Harry D. Pratt and Chester J. Stojanovich

1
hind tarsus with pale bands

——_———
!

proboscis cacirely dack proboscis with pale band
a
a
a ’
as + =
Resear eee
1
r ’
thorax with thorax without abdomen blunt abdomen pointed
lyre-shaped marking lyte-shaped marking FREED
wing scales pale and dark; wing scales dark
GQ hind tibia with pate hand hind tibia without pare band

te (OS
SM ties
Aedes aegypti |
middle abdominal middle abdominal
bands B-shaped bands nor B-shaped

Coquillettidia perturbans Culex tarsalis
r T
hind femur weth hind femur without
pale band before tip pale band before up.

Aedes vexans

—
y
i
if

wing scales pale and dark

Yo

ahdomco without pale median stipe abdomen ait pale median stripe

Aedes taeniorhyne: |

abdominal sere yellowish, abdominal siripe whice:
fiest segment of bind Carsus tie segment of hind carsus
with median pale cing without median pale ag

Psvrophora confinnis

~~? °
ee =< _ *

oo ‘
a bt yierrn,
>
Cam Pe aeansTM
Aedes sollicitans fedes nigromaculis
Aedes dursalis fedex canadensis (ASTIRN CS) (WESTERN U8)

79

H


Mulhern, T. D. 1942. "New Jersey Mechanical Trap for Mosquito Surveys." NJ Agric. Exp.
Sta. Circ. 421 (Reprinted in J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 1:411-418, 1985).

Mulhern, T. D. 1974, 65 pp. A Manual for Mosquito Control Personnel. California Mosq.
Control Assoc., Visalia, CA. 190 pp.

Narang, S. K., P. E. Kaiser, and J. A. Seawright. 1989. "Identification of species d, a new
member of the Anopheles quadrimaculatus species complex: a biochemical key." J. Am.
Mosq. Control Assoc. 5:217-224.

Neff, J. M., L. Morris, R. Gonzalez-Alcover, P. H. Coleman, S. B. Lyss, and H. Negron.
1967. "Dengue fever in a Puerto Rican community." Am. J. Epidemiol. 86:162-184.

Oaks, S.C., V. S. Mitchell, G. W. Pearson, and C. C. J. Carpenter. 1991. Malaria: Obstacles
and Opportunities. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 309 pp.

Otto, G. F. (ed.). 1989. Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium ’89. Washington, DC. Am.
Heartworm Soc. 251 pp.

Pratt, H. D. 1948. “Influence of the moon on light trap collections of Anopheles albimanus in
Puerto Rico." J. Nat’l Mal. Soc. 7:212-220.

Pratt, H. D. 1991. "Malaria control and eradication in the United States.” pp. 56-60. Insect
Potpourri: Adventures in Entomology. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc. Gainesville, FL.

Provost, M. W. 1959. "The influence of moonlight on light trap catches of mosquitoes." Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 52:261-271.

Provost, M. W. 1974. "Salt marsh management in Florida." Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. on Ecol.
Animal Control by Habitat Mgmt. 1973, pp. 5-17.

Rathburn, C. B. and A. H. Boike, Jr. 1975. "Ultra low volume tests of several insecticides
applied by ground equipment for the control of adult mosquitoes." Mosq. News 35:26-
29.

Reeves, W. C. 1965. "Ecology of mosquitoes in relation to arboviruses." Annu. Rev. Entomol.
10:25-46.

Reeves, W. C. 1990. "Epidemiology and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses in California."
1943-1987. Cal. Mosq. Vector Control Assoc. Sacramento, CA. xiv + 508 pp.
Reisen, W. K. and T. P. Monath. 1988. "Western Equine encephalitis" pp. 89-137 in T. P.
Monath (ed.). 1988. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. V. CRC Press,

Boca Raton, FL.

Reiter, P., W. L. Jakob, D. B. Francy, and J. B. Mullenix. 1986. "Evaluation of the CDC
gravid trap for the surveillance of St. Louis encephalitis vectors in Memphis,
Tennessee." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2:209-211.

Ross, H. H. and W. R. Horsfall. 1965. "A synopsis of the mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera,
Culcidae)." Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes No. 52, 50 pp.

Service, M. W. 1976. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. John Wiley & Sons. New
York-Toronto. 583 pp.

Splinter, W. E. 1976. "Center-pivot irrigation.” Scientific American, April 1976, pp. 90-98.

