DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEOEGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 284

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OF THE 

UNITED STATES

1910

PART IV. ST. LAWKENCE EIYER BASIN

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF M. 0. LEIGHTON

BY

OTa COVERT, A. H. HORTON 

AND R. H. BOLSTER

WASHINGTON

GOVEBNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1912
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY

GEORGE OTI8 SMITH, DiBECTOK

WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 284=

SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OF THE 

UNITED STATES

1910

PART IT. ST. LAWRENCE RIYER BASIN

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF M. 0. LEIGHTON

BY

C. C. COVERT, A. H. HORTON 

AND R. H. BOLSTER

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1912
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction.............................................................. 7

Authority for investigations............................................. 7

Scope of investigations................................................ 8

Publications.......................................................... 9

Definition of terms....................................................... 12

Convenient equivalents................................................ 12

Explanation of data.................................................... 13

Accuracy and reliability of field data and comparative results............. 15

Cooperative data ..................................................... 17

Cooperation and acknowledgments..................................... 18

Division of work...................................................... 19

General features of the St. Lawrence River basin............................ 20

Basins tributary to Lake Superior.......................................... 23

St. Louis River basin................................................... 23

General features................................................... 23

St. Louis River near Thomson, Minn............................... 27

Whiteface River at Meadowlands, Minn............................. 30

Cloquet River at Independence, Minn.............................. 33

Basins tributary to Lake Michigan.......................................... 37

Escanaba River basin.................................................. 37

General features................................................... 37

Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich............................... 37

Menominee River basin............................................... 40

General features................................................... 40

Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich......................... 41

Wolf River basin. ..................................................... 44

General features................................................... 44

Little Wolf River near Northport, Wis.............................. 45

Grand River basin..................................................... 45

General features................................................... 45

Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich................................ 46

Manistee River basin................................................... .48

General features................................................... 48

Manistee River near Sherman, Mich................................. 48

Basins tributary to Lake Huron............................................. 51

Au Sable River basin. ........................ ...^..................... 51

General features................................................... 51

Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich.................................. 51

Basins tributary to Lake Erie............................................... 53

Huron River basin..................................................... 53

General features................................................... 53

Huron River at Dexter, Mich........................................ 53

Huron River at Geddes, Mich...................................... 54

Huron River at Flat Rock, Mich.................................... 56

Cattaraugus Creek basin..........................................\.... 58

General features................................................... 58

Cattaraugus Creek near Versailles, N. Y............................. 58

3
4 CONTENTS.

< Page.

Basins tributary to Lake Ontario............................................ 59

Genesee River basin................................................... 59

General features................................................... 59

Genesee River at St. Helena, N. Y................................. 61

Genesee River at Jones Bridge, near Mount Morris, N. Y.............. 64

Genesee River near Rochester, N. Y................................ 67

Canaseraga Creek basin............................................ 69

General features............................................... 69

Canaseraga Creek at Dansville, N. Y............................ 70

Keshequa Creek at Sonyea, N. Y............................... 71

Canadice Lake outlet near Hemlock, N. Y ......................... 71

Oswego River basin................................................... 72

General features................................................... 72

Oneida River at Caughdenoy, N. Y................................ 73

Salmon River basin................................................... 75

General features................................................... 75

Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.................................. 75

Black River basin...................................................... 77

General features................................................... 77

Black River near Felts Mills, N. Y................................. 78

Moose River at Moose River, N. Y................................. 79

Streams flowing directly to St. Lawrence River.............................. 82

Oswegatchie River basin............................................... 82

General features................................................... 82

Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y.......................... 82

Raquette River basin.................................................. 84

General features................................................... 84

Raquette River at Raquette Falls, near Coreys, N. Y................ 85

Raquette River at Piercefield, N. Y................................ 87

Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y .......................... 90

Bog River near Tupper Lake, N. Y................................ 92

St. Regis River basin.........................'......................... 95

General features.................................................. 95

St. Regis River at Brasher Center, N. Y............................. 95

Richelieu River basin.................................................. 96

General features..:............................................... 96

Lake Champlain at Burlington, Vt................................. 96

Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. Y.......................... 97

Saranac River basin................................................ 99

General features............................................... 99

Saranac River near Plattsburg, N. Y........................... 99

Ausable River basin................................................ 99

General features............................................... 99*

Ausable River at Ausable Forks, N. Y.......................... 100

Winooski River basin.............................................. 101

General features............................................... 101

Winooski River above Stevens Branch, near Montpelier, Vt...... 102

Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt.............................. 102

Winooski River at Richmond, Vt............................... 103

J Stevens Branch of Winooski River near Montpelier, Vt........... 105
CONTENTS. 5

Page. 

Streams flowing directly to St. Lawrence River Continued.

Richelieu River basin Continued. 

Winooski River basin Continued.

Worcester Branch of Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt........... 105

Dog River at Northfield, Vt..................................... 106

Dog River near Montpelier Junction, Vt......................... 107

Mad River near Moretown, Vt. ......^.......................... 108

Little River near Waterbury, Vt................................ 108

Huntington River near Jonesville, Vt........................... 109

Lamoille River basin............................................... 110

General features. ...............*......................-.......- 110

Lamoille River near Morrisville, Vt............................ 110

Lamoilte River at Johnson, Vt................................. Ill

Missisquoi River basin............................................. 112

General features. .........^.................................... 112

Missisquoi River at Richford, Vt................................ 113

St. Francis River basin................................................. 114

General features................................................... 114

Clyde River at West Derby, Vt..................................... 114

Miscellaneous discharge measurements in St. Lawrence River drainage basin.. 116

Summary of discharge per square mile....................................... 118

Index.................................................................... 119

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Typical gaging stations: A, for bridge measurement; B, for wading

measurement..................................!............... 14

IT. Small Price current meters ...................................... 15
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY OF ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

BASIN, 1910.

By C. C. COVERT, A. H. HORTON, and R. H. BOLSTER.

INTRODUCTION.

AUTHORITY FOR INVESTIGATIONS.

This volume contains results of measurements of the flow of certain 

streams in the United States. The work was performed by the 

United States Geological Survey, either independently or in cooperation with private or State organizations. The organic law of the 

Geological Survey (Stat. L., vol. 20, p. 394) contains the following 

paragraph:

Provided, That this officer [the Director] shall have the direction of the geological 

survey and the classification of public lands and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain:

As water is the most abundant and most valuable of the minerals 

the investigation of water resources is authorized under the provision for examining mineral resources. The work has been supported 

since the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, by appropriations in successive sundry civil bills passed by Congress under the following 

item:

For gaging the streams and determining the water supply of the United States, and 

for the investigation of underground currents and artesian wells, and for the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing the water resources.

The various appropriations that have been made for this purpose 

are as follows: 

Annual appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30 

1895....-................................................"............. $12,500

1896................................................................. 20,000

1897 to 1900, inclusive............................................... 50,000

1901 to 1902, inclusive............................................... 100,000

1903 to 1906, inclusive............................................... 200,000

1907................................................................. 150,000

1908 to 1910, inclusive............................................... 100,000

.....:.....,...... ............................................. 150,000

7
8 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV. 

SCOPE OF INVESTIGATIONS.

These investigations are not complete nor are they inclusive of all 

the streams that might purposefully be studied. The scope of the 

work is limited by the appropriations available. The field covered 

is the widest and the character of the work is believed to be the best 

possible under the controlling conditions. The work would undoubtedly have greater scientific importance and ultimately be of more 

practical value if the money now expended for wide areas were 

concentrated on a few small drainage basins; but such a course is 

impossible because general appropriations made by Congress are 

applicable to all parts of the country. Each part demands its proportionate share of the benefits.

It is essential that records of stream flow shall be kept during a 

period of years long enough to determine within reasonable limits 

the entire range of flow from the absolute maximum to the absolute 

minimum. The length of such a period manifestly differs for different streams. Experience has shown that the records for some streams 

should cover 5 to 10 years, and those for other streams 20 years or 

even more, the. limit being determined by the relative importance of 

the stream and the interdependence of the results with other longtime records on adjacent streams.

In#the performance of this work an effort is made to reach the 

highest degree of precision possible with a rational expenditure of 

time and a judicious expenditure of a small amount of money. In 

all engineering work there is a point beyond which refinement is 

needless and wasteful, and this statement applies with especial force 

to stream-flow measurements. It is confidently believed that the 

stream-flow data presented in the, publications of the survey are in 

general sufficiently accurate for all practical-purposes. Many of the 

records are, however, of insufficient length, owing to the unforeseen 

reduction of appropriations and consequent abandonment of stations. 

All persons are cautioned to exercise the greatest care in using such 

incomplete records.

Records have been obtained at nearly 2,000 different points in the 

United States. The surface water supply of small areas in Seward 

Peninsula and the Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, and in Hawaii has 

also been investigated. During 1910 regular gaging stations were 

maintained by the survey and cooperating organizations at about 

1,100 points in the United States, and many discharge measurements 

were made at other points. Data were also obtained in regard to 

precipitation, evaporation, storage reservoirs, river profiles, and water 

power in many sections of the country, and will be made available 

in the regular surface water-supply papers and in special papers from 

time to time.
ST. LAWBENCE BIVEB BASIN.

PUBLICATIONS.

The data on stream flow collected by the United States Geological 

Survey have appeared in the annual reports, bulletins, and watersupply papers. Owing to natural processes of evolution and to 

changes in governmental requirements the character of the work 

and the territory covered by these different publications have varied 

greatly. For the purpose of uniformity in the presentation of reports 

a general plan has been agreed upon by the United States Reclamation 

Service, the United States Forest Service, the United States Weather 

Bureau, and the United States Geological Survey, according to which 

the area of the United States has been divided into 12 parts, whose 

boundaries coincide with certain natural drainage lines. The areas 

so described are indicated by the following list of papers on surface 

watqr supply for 1910. The dividing line between the north Atlantic and south Atlantic drainage areas lies between York and James

livers.

Papers on surface water supply of the United States, 1910.

Part.

I

II in

IV

V 

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

No.

281

282

283

284

285 

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

Title.

 North. Atlantic coast.

South Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico.

Ohio River basin.

St. Lawrence River basin. . ..#

Upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay basins 

Missouri River basin.

Lower Mississippi River basin.

Western Gulf of Mexico.

Colorado River basin.

Great Basin.

Pacific coast in California.

North Pacific coast.

The following table gives the character of data regarding stream 

flow at regular stations to be found in the various publications of the 

United States Geological Survey, exclusive of special papers:

Stream-flow data in reports of the United States Geological Survey. 

[A=Annual Report; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper.]

Report.

10th A, pt.*2... .......

HthA,pt. 2..........

12th A, pt. 2..........

13th A, pt.3. .........

14th A, pt. 2..........

B131.. ................

16th A, pt. 2..........

B140..................

WS11........ .........

18th A, pt. 4...........

WS 15......... ........

Character of data.

Monthly discharge (long-time records, 1871 to 1893) ........-.:....

discharge (also many data covering earlier years).1

(also similar dataf for earlier years).

States, eastern Mississippi River, and Missouri River above 

junction with. Kansas.

Year.

1884 to Sept.

1890. 

1884 to June 30,

1891. 

1884 to Dec. 31,

1892. 

1888 to Dec. 31,

1893. 

1893 and 1894.

1895.

1896.

1895 and 1896.

1897.
10 SUKFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

Stream-flow data in reports of the United States Geological Survey Continued.

Report.

WS 16......... ........

19th A, pt. 4. .........

WS 27........ .........

WS 28........ .........

20th A, pt. 4.. ........

WS35to39...........

21st A, pt. 4...........

WS 47 to 52..... ......

22dA, pt. 4...........

WS 66, 66.... .........

WS 75......... ........

WS 82 to 85.. .........

WS 97 to 100..........

WSl24tol35.........

WS 165 to 178. ........

WS201to214.........

WS 241 to 252.........

WS 261 to 272.........

WS 281 to 292.........

Character of data.

Descriptions, measurements, and gage heights, western Mississippi River below junction of Missouri and Platte, and western United States.

(also some long-time records).

eastern Mississippi River, and Missouri River. 

Measurements, ratings, and gage heights, Arkansas River and

western United States.

.....do...........................................................

.....do...........................................................

.....do...........................................................

Year.

1897.

1897.

1898.

1898.

1898.

1899.

1899.

1900.

1900.

1901.

1901.

1902.

.1903.

1904.

1905.

1906.

1907-8. *

1909.

1910.

NOTE. No data regarding stream flow are given in the fifteenth and seventeenth arinual reports.

The records at most of the stations discussed in these reports extend 

over a series of years. An index of the reports containing records 

prior to 1904 has been published in Water-Supply Paper 119.

The first table which follows gives, by years and drainage basins, 

the number of the papers on surface water supply published from 

1899 to 1910. Wherever the data for a drainage basin appear in two 

papers the number of one is placed in parentheses and the portion 

of the basin covered by that paper is indicated in the second table. 

For example, in 1904 the data for Missouri River were published in 

Water-Supply Papers 130 and 131, and the portion of the records 

contained in Water-Supply Paper 131, as indicated by the second 

table, is that relating to Platte and Kansas Rivers.

Numbers of water-supply papers containing results of stream measurements, 1899-1910.

,

Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico: 

New England rivers. . ...........................

Hudson River to Delaware River, inclusive. ..... 

Susquehanna River to York River, inclusive. . . . 

James River to Yadkin River, inclusive .........

Santee River to Pearl River, inclusive. ..........

St. Lawrence River... ...............................

Mississippi River: 

Ohio Hiver. .....................................

Lower Mississippi River. ........................

Western Gulf of Mexico... . ..........................

Pacific coast and Great Basin:

Great Basin.....................................

South Pacific coast to Klamath River, inclusive..

1899»

35 

35 

35 

(35), 36 

36 

36

36 

36 

(36), 37

37 

37

(37), 38 

38, (39) 

(38), 39 

38

19006

47 

47,^

48 

48 

49

48, (49) 

49 

49, (50)

50 

50

50 

51 

51 

51

1901

65,75 

65,75 

65,75 

65,75 

65,75 

65,75 

66,75

65,75 

65,75 

66,75 

/ (65;, 

\ 66,75 

66,75

66,75 

66,75 

66,75 

66,75

1902

82 

82 82' 

(82), 83 

83 

(82), 83 

85

83 

83 

84

} (83), 84

84

85 

85 

85 

85

1903

97 

97

n

(97), 99 

98 

97 

100

98 

. 98, (99) 

99

(98), 99 

99

100 

100 

100 

100

a, Rating tables and index to Water-Supply Papers 35-39 contained in Water-Supply Paper 39. 

6 Rating tables and index to Water-Supply Papers 47-52 and data on precipitation, wells, and irrigation 

In California and Utah contained in Water-Supply Paper 52. 
ST. LAWBEBTCE BIVER BASIN. II

Numbers of wafer-supply papers containing results of stream measurements, 1899-1910 

Continued.

Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico:

St. Lawrence River. ... ...............................

Mississippi River: 

Ohio River.... ....................................

Missouri River.. ..................................

Pacific coast and Great Basin:

South -Pacific coast to Klamath R iver, inclusive. . .

1904

124

125

126

126

127

129

130

128

128.

(130) 

130,

(131) 

(128),

J-Ol

132

( 133 '»; { °g|

135

1905

165

166

167

167

168

170

171

169

\ "171

1 172

(169),

JL t o

174

175, cs; %1

/(177),

\ 178

1906

201

202

203

. 203

204

206

207

.205

207

208

(205),

209 

210

(tlif)

212,

(410)

 213 

| 214

1907-8

241

241

241

242

242

244

245

243

245

246

\ 247

248

249. (S

(2i!

252

1909

261

261

261

262

, 262

264

265

263

265

266

267

268

269. «Sl

\6t 1

271

272

1910

281

281

281

282

282

284

285

283

285

286

287

288

\ 289

V 290

291 

292

Numbers of water-supply papers containing data covering portions of drainage basins.

No.

35

3fi

37

38

39

48

49

50

65

82

83

97

OR

99

130

131

134

If.Q

177

205

213

351

271

River basin.

Ohio...............................

Missouri. ...

Upper Mississippi. .................

\Great Basin........................

iGreat Basin........................

Tributaries included.

Gallatin.

Wissahickon and Schuylkill.

junction with Platte.

Do.

Y&zoo

Owens River Basin.

The order of treatment of stations in any basin in these papers is 

downstream. The main stem of any river is determined by measuring or estimating the drainage area; that is, the headwater stream 

having the largest drainage area is considered the continuation of the 

main stream, and local changes in name and lake surface are disregarded. Records for all stations from the source to the mouth of the
12 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

main stem of the river are presented first, and records for the tributaries in regular order from source to mouth follow, all records in each 

tributary basin being given before those of the next basin below.

The exceptions to this rule occur in the* records for Mississippi 

River, which are given in four parts, as indicated above, and in the 

records for large lakes, where it is simpler to take up the streams in 

regular order around the rim of the lake than to cross back and forth 

over the lake surface.

DEFINITION OF TEEMS.

The volume of water flowing in a stream the "run-off" or "discharge" is expressed in various terms, each of which has become 

associated with a certain class of work. These terms may be divided 

into two groups (1) those which represent a rate of flow, as secondfeet, gallons per minute, miner's inches, and run-off in second-feet per 

square mile; and (2) those which represent the actual quantity of 

water, as run-off in depth in inches and acre-feet. The units used in 

this series of reports are.second-feet, second-feet per square mile, and 

run-off in inches and acre-feet. They may be defined as follows:

"Second-foot" is an abbreviation for cubic foot per second and is 

the rate of discharge of water flowing in a stream 1 foot wide, 1 foot 

deep, at a rate of 1 foot per second. It is generally used as a fundamental unit from which others are computed by the use of the factors 

given in the following table of equivalents.

"Second-feet per square mile" is the average number of cubic feet 

of water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on 

the assumption that the run-off is distributed uniformly both as 

regards time and area.

"Run-off in inches" is the depth to which the drainage area would 

be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period were conserved and uniformly distributed on the surface. It is used for comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed in depth in 

inches.

"Acre-foot" is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet, and is the quantity 

required to cover an acre to the depth of 1 foot. It is commonly used 

in connection with storage for irrigation work.

CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS.

The following is a list of convenient equivalents for use in hydraulic 

computations:

1 second-foot equals 40 California miner's inches (law of Mar. 23, 1901). - 

1 second-foot equals 38.4 Colorado miner's inches. 

1 second-foot equals 40 Arizona miner's inches.

1 second-foot equals 7.48 United States gallons per second; equals 448.8 gallons per 

minute; equals 646,317 gallons for one day. 

1 second-foot equals 6.23 British imperial gallons per second.
ST. LAWBENCE EIVEE BASIN. 13

1 second-foot for one year covers 1 square mile 1.131 feet or 13.572 inches deep. 

1 second-foot for one year equals 31,536,000 cubic feet. 

1 second-foot equals about 1 acre-inch per hour. 

1 second-foot-for one day covers 1 square mile 0.03719 inch deep. 

1 second-foot for one 28-day month covers 1 square mile 1.041 inches deep. 

1 second-foot for one 29-day month covers 1 square mile 1.079 inches deep. 

1 second-foot for one 30-day month covers 1 square mile 1.116 inches deep. 

1 second-foot for one 31-day month covers 1 square mile 1.153 inches deep 

1 second-foot for one day equals 1.983 acre-feet. 

1 second-foot for one 28-day month equals 55.54 acre-feet. 

1 second-foot for one 29-day month equals 57.52 acre-feet. 

1 second-foot for one 30-day month equals 59.50 acre-feet. 

1 second-foot for one 31-day month equals 61.49 acre-feet. 

100 California miner's inches equals 18.7 United States gallons^per second. 

100 California miner's inches equals 96.0 Colorado miner's inches. 

100 California miner's inches for one day equals 4.96 acre-feet. 

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 2.60 second-feet. 

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 19.5 United States gallons per second. 

100 Colorado miner's inches equals 104 California miner's inches. 

100 Colorado miner's inches for one day equals 5.17 acre-feet. 

100 United States gallons per minute equals 0.223 secQnd-feet. 

100 United States gallons per minute for one day equals 0.442 acre-foot. 

1,000,000 United States gallons per day equals 1.55 second-feet. 

1,000,000 United States gallons equals 3.07 acre-feet. 

1,000,000 cubic feet equals 22.95 acre-feet. 

1 acre-foot equals 325,850 gallons.

, 1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 2,323,200 cubic feet. 

1 inch deep on 1 square mile equals 0.0737 second-foot per year. 

1 foot equals 0.3048 meter. 

1 mile equals 1.60935 kilometers. 

1 mile equals 5,280 feet. 

1 acre equals 0.4047 hectare. 

1 acre equals 43,560 square feet. 

1 acre equals 209 feet square, nearly. 

1 square mile equals 2.59 square kilometers. 

1 cubic foot equals 0.0283 cubic meter. 

1 cubic foot equals 7.48 gallons. 

1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 pounds. 

1 cubic meter per minute equals 0.5886 second-foot. 

1 horsepower equals 550 foot-pounds per second. 

1 horsepower equals 76.0 kilogram-meters per second. 

1 horsep'owePequals 746 watts. 

1 horsepower equals 1 second-foot falling 8.80 feet. 

1J horsepower'equals about 1 kilowatt.

m , , x x -11 Sec.-ft.XfcU in feet . ,

To calculate water power quickly: TT =net horsepower on water

wheel realizing 80 per cent of theoretical power.

EXPLANATION OF DATA.

For each drainage basin there is given a brief general description 

covering such items as area, source, tributaries, topography, geology, 

forestation, rainfall, irrigation, storage, power, and other interesting or important facts.
14 SUBFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

For each regular current-meter gaging station the following data, 

so far as available, are given: Description of station, list of discharge 

measurements, table of daily gage heights, table of daily discharges, 

table of monthly and yearly discharges, and run-off. For stations 

located at weirs or dams the gage-height table is omitted.

In addition to statements regarding the location and installation 

of current-meter stations, the descriptions give information in regard 

to any conditions which may affect the constancy of the relation of 

gfage height to discharge, covering such points as ice, logging, shifting channels, and backwater; also information regarding diversions 

which decrease the total flow at the measuring section. Statements 

are also made regarding the accuracy and reliability of the data.

The discharge-measurement table gives the results of the discharge 

measurements made during the year, including the date, name of 

hydrographer, width and area of cross section, gage height, and discharge in second-feet.

The table of daily gage heights records the daily fluctuations of 

the surface of the river as found from the mean of the gage readings 

taken each day. At most stations the gage is read in the morning 

and in the evening. The gage height given in the table represents 

the elevation of the surface of the water above the zero of the gage. 

