J-S39020-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

BRANDON EDWARD WILSON 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 732 MDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 16, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Union County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-60-CR-0000143-2021

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED: MARCH 7, 2023

Brandon Edward Wilson (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of 

sentence of 9 to 24 months’ incarceration imposed after he was convicted of

one count each of endangering the welfare of a child (“EWOC”),

1 simple 

assault,2 and harassment.

3

 Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the 

evidence to sustain his EWOC conviction and alleges the verdict on this charge 

is against the weight of the evidence. He also challenges the admission into 

evidence of out-of-court statements made by the child victim. We affirm. 

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(a).

2 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1).

3 18 Pa.C.S. § 2709(a)(1). 
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The aforementioned charges stem from a ChildLine4referral received by 

Pennsylvania State Trooper Tyler Arbogast on May 7, 2021, alleging that a 

minor victim, N.W.S. (“Child”) (born in April of 2010), was being physically 

abused by Appellant.5 Affidavit of Probable Cause, 5/26/21, at 1. In response 

to the ChildLine referral, Trooper Arbogast interviewed Child and her biological 

father, N.S. (“Father”). Subsequently, on May 7, 2021, the Commonwealth 

filed a criminal complaint against Appellant, charging him with the following 

offenses: strangulation,6 EWOC, simple assault, and harassment. See

Complaint, 5/26/21, at 1-4. The criminal information indicated that between 

January 1, 2020 and May 26, 2021, Appellant “place[d] his hands around the 

neck of [Child] ... to choke her,” and “on numerous occasions, [Appellant 

struck Child,] ..., pulled her hair, picked [her] up and slammed her to the 

ground, [and] held her hands behind her back while [he] struck her with a 

belt[.]” Criminal Information, 6/11/21, at 1. 

A jury trial was held on February 11, 2022, at which Child’s mother, 

S.W. (“Mother”), grandmother, D.W. (“Grandmother”), and Father testified on 

behalf of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth also produced Trooper 

____________________________________________

4 ChildLine operates a statewide system for receiving reports of suspected 

child abuse, referring the reports for investigation and maintaining the 

reports. 23 Pa.C.S. § 6332.

5 Appellant is Child’s stepfather. 

6 18 Pa.C.S. § 2718(a)(1). 
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Arbogast, Trooper Jessica Naschke,7 and Union County Children and Youth

Services (“CYS”) caseworker, Megan Jones, as witnesses. Prior to the trial, 

the trial court found Child “unavailable as a witness,” pursuant to 

Pennsylvania’s Tender Years Hearsay Act (“TYHA”), 42 Pa.C.S. § 5985.1, and 

granted the Commonwealth’s motion in limine, permitting certain out-of-court 

statements made by Child regarding Appellant’s actions to be admitted at trial. 

After considering all of the evidence presented, Appellant was convicted of 

EWOC, simple assault, and harassment.8 The trial court sentenced Appellant 

on March 16, 2022, to an aggregate term of 9 to 24 months’ incarceration. 

Appellant filed a post-sentence motion for relief, which was denied by 

the trial court on May 6, 2022. That same day, Appellant filed a timely notice 

of appeal, followed by a timely, court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise 

statement of errors complained of on appeal. The trial court issued its Rule 

1925(a) opinion on July 1, 2022, in which it incorporates its May 6, 2022 

opinion, as well as the notes of testimony from the February 9, 2022 motion 

in limine hearing and the February 11, 2022 jury trial. Appellant now presents 

the following claims for our review:

1. Did error occur in granting the Commonwealth’s Motion in 

Limine pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. [§] 5985.1[,] as there was no 

____________________________________________

7 Trooper Naschke works with the Criminal Investigative Unit of the 

Pennsylvania State Police and assisted Trooper Arbogast with interviewing the 

Child in this matter. N.T. Trial, 2/11/22, at 62.

8 Appellant was acquitted of the strangulation charge. 
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way to determine that the possibility of testimony caused the 

subject child’s reluctance?