Stone, A., K. L. Knight, and H. Starke. 1959. A Synoptic Catalog of the Mosquitoes of the
World (Diptera, Culicidae). Thomas Say Foundation, Entomol. Soc. Am., Washington,
DC. vi + 358 pp.

Sudia, W. D. and R. W. Chamberlain. 1967. Collection and Processing of Medically Important
Arthropods for Arbovirus Isolation. CDC, PHS, USDHEW, Atlanta, GA. 29 pp.

84


SELECTED REFERENCES

Anonymous. 1988. Modern Mosquito Control. 6th ed. Cyanamid Agricultural Division, VPC
Ventures. Wayne, NJ. 35 pp.

Barr, A. R. and P. Guptavanij. 1988. "Anopheles hermsi n. sp., an unrecognized species of
Anopheles maculipennis group (Diptera: Culicidae).” Mosquito Systematics 20:352-356.

Beadle, L. D. and F. C. Harmston. 1958. "Mosquitoes in sewage stabilization ponds in the
Dakotas." Mosq. News 18:293-296.

Benenson, A. S. (ed.). 1990. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. 15 ed., American
Public Health Association, Washington, DC. 532 pp.

Bidlingmayer, W. L. 1959. “Mosquito penetration tests with louver screening." Fla. Entomol.
42:63-67.

Bowen, C. S., T. R. Fashinell, P. B. Dean, and M. B. Gregg. 1976. "Clinical aspects of
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Bradley, G. H. and B. V. Travis. 1942. "Soil Sampling for Studying Distribution of Mosquito
Eggs on Salt Marshes in Florida." Proc. 29th Ann. Meet. N. J. Mosq. Exterm.
Assoc. :143-146.

Brogdon, W. G. 1989. "Biochemical resistance detection: an alternative to bioassay."
Parasitology Today 5:56-60.

Brown, A. W. A. 1986. "Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: a pragmatic view.” J. Am. Mosq.
Control Assoc. 2:123-140.

Calisher, C. H. and W. H. Thompson (eds.). 1983. California Serogroup Viruses. A. R. List,
New York, NY. 399 PP.

Carlson, D. B., P. D. O’Bryan, and J. R. Ray. 1991. "A review of current salt marsh
management issues in Florida." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7:83-88.

Carpenter, S. J. and W. J. LaCasse. 1952. Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico).
University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 360 pp.

Centers for Disease Control. 1973. "Public health pesticides.” Pest Control 41(4):17-50.

Centers for Disease Control. 1991. "Imported dengue -- United States, 1990." MMWR 40:519-
520.

Chamberlain, R. W. 1987. "Historical perspective on the epidemiology and ecology of
mosquito-borne virus encephalitides in the United States.". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.
37(3 Suppl.):85-175.

Chapman, H. C. 1985. Biological Control of Mosquitoes. AMCA Bull. 6, 218 pp.

Clark, G. G., A. V. Vorndam, I. Gomez, and E. Vergne. 1991. "Dengue activity in Puerto
Rico in 1990 (Actividad de Dengue in Puerto Rico)." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc.
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Clarke, J. W., Jr and F. C. Wray. 1969. "Predicting influxes of Aedes vexans into urban
areas." Mosq. News 27:156-163.

Crans, W. J. and M. F. Feldlaufer. 1974. "The likely mosquito vectors of dog heartworm in
a coastal area of southern New Jersey.” Proc. 42nd Ann. Conf., CA Mosq. Control
Assoc.:168.

81


PICTORIAL KEY TO UNITED STATES GENERA OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES

Horry D. Pratt and Chester J. Storsnovih

T
palp as long as proboses

Anophetes

WA eteantetat oF weak rovcanon swe one ane

1
palp muh shorter than proboscis

we

we ’

SEP probes
“e
_|

c
proboscis stant an basal half, outer hall
tapered and strongly turned dowaw ard

at

Toxorhynchites

Formerly

\*
Megarhinus

proboyes slender and never cursed duwaward

wv

won
ee _

r
abdominal sates dark doryally and
pale ventrally: pustnotum with setae

a
Wyeomyia

abdunnaal cergies
Latetal spots: pastnotum without setac

ane Ss

wing wi
less than h

wing with second marginal cll
at Teast as lang ay ity petiale

bare of subcasta with row

of bristles on under side under side

*.

