Surficial Materials of Massachusetts—A 1:24,000-Scale Geologic Map Database

Compiled by

EARLY POSTGLACIAL DEPOSITS

Alluvial-fan deposits—Generally coarse gravel and sand deposits on steep

slopes where high-gradient streams entered lower gradient valleys. Alluvial fans

in some places were graded to lowering levels of glacial lakes. Fans continue to

form today at some locations in Massachusetts

Valley-floor fluvial deposits—Sand, gravel, and minor silt, stratified and

moderately to poorly sorted, beneath flat floors of valleys, called furrows (Mather

and others, 1942), that are eroded into glacial outwash plains. The texture of the

fluvial deposits commonly varies over short distances both laterally and

vertically, and generally is similar to the texture of adjacent glacial deposits. The

fluvial deposits overlie thick glacial stratified deposits in the upper, dry reaches

of the furrow valleys and probably are less than 20 ft thick. Swamp deposits and

deformation of bedding related to melting of buried ice in kettles interrupt the

fluvial deposits. The deposits probably extend beneath salt-marsh and estuarine

deposits in coastal valley reaches. The most extensive valley-floor fluvial

deposits are on upper Cape Cod along Quaker Run and the Coonamessett, Childs,

and Quashnet Rivers, and on Martha’s Vineyard in Quampache Bottom

Stream-terrace deposits—Sand, gravel, and silt deposited by meteoric water

(locally distal meltwater) on terraces cut into glacial meltwater sediments along

rivers and streams. These deposits are shown where they overlie glaciolacustrine

deposits (fine deposits map unit) and glaciomarine fine deposits; elsewhere,

stream-terrace deposits are included in the coarse deposits map unit. Most

stream-terrace deposits are less than 10 ft thick and overlie thicker glacial

deposits; textures commonly are similar to those of underlying glacial meltwater

deposits. Many stream terraces in the Connecticut River valley are composed of

fine to medium sand and overlie lake-bottom silt and clay

Marine regressive deposits—Sand and minor gravel deposited along former,

higher shorelines in northeastern Massachusetts by waves and currents, and by

wind action on beaches and spits. These deposits are shown where they overlie

glaciomarine fine deposits. Regressive beach and nearshore deposits are

composed of moderately sorted, very coarse to fine sand, commonly laminated.

Coarser layers may contain some fine gravel particles; finer layers may contain

some very fine sand and silt. Regressive beach and nearshore deposits are rarely

more than a few feet thick. Regressive spit deposits are 10 to 30 ft thick

Inland-dune deposits—Fine to medium, well-sorted sand in transverse,

parabolic, and hummocky dunes as much as 60 ft thick. Deposits occur mostly in

the glacial Lake Hitchcock basin (in the Connecticut Valley lowland), where

sand derived from extensive glacial-lake deltas that were not yet vegetated was

deposited in dune forms by early postglacial winds. Dune sand is now fixed by

vegetation except where disturbed by human activities

Talus deposits—Angular, loose blocks of basalt and diabase accumulated by

rockfall and creep at the base of bedrock cliffs along linear traprock ridges in the

Mesozoic lowland (Connecticut Valley lowland). Talus deposits form steep,

unstable slopes. Generally less than 20 ft thick

GLACIAL STRATIFIED DEPOSITS

PARTICLE DIAMETER

10 2.5 .16 .08 .04 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .00015 inches

256 64 4 2 1 .5 .25 .125 .063 .004 mm

Boulders Cobbles Pebbles Granules

Very

coarse

sand

Coarse

sand

Medium

sand

Fine

sand

Very

fine

sand

Silt Clay

GRAVEL PARTICLES SAND PARTICLES FINE PARTICLES

Grain-size classification used in this report, modified from Wentworth (1922). Abbreviation: mm,

millimeter.

Coarse deposits consist of gravel deposits, sand and gravel deposits, and sand

deposits, not differentiated in this report. Gravel deposits are composed of at

least 50 percent gravel-size clasts; cobbles and boulders predominate; minor

amounts of sand occur within gravel beds, and sand comprises a few separate

layers. Gravel layers generally are poorly sorted, and bedding commonly is

distorted and faulted due to postdepositional collapse related to melting of ice.

Sand and gravel deposits occur as mixtures of gravel and sand within individual

layers and as layers of sand alternating with layers of gravel. Sand and gravel

layers generally range between 25 and 50 percent gravel particles and between 50

and 75 percent sand particles. Layers are well sorted to poorly sorted; bedding

may be distorted and faulted due to postdepositional collapse. Sand deposits are

composed mainly of very coarse to fine sand, commonly in well-sorted layers.