2. Did error occur as the evidence was insufficient to convict, 

specifically where the Commonwealth did not establish each 

alleged act of violence “on numerous occasions...” as claimed 

in Count Two of the Criminal Information?

3. Did error occur as the verdict was against the weight of the 

evidence, specifically where the claims of abundant physical 

violence did not comport with the minimal examples of 

purported injury?

Appellant’s Brief at 5. 

I. Motion in Limine

In his first issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s evidentiary ruling 

regarding the Commonwealth’s motion in limine.

A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion in limine “is 

subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard of review.” 

[Commonwealth v. Reese, 31 A.3d 708, 715 (Pa. Super. 2011) 

(en banc)].

Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence lie within 

the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not 

reverse the court’s decision absent a clear abuse of 

discretion. Commonwealth Financial Systems, Inc. v. 

Smith, 15 A.3d 492, 496 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citing Stumpf 

v. Nye, 950 A.2d 1032, 1035-36 (Pa. Super. [2007])). “An 

abuse of discretion may not be found merely because an 

appellate court might have reached a different conclusion, 

but requires a manifest unreasonableness, or partiality, 

prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of support so as to be 

clearly erroneous.” Grady v. Frito-Lay, Inc., ... 839 A.2d 

1038, 1046 (Pa. 2003). 

Keystone Dedicated Logistics, LLC v. JGB Enterprises, Inc., 

77 A.3d 1, 11 (Pa. Super. 2013). In addition, “to constitute 

reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be erroneous, 

but also harmful or prejudicial to the complaining party.” 

Winschel v. Jain, 925 A.2d 782, 794 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citing 

McClain v. Welker, 761 A.2d 155, 156 (Pa. Super. 2000)). 
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Parr v. Ford Motor Co., 109 A.3d 682, 690-91 (Pa. Super. 2014). 

Here, the Commonwealth filed a motion in limine requesting that the 

trial court allow for admission at trial certain out-of-court statements made by 

Child,

9 pursuant to the TYHA, which provides, in relevant part:

(a) General rule.—

(1) An out-of-court statement made by a child victim or witness, 

who at the time the statement was made was 16 years of age or 

younger, describing any of the offenses enumerated in paragraph 

(2), not otherwise admissible by statute or rule of evidence, is 

admissible in evidence in any criminal or civil proceeding if:

(i) the court finds, in an in camera hearing, that the 

evidence is relevant and that the time, content and circumstances 

of the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability; and 

(ii) the child either:

(A) testifies at the proceeding; or 

(B) is unavailable as a witness.

...

(a.1) Emotional distress.—In order to make a finding under 

subsection (a)(1)(ii)(B) that the child is unavailable as a witness, 

the court must determine, based on evidence presented to it, that 

testimony by the child as a witness will result in the child suffering 

serious emotional distress that would substantially impair the 

child’s ability to reasonably communicate. In making this 

determination, the court may do all of the following:

(1) Observe and question the child, either inside or outside the 

courtroom.

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9 The Commonwealth sought to introduce as evidence statements that Child 

made to her Mother and Grandmother, as well as to Trooper Naschke and Ms. 

Jones, regarding Appellant’s abusive acts towards her. Motion in Limine, 

2/3/22, at 1-2 ¶¶2, 4.
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(2) Hear testimony of a parent or custodian or any other person, 

such as a person who has dealt with the child in a medical or 

therapeutic setting. 

42 Pa.C.S. § 5985.1(a), (a.1). 

Appellant claims that the trial court misapplied the TYHA in granting the 

Commonwealth’s motion in limine and that, in doing so, denied Appellant the 

opportunity to confront his accuser. Appellant’s Brief at 10. He argues:

While the ... [C]hild was undeniably recalcitrant, there was no way 

to determine that the possibility of testimony caused her 

reluctance. Based on [Mother’s] testimony, the [Child] was 

reluctant to interact with anyone. Testimony would not cause 

serious emotional distress and impair her ability to communicate; 

that was her very nature. While that fact may be uncomfortable, 

it is not something that should preclude an accused from a fair 

opportunity to confront his accuser.