katy a

cy

Culiseta

dorsal

with pale scales apecalty, wrth pate scales
meth abscat, hved ubu hind tibia wathuwt erect scutes
with long, Gever scales

CEE

or yee

Aedes

Psorophoca

ser, narrew. shark

antenna not langer than
Gorse Magellar segment shout ay
long ay fallowing segmency

fort Hagetar segmene ay long.
iy nea Gwe segments

US Cevernment Printing Office: 1950-323-108

Lee chan peobercey

4

1
werng sales Read, moced brow sad white

ing longatadinal

Hines of white scales

Orthapodumyia Mansonia


Hester, P. G., M. A. Olson, and J. C. Dukes. 1991. "Effects of Arosurf MSF on a variety of
aquatic nontarget organisms in the laboratory.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7:48-51.

Horsfall, W. R. 1956. "A method of making a survey of floodwater mosquitoes." Mosq. News
16:66-71

Jakob, W. L. 1973. "Developmental inhibition of mosquitoes and the house fly by urea
derivatives.” J. Med. Entomol. 10:452-455.

Jenkins, D. W. 1964. "Pathogens, parasites, and predators of medically important arthropods,
annotated bibliography." Bull. WHO 30.

Johnston, J. G., J. W. Weaver, and W. D. Sudia. 1973. “Flashlight batteries as a power source
for CDC miniature light traps." Mosq. News 33:190-194.

Kettle, D. S. 1990. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. C. A. B. International, 845 N. Park
Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719. 664 pp.

Kilpatrick, J. W. 1967. "Performance specifications for ultra-low volume aerial application of
insecticides for mosquito control." Pest Control 35(5):80, 82, 84.

Lacey, L. A. and C. N. Lacey. 1990. "The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their
control using alternatives to chemical insecticides." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. Suppl.
2:1-93.

Laird, M. 1988. The Natural History of Larval Mosquito Habitats. Academic Press, London.

Laird, M. and J. W. Miles. 1983. Integrated Mosquito Methodologies. Vol. 1. "Experience and
components from conventional control." Academic Press, New York, NY.

Laird, M. and J. W. Miles. 1983. Integrated Mosquito Methodologies. Vol. 2. "Biocontrol and
Other Innovative Componenets and Future Directions." Academic Press, New York, NY.
444 pp.

Leahy, F. F. 1985. The Pyrethroid Insecticides. Taylor and Francis, London. 440 pp.

Ludiam, K. W., L. A., Jachowski, Jr., and G. F. Otto. 1970. "Potential vectors of Dirofilaria
immitis." J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 157(10):1354-1359.

Marten, G. G. 1990. "Elimination of Aedes albopictus from tire piles by introduction of
Macrocyclops albidus (Copepoda, Cyclopidae)." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 6:689-
693.

Mitchell,, C. J. 1991. "Vector competence of North and South American strains of Aedes
albopictus for certain arboviruses: a review.” J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7:446-451.

Mitchell, C. J., M. L. Niebylisky, G. C. Smith, N. Karabatsos, D. Martin., J. P. Mutebi, G.
B. Craig, Jr., and M. J. Mahler. 1992. "Isolation of Eastern equine encephalitis virus
from Aedes albopictus in Florida." Science 257(5069):526-527.

Monath, T. P. (ed.). 1980. St. Louis Encephalitis. APHA, Washington, DC. 680 pp.

Monath, T. P. (ed.). 1988. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. 5 vols. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL.

Monath, T. P. 1988. "Yellow Fever." pp. 139-231 in T. P. Monath (ed.). 1988. The
Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. V. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Moore, C. G., R. G. McLean., C. J. Mitchell, R. S. Nasci, T. F. Tsai, C. H. Calisher, A. A.
Martin, P. S. Moore, and D. J. Gubler. 1993. Guidelines for Arbovirus Surveillance

Programs in the United States. USDHHS, PHS, CDC, Fort Collins, CO. 83 pp.

Morris, C. D. 1988. "Eastern Equine Encephalitis." pp. 1-20 in T. P. Monath (ed.). 1988. The

Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. III. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

83


Finally, mosquito control organizations
should have a courteous, well-informed staff
who can answer telephone or person-to-person
inquiries, personnel who can speak at a variety

of meetings, and individuals who are prepared
to answer complaints promptly and give
adviceon a wide variety of problems.

75


Sudia, W. D. and V. F. Newhouse. 1975. “Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North
America: a summary of virus-vector-host relationships.“ Am. J. Epidemiol. 101:1-13.

