DA 07-0496

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2009 MT 88

JACKIE A. DEAN,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

SANDERS COUNTY, a political subdivision of

the State of Montana, and JOHN DOES 1-10,

Defendants and Appellees.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twentieth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Sanders, Cause No. DV 05-97

Honorable Deborah Kim Christopher, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

James A. Manley and Ann Moderie, Manley Law Firm, Polson, Montana

John Putikka, Attorney at Law, Thompson Falls, Montana

For Appellee:

Maureen H. Lennon and Brian J. Smith, Garlington, Lohn & Robinson,

Missoula, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: July 2, 2008

Decided: March 24, 2009

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

March 24 2009
2

Justice John Warner delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Jackie Dean sued Sanders County alleging false imprisonment, negligence and

wrongful discharge after the County terminated her employment as an administrative

assistant to the county commissioners. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the County

and Dean appeals.

¶2 We restate the issues as follows:

¶3 Issue 1: Did the District Court err in denying Dean’s motion for a change of 

venue?

¶4 Issue 2: Did the District Court err in granting the County’s motion in limine,

excluding evidence related to the hiring of the officer in charge of the sting operation that

led to Dean’s arrest?

¶5 Issue 3: Did the District Court err in admitting evidence gathered after Dean’s

arrest?

¶6 Issue 4: Did the District Court err in admitting evidence of Dean’s past drug use

and other wrongful acts?

¶7 Issue 5: Did the District Court err in how it structured the special jury verdict?

BACKGROUND

¶8 Sanders County hired Richard Doughty (Doughty) as a reserve law enforcement

officer to investigate the use and sale of illegal drugs in the County. Doughty recruited

Von Williams (Williams), a known drug user, as a confidential informant to aid in the

investigation. Williams told Doughty about a marijuana selling enterprise run out of the
3

Bulldog Video and Deli (the Deli) located in Trout Creek. This business was owned by

John and Debbie Rogers. Williams said that Debbie Rogers (Rogers) ran the marijuana

distribution business on credit, meaning she would supply marijuana to an individual, and

record their debt for the cost of the drugs in a log. Later, the individual would pay

Rogers for the drugs and she would credit their account in her log book and give them a

receipt.

¶9 Williams expressed concern in exposing Rogers’ operation because a person

working at the courthouse named “Jackie” might be involved. Doughty verified that the

only “Jackie” working at the courthouse was the appellant, Dean. Dean lived in Trout

Creek and would often run errands to and from Thompson Falls for the commissioners

and her friends and family.

¶10 Doughty set up an undercover operation in which Williams would wear a wire and

purchase marijuana from Rogers at the Deli in Trout Creek. During the purchase, Rogers

was recorded saying she suspected some black SUVs spotted at the courthouse belonged

to drug enforcement agents. She said she asked “Jackie” about the vehicles, and “Jackie”

confirmed her suspicion.

¶11 Hearing again about a “Jackie” who worked at the courthouse piqued Doughty’s

interest, so he asked the sheriff, undersheriff, and Williams about Jackie Dean. Williams

said that in the past he gave Dean envelopes at the courthouse which contained money to

pay for marijuana advanced from Rogers, along with instructions to deliver the money to
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Rogers at Trout Creek. His debt for purchasing marijuana was then reduced by the

amount of money in the envelope.

¶12 Based on Williams’ information, Doughty set up an undercover operation at the

courthouse to determine if Dean might be involved in Rogers’ marijuana business.

Williams was to go to the courthouse wearing a wire, deliver money to Dean saying it

was to pay for marijuana purchased from Rogers, and see if she would cooperate.

Thompson Falls Chief of Police Charles Hammet was to observe the transaction.

Doughty consulted Robert Zimmerman, the Sanders County Attorney, who told Doughty

that Williams must make clear during the exchange the money was for drugs.

¶13 Williams entered the courthouse and approached Dean’s work station, which was

a window near the commissioner’s office. He began talking with Dean about selling

some T-shirts. He then gave Dean an envelope marked “Deb” on the outside; the same as

his previous deliveries. He said, “I need you to give this to Deb . . . I’m in need for

weed.” Dean responded, “Shhh!” She took the envelope and told Williams she could not

deliver it that night, but could take it in the morning. There is some dispute as to the

exact progression of events from this point but, essentially, Williams left, Dean took the

money back to her desk and then answered a work-related phone call. Chief Hammet

reported the exchange took a total of four minutes.

