCRIPTION: Thallus citrine, 1-3 mm diameter, comprised of 

scattered lobes on the periphery, scattered granules toward center, 

forming patches on rocks, lobes convex, 1-2 times as long as 

broad, tending toward granules near center of patches. Apothecia 

yellow to pale orange, 0.15-0.8 mm diameter, margins crenulate or 

entire. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, polarilocular, isthmus ca. 0.3 the 

length of the spores, 10-18 X 5-8/km. 

Caloplaca microthallina is distinguished by its minute granular 

thallus forming patches up to 3 mm diameter and by its citrine 

color. Wade (1965) found it often associated with Verrucaria maura 

in the British Isles. This also holds true for North America. This 

species is not previously reported from North America. In Europe 

this species is not commonly reported from the littoral zone. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (Nordin 1972). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION : NOVA 

SCOTIA: Digby Co., Halifax Co., Cape Breton Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: West Coast Section, Northern Peninsula Section. 

Caloplaca scopularis (Nyl.) Lett. Hedwegia 52 :242 . 1912 . 

Lecanora scopularis Nyl. Flora 66: 105. 1883. 

DESCRIPTION: Thallus yellow orange to deep orange, radiate, 

up to 1.5 cm diameter, lobes narrow, 0.25-0.3 X 0 .5-2.0 mm, convex, apices crenulate or branched, center of thallus usually thickly 

covered with apothecia. Apothecia orange, 0.5-0.75 mm diameter, 

margins entire. Spores ellipsoid, polarilocular, 10-15 X 5-7/km, 

isthmus ca. 0.3 the length of the spore. 

Caloplaca scopularis is unique among the littoral Caloplacae due 

to its radiating thallus. Wade (1965) indicated that this species 

resembles a small form of C. heppiana or C. thallincola but is distinquished by ellipsoid spores and the submoniliform nature of the 

upper parts of the paraphyses. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Novaya Zemlya (Lynge 1928), 

Norway, Sweden, Denmark (Nordin 1972), Finland (Rasiinen 

1927), Germany (Erichsen 1957), Japan (Nylander 1890). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: MAINE: 

Cumberland Co., Hancock Co. NOVA SCOTIA: Halifax Co., Victoria Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: West Coast Section, Avalon Section. 

Caloplaca verruculifera (Vain.) Zahlbr. Cat. Lich. Univ. 

7:272.1931. Placodium verruculifera Vainio in Med. om Gron. 

30:313.1905. 

DESCRIPTION: Thallus orange or yellow, up to 3 cm diameter, 

or dispersed. lobes 3-5 mm long. convex, center of thallus areolate, 

granular, isidia globose, spores oblong-ellipsoid, polarilocular, 

isthmu ca. 0.3 length of spore, 9-14 x 4-6/km. 

Specimens of this species. previously unreported from North 

America, were Identified for the author by 1. Poelt. It is easily confused with Caloplaca granulosa which also has globose isidia but 

has smaller rosettes of 1-1.5 cm and shorter lobes of about 2 mm 

(Poelt 1969). 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and 

Siberia (Nordin 1972). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: MAINE: 

Sagadahoc Co., Hancock Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: West Coast 

Section. 

Genus Lecanora 

Lecanora grantii Magn. Ann. Cryptog. Exot. 5(1):21. 1932. 

DESCRIPTION: Thallus of irregular whitish-grey large granules, KOH + yellow, medulla with small crystals. Apothecia concave to plane, thalline margin regular to crenulate; hymenium dark 

reddish-brown, I + dark blue; epithecium with small crystals, 

insoluble in KOH. Spores eight per ascus, oblong-ovoid, 11-18 x 

6-8.5/km . 

Little of this species was collected since it extends down only into 

the upper limits of the littoral zone. The scant material collected 

conforms to the original material described from a log on a sea 

beach by Magnusson (1932). 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Washington (Magnuson 1932), 

British Columbia (Brodo MSC). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: MAINE: 

Sagadahoc Co. NEW YORK: Suffolk Co. (Latham MSC). NOVA 

SCOTIA: Shelburne Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: West Coast Section. 

Genus Lichina 

Lichina confinis (0. Mull.) Ag. Sp. Algar. 1: 105. 1821. Lichen 

Confinis O. Mull. Icon. PI. Daniaw 5:5. 1872. 

DESCRIPTION: Thallus fruticose, branches rounded in cross 

section, blackish-brown, phycobiont Calothrix. Ascocarps terminal, globose, perithecoid, small ostioles. Spores colorless, simple 

ovoid, 15-24 x 12-15/km. 

Lichina confinis, appearing as black tufts in the upper limits of 

the littoral zone, is the only fruticose lichen found in the area 

included in this treatment. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: England (Ferry and Sheard 

1969), Wales (Fletcher 1973b), Finland (Ra'sanen 1927), Germany 

(Degelius 1939), Italy (latta 1909-1911), Norway (Havaas MSC), 

Sweden (Degalius MSC). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: MASSACHUSETTS: Essex Co. (Tuckerman 1882). NOVA SCOTIA: 

Cape Breton Co. (Lamb 1954). NEWFOUNDLAND: East Coast 

Section, Northern Peninsula Section, West Coast Section. 

Genus Stigmidium 

Stigmidium marinum (Deak.) Swins. Lichenologist 3:55. 1965. 

Sagedoa marina Deak. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1. 12:40, pI. 4, f. 

13 . 1954. 
o Parasymbl nt on lanoral nucana 

lally V. mucn a and V. mIcro pora. I lung a I Ible thallu 

own Penthc 18 usually resembling that of host II hen. I 

ImmeniCd on V.mucn a and hcml!>phcncal on V ml ro pnm In\ 

lu rellum black with pigment extend 109 IOto h lin C Ipulunl 

pores eight per a!>Cu • two-celled with ea h ell ften dl\ Id d b 

pseudosepta. upper cell u ually lightly wider than th In" [ 10 15 

3.S-S"m 

The penthccla of Sflgmld,um are C8"I) conru cd ",th that f the 

ho t. flgmid,um. however. ha t" 0 elled pore of 10· 1 5-

"i"nl SwinM:ow (I 965)rcponed pon; 10 I 4·f)"m . The com· 

binatlon S,igmldium mannum "II made h) S" In ow when he 

united Arthopyrrmu marilla (Ikak ) L Sm and A Irp,muCl 

( yl.) Arn . either of Ihe'ie pe Ie appear In the onh Ameman 

checklist (Hale and ulhcrson 1970) nor did SWin CO" (196 ) 

ThiS. therefore . repre Cn! 

ne" record for onh Amenla. 

(,E ERAL DISTRIBUTION German). Finland . Ireland , Jer 

C}, England (SWinSCOW 1965). 