Coarser layers may contain up to 25 percent gravel particles, generally granules

and pebbles; finer layers may contain some very fine sand, silt, and clay

Fine deposits include very fine sand, silt, and clay occurring as well-sorted, thin

layers of alternating silt and clay (varves), or as thicker layers of very fine sand

and silt. Very fine to fine sand commonly occurs at the surface of these lakebottom deposits and grades downward into rhythmically bedded silt and clay

varves. In some places on the lake-bottom surface of glacial Lake Hitchcock (in

the Connecticut Valley lowland) and glacial Lake Narragansett (in southeastern

Massachusetts), fine deposits are overlain by as much as 30 ft of fine to medium

sand, deposited as the lake level lowered or the lake shallowed; this sand has not

been mapped separately. Locally, this map unit may include areas underlain by

fine sand

Glaciomarine fine deposits include clay, silty clay, fine sand, and some fine

gravel deposited in a higher-level sea in environments of low wave energy along

the coast and in river estuaries. Fine to very fine sand, massive and laminated,

commonly is present at the surface and grades downward into interbedded very

fine sand, silt, silty clay, and clay. The lower silty clay and clay is massive and

thinly laminated. Total thickness is generally a few feet to 75 ft

Stagnant-ice deposits—Surface coarse sediments include scattered large surface

boulders, gravel deposits, and sand and gravel deposits, totaling 5 to 30 ft thick,

that overlie predominantly sand deposits. Sand deposits contain deltaic foreset

bedding and interlayered beds of fine sand, silt, and a little clay. Sand and silty

sand deposits extend downward to basal till and bedrock. Flowtill sediments are

interlayered under ice-contact slopes. Stratification in surface and underlying

sediments is generally distorted and faulted due to postdepositional collapse

related to melting of buried ice. Stagnant-ice deposits are confined to irregular

hummocky hills, bounded by ice-contact slopes, present on tops of till hills or

extending more than 30 ft above the altitudes of adjacent meltwater

morphosequences in lowlands. Deposits are aligned in belts parallel to the

retreating ice margin

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

GLACIAL TILL AND MORAINE DEPOSITS

Thrust moraine deposits—In western Martha’s Vineyard, thrusted moraine

deposits stand as high as 300 ft in altitude and are composed of allochthonous,

ice-thrusted Cretaceous, Tertiary, and older Quaternary sediments, locally

overlain by thin surface till and boulders. These coastal-plain beds are

fossiliferous, semi-consolidated sand, gravel, and silty clay in tilted strata that

were thrust up by glacial ice into positions well above the autochthonous coastalplain surface, which lies below sea level. Numerous northeast-southwesttrending ridges within the thrust moraine unit mark the edges of these tilted and

thrusted strata

Thin till—Nonsorted, nonstratified matrix of sand, some silt, and little clay

containing scattered pebble, cobble, and boulder clasts; large surface boulders are

common; unit was mapped where till is generally less than 10 to 15 ft thick

including areas of shallow bedrock. Predominantly consists of upper till of the

last glaciation; loose to moderately compact, generally sandy, commonly stony.

Two facies are present in some places: a looser, coarser grained ablation facies,

melted out from supraglacial position; and an underlying more compact, finer

grained lodgement facies deposited subglacially. In general, both ablation and

lodgement facies of upper till derived from fine-grained bedrock are finer

grained, more compact, less stony and have fewer surface boulders than upper till

derived from coarse-grained crystalline rocks. Across Massachusetts, finegrained bedrock sources include the red Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the

Connecticut Valley lowland, marble in the western river valleys, and fine-grained

schists in upland areas

Thick till—Nonsorted, nonstratified matrix of sand, some silt, and little clay

containing scattered pebbles, cobbles, and boulders in the shallow subsurface; at

greater depths consists of compact, nonsorted matrix of silt, very fine sand, and

some clay containing scattered small gravel clasts. Mapped in areas where till is

greater than 10 to 15 ft thick, mostly in drumlin landforms in which till thickness

commonly exceeds 100 ft (maximum recorded thickness is 230 ft). Although

upper till of late Wisconsinan age is the surface deposit, lower till of probable