Id. at 9-10. No relief is due on this claim. 

As our Supreme Court explained in Commonwealth v. Walter, 93 A.3d 

442 (Pa. 2014):

Under the TYHA, an out-of-court statement of a child ... victim or

witness who is [sixteen] years old or younger,[10]is admissible 

into evidence in a criminal or civil proceeding if two requirements 

are satisfied. First, the trial court must find that the evidence is 

relevant and that the time, content, and circumstances of his 

statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability. Second, the child 

must either (1) testify at the proceeding, or (2) be deemed 

unavailable as a witness. 42 Pa.C.S.[] § 5985.1(a)(2)(i), (ii). In 

order for the child to be deemed unavailable to testify as a 

witness, “the court must determine, based on evidence presented 

to it, that testimony by the child as a witness will result in the 

child suffering serious emotional distress that would substantially 

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10 At the time of the Walter decision, the TYHA applied to child victims 12 

years of age or younger. The TYHA was amended effective August 30, 2021,

to include child victims 16 years of age or younger. See 2021, June 30, P.L. 

172, No. 29 § 1. 
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impair the child’s ability to reasonably communicate.” [42 

Pa.C.S.] § 5985.1(a.1). In making this determination, the court 

may (1) observe and question the child, either inside or outside 

of the courtroom; and (2) hear testimony of the child’s parent or 

custodian or any other person who has dealt with the child in a 

medical or therapeutic setting. [42 Pa.C.S.] § 5985.1(a.1)(1), 

(2). The TYHA does not require that a trial court’s determination 

of unavailability be supported by expert testimony. 

Walter, 93 A.3d at 454. 

In the case sub judice, Appellant does not contest Child’s qualifying age

under the statute or the reliability of her statements. Rather, Appellant only 

attacks the trial court’s determination that Child was unavailable as a witness. 

See Appellant’s Brief at 8-10. Thus, our analysis is limited to the trial court’s 

finding that Child’s statements were admissible at trial under the TYHA, “as ... 

[C]hild was totally uncommunicative during the [c]ourt’s in camera review 

with her.” Trial Court Order, 2/9/22 (single page). 

At a hearing on February 9, 2022 (“TYHA Hearing”), the trial court heard 

testimony from the victim’s Mother and CYS caseworker, Ms. Jones, which the 

Commonwealth summarizes as follows: 

[Mother] testified first at the hearing.... [She] explained that 

[Child] was an 11-year-old with expressive language disorder, 

which affected [her] ability to learn and express herself. 

According to [Mother], [Child] became “stressed out” and 

experienced “anxiety” when [she] knew she had to come to the 

courthouse and exhibited other physical mannerisms that 

indicated to [Mother] that [Child] was experiencing stress. While 

leaving the courthouse after meeting with attorneys for the 

Commonwealth and a [CYS] worker, [Child] was crying in the 

elevator. When asked about the likely effect on [Child] of 

testifying, [Mother] thought [Child] would have an “anxiety 

attack” and a “meltdown.” [Mother] did not think that [Child] 

would be able to communicate with a jury. When questioned by 

the court about whether [Child] could come into the courtroom 
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and function, [Mother] testified: “I really don’t think she’ll be able 

to come in here in front of everybody and sit here and answer 

questions.” 

[CYS] caseworker[,] Megan Jones[,] testified next at the 

hearing.... [Ms.] Jones was familiar with [Child] and spoke to [her] 

at the family home on May 5, 2021[,] ... for approximately 15 

minutes.... [Ms.] Jones also spoke to [Child] a few weeks after 

the May 5, 2021 meeting. [Ms.] Jones further explained that 

[Child] was “not forthcoming with information at all” during a 

recent meeting with [Child] and a prosecutor in the courthouse in 

preparation for trial. [Ms.] Jones thought that [Child’s] testifying 

would be “traumatic” and did not believe [Child] could 

communicate with a jury and answer questions.