¶14 Williams met with Doughty immediately after the transaction and said he made

clear to Dean the money was for drugs. Doughty later discovered his tape recorder

malfunctioned, thus no recording of the transaction exists. Doughty briefed County
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Attorney Zimmerman on the operation, and Zimmerman told Doughty to take Dean into

custody. Eleven minutes after Williams left Dean’s work station, Chief Hammet detained

her. She consented to a search of her purse, where the envelope was found, and she was

then arrested by a deputy sheriff. Doughty said he did not first obtain a warrant for

Dean’s arrest because he was worried that if she had a chance to call Rogers in Trout

Creek, Rogers would destroy evidence of the marijuana distribution business. Dean was

incarcerated overnight and released the next afternoon.

¶15 After Dean was arrested, Doughty implemented the next phase of the operation—

searching the Deli in Trout Creek. Authorities seized Rogers’ log book, which showed

Dean purchased marijuana in the past.

¶16 Zimmerman filed a motion for leave to file an information charging Dean with

conspiracy to distribute dangerous drugs and distribution of dangerous drugs by

accountability, both felonies. The affidavit in support of the motion to file an information

contained a recitation of what happened at the courthouse as well as the evidence found

during the search of the Deli. The District Court granted leave to file the information.

Dean and the State ultimately entered into a deferred prosecution agreement pursuant to

§ 46-16-130, MCA. Dean complied with the agreement and the information was

dismissed.

¶17 After her arrest, the County suspended Dean with pay. The County sent her a

letter informing her of its investigation into her possible participation in the illegal

distribution of dangerous drugs on county time and using courthouse property to facilitate
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the illegal distribution of dangerous drugs. The letter alerted Dean to the possibility of

termination if the allegations proved true. Upon the completion of its investigation, the

County terminated Dean “for cause.”

¶18 Dean sued the County, claiming it was negligent in its hiring, training, and

supervision of Doughty, leading to her unlawful arrest and prosecution. Dean also

claimed the County lacked probable cause when the deputies arrested her, thus her arrest

was unlawful and she was falsely imprisoned. She alleged the County wrongfully

discharged her because they lacked good cause to fire her. She further alleged the

County knew or should have known she was a credible person and it maliciously

prosecuted her.

1

 

¶19 Dean filed a motion in limine to exclude, inter alia, evidence gathered after her

arrest. She argued the post-arrest evidence was irrelevant because probable cause must

exist at the time of her arrest for it to be lawful. The County argued that evidence of what

transpired after the deputy sheriff arrested Dean was relevant to her wrongful discharge

claim. The District Court denied the motion in limine.

¶20 The County filed a motion in limine to exclude any information related to the

process of hiring Doughty, claiming it was irrelevant to Dean’s claims. The District

Court granted the motion.

1 The District Court dismissed the malicious prosecution claim on a motion for insufficient

evidence after Dean presented her case-in-chief at trial. Dean has not appealed the dismissal of

her malicious prosecution claim.
7

¶21 The case was tried to a jury in Sanders County. At the end of the first day of trial,

while voir dire was still being conducted, Dean’s counsel moved for a change of venue

on the grounds that many potential jurors heard of or read about the case. According to

counsel, an impartial jury could not be empanelled. The court denied the motion.

¶22 The case was submitted to the jury by way of a special verdict form consisting of

several questions. Question #1 asked the jury if the County had probable cause to arrest

Dean. Question #2 asked the jury if the County had exigent circumstances to arrest

Dean. The jury answered “yes” to both questions. As these first two questions were

answered in the affirmative, the special verdict form instructed the jury to go to Question

#7, skipping questions about negligence and damages for false arrest. Question #7 asked

the jury if the County wrongfully discharged Dean. The jury answered “no” to Question

#7. Thus, the verdict was in favor of the County on all of Dean’s claims. Judgment was

entered accordingly. Dean appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶23 Abuse of discretion is the standard of review for the issues raised by Dean. State

v. Pease, 227 Mont. 424, 432-33, 740 P.2d 659, 664 (1987) (reviewing change of venue

for abuse of discretion); Ele v. Ehnes, 2003 MT 131, ¶ 18, 316 Mont. 69, 68 P.3d 835

(reviewing the use of a special verdict form for abuse of discretion); Evert v. Swick, 2000

MT 191, ¶ 11, 300 Mont. 427, 8 P.3d 773 (reviewing evidentiary rulings for abuse of

discretion).
8

DISCUSSION

¶24 Issue 1: Did the District Court err in denying Dean’s motion for a change of 

venue?