Illinoian age constitutes the bulk of the material in thick-till areas. Lower till is

moderately to very compact and is commonly finer grained and less stony than

upper till. An oxidized zone, the lower part of a soil profile formed during a

period of interglacial weathering, is generally present in the upper part of the

lower till. This zone commonly shows closely spaced joints that are stained with

iron and manganese oxides

2018

DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS

POSTGLACIAL DEPOSITS

Artificial fill—Earth materials and manmade materials that have been artificially

emplaced, primarily in highway and railroad embankments and in dams; unit

may also include landfills, urban-development areas, and filled coastal wetlands

Cranberry bog deposits—Natural freshwater swamps or peat bogs overlain

locally by artificially emplaced sand or other fill; these deposits occur primarily

in southeastern Massachusetts and on Cape Cod. Commonly, cranberry bogs are

also created by excavation into sand and gravel deposits that form the bed; peat

and other organic material are then artificially emplaced over the bed, and water

drainage pathways are diverted into the area to control seasonal flooding of the

bog

Flood-plain alluvium—Sand, gravel, silt, and some organic material, stratified

and well sorted to poorly sorted, beneath the flood plains of modern streams. The

texture of alluvium commonly varies over short distances both laterally and

vertically, and generally is similar to the texture of adjacent glacial deposits.

Along smaller streams, alluvium is commonly less than 5 feet (ft) thick. The most

extensive deposits of alluvium in Massachusetts are along the Housatonic,

Deerfield, Westfield, Connecticut, Nashua, Merrimack, and Blackstone Rivers.

Alluvium typically overlies thicker glacial stratified deposits

Swamp deposits—Organic muck and peat that contain minor amounts of sand,

silt, and clay, are stratified and poorly sorted, and occur in swamps and

freshwater marshes, in kettle depressions, or in poorly drained areas. Unit is

shown only where deposits are estimated to be at least 3 ft thick; most deposits

are less than 10 ft thick. Swamp deposits overlie glacial deposits or bedrock.

They locally overlie glacial till even where they occur within thin glacial

meltwater deposits

Salt-marsh and estuarine deposits—Peat and organic muck interbedded with

sand and silt, deposited in saltwater or brackish-water environments of low wave

energy along the coast and in river estuaries. Salt-marsh deposits are dominantly

peat and muck, generally a few feet to 25 ft thick. In the major estuaries, these

deposits locally overlie estuarine deposits (not mapped), which are sand and silt

with minor organic material and are as much as 30 to 80 ft thick. Salt-marsh and

estuarine deposits generally are underlain by adjacent glacial material, consisting

of till, coarse stratified deposits, or glaciomarine fine deposits

Beach and dune deposits—Sand and fine gravel deposited along the shoreline

by waves and currents, and by wind action. The texture of beach deposits varies

over short distances and is generally controlled by the texture of nearby glacial

materials exposed to wave action. Sand beach deposits are composed of

moderately sorted, very coarse to fine sand, and are commonly laminated.

Coarser layers may contain some fine gravel particles; finer layers may contain

some very fine sand and silt. Gravel beach deposits are composed of granule- to

cobble-size clasts in moderately sorted thin beds; deposits contain minor amounts

of sand within gravel beds, and thin beds of sand as alternating layers. Beach

deposits are rarely more than a few feet thick. Dune deposits are composed of

moderately sorted to well-sorted, fine to medium sand, and are variably massive,

laminated, and crossbedded. Dune deposits are as much as 100 ft thick. Unit

includes artificial sand deposits in locally replenished beaches

Scientific Investigations Map 3402

Surficial materials maps of quadrangles

1–189 can be accessed individually at

https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3402

Commonwealth of Massachusetts

Massachusetts Geological Survey

and Executive Office for Administration and Finance

Prepared in cooperation with the

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Glacially modified coastal-plain hill deposits—In the Marshfield Hills area

(Scituate, Cohasset, Hanover, and Duxbury quadrangles) and in the Pine Hills

area (Manomet quadrangle), very compact till and older glacial stratified deposits

overlie thrusted blocks of Tertiary coastal-plain strata that are semi-consolidated

dark clay layers. Miocene-age green sand deposits have also been reported at

depth. These hills in many places were sculpted by the last ice sheet, but they are

generally larger (3–4 miles [mi] long and 1–2 mi wide) than typical drumlins

Thick valley till and fine deposits—Composed of sandy surface till with

boulders, 3 to 20 ft thick, overlying finer grained till, or fine sand, silt, or clay,

local boulders, and local weathered limestone and dolostone bedrock; total

thickness of all sediments is 6 to 135 ft, averaging 50 ft. Materials reported in

drillers’ records include four descriptions usually synonymous with till: hardpan

with no boulders; boulders and clay; gravelly hardpan; and clay with few

boulders. Unit includes materials probably defining glaciolacustrine fine

sediments or various weathered carbonate bedrock materials, listed as follows:

gray clay, gray and yellow clay, black soft rock, and weathered bedrock. The

subsurface fine sediments are exposed only in fresh, temporary landslide slopes

or shallow excavations, where silty-clayey fine sand typically appears to be

sheared, deformed, or disaggregated. Original laminations are difficult to discern.