ORTHEASTER 1ERICA. · DISIRlHl ' I'I<> ' ~I \I.: 

Cumberland Co. , Hancod, (\1 • 'EW JI RSI Y (),e,ln ( 0 1:\\ · 

OUNDLAND \alon Sed Ion 

Genu .. errucaria 

The ,PCC'IC" of thl~ g\:nu lorlll,'m "\\ hleh nw) be l o nlinllllll o r 

orl11 ,cattaed pall'he" 1l111",e arenl,ltc' or di\ IJ d lilt I dl rete, re· 

lk, or Illhe, The thalli \ ;lr) III ttlld,I1(' fro llJ 20 to son/{m. li nd 

11.1) hl' all11o,t l"IlIllpktd) tr,ln'p,lrcnt to 1'11Ilrcl) oP,l4ul' In \)l11e 

pc"e'. Ihl' tr .. n'p~lrerll) (II the thallu, l1la) be enhan d h \\ CI 

mg. \\ hill' lIther, rel11dln oPd4U~ \\ hcn \ht Th~ th Iii Illa) be 

111\1\\lh or rnughel1l'd 11) dark pl1int' or nJgl" rh~ nd)! S l li ed 

uga (Sanll""l11 1(39), \ar) In kngth, \\IJlh , and Ihl nc I he 

al"t Ilngln ,lnd "ntllgcn) 01 thc Juga" nlll "n Wil hut II "PI .11'> 

hal thc) onglnatc ut \If Ju,t hel \\ thc un.lcc (II Ihc th,tllu In the 

uthM\ c pencnl"C, thc) dll nllt ntcnJ tll thc uh trJIC c pt a t Ih 

dge, llt thc a~lllc~ Often a JI\{lndllln 1\ l11adc 111 kl') bet" e n 

lint unJ nJgc fllrrlh III thl' Juga, hut II " ,001111 n Ih .. t lh POint 

~ mcrel) pcak~ l'n inulO. PlcUIIU' llr hldJ~n ndgc 

The pcnthcl'la III all III th\: Iitt\lrJl Vc'mJcdnJC , \\lIh \\hl h Ih 

uthM h \\ llrt..cd, ha\ c a dar" in\ luc~lIum hi h 01;)' p~ d 

I \ r 

rrrurona ampl"bw R 

I 17 

I, m /tl/no( I 
merged, 0.1-0. 15 mm wide. involuerellum u~ually brown. eXLIpu 

lum hyaline to dark below. spores hyaline. ovoid H 10 >( 'i Sinn 

VerrLlcaria celllhocarpa is easdy confuseu with Velrun/ntl cleRe 

/ii when either i~ modified by environment or when Its '>lructun.: IS 

obscured by epiphytic algae The elefts of ~ (elhocarpa may 

become darkened and, on cur,ory e:l.alllination. may resemhk the 

dark ridged border of arcoles of II t/egclll Careful eX<.!l1l1natlon 1\ 

needed to observe the absence of riuges Conversely SOlm:tlmes the 

ridge are scant on a thallus of V £lege/II anu It may by 1111\ta"en for 

that of II ceuthocarp£l. 

Perhap~ the greatest obstacle to correet luentifleall<ln is ohsluring of surface detail by eplph)tlc algae POl11Ons of questlonahle 

thalli should be nooded with water to ,often anu expand the algae , 

If details are stdl obscured, the fIooueu portion Lan he slruhheu 

with a small water color brush True riuge, Me f~ml) re\l,tant til 

such gentle abraSion and \\ III pei"'lst untd the thallus becol11es too 

oftened by the vater to malfltaln Its Ifltegnt) 

Accordlflg to Sante,son" "e) (1939), the pnme ulagnostiL featurc 111 

II dege/ii vs. V. cl'lIIhoc(lfpa is the presence 01 nugcs nn V t!(,~"'" 

The author finds that t\\O other feature, are qUile usL'lul. The be t 

of the two IS tendency for natness to conca, It)' betw cen nuges III an 

areole of V £lege/II compared with the cnm e\nc" of arellie anu 

branches thereof m II celllhocarpa, ~('/'nt('ana ct'/lIho((/rl'(/ IS trul) 

glabrous. FUl1her. from the limited matenal in the author\ three 

North Amencan collections il abo appear, that the 1m oluL n.:llurn (II 

II ceuthocarpa tends to be bro\\ n \\ herea .. that of V elcgc/1/ IS lh 

tinctly black 

GE ERAL DISTRlB TIO ;-"ol1hern EUfll!X 'pnsbergen . 

Bear Island. Q\'aya Zeml)a. Ibena. Benng trails. Grecnl.md. 

Kerguelen, Antarctica (Lamb 1953), Washington L S A (collccleU 

by Fink and determined a ~hl1l lInll lIlalira h) lahlbruL"ner 

MSC). 

ORTHEASTERN AMERICA' DISTRIBCTIO '. "'E~WFOUNDLAND. East Coast Section 

Verrucaria degelti R. Sant Ar". Bot 29A (10);31 1939. 

DESCRlPTIO : Thallus rimo e. formmg lobes or dl\crete areoles, amber, brown or black when dry. amber to brow n \\ hen wet. 

prominent black ridges bordenng areoles and often pentheLla. thin to 

thick (100-320 nun). Perithecia unken to promlncntl) ral~ed. 0. 1-

0.25 mm diameter, excipulum hyaline Spore, h) al inC. o\old 9-13 > 

5-6/-tm. 

Though published in 1939. thiS species was kno\\ n onl) from Norway until the author's collection, thus there are few specimens and 

little study of ecology upon which to ba e conclUSIOns about em Ironmental innuences on variations. It IS rea onable to asume. however. 

that the nature of variations is consistent with that seen in other Verrucariae. If so, color would be lighter m shade form, than un form 

and ridges would be fewer and thinner in shade forms than on sun 

forms. This kind of variation is probably the cause of confuSIOn of 

some specimens of V. dege/ii with V. cewilocarpa . The identity of a 

robust specimen of V. degelii is beautifully clear. However, the ridges 

may become scant and the specimen trongly resembles the morphotype of V. cellthocarpa with darkened cleft~ between areoles. A second source of confusion is the epiphytic growth of algae on thalli of 

either V. degelii or II cewhocarpa. A growth of algae on V.dege/ii 

can obscure ridges and produce the glabrous appearance of V. ceUlilocarpa. Such a growth can also produce a shade condition for the 

und.:rlYlng thi.llius and redul:l: the growth of nuges, On the other 

hanu. a growth of uar" a Igac on V ( ('lIIhlllorpCl, c~rc('}i.llly w hen dry, 

rna) ohscurc the color <lnu glahrous n<lturc of the Ihallus :.md gl\(; the 

illUSion 01 nugl:s on the cdge of arcnlc\. Onc (;,lnflOI over ernpha'l/l: 

the I III po rtalKl' 01 u.:te<.:lIng and rCrT1nvlTlg ,uch eplphyllc algil(;' 