All gage heights affected by the presence of ice in the streams or 

by backwater from obstructions are published as recorded, with 

suitable footnotes. The rating table is not applicable for such 

periods unless the proper corrections to the gage heights are known 

and applied. Attention is called to the fact that the zero of the 

gage is placed at an arbitrary datum and has no relation to zero 

flow or the bottom of the river. In general the zero is located somewhat below the lowest known flow, so that negative readings shall 

not occur.

The discharge measurements and gage heights are the base data 

from which rating tables, daily discharge tables, and monthly discharge tables are computed.

The rating table gives, either directly or by interpolation, the 

discharge in second-feet corresponding to every stage of the river 

recorded during the period for which it is applicable. It is not published in this report, but can be determined from the daily gage 

heights and daily discharges for the purpose of verifying the published results as follows:

First plot the discharge measurements for the current and earlier 

years on cross-section paper, with gage heights in feet as ordinates 

and discharge in second-feet as abscissas. Then tabulate a number 

of gage heights taken from the daily gage-height table for the complete range of stage given and the corresponding discharges for the 

days selected from the daily discharge table and plot the values on
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER '284 PLATE i

A. FOR BRIDGE MEASUREMENT.

B. FOR WADING MEASUREMENT. 

TYPICAL GAGING STATIONS.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SMALL PRICE CURRENT METERS.
ST.. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 15

cross-section paper. The last points plotted will define the rating 

curve used and will lie among the plotted discharge measurements. 

After drawing the rating curve, a table can be developed by scaling 

off the discharge in second-feet for each tenth foot of gage height. 

These values should be so adjusted that the first differences shall 

always be increasing or constant, except for known backwater 

periods.

The table of daily discharges gives the discharges in second-feet, 

corresponding to the observed gage heights as determined from the 

rating tables.

In the table of monthly discharge the column headed "Maximum" 

gives the mean flow, as determined from the rating table, for the day 

when the mean gage height was highest. . As the gage height is 

the mean for the day, it does not indicate correctly the stage when the 

water surface was at crest height, and the corresponding discharge 

was consequently larger than given in the maximum column. Likewise, in the column of "Minimum" the quantity given is the mean 

flow for the day when the mean gage height was lowest. The column 

headed "Mean" is the average flow in cubic feet for each second 

during the month. On this the computations for the remaining 

columns, which are definedBon page 12, are based.

The field methods used in the collection of the data presented in 

this series of reports are described in the introductory sections of 

Water-Supply Papers 261 to 272, inclusive, "Surface water supply 

of the United States, 1909." Plate I shows typical gaging stations, 

indicating the method of suspending the current meter; Plate II 

shows the various types of current meters * used in the work.

ACbUEACY AND RELIABILITY^ OF FIELD DATA AND COMPARATIVE

RESULTS.

The accuracy of stream-flow data depends primarily on the natural 

conditions at the gaging station and on the methods and care with 

which the data are collected. Errors of the first group depend on the 

degree of permanency of channel and of permanency of the relation 

between discharge and stage.

Errors of the second class are due, first, to errors in observation 

of stage; second, to errors in measurements of flow; and, third, to 

errors due to misinterpretation of stage and flow data.

Practically all discharge measurements made under fair conditions 

are well within 5 per cent of the true discharge at the time of observation. Inasmuch as the errors of meter measurements are largely 

compensating, the mean rating curve, when well defined, is much 

more accurate than the individual measurements. Numerous experi1 See Hoyt, J. C., and others, Use and care of current meter as practiced by the U. S. Qeol. Survey: 

Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., vol. 66,1910, p. 70.
16 SUBFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PABT IV.'

ments made to test the accuracy of current-meter work show that 

it compares very favorably with the results from standard weirs, and, 

owing to simplicity of methods, usually gives results that are much 

more reliable than those from stations at dams, where the coefficient 

may be uncertain and conditions of flow are complicated.

The work is, of course, dependent on the reliability of the gage 

observers. With relatively few exceptions, the observers perform 

their work honestly. The records are, however, closely watched, 

and the cause of any discrepancy is investigated. It is obvious that 

one gage reading a day does not always give the mean height for 

that day. As an almost invariable rule, however, errors from this 

source are compensating and virtually negligible in a period of one 

month, although a single day's reading may, when taken by itself, be 

considerably in error.

An effort is made to visit every station at least once each year for 

the purpose of making a measurement to determine the constancy 

of conditions of flow since the las£ measurement made in the preceding 

year, and also to check the elevation of the gage. On account of lack 

of funds or for other causes some stations were not visited during the 

current year. If conditions of flow have been reasonably permanent 

up to the time of the last preceding measurements, it is considered 

best to publish estimates of discharge based on the latest verified 

rating curve rather than to omit them altogether, although it should 

be distinctly understood that such records are at times subject to 

considerable error. This is also true, although to a less degree, of the 

period of records since the date of the last measurement of the current 

year. As a rule, the accuracy notes are based on the assumption that 

the rating curve used is strictly applicable to the current year.

In order to give engineers and others information regarding the 

probable accuracy of the computed results, footnotes are added to 

the daily discharge tables, stating the probable accuracy of the rating 

tables used, and an accuracy column is inserted in the monthly discharge table. For the rating tables "well defined" indicates, in 

general, that the rating is probably accurate within 5 per cent; "fairly 

well defined," within 10 per cent; "poorly defined " or " approximate," 

within 15 to 25 per cent. These notes are very general and are based 

on the plotting of the individual measurements with reference to the 

mean rating curve.

The accuracy column in the monthly discharge table does not apply 

to the maximum or minimum nor to any individual day, but to the 

monthly mean. It is based on the accuracy of the rating, the probable reliability of the observer, and knowledge of local conditions. In 

this column A indicates that the mean monthly flow is probably 

accurate within 5 per cent; B, within 10 per cent; C, within 15 per
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 17

cent; D, within 25 per cent. Special conditions are covered by 

footnotes.

In general, the oase data which are collected in the field each year 

by the Survey engineers are published, not only to comply with the 

law but also for the express purpose of giving to any engineer the 

opportunity of examining the computed results and of changing and 

adjusting them as may seem best to him. Although it is believed 

that the rating tables are computed monthly, discharges are as good 

as the base data up to and including the current year will warrant, it 

should always be borne in mind that the additional data collected at 

each station from year to year nearly always throw new light on data 

already collected and published, and hence allow more or less improvement in the computed results of earlier years. It is therefore expected 

that the engineer who makes serious use of the figures presented in 

these papers will verify all ratings and make such adjustments for 

earlier years as may seem necessary. The work of compiling, studying, revising, and republishing data for different drainage basins 

for 5 or 10 year periods or more is carried on by the United States 

Geological Survey so far as the funds for such work are ayailable.

The estimates in the table of monthly discharge are so arranged as 

to give only a general idea of the conditions of flow at the station, 

and it is not expected that they will be used for other than preliminary 

estimates.

The daily discharges are published to allow a more detailed study 

of the variation in flow and to determine the periods of deficient flow.

COOPERATIVE DATA.

Cooperative data of various kinds and data regarding the run-off 

at many stations maintained wholly by private funds are incorporated 

in the surface water-supply reports of the United States Geological 

Survey.

Many stations throughout the country are maintained for specific 

purposes by private parties who supply the records gratuitously to 

the United States Geological Survey for publication. When such 

records are furnished by responsible parties and appear to be reasonably accurate, they are verified, so far as possible, and estimated 

values of accuracy are given.( Records clearly worthless or misleading are not published. As it is, however, impossible to completely 

verify all such records furnished because of lack of funds or for 

other causes they are published for what they are worth, as they 

are of value as a matter of record and afford &t least approximate 

information regarding stream flow at the particular localities. The 

Survey does not, however, assume any responsibility for inaccuracies 

found in such records, although most of them are believed to be 

reasonably good.

45897° WSP 284^-12 2
18 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

COOPERATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

MINNESOTA.

The work in Minnesota during 1910 has been carried on in conjunction with the State Drainage Commission, George A. Ralph, chief 

engineer, under the terms of an act of the legislature of 1909, as 

embodied in joint resolution 19:

Whereas the water supplies, water powers, navigation of our rivers, drainage of our 

lands, and the sanitary condition of our streams and their watersheds generally form 

one great asset and present one great problem: Therefore be it

Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That the State 

Drainage Commission be and is hereby directed to investigate progress in other States 

toward the solution of said problem in such States, to investigate and determine the 

nature of said problem in this State. * * *

Special acknowledgment is due to the Great Northern Power Co. 

for cooperation in maintenance of the gaging station on the St. 

Louis River near Thomson, Minn., and winter records .of discharge

of Cloquet River.

MICHIGAN.

, Assistance has been rendered or records furnished by the following, 

to whom special acknowledgment is due: State Geological Survey of 

Michigan; Penn Iron Mining Co.; Oliver Iron Mining Co.; Mr. L. W. 

Anderson, city engineer, Grand Rapids, Mich.; the Eastern Michigan 

Edison Co., Ann Arbor, Mich.; Mr. D. W. Mead, Madison, Wis.; Mr. 

Gardner S. Williams, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and Mr. William G. Fargo, 

Jackson, Mich.

NEW TORE.

Assistance has been rendered or records furnished by the following, 

to whom special acknowledgment is due: United States Engineer 

Corps; Hon. Frank M. Williams, State engineer and surveyor, William B. Landreth, special deputy State engineer, representing New 

York State cooperation; State Water-Supply Commission of New: 

York, Hon. Henry M. Persons, president; E. A. Fisher, city engineer, 

and board of park ^commissioners, Rochester; George Beebe, chief 

engineer and superintendent bureau of water, Syracuse; Plattsburg 

Gas & Electric Co., \Plattsburg.

New York State cooperation, under the direction of the State engineer and surveyor, has been carried on by cooperative agreements 

authorized by an act of the State legislature, being paragraph 11 of 

chapter 420, laws of 1900.

Cooperation with the State water-supply commission was made 

possible by the provisions of the "Fuller bill," chapter 569, laws of 

1907, and carried on under agreements between the State watersupply commission and the United States1 Geological Survey.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN. 19 

VERMONT.

The work in Vermont during 1910 has been done in cooperation 

with the State of Vermont, George H. Prouty, governor, under the 

provisions of the following act of the general assembly:

AN ACT To provide for investigation of the water resources of the State of Vermont and to make the 

records of such investigation available to the authorities of the State, and to all the people thereof.

It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont: 

SECTION 1. That, as the Director of the United States Geological Survey is authorized to cooperate with the properly constituted authorities in the several States in 

making investigation of and reports upon the water resources of these States, the 

governor of the State of Vermont is hereby empowered to enter into contract with the 

Director of the United States Geological Survey for the purpose of making such investigation and report for this State, provided that auch work shall include, first, the 

completion of the surveys of river basins already partially investigated; and provided 

furjther, that the director shall agree to expend for this purpose, and from funds placed 

at his disposal by the Government of the United States, sums equal to those hereinafter 

appropriated. *

SEC. 2. That, for the purpose set forth in section 1 of this act, the sum of fl,000 for 

the year 1909, and a like sum for the year 1910, is hereby appropriated to be expended 

by the State, in accordance with the laws relating to, and the regulations of, the 

United States Geological Survey in such case provided, payment to be made on 

vouchers audited and approved by the director of said survey, when presented to the 

auditor of accounts. «

Assistance has been rendered or records furnished by the following, 

to whom special acknowledgment is due: Newport Electric Light Co.; 

Prof. C. S. Carleton, of Norwich University; Lane Manufacturing Co.; 

Morrisville water and light commissioners; Col ton Manufacturing 

Co.; Corry, Deavitt & Frost Electric Co.; Sweat-Comings Manufacturing Co.

DIVISION OF WORK.

The field data in the Lake Superior drainage basin were collected 

under the direction of Robert Follansbee, district engineer, assisted 

by G. A. Gray and C. R. Adams.

The field data in the Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie 

drainage basins were collected under the direction of A. H. Horton, 

district engineer, by private parties.

The field data for New York were collected under the direction of 

C. C. Covert, district engineer, assisted by W. G. Hoyt and F. J. 

Shuttleworth.

The field data in the St. Lawrence River drainage basin in Vermont 

prior to August 1, 1910, were collected under the direction of T. W. 

Norcross by D. M. Wood, G. M. Brett, and A. D. Butterfield. After 

August 1,1910, the work in Vermont was under the direction of C. C. 

Covert.

The ratings, special estimates, and studies of the completed data 

were made by A. H. Horton, C. C. Covert, R. H. Bolster, and J. G.
20 STJBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET TV.

Mathers. The computations and the preparation of the data for 

publication were made under the direction of RJ. H. Bolster, assistant 

engineer, by W. G. Hoyt, J. G. Mathers, F. J. £>huttleworth, Alexander McMillan, and M. I. Walters.

The entire manuscript has been edited by Mrs. B. D. Wood.

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE ST. I^AWRENCE RIVER

BASIN. 1

The surface waters of an area 565,000 square miles 2 in extent pass 

to the ocean by way of St. Lawrence River. In form this area is an 

irregular parallelogram extending southwestward for about 900 miles 

with a fairly uniform breadth of 250 miles. The Great Lakes, into 

which the river expands, have a water surface of 95,600 square miles, 

leaving for the land surface drained by the river about 470,000 square 

miles. More than eight-tenths of this area belongs to Canada. The 

remainder constitutes a part of the United States. With the exception of about 50,000 square miles (including the whole of the Gaspe 

Peninsula) in the eastern part of the Province, the Canadian portion 

lies wholly on the north side of the river. The only part of the United 

States lying north of the river is at the west end of Lake Superior.

At its mouth the river and its tributaries are drowned, so that the 

salt water of the ocean enters to form the broad bay of St. Lawrence, 

with its irregular margin, and even beyond the bay there is" indication 

of a river valley carved in the continental shelf completely covered 

by the ocean waters. Upstream from the bay of St. Lawrence the 

water area narrows and the water freshens, though the tide rises 

nearly as far as Montreal, where the St. Lawrence is a very broad 

river with gentle current. Just above Montreal the river becomes a 

series of violent rapids, and from this point upstream it consists of 

stretches of quiet water separated by rapids. At the outlet of Lake 

Ontario the river passes through a maze of islands beyond which is 

Lake Ontario the lowest of the five Great Lakes.

The lakes are connected by broad rivers and straits, which in places 

are navigable, are elsewhere interrupted by rapids, and in one place 

are broken by one of the great falls of the world Niagara. To the 

entire area above the mouth of Lake Ontario no large river is tributary. In places the divide runs close to the lakes and it is nowhere 

far from them.

The water surface of Lake Superior nearly equals the combined areas 

of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; the 

combined area of the lakes exceeds the area of England, Wales, and 

Scotland; the length of shore line of the lakes and their connecting

1 Abstracted from Tarr, R. S., Physical geography of New York State, Macmillan Co., 1902, pp. 

220-223.

2 Ann. Kept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Canada, new set., vol. 3, pt. 1,1887-88, p. 18 B.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 21

rivers is about 5,400 miles, or about equal to the coast line from Maine 

to the Isthmus of Panama, exclusive of minor indentations.

Lake Superior is 602 feet above sea level and Huron and Michigan 

are 581 feet above, the intervening descent being made chiefly in 

the rapids of St. Marys River. From Lake Michigan to Lake Erie 

(altitude, 573 feet) there is a descent of about 8 feet, mostly in Detroit 

River. Of the descent from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario (246 feet 

above sea level), 160 feet occurs at the Falls, 110 feet in the rapids of 

the gorge, 50 feet in the rapids just above the falls, and 6 feet in the 

upper Niagara above the rapids.

The beds of all the lakes except Erie are below sea Jevel and the 

area below this level is so large that even if the water surface was 

lowered to the level of the sea large bodies of water would remain 

on the sites of Ontario, Michigan, and Superior; Huron would be 

greatly reduced in size and Erie would disappear.

The rainfall of the lake area averages about 31 inches, being higher 

in the eastern than in the northwestern end. This rainfall fills .the 

lakes, satisfies percolation and evaporation, and furnishes for discharge 70,000 cubic feet per second from Lake Superior, 208,000 

cubic feet per second from Lake Erie through the Niagara, and 

250,000 cubic feet per second from Lake Ontario through the St. 

Lawrence. Nearly one-half of the total bulk of water in the system 

is in Lake Superior.

The area tributary to Lake Superior in the United States comprises 

the northeastern part of Minnesota, a small strip in northern Wisconsin, and nearly one-half of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. 

Except at the west end the slopes to the lake are very narrow and 

are drained by short streams of sharp descent. St. Louis River, 

which enters at the head of the lake, is the largest and most important stream.

Lake Michigan receives the drainage from a comparatively narrow 

strip of flat or gently rolling land in the northwestern part of Indiana 

and the northestern part of Illinois on the south shore of the lake 

and the eastern part of Wisconsin and the eastern part of the Northern 

Peninsula of Michigan on the western and northern shores; on the 

eastern shore there is a wide strip of the western part of the Southern 

Peninsula of Michigan. The principal streams entering the lake 

from the west are Escanaba, Menominee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox 

rivers; from the east St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, 

 and Manistee rivers.

The area tributary to Lake Huron in the United States comprises 

the eastern part of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. South of 

Saginaw Bay the Lake Huron slope is very narrow and the brooks 

and runnels by which it is drained are only a few miles in length.
22 SUEPACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

The so-called Thumb of the Mitten is drained chiefly by three short 

northward-flowing streams, known as Willow, Pinnepog, and Pigeon 

rivers, which lie in a flat, marshy region. The Sagin.- w Kiver system 

is tributary to the bay at its head, while northward from the bay are 

Rifle, Au Sable, and Thunder Bay rivers, streams having considerable 

fall, excellent ground storage, and well-sustained flow. Cheboygan 

River also belongs in the Lake Huron drainage basin.

That portion of the Lake Erie drainage basin that lies within the 

United- States, exclusive of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, 

covers the northern third of Ohio, a small corner of northeastern Indiana, and a similar area in southeastern Michigan. South of the lake 

the drainage area is narrow, the divide lying in places scarcely 50 

miles back from the lake shore. To the west the width of the area is 

greater, and the Maumee, which enters the lake near Toledo, is the 

largest stream of northern Ohio. The average altitude of the basin 

above Lake Erie is 500 feet, but the head of the Maumee at Fort 

Wayne, Ind., is only 170 feet above the lake. The surface is level or 

gently rolling.

The principal streams are Huron and Raisin rivers, which enter the 

lake from the Michigan corner, and Maumee, Black, and Cuyahoga 

rivers, which enter from Ohio. Of these, the Maumee, formed by the 

junction of St. Marys and St. Joseph rivers at Fort Wayne, Ind., is 

the most important.

In the northwestern part of the State of New York, between Niagara 

and St. Lawrence rivers, is an area aggregating 12,400 square miles 

drained by streams which flow into Lake Ontario. The divide which 

controls this drainage is very irregular. Extending to the south and 

southeast from Fort Niagara, it passes around the headwaters of the 

Genesee a short distance into Pennsylvania; thence reentering New 

York it runs southward and eastward from the interior group of 

lakes, turns to the north, encircles the sources of Black River, turns 

again to the west, and descends to the lake. The country thus 

included is level or gently undulating in the counties bordering the 

lake, but farther south it becomes more rolling, and a series of ridges, 

gradually increasing in height, stretch down between Cayuga and 

Seneca and their companion lakes, finally becoming merged with the 

elevated, broken country forming the principal divide whose abrupt 

slopes reach altitudes of 2,000 to 2,500 feet about the headwaters of 

the Genesee.

The easterly or Black River lobe of the drainage basin receives the* 

run-off from the southwestern slope of the Adirondack»Mountains 

largely a rugged and forest-covered area receiving heavy precipitation, especially in the winter.

The principal streams of the area are Genesee, Oswego (formed by 

the union of Seneca and Oneida rivers, which drain the chain of 

lakes in central New York), Salmon, and Black rivers.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEB BASIN. 23

St. Lawrence Hirer receives also the flow of a number of New York 

streams rising on the northerly slopes of the Adirondacks and fed by 

the innumerable lakes with which the region is dotted. Some of 

these rivers, as the Grass, Raquette, and St. Regis, lie entirely within 

the United States; others, notably Salmon, Trout, Chateaugay, and 

English rivers, cross the international boundary and flow northward 

into the St. Lawrence in Canada, as does also Richelieu River, the 

outlet of Lake Champlain. The following table gives a list of the 

principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence in the United States, with 

the areas drained by them:

Drainage areas of St. Lawrence River tributaries m the United States.

Square 

miles.

Oswegatchie River.............. 1, 609

Grass River.................... 637

Raquette River.................. 1, 219

St. Regis River.................. 910

Little Salmon River l ............ 103

Square 

miles.

Salmon River 1 .................. 273

Trout River 2 ..................... 129

Chateaugay River 2 ............... 199

English River 2 .................. 53

Lake Champlain 2 ................. 8,187

The St. Lawrence drains, through Lake Champlain, an area of 

about 4,560 square miles in the State of Vermont. This drainage is 

practically all from Missisquoi, Lamoille, and Winooski rivers and 

Otter Creek. Clyde, Barton, and Black rivers, in northern Vermont, 

are tributary to St. Lawrence River through Lake Memphremagog 

and St. Francis River.

BASINS TRIBUTARY TO LAKE SUPERIOR.

ST. LOUIS BIVEB BASIN.

GENERAL FEATURES.

St. Louis River drains an area in the northeastern part of Minnesota, chiefly in southern St. Louis County. The river rises in a small 

lake on the extreme western edge of Lake County, Minn., in T. 59 N., 

R. 11 W. It flows southwestward through Seven Beaver Lake, then 

southward until it reaches a point about 6 miles above the St. LouisCarlton County line, whence its general course is northeastward to 

the extreme western end of Lake Superior. Its principal tributaries 

are Partridge, Embarrass, and Floodwood rivers from the west and 

Whiteface and Cloquet rivers from the east.

From the crossing of the Duluth & Iron Range Railroad near Skibo 

to a point nearly at the mouth of Whiteface River, the St. Louis flows 

between banks ranging in height from 10 to 30, feet and its valley is 

little wider than the river itself. In the 10 miles below the Whiteface the banks are 15 to 20 feet high, but below that section the 

valley gradually widens and becomes deeper. At Thompson the

Above junction near international boundary. «Above New York State line.
24 STJBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

river enters a deep, narrow gorge, in which it continues nearly to Lake 

Superior, and falls nearly 500 feet.

The following drainage areas have been measured in the basin:

Drainage areas in St. Louis River basin.

River.

Do.............. 

Do..............

Do..............

Do..............

Do..............

Do.............. 

Do..............

Do..............

Do..............

Do..............

Do..............

Floodwood..........

Do..............

Do..............

Do.............. 

Do..............

Do..............

Drainage area above 

Sec. 4, T. 57 N.,R. 14 W. ................................................. 

Sec. 22, T. 58 N., R. 15 W.................................................

Sec. 29, T. 58 N.,R. 15 W. ................................................