Surface morphology of the thick valley till and fine deposits includes (1) a

glacially smoothed surface without bedrock outcrops or any relief related to

bedrock structure; (2) locally a streamlined shape similar to small drumlins

composed of thick till in other parts of Massachusetts; (3) landslide scarps and

stream-cut banks commonly having 5 to 10 ft of relief, locally as much as 50 ft;

and (4) dry, meltwater-carved channels 3 to 10 ft deep. These deposits extend

almost continuously along lower valley slopes in the Housatonic and Hoosic

or limestone and shale bedrock (Zen and others, 1983). The deposits appear to

extend beneath the edges of glacial meltwater deposits in the valley bottoms, but

their extent beneath thick glacial deposits in the centers of the valleys is not

known. Some of these deposits are present in north-draining upland valleys in

areas that also contain thick till deposits in drumlins

BEDROCK AREAS

Bedrock outcrops and areas of abundant outcrop or shallow bedrock—

Individual bedrock outcrops, and areas of shallow bedrock or areas where small

outcrops are too numerous to map individually; in areas of shallow bedrock,

surficial materials are less than 5 to 10 ft thick. These units were not mapped

consistently among all quadrangles; see note at the beginning of appendix 1 in

the pamphlet for information on bedrock outcrop mapping by quadrangle

Base map: U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute quadrangle boundaries

Lambert Conformal Conic projection

North American Datum of 1983

ISSN 2329-132X (online)

https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3402

Index Map of 7.5-Minute Quadrangles in Massachusetts Showing Distribution of Surficial Materials

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Index map of 7.5-minute quadrangles

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not

imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25286, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO

80225; https://store.usgs.gov; 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747)

Suggested Citation:

Stone, J.R., Stone, B.D., DiGiacomo-Cohen, M.L., and Mabee, S.B., comps., 2018, Index

map of 7.5-minute quadrangles in Massachusetts showing distribution of surficial

materials, in Stone, J.R., Stone, B.D., DiGiacomo-Cohen, M.L., and Mabee, S.B., comps.,

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3402, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000,

https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3402.

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MAGNETIC NORTH

APPROXIMATE MEAN

DECLINATION, 2018 TRUE NORTH

14 / ° 1 2

SCALE 1:250 000

5 0 5 10 15 20 25 KILOMETERS

5 0 5 10 15 20 MILES

[Full citations for references are given in the pamphlet. To locate physiographic features

and major rivers mentioned in the map-unit descriptions, see figure 1 in the pamphlet] Sorted and stratified sediments composed of gravel, sand, silt, and clay (as defined in the

particle-size diagram, below), deposited in layers by glacial meltwater. These sediments occur as

four basic textural units: gravel deposits, sand and gravel deposits, sand deposits, and fine

deposits. On this surficial geologic map, gravel deposits, sand and gravel deposits, and sand

deposits are not differentiated and are shown as Coarse Deposits where they occur at the land

surface. Fine Deposits also are shown where they occur at the land surface. Textural changes

occur both areally and vertically; however, subsurface textural variations are not shown on this

map.

End moraine deposits—Composed predominantly of boulders and ablationfacies sandy upper till; lenses of stratified sand and gravel occur locally within the 

till. In the larger deposits on Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard, the surface 

ablation till is as much as 30 ft thick and overlies sand, gravel, and silty sand 

meltwater deposits. Some end moraine deposits include thrusted sheets of glacial 

meltwater deposits resulting from readvance of the ice margin (Oldale and 

O’Hara, 1984). Stratification in underlying sediments may also be deformed, the 

result of postdepositional collapse caused by melting of buried ice. Surface 

boulders on end moraine deposits are generally more numerous than on adjacent 

till surfaces; dense concentrations of boulders are present in some places. 

Deposits occur as freestanding hummocky landforms, commonly in ridges that 

trend east-northeast to west-southwest, and range in height from 10 to 100 ft

River valleys, and their tributary valleys, that are underlain by marble, dolostone,

Surficial materials of Massachusetts—A 1:24,000-scale geologic map database: U.S.