Commonwealth’s Brief at 6-7 (citations to record omitted). 

The Honorable Dudley N. Anderson then conducted an in camera 

evaluation of Child in the jury room, after which he stated from the bench:

[Child] represented, I believe, as difficult a situation as I have 

ever seen. I think there was one verbal response, and it was 

almost non -- it was very, very softly spoken, and it was the name 

of her school. She did nod her head at a couple of things that I 

said; but as soon as I turned to anything having to do with talking 

about things, she stopped communicating. There was no 

communication. Even when I asked her, “Do you want to leave?” 

she wouldn’t communicate. I think she was probably dying to say, 

yeah, get me out of here; but she wouldn’t communicate it to me.

Now, I don’t think that anybody that was in there has any doubt 

that if we brought her in here Friday and put her on the stand that 

anybody would get an answer out of her. And I believe, and I 

don’t think it’s a stretch, that she is unavailable as a witness; and, 

therefore, I believe that the statements qualify under 42 Pa.C.S. 

[§] 5985.1[,] as admissible. 

N.T. TYHA Hearing, 2/9/22, at 36-37. See also id. at 33 (Judge Anderson’s 

describing Child as “practically catatonic” and explaining that she meets the 

definition of “unavailable as a witness” under the TYHA). We conclude that 
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the record contains sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s 

determination, and we discern no abuse of discretion. 

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his second issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence 

to sustain his EWOC conviction.11 Our standard of review is well-settled:

In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine 

whether the evidence admitted at trial, and all reasonable 

inferences drawn from that evidence, when viewed in the light 

most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, was 

sufficient to enable the fact finder to conclude that the 

Commonwealth established all of the elements of the offense 

beyond a reasonable doubt. The Commonwealth may sustain its 

burden by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Further, the 

trier of fact is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Taylor, 137 A.3d 611, 614 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation 

omitted). 

Section 4304 of the Crimes Code defines the crime of EWOC and 

addresses the grading of this offense, in relevant part, as follows:

(a) Offense defined.—

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11 We deem any sufficiency claim regarding Appellant’s simple assault and 

harassment convictions to be waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“No question 

will be considered unless it is stated in the statement of questions involved or 

is fairly suggested thereby.”); Wirth v. Commonwealth, 95 A.3d 822, 858 

(Pa. 2014) (“[Rule 2116(a)] is to be considered in the highest degree 

mandatory, admitting of no exception; ordinarily no point will be considered 

which is not set forth in the statement of questions involved or suggested 

thereby.”). 
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(1) A parent, guardian or other person supervising the 

welfare of a child[12] under 18 years of age ... commits 

an offense if he knowingly endangers the welfare of 

the child by violating a duty of care, protection or 

support.

...

(b) Grading.—

(1) Except as provided under paragraph (2), the following 

apply:

(i) An offense under this section constitutes a 

misdemeanor of the first degree.

(ii) If the actor engaged in a course of conduct 

of endangering the welfare of a child, the 

offense constitutes a felony of the third 

degree. 

...

(2) The grading of an offense under this section shall be 

increased one grade if, at the time of the commission 

of the offense, the child was under six years of age. 

18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(a)(1), (b). Section 4304 is to be given meaning by 

reference to the common sense of the community and the broad protective 

purposes for which it was enacted. Commonwealth v. Vela-Garrett, 251 

A.3d 811, 815 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation omitted). 

Here, Appellant’s claim is limited to a challenge of the sufficiency of the 

evidence to support the grading of his EWOC conviction as a third-degree 

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12 “[T]he term ‘person supervising the welfare of a child’ means a person other 

than a parent or guardian that provides care, education, training or control of 

a child.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(a)(3). 
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felony, pursuant to Section 4304(b)(1)(ii).13 The crux of his argument is that 

the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden to establish that each alleged act 

of violence occurred “on numerous occasions[.]” Appellant’s Brief at 10-11

(emphasis added). In support of his position, he states:

Count Two of the [c]riminal [i]nformation filed against Appellant 

alleges that he “did on numerous occasions, strike [the] victim, ... 

pulled her hair, picked the victim up and slammed her to the 

ground, held her hands behind her back while [Appellant] struck 

her with a belt...[.]” In reviewing the actual phrasing of the 

Commonwealth[, Appellant] was accused of committing all these 

acts on multiple occasions. This required testimony that all of 

these acts occurred more than once. That was not attested to by 

any of the witnesses.