Sec. 2, T. 56 N., R. 17 W. .................................................

Sec. 29, T. 56 N., R. 18 W.................................................

Sec. 22, T. 50 N., R. 17 W .................................................

.....do....................................................................

.....do....................................................................

Sec. 20, T. 54 N., R. 13 W .................................................

Sec. 34, T. 53 N., R. 14 W ..................................................

Sec. 15, T. 52 N., R. 15 W. ................................................

Square 

miles.

46

84 

109

299

332

500

881 

1,280

2,440

3,170

3,440

165

442

522

224

313

395

438

523

698

742

The area is covered with a thin layer of sand, clay, and gravel. In 

the upper portion of the basin this drift sheet rests on crystalline 

rocks of Cambrian age. The lower valley exhibits the oldest rocks 

in the region slates and other rocks of Archean age but such outcrops are not numerous, for the river has cut through the drift sheet 

in but few places.

The northern boundary of the basin is, in general, the line of hills 

rising from 300 to 500 feet above the plain and known as the Mesabi 

Range. Through a break in the hills Embarrass River flows, draining 

a considerable area north of the range. The greater part of the area 

above the mouth of Cloquet River is a vast swamp, containing much 

muskeag, through which the flow of the river is greatly obstructed. 

The eastern part of the basin is rougher than the western, although 

it contains areas of muskeag.

Much of the area is densely forested, although it has been burned 

and cut over extensively, but within the densely timbered areas are 

other areas where the cover is thin. The trees found in greatest 

abundance are white, Norway, and jack pine, spruce, balsam, tamarack, and cedar.

The mean annual rainfall ranges from 28 inches in the western to 

about 31 inches in the eastern part of the basin, 5 inches or more 

occurring as snow, which remains during the winter months. As 

winter thaws are unknown, the winter flow of the streams is derived 

from the few lakes which exist in the area and from ground water.
ST. LAWBENCE EIVEE BASHST. 25

Logging dams have been erected at the following points for the 

purpose of storing the waters for log driving during the spring and 

summer months:

St. Louis River. .............................. . .Sec. 4, T. 57 N., R. 14 W.

Embarrass River... . .......................... . .Sec. 6, T. 58 N., R. 15 W.

Partridge River... . ........................... . .Sec. 6, T. 58 N., R. 14 W.

Paleface River..................... ..............Sec. 36, T. 56 N., R. 16 W.

Whiteface River........ .........................Sec. 2, T. 54N.,R. 16 W.

Bug Creek ................................... . .Sec. 21, T. 54 N. R. 16 W.

Tl8hkabwakkaRiver.............................Sec. 14, T. 52 N.

' /Sec. 19, T. 53 N.

Beaver River.................................... (Which drains Wild Rice Lake.)

West Branch of Cloquet River...................Sec. 15, T. 55 N.

Branch of Cloquet River........................Sec. 12, T. 55 N.

Sec. 18, T. 54 N. 

Little Cloquet River.......................... .-{Sec. 25, T. 54 N.

Sec. 36, T. 54 N. 

Branch of Cloquet River............. ..........Sec. 17, T. 53 N.

R. 16 W.

R. 13 W. and

R. 13 W. 

R. 13 W. 

R. 12 W. 

R. 13 W., and 

R. 13 W. 

R. 13 W.

The operation of these dams hinders rather than aids the uniform 

regulation of the stream flow in the basin, as the dams are closed 

during the winter, the season of minimum flow, to hold back a large 

part of the flow until the spring and early summer, when the flow is 

greater than the average for the year, to drive the logs downstream 

as far as Cloquet. After the driving is completed the dams are 

usually left open until the late fall or winter. That it is possible to 

reconcile these conflicting interests has been proved in Maine, where 

the lumber and power interests have cooperated to increase the 

storage, facilities and improve the channels and thus lessen the waste 

incidental to log driving.

The swampy areas of the basin afford a large amount of natural 

storage. Wild Rice Lake, in T. 51 N., R. 15 W., which is used as a 

reservoir in connection with the development of power on the lower 

St. Louis, has an area of 5 square miles with a draft of 5 feet, making 

its storage capacity 139 million cubic feet. Another storage reservoir 

has recently-been built on Beaver River, which drains Wild Rice 

Lake.

In order to determine the amount of power available along St. Louis, 

River, a survey was made during 1910 from Scanlon to the crossing 

of the Duluth & Iron Range Railroad near Skibo. From the data 

collected, sheets have been prepared showing a profile of the water 

surface, a plan of the river, contours along the banks, and prominent 

natural and artificial features. The results of this survey have been 

published on separate sheets, which may be obtained by applying to 

the district engineer, United States Geological Survey, Old Capitol 

Building, St. Paul, Minn. From this survey the following table of 

elevations and distances has been compiled:
26 SUBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAKT IV.

Distances and elevations along St. Louis River.

, Place.

Cloquet:

Lower dam, headwater. .......................................................

Upper dam, headwater ........................................................

Whitetooe.. ........................................................................

Zim Bridge. .......................................................................

Forbes .............................................................................

Otter Creek........................................................................

Head of rapids .....................................................................

Duluth & Iron Ranee Railroad. ...................................................

Distance 

above 

Scanlon.

Miles. 

0

2

2

3

3

9

13

18

27

33

39

45

55

64

72

78

88

91

98

104

106

114

127

127 ion

131

132

135

143

147

149

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,101

1,105

1,155

1,156

1,172

1,176

1,201

1,206

1,208

1,216

1,225

1,226

1,333

1,241

1,251

1.261

1,292

1,294

1,308

1,315

1,317

1,330

1,364

1,370

1,386

1,413

1,414

1,476

1,495

1,544

1.562

Water power is developed at two points on the St. Louis. At 

Cloquet a head of 66 feet is utilized in developing about 7,000 horsepower, and near Thompson a head of 375 feet is utilized in developing 

an average of 15,000 horsepower.

A survey "similar to that of the St. Louis was made in 1910 of 

Cloquet River from Brimson to the mouth. From this survey the

following table of elevations and distances has been compiled:

» 

Distances and elevation along Cloquet River.

____________________________1______________________

Place.

Foot of Big Falls. ..................................................................

St. Louis River... .................................................................

Distance 

below 

Brimson.

 Miles. 

0

5

5

13

14

53

25

25

27

27

31

32

32

33

34

42

42

53

55

59

61

66

70

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,468

1,459

1,453

1,438

1,420

1,395

1,394

1,385

1,383

1,377

1,363

1,364

1,353

1,332

1,330

1,330

1,319

1,312

1,296

1,289

1,270

1,240

1,206
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN. 27

The following table of approximate elevations and distances has 

been compiled from various sources:

Elevations and distances along Whiteface River.

Place.

Sec. 24, T. 52 N., R. 20 W..........................................................

Sec. 29, T. 54 N.,R. 18 W. .........................................................

Sec.9,T. 54, N.,R. 17 W......... .................................................

Distance 

above 

mouth.

Miles. 

0

7

18

26

30

36

80

86

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,226

1,232

1,259

1.269

1,281

1,306

1,610

1,660

The chief industry in this part of the State is logging. Very little 

land has been cleared and cultivated. Swamps, impassable during 

the summer months, make much of the area, and little drainage work 

has been done. About 117,000 acres has been ditched in St. Louis 

County.

ST. LOUIS RIVER NEAR THOMSON, MINN.

This station, which is located just below the tailrace of the Great 

Northern power house, 3 miles east of Thomson, in sec. 11, T. 48 N., 

R. 16 W., was established October 5, 1909, in cooperation with the 

Great Northern Power Co., which furnishes the daily gage readings.

No important tributary enters within several miles of the station.

The chain gage is located just below the tailwater of the power 

house, and is read four times daily at 8 and 11 a. m. and 2 and 5 

p. m. the average of these readings being taken as the mean for the 

day. As the plant is operated 24 hours each day, though with 

varying load, the fluctuations at the gage are not so great as they 

would be if the turbine was closed a part of the time.1

The datum of the gage has not been changed since the station was 

established.

Discharge measurements are made from a car and cable 1,500 

feet below the gage.

The records do not indicate the natural flow of the river at all times,. 

as the flow is to a certain extent regulated by reservoirs above. The 

dam at Thomson is designed to hold 24 hours' supply of water for 

the power plant, and the discharge from a large part of the entire 

drainage area above the gaging station is controlled by logging dams. 

The logging dams in general are closed during the winter months 

to store the flow, in order to drive logs to Cloquet in the spring, and. 

when the drives are finished the dams are left open until it is time to 

store water for the next season's drive.

i A brief description of this power plant is given in the cooperative report published by the State Drainage Commission, St. Paul, Minn., entitled "Report of water resources investigation of Minnesota during 

1909-10."
28 STTBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET iv.

The discharge at this station has been reported as practically 

unaffected by ice, but in November, 1910, the stage became extremely 

low and the water froze, making the gage heights of little value as 

indications of discharge. During the winter of 1910 no water flowed 

over the spillway, and the daily discharge was computed from the 

amount of water passing the turbines, as recorded by the power 

company.

The station affords excellent conditions for determining flow, and, 

except for possible errors in the mean gage height for the day, the 

records should be good.

Discharge measurements of St. Louis River near Thomson, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909. 

Oct. 6

Nov. 2

1910. 

Jan. 12

Apr. 13

July 27

Sept. 13

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet. 

240

250

177

208

190

188

195

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,430

1,700

910

1,240

1,000

906

1,050

AT

Feet. 

2.66

3.33

.90

1.88

 .92

.64

1.22

Discharge.

8ec.-ft. 

2,610

3,960

o?09

1,850

921

613

1,080

a Probably affected by meter freezing.

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Louis River near Thomson, Minn., for 1910. 

[N. Van Valkenburgh, observer.]

Day.

1..........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

12..........

1 3

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

99

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

97

28..........

29..........

Qfl

31..........

Jan.

1.30

1.22

1.21

1.38

1.38

1.19

1.11

1.02

1.02

1.00

.93

oq

.62

.72

.73

.78

.78

.82

no

on

CO

.80

.81

.99

.82

.76

.63

.59

.50

.72

Feb.

0.65

.61

.58

.74

.72

.73

.72

.75

.62

.65

.70

.63

48

.72

.80

.75

.64

.63

.74

.70

.68

.75

80

.80

7K

.80

Mar.

0.65

.70

.67

.61

.68

.80

.88

98

95

.90

.82

.88

.92

1.09

1.16

1.30

1.36

1 tlQ

1.60

1.85

1 98

2 19

2

Afk

2.48

2.66

2 Q4

2

QK

2 A7

2

KA

0 U

2

Kfl

Apr.

2.80

2.85

3.12

3.02

3.03

3.10

2.70

2.20

2.90

1.28

1.80

1.88

1.70

2.04

2.20

1.96

1.76

2.46

S

on

3 48

3

00

3.42

3.00

3.33

2 90

2 CO

2 77

2

£0

May.

2.63

1.82

2.08

1.66

2.62

2.15

1.81

1/95

2.02

2.03

1.92

1.68

1 60

1.30

1.27

1.20

1.31

1.15

1.04

1 91

1.53

2 17

9 nfi

2.10

2.66

2.89

2

CQ

2

Af\

2.33

2

AO

2

09

June.

2.48

2.11

1.99

1.84

1.82

1.78

1 65

1.69

1.36

1.73

1.00

Af)

.85

1.26

.86

.62

fit

.43

.26

54

90

36

.35

.39

.40

.05

.06

.07

.11

July.

0.16

.20

.26

.28

.30

.29

.32

.34

.33

.32

.26

.31

.32

.30

.32

.35

.32

34

.30

41

An

9E

.38

.45

.95

1.05

CO

84

.89

1.00

1.42

Aug.

1.99

1.97

2.21

2.06

2.69

2.39

1.80

.34

1.24

.59

.46

.40

.36

.32

.31

.36

.37

.31

.35

.40

.36

.36

.85

.94

1.37

1.47

1.42

1.43

1.35

1.42

1 39

Sept.

1.32

1.24

.95

.98

.85

.98

.97

1.24

1.45

1.71

1.81

1.58

1.28

.44

.36

.39

.40

.35

.39

.35

.38

.40

1.01

2.01

Oct.

2.01

2.27

2.30

1.90

1.95

1.83

1.85

1.70

1.26

1.01

.97

.52

.46

.46

.47

.39

.88

1.70

1.81

1.44

1 64

1.64

1.66

1.48

1.02

1 40

1.46

1.48

1.68

1.48

Nov.

1.40

.46

1.34

1.42

1.44

.61

.42 '.41

.50

.38

NOTE. No flow over dam Nov. 11 to Dec. 31,1910. 

because of ice.

Gage observations during this period discontinued
ST. IAWEENOE KIVER BASIN. 29 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of St. Louis River near Thomson, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1.........

3.........

4.........

5.........

6.........

7.........

8.........

10.........

Oct.

2,540

2,070 

1,640 

1,920 

2,340 

2,300

Day.

1910. 

1...............

3...............

4...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11. ...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Nov.

3,970 

3,780 

3,590 

3,710 

4,600

3,920 

3,240 

2,740 

2,440 

2,220

Jan.

1,210 

1,130 

1,120 

1,290 

1,290

1,110 

1,030 

948 

948 

930

921 

867 

780 

624 

695

702 

740 

740 

772 

858

832 

772 

755 

764 

921

772 

725 

631 

604 

545 

695

Dec.

3,200 

3,780 

4,250 

4,270 

4,270

4,200 

3,560 

3,530 

2,760 

3,120

Feb.

645 

617 

597 

710 

695

702 

695 

718 

624 

645

680 

631 

533 

695 

715

735 

755 

718 

638 

631

710 

680 

666 

718 

755

755 

718 

755

.......

Day.

1909. 

11.........

12.........

13.........

14.........

15.........

16.........

17.........

18.........

19

20.........

Mar.

645 

,680 

659 

617 

666

755 

823 

912 

885 

840

772 

823 

858 

1,010 

1,080

1,210 

1,270 

1,510 

1,520 

1,800

1,950

2,210 

2,480 

2,580 

2,680

3,240 

3,260 

2,840 

2,660 

2,660 

2,690

Apr.

3,030 

3,100 

3,530 

3,370 

3,380

3,500 

2,800 

2,880 

2,220 

3,180

1,190 

1,740 

1,830 

1,630 

2,020

2,220 

1,930 

1,700 

2,560 

3,660

4,140 

4,790 

4,040 

3,920 

3,340

3,880 

3,180 

3,060 

2,990 

2,790

Oct.

1,980 

1,470 

1,400 

1,510 

2,680

2,620 

2,800 

3,530 

2,880 

3,460

May.

2,790 

1,760 

2,070 

1,590 

2,770

2,160 

1,750 

1,920 

2,000 

2,010

1,880 

1,610 

1,520 

1,210 

1,180

1,120 

1,220 

1,070 

966 

1,120

1,450 

2,180 

2,050 

2,100 

2,830

3,160 

2,730 

2,480 

2,380 

2,000 

2,370

Nov.

2,120 

1,620 

1,440 

1,880 

2,170

2,960 

2,330 

2,100 

2,370 

3,,030

June.

2,580 

2,110 

1,960 

1,790 

1,760

1,720 

1,580 

1,620 

1,270 

1,660

930 

714 

497 

798 

1,170

806 

624 

645 

503 

410

571 

474 

463 

458 

480

485 

308 

' 312 

316 

335

Dec.

3,420 

3,150 

2,880 

2,760 

2,860

2,790 

2,320 

1,980 

2,000 

2,110

July.

360 

380 

410 

420 430

425 

441 

452

446 

441

410 

436 

441 

430 

441

458 

441 

452 

430 

509

497

458 

474

515 

885

975 

666 

789 

832 

930 

1,330

'Day.

1909. 

21.........

22.........

23.........

24.........

25.........

26.........

27.........

28.........

29.........

30.........

31......... 

\

Aug.

1,960 

1,940 

2,230 

2,050 

2,730

2,460 

1,740 

452 

1,150 

604

521

485 

463 

441 

436

463 

468 

436 

458 

485

463 

463 

798 

876 

1,280

1,380 

1,330 

1,340 

1,260 

1,330 

1,300

Sept.

1,230 

1,150 

885 

912 

798

912 

903 

1,150 

1,360 

1,640

1,750 

1,500 

1,190 

1,090 

995

898 

800 

703 

606 

509

463 

480 

485 

458 

480

458 

474 

485 

939 

1,990

Oct.

2,900 

3,430 

3,850 

3,800 

4,220

4,640 

4,640 

4,510 

4,740 

4,320 

4,040

Oct.

1,990 

2,310 

2,340 

1,860 

1,920

1,770 

1,800 

1,630 

1,170 

939

903

558 

515

515 

527

480 

823 

1,630 

1,750 

1,350

1,560 

1,510 

1,560 

1,470 

1,390

948 

1,310 

1,370 

1,390 

1,500 

1,390

Nov.

2,880 

2,420 

2,120 

1,630 

2,200

2,320 

3,210 

3,300 

2,870 

3,240

Nov.

1,310 

521 

1,250 

1,330 

1,350

617 

497 

491

545 

474

319 

40Z 

336 

375 

316

280 

346 

321 

332 

327

360 

319 

355 

322 

348

316 

324 

332

296 

256

Dec.

2,100 

1,650 

1,560 

1,810 

1,740

1,650 

1,720 

1,790 

1,520 

1,700 

1,430

Dec.

275 

248 

293 

294 

318

273 

238 

269 

289 

259

294 

303 

300 

284 

309

293

274 

268 

310 

291

283 

301 

289 

237 

298

268 

290 

273 

282

246 

278

NOTE. Daily discharge determined frem a discharge rating curve well defined above 500 second-feet. 

No flow over the dam Nov. 11 to Dec. 31; daily discharge during this period taken directly from the 

records of flow through the wheels and gate openings, kept by the Great Northern Power Co.
30 STJBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

Monthly discharge of St. Louis River near Thomson, Minn.,for 1909-10.

[Drainage area, 3,420 square miles.]

Month.

1909. 

October 5-31 .............................

December.. .............................

1910.

April....................................

May.....................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

4,740 

4,600 

4,270

1,290 

755 

3,260 

4,790 

3,160 

2,580 

1,330 

2,730 

1,750 

2,340 

1,350 

318

4,790

Minimum.

1,400 

1,440 

1,430

545 

533 

617 

1,190 

966 

308 

360 

436 

458 

480 

256 

237

237

Mean.

3,050 

2,750 

2,640

862 

683 

1,570 

2,920 

1,920 

978 

549 

1,090 

923 

1,360 

499 

282

1,140

Per

square 

mile.

0.892 

.804 

.772

.252 

.200 

.459 

.854 

.561 

.286 

.161 

.319 

.270 

.398 

.146 

.082

.332

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.90 

.90 

.89

.29 

.21 

.53 

.95 

.65 

.32 

.19 

.37 

.30 

.46 

.16 

.09

4.52

Accuracy.

B. 

B.

B.

B. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B.

WHITEFACE RIVER AT MEADOWLANDS, MINN.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at Meadowlands, Mnn., in sec. 14, T. 53 N., R. 19 W., was established June 7, 

1909.

The nearest tributary is a very small stream that enters from the 

east half a mile above.

The gage is a staff at the bridge.

Discharge measurements at high and ordinary stages are made 

from the bridge; low-water measurements are made by wading at 

the rapids nearly 2 miles below the station.

Whiteface River is used extensively for log driving, and the flow 

is to a large extent controlled by logging dams above the station. 

The opening and closing of the gates of these dams causes fluctuations in gage height amounting to several feet, and the records of 

extreme stage are therefore of little value.

The relation of gage height to discharge is affected by backwater 

from log jams, and the discharge has been determined from a number 

of discharge rating curves, some of which have been applied indirectly. The records can not be considered better than fair.
ST. LAWEENCE EIVEE BASIN. 31 

Discharge measurements of Whiteface River at Meadowlands, Minn., in 1909-10.

\

Date.

1909.

Oct. 3

1910. 

Apr. 21

July 29«

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.... .do. ....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

104

104

104

104

84

132

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

661

688

643

470

659

227

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.52

5.71

6.09

5.09

6.22

4.50

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

708

341

677

309

656

215

a Wading measurement.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Whiteface River at Meadowlands, Minn., for 1910. 

[A. F. Johnson, observer.]

Day.

1. ..........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13............:..............

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26. ..........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

4.8

4 9

4.8

4.8

Apr.

4.85

4.8

4.7

4.65

4.6

4.45

4

0

4.3

4.25

5.85

4.5

4.25

4.1

6.05

4 3

4.65

4.25

4.45

6.65

5.85

4.25

6

QC

6.75

6.2

K Q

4.65

4

KK

7.1

May.

5.3

4 C";

7.15

6.95

4.9

3.9

3

QC

3.9

3.9

3

0

^ Q

3.9

5.3

3 Q

4.4

3 Q

3.7

3.85

3

QC

4.0

5.05

5.25

5.6

8.15

8.0

7.1

6.7

6.75

6.25

6.0

6.05

June.

5.85

5.4

5.3

5.0

4.8

5.0

6.35

5.0

4.3

3.95

4.4

8.05

6.3

3.85

3.55

3.6

3.45

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3 A

3.4

3.65

4 OK

4.20

4.05

4.0

4.0

July.

3.8

3 7

3.8

3.8

4.0

4.0

3

0

3.75

3.7

3.65

3.55

3.4

3 A

3.4

3.4

3.3

3.3

00.

3.3

3

0

3.3

3

C

3

K

3.4

3

0

3

0

3.3

3 7

3

K

Aug.

5.65 4 «;

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.4

3 A

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.75

4.2

4 0

4.4

4.4

4.35

4.2

4.0

3.9

3.9

3

0

3.8

3.8

3

7C

3.7

3.7

3 7

3.7

Sept.

3.7

3.8

3.8

3.8

4.0

4.25

4 45

3.95

4.0

4.15

4 9

3.8

3

0

3

0

3 7

3.6£

3.5

3.5

3 A

3 A

3 A

3

0

3.4

3.5

3 7

^ d

4.4

4.6

6.0

Oct.

6.4

5.4

7.0

6.5

6.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

4.75

4.2

4 1

4.2

4.0

4.0

4.0

. 4.0

3.9

^ Q

3.8

4.9

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.7

4.4

4.3

4.3

4

0

4.2

4.0

Nov.

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.8

3.7

3.7

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to about Mar. 27 and from Nov. 5 to Dec. 31.
32 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Whiteface River at Meadowlands, Minn.,for 1909-10.

Day. June. July. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Day. June. July. Aug. Oct. Nov

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

I:

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

1909.

570

480

310

345

305

120

165

570

120

1,130

960

870

575

325

375

210

220

430

750

3,400

2,820

2,400

2,580

2,930

510

470

365

390

320

220

190

170

165

165

160

150

180

275

360

355

315

305

570

250

255

225

245

220

245

225

370

395

480

495

440

395

260

350

470

385

385

295

465

250

225

225

240

345

385

1909.