'r he thallu\ of V dl'Xc/1I v",nes greatl) In thJc~ncs!> and transparenl'\ depending on age or cxtent 01 uc\'elopmcnl. It I alm() t alwilYs 

i.lreol"te With only one ~ nowll eXlcptJOn fn thilt COl c, a rather large 

<lrca of month. lontllllHIU\ thillius was unounucd h) a rJlsed hlack 

ndge and iJ erad., al"o hordereu h) a hlal:k r.med ndge, c. tended 

IIlwaru t()\\arU thc l'enter At the eugcs nf thiS patch nlthallus Wa~ 

Illllre thilllu\ UI\ lued Into typical ul\uete arc(lle w IIh Imllar hla " 

horu.:r, ,\1llre comlllonl) a )lIung thallus" thm, ne<.lrly tr.ln'parcnt, 

\Illollth ,md hrllw n to t.m It" ,JreoliJtc and 1'; oilen dl\ IUed Into lobe .. 

h;. a dendntl<.: p.!llern 01 gnl(I\C\ In sUlh.J thallus, thc gfr)(l\C~ <.Ire 

usu.Jll) h)allne 

I he IIntogcn;. "I these lichens h",s not hecn MudlCd ,lIld mu t he 

Inferred Inlln ohscn,ltlon llf wh.!1 could a ei.l II) be the re ult 01 

cllndllillns III gnl\\th J III a 'Ing It .Jppcill'S. h we\er, thi.lt older thalli 

thlc,",en ,md de\ elop dl rete areole . u u.llI) \\ IIh blad ruel'; and 

fn.:quentl) \\ Ilh hI.! ~ lin.: Cllnnectmg them \\ IIh the pcmhelJurn 

11K' e are.J' 01 hla~"n~ then eem to prolJlerate under orne OndllI(1ns to produ e unci ·,ated pattern r raised Juga , mellme the 

hl.ILk .Jre.1 e tend hcnc.lth the pcnth L1um nd somellme Il doc 

11"1. 

The pc nthellllin I (llnunonl) IInme~'d, with or \\ Ithout ral~'d 

nJge .1Tl)uOO the 0 II Ie At lime th rt' 1 a om e art'a r.lIS~d around 

the, "lillie The iluthor ha 'en pmrmnently r.used cOO\ e pt:nthl: 13 

nn the 'klr11e thallu <J un~t:n p..:nthet'IJ. The uegR.'C 01 pcnthe aal 

elc\allon arrc<lr, tll he d \ilndhle charatt:r of the pc Ie . 

Spore an.: (1\ OIU hut wmeume polTlted \\ hen ~oung ,-\ clear pot 

commnnl <llthough not .11\13) appear. In the entcfofthc )ounger 

['1'1'1:' S.lTltt: on ( IlI)Y) n.:pol1ed the r<lnge of pore lie for I t'ml 

(lIna elt ~dll a I D-I J x 5,6jlrn. \\ hleh I coml tent \\ IIh that 

nh en eu h~ the author 

GE;'\ER L DI TRIB TIO. ' .• OR\\ Y ( <lntc on IY3Y) 

• 'ORTHEA TERI' \~IERI -\ 

o. ,\lA 

DI TRIBL TIO 

CHL' ETT 

,\1 L E 

E ex Co 

Dlgb) Co. Habra\ Co E\\'-

t Coast eetlon '-orthern Pemmula eLllon. 

Ea't Coast SClllon. \ <lInn tllHln 

~(ITIi Car/(/ dlll1/aTlI(,(1 Ench., Lhriften t\Jtunl I. s Vcrclfl 

chIc \\ig-Hobteln 22.90.1937 

DESCRIPTIO:\ Thallus entire. 011\ aleou . \1 ith p.:g. to shon 

ndge. thin (20-50jlml. opaque to tran,lucent \\hen df). more 

translucent \\hcn wet Pemheclu .. light I) dome-shaped to globose 

(usuall) heml'>pherieal). 0 1-0 25 mm diameter. usuall) .,hln:: 

exclpulum h)allne to dark belO\\ pore~ 0\ Old to reniform. colorle\s. 6-11 x 3.S-6/-tm 

The thallus of Verrllcaria dilJllllrsica IS usual I) oll\·aceou,. but 

the darkness \ anes \\ nh light exposure. In bnght light the thallus IS 

dark oli ve and I f gro\~ n In the shade n IS a \ery light 0111 e green. It 

usually IS rather transparent to translucent. The transparenc) i~ 

increased by wetting upon examination. Shol1. most I} straight 

ridge~ are characteri~lic on the thallus. These become reduced in 

size and frequency in the shade modification. In this reduced condition it is easily confused with the shade modificatIOn of V. erich-
·1 (,lIil and e~peCially with V .lIrl(1/li/a \.\ hose color 1\ al,o \lmli;1r 

Rldge\ often merge WIth the penthella ;11 the b;1\e 

The pemhecla are convex to heml\phem:al and u\uJIl) \hln) 

Darkne\s of the lower exclpulumls a hlghl, vanable factor. Generall y ,ome carbonaceou\ granule\ tend to extend below the In\olucre llum a nd may con tInue \omewhat throughout the lower 

involucrellum (sec the !..ey). However, the speCIes \hould not be 

characten/ed a~ haVIng an In volucrellum that I, dar!.. belo\.\, a \ le\~ 

adopted by Ench,en (1957) . 

GENERAL DISTRIB TION : Germany (Erich,en 1957). orway (Santeswn MSC). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN or TRIBUTION : MAl E 

Cumberland Co ., Sagadahoc Co., Han cock Co. RHOD E 

ISLAND : Newport Co. MASSACHUSETTS : Pl ymouth Co., 

Es ex Co. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Rockingham Co. OVA SCOTIA : Yarmouth Co., Digby Co., Shelburne Co., HalIfax Co., VICtoria C . NEWFOUNDLAND : West Coast Section, Northern 

Peninsu la Section , East Coast Section. Not previously reported 

from North America . 

Verrucaria erichsellii Zsch. in Erichs. Verh . Bot. Verelns Provo 

Brandenburg 70: 192. 1928. 

DESCRIPTION : Thallus entire or areolate, blac!.. to blac!..ishbrown dry, amber and more translucent when wet , roughened by 

rows of pegs or ridges; ridges often branched, ometlmes subergcd in thallus and visible only when wet; thallus 30-70Jlm 

hick . Perithecia elevated, conical to hemispherical. spreadi ng III 

irregular pattern at base, often with pegs or ridges as on thallus, 

. 1-0 .3 mm diameter, excipulum hyaline below. Spores OVO Id , colriess, 8-9 x 4 .5-7Jlm. 