Id. at 11-12 (citations to record omitted). Appellant’s claim lacks merit. 

The phrase “course of conduct” is used in the EWOC statute to 

differentiate the penalties for single and multiple endangering acts. 

Commonwealth v. Kelly, 102 A.3d 1025, 1031 (Pa. Super. 2014) (noting 

that the use of the phrase “course of conduct” imposes a requirement of 

multiple acts over time). In reviewing Appellant’s claim, the trial court 

expressly concluded that “[t]he evidence presented at trial was sufficient to 

demonstrate [Appellant’s] actions occurred on multiple occasions.” Trial Court 

Opinion (“TCO I”), 5/2/22, at 2. In support of its determination, the trial court 

noted, “Trooper ... Arbogast testified to abuse occurring on multiple occasions 

as reported by the victim.” Trial Court Opinion (“TCO II”), 7/1/22, at 2 

____________________________________________

13 As Appellant does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence to establish 

any of the elements of EWOC under Section 4303(a), we deem any such claim 

to be waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a). 
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(unnumbered). See also N.T. Trial at 74-75 (Trooper Arbogast’s referencing 

his notes in which he documented Child’s report of abuse on approximately 

ten occasions). 

Moreover, Mother testified to witnessing Appellant’s choking Child “three 

times” and described two of the incidents in detail. See id. at 26-29. See 

also id. at 38 (Mother’s stating, “I stopped him every time”). She further 

testified that Child would periodically be left home alone with Appellant on the 

weekends when she was working as a wedding photographer and that Child 

would tell her after Appellant went to sleep about “what happened.” See id.

at 31 (Mother’s explaining what Child told her: “That he smacked her and just 

about smacking her in the face and that kind of stuff.”). When asked whether 

she ever saw any physical evidence of Appellant smacking Child, Mother 

replied: “I took pictures of the marks that were made on her face every time 

I came home from like an event that I was doing.” Id. at 31-32. 

Additionally, the Commonwealth entered into evidence four pictures of 

Child’s face taken by Mother. See id. at 13; Commonwealth’s Exhibits 1-4. 

The trial court found these pictures “especially compelling” in considering the 

sufficiency of the evidence. TCO II at 2 (unnumbered). “The pictures 

evidenced injury to the victim.” Id. Father acknowledged that Child was 

wearing four different outfits in the four pictures. N.T. Trial at 15. We agree 

with the Commonwealth that the jury could have reasonably concluded that 

each of the pictures was taken on a different day after a separate incident. 

See Commonwealth’s Brief at 10. 
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The Commonwealth also entered into evidence Mother’s written 

statement given to the police regarding Appellant’s abuse of Child. See N.T. 

Trial at 39; Commonwealth’s Exhibit 6. Mother’s statement contained 

references to numerous incidents which took place on separate occasions. 

See N.T. Trial at 53-54 (Mother’s reading her statement on the stand, e.g., 

Child told Mother that Appellant smacked her “a couple times in 2020[;]” 

Mother saw Appellant slam Child down on the floor “about a handful of 

times[;]” Appellant choked Child “two times this year, one time last year[;]” 

“Around the end of January, beginning of February this year, [Appellant] 

smacked [Child] with an open fist[;]” Appellant smacked Child with a belt “two 

times this year ... [and] pulled her hair in front of me once this year”). Trooper 

Naschke also testified regarding her interview with Child and recalled Child 

describing multiple incidents of abuse. See id. at 63-64 (Trooper Naschke’s

recounting that Child indicated Appellant smacked her in the face and pulled 

her hair “specifically whenever her mother would leave”); id. at 65 (Trooper 

Naschke’s recalling Child’s claims that Appellant strangled her “approximately 

ten times”). Finally, Ms. Jones testified that she asked Child whether Appellant 

hit her on one occasion or more than one occasion and that Child replied, 

“[Appellant] hits her a lot.” Id. at 81. 