120

120

760

80

50

50

45

690

280

335

135

95

75

50

45

95

60

220

585

140

635

2,480

2,520

2,710

2,520

2,250

1,800

1,200

1,300

800

1,310

2,580

2,450

2,250

1,990

1,190

1,040

950

950

635

550

520

515

460

550

645

645

260

205

190

190

365

475

720

1,130

860

605

670

750

680

610

510

505

.465

530

420

400

570

610

600

675

645

690

550

430

405

350

350

250

290

365

345

365

345

405

470

440

450

505

440

470

Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.

1910.

275

295

275

275

285

275

255

245

235

208

185

185

178

545

215

178

155

608

185

245

178

208

818

712

545

178

922

590

852

660

560

245

225

390

178

1,000

922

295

125

132

125

125

115

125

125

390

125

200

125

105

120

132

140

328

378

470

1,350

1,290

835

852

678

590

545

415

390

315

275

315

485

712

315

185

132

200

1,300

695

120

90

95

80

75

75

75

75

75

75

100

192

170

148

140

140

115

105

115

115

140

140

115

110

105

100

90

80

75

75

75

75

65

65

55

65

65

85

85

75

65

65

65

105

85

818

485

215

85

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

75

110

170

140

200

200

192

170

140

125

125

115

115

115

110

105

105

105

115

105

105

115

115

115

140

178

208

132

140

162

170

155

115

115

115

105

100

85

85

75

75

75

65

75

85

105

125

200

235

590

730

415

940

765

590

765

590

440

265

170

155

155

170

140

140

140

140

125

125

115

295

365

315

275

255

200

185

185

185

170

140

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

115

105

105

NOTE. Daily discharge for 1909 determined by indirect method for shifting channels. 

Daily discharge for 1910 determined from a fairly well denned discharge rating curve.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVBB BASIN.

Monthly discharge of White/ace River at Meadowlands, Minn.,for 1909-10. 

[Drainage area, 442 square miles.]

Month.

1909.

July....................................

1910. 

April...................................

May....................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

760 

2,710 

3,400 

1,130 

690 

505

980 

1,350 

1,300

818 

485 

590 

940

Mi;piTn\]Tn,

45 

30 

150 

150

220 

225

155 

105

75 

55 

' 75 

65 

115

Mean.

246 

688 

1,230 

409 

439 

365

395 

431 

267 

112 

130 

139 

311 

113

Per 

square 

mile.

0.557 

1.56 

2,78 

.925 

.993 

.826

.894 

.975 

.604 

.253 

.294 

.314 

.704 

.256

Run-oft 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

. area).

0.50 

1.80 

3.20 

1.03 

1.14 

.92

1.00 

1.12 

.67 

.29 

.34 

.35 

.81 

.10

Accuracy.

oooooooo 000000

CLOQUET KIVEK AT INDEPENDENCE, MINN.

This station, which, is located at the highway bridge at Independence, in sec. 26, T. 52 N., B. 17 W., was established June 28,1909.

The nearest tributary is a small stream that enters from the north 

just above the station.

Cloquet River is used extensively for log driving, and the run-off 

from by far the greater part of the drainage area above Independence 

is controlled by logging dams. The opening and shutting of the 

gates at these dams cause violent fluctuations in the gage height 

during the day, amounting at times to several feet, and consequently 

the mean daily gage height, which is the mean of readings taken 

morning, noon, and night, can be considered only approximate 

during the log-driving season. The daily discharge data as a whole 

have little value, the chief purpose of the records being to show the 

approximate mean monthly discharge and total volume available for 

storage.

Backwater at the gage may also be caused by log jams forming 

below the station, but as jams may form at any point along the stream 

it is impossible to select a more satisfactory site. 

45897° war 284 12 3
34 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

Observations are discontinued from November to April because of 

ice. The mean monthly flow during this period is estimated from 

records of flow at Island Lake logging dam above Independence and 

records of the discharge from Wild Rice Lake on Beaver River, 

which enters Cloquet River between Island Lake dam and the station. Only; one other stream, and that is relatively unimportant, 

enters above the station. These records are kept by the Great 

Northern Power Co. and furnished through its courtesy.

The records can not be considered better than fair, or possibly 

during certain seasons good.

Discharge measurements of Cloquet River at Independence, Minn., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909.

July 15

Aug. 6

23

Oct. 4

1910. 

July 28o

Hydrographer.

G. A. Gray...............................................

.....do....................................................

.....do.....................................................

G. A. Gray................................................

Width.

Feet. 

168

122

164

168

167

102

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

566

156

445

565

553

217

height.

Feet. 

6.78

4.01

5.90

6.61

6.50

4.88

Discharge.

8ec.-ft. 

1,720

94.8

840

1,440

1,430

316

» Wading section.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cloquet River at Independence, Minn., for 1909. 

[Fred Haakensen, observer.]

Day.

1.... 

2....

3.... 

4....

5....

6....

7....

8....

9....

10....

11....

12....

13....

14....

15....

June. July.

4.1 

4.0

4.0 

4.0 4 n

3.95

3.95

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.9

3.95

4.0

4.1

4.1

Aug.

6.5 

6.4

7.4 

7.3

7.8

5.85

4.75

7.1

5.15

4 71?

6.6

6.9

7.5

8.2

8.0

Sept.

6.1 

4.95

4.55 

5. 1 1

4.7

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.25

4.25

4.2

4.25

4.35

4.45

4.45

Oct.

6.0

"6." 4"

5.55

5.1

5.4

6.1

5.6

5.3

5.0

4.95

6.0

5.95

7.2

Nov.

6.9 

6.15

6.9 

7.9

7.5

6.8

6.45

6.1

5.85

5.85

5.1

4.8

4.7

4.75

4.85

Dec.

6.0 

6.3

6.2 

5.35

5

0

6.45

7.3

6.7

6 Q

7.0

7

0

7.7

7.7

8

K

8.7

Day.

16.... 

17....

18.... 

19....

20....

21....

22....

23....

24....

25....

26....

27....

28....

29....

30....

31....

June.

......

6.7

, 6.2

5.5

July.

4.25 

4.2

4.25 

6.6

6.8

7.4

8.6

8.8

8.3

8.5

9.1

9.1

8.1

6.1

6.6

6.6

Aug.

7.9

7.8

7.6 

8.0

7.3

7.3

7.5

6.9

6.25

4.85

6.5

6.1

6.9

6.9

6.8

6.45

Sept.

4.5 

4.45

4.4 

4.5

4.5

4.95

5.6

6.35

7.4

8.3

7.8

7.7

7.2

7.0

6.2

Oct.

6.8

7.2

7.6

7.4

6.5

6.35

6.6 '

6.3

6.8

6.7

7.2

7.4

7.9

7.8

7.9

7.4

Nov.

5.0 

5.8

5.55 

5.6

5.05

5.15

5.25

5.3

5.6

5.9

5.85

5.3

5.3

5.5

Dec.

8.4 

8.3

8.4 

9.2

8.7

8.4

8.9

9.2

9.2

8.9

NOTE. Gage heights for 1909 supersede those published in Water-Supply Paper 264. It was necessary 

to apply a correction to all gage heights below 5 feet because of an error in setting low-water section of the 

gage.
ST. LAWRENCE BIVEB BASIN. _ 35 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cloquet River at Independence, Minn.,for 1910.

Day.

1.. .........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12......:....................

13...........................

14..... .....................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25...........................

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

7.10

7.35

5.78

5.96

6.00

6.35

6.68

Apr.

7.04

7.83

7.82

7.76

7.60

6.82

6.79

5.58

7.49

5.55

5.30

5.07

5.07

5.01

5.04

5.16

5.24

5.24

5.32

6.76

7.58

7.18

7.53

6.62

6.63

6.07

5.92

5.68

6.39

5.92

May.

5.72

6.32

5.37 e^e

6.09

5.88

5.54

5.82

6.33

5.72

5.32

4.83

4.70

4.73

5.58

5.30

5.06

4.76

4.71

5.38

5.66

5.43

5.61

6.31

6.04

6.04

6.06

5.21

5.01

5.24

5.30

June.

5.13.

4.91

6.13

5.64

6.28

6.37

6.38

5.65

5.36

5.07

5.07

5.04

5.02

4.80

4.65

4.68

4.83

4.83

4.62

4.66

4.86

4.76

4.68

4.59

4.78

5.03

4.78

4.57

4.51

4.58

July.

4.62

4.65

4.77

4.79

4.68

4.70

4.70

4.77

4.72

4.74

4.75

5.00

4.99

5.02

4.84

4.58

4.60

4.70

4.52

4.44

4.40

4.40

4.50

6.78

5.06

4.72

4.92

4.98

4.56

4.47.

4.39

«

Aug.

4.38

5.48

5.92

7.11

6.95

4.95

5.25

5.19

4.60

4.22

4.26

4.20

4.32

4.46

,4.38

4.30

4.26

4.32

4.62

4.98

4.86

5.91

5.51

5.87

5.97

5.74

4.93

5.74

5.52

5.24

5.78

Sept.

5.53

5.19

5.12

4.71

6.57

7.42

6.84

5.01

6.83

6.51

5.94

5.54

5.36

5.12

4.90

4.77

4.72

4.61

4.50

4.45

4.42

4.41

4.42

4.42

4.38

4.50

4 81

5.21

4. 09

4.80

Oct.

4.42

4.22

4.27

4.10

4.07

4.05

3.94

3.99

3.96

3.95

3.94

3.92

3.94

3.95

3.95

4.81

7.90

7.19

5.80

5.37

5.19

4.93

4.78

4.89

5.33

4.93

4.89

4.89

4.85

4.85

Nov.

4.87

4.87

4.76

4.37

A. 19

4.19

3.94

3.92

3.94

3.98

3.89

3.87

3.82

3.85

3.85

NOTE. Ice present from Jan. 1 to Mar. 24 and from Nov. 16 to Dec. 31.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cloquet River at Independence, Minn., for 1909-10.

Day.

1909. 

1. .........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7......-..-

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

June. July.

103

9090-

on

90

85

85

80

80

80

80

85

90

103

103

Aug.

1,370

1,270

2,530

2,390

3,120

810

260

2,110

416

260

1,480

1,850

2.670

3.750

3,430

Sept.

1,000

331

199

392

244

185

160

138

128

128

119

128 14Q"

172

179

Oct.

920

1,040

1,150

1,270

622

392

540

1 000

650

Ann

350

331

920

882

2,250

Nov.

1,850

1,040

1,850

3,270

2,670

1,720

1,320

1,000

810

01 n

392

277

244

260

9Q4

Day.

1909. 

16..........

17..........

18..........

19

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

OO

29..........

30..........

31..........

June.

i fina

1,080

595

July.

128

119

128

1,480

1,720

2,530

4,390

4,710

3,910

4,230

5,190

5,190

3,590

1,000

1,480

1,480

Aug.

3,270

3,120

2,820

3,430

2,390

2,390

2,670

1,850

1,130

904

1,370

1,000

1,850

1,850

1,720

1,320

Sept.

185

172

160

185

185

331

650

1 220

2,530

3,910

3,120

2,970

2 250

1,980

1,080

Oct.

1,720

2,250

2,820

2,530

1,370

1,220

1,480

1,180

1,720 i fina

2,250

2,530

3,270

3,120

3,270

2,530

Nov.

350

775

622

650

416

371

416

465

490

650

845

810

490

490

595
36 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PABT IV.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cloquet River at Independence, Minn.,for 1909-W Con.

Day.

1910. 

1...........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13..........:................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

21...........................

22...........................

23...........................

24............................

25...........................

26.................^........

27...........................

28...........................

29...........................

30...........................

31...........................

Mar.

2,110

2,460

762

890

920

1,220

1,580

Apr.

2,030

3,160

3,150

2,820

1,750

1,710

639

2 fifiO

622

AQf\

^170

^17Q

354

0127

421

460

460 tyvi

1,670

2,780

2,220

2,710

1,500

1,520

Q7fi

860

698

1,260

860

May.

723

1,190

525

1,930

992

831

617

789

1.200

723

 tWl

288

244

254

639

490

375

264

247

530

- 686

556

656

1,180

952

952

968

44fi

354

460

490

June.

406

316

1,030

i 674

1,160

1,240

1.250

680

520

170

170

367

358

277

228

238

288

288

219

232

298

264

238

210

270

363

270

205

188

207

July.

219

228

267

274

238

244

244

267

251

257

260

350

346

358

207

213

244

191

170

160

160

185

1,700

375

251

320

842

202

178

158

Aug.

156

584

Sfift

2,120

1,920

331

465

435

213

123

130

119

142

175

156

138

130

142

219

342

298

852

600

824

898

736

323

736

606

460

762

Sept.

612

435

402

247

1,450

2,560

1.770

354

1,760

1,380

875

617

520

402

312

267

251

216

185

172

165

162

165

165

156

185

280

445

320

277

Oct.

216

165

123

111

103

99

96

84

so

86

85

84

82

84

85

85

280

3,270

2,240

775

525

435

323

27ff

308

505

323

308

308

294

294

Nov.

302

302

264

153

106

117

84

82

84

88

79

78

73

76

76

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

NOTE. Discharges during 1909-1910, except those for period Nov. 16-30, 1910, which Were estimated, 

are based on a rating curve well defined below 2,000 second-feet but somewhat uncertain above.

Monthly discharge of Cloquet River at Independence, Minn.,for 1909-10.

[Drainage area, 698 square miles.]

Month.

1909.

March........ . ...

July.....................................

1910.

April....................................

May.....................................

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

5,190 

3,750 

3,910 

3,270 

3,270

2,460 

3,160 

1,930 

, 1,250 

1,700 

2,120 

2,560 

3,270

3,270

Minimum.

...........

260 

119 

331 

260

354 

244 

188 

158 

119 

156 

82

Mean.

a 160 

a 195 

a 275 

1,370 

1,940 

819 

1,540 

. 875 

a 840

6220 

6300 

6370 

1,420 

679 

435 

295 

516 

570 

392 

100 

180

444

Per 

. square 

mile.

0.229 

.279 

.394 

1.96 

2.78 

1.17 

2.21 

1.25 

1.20

.315 

.430 

.530 

2.03 

.97,3 

.623 

.423 

.739 

.817 

.562 

.143 

.115

.636

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on

drainage 

area).

0.26 

.29 

.45 

2.26 

3.20 

1.30 

2.55 

1.40 

1.61

.36 

.45 

.57 

2.26 

1.12 

.70 

.49 

.85 

.91 

.65 

.16 

.13

8.61

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

 C. 

C. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

a Estimated by means of climatologic records and comparison with flow of St. Louis River. 

6 Estimated from records of Great Northern Power Co.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 37

BASINS TRIBUTARY TO IiAKB MICHIGAN.

ESCANABA RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Escanaba River rises in the western part of Marquette County, 

near Lake Michigamme, and takes a general southeasterly course to 

Little Bay de Noquette, an arm of Lake Michigan, which it enters 

near Escanaba, Mich. Its length is about 90 miles and its drainage 

area, which lies in the central part of the Northern -Peninsula of 

Michigan, comprises about 890 square miles.

The basin is long and narrow and comparatively regular in outline, 

the average width of its lower half being less than 10 miles, its 

extreme width about 25 miles, and its length about 70 miles. In its 

upper course the river flows through an area of crystalline rocks, but 

farther down the rocks are sandstones and limestones. The headwaters of the river have an elevation of about 1,600 feet above sea 

level, and at its mouth the elevation is 580 feet, making a total 

descent of about 1,000 feet, or an average fall of over 10 feet to the 

mile.

The tributaries of the river are small, the West Branch being the 

only one of importance.^

The mean annual rainfall in this part of Michigan is about 32 

inches. The winters are severe; the snowfall is heavy and lasts for 

considerable periods, and ice covers the streams to a thickness of 

about. 2 feet for three to four months.

Lumbering is yet an active industry in this basin, although the 

greater part of the best timber has been cut off and the river is still 

used extensively for logging. The change in the forest conditions 

has probably not affected the run-off of the stream.

Storage sites have not been sought, but suitable locations for 

reservoirs could doubtless be found, as the basin contains some 

lakes and swamps.

Little is known of the available water power, but as the average fall 

is high, favorable sites are probably numerous. A few power sites 

not far from the mouth of the river have been developed, and at 

least one of these plants is of comparatively recent installation.

ESCANABA RIVER NEAR ESCANABA, MICH.

This station, which is located at a highway bridge between Escanaba and Gladstone, Mich., about 9 miles north of Escanaba and 4 

miles above the mouth of the river, was established August 25, 1903. 

Discharge measurements were made at this station in April, May, 

and July, 1903, but daily gage heights were not obtained until August 

25, 1903. The station was discontinued March 31,1909, and reestablished June 1, 1909.
38 SUBFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

The chain gage is attached to the bridge, from which all measurements are made.

Although the current is swift at the measuring section, gage heights 

are affected by ice, which in some years covers the stream to a thickness of 2 feet for four months, and during the logging season the 

gage heights are sometimes affected by log jams.

This station was last inspected July 16, 1908. The accuracy of 

the daily and monthly discharge given below therefore depends on 

the permanency of flow and of elevation of the gage since that date. 

On November 6 the gage weight was lost, and hence all gage heights 

July 16, 1908, to November 5, 1910, are of necessity considered 

correct. A new cjiain and weight was installed November 15, 1910. 

Readings subsequent to that date are correct, provided there has been 

no change in the structure to which the gage is attached since July 16, 

1908.

Conditions of flow are believed to be permanent. The gage reader 

at this station was paid by the Geological Survey of Michigan for 

1910.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mich.,for 1910. 

[Miss Olive Beauchamp, observer.]

Day.

1.. .............

2...............

3........*.....

4...............

5...............

6. ..............

7............... 

8...............

9............... 

10...............

11...............

12. .............. 

13...............

14...............

15............... 

16...............

17...............

18. ..............

19...............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26............... 

27...............

28

9U

30...............

31...............

Jan.

3.2

" 3.Y

3.5

3.4

3.5

Feb.

3.3

3.3

....\..

3.1

3.4

Mar.

'

3.3

....:..

3.4

3.5

Apr.

4.3

4.1

4.0

3.8

3.9

4.1

4.3

-4.2

4.1 

3.9

1 7

3.9

3.8

3.6

3.7 

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.7

3.4

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.5

3.6 

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.2

May.

4.1

4.0

3.6

3.4

3.5

3.3

3.2 

3.2

2.9 

2.9

2.8

2.7 

2.7

2.6

2.6 

2.6

2.7

3.0

3.5

3.5

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3

3.3J

3.2 

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.8

June.

2.7

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.7

3.1

3.2 

2 9

2.7 

2.6

2.6

2.5 

2.4

2.3

2.4 

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.0

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

2.0

1.9 

1.8

1.7

1 Q

1.8

July.

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.9 

1.8

1.8

1.9 

1.8

1.8

1.8 

1.9

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.9

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.0 

2.1

2.2

2.1

1.9

1.7

Aug.

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.9 

1.8

1.9

2.0 

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.8 

2.8

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

Sept.

2.3'

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.0 

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.4

2.2

2.2 

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

Oct.

2.2

2.2

2.4

2.3

2.8

2.8

2.7 

2.5

2.3 

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2 2.2- 

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2

0

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

Nov.

2.7

2.7

3.6

2.7

2.7

.......

 " 

.......

2.3 

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2 

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

Dec.

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.1

2.0

2.1 

2.1

2.3 

2.3

......

3.0

2.9

......

2.6

NOTE. River frozen over Jan. 1 to about Mar. 25 and Dec. 11-31. Gage heights during these periods 

taken to water surface. Ice varied in thickness from 0.5 to 2 feet. 

The gage weight was lost Nov. 6 and replaced Nov. 15. (See description.)
ST. LAWBENX5E EIVEE BASIN. 39 

Daily disdiarge, in second-feet, ofEscanaba River new Escanaba, Mick., for 1910.

Day.

1. ..........................

2...........................

3...........................

4...........................

5...........................

6...........................

7...........................

8...........................

9...........................

10...........................

11...........................

12...........................

13...........................

14...........................

15...........................

16...........................

17...........................

18...........................

19...........................

20...........................

a........... ................

22...........................

23...........................

24...........................

25..

26...........................

27...........................

28...........................

29

30...........................

31...........................

Apr.

2,860

2,530

2,380

2,090

2,230

2,530

2,860

2,690

2,530

2,230

1,950

2,230

2,090

1,810

1,950

1,680

1,810

1,950

1,950

1,810

1,550

1,420

1,550

1,680

1,680

1,810

2,530

2,690

2,860

2,690

May.

2,530

2,380

1,810

1,550

1,680

1,420

1,300

1,300

970

' 970

880

790

790

710

710

710

790

1,070

1,680

1,680

1,810

1,680

1,550

1,420

1,420

1,300

1,180

1,070

970

880.

880

June.

t90

 880

790

710

790

1,180

1.300

970

790

710

710

630

550

480

550

480

480

410

410

300

350

300

250

205

300

250

205

165

250

205

July.

205

165

165

205

90

205

250

205

250

205

205

250

205

205

205

250

. 300

205

125

125

165

250

205

250

300

300

350

410

350

250

165

Aug.

205

250

300

300

205

250

250

205

250

205

250

250

205

250

300

250

250

250

205

205

205

250

630

630

710

880

880

630

630

550

550

Sept.

480

480

410

410

410

410 410

410

300

350

350

410

550

410

410

350

300

300

300

300

300

250

300

410

410

410

410

410

410

410

Oct.

410

410

550

480

880

880

790

630

480

480

410

410

410

410

410

350

350

350

350 '350

410

480

480

480

550

710

710

790

790

710

710

Nov.

790

790

710

790

790

760

730

700

670

640

600

570

540

510

480

480

480

410

410

480

480

410

410

410

410

410

410

410

410

480

Dec.

410

350

350

410

350

300

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a discharge rating curve well defined above 300 second-feet. 

Discharge Nov. 6-14 interpolated.

Monthly discharge ofEscanaba River near Escanaba, Mich.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 800 square miles.]

Month.

March ........

April. ..................................

May....................................

July....................................

December. ..............................

The year. .........................

, Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

2,860 

2,-530 

1,300 

410 

880 

550 

880 

790

Minimum.

1,420 

710 

165 

90 

205 

250 

350 

410

Mean.

300 

250 

990 

2,150 

1,290 

546 

226 

367 

382 

536 

552 

275

656

Per . 

square 

mile.

0.375 

.312 

1.24 

2.69 

1.61 

.682 

.282 

.459 

.478 

.670 

.690 

.344

.820

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage

area).

0.43 

.32 

1.43 

3.00 

1.86 

.76 

.33 

.53 

.53 

.77 

.77 

.40

11.13

Accuracy.'