Vermca ria erichsellii demonstrate considerable thallus vanaion . It is usually considered to be clearly nmose nr areolate. T,PIca ll y this is so but it is not uncommon to find a thallus of V. 

rici1s£'llii continuous in an e peciall) wet em ironment, w here the 

hallus becomes thic!.. and ge latinous. When dry the thallus IS usulIy blac!..ish-brown to black. A grey morphotype \.\ Ith a texture 

like that of graphite was collected in the Narragansett 8a} area. 

When moistened during examination the thallus incn:a~ed In transarency, one of the be ·t tests of que tionabl e thalli. When wetted 

he) re\ cal a pattern of blac!.. mar!..ings ly plcal of the pattern of 

'uges u~uall) seen abme the surface. The thallus of I' ertc/twII/I 

t) picall)' ha short. often branched Irregular ndges or rows of 

oinb. frequentl) contluent \~ Ith or continUing up 0\ er the pemhe-

' ia . Ridges are longer than \\ ide and rarel) very hIgh In e\treme 

IrCUI1l~tances ridges become hIgher and ,harper forming cusp, Jnd 

. rcte~ . In other e\trcmes the) Illa) be I 111111el cd \\ ithin the thallu, 

10 be rC\ealed onl) b) \\ ettlllg 

The mllst consIstent character l)f the pentheelutll appeaf', tll be 

he Im:gular 'preadlng base \\ hlch seem, mo ... t prolll)uneed \\ hen 

le\\ cd from abo \ e a \\ et thallu, l)r \\ hell the thallu, has been 

eeled frl)m the roc!.. anu placed 011 a ,llde alld illullllnated from 

ell)\\ The dlJll1etef', l)1 peritheciJ tend w lall bet\\ een 0 I ,lIld 0 , 

11111 

l,d1ac!..e ( 1934) and E- nch en ( \95") bl)th II,t J 'iX)re rang' ,)j c12 :; 7/(111 \\ hlch agree, \\ Ith the Juthl)r .... l)b,en Jltl)n 

GF FR-\L Dl TRIBL TIO, l, 'r llJl1\ en,'h en \9.--), BntI,h Cl)lumbl,1 (Oh" l)J1 \ I' l. S\\ edcn ,In{ , HI I l '" J\ 

tona Cn.. apt: Brt:tnn Co 

eetlon. nnhern Pemn,ulJ Se~tlon, \\ Ion e~lIlln 

l errucarlll 1Il/('/'l/iI:It'\(l1/1 (0:)1 ) J·mh \ern B , \I:rclll Pm\ 

Brandenburg 70 IY3 IY24 I (fT/III/I/(I (ltllllobn/a \<lr 1111 " 

Rre1Cl'1l.1 ) I In Brenner. \kddel,JIld So f • una I I I nn 

13'125 188n 

DESCRIPTIO 

brow n prothallu\ Pentheclu onm 11, u1n\ c • n ~ .:I mill dl rn 

ter. excipulum h)ullne nr Intt:rl11llt enti) Jar!..l'n d bclo\\ Sf}< 

hyalIne . (hId walleu, tu,Iform. (II )1 15 21 (~71 

( 14)Jlm . 

The brown prothallu .... thallu" Jl1d pentheLla arc dl lIn 1I\ I: Th 

thallus I, thIn 0) compan\nn \\ Ith nthl'r ur 01.11 form I 

s indlcJteu Jh,nc, pore \\ere found III th 

orth Amencan collection, a' 1.lrge a, repnrtcu h\ 1 n h n hut 

the) were oloateu anu of at) plcal ,h.lpe \1 (1 t free n \\I:re tn 

the range of 15 2.~ n·S,I111 Endl\l'n (1457Ii.,ted /111 

both lIttoral anu n01l1Ittmal, therelnre. It 1I1a\ he J urn J lu 

facultati\ e In It ... hahlh ThIS peLle \I ted t nh 

localIty III North An erIca anu thl I thc fmt rc on! tmm 

/\menca, 

GE ERAL 01. TRIB TIO. C,l'rlll,lm (/ nch en 1<)5 

ORTHE'\SHR, A\I[RIC\ DJ<';JRlBl TI) [\\ 

FOL DL '\0 -\\alnn cd Ion 

I ('rmcaria //IOl/ret \\'ahlenh 111 \<.h <;uppl \Ieth L h 19 I ( 
rounded oni al con picuou penthecla. 6. rounded. not impre sed 

penthe lat p .and7 pore "ltha"ldthof7-IOmic.(IengthIO19 or at mo t 20 mic.)"· 

Sante on ontinue b) de cnbing even denation ~ ith \\ hich 

he a ociate, name of varietie or \\ hat he con Iders to be sy non1 m 

.. I With" hlte or light bro\\ n clear prothallus .. V. -;,schackeana 

Ench~ . 

, With green-gra) or greenish black thallus. ·var. jumosocinerea Vain: 

3 With connected or triflingl) fissured thallus. . V scorina 

Wedd: 

4. Thallus urface with many strongly conspicuous pegs .. V 

aracrina Wg: 

5. a With perithecia almo t entirely sunken into the thallus. 'V 

malmet Sen: 

b \\,ith hemi~pherical to nearl) spherical perithecia. ·var. 

I'romitlLlla Vain: 

6. With clearl) impressed. frequently somev,hat irregular 

penthecium top~ . V rrachinodes Norm: . V hdyrenii 

Erich,:. 'var aracrillotdes Vain:. 'f. el'Oluta Th . Fr.' 

(?7 Spores" ith a width of II-IS mic .. V finn ma rkica Zsch: )." 

The author has seen all of these form in North America except" V 

finnmarkica:' A common variation re ults from frequent washing 

'" ith water fr m rain or ",aves which causes the thallu color and 

texture to be~ome obcured by epithallic algae which produce a 

smooth greenish urface. 

GE:\ERAL DISTRIBUTION: ovaya Zemyla (Lynge 1928). 

Finland (Rasanen 1927). Germany (Erichsen 1957), Spain to Finland (Degellus 1935). Italy (latta 1909-1911), India (Awasthi 

1965). Japan ( ylander 1890), Greenland, Iceland, Bear Island, 

·pitsbergen. Iberia, Bering Strait, Fuegia, Patagonia, Chile, 

Falkland Islands, and e\\ Zealand (Lamb 1953). Norway (Sante -

son M C). ~eden (Santesson MSC), Wales (Fletcher 1973a), 

England (Ferry and heard 1969). Brillsh Columbia (Brodo 

M Cl. 

'ORTHE TER AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: MAINE: 

(Plm ' A) t\:OVA COTIA Yarmouth Co .. Digby Co .. 

Shelburne Co .. Halifax Co . Vlctona Co , Cape Breton Co. NEWf OL' Dl \. D \\e t Coast eCllon orthern Penin ula Section. 