Janet Radway Stone,

1

 Byron D. Stone,

1

 Mary L. DiGiacomo-Cohen,

1

 and Stephen B. Mabee2

1

U.S. Geological Survey, 2Massachusetts Geological Survey

21

OTIS

138

HULL

137

LYNN

90

AYER

19

PERU

62

WARE

23

ROWE

60

ATHOL

179

DENNIS

29

HEATH

136

SALEM

77

ASHBY

164

ONSET

64

WALES

67

BARRE

105

NATICK

5

BERLIN

175

COTUIT

155

MARION

20

BECKET 74

PAXTON

57

PALMER

133

EXETER

176

HYANNIS

102

LOWELL

1

CANAAN

110

BRISTOL

82

OXFORD

51

LUDLOW

118

NORTON

84

SHIRLEY

147

IPSWICH

91

HUDSON

31

GOSHEN

54

ORANGE

85

CLINTON

63

WARREN

184

HARWICH

115

NEWTON

35

COLRAIN

58

MONSON

93

MILFORD

124

READING

132

WESTPORT

129

TAUNTON

130

ASSONET

140

WHITMAN

14

EAST LEE

26

CHESTER

185

CHATHAM

18

WINDSOR

161

DUXBURY

160

SCITUATE 87

GRAFTON

30

ASHFIELD

76

WEBSTER

100

FRANKLIN

152

HANOVER

97

MAYNARD

121

TIVERTON

52

HAMPDEN

79

STERLING

6

HANCOCK 72

GARDNER

189

HAMPTON

106

MEDFIELD

169

MANOMET

103

BILLERICA

163

WAREHAM

104

CONCORD

12

CHESHIRE

88

UXBRIDGE

183

ORLEANS

153

PLYMPTON

172

FALMOUTH

171

POCASSET

174

SANDWICH

116

NORWOOD

162

PLYMOUTH

151

COHASSET

122

HAVERHILL

75

LEICESTER

119

SOMERSET

2

STATE LINE

120

FALL RIVER

128

BROCKTON

99

HOLLISTON

15

MONTEREY 127

BLUE HILLS

112

LAWRENCE

117

MANSFIELD

170

SAGAMORE

96

WESTFORD

24

PLAINFIELD

3

EGREMONT

114

LEXINGTON

182

WELLFLEET

83

TOWNSEND

78

FITCHBURG

107

WRENTHAM

89

PEPPERELL

139

WEYMOUTH

108

ATTLEBORO

180

NANTUCKET

145

CUTTYHUNK

34

SOUTHWICK

39

MOUNT TOM

59

ROYALSTON

66

TEMPLETON

101

PAWTUCKET

27

BLANDFORD

33

WORONOCO

61

PETERSHAM

188

SIASCONSET

47

NORTHFIELD

42

GREENFIELD

168

ROCKPORT

173

EDGARTOWN

159

GLOUCESTER

113

WILMINGTON

187

GREAT POINT

56

WINSOR DAM

43

MOUNT TOBY

94

BLACKSTONE

165

WOODS HOLE

49

SHUTESBURY

98

FRAMINGHAM

65

WINCHENDON

86

SHREWSBURY

71

ASHBURNHAM

111

SALEM DEPOT

158

SQUIBNOCKET

10

ASHLEY FALLS

8

STOCKBRIDGE

141

BRIDGEWATER

70

SOUTHBRIDGE

181

NORTH TRURO

17

NORTH ADAMS 135

GEORGETOWN

53

MOUNT GRACE

48

MILLERS FALLS

38

EASTHAMPTON

25

WORTHINGTON

37

WILLIAMSBURG

41

BERNARDSTON

50

BELCHERTOWN

11

WILLIAMSTOWN

32

WESTHAMPTON

95

NASHUA SOUTH

92

MARLBOROUGH

126

BOSTON SOUTH

125

BOSTON NORTH

154

SNIPATUIT POND

178

PROVINCETOWN

4

 BASHBISH FALLS

131

FALL RIVER EAST

166

VINEYARD HAVEN

13

PITTSFIELD EAST

186

MONOMOY POINT

44

MOUNT HOLYOKE

28

WEST GRANVILLE

73

WACHUSETT MTN

156

SCONTICUT NECK

157

NAUSHON ISLAND

7

PITTSFIELD WEST

22

TOLLAND CENTER

69

EAST BROOKFIELD

109

EAST PROVIDENCE

36

SHELBURNE FALLS

150

NANTASKET BEACH

40

WEST SPRINGFIELD

123

SOUTH GROVELAND

81

WORCESTER SOUTH

9

GREAT BARRINGTON

68

NORTH BROOKFIELD

16

SOUTH SANDISFIELD

80

WORCESTER NORTH

46

SPRINGFIELD SOUTH

45

SPRINGFIELD NORTH

55

QUABBIN RESERVOIR

149

MARBLEHEAD SOUTH

177

TUCKERNUCK ISLAND

148

MARBLEHEAD NORTH

146

NEWBURYPORT EAST

142

ASSAWOMPSET POND

167

TISBURY GREAT POND

134

NEWBURYPORT WEST

144

NEW BEDFORD SOUTH

143

NEW BEDFORD NORTH