D. D:

D. 

B. 

B. , B. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

D.

NOTE. Discharge during the period when ice existed estimated by means of climatologic records and 

comparison with records of Menominee River. 

Mean discharge Dec. 7-31 estimated at 250 second-feet. 

The accuracy of the discharge is somewhat uncertain. (See description.)
40 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAST IV. 

MENOMINfeE BIVEB BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Menominee River, throughout it§ length of about 104 miles, forms 

part of the boundary line between northern Michigan and Wisconsin, 

and its drainage basin therefore lies in both States. The river is 

formed by the 'junction of Michigamme and Brule rivers, and flows 

southeastward, emptying into Green Bay, an arm of Lake Michigan, 

near Menominee, Mich. Its total drainage area is about 4,000 

square miles.

Michigamme River is said to rise in Lake Michigamme, the largest 

lake in the Menominee drainage basin, but the lake has a feeder which 

may be considered the continuation of the river and which rises 

within 12 miles of Lake Superior. The length of the Michigamme to 

its extreme source is about 72 miles; to Lake Michigamme about 51 

miles. It is noteworthy that four of the largest tributaries enter 

the main stream above Iron Mountain, Mich., about three-fifths of 

the total drainage area being above this point. This characteristic 

increases the value of the stream for water-power development. 

Downstream from the Michigamme, on the right or west bank, the 

following important tributaries enter: Paint River, which is called 

a tributary of Brule River, although it is much the larger stream of 

the two and Brule, Pine, and Pemebonwon rivers, on the left or 

east bank are Sturgeon and Little Cedar rivers.

The drainage basin is narrow in its lower part and widest at the 

sources of the tributaries which form the rivers. The surface is in 

general covered deeply by glacial drift, but the Menominee and all 

its tributaries flow over crystalline rocks as far south as the mouth 

of Pike River, or fully two-thirds of its length. Below the mouth 

of the Pike the river flows bver sandstones and limestones. Most of 

the rapids and falls occur in the area of crystalline rocks above the 

mouth of Pike River, although there are several rapids and falls 

below this point. The country through which the river flows is 

almost mountainous.

The Wisconsin tributaries rise in a high, flat plateau, abounding 

in lakes and swamps, among which Flambeau and Wisconsin rivers 

also head. Some of these rivers head in lakes only a few rods apart, 

and even in the same swamps in which the tributaries of the 

Menominee head. These lakes and swamps are nearly 1,600 feet above 

sea level, or about 1,000 feet above Lake Michigan. The Michigan 

branches flow from a similar region of equal or highei elevation. 

The numerous lakes and swamps make the flow of the river uniform 

and steady.

The elevation of the headwater streams is, as stated, about 1,600 

feet above sea level; at the junction of Brule and Michigamme rivers
ST. LAWRENCE ElVEE BASIN. 41

the elevation is about 1,300 feet; at the highway bridge near Iron 

Mountain, Mch., the elevation is about 1,050 feet; and at the mouth 

of the river it is 580 feet.

The mean annual rainfall is about 32 inches. The winters are 

severe, the snowfall being heavy and remaining on the ground for 

long periods, and the streams being ice covered from three to four 

months.

Probably all the first-class timber has been cut from this area, and 

that being cut at the present time is the smaller and less valuable 

timber that was left. The condition of the forests, so far as effect 

on run-off is concerned, does not differ greatly from their original 

condition, as the region is not thickly settled and a second growth 

soon springs up.

The feasibility of storage has not been fully investigated, but lakes 

and swamps are numerous and must afford many excellent reservoir 

sites. At the present time lumbermen store water for running logs, 

and the enlargement of many of the logging dams would undoubtedly 

give good-sized reservoirs.

Some excellent water-power sites have been developed on the main 

stream and tributaries, but many others, some of which have hardly 

been seen except by the lumbermen, are awaiting utilization. With 

opportunities for storage with which to produce a uniform and 

increased low-water flow, and with the favorable arrangement of its 

drainage basin, this river will in time be one of the biggest power producers in this section.

The river is still used for running logs, and the lumbermen's dams 

for holding water for flooding modify the normal flow of the stream 

considerably. Dams on the stream for pewer development should 

be so built as not to interfere with the use of water for log running.

Iron is mined at many places in the upper two-thirds of the'basin 

and the section is fairly well covered with railroads.

MENOMINEE KIVEK NEAK IRON MOUNTAIN, MICH.

This station, which is located at the Homestead highway bridge 

across Menominee River, about 3J miles south of Iron Mountain, 

Mich., was established September 4, 1902, discontinued March 31, 

1909, and reestablished June 5, 1909.

Pine River is tributary to the Menominee about 5 miles above the 

station.

The gage was formerly located on the right abutment of the bridge, 

from which all measurements are made, but on November 18, 1904, 

a chain gage was attached to the bridge in order to obtain gage readings during the winter months, as ice formed at the gage on the abutment.
SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

The winters are severe in this locality, but as the current is swift 

the river is rarely entirely closed at this section. As is shown by the 

discharge measurements, however, there is backwater from ice below 

the station.

The stream is used extensively for logging and is subject to artificial control at times. Log jams often occur below the station and 

produce backwater at the gage. Except as above stated the station 

is an excellent one.

The gage reader's salary during 1910 was paid by the Perm Iron 

Mining Co., Vulcan, Mich., and the Oliver Iron Mining Co., Iron 

Mountain, Mich.

Discharge measurements of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., in 1910.

Date.

Sept. 15

Oct. 3

6

7

Hydrographer.

V. H. Reineking. ..........................................

.....do....................................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

200

200

208

190

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

727

830

1,260

1,020

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

0.82

1.30

3.45

2 40

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

971

1,220

9 KfiA

1 o=irt

 Daily gage height, in feet, of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., for 1910. 

> [A. J. St. Arnauld, observer.]

Day.

1... ........ ....

2... .. ........ -

3... ......... ...

4.... ........ ...

5.... ....... ....

7...............

8...............

9. ..............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17. ..............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

21. ..............

22. .............. 

23. ..............

24. .............. 

25. ..............

26...............

27. .............. 

28. ..............

29..........:....

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.8

2.8

3.0

3.0

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.0

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.6

2.6 

2.6

2.6 

2.4

2.4

2.4 

2.4

2.4

2.4 

2.4

Feb.

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.4

, 2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.0

2.0

9 (\

2.0

2.0

o n

1.8

1.8 

1.8

1.8 

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

Mar.

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7,

1.7

1.7

1.9

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.6

2.9

2.9

3.1

3.1

3.7

4.9

6.7 

4.7

5.4 

6.2

6.2

6.2 

6.2

>; 7

5.4 

5.5

Apr.

5.7

6.2

6.0

5.7

5.7

4.4

5.5

6.4

5.5

5.8

5.5

4.8

4.1

3.3

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.8

5.6

3.3

3.3 

3.3

3.3

4.4

4.8

5.3 

6.0

5.5

6.0

May.

6.0

6.0

6.2

4.3

4.3

4.3

4.2

3.8

3.4

2.4

2.9

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.9

2.9

2.6

5.0

4.4

7.5 

3.3

4.5 

2.8

2.9

3.1 

^ n

6.4

7.4 

4.1

June.

3.1

3.6

3.6

3.5

4.9

4.5

3.2

3.0

3.9

1.7

2.1

2.1

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.7

i n

3.2

0.8

0.8 

1.9

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.7 

3.6

0.8

3.4

July.

4.0

0.9

3.4

1.0

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.4

1.4

1.0

1.6

1.4

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.6

0.6

0.6 

0.6

1.0

1.4

1 S

2.0

1 S

1.6

1.6 

1.4

Aug.

1.1

1.1

1.1

2.5

1.8

1.5

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

.......

..:....

.......

.......

Sept.

2.1

1.0

2.0

2.0

1.4

1.0

2.8

1.0

1.8

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.8

1.1

0.95

' 0.8

1.1

0.9

1.5

1.1

0.8

0.8 

1.0

0.9 

0.8

0.9

1.1

1 9

1.1

1.5

Oct.

0.9

0.9

1.3

3.4

3.7

4.4

2.4

2.4

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1.

1.1

1.1

1.6 

1 q

1.9 

1.8

1.7

1.7 

1.6

1.6

1.6 

1.6

Nov.

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1 9

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0 

1.0

0.9 

0.9

O Q

0.9

O Q

0.9

0.8

Dec.

0.8

0.8

f\ fl

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0

0

0.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.6

......

1.6

i-....

NOTE. River open at gage during winter months but relations between gage height and discharge was 

affected by ice below the station Jan. 1 to about Mar. 20, and about Dec. 10 to 31. 

No information available regarding backwater from log jams.
ST. LAWBEtfCE filVEft BASIN. 43 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., for 1910.

Day.

1...................

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24. ..................

25...................

26...................

27. ..................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar.

1

3,660

5,360

3,500

4,110

4,870

4,870

4,870

4,870

4,400

4,110

4,200

Apr.

4,400

4,870

4,680

4,400

4,400

3,260

4,200

5,060

4,200

4,490

4,200

3,580

-3,040

2

AA(\

2,960

3,040

3,040

3,040

3,580

4,300

2,440

2,440

2 JJ.fl

3,260

3,580

4,020

4,680-

4,200

4,680

May.

4,680

4,680

4.870

3,180

3,180

3,180

3,110

2,810

2,510

1,820

2,150

1,880

1,940

1,940

1,940

1,940

2,150

2,150

1,940

3,750

3,260

6,180

2,440

3,340

2,080

2,150

2,290

2,220

5,060

6,080

3,040

June.

2,290

2,660

2,660

2,580

3,660

3,340

2,360

2,220

2,880

1,390

1,620

1,620

1,390

1,280

1,280

1 340

1*390

1,390

2,220

2,360

940

Odrt

1,500

ACS

985

900

900

2,660

940

2,510

July.

2,960

985

2,510

1,030

1,080

985

985

860

940

1,030

1,220

1,220

1,030

1,340

1,220

1,220

1,030

1,030

1,030

860

860

860

860

1,030

1,220

1,440

1,560

1,440

1,340

1,340

1,220

Aug.

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,880

1,440

i oon

1,120

1,120

1,030

1,030

1,030

985

940

940

940

Qdft

940

940

940

940

........

Sept.

1,620

1,030

1,560

1,560

1,220

1,030

2,080

1,030

1,440

1,080

1 080

1,080

1,440

1,080

1,010

(un

1 080

985

1,280

1,080

940

940

1,030

985

940

985

1,080

1,120

1,080

1,280

Oct.

985

985

1,180

2,510

2,740

3,260

1,820

1,820

1,560

1,280

1,280

1,120

1,030

1,030

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,340

1,500

1,500

1,440

1,390

1,390

1,340

1,340

1,340

1,340

Nov.

1,340

1,280

1,280

1 220

1,180

,120

1,120

1,120

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,080

1,030

1,030

1,030

1,030

1,030

1,030

1,030

1,030

AQK

985

985

QflK

985

985

940

Dec.

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

940

*

........

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a well-defined discharge rating curve.

Monthly discharge of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 2,420 square miles.] »

Month.

May.....................................

June....................................

July..:..................................

The year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet. *

Maximum.

5,360

5,060 

6,180 

3,660 

2,960 

1,880 

2,080 

3,260 

1,340

6,180

Minimum.

2,440 

1,820 

900 

860 

940 

940 

985 

940

Mean.

1,000 

800 

2,260 

3,710 

3,030 

1,840 

1,220 

1,410 

1,170 

1,420 

1,080 

850

1,650

Per

square 

mile.

0.413 

.331 

.934 

1.53 

1.25 

.760 

.504 

.583 

.483 

 .587 

.446 

.351

.682

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.48 

.37 

1.08 

1.71 

1.44 

.85 

.58 

.67 

.54 

.68 

.50 

.40

9.30

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

NOTE. Average discharge Aug. 21-31 estimated 2,000 second-feet.

Discharge for the period during which ice existed estimated by means of cli matologie records and comparison with Escanaba River.

Mean discharge Mar. 1-20 estimated 1,060 second-feet. Mean discharge Dec. U-31 estimated 807 secondfeet. «
44 SUBFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV. 

WOLF RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Wolf River rises in a number of small lakes in the western part of 

Forest County, in northeastern Wisconsin, flows southward and 

unites with upper Fox River at a point about 10 miles west of Lake 

Winnebago. Though nominally a branch of Fox River it is really 

the master stream, as its discharge is more than three times that of 

the Fox. It is about 180 miles long and its drainage area comprises 

about 3,600 square miles. All the largest tributaries are from the 

west, the more important ones (beginning at the source) being West 

Wolf, Red, Embarrass, Little Wolf, and Waupaca risers.

The basin is about 110 miles long and 35 miles in average width.

In the upper half of its course the river flows over crystalline rocks 

and descends very rapidly. At the Chicago & Northwestern Railway crossing, 2 miles west of Lenox, the elevation of the river is 

1,560 feet; in the 80 miles between this point and Shawano the river 

descends, in many rapids and falls, about 770 feet, or nearly 10 feet 

to the mile. Shawano marks the point of transition from ancient 

crystalline rocks to sandstones, and here the river also crosses the 

old coast line of Lake Michigan and enters the region of red clay. 

Below Shawano, which is the head of navigation, the stream is sluggish, its descent being only 42 feet to Lake Winnebago, a distance 

of 80 miles. The banks are low, and in high water the adjoining 

flats are covered with water for several miles from the river.

Lumbering has been carried on very extensively in this area, and 

all the best timber has been cut off. At present time the run of logs 

is small, and a great part of the timber is used for making paper 

pulp. Above Shawano the drainage basin is thinly settled, and the 

condition of the forests, so far as it affects the run-off of the river, 

shows little change from original conditions, as a second growth has 

sprung up after the operations of the lumbermen.

The mean annual rainfall in this-part of Wisconsin is about 32 inches. 

The winters are severe. Snowfall is comparatively heavy and lasts 

for considerable periods. Ice forms on the river from 1 to 2 feet in 

thickness and remains for about three months.

The feasibility of storage has not been investigated, but the lakes 

and swamps in the basin must afford opportunities for making 

reservoirs. The lumbermen have built many dams for holding 

water for flooding logs, and by increasing the height of these dams 

large reservoirs could undoubtedly be created.

Excellent sites for water power exist and their development awaits 

only a demand for power. A few power plants have already been 

put in operation.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 45

LITTLE WOLF RIVER NEAR NORTHPORT, WIS. 1

This station, which is located at the highway bridge known as 

Phillips bridge, about 3 miles southwest of Northport, Wis., in the 

southeastern part of sec. 8, T. 22 N., R. 14 E., about 3 miles from 

Wolf River, was established October 13, 1907, and discontinued 

December 31, 1910. The station was established and maintained 

by D. W. Mead, 'who furnished the records.

The drainage area above the section is about 460 square miles.

The stream is covered with ice 1 to 2 feet thick for about three 

months each year.

A staff gage is attached to the right abutment of the bridge, from 

which discharge measurements are made. So far as known, the 

datum of the gage has remained unchanged.!

Daily gage fieight, in feet, of Little Wolf River near Northport, Wis., for 1910.

Day.

1...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6.........

7..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14............

15.............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.4 

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6 9 a

2.7

2.5

2.7

Feb.

2.6

.0

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

2.7

3.0

2.5

Mar.

2.7

2.7 

2.7

2.8

2.8

3.0

2.7

3

0

3.2

3.3

3.0

3.0

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.8

4.7

4.5

4.2

3.5

3.4

3.2

3.0

3.2

3.2

3.1

2.8

2.7

2.6

9 fi

2.5

Apr.

2.2

2.3

2.2

1.9

2.0

2^3

2.4

2.8

.2.5

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.8

2.4

1.8

2.0

1 Q

2.1

2.2

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.6

3.7

4.4

4.7

4.8

4.5

4.2

4.2

May.

3.7

3.6 

3.5

3.3

3.3

3.2

2.8

2.8

2.5

2.3

1.8

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.8

1.8

2.0

1.9

1.6

1.7

1.9

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.7

1.7

1.6

June.

1.8

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.8

1.8

1 Q

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.3

July.-

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.3

1 9

1 9

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1 o

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.3

1.3

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.2

Aug.

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1-1

1.2

1.2 1.3'

1.3

1 0

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.6

1.7

Sept.

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 7

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.7

2.0

2.4

2.6

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.9

2.1

1.6

1.7

Oct.

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1 9

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.4

1 0

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.5

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.3

Nov.

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.3

1 A

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.6

1.4

1.1

1.2

1.5

1.3

1.5

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.2

Dec.

1.5

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.9

1.8

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.9

1.9

NOTE. Relation of gage height to discharge probably affected by ice during January, February, March, 

and December.

GRAND RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Grand River rises in the southern part of Jackson County, in the 

southeast-central part of Michigan, flows northward to Lansing, 

thence northwestward to the central part of Ionia County, and

i Information in regard to this stream is contained in Bull. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey No. 20, 

entitled "The water powers of Wisconsin," by Leonard S. Smith.
46 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

finally westward to Grand Haven, Mich., where it enters Lake Michigan. Its length by general course is about 200 miles, but following 

the numerous bends the distance is at least 300 miles. The principal tributaries, beginning at the source, are: From the right, 

Portage, Red Cedar, Lookingglass, Maple, Flat, and Rogue rivers; 

from the left there is only one of any importance, Thofnapple River. 

The total drainage area is about 5,570 square miles, which makes it 

the largest stream in Michigan.

The drainage basin is fairly regular in outline. It lies at the southern border of the pine belt and is for the most part cleared and is 

now thickly settled, having become a rich agricultural region. The 

area is overlain with glacial drift with outcroppings of rjock at rare 

intervals. At Grand Rapids, which is the head of navigation, the 

stream passes over a limestone leclge, making a considerable fall at 

Grand Ledge. About 12 miles west of Lansing there is a similar 

descent over sandstone. Below Grand Rapids the flow is very 

sluggish. In the upper half of this stretch the banks of the river 

are locally high, forming natural levees; below Lamont bayous and 

swamps are common between the river banks and the foothills 

bordering the valley. The valley of the river proper is narrow; 

gravel bluffs from 50 to 60 feet high stand close to the stream in some 

places. The northwestern and southeastern portions of the basin 

are thickly interspersed with small lakes, a number of which have no 

surface outlet.

The elevation of the sources of the river is about 1,000 feet; at 

Lansing the elevation is about 820 feet; at Grand Rapids it is about 

590 feet; at the mouth of the riv&r the elevation is 581 feet; the total 

descent is therefore about 400 feet, which produces a rather low 

average fall.

The basin contains no noteworthy forested areas, all timber having 

been cut off some years ago.

The mean annual rainfall is 30 to 35 inches. The winters are 

comparatively mild. In general the snowfall is not heavy and ice 

does not form very thick.

Storage sites have not been investigated, but it is thought that 

some of the lakes and swamps might be converted into good-sized 

reservoirs by means of dams of ordinary height. '

The stream is of considerable value for water power, and some sites 

are still undeveloped. At the present time about 5,000 horsepower 

is developed at the larger plants on the main stream and tributaries.

GEAND EIVEE AT GEAND EAPIDS, MICH.

This station, which is located at the Fulton Street Bridge in Grand 

Rapids, Mich., was established March 12, 1901.

The drainage area above the station is about 4,900 square miles.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 47

In November, 1907, a new staff gage, with zero corresponding to 

the city datum, was attached (to the bridge, from which discharge 

measurements are made. Readings taken on this gage were first 

reported in December, 1907. The zero of the gage in use prior to 

November, 1907, was 0.55 foot below the city datum. All gage 

readings, however, have been corrected to the city datum, and all 

published gage heights are therefore referred to the same datum.

Ice forms in winter and changes the relation between gage heights 

and discharge. The operation of power plants above the section 

modifies the low-water flow.

The two or three measurements that have been taken at this 

station since 1905 indicate that the 1905 discharge table does not 

hold after that year; therefore estimates for the flow for later years 

have not been made. This station was last inspected October 21, 

1908.

The records "are furnished by the city engineer of Grand Rapids.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mick., for 1910.

[F. F. Smith, observer.]

Day.

1...... ......... 

2............... 

3............... 

4............... 

6...............

6............... 

7.............;. 

8............... 

9...............

10...............

11............... 

12............... 

13............... 

14............... 

15...............

16............... 

17...............

18............... 

19...............

20...............

21............... 

22

23............... 

24............... 

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

"3." 66"

3.00 

3.00

3.05 

3.00 

2.90

2.50

2.45 

2.55 

2.40 

2.55 

2.60

"2. 45"

2.30 

2.35

2.22

2.05 

2.18

"2.25 

2.65

2.60

2.60

2.55

2.30

"2." 65'

Feb.

1.85 

1.85 

1.75 

1.65 

1.60

"i."65" 

1.65

1.70

2.00

1.65 

1.30 "i.'jso"

OK

.95 

1 00

1.15 

1.28

1.42

1.58 

1.40 

1.50

1.60

1.90

.......

Mar.

2.02 

3.30

4.85 

6.05 

7.50

10.83 

11.78 

12.42 

12.28

11.48

10.48 

9.32

"8.32"

6.45

5.45

4.75

4.20 

3.55

3.40 

3.55

2.85 

2.60 

2.30

1.95

1.25

1.60

1.30

.75

Apr.

0.50 

.50

""."25 

.30

.20 

.30 

.30

4A

.15 

.05 

 .15 

 .20 

 .30

 .35

.25

.88

.80

.55 

.45

.50 

""."25

1.15

2.22

2.70

3.28

3.60

May.

"£35" 

4.40

5.58 

5.95

6.00 

5.85 "iio"

3.60

2.85 

2.60 

1.82 

1.22

.72

.75

.80 

.68

.50

.50

2.22 

3.58 

3.72

3.35

2.75

2.20

"i.'is"

June.

1.05 

1.12 

1.30 

1.55

1.85 

2.35 

2.15

1.82

1.55

1.15

"".'76' 

.45 

.10

.15

 .05

 .05

 .15

 .22

 .45

 .55 

 .50

 .55

 .50

 .60

 .60

 .65

July.

 0.65 

 .70

 "."so"

 .85 

 .85 

 .88 

 .80

 .70 

 .65 

 .65 

 .70 

 .70

 .80

 .75 

 .85

 .85

 .85 

 .85

 .88 

 "."65"

 .65

 .70

 .60

 .60

-.70

Aug.

 0.80 

 .80 

 .80 

 .80 

 .88

 .90 "."so"

 .90

 .85

 1.00 

 .80 

 .90

 "."96"

 .95

 .90

 .90 

 .90

 .85 

 ".90

 .52 

 .50 

 .55

 .55

 .55

 .60

 .60 

 .62

Sept.