I a t ('''J\t elltnn. Avalon Section NEW BRUNSWICK: 

dmpobell~\ 

I( rTl/(llna ml(m por<l } I Ann LI '\;at. Bot. IV. 3 175 I 55 

DE:. RIP 110 I hallu u\u .. tll} bn)\\ n to amber. ,Ollletlllle, 

grc n or 'fey. moolh thm _0 )() I'm (l)ntlnuou~ M In patches but 

Iran lu nt to qUI[~ Iran p.lrI:nt \\ hen 

wet. Erichsen (1957) recognized a var. laerel'irens a characterized 

by a leek green thallu which is Ie s transparent. The author has 

also ob erved thi in mate rial frolll the southern part of its range in 

orth America as well as a dark grey thallus in the same area. The 

dark grey thallu has a color and texture resembling graphite used in 

pencils. Upon wetting. the dark color disappears. 

The perithecia are brown to black and may be shiny or dull. Their 

shape may range from that of a slightly arched dome to more nearly 

hemispherical and pointed. The diameter of the perithecia is 

reported as 0.15-0.25 mm (Lamb 1953),0.1-0.3 mm (Santesson 

footnote 2).0.2-0.3 mm (Zschacke 1925), and 0.2-0.3 mm (Erichsen 1957). Erichsen (1957) also recognized var. jriesiaca as having 

a smaller perithecia of only 0.1-1.15 mm diameter. The author 

measured 230 perithecia (10 each from 23 specimens) and found a 

range of 0.08-0.28 mm except for a si ngle collection in which the 

range was 0.16-0.48 mm with 4 out of 10 exceeding 0 .3 mm . In no 

other collection did the diameter exceed 0.3 mm. Clusters of small 

or larger perithecia may be found and due to the normal patchy 

appearance of the thalli. one may be tempted to consider such 

patches as distinct species. Perithecium size should not be considered of taxonomic significance in this species. 

Spores of V microspora are thin walled and will change shape 

somewhat with osmotic changes. Generally they are ovoid to slightly 

reniform. The species name infers smallness of pores, but this is not 

noticeably different from V dirmarsica and V srriarula. Spore sizes 

have been reported as 7-12 X 4-5/Lm (Lamb 1953),7- 11 X 5-7/Lm 

(Zschacke 1925). and 7- 11 X 4-5/Lm (Erichsen 1957). Erichsen 

(1957) also recognized var. mLicosLila Sands. with spores 5-9 X 4-

9/Lm . The author's spore measurements gi'/e a range of 6-11 X 3-

5/Lm. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Germany (Erichsen 1957), 

England (Ferry and Sheard 1969), Greenland, Japan , Chile, Antarctica (Lamb 1953), Wales (Fletcher 1973a), Norway (Santesson 

MSC), Scotland (Brodo MSC), Australia (Willi MICH) . 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION : MAINE : 

Cumberland Co., Sagadahoc Co., Hancock Co. MASSACHUSETTS: Essex Co. , Plymouth Co., Ba rnstable Co. RHODE 

ISLAND: Newport Co. CONNECTICUT: New London Co. NEW 

JERSEY: Ocean Co., Cape May Co. NOVA SCOTIA: Colche ter 

Co., Cumberland Co., Yarmouth Co., Digby Co., Shelburne Co., 

Victoria Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: We t Coast Section, Northern 

Pen in ula Section, East Coast Section . 

VerrLlcaria /Ilucosa Wahlenb . in Ach. Suppl. Mcth. Lich. 23. 1803 . 

DESCRIPTIO : Thallus gra~, grecn to blacki,h-green, smooth 

and tough. conllnuou~, often ~Ith necral crack, in herbarium , pecimens, 130-J 50 /Lm thick, usual I} opaquc (wet or dry); juga ab~ent; 

prothallus, IS pre,ent, "hlw,h. PenthccIa submergcd to ~J ghtl) 

raised. ,omellme,,, ith prominent o,tlOle'> surrounded by chilllney, 

c"clpulum clear bellm. Imolucrellulll 0 05-0 2 mm diameter. 

pores 'Impie, ('olorie,,-, u\uall) o\Old, 8-11 )< 4-5 /Lm 

Thallu, of thl' ,pccle, I' ea,t1) rccognlLed In the field or In the 

hcrbanum In old herbanum 'pellmen, It I~ bnm n Upon dry Ing It 

de\cll p' cralk, that are stnctl) necral anlf::tch not to be confu,ed 

\\ Ith the rimo\e are(llaliOn t) plcal of ~ //Iil/lrti \\ hltl,h prothallu, 

I' nften ,cen around a thallu\ on ,lllooth rock 

Pcnthella are normally lIu\h to ,ltghtl) fJiwd or ,unkell When 

npe. the In\lllucrellulll tend\ III C\ Jglnate ,l1me\\ hJt pre,enllng a 
The Ihallu of V mUlnlO 1 qUltc a n:: I ft n 'I'll" (l r 

ru 10 algac, u~h a Hilt!, "brallfla nd! J,Iu ,II /lillI/a II I 'I 

.ommonl) found m" an 0\ r thcr rT\I and "h n:: Ih pcmhc 

Iii of Ih 0\ crgru" n mah.:nal proJ Ilhrou 'h Ih thallu f I III/ a 

ausang a pOI nllal ou c of Illi 11.11.: nil II lIun 

SJlOrc~ of V I//II( osa re not dl\tlO 11\ an I.:lIh r hape or 1I.c n 

e on (I liN) n::ported th' lie of pon::, III be hi 'hi} \ dndblc 7 I 

4 JAI1l 

p) ulldlil an:: qUit ~lJl1lmon on I' 1111/(1110 Ih.11I1 I h' appear it 

,Itt nnged .... lIh hnm II all I f,,~ur .... Idcl) ~al\ercu or III dll tef\ II 

n,'t uncommon 10 fllld mOllnd madc lip of Jggrl.: ated p cllIdla 

Gb 1:R L I>ISl RIBl' 110, S .... cd 'n, Of\\<I), 11Il1,lIlu, I c 

lind, r.lroc hl.lI1d~. (,crlllall). Irelan I, I mn c ( ante un 191',1). 

nglill1d (h'rf) .lI1d She.lrd 1%'11. \V.tle, (1·1 t~her 1<,/7l.l) (,rcell 

~1ll1. Slh(n.l. hI gl.l. Au\...I.lI1d 1,1.lIld . (ampr. II '~land. e .... 