Sudia, W. D., V. F. Newhouse, C. H. Calisher, and R. W. Chamberlain. 1971. "California
group arboviruses: isolation from mosquitoes in North America." Mosq. News 31:576-
600.

Thom, W. M. 1942. "A suggested treatment for the elimination of surface cracks on hydraulic
fills." Mosq. News 2:73-102.

Trapido, H. and P. Galindo. 1956. "The epidemiology of yellow fever in Middle America.”
Exper. Parasitol. 5:285-323.

Tsai, T. F. 1991. “Arboviral Infections in the United States." Inf. Dis. Clin. North Am. 1991,
5:73-102.

Tsai, T. F. and C. J. Mitchell. 1988. "St. Louis encephalitis." pp. 113-143 in T. P. Monath
(ed.). 1988. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. IV. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1967. Mosquito Prevention on Irrigated Farms. Agr.
Handbook No. 319, Supt. of Documents, U. S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC.
32 pp.

U. S. Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency and Tennessee Valley Authority. 1947.
Malaria Control on Impounded Water. Supt. of Documents, U. S. Govt. Printing Office,
Washington, DC. 422 pp.

Ventura, A. K., E. E. Buff, and W. J. Ehrenkrantz. 1974. "Human Venezuelan equine
encephalitis virus infections in Florida." Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23:507-512.
Walton, T. E. and M. Grayson. 1988. "Venezuelan equine encephalitis." pp. 203-231 in T. P.
Monath (ed.). 1988. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. IV. CRC Press,

Boca Raton, FL.

Watts, D. M. S., S. Pantuwatana, G. R. DeFoliart, T. M. Yuill, and W. H. Thompson. 1973.
"“Transovarial transmission of LaCrosse virus (California Encephalitis Group) in the
mosquito Aedes triseriatus." Science 182:1140-1141.

World Health Organization (WHO) 1974. Expert Committee on Filariasis. World Health Org.
Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 542, 54 p.

World Health Organization. 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Part I:1-160, Part II:1-191.

85


Darsie, R. F., Jr. 1986. "The identification of Aedes albopictus in the Nearctic region" J. Am.
Mosq. Control Assoc. 2:336-340.

Darsie, R. F., Jr. and R. A. Ward. 1981. “The identificaiton and geographic distribution of the
mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico.” Mosquito Systematics Suppl. 1:313 pp.

de Barjac, H. and D. J. Sutherland (eds.). 1990. Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes and Black
Flies. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 352 pp.

Elmore, C. M. and R. W. Fay. 1958. "Aedes sollicitans and A. taeniorhynchus larval
emergence from sod samples." Mosq. News 18:230-233.

Elmore, C. M. and H. F. Schoof. 1963. "Dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus near Savannah,
Ga." Mosq. News 23:1-7.

Evans, B. R. 1992. Mosquito contro}: commercial and government agencies, pp. 405-410 in K.
S. Delaplane, 1992 Georgia Pest Control Handbook, Coop. Ext. Serv., Univ. of
Georgia, Athens, GA.

Fay, R. W. and A. S. Perry. 1965. "Laboratory studies of ovipositional preferences of Aedes
aegypti." Mosq. News 25:276-281.

Ferrigino, F., P. Slavin, and D. M. Jobbins. 1975. "Saltmarsh water management control."
Proc. 62nd Ann. Meet. NJ Mosq. Exterm. Assoc.

Francy, D. B., C. G. Moore, and D. A. Eliason. 1990. "Past, present, and future of Aedes
albopictus in the United States." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 6:127-132.

Freier, J. E. and D. B. Francy. 1991. "A duplex cone trap for the collection of adult Aedes
albopictus." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 6:127-132.

Fritz, G. N., S. K. Narang, D. L. Kline, J. A. Seawright, R. K. Washino, C. H. Porter, and
F. H. Collins. 1991. "Diagnostic characterization of Anopheles freeborni and An. hermsi
by hybrid crosses, frequencies of polytene X chromosomes, and rDNA restriction
enzyme fragments." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7:198-206.

Gerberg, E. J. 1970. Manual for Mosquito Rearing and Experimental Techniques. J. Am.
Mosq. Control Assoc. 5:viii, 109 p.

Gershwin, I. J., M. E. Gershwin and J. Kritzman. 1974. "Human pulmonary dirofilariasis.”
Chest 66:92-96.