 0.68 

 .72

 .78

 .75 

 .70 

 .60 

 .70

 .68

 "."eo"

 .48 

 .40 

 .40

 .40 

 .42

 "."45"

 .50

 .55 

 .50

 .45 

 .55

 .45

 .52

 .52

 .50

 .48

Oct.

 0.50

 "."52"

 .28 

.00

 .05 

 .05

 1

 .05

 .22 

 .32

 .42 

 .50 

 .65

 "."58"

 .45 

 .48

 .45

 .40

 .38

 "."35" 

 .30

 .32

 .45

 .45

 .40

 "."45"

Nov.

 0.45

 .45 

 .40 

 .38 

 .38

 ".'46' 

 .38 

 .38

 .42

 .58 

 .55

 ".58 

 .58

 .58 

 .58

 .58 

 .58

 .52 

 .60

 .58 

 "."55"

 .58

 .58

 .58

 .55

Dec.

 0.58 

 .58 

 .58

 "."58

 .58 

 .58 

 .58 

 .58

 .58

 "."58 

 .55 

 .55 

 .55

- .55 

 .55

 '.'55

 .55

 .55 

 .55

 .55 

 .55

 .62

 .68

 .72

 .72

 .72
48 . SUEFACE WATBE SUPPLY, 1910, PABT IV. 

MANISTEE BIVEB BASIN.

/ N.

GENERAL FEATUBES.

Manistee River rises in several lakes along the boundary line 

between Antrim and Otsego counties in the north-central part of 

Michigan, flows southwestward across Kalkaska, Wexford, and 

Manistee counties, and empties into Lake Michigan at Manistee, 

Mich. It has but two important tributaries, both of which enter in 

the lower part of the river Big Bear on the right and the South 

Branch of the Manistee on the left. The length of the river is about 

110 miles, not taking into account the numerous bends and angles; 

but following its windings its total length must be about 200 miles, 

for it is very crooked. The drainage area comprises about 2,120 

square miles.

The soil of the area is sandy, and the stream derives a large part of 

its supply from springs along the banks of the main' river and its 

tributaries. The country is flat or rolling. The elevation of the 

sources of the river is about 1,200 feet and the elevation of the mouth 

is 581 feet, a total fall of 620 feet.

Practically all the better timber has been cut from this area, 

although lumbering is still carried on to some extent.

The mean annual rainfall is about 35 inches. The winters are not 

severe. There is a fairly heavy fall of snow, and ice forms on the 

river about 1 foot in thickness during severe cold spells. The large 

amount of spring water helps to keep the river open.N

Storage problems have not been studied, but as the basin contains 

many lakes it must afford conditions for creating reservoirs to conserve and regulate the flow.

The opportunities for water power have not been fully investigated. 

Good sites, however, must be available at various places, as the fall 

of the river is considerable and the flow is well sustained during dryspells by the numerous springs.

The stream, is used considerably for logging, but the lumber 

interests are becoming less every year.

MANISTEE BIVEB NEAB SHEBMAN, MICH.

This station, which is located at North Bridge, about 1 mile from 

Sherman, Mich., was established July 10, 1903.

Wheeler Creek enters immediately below the station.

The river freezes over in winter, making necessary special studies 

to determine the winter flow. The constancy of flow of this stream, 

as shown in the following tables, is remarkable and is due to springs 

and ground-water flow. The maximum recorded mean flow for any 

month from 1903 to 1910 is only 2£ times the minimum recorded 

mean flow. It has consequently been possible to make fairly close
ST. LA WHENCE EIVEB BASIN.

estimates of the discharge for the periods during which ice was 

present by taking advantage of these facts and by utilizing climatologic data.

The stream is used for logging, and at times sunken logs in the bed 

of the stream may affect the gage heights.

The chain gage is attached to the bridge, from which all discharge 

measurements are made. The datum of the gage has remained 

unchanged.

The records are reliable and accurate prior to^he last inspection 

by the Survey, October 23, 1908, except as conditions noted above 

may affect the gage readings. The chain length was found to be correct March 1, 1910, and a measurement made in 1911 indicates that 

the datum of the gage and the relation of gage height to discharge 

have remained unchanged. Conditions of flow are believed to be 

permanent.

The gage reader's salary has been paid for 1910 by William G. 

Fargo, Jackson, Mich.

Daily gage fwight, in feet, of Manistee River near Sherman, Mich., for 1910. 

[F. G. Bullock, observer.]

Days.

1........ .......

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21......... ......

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.40

2.40

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

9 an

2.45

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.40

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.25

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.30

2.20

2.10

2 10

Feb.

2.10

2.10

2.05

2.05

2.00

1.95

2.00

2.10

2 1ft

2.20

2.20

2 9/1

2.10

2.10

2.10

2

AA

2.00

1.92

1.90

2.00

1.98

1.95

1.95

1.90

2.00

2.00

2.10

2.10

Mar.

2.20

2.20

2.22

2.30

2.30

2.40

2.80

2.80

2 7O

2,80

2.80

2.70

2.55

2.60

2.60

2.52

2.60

2.70

2.70

3.25

3.6G

4.10

4.35

4.32

4.40

4.40

4 30

4.30

4.15

4.10

S on

Apr.

3.60

3.45

3.25

3.20

3.15

3.15

3.20

3.15

3.05

3.05

2.95

2.82

2.75

2.60

2.52

2.52

2.50

2.50

2.42

2,40

2.40

2.35

2.35

2.45

2.82

3.15

3.20

3.20

3.10

May.

3.00

2.85

2.70

2.60

2.60

2.50

2.40

2.40

2.35

2.30

2.30

2.25

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.25

2.30

2.60

2.30

2.35

2.35

2.42

2.52

2.50

2.48

2.45

2.45

2.50

2.50

o en

June.

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2.45

2 nn

2 on

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.20

2.20

2.10

2.10

2.05

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.05

July.

2.10

2.10

2.00

1.90

1.80

1.80

1.85

1.90

1 on

2.28

2.35

"2.30

2.22

2.20

2.10

2.00

1.90

1.85

1.85

1.85

1.82

1.80

1.80

2.12

2.18

2.00

2.00

2.00

1.90

1.90

1.85

Aug.

1.85

1.82

1.85

1.90

1.85

1.80

1.78

1.75

1 71

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.92

2.05

2.10

2.10

2.00

2.00

1.90

2.25

2.40

2.35

2.50

2.55

2.55

2.48

2.40

2.40

Sept.

2.30

2.30

2.20

2.10

2.10

2.02

1.95

1.95

2.10

2.10

2.12

2.32

2.48

2.50

2.50

2.45

2.45

2.38

2.20

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.15

2.12

2.10

2.05

Oct.

2.05

1.98

2.00

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.02

2.00

2.00

1.98

1.98

2.04

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.09

2.32

2.55

2.70

2.70

2.70

Nov.

2.71

3.05

3.05

2.92

2.82

2.72

2.62

2.60

2.60

2.65

2.68

2.80

2.80

2.74

2.69

2.68

2.58

2.48

2.38

2.30

2.30

2.30

2.38

2.52

2.55

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.62

2.61

Dec.

2.60

2.57

2.50

2.49

2.42

2.37

2.29

2.29

2.24

2.19

2.20

2.36

2.35

2 20

2.20

2.21

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.14

2.18

2.30

2.18

2.10

2.10

2.18

2.20

2.26

2.22

NOTE. No information re^ardin? ice, but the g&ge heights were apparently affected little if any by the 

presence ol ice during the winter months. /

45897° WSP 284 12 4.
50 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, '1910, PART IV.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Manistee River near Sherman, Mich.,for 1910.

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19. ..............

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1,020

1,020

1,040

1,040

1,040

1,040

1,040

1,040

1,020

1,040

1,020

1,020

1,020

1,020

1,020

987

QS7

087

970

952

952

952

Q«!9

952

952

952

952

987

952

O1 7

917

Feb.

917

917

onn

900

883

866

883

O1 7

Q1 7

952

952

952

917

917

917

883

883

857

850

883

876

866

866

850

883

883

Q17

O1 7

Mar.

952

952

QKQ

QR7

QS7

1,020

1, 1'70

1,170

1,140

1,170

1,170

1 140

1,080

1,100

1,100

1,070

1,100

1 140

1 14fl

1 360

1,500

1,730

1 S4A

1,830

1,870

1,870

1,820

1,820

1,750

1,730

1,640

Apr.

1,500

1,440

1,360

1 ^Wft

1,310

l',310

1,330

1,310

1,270

1,270

1,230

1 152A

1 1 ^ft

1,100

1,070

1,070

1,060

I

ACrt

1,030

1,020

1,020

1,000

1,000

1,000

i run

1,180

1,310

1 ^Wft

1,330

1,290

May.

1,250

i ion

1 140

1,100

1,100

i nfifi

1,020

1,020

1,000

OS7

QS7

970

952

QCO

952

QKO

Q7ft

Qfi7

Qfi7

007

1,000

1,000

1,030

1,070

1,060

1,050

1

f\Af\

1 fUA

1,060

1 060

1,060

June.

1,040

1,040

1 040

I'run

i run

1,040

1,040

1,020

987

987

987

QS7

QW

952

917

917

QAfk

883

883

883

883

883

883

883

883

883

883

883

883

oon

July.

O1 7

917

883

850

819

819

834

850

850

osn

1,000

987

OSQ

952

017

883

OCA

R24.

KUL

834

825

819

819

Q9.4.

945

883

883

883

850

850

834

Aug.

834

825

S9d

. 850

S94.

819

813

804

804

804

804

oru

804

804

804

857

QAfl

Q17

917

883

883

850

Q7n

1,020

1,000

1,060

1 080

1,080

1,050

1,020

1,020

Sept.

987 007

OR9

917

917

890

866

866

fl17

917

924

QO4.

1,050

1,060

1,060

1,040

1 run

1,020

952 034

934

934

Q34.

934

934

934

934

924

917

900

Oct.

900

876

883

917

917

917

917

Q17

917

917

917

917

917

917

890

883

883

876

876

897

917

917

917

917

914

1,080

1,140

1,140

1,140

Nov.

1,140

1,270

1,270

1,220

1,180

1,140

1,100

1,100

1,100

1,120

1,130

1,170

1, 170

1,150

1,130

1,120

1,090

1,050

1,020

987

987

987

1,020

1,070

1,080

1,100

1,100

1,100

1,100

1,100

Dec.

1,100

1,090

1,060

1,060

1,030

1,010

984

Q5U.

966

948

952

1,010

1,000

952

952

956

Q19

952

952

952

952

931

945

987

945

917

917

945

952

973

959

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a discharge rating curve well defined below 1,700 second-feet.

Monthly discharge of Manistee River near Sherman, Mich,,for 1910.

[Drainage area, 900 square miles.]

Month.

April...................................

May.. ..................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

« 

Maximum.

1,040 

952 

1,870 

1,500 

1,250 

1,040 

1,000 

1,080 

1,060 

1,140 

1,270 

1,100

1,870

Minimum.

917 

850 

i 952 

1,000 

952 

883 

819 

804 

866 

876 

987 

917

804

Mean.

992 

901 

1,330 

1,200 

1,030 

946 

880 

895 

952 

937 

1,110 

977

1,010

Per 

square 

mile.

1.10 

1.00 

1.48 

1.33 

1.14 

1.05 

.978

 iftT*

1.06 

1.04 

1.23 

1.09

1.12

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.27 

1.04 

1.71 

1.48 

1.31 

1.17 

1.13 

1.15 

1.18 

1.20 

1.37 

1.26

15.27

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B.

NOTE. Accuracy for January, February, March, and December reduced on account of the possibility of 

ice effect.
, ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 51

BASINS TRIBUTARY TO IiAKE HURON.

ATT, SABLE RIVER BASIN.

GENERAL FEATURES.

The drainage basin of Au Sable River lies in the northeastern part 

of Michigan. The river rises in the heart of the plateau region in 

the central part of northern Michigan, in the southern part of Otsego. 

County, flows southward along the western side of Crawford County 

to Grayling, then turns and flows eastward across Crawford and 

Oscoda counties, thence southeastward, and enters Lake Huron at 

Au Sable. The South Branch and the North Branch are the principal tributaries. The river is about 100 miles long, not following the 

bends, and its total drainage area comprises about 2,010 square milesAlong the lower 20 miles of the river the basin is narrow, the 

average width being about 5 miles, but farther up the width increases 

to about 30 miles. The area is underlain by shales which have been 

so deeply covered with glacial drift that rock outcrops are rare. The 

upper end of the narrow part of the basin is rolling and hilly; the 

lower part is level and undulating. In its wider part the basin consists chiefly of sand and gravel plains with undrained hollows. The 

elevation of the sources of the river is about 1,250 feet;*at Bamfield, 

about 40 miles from the mouth, following the river, the elevation is 

about 850 feet; the elevation at the mouth is 581 feet.

This district was at one time noted for its white pine, but the area 

is now almost entirely cleared of its valuable native timber and is in 

great part covered with scrub conifers.

The mean annual rainfall is 30 to 35 inches. It is possible that 

deforestation has increased the flow of this stream by allowing the 

rainfall, to be entirely absorbed by the sand and gravel soil. The 

water thus absorbed reappears as springs. The springs, which occur 

wherever the streams have cut down through the sand and gravel to 

the underlying clay, help maintain the flow of the stream in dry 

periods and tend to keep the river open during the winter months, 

although the winters are severe, snowfall being comparatively heavy 

and ice of considerable thickness forming on the streams.

The arrangement of this basin is very favorable for water-power 

developments, as three-fourths of the area lies above the narrow part, 

in'which the sites are found. Along this section the bed of the stream 

is of firm clay and in many places the river is flanked by high terraced 

clay cliiffs rising 60 to 100 feet above it. Extensive investigations 

are now being made preparatory to developing the power.

The river is still used for logging, but the run of logs is small.

AU SABLE RIVER AT BAMFIELD, MICH.

This station, which is located at the steel highway bridge at 

Bamfield, Mich., was established August 27, 1902.

The measuring section formerly used was at a wooden bridge about 

400 feet above the new steel bridge from which measurements are
52 SUBFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

now made. The steel bridge was begun in March, 1907, and finished 

in July, 1907.

The staff gage, which is fastened to a pier of the old bridge, is 

unchanged, and the section at the gage has not been altered in any 

way. A slight backwater effect has, however, been caused at the 

section where the gage is located by changes made in the channel 

 below the gage at the time of the erection of the new steel bridge. 

The determinations of monthly discharge from March, 1907, to December, 1908, as published in Water-Supply Paper. 244, are about 4 per 

cent or less in excess of* their true values according to stage.

It is probable that the river is used for log driving only in the 

spring of the year, for during the summer and fall the gage heights 

are fairly uniform. As sunken logs are removed from the river twice 

each year they have little if any effect on the gage readings.

Winters are severe in this locality. The river generally freezes 

over, but does not remain closed longer than one or two months. 

Any increase in gage height during the winter months, unless caused 

by a thaw, is generally caused by backwater from ice jams formed by 

anchor ice.

Because of*changes in channel, the estimates for 1910 are withheld 

until more data are available.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Au Sable River at Bamfield, Mich.,for 1910. 

[Mrs. W. H. Bamfield, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4............... 

5...............

6...............

7...............

8.... .......... .

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16. ..............

17...............

18...............

10

20. ..............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24. ..............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.25

.......

4.00

3.25

3.00

Feb.

3.10

3.70

3.80

3.35

Mar.

3.45

3." 22 ~

2.61

1.70

1.79

1.78

1.80

1.55 9 nn

2.34

O ift

2.72

2.76

2.72

2.78

2.72

2.84

3.44

3.52

3.62

3 4Q

3.36

8.07

2.88

2.78

2.61

2.68

Apr.

2.35

2.09

2.05

1 OS

2.02

2.05

2.09

2.10

2.03

1.96

1 Q4

1 80

1.75

1.70

1.73

1.83

1.88

1.90

1.92

1.98

1.98

1 O4

1.96

1.81

2.00

2.00

1.96

1.81

2.00

May.

1.88

1.83

1.79

1.71 

1.60

1.50

1.52

1.42

1.40

1.41

1.44

1.38

1.38

1.40

1.44

1.40

1.36

1.31

1.44

1.48

1.44

1.46

1.56

1.76

1.85

1.68

1.65

1.51

1.41

1.45

1.52

June.

1.68

1.71

1.66

1.58 

1.52

1.62

1.55

1.48

1.46

1.35

1.31

1.31

1.28

1.20

1.24

1.26

1.31

1.30

1.26

1.31

1.40

1.29

1.26

1.17

1.09

1.08

1.09

1.08

.98

.94

July.

0.98

.92

.90

.84 

.89

.97

1.00

1.50

1.45

1.40

1.80

1.30

1.06

1.11

1 1Q

1.32

1.19

1.05

1.00

.98

.96

1.00

1 fU

1.35

1.10

1.65

1.35

.98

1.45

1.05

.96

Aug.

0.90

.91

.92

.96

.86

.92

.99

.96

.98

.89

,98

1.01

1.06

1.02

1.11

1.50

1.25

1.10

.98

.94

1.10

1.11

1.04

1.00

1.10

1.16

1.20

1.25

1.26

1.20

1.12

Sept.

1.40

0.98

0.91

1.08 

1.15

1.45

1.38

1.46

1.30

1.22

1.26

1.45

1.71

1.68

1.55

1.40

1.40

1.44

1.40

1.32

1.41

1.33

1.24

1.22

1.30

1.32

1.22

1.31

1.35

1.19

Oct.

1.11

1.10

1.20

1.26 

1.45

1.54

1.50

1.41

1.34

1.22

1.16

1.18

1.14

1.10

1.10

1.05

1.02

1.03

1.00

1,11

1.34

1.50

1.41

1.30

1.30

1.54

1.66

1.74

1.75

1.61

1.50

Nov.

1.47

1.50

1.47

1.42 

1.39

1.42

1.48

1.47

1.50

1.50

1.39

1 44

1.49

1.39

1.34

1.30

1.47

1.48

1.48

1.44

1.32

1.26

1.24

1.20

1.24

1.25

1.24

1.29

1.38

1.31

Dec.

1.34

1.39

1.44

1.41 

1.38

1.38

1.30

1.36

1.41

1.50

1.42

1.30

1.30

1.40

1.29

1.22

1.20

1.19

1.11

1.19

1.12

1.10

3.70

3.10

3.00

2.90

3.00

2.85

2.61

2.59

2.60

NOTE. Gage heights affected by ice Jan. 1 to Mar. 5 and Dec. 6-31. 

taken to water surface.

Gage heights during these periodb
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN". 53

BASINS TRIBUTARY TO LAKE ERIE. 

HUBON RIVER BASIN.

GENERAL FEATURES.

The drainage basin of Huron River lies in the southeastern part 

of Michigan. The river rises in several small lake's near Pontiac, in 

Oakland County, flows southwestward until it enters Washtenaw 

County, and then turns to the southeast and joins Lake Erie near the 

mouth of Detroit River. Its length, not following the bends of the 

river, is about 80 miles, and its total drainage area comprises about 

1,060 square miles. The only important tributary is Mill Creek, 

which enters on the right bank at Dexter, Mich. The greatest length 

of the drainage basin about 50 miles parallels Detroit River at a 

distance of 25 to 30 miles. This basin is connected with Lake Erie 

by a long narrow valley averaging not more than 5 miles in width, 

extending from a point near Ypsilanti southeastward to Lake Erie, a 

distance of 28 miles. In this stretch a large part of the total fall of 

the river occurs.

The northern part of the catchment area is rolling and its topography is complex. The stream flows through a series of lakes, and 

north of Dover the basin is largely composed of lakes and surrounding 

marshes. In the vicinity of Ann Arbor the topography is very rolling. 

Below Ypsilanti the country is flat.

The elevation of the sources of the river is about 900 feet above 

sea level; at Portage Lake, where the river turns and flows southeastward, the elevation is 850 feet; at Ypsilanti the elevation is 690 feet; 

at the mouth of the river it is 573 feet.

There are no forested areas in this section. The mean annual 

rainfall is about 35 inches. The winters are comparatively mild; 

the snowfall is not heavy and ice does not form very thick.

Storage problems have not been studied, but the numerous lakes 

and swamps afford a natural storage and produce a steady flow.

The conditions for water power on this stream are nearly ideal, as 

almost the entire catchment area is situated above the portion of the 

river that is best suited for the location of dams. A few sites below 

Ann Arbor have been developed, and opportunities for further 

development exist in this stretch of the river.

HURON RIVER AT DEXTER, MICH.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at Dexter, 

Mich., was established September 1, 1904.

Mill Creek enters a short distance above the station.

On March 12, 1908, the staff gage which was in use until that time 

was carried out by the ice; a chain gage was installed March 26, 1908, 

at the same datum as the staff gage. As the current is swift at the
54 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

section, little ice forms and the gage heights are only slightly affected 

thereby. The datum of the gage has remained unchanged. The 

high water that carried away the gage produced a permanent change 

in the bed of the river and altered the relation between the gage 

heights and discharge which existed prior to March 12, 1908.

A small headrace runs to an abandoned mill on the left bank, but 

at ordinary and low stages there is little or no flow in this canal; at 

high stages a small amount of water may pass around the gage 

through this raceway.

The salary of the gage reader at this station is paid by the Washtenaw Light & Power Co., Ann Arbor.

The discharge measurements taken at this station plot very 

erratically, and any estimates of discharge attempted on the basis 

of the records which follow should be used with great caution. This 

station was last inspected October 16, 1909.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Huron River at Dexter, Midi,, for 1910.

[Elisha White, observer.]

Bay.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7.... .......... -

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12.. .............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17.. .............

18...............

19. ..............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

0.75

.35

.35

.82

.80

.80

.75

.68

.65

.80

.70

.40

.40

.40

.32

.20

.20

.45

.50

.50

.50

.70

.70

.65

.62

.55

.55

.55

.55

.55

.55

Feb.

0.55

.50

.50

.50

.50

.50

.80

.75

.58

.50

.50

.50

.50

.50

.45

.40

.40

.60

.60

.58

.50

.45

.45

.50

.50

.55

1.35

1.80

Mar.

2.25

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.80

2.78

2.65

2.50

2.40

2.22

2.15

1.95

1.75

1.55

1.42

1.30

1.20

1.20

1.18

1.10

1.05

1.00

.92

.85

.78

.70

.65

.58

.50

Apr.

0.50

.45

.40

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.30

.30

.22

.20

.20

.15 .15'

.18

.25

.30

.30

.30

.30

.32

.55

1.08

1.45

1.48

1.35

1.30

May.

1.45

1.80

2.50

2.35

2.05

1.90

1.72

1.70

1.58

1.45

1.28

1.12

.98

.88

.7S

.68

.60

.55

.48

.45

.42

.40

.40

.58

.50

.48

.45

.40

.38

.30

.30

June.

0.30

.35

.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.70

.68

.58

.50

.50

.45

.38

.30

.25

.20

.15

.10

.10

.10

.00

.00

- .05

- .10

- .18

- .25

- .25

- .28

- .30

July.