Based on the foregoing evidence, we would conclude that the record 

contains sufficient evidence to support a finding that Appellant engaged in a 

course of conduct that endangered the welfare of Child and, thus, we would 
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discern no abuse of discretion in the Appellant’s third-degree felony EWOC 

conviction. 

III. Weight of the Evidence

In his third and final issue, Appellant challenges the weight of the 

evidence to support his EWOC conviction.14 Appellant asserts that the only 

evidence of the alleged abuse produced by the Commonwealth was the four 

pictures “purport[ing] to show ... [C]hild with a marked face.” Appellant’s Brief 

at 13 (citing Commonwealth’s Exhibits 1-4). Referencing Count Two of the 

criminal information, he argues that “[t]he dramatic nature of these claims 

required dramatic proof.” Id. (citing Criminal Information at 1 (alleging that 

Appellant “on numerous occasions, strike [sic] [Child], ... pulled her hair, 

picked [her] up and slammed her to the ground, held her hands behind her 

back while [Appellant] struck her with a belt”)). However, he notes: “There 

was nothing presented to verify ... [C]hild being pulled by her hair, picked up, 

slammed and/or struck with an object. The verdict was clearly against the 

weight of the evidence and the shocking disparity between the accusations 

and the presentation justify a reversal.” Id. at 14. 

We review a weight of the evidence claim according to the following 

standard:

____________________________________________

14 We deem any challenge to the weight of the evidence regarding Appellant’s

simple assault and harassment convictions to be waived due to his failure to 

include such claims in his statement of questions involved. See Pa.R.A.P. 

2116(a); Wirth, supra. 
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A claim alleging the verdict was against the weight of the evidence 

is addressed to the discretion of the trial court. Accordingly, an 

appellate court reviews the exercise of the trial court’s discretion; 

it does not answer for itself whether the verdict was against the 

weight of the evidence. It is well settled that the jury is free to

believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the 

credibility of the witnesses, and a new trial based on a weight of 

the evidence claim is only warranted where the jury’s verdict is so 

contrary to the evidence that it shocks one’s sense of justice. In 

determining whether this standard has been met, appellate review 

is limited to whether the trial judge’s discretion was properly 

exercised, and relief will only be granted where the facts and 

inferences of record disclose a palpable abuse of discretion. 

Commonwealth v. Tejada, 107 A.3d 788, 795-96 (Pa. Super. 2015) 

(citation and brackets omitted). 

Instantly, in response to Appellant’s weight claim, the trial court stated 

that it found the pictures of Child “especially compelling” and that, “[c]ontrary 

to [Appellant’s] argument, [it did] not find that the examples of physical 

violence were minimal.” TCO I at 4. The court concluded that “the verdict in 

this matter was not against the weight of the evidence.” Id. Additionally, the 

Commonwealth presented testimony from multiple witnesses detailing 

numerous accounts of Appellant’s physical abuse of Child. As the 

Commonwealth so aptly states, “the pictures ... gave the jury a visual depiction 

of the consequences of the abuse but were by no means an exhaustive account 

of .... Appellant’s abuse of [Child].” Commonwealth’s Brief at 13. The jury 

was free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence and to determine the 

credibility of each witness. See Commonwealth v. Jacoby, 170 A.3d 1065, 

1080 (Pa. 2017) (“At trial, the jury [is] the ultimate fact-finder and the sole 

arbiter of the credibility of each of the witnesses.”). 
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Assessing all of the evidence according to the governing principles cited 

above, we simply cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion 

when it found that the jury’s verdict did not shock its sense of justice. 

Consequently, Appellant’s weight challenge fails. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/07/2023