Grimstad, P. R. 1988. "California group virus disease.” pp. 99-136 in T. P. Monath, The
Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Vol. II, CDC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.
Gubler, D. J. 1988. "Dengue", pp. 223-260 in T. P. Monath, The Arboviruses: Epidemiology

and Ecology. Vol. II, CDC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.

Harmston, F. C. and L. J. Ogden. 1971. "Evaluation of mosquito control problems associated
with improved soil and water management practices in irrigated mountain meadows."
Proc. 11th Annu. Meet. N. W. Mosq. Vector Control Assoc. pp. 3-10.

Harmston, F. C., G. R. Schultz, R. B. Eads, and G. C. Menzies. 1956. "Mosquitoes and
encephlaitis in the irrigated high plains of Texas." Pub. Hith. Rep. 71:759-766.
Harwod, R. F. and M. T. James. 1979. Entomology in Human and Animal Health. Macmillan

Company, New York, NY. 548 pp.

Hawley, W. A. 1988. "The biology of Aedes albopictus." J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4
(supp. 1):1-39.

Hess, A. D. and C. C. Kiker. 1943. "Water level management for mataria control on
impounded waters." J. Natl. Malar. Soc. 3:181-196.

82


PICTORIAL KEY TO SOME COMMON FEMALE MOSQUITOES OF THE UNITED STATES

Harry D. Pratt and Chester J. Stojanovich-

is
hind varius ©

SFP ee a eI aoe

rely dark

#1
t =
wing cleat: palps shorter than proboscis wing spotted. paps as long as proboscis
a5
ee
Se proboscis
1
wing seater pale and dark wing scates all dark; wing with 4 dark spots
SS

Sse s

Anopheles quadrimaculatus (EASTERN U.S)
Anopheles freeborni (WESTERN U.S)

two pale spots on front orn of wing

= SESS
SHE nes Se
|

a]
‘one pale spot ar tip of wing

hi T
palp unbanded palp tipped with black
cs c=

oe, men,

Anopheles punctipennis Anopheles franciscanus_ Anopheles pseudopunctipennis
(ALL U.S) (SOUTHWESTERN U. S.) (SOUTH-CENTRAL U. S.)

t
abdomen blunt abdomen pointed

Aedes triseriatus

"DARK-LEGGED"
Aedes SPECIES

abdomen with bands narcow or absent

Uy 1
abdomen with rounded pale hands: abdomen with bands broad and evens segment VIP
bout spots thorax with 2 pale spots usually ent

Summ: Be:

Culex pipiens (NORTHERN U S)
Culex quinguefasciatus (SOUTHERN US) Culex restuans Culex salinarius Culex nigripalpus

78

abdomen segmenc VIL ot shdomeo
ate sealed never caurely pate seated
P- yp.



PICTORIAL KEY TO SOME COMMON MOSQUITO LARVAE OF THE UNITED STATES
Chester J, Stojanovich and Harry D. Pratt

flr tebe pre

te ir tube wat ee!

hit YA

Mansania perturbans

patated

ide

‘mepheles racing cracians

i rere)
4

Anopheles freeborni
Anopheles quadrimaculatus Anopheles panctipenni

pale of Bate tate aie

1h
tangre than asdale

ARN AR p=

Culiseta inornata Culiseta incident

f
| Ce

io a teaight Hine aslddte af ate take mele af wie tae rhage We oailelle

Culex tarsalia

fle tebe Tite 8 times
a lay on side

ne

Culex pipiens

Hox quinquefascintus Aedes salticitans

comb orale Suh feinge

fl
Culex nigripalpus Culex salinarins

Aedes triseriatus Aedes dorsalis tedes canadensis


33 WOH AOU OSS

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in
erg

BUpUOA OA 70 84 Ag [02300 “yarug fou as ay fa On)
A) wo praumd you “sort ew fa petuu x FRLURApaU mg uO pecan BL ORI BOD
ta Aq] peta Kreyerduucn jou preuiton jouy 1 Aq potas Kyeyercuce pumuibes youy

tors ayes vo
104 20 848) 70 110d ove Kiva yim oan ay ‘104 20 844 0 810d josenan qin BaRY Hy

t $

a pa a oe ay
cs

wumutien a1ppru snoqin vewopay
wo tH04 owned ead 29r y
ute vowopey
usage aay sty mu er

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76