~l·al,lI1d (L.II11r. 1'1511, Bnll h Clllul11hla (Bm<i(l \lS( ) 

. OR'I HI:AS'II:RN ,\~lI:RICA:,\ DIS', RlBl I J();\ \IASSA 

HLJSI:I IS' b,e\ (II .. 1'1)l11l1l1lh CII :-';I:\\' II,\\II'SHIRI 

Ild(lngham (II MAL'I: (1Il1lheriand (0. S.1g.ldah «(I. lidll 

Ild (0. I.lI1coln Co (i\lelTll ~ISCl. W.I hlllgtoll ('0 (1\,\ 

(OlIA ('nil he,ler ( 0, (ul11r.erland II, Yarmouth ( 0 , Dlgh) 

". Shelhllrrll' ell ,Haltl.1 C",. VI IOrl.! ClI , C,IJX! Brdon ( 0 

E,WHH'NI>I,\NI> • \1,tl1l'rn "l'nlll 111.1 SClII'lIl, \-.1 t '0.1 I 

Cl'tH"l, A\.rlon SCllIOIl 

Ilm"I/It/lIi""o/clhnI-.1I1ilcdnd •. \I\",lugl.12 ) n.'i 19\\ 

DI:SCRII'IION lh.11I1I brl\ll III h. ll'llttnllou 10 ,.HlIl\ not 

relllah: I'l'II(Ill'lI.1 hJIt(l\\ ""lIll' til heflll ph n~.". I ~ 0'; Illlll 

mad. l' llpuhllll h).dllle hI darJ.. hdO\\ ~P(lrc h).llm • I "1"1 

4'11ll 

'hI' .!lllhni \ I-.Ilnl\ kdg III till'; pll'te~ I 110111 d tI) th IllIllJ 

hIll III .1\ Jlhlbk herb.lnum IlCuml'n, loll~dcd no no\\ n onl 

n'l11 Illllg "'.111,1. • ' Y 1 h(, O1.II(,l1al ,cen n: ~Illhkd I Ill/( rOlI'''''1 

I ,II' 1I1"dl',.lhk dl'g' 'C 1 he I h.lllu \\.1 h \\ nl h Jnd patdl\ fh 

'nth~'u.l, 1<1, Ihl' Illl"t p.lIt. \\('fC h.III()\\ dnm , H dn (19 I 

.1\(' () I. (l III II I .. ' the dl,lllll'('f III pcnthcuJ and Iho c c n b\ 

ll' .llIth", 1111 111111111 th" r IIIg,' I h .111 III h.II11 (l'n \I llf thl 

' .... lll" I' thl' 'I " "lie." t'd 1>\ H dn (19".1 I __ 

lim I hl .llIlhor \\ J unahle t,l I and pore 1>ut BOlCh (I h I 

'p(lrll'd th,' ran '1'.1 Ih _" () 10,1111 

ORIHI \'ill R 

(IR" SUIl,)1 

~\IIRI \ 1\\ 

1/1//((/11 I /ll/lfl/fll \\.Ihl'nh m \ 11 uppl I th I I" _ 

I. fl 

<, IIU \ nih nn 
MSC), British Columbia (Ohlsson MSC), west central Canada 

(Bird 1970), Cuba (Montagne 1838-42), Greenland (Lynge 1932), 

Novaya Zemlya (Lynge 1932), France (Harmand 1905), Germany 

(Erichsen 1957), Nepal (Awasthi 1965), England (Ferry and 

Sheard 1969). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION: NOVA 

SCOTIA: Cape Breton Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: Avalon Section. 

Xanfhoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. Lich . Arc!. 69 . 1860. Lichen £'/£'-

galls Link. Ann . Naturges. 1:37. 1791. 

DESCRIPTION: Thallus foliose, red orange to citrine, rising off 

of substrate at least at tips, KOH + purple. forming rosettes about 

2-5 cm diameter, lobes nodular-convex, including tIps. ApothecJa 

orange yellow to red orange, about 1-2 mm broad . Spore colorle~s. 

polarilocular, 10-13 x 5-8/Am . 

Upon cursory IIlspection this species may appear to be cru~tose 

but it does have a developed lower cortex and lifts off the substmte 

at least at the tips. The lobes have a tubular appearance but of quite 

irregular width and thickness, giving it a rather nodular appearance. 

Like X. pariefina it is devoid of soredia. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Washington (Howard 1950). 

Alaska (Krog 1968), South Dakota (Wetmore 1967), New MeXICO 

(Rudolph 1953), Arizona (Nash MSC), Colorado (Wetmore MSC)' 

Wyoming (Shushan MSC), Montana (lmshaug MSC). Iowa 

(Imshaug MSC), Michigan (1m haug MSC). Minne ota (FlIlk 

MSC) . Wisconsin (Malachowski MSC), New York (Brodo MSC). 

Mexico (Beaman MSC), Manitoba (GillIs MSC). Northwest Territory (Prest MSC), Nova Scotia (Lamb 1953), Greenland (Lynge 

1932), Finland (Rasanen 1927), India (Awasthi 1965). China 

(Magnusson 1940), New Zealand (Nylander 1888), Ontario (Wang 

MSC), Iceland (Copeland MSC) . 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTIO : MAl E: 

Sagadahoc Co., Hancock Co. NOVA SCOTIA : Digby Co .. 

Shelburne Co., Halifax Co., Victoria Co., Cape Breton Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: West Coast Section, Northern Penin ula Section . 

Xallthoria pariefilla (L.) Th . Fr. Lich . Arct. 67 . 1860. Lichen 

parifillusL. Sp. PI. 1143 . 1753 . 

DESCRIPTION : Thallus foliose, orange to citrine, radiate, 

often rosettelike, KOH + purple , lobes flat, wrinkled, ca. 1 mm 

broad, usually forked at the tips, soredia absent. Apothecia numerous, ca. 5 mm broad , plane to concave with thin thalline margin 

disappearing with age. Spores eight per ascus, polarilocular, colorless, 10-13 X 6-9JLm . 

This widespread oceanic species is easily distinguished from all 

other littoral Xanthoriae by its relatively broad , thin, distinctly 

wrinkled thallus divided dichotomously at the tips. The apothecia 

often contrast with the thallus by being more red colored. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Greenland (Lynge 1937), Novaya Zemlya (Lynge 1928), Sweden (Degelius 1935), Finland 

(Riisanen 1927), Italy (latta 1909-1911), India (Awasthi 1965), 

Cuba (Montagne 1838-42), Tenerife (Imshaug MSC). England 

(Ferry and Sheard 1969). Wales (Fletcher 1937b), Spain (w. & c. 

Culberson MSC). 

NORTHEASTERN AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION ' MAINE: 

Cumberland Co., Sagadahoc Co., Hancock o. MASSACHU 

SETTS: (Fi~her MSC) . NEW YORK: (Brodo 1968) OVA SCO 

T1A : Halifax Co., Yarmouth Co., Dlghy Co., Shelhurne Co 

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 

AWASI HI . [) [) 

19(,5 Cal,doguc 01 Ih< lichen, Irol11 India I'«plli. ['lIk, Ian . and Ceylon 

N"," Hcu"'g,a Buhcllc Suppl 17.lnr 

BI RD. [) 

11I7f1 Ke), 10 Ihe lilhen, 01 "'cSI lcnlral Canau" The HernMIUI11 . Del' 

Bioi Un" (algllr~ I11ll11cogr. p 1,2 

BRODO.I M 

IY6K The lichen, III l.on g 1,lanu ~c" Yo" ,\ ,cgelallonal "nu 11""'lll 

"nal)"s ~ T SllIle \lu, SCI Sen l:Iuli ~lfI. ,JfJ I' 

DI GfLlCS. (J 

1'1)5 Da' 01 an"che clemenl de, ,Irllulh·und laun Ikchlen lI11rll 'on SI..lIn· 

ulnll"en ALia Ph\logeogr Suel 7 I .. II 

I'I)'} Ole llechlcn 'on norrll "al1l1n L pp,.llI Ln" Ar"kr II 1·205 

ERICHSEI' . C F F. 