-0.30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .32

- .35

- .35

- .25

- .25

- .30

- .30

- .32

- .35

- .35

- .38

- .40

- .40

- .40

- .40

- .35

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

- .30

Aug.

-0.30

- .32

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .40

- .40

- .40

- .35

- .30

- .30

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .30

- .30

- .35

- .35

- .35

- .35

Sept.

-0.35

- .35

- .35

- .32

- .20

- .15

- .10

- .15

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .22

- .28

- .25

- .25

- .25

- .25

- .25

- .25

- .28

- .30

- .30

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

Oct.

-0.20

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .10

- .05

- .05

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .12

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .20

- .18

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

- .15

Nov.

-0.15

- .15

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .05

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .10

- .05

- .05

.05

.10

.10

.10

Dec.

0.05

.05

.05

.00

.00

.00

.00

.00

.05

.05

.22

.20

.20

.20

.20

.20

.20

.20

.20

.20

.30

.20

.05

.00

.25

.30

.28

.15

.00

.00

.00

HURON RIVER AT GEDDES, MICH.

This station, which is located at the power plant of the Washtenaw 

Light & Power Co. at Geddes, Mich., was established February 1, 

1904.

Fleming Creek enters from the north about half a mile below the 

station.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 55

The flow of the river at this point is determined by computing the 

flow through the turbines by blowing the head-gate opening, rating 

of the wheels, and the number of hours the turbines are run. The 

flow over the crest of the dam is determined by considering the dam 

as a web*, the proper coefficient to be applied being assumed.

The records at this station are furnished by the Washtenaw Light 

& Power Co., of Ann Arbor, Mich. The computations of the discharge are furnished by Gardner S. Williams.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Huron River at Geddes, Mich., for 1910.

Day.

1...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25......^.. .........

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar.

1,087

1,105

1,337

1,378

1,320

1,295

1,220

1,156

1,031

1,038

941

919

852

852

728

647

626

626

636

692

709

639

558

535

535

512

613

569

519

511

. 506

Apr.

537

489

239

442

464

508

500

462

496

278

440

387

358

314

353

368

356

360

409

385

470

421

476

510

<\AR

761

941

858

813

668

May.

887

1 101

1,755

1,417

1,154

1,043

1,382

1,045

1,057

955

848

796

735

719

682

626

578

561

518

483

478

607

497

511

510

528

468

457

48fi

390

465

June.

413

407

618

600

582

632

647

620

550

548

546

436

440

440

416

406

386

356

264

318

352

307

270

196

195

174

160

116,

68

69

July. Aug. Sept Oct.

164

146

126

149

161

151

166

197

179

156

215

166

168

229

143

166

141

152

149

148

150

169

172

144

140

151

157

156

155

179

117

Nov.

160

148

164

150

151

158

130

150

168

175

165

208

129

190

168

173

175

151

 167

190

164

189

168

178

189

182

208

211

236

226

Dec.

220

191

208

186

178

202

202

165

176

164

190

191

180

184

201

160

181

165

173 in

108

180

166

172

185

130

165

177

190

187

179

Monthly discharge of Huron River at Geddes, Mich., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 757 square miles.]

Month.

January. . .....................................

March

April..........................................

May...........................J...............

July...........................................

September.... . ................................

October.......................................

December. ....................................

The year................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,378 

941 

1,755*

647

229 

236 

220

Minimum.

506 

239 

390

68

117 

129 

108

Mean.

a 468 

a 496 

829 

488 

765 

384 

o!23 

a 106 

a 152 

160 

174 

178

360

P«r 

square 

mile.

a 618 

.655 

1.10 

.645 

1.01 

.507 

.162 

.140 

.201 

.211 

.230 

.235

.476

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

a 71

.68 

1.27 

.72 

L16 

.57 

.19 

.16 

.22 

.24 

.26 

.27

6.45

a Estimated from discharge records at Superior dam, about 1J miles below Geddes.
56 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PABT IV.

HURON RIVER AT FLAT ROOK, MIOH.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at Flat Rock, 

Mich., about half a mile below the crossing of the Detroit, Toledo & 

Ironton Railroad, was established August 6, 1904.

No important tributaries enter near the station.

The staff gage is located at the measuring section. The datum of 

the gage has remained unchanged.

The ordinary flow of the stream is controlled by a dam and power 

plant immediately above the station, but the operation of this plant 

is assumed to have but little effect on the diurnal fluctuation of stage. 

The nearness of the mill prevents the formation of ice in winter at 

the gaging section, but jams frequently form below the station, 

causing backwater.

All discharge measurements are made from the bridge.

The salary of the gage reader at this station is paid by the Washtenaw Light & Power Co., Ann Arbor, Mich. This station was last 

inspected October 16, 1908. The accuracy of the daily and monthly 

discharges therefore depends on the permanency of conditions of flow 

and of the elevation of the gage since that date. Conditions of flow 

are believed to be permanent.

Daily gage height, infect, of Huron River at Flat Rock, Mich., for 1910.

[C. L. Metier, observer.]

Day.

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6............... 

7...............

8...............

9...............

10........'.......

11...............

12...............

13...............

14................

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

2.8

2.65

2.55

2.8

2.75

2.55 

2.55

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.55

2.4

2.35

2.55

2.55

2.5

2.3

2.9

3.05

3.2

3.35

4.35

3.6

3.5

3.55

3.5

3.6

3.65

3.6

3.5 

3.45

Feb.

3.4

3.25

3.3

3.45

3.3

"3." 6"

2.95

2.9

2.95

2.85

2.65

2.55

2.5

2.55

3.1

3.2

3.1

2.85

2.8

2.8

2.85

2.75

2.75

2.75

2.6

3 7

5/3

.......

Mar.

6.4

7.1

7.85

8.5

8.75

8.4

7.7

7.45

7.05

6.75

6.5

6.25

6.05

5.8

5.55

5.2

4.9

4.7

4.35

4.3

4.35

4.55

4.3

4.05

3.95

3.8

3.4

3.3

3.4

3.15 

3.1

Apr.

2.9

2.8

2.5

2.35

2.85

2.7 

2.7

2.6

2.55

2.4

2 1 «!

2.4

2.0

1.95

1.9

1.85

1.95 1 a

2.3

3.35

2.55

2.85

2 7

2.55-

2.55

3.75

4.6

5.3

5.05

4.6

May.

4.45

5.35

6.8

7.5

7.1

6.35 

6.6

5.2

4.95

4.95

4.65

4.45

4.15

3.85

3.6

3.35

3.4

3.1

2.95

2.8

2.8

2.75

2.75

3.2

2.95

2.95

2.65

2.55

2.45

2.3 

2.35

June.

2.45

2.45

2.4

3.35

3.45

3.4 

3.5

3.3

3.2

3.0

2.9

2.85

2.45'

2.55

2.3

2.15

2.15

2.1

1.75

1.25

1.75

.1.5

1.35

1.2

.95

.9

.85

.95

1.05

.9

July.

0.95

.8

.8

.8

.75

.9 

.8

.65

.65

.7

.8

.55

.95

.75

.75

.75

.8

.7

.7

.75

.7

.7

.7

.65

.6

.5

.7

.6

.7

.6

.7

Aug.

0.6

.55

.6

.65

.65

.7 

.7

.75

.7

.7

.6

.7

.65

.6

.55

.7

1.0

.7

.65

.7

.65

.6

.65

.55

.6

.5

.5

.65

.85

.65

.7

Sept.

0.55

.6

.55

.9

.9

.65 

.75

1.0

.95

1.0

.9

.9

.85

.6

.8

.75

.75

.95

.8

.85

.75

.9

.95

1.0

1.15

.85

.95

.9

Oct.

0.95

.95

1.0

1.0

1.05

.95 

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.05

.85

.95

.9

.85

.95

1.0

1.0

.9

.95

.9

1.05

1.0

1.05

.95

.85

QC

1.0

1.05

.9 

.9

Nov.

0.9

.85

.95

.9

.9

.9 

.9

1.3

1.05

.9

1.1.

1.15

.95

1.0

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.05

.95

1.0

1.05

1.0

1.0

1.15

1 05

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.4

Dee.

1.35

1.25

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2 

1.3

1.15

1.35

1.1

1 2

1.1

1.35

1.15

1.05

1.05

1.75

1.2

1.2

1.25

1.25

1.4

1 45

1.50

1.65

1.85

1.4

1.35

1.4

1.3 

1.35

NOTE. Gage heights may have been affected by back water from ice jams at times during January, 

February, March, and December.
ST. IAWEEFOE BIVEE BASIN. 57

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Huron River at Flat Rock, Mich.,for 1910.

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7.. .............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

1Q

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29

30...............

31...............

Jan.

668

625

597

668

655

597

597

529

556

529

597

556

542

597

597

583

529

697

742

787

834

1,160

911

880

896

880

911

927

911

880

864

Feb.

849

802

818

864

818

772

727

712

697

712

682

625

597

583

597

757

787

757

682

668

668

682

655

655

655

611

QJQ

i ASH

Mar.

1,870

2,120

2,420

2,680

2,780

2,640

2,360

2,260

2,100

1,990

1,900

1,820

1,750

1,660

1,570

1,450

1,340

1,280

1,160

1,140

1,160

1,220

i iin

1,060

1,020

Q71

GAQ

818

849

779

757

Apr.

697

668

683

542

682

639

639

611

697

556

490

556

452

440

427

415

440

403

529

834

597

682

639

597

597

959

1 9in

1,480

1,400

1 *>At\

May.

1,190

1,500

2,010

2,280

2,120

1,850

1,940

1,450

1,360

1,360

1,260

1,1^0

1,090

991

911

834

849

757

712

668

668

654

654

787

712

712

625

107

570

19Q

542

June.

570

570

556

834

864

849

880

818

787

727

697

682

570

597

529

490

490

477

391

280

391

334

302

270

220

211

202

220

240

211

July.

220

192

192

192

183

211

192

166

166

174

192

148

220

183

183

183

192

174

174

183

174

174

174

166

157

140

174

157

174

157

174

Aug.

157

148

157

166

166

174

174

183

174

174

157

174

166

157

148

174

230

174

166

174

166

157

166

148

157

140

140

166

202

166

174

Sept.

148

157

148

211

211

166

183

230

220

230

211

211

202

157

192

183

183

220

192

202

183

192

201

211

 220

230

260

202

220

211

Oct.

220

220

230

230

240

220

220

220

220

220

240

202

220

211

202

220

230

230

211

220

211

240

230

240

220

202

220

230

240

211

211

Nov.

211 202

220

211

211

211

211

291

240

211

250

260

220

230

240

250

260

240

220

230

240

230

230

245

260

240

260

270

280

312

Dec.

302

280

270

270

270

270

291

260

302

250

270

250

302

260

240

240

391

270

270

280

280

312

323

334

368

415

312

302

312

9Q1

302

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from & discharge-rating curve fairly well defined.

Discharge as determined may be too high at times during January, February, March, and December

on account of possible ice jams.

Monthly discharge of Huron River at Flat Rock, Midi., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,000 square miles.]

Month.

March ., ^ .............. . , , April....................................

May......................................

July......................................

October.. ................................

TiflpembipTrDischarge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,160 

1,480 

2,780 

1,480 

2,280 

880 

220 

230 

260 

240 

312 

415

2,780

Minimum.

529 

583 

757 

403 

529 

202 

140 

140 

148 

202 

202 

240

140

Mean.

719 

745 

1,580 

688 

1,080 

509 

179 

167 

200 

222 

240 

293

551

Per

square 

mile.

0.719 

.745 

1.58 

.688 

1.08 

.509 

.179 

-.167 

.200 

.222 

.240 

.293

.551

Eun-ofE 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.83 

.78 

1.82 

.77 

1.24 

.57 

.21 

.19 

.22 

.26 

.27 

.34

7.50

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

C.

NOTE. Accuracy tor January, February, March, and December reduced on account of the possibility of 

ice effect.
58 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV. 

CATTARATJGTJS CHEEK BASIN.

GENERAL FEATURES.

Cattaraugus Creek rises in the southwestern part of Wyoming 

County, flows westward, and enters Lake Erie about 25 miles southwest of Buffalo, on the boundary line between Erie and Chautauqua 

counties. The stream is about 55 miles long and drains an area 

comprising approximately 560 square miles.1 Through a large 

part of its course it forms the boundary between Erie and Chautauqua 

counties. Its head waters rise at an elevation of between 1,900 to 

2,000 feet.

The drainage basin is hilly, fairly well timbered, and rather narrow. 

There are few tributary streams, those most important entering 

the river from the south. South branch of Cattaraugus Creek, the 

largest tributary, enters at a point about 2 miles above Gowanda. 

There is a dam at Gowanda which is used for developing electric 

power and also for running a local gristmill and foundry. Formerly 

there was a dam at Versailles, but it was washed out by a flood a few 

years ago and at present practically the only power plants on the 

stream are those at Gowanda.

The average rainfall on the drainage basin is approximately 40 

inches.

CATTARAUGUS CREEK AT VERSAILLES, N. Y.

V

This station, which is located at the highway T>ridge in the village 

of VersaiP.es, about 8 miles above the mouth of the stream, 6 miles 

below Gowanda and 3 miles from Lawton station, on the Erie Railroad, was established September 23, 1910, in cooperation with the 

New York State Water Supply Commission.

A standard chain gage is attached to the upstream side of the 

bridge over the right-hand channel. The bridge consists of three 

spans of 117 feet each.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of 

the bridge.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission.

Discharge measurements of Cattaraugus Creek at Versailles, N. Y., in 1910.

Date,

Sept. 23

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feel. 

118

130

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

167

185

Gage

height.

Feet. 

5.02

5.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

148

137

i From Fifth Ann. Kept. New York State Water Sjapply Comm.
ST. LAWBEFCE EIVEE BASIN. 59

Daily gage height, in feet, of Cattaratigus Creek at Versailles', N. Y.,for 1910.

[James A. Palmer, observer.]

Day.

1...... ..........

2................

3................

4................

5................

6................

7................

8................

9................

10. ...............

11................ 

12................

13................

14................

15................

Sept. Oct.

5.05

4.95

4.90

5.05

5.01

5.20

6.15

5.55

5.28

5.22

5.18

5.12

5.08

5.08

5.08

Nov.

6.45

6.55

6.15

5. 78

5.60

5.60

5.70

5.72

5.78

7.68

7.32 

6.48

6.30

6.25

6.22

Dec.

6.45

6.42

6.15

>\ on

5.90

5.68

5.70

5.65

5.60

5.72

5.70 

5.64

5.55

5.65

5.60

Day.

16................

17................

18................

10

20................

91

22. ...............

23................

25................

rtf» &'.'..'......'.'.'..'...

28. ...............

29. ...............

30. ...............

31................

Sept.

5.05

5.01

5.09

5.05 

5.05

5.05

5.05

5.05

Oct.

5.08

5.02

5.05

5.02

5.02

5.00

5.62

5.75

5.40

5.48

5.85 

5.55

6.38

6.30

6.22

6.10

Nov.

6.18

6.10

6.02

1 QS

5.90

5.82

5.80

5.85

6.68

6.95

6.55 

6.22

6.20

6.68

6.40

Dec.

5.45

5.60

5.60

5.82

5.80

5.72

5.62

5.70

5.72

5.70

5.75 

5.70

5.70

6.98

7.30

6.42

NOTE. Gage heights probably somewhat affected by ice during the greater part of December. The ice 

passed out of the creek Dec. 29.

BASINS TRIBUTARY TO LAKE ONTARIO.

GENESEE RIVER BASIN. 

GENEBAL FEATURES.

Genesee River rises in Potter County, Pa., 8 or 10 miles south of 

the New York-Pennsylvania boundary, flows northwestward for 

about 32 miles, then turns to the northeast and discharges into Lake 

Ontario, 7 miles north of Rochester. Its entire length, following 

bends, is about 135 miles, and its drainage area comprises about 

2,450 square miles.

In the northern portion of this basin the topography is rolling, 

with long easy slopes except along the streams, most of which flow 

in deep ravines hemmed in by steep banks. There is a gradual rise 

in a general way through the lakes, and in the upper half of the basin 

the country becomes rough and is broken by ridges whose summits 

attain elevations of 2,000 to 2,500 feet above sea level.

The mean annual precipitation in the Genesee basin is about 34 

inches, ranging from 30 inches in the lower part of the basin to 42 

inches in the higher altitudes in the southern part. The winters are 

rather less severe than in the westerly or northerly parts of New 

York State, although the rivers are generally frozen over for varying 

periods of time.

The Series of remarkable lakes tributary to the Oswego basin is 

continued westward into the basin of the Genesee and includes Conesus, Hemlock, Canadice, and Honeoye. These lakes serve as natural 

reservoirs, and their inlets drain considerable areas at their upper 

ends. The slopes adjacent to the lakes themselves are narrow and 

steep and are drained by gullies and torrential brooks. Below the
60 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

lakes the area is rolling and the soil is rich and extensively cultivated. 

The areas and elevations of these lakes are shown in the following 

table:

Areas and elevations of lakes in the Genesee River basin.a

Lake.

Hemlock Lake..... ......................................................

Elevation.

Feet. 

896

1,092

800

Watersurface 

area.

Sa. miles.

2.8

.7

2.5

Drainage

area.

Sa. miles. 

46.8

12.6

39.6

a These lake basins are shown on the Honeoye, Canandaigua, Naples, and Wayland topographic atlas 

sheets of the United States Geological Survey, from which the areas have been taken, with the exception 

of those for Hemlock and Canadice lakes, which are from surveys of Rochester water works.

Other excellent storage sites exist in the Genesee basin, and 

extensive surveys and studies have been made by the State Water 

Supply Commission of New York, which has suggested a dam at 

Portage, furnishing a storage capacity of 18,000,000,000 cubic feet, 

11,000,000,000 cubic feet of which will be available for commercial 

purposes. Such a reservoir would materially help to control the floods 

upon the Genesee, which under the present conditions periodically 

cause much damage.

In the 39 miles between Belmont, in central Allegany County, and 

Portage the river falls 253 feet. At Portage there is a total fall of 

about 300 feet, made up in three portions, and thence nearly to 

Mount Morris the river flows at the botton of a deep gorge. From 

Mount Morris to Kochester the valley is broad and open and the 

stream is bordered by meadows which are subject to overflow. At 

Rochester there is another abrupt descent in three heavy falls, 

amounting to about 360 feet within the city, most of which has been 

developed.

The State has maintained a dam above Rochester for diverting 

water to the Erie Canal, and in the basin of Black Creek, one of the 

upper tributaries of the Genesee from the west, are two reservoirs 

owned by the State, also used for the benefit of the Erie Canal.

Cuba reservoir, on the Genesee-Allegheny divide, receives a drainage from a tributary area of 26.6 square miles, having a storage volume 

of 454,000,000 cubic feet. The overflow from this reservoir enters 

Allegheny River, but the storage water may be turned into the summit of the abandoned Genesee Valley canal and thence into Genesee 

River.

In the improved barge canal, now under construction, the water 

supply for this section is to be taken from Lake Erie, and it is probable that no diversion for this purpose will be necessary from the 

Genesee drainage basin.
ST. LAWBENCE EIVBB BASIN. 61

GENESEE BIVEB AT ST. HELENA, N. Y.

This station, which is located at the steel highway bridge, about 6 

miles, by river, below Genesee Lower Falls, 4 miles from Castile, and 

5^ miles from Portageville, was established August 14, 1908, in 

cooperation with the State Water Supply Commission of New York.

The bed of the stream at this point is of coarse gravel with few 

rocks, and is fairly permanent. There are two channels at low 

stages and three during high water.

The datum of the chain gage attached to the bridge has remained 

the same during the maintenance of the station. Two gage readings 

are made each day.

Discharge measurements are made from the highway bridge or by 

wading.

There has recently been constructed at this station a concrete well 

and shelter which contain a self-recording gage. The gage house is 

located on the downstream side, left-hand end of the bridge. A 

4-inch cast-iron water pipe leads to a point in the river channel near 

the present chain gage. The gage heights here published are taken 

from the chain gage.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements of Genesee River at St. Helena, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

Apr. 21

July 19

A no- 9fi

Nov. 17

Hydrographer.

W. G.Hoyt...............................................

W.G.Hoyt.. .............................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

296

103

102

133

176

194

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

889

203

168

150

392

298

Gage

height.

Feet. 

4.92

2.06

1.92

2.14

3.24

2.85

Discharge.

8ec.-ft. 

3,380

226

159

214

1,010

645

/

o Measurement made at wading section above bridge.

6 Measurement made under partial ice cover; considerable slush ice running; no great backwater effect.
62 STTEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

Daily gage heights, in feet, o/Genesee River at St. Helena, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Herman Piper, observer.]

Day.

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

.5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30............... 

31. .............

Jan.

2.28

2.25

2.60

2.85

2.68

2.88

2.95

2.92

2.82

2.98

2.88

2.78

2.75

2.72

2.85

2.72

2.75

3.10

4.40

4.25

4.20

6.88

5.45

4.70

3.80

3.75

3.48

3.25

3.12 

3.02

Feb.

2.85

2.72

2.95

2.72

2.78

2.65

2.60

2.78

2.75

2.68

2.62

2.45

4.25

4.05

3.92

3.89

4.47

4.07

3.77

3.59

3.62

3.57

3.82

3.52

6.85

6.69

7.72

.......

Mar.

9.27

8.82

8.22

7.22

6.77

7.12

9.42

6.27

5.52

4.85

4.62

4.55

4.82

4.29

4.02

3.92

3.77

3.57

3.75

5.56

5.71

5.18

5.31

5.24

5.31

4.28

3

QQ

3.81

3.46 

3\\

Apr.

3.31

3.14

2.98

3.11

3.08

2.98

2.88

2.78

2.84

2.74

2.71

2.58

2.54

2.48

2.51

2.54

2.64

3 44

4.36

4.76

4.83

4.60

3.90

6.60

8 40

9.30

6.88

1 AR

5.85

6.10

May.

4.90

6.80

6.65

6.75

5.35

A 79

4.25

3,95

3.78

3.68

3

KA

3.35

3 22

3 08

2

QQ

2.88

2.88

2

70

2.85

2.68

2.75

2

f>9

2

«E

2

0©

2 Q9

3.08

2.95

2

Q9

2.68

2.78 2<\nf

June.

2.85

2.78

2.81

2.71

2.75

2.73

2.73

2.68

2.65

2.61

2.61

2.65

2.55

2

AK

2.35

2.51

2.55

2.45

2.41

2.35

2.31

2 9ft

2.25

2.15

9 rto

2.05

2.11

2 rt1

1 OS

1.95

July.