¶25 Dean did not move for a change of venue prior to trial. Dean moved for a change

of venue at the end of the first day of trial, claiming she could not get a fair jury in

Sanders County because many members of the venire panel knew of the case, knew the

parties and disapproved of marijuana use. She also claims that inflammatory pre-trial

publicity and taxpayer bias made empanelling an impartial jury in Sanders County

impossible.

¶26 It is true that many members of the venire panel knew about the events

surrounding Dean’s arrest, knew Dean and her family, and knew many of the witnesses.

However, the record shows the District Court allowed an extensive voir dire, which

consisted of private questioning of each venireperson, and liberally granted motions to

excuse jurors for cause. Dean’s counsel recognized this when making his motion to

change venue, remarking, “At this point I think that the significant majority of the people

that we’ve questioned have been excused, and we greatly appreciate and acknowledge the

fairness that the [c]ourt has shown to both parties in this process and the [c]ourt has

worked very hard to get a jury.”

¶27 Our review of the transcript reveals each juror confirmed that their prior

knowledge and opinions about witnesses would not interfere with their impartiality.

Importantly, Dean makes no claim on appeal that the District Court abused its discretion
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in denying a challenge for cause to any particular prospective juror. We conclude the

District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Dean’s belated motion for a change

of venue.

¶28 Issue 2: Did the District Court err in granting the County’s motion in limine,

excluding evidence related to the hiring of the officer in charge of the sting operation that

led to Dean’s arrest?

¶29 Dean alleges the County was negligent in hiring, supervising, and training

Doughty and this carelessness led to her being falsely arrested. Dean alleges her

unlawful arrest was the tortious event which breached the County’s duty to her and

caused her damage. Thus, Dean’s negligence claim is dependent on whether she was

falsely arrested.

¶30 Dean argues the District Court abused its discretion when it granted the

County’s motion in limine to exclude evidence related to the County’s hiring of Doughty.

The District Court concluded such evidence is irrelevant. Relevant evidence is evidence

that has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”

M. R. Evid. 401.

¶31 Dean’s negligence and false arrest claims rise or fall on what Doughty did as the

County’s agent—not why the County hired him or his prior experience. How and why

Sanders County hired Doughty, his experience in investigating dangerous drug offenses

and his experience in supervising confidential informants does little, if anything, to make
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it more or less probable that Dean was falsely arrested. Evidence that is not relevant is

not admissible. M. R. Evid. 402.

¶32 The District Court did not abuse its discretion in granting the County’s motion in

limine to exclude evidence of the County’s actions in the hiring of Doughty.

¶33 Issue 3: Did the District Court err in admitting evidence gathered after Dean’s

arrest?

¶34 Dean argues the District Court abused its discretion in denying her motion in

limine to exclude evidence gathered at the search of the Deli, which occurred after her

arrest. According to Dean, admission of what occurred after her arrest is not relevant to

whether she was wrongfully arrested, and admitting this evidence confused the jury by

leading it to believe the County had probable cause to arrest her.

¶35 Sanders County commissioners testified and stated in their notification letter that

to determine whether good cause existed to terminate Dean, they relied in part on the

affidavit in support of the State’s motion to file a criminal information. The affidavit

included information from Rogers’ log book, showing Dean purchased marijuana from

Rogers in the past. The authorities obtained Rogers’ log book after Dean’s arrest when

they searched the Deli. Thus, the evidence was relevant to Dean’s wrongful termination

claim.

¶36 To allay confusion, the District Court gave the jury a clarifying instruction:

There has been evidence in this case that the plaintiff possessed or used

small amounts of marijuana in her private life. This information was not

known to the defendant when the plaintiff was arrested on August 3, 2004.
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Therefore, this information was not the basis for probable cause to the

arrest on that date and should not be considered by you in your

determination whether there was probable cause for the arrest.

As the evidence was relevant to the determination of whether Dean was wrongfully

discharged, and the District Court properly instructed the jury that the evidence could not

be used to determine if Dean was falsely arrested, we conclude the District Court did not

abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence.

¶37 Dean claims damages for false arrest. In order for Dean’s arrest to be lawful it is

necessary that, at the time of her arrest, the arresting officer had probable cause to believe

she committed or was committing an offense and existing circumstances required her

immediate warrantless arrest. Section 46-6-311, MCA; See State v. Hammer, 233 Mont.

101, 106-07, 759 P.2d 979, 983 (1988); State v. Hamilton, 185 Mont. 522, 528, 605 P.2d

1121, 1125 (1980), cert. denied, 447 U.S. 924, 100 S. Ct. 3017 (1980).