11I57 Flechlen fiorll ,on ~(lrd"e'lueUI'lhIJnd (jU\IO' FI,chcr Verlag. 

Siuligan. p I -111 

HRR) B \\ . anu J \\ SH~ARD 

IQ69 ZnniJllnn of \Urrallllorallll .. hl!"\ It" hCHC' .HlIunJ the DeJlc: Penln ul.J 

Pembrol..e,hlre . F,cld IUd ,.I 167 

FLETCHER. A 

19Da The ecolog) 01 manne IlillOral) lichen, on ome rod) shrrc, of 

Angle,c) I.lchcn"I,,~.'1 5 ,6 --100 

I'iDb The cC<llog) 01 manlime (,uprllllllor.l) lichen, on ,,)JTlC roc hore, 

01 Angle,c). Llchenol<lg"15 40 1·-122 

HALE. \1 E . Jr. and \\ L C LBERSO\ 

1970. .. lounh chcl·I..I"1 01 Ihe lilhen ,)1 Ihe wnllnenl.1 Lnlled 51. Ie, and 

Canada Br) ologl'l 73 -199-543 

HARM AND. L. J 

1905 Lichen, de France Erlnal Pan, .I 609 

HARRIS. R 

1'175 Ala onomlc re\ I"on 01 Ihe genu, Anhop) ranla \Ia"al L.I (A,com)eele,) In :-"onh Amen«l \lich Siale n" Ea,1 Lan"ng. )01 p 

HEDRICK . J 

1933 C\\ genera and 'pccle, of lichen, Irom Ihe herbanum 01 Bruee Fin, 

I ~1) cologla 25 ,0:1·316 

Ho\\ARD. G E 

1950 lichen, of Ihe 'laiC of Wa,hlngilln L nl\ \\a,h Pre" Scallie. 191 p 

l"'lSHAUG. H A 

1957 Alpine lichen, of "C'lern Unlled Siale, and adpc<nl Canada I The 

macrollchen, B,) 0Iog"160 177·272 

JATTA .A 

1909-1911 Flora IIalica lC)plOgama Pa" III LIChen, Rocca S Casciano SJab,limenlO Tlpografico L Cappelli .160 p 

KROG . H 

1968 The macrolichen, of Ala,," 'or Polann,1 SI..r 1-1-1. 180 P 

LAMB. I M 

1953 AnlarCIlC P) renocarp lichen, DI>co\ er) Rcp . 25: 1-30 

195~ Lichen, of Cape Brewn hland. ",0\ a SCalia Annu Rep 'all \lu, 

Can 132 239-313 

LYNGE. B 

19::!.8 Lichen!'! from 0\ a) a Zeml) a (c\cI of AC£lnnpora and 

LecU/wwl Rep SCI Re,ulls am E\ped ",0\ a) a Zeml) a 1921. -13_ 299 

P 

1932 . Lichen, from nonh ea" Greenland. II ~llcrollchen' S~r S\albard 

hha\el. 81 1- 143 . 

1937 Lichen, from \\e,1 Greenland. collecled chicfl) b) Th M 

Fne, Medd . Griilnl 118(8).225 P 

MAGNUSSO . A H. 

1932. Lichen, from "e'lern Nonhamenca. malnl) Wa,hlnglon and 

Ala,ka Ann Cr)plllg. E,ol. 5(1) 16-38. 

1940. Lichen, from cenlal A"a . Rep . SCI. E\ped r\onh-\\ . Pr", China 13. 

168 p. 

MONTAGNE. J. F. C. 

1838-1842 . BOlanique -Planle, Cellulalric, . /1/ R. de la Sagra. H"lOire ph)-

sique. pollilque el nalUrelic de I'ile de Cuba 8: 105-237 . 
NORDI . I. 

1972. Coloplaco sect. Gasparrinia i Nordeuropa. Uppsala. p. 1- 184. 

NYLANDER. W 

1888 . Lichenes Novae Zelandiae. Paris. p. 1- 156. 

1890. Lichenes Japoniae . Paris. p. 1- 122 . 

POELT. J. 

1969. Bestimmungssch lussel Europaischer Flechten. J. Cramer. Lehre . p. 

1-259. 

RASANE . V. 

1927. Uber Flechtenstandorte und Flechtenvegetation im westlichen Nordfinland. Ann. Soc . ZooI. Bot. Fenn . Vanamo 7: 1-202. 

RUDOLPH . E. D. 

1953 . A contribution to the lichen flora of Arizona and New Mexico Ann . 

Mo. Bot. Gard . 40:63-72 . 

SANTESSON. R. 

19?9. Amphibious pyrenolichens I. Ark. Bot. 29A( 10): 1-67 . 

SERVIT. M. 

1954 . C~skoslovenskl:: lisenJnlKY celed: Verrucariaceae . Nakladatelstv'-

Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved . Prana . 

SWINSCOW. T. D. V. 

1965 . The marine species of Arthopyrellio in the British Isles. Lichenologist 

3:55-64. 

TUCKERMAN. E. 

1882 . A sy nopsis of the North American lichens: Part I.. comp risi ng the PorlIIeliaeei, Ciadolliei, and Coellogolliei . S.E. Cassino. Boston. 261 p. 

WADE. A. E. 

1965 . The ge nus Caloplam Th . Fr. in the British Isles. Lichenologist 3: 1-

28 . 

WEBER. W A. 

1962. Environmental modification and the taxonomy of the crustose 

lichens. Sven . Bot. Tidskr. 56:293-333. 

WETMORE. C . M. 

1967. Lichens of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Publ . Mus. 

Mich . State Univ .. BioI. Ser. 3:209-464. 

ZSCHACKE. H. 

1925 . Die mitteleuropaischen Verrucariaceen . IV. Hedwigia 65 :46-64 . 

1934. Epigloeaceae. Verrucariaceae und Dermatocarpaceae . Rabenhorst 's 

kryptogamen -f1ora I, part 9,695 p. 
Arthopyrel1ia ha/oc/w('s ..... 

Ca/op/aca lIlarina . . . . .. .. 

Ca/op/aca I'erruclllijera .. . 

Ca/oplaca microthallilla .. . 

Caloplaca scopu/oris . .... . 

Lecanoro gral1tii ... . 

Lichina cOl1finis .... . 

Stigmidiulll lIlarillU/1/ . 

Verrllcaria amphibw . 

Verrucano ceurhocorpa .. 

Verruca ria degelii .. . ... 

SYSTEMATIC INDEX 

1.2.3 . 9. 15 

8. 15 

8. It) 

... H. 15. It) 

H. It) 

... 2.7.16 

. 2.6 

9. It) 

12. 11 . 17 

10. 17 . 18 . 19 

.1 . 12 . 1.1 . 18 

Vl.'rrucaria dUmanlca 

Verrucana I.'nc/Jlel/II 

Verrucano 11111.'1I1I1<r£' 1 ((' 11 1 

VI.' r rll C(I r/{{ IIUlII ra 

Verrucano IIl1crOl(lOI'({ 

Verrucano I/IUC().\{/ 

Verrllcana 11/ICIco/a 

Verrucar/({ Ifr/(/Ilt/a 

Xli/II/lima ("(mde/ar/{{ 

Xal/lhorw c/l.'gClIl\ . 

XCllllhor/{{ (lctrll.'lino . 

.. 2,3.14, IH. 20. 21 

2, 1,13,14,18. 19.21 

10, 17. 19 

. 3.10.12,15.16.17,19. 20 

3. 10. 17,20.21 

. 2,4.10,17,20.21 

10. 17,21 

2,4,15.19.20,21 

... 6,21 

. .. 7.22 

. ... 7, 22 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Preparation of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United 

States" is being coordinated by the following Board : 

Coordinating Editor: 

Editorial Advisers: 

Melbourne R. Caniker, College of Marine Studies, 

University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958. 

Marie B. Abbott, 259 High Street, Coventry, Conn. 

(Fonnerly with Gray Museum, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.) 

Arthur G. Humes, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods 

Hole, Mass. 

Wesley N. Tiffney, Retired , Boston University, 226 

Edge Hill Road, Sharon, Mass. 

Ruth D. Thmer, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 

Roland L WIgle). Retired. atlonal Manne FI h 

eries ServIce. Northea~t FI~hcnc\ ('cntd, 

NOAA. Woods Hole, Ma~~ 

Robert T. Wllce. Department of Botany. nl\er 

sity of Massachuseth. Amherst . Mass 

The Board e tablished the format for the "Manne Flora and Fauna oJ 

the Northeastern United States." inVItes systematists to collaborate \0 the 

preparation of manuals. reviews manu,cripts. and adVIses the Scit:ntlfic 

Editor of the National Marine Fisheries Service . 

Thanks are expressed to Henry A. Imshaug for hIS a~sl'tance In 

research and advice in preparing the manuscript. Thanks an. al 0 expreS\cd 

to Melbourne R. Carriker for continued assistance \0 later research stagcs 

and manuscript preparation. Richard D. Wood was very helpful tn the field 

work in the Narragansett Bay area. Helen S. Taylor. Bnan M Taylor. and 

She ryl M. Taylor contributed both in the research for and preparallon of the 

mauscript. Adele Deni on and Ralph Gorton aIded tn the preparation of the 

final manuscript. 
COORDINATING EDITOR'S COMMENTS 

Publication of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United 

States" is most timely in view of the growing univeral emphasis on environmental work and the urgent need for more precise and complete identification of coastal organisms than has been available. It is mandatory, wherever 

possible, that organisms be identified accurately to species. Accurate scientific names unlock the great quantities of biological information stored in 

libraries, obviate duplication of research already done, and often make possible prediction of anributes of organisms that have been inadequately studied. 

Ronald Taylor started his research on lichens in 1964 at Michigan State 

University where he later received his doctoral degree. He was then, and is 

now, on the faculty of Lansing Community College at Lansing, Mich . 

Preparation of this manual was supported in part by a grant from the 

Environmental Protection Agency to the Editorial Board of the "Manne 

Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States." Work on the "Marine 

Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" by the Coordinating 

Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States: 

COOK, DAVID G., and RALPH O.BRINKHURST. Annelida : Oligochaeta 

BORROR, ARTHUR C. Protozoa : Ciliophora . 

MOUL, EDWIN T. Higher Plants of the Marine Fringe. 

McCLOSKEY, LAWRENCE R. Pycnogonida . 

MANNING, RAYMOND B. Crustacea : Stomatopoda . 

WILLIAMS, AUSTON B. Crustacea : Decapoda. 

POLLOCK, LELAND W. Tardigrada . 

LARSON, RONALD 1. Cnidaria : Scyphozoa. 

Editor is supported by the College of Marine Studies, Univer~ity of Delaware. 

Manuals are available from the following: 

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Pnnting Office, Washington, DC 20402, for a charge. 

User Service Branch, Library and Information Services, Division D822 , 

Washington Science Center, Building 4. Rockville, MD 20852. at no 

charge as long as the supply lasts. 

ational Technical Information Services, U.S. Department of Commerce. 

5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, either as paper copy or 

microfiche. for a charge. 

Manuals are not copynghted. and so may be photocopied from the OAA 

Technical Report NMFS Circulars available in most major libraries. 

The manuals so far published in the NOAA Technical Report NMFS CIrcular series are lIsted below by author, title. circular number. and TIS 

acce sion number. 

Circular 

o. NTIS O. 

374 COM 73 50670 

378 COM 73 50888 

384 COM 74 50019 

386 COM 74 50014 

387 COM 7450487 

389 COM 74 51194 

394 PB 257 987 

397 PB 261839 

CAVALIERE, A. R. Higher Fungi : Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and BasIdiomycetes. 

COULL, BRUCE C. Copepoda : Harpacticoida. 

398 

399 

PB 268 036 

PB 268 714 

CUTLER, EDWARD B. Sipuncula . 

PAWSON, DAVID L. Echinodermata : Holothuroidea . 

HO, JU-SHEY. Copepoda : Lernaeopodidae and Sphyriidae . 

HO, JU-SHEY. Copepoda : Cyclopoids Parasitic on Fishes. 

CRESSEY, ROGER F. Crustacea : Branchiura . 

BOVEE, EUGENE C., and THOMAS K. SAWYER. Protozoa : Sarcodina : Amoebae. 

WATLING, LES. Crustacea : Cumacea . 

ZULLO, VICTOR A. Arthropoda: Cirripedia . 

CAIRNS, STEPHEN D. Cnidaria: Scleractinia . 

TODD, RUTH , and DORIS LOW. Protozoa : Sarcodina : Benthic Foraminifera . 

BUSH, LOUISE F. Turbellaria: Acoela and Nemertodermatida. 

TAYLOR, RONALD M. Lichens (Ascomycetes) of the Intertidal Region . 

403 PB 273 062 

405 PB 274 999 

406 PB 280040 

409 PB 281969 

413 PB 222 923 

419 PB 285 538 

4:23 PB 296460 

425 PB 297 676 

438 PB 124520 

439 PB 225 053 

440 PB 219 387