2

Probable cause

is established if “the facts and circumstances within an officer’s personal knowledge, or

related to the officer by a reliable source, are sufficient to warrant a reasonable person to

believe that someone is committing or has committed an offense.” State v. Ditton, 2009

MT 57, ¶ 21, 349 Mont. 306, ___ P.3d ___.

¶38 Dean argues that without the evidence discovered subsequent to her arrest, there is

insufficient evidence for the jury to find probable cause existed to arrest her. Initially, we

note that in this civil action it is Dean that must affirmatively prove she was wrongfully

2

 Dean does not appeal the jury’s finding that exigent circumstances existed justifying her arrest

without securing an arrest warrant.
12

arrested in order to establish the County’s liability. Section 26-1-401, MCA. The

County is not required to prove probable cause existed to arrest Dean.

¶39 The record contains evidence that before Dean was arrested, the officers knew:

Rogers was selling marijuana; someone working at the courthouse named “Jackie” was

involved with Rogers; Dean was the only person who worked at the courthouse named

Jackie; Rogers said “Jackie” confirmed her suspicion that black SUVs at the courthouse

belonged to drug enforcement agents; Williams previously gave Dean money at the

courthouse which was credited to his marijuana account with Rogers; Dean took an

envelope containing money marked “Deb” from Williams after he said the money was

for Rogers and he needed “weed”; Dean said she would deliver the money to Rogers;

and, she did not notify law enforcement. The record contains substantial evidence that

probable cause existed to arrest Dean. The jury was entitled to accept this evidence as

credible. See Massee v. Thompson, 2004 MT 121, ¶ 26, 321 Mont. 210, 90 P.3d 394.

¶40 Issue 4: Did the District Court err in admitting evidence of Dean’s past drug use

and other wrongful acts?

¶41 The District Court admitted excerpts from Dean’s deposition and testimony from

her family members about her regular marijuana use and her account with Rogers for

marijuana. The District Court also allowed Sherriff Gene Arnold to testify generally

about the drug problems in Sanders County. Dean argues this evidence is inadmissible

because it had nothing to do with her arrest and thus is irrelevant. Even if the evidence

was relevant, Dean asserts its prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value. She
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further argues the evidence is not admissible because it is character evidence prohibited

by M. R. Evid. 404(b).

¶42 Evidence of Dean’s marijuana use is relevant to prove the County terminated her

for good cause. While the county commissioners testified Dean’s private drug use was

not a factor in her termination, her marijuana use in connection with its purchase from

Rogers are circumstances tending to prove Dean knowingly took money for “Deb” while

on duty at the courthouse for the purpose of assisting Rogers in her marijuana business.

Thus, this evidence is admissible as relevant to the issue of whether good cause existed to

terminate Dean’s employment. M. R. Evid. 401, 402.

¶43 Dean consistently claimed that when Williams gave her the money, she “didn’t

know what [she] thought” and it “didn’t register” the money was for drugs, even though

she heard Williams say it was for “weed.” The evidence of Dean’s marijuana use and

her connection to Rogers’ marijuana business was offered as proof she knew the money

was payment for drugs and she did not mistakenly agree to deliver it to Rogers. The

evidence therefore fits within the “knowledge” and “mistake” exceptions to the

prohibition of character evidence contained in M. R. Evid. 404(b).

¶44 The District Court has discretion to decide whether the probative value of

evidence outweighs it prejudicial effect under M. R. Evid. 403. Under the circumstances

of this case, we conclude the District Court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

evidence of Dean’s marijuana use and of her connection to Rogers.
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¶45 Issue 5: Did the District Court err in how it structured the special jury verdict?

¶46 Dean argues the District Court erred in its structuring of the special verdict

because after the jury determined Sanders County officers had probable cause and

exigent circumstances to arrest her, the form instructed the jury to ignore the question of

the County’s negligence and proceed directly to a decision on the wrongful discharge

claim. It seems Dean is claiming that even though the jury found she was lawfully

arrested and detained, she may somehow recover damages based on negligence. Just

how the County could be liable for damages in effecting a lawful arrest is unclear. We do

not locate authorities or formulate arguments for a party in support of positions taken on

appeal. Gudmundsen v. State ex rel. Mont. State Hosp., 2009 MT 56, ¶ 26, 349 Mont.

297, ___ P.3d ___.

¶47 The District Court did not abuse its discretion in structuring the special verdict

form.

¶48 Affirmed.

/S/ JOHN WARNER

We Concur:

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ JIM RICE