2.01

1.88

1.68

1.73

1.95

1.95

1.75

1.75

1 01

1 01

1 Q1

1.85

2.25

2

00

2.48

2.28

2.25

2 1 f\

2.45

1.80

1 T>

1.72

1.65

9 nn

2.02

1.70

1 QQ

i on

1.82 

1.65

Aug.

1.78

1.88

1.82

1.82

1.78

1.55

1.55

1.80

1.95

2.15

2.02

1.70

1.70

1.90

1 Ckt\

1.62

1.72

2.05

2.02

1.70

1 OA

1.80

1.88

1 P;S

1 Q9

1.65

1.52

1.80

1.68 

1.80

Sept.

1.85

2.12

2.12

2.15

2.08

2.52

2.85

2.70

2.42

2.28

2 12

2.05

2.15

2.12

1.95

2.08

1.92

1.65

1.92

1.92

1.88

1.82

1.75

1.85

1.95

1.92

2.75

2.48

2.35

2.25

Oct.

2.12

2.02

1.95

2.08

1.98

2.02

2.25

2.38

2.25

2.18

2.15

2.02

1.60

1.75

2.00

1 75

1.95

1.95

1.88

1.95

2.10

1.88

1.82

2.10

2.05

2.18

2.45

2.48

2.72

2.52 

2.62

Nov.

2.58

2.50

2.45

2.60

2.30

2.20

2.32

2.30

2.32

3.0

3.95

3.48

3.50

3.22

3.32

3.25

3.28

3.15

3.10

3.00

2.92

2.82

2.92

3.00

4.08

4.08

3.65

3.38

3.40

4.10

Dec.

3.55

3.55

3.42

3.38

3.30

3.08

2.98

2.90

2.82

2.82

2.92

2.85

2.68

2.72

2.65

2.58

2.65

2.68

2.78

2.78

2.65

2.48

2.58

2.55

2.60

2.52

2.58

2.62

2.78

7.80 

5.05

NOTE. Kelation of gage height to discharge probably affected by the presence of ice from Jan. 1 to 18, 

Feb. 5 to 27, and Dec. 10 to 31. Gage heights during these periods were taken to water surface.
ST. LAWEEFCE EIYEE BASIN". 68 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofGenesee River at St. Helena, N. Y., far 1910.

Day.

1.. .............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6. .............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31.. .............

Jan.

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

150

2,450

2,210

2,130

8,600

4,580

2,990

2,540

1,580

1,520

1,220

1,020

902

817

Feb.

672

568

756

568

500

450

450

400

400

400

350

350

350

400

400

400

350

350

350

400

400

400

350

300

300

300

2,000

11,700

Mar.

19,500

17,000

14,000

9,730

8,250

9,380

20,300

6,740

4,750

3,290

2,840

2,710

3,230

2,2'0

1,870

1,740

1,540

1,310

1,520.

4,840

5,220

3,980

4,260

4,110

4,260

3,110

2,260

1,810

1,590

1,200

1,190

Apr.

1,070

919

783

894

868

783

698

614

664

583

560

470

445

iflS

426

445

510 i ion

2,390

3,110

3,250

2,800

1,710

7*720

14,900

19,700

8,600

4,580

5,580

6,260

May.

3,390

8,340

7,880

8,180

4,360

3,030

2,210

1,780

1,560

1,440

1,240

1,100

988

868

783

698

698

614

672

538

591

496

517

698

732

868

758

647

538

614

758

June.

672

614

638

560

591

575

575

538

517

489

ISO

517

451

391

335

426

451 391'

368

335

313

298

284

239

194

201

222

187

178

169

Jifly.

187

148

98

109

169

169

114

114

157

157

157

140

284

656

408

298

284

239

, 198

391

126

107

107

91

184

191

102

148

154

132

91

Aug.

121

154

148

132

132

121

73

73

126.

169

239

191

102

102

154

169

84

107

201

191

102

154

126

148

77

160

91

69

126

98

126

Sept.

140

226

226

239

211

432

672

552

374

298

226

201

239

226

169

211

160

91

160

160

148

132

114

140

169

160

591

408

335

284

Oct.

226

191

169

211

178

191

284

351

284

252

239

191

80

114

184

114

169

169

148

169

218

148

132

218

201

252

391

408

568

432

496

Nov.

470

420

391

482

308

260

319

308

319

800

1,780

1,220

1,240

988

1,080

1,020

1,040

928

885

800

732

647

732

800

1,950

1,950

1,400

1,130

1,150

1,980

Dec.

1,290

1,290

1,170

1,130

1,060

868

783

715

647

600

550

500

450

400

350

300

300

250

250

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

400

6,000

3,000

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a well-defined discharge rating curve. Discharge for the 

periods during whichice was present, Jan. l to IS.Feb. 5 to 27, and Dec. 10 to 31, approximately determined 

from climatological records and the discharge at Rochester.

It should be noted that the determination of the daily discharge for Jan. 1 to 18, Feb. 5 to 27, and Dec. 10 

to 31 have been revised and supersede those previously published in the Sixth Annual Report of the New 

York State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of the State engineer and surveyor, State of New 

York.

Monthly discharge ofGenesee River at St. Helena, N. Y., for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,030 square miles.]

m Month.

April...................................

May ....... ...... ......... .. .

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

8,600

11,700

20,300 

19,700 

8,340 

672 

656 

239 

672 

568 

1,980

20,300

Minimum.

1,190 

408 

496 

169 

91 

69 

91 

80 

260

69

Mean.

1,140 

880 

5,480 

3,100 

1,860 

407 

191 

131 

256 

238 

918 

778

1,280

Per

square 

mile.

1.11 

.854 

5.32 

3.01 

1.81 

.395 

.185 

.127 

.249 

.231 

.891 

.763

1.24

Runoff 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage

area).

1.28

.89 

6.13 

3.36 

2.09 

.44 

.21 

.15 

.28 

.27 

.99 

.88

16.97

Accuracy.

C. 

D. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

C.

NOTE. The computations for January, February, December, and the year have been revised and supersede thoae previously published in the sixth annual report of the New York State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of the State engineer and surveyor, State of New York.
64 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

GENESEE RIVER AT JONES BRIDGE, NEAR MOUNT MORRIS, N. Y.

This station, which is at the highway bridge known as Jones Bridge, 

about 5 miles below Mount Morris, and a short distance below the 

inflow of Canaseraga Creek, was established May 22, 1903, was discontinued April 30, 1906, and reestablished August 12, 1908, in 

cooperation with the State Water Supply Commission of New York.

The bed is of sandy clay, and probably subject to change at times. 

The stream flows in one channel at low stages and two channels at 

high. The current is good at medium and high stages, but poor at 

low stages.

The datum of the chain gage attached to the bridge has remained 

permanent during the maintenance of the station.

Discharge measurements are made from a foot bridge erected on 

the outriggers of the downstream side of the bridge or by wading.

Conditions for making discharge measurements are favorable and 

a fairly good rating curve has been developed.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements of Genesee River at Jones Bridge, near Mount Morris, N. TT.,

in 1910.

Date.

Apr. 20

21

July 20

Oct. 25

Nov. 18

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

C.C. Covert. ..............................................

W.G.Hoyt.. .............................................

Width.

Feet. 

153

145

75

48

70

91

Area of

section.

Sq.ft. 

352

677

205

45.6

193

333

Gage 

height.

Feet. ' 

9.38

8.70

4.08

3.35

3.96

5.58

Dtecharge.

Sec.-ft. 

3,700

2,770

323

103

244

968

a Measurement made at wading section.
ST, LAWEENOB BIVEB BASIN. 65

Daily gage height, in feet, of Genesee River at Jones Bridge, near Mount Morris, N. Y.t

for 1910.

[Elizabeth Trever, observer.]

Day.

1.. ...... .......

2.. .............

3.... ...........

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22............... 

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29.... .... .......

30...............

31...............

Jan.

4 45

A. Ifl

5.00

5.40

5.35

5.30

5.25

5.35

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.30

5.25

5.25

6.95

9 85

10.95

19.25 

19.55

15.75

12.55

11.15

10.45

9.75

8.90

8.50

Q OR

Feb.

8.05

7.70

8.20

8.85

7.55

7.45

7.00

6.90

7.30

7.15

6.85

6.95

6.90

6.80

6.80

6.70

7.20

9.25

9.90

9 7n

9.70

9.70 97n

9.70

9 7n

9.50

8.55

15.45

Mar.

27.85

27.70

27.40

25.95

24.05

23.20

25.75

23.70

18.40

17.85

11.25

10.00

9 in

8.75

8,35

7.80

7

KA

7.10

7.00

10 45

13.45

11.45 

11 40

10.70

10.95

10.25

8

7E

7.85

7.15

6.70

6.35

Apr.

6.20

5.95

5.75

5.70

5.70

5.65

5.45

5.30

5.15

5.00

5.15

5.15

5.05

4.90

4.80

4.80

4 on

5.75

7.80

8

7E

9 OR

9.80 

8.05

11.20

oo otc

24.65

24 45

18.50

13.40

17.65

May.

12.90

16.10

18.15

21.10

15.80

11.75

9 ns

8.40

8.35

7.45

7.05

6.45

ft otc

6.05

5.75

5.60

5.50

5.35

5.20

5.10

5.20

5.20 

5.15

5.20

5.55

5.65

5.55

5.35

5.15

5.10

5.15

June.

5.50

5.25

5.20

5.05

5.00

5.05

5.10

5.10

5.00

4.90

4.80

4.85

4 80

4.60

4.50

4.60

4.56

4 40

4 40

4.55

4.50

4.35 

4.20

4.10

3 on

3.80

3

QA

3

QC

3 95

3.85

July.

3.65

3.45

3.45

3.45

3.65

3.55

3.70

3.60

3.60

3.10

3.50

3.50

3.65

4.75

4.70

4.45

4.20

4.15

4.10

4.00

3.70

3.80 3 fin

i in

3

flA

3

OA

3 fin

3.65

q in

Aug.

3.60

3.65

3.65

3.60

3.55

3.55

3.35

3.40

3.45

3.55

3.85

3.90

3.60

3.70

3.45

3.70 3 45

3

OA

3.75

3

QK

3.85

3.40 

3.60

3.55

3.55

3.75

3 an

3.60

3.20

3.60

3 flA

Sept.

3.70

3.85

3.90

4.00

4.05

4.75

5.10

4.90

4.55

4.25

3.95

3.95

4.00

4.00

3.75

4.00

4 00

 3 40

3.90

3 on

3.75

3.75 3 fin

3.50

3.20

3.80

3 Oft

4.50

4.25

4.20

Oct.

4.00

4.05

3.90

3.90

3.70

3.90

4.20

4.45

4.20

4.15

4.10

4.05

4.00

3.95

3.70

3.25

3.45

3.85

3.60

3

7f\

3.55

3.55 

3.25

3.60

3

OA

4.05

4.50 4 40

4.60

4.80

A. 7n

Nov.

4.70

4.60

4.50

4.65

4.45

4.25

4.25

4.30

4.30

4.70

6.60

6.40

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.70

5.60

5.40

5.40

5.25

5.20 

5.10

5.05

6.85

7.35

6.55

6.00

7.25

7.70

Dec.

6.85

6.40

6.10

5.95

6.00

5.25

5.35

5.60

6.05

6.05

7.70

7.70

7.65

7.40

7.35

7.10

6.35

6.40

13.0

NOTE. More or less backwater caused by Ice probably existed at this station from Jan. 1 to Feb. 27 and 

from Dec. 4 to 31. Gage heights taken to -water surface except those for Dec. 13 to 31, which were to the 

top of the ice.

45897° WSP 284 12 5
66 STJKFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, %PAET IV.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Genesee River at Jones Bridge, near Mount Morris,

N. Y., for 1910.

Day.

1. .........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6... ......

7..........

8... ......

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

9Q

30..........

31..........

Feb.

7,900

Mar.

17,800

17,700

17,500

16,300

14,800

14,100

16,200

14,500

10,300

9,840

4,620

3,750

3,330

2,890

2,630

2,270

2 non

1,850

1,790

4,060

6,320

4,760

4,730

4 240

4,420

3,920

2 ft on

2 ^ftft

1,880

1,620

1,420

Apr.

1,340

1,200

1,090

1,060

1,060

1,040

935

860

785

710

785

785

735

665

620

620

665

1,090

2,270

2,890

3,220

3,610

2

4.0A

4

CQA

13,400

15,300

15,100

tft 4AA

6,280

9 ' 680

May.

5,880

8,440

10,100

12,400

8,200

A. osn

3,440

2,660

2,630

9 rtfirt

1,820

1,480

1,370

1,260

1,090

1,010

Qfift

885

810

760

810

810

785

810

985

1 C\Af\

QQC

885

760

785

June.

960

835

Sift

79 c

710

Tqc

760

760

710

665

620

A49

620

530

AQ(\

530

510

AK{\

AKJ)

510

AQ(\

43ft

*>7A

Q3^

265

*>v\

265

282

oco

OCA

July.

190

138

19Q

138

190

162

205

175

175

60

150 i«ai

598

C7C

470

«>7ft

QKO

335

300

205

235

175

100 171;

195

91 1*

235

175 ion

60

Aug.

175

190

190 171;

162

162

112

125

138

162

250

265 171;

205

205

138

109

220

282

250

125

162

220

171;

on

175

235

Sept.

205

250

265

300

318

598

760

665

510

son

282

282

300

300

220

300

300

125

265

265

220

220

175

150

. 80

235 <>RS

490

OQA

370

Oct.

300

318

265

265

205

265

370

470

370

352

335

318

300

282

205

90

138

250

175

205

162

162

90

175

265

318

490

450

530

620

575

Nov.

575

530

490

552

470

390

390

410

410

575

1,560

1,450

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,060

1,010

910

910

835

810

760

735

1,700

2,000

1,530

1,230

1,940

2,210

Dec.

1,700

1,450

1,280

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a well-defined discharge rating curve. Discharge July 26 and 

27 interpolated.

The determinations of dally discharges for January, February, and December 4-31, previously published 

in the Sixth Annual Report of the New York State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of the 

State engineer and surveyor, State of New York, have been revised but are not republished because approximate.

Monthly discharge of Genesee River at Jones Bridge, near Mount Morris, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,410 square miles.]

Month.

April...................................

May. ...................................

July....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

7,900

17,800 

15,300 

12,400 

960 

598 

282 

760 

620 

2,210

17,800

Minimum.

1,420 

620 

760 

235 

60 

80 

80 

90 

390

60

Mean.

1,400 

1,000 

6,990 

3,510 

2,630 

541 

226 

178 

316 

300 

989 

900

1,580

Per

square 

mile.

0.993

,709 

4.96 

2.49 

1.86 

.384 

.160 

.126 

 .224 

.213 

.701 

.638

1.12

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.14

.74 

5.72 

2.78 

2.14 

.43 

.18 

.15 

.25 

.25 

.78 

.74

15.30

Accuracy.

C. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

C.

NOTE. Monthly discharge for January, February, and December computed from the discharge at St. 

Helena and Rochester, with due consideration to the relative drainage areas.

The computations for the winter months and the year have been revised and supersede those previously 

published in the Sixth Annual Report of the New York State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 

report of the State engineer and surveyor, State of New York.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEB BASIN. 67

GENESEE EIVEB NEAR ROCHESTER, N. Y.

This station, which is located at the Elmwood Avenue highway 

bridge about 3£ miles south of the city of Rochester, at the north end 

of South Park, was established by the United States Geological 

Survey February 9, 1904, and has been maintained in cooperation 

with the Barge canal and the State Water Supply Commission to 

date. t

The bed of the river is composed of gravel and is fairly permanent. 

The bridge consists of six spans of about 125 feet each.

A staff gage is fastened to the downstream face of the first pier 

from the right-hand abutment of the bridge. This has been read 

under the direction of E. A. Fisher, city engineer. During the summer of 1910 a Gurley recording gage was installed in the pump house 

located at the right-hand end of the bridge and since December, 1910, 

nearly continuous records have been obtained. The datum for both 

the staff and recording gages has remained the same; zero of gage 

506.848, Barge canal datum.

Discharge measurements are made from the downstream side of 

the bridge.

Conditions are very favorable for making accurate measurements, 

although in periods of low water low velocities may affect the accuracy somewhat.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements ofGenesee River near Rochester, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

Oct. 22

Nov. 18

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

338

248

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

1,110

1,380

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.07

1.85

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

369

1,320
68 STJEFAOE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

Daily gage height, in feet, ofGenesee River near Rochester, N. Y.,for 1910.

Day.

1.. .............

3...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7... ............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

26...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1 00

1 00

1.00

1 00

1.00

1.00

1 00

1 00

1.00

1 00

1.00

1.20

1.30

1.60

3.60

4 00

5.00

5.10

4.00

3.60

3.20

2.80

2.60

2.20

2.00

Feb.

,2.00

2.00

2.00

2 00

2 00

2 00

1.90

1.90

1 80

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.90

2 40

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3 00

3.00

.......

Mar.

6.60

7.20

9 fin

10.80

11.00

10.40

9. SO

9 60

9.30

c on

5.70

4 40

4.00

3.80

3.50

3.20

3.00

2 90

2.70

2.70

5.10

4.80

4.30

4.20

4 00

3.50

3.00

2.70

2.30

Apr.

2.20

2 20

2 on

1 QA

1 QA

I on

1.80

1 80

1.80

1 SA

1.70

1.70

1 60

1 60

1 ";A

1.50

1.50

1.70

1 90

2 &n

3

CA

3

0A

3.20

3.30

6

QA

7 60

S

on

S

on

6.80

6.50

May.

6.00

5 40

& ftA

7

KA

7 40

5.40

4 00

3.50

3.10

3 nn

2 SO

2 50

2 en

2 on

2 10

2 no

2 00

2 00

1 90

I

nn

1 SA

1.70

1.60

1.70

1 90

'2 00

2

AA

2 00

1 90

I

Qfl

1.80

June.

1 Sf\

1.80

i sn

1.70

1.70

1.80

1 80

1 QA

1.80

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.70

1.60

1 60

1.50

1.50

i in

1 40

1 At\

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.20

1.20

1.10

1.10

1.10

July.

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.08

1.05

1.02

1 00

1 00

1 00

1.00

QS

1.00

1 00

1.30

1.30

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.00

1.00

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.05

1.00

1.00

1.00

Aug.

1.00

1.00

1.00

.95

.95

.90

on

on

.90

90

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

QQ

.98

1.00

1.00

1 00

1 00

QO

Q7

1 00

1.00

1 00

Q7

95

.88

.86

.79

Sept.

0.76

1.00

1.00

1 00

1 00

1.60

2

0A

2.00

1.50

1.50

1.40

1.30

1.20

1.15

1.10

1.20

1.10

1.05

1 00

1.02

1 00

1.00

1.00

1.10

1.10

1.05

1.05

1.10

1.10

Oct.

1.30

1.30

1 30

1.30

1.30

1.40

1.60

1.60

1.50

1.40

1.40

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

Nov.

1.20

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1 30

1.40

2.30

2.10

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.80

1.70

1.60

1.60

1.60

2.50

2.60

2.30

2.30

2.80

Dec.

2.32

2.09

2.01

1.90

1.80

1.90

2.10

1.70

1.70

1.60

1.66

1.43

1.42

1.49

1.52

1.33

1.24

1.32

1.51

1.52

1.31

1.24

1.28

1.36

1.21

1.24

1.29

1.46

3.73

NOTE. Relation of gage height to discharge probably affected by the presence of ice from Feb. 17 to 28 

and from Dec. 15 to 30. There was also probably some slight effect from ice during the first part of January 

and February. Gage heights were probably taken to water surface.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, ofGenesee River near Rochester, N. Y.,for 1910.

Day.

1.. .............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30

31...............

Jan.

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

320

500

610

1,000

4 840

5,800

8,600

8,780

5,800

4 840

3

QAt\

3,100

2,700

1 Qfifl

1,600

Feb.'

1,600

1,600

1,600

1 600

1.600

1,600

1,600

1 450

1,450

1,300

1,150

1,150

1,150

1,150

1,150

1,150

1,000

900

900

1 000

1,000

1,000

onn

800

800

800

1,500

2,500

Mar.

13,200

15,100

21,400

OD QAA

29,000

26 600

23,600

22,500

18,500

10,500

6 840

5,800

5

»>OA

4,600

3

cnA

3

0AA

2 QAft

2 QAft

8

7QA

7 940

6*580

6,320

5,800

5,800

4,600

3

Cf|/\

2 QAft

2

CAA

2.140

Apr.

1 960

1,960

1,600

1 450

1 450

1 OAA,

I

QAA

1 onn

1 QAA

1,150

1,150

1 000

i ftAA

Rftfl

Rfifi

860

1 IIMI

1,450

3,100

4,600

4,160

3 940

4,160

1O QAft

16,400

18,500 la Rknn

10 QAft

19 Qfin

May.

11,400

9,620

13,200

16,100

15,800

9,620

5,800

4,600

3

7OA

3

CAA

3,100

2,500

o CAA

2 140

1,780

1 600

1 600

1^600

1,450

1,450

1 QAA

1,150

1,000

1,150

1,450

1,600

1 600

1 600

1 450

1 450

1.300

June.

1,300

1,300

1,300

1,150

1,150

1,300

1,300

1,300

I

OfiA

1,150

1,150

1,150

1 IK/I

1,000

1,000

860

860

7QA

7*>A

730

rrqn

610

610

610

500

w»

600

406

405

405

July.

405

405

405

405

405

 JOO

362

337

qon

320

OOA

320

one

qon

320

610

610

405

405

405

405

405

320

OOA

405

405

406

OAO

320

320

Aug.

320

320

320

285

OKA

250

250

OKA

qoft

320

320

qi«j

306

320

QOA

320

320

306

299

320

 jfte

OCR

OCA

238

226

186

Sept.

174

320

320

320

320

1 000

1,960

1 600

860

860

730

610 CAA.

452

405

500

405

362

320

337

337

320

OOA

320

405

405

*2f2f>

362

405

405

Oct.

610

610

610

610

610

730

1,000

1,000

860

730

7OA

500

CAA

500

500

ins

406

405

320

320

320

320

320

405

500

CArt

500

500

500

600

Nov.

500

610

610

610

610

610

610

610

610

im\

2,140

1 780

1 450

1,460

1 460

1,450

1 450

1,450

1,460

1,300

1,150

1,000

1 IW>

1,000

2,600

2 700

2' un

2 iin

3

-IArt

Dec.

2,640

2,180

1,970

1,760

1,620

1,450

1,300

1,450

1,780

1,150

1,150

860

944

769

700

650

600

550

500

450

450

400

450

450

400

460

450

450

500

750

6,150

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a well-denned discharge rating curve. Discharge for periods 

during which ice existed, Feb. 17 to 28 and Dec. 15 to 30, determined approximately by means of climatological records.

Determinations of daily discharge for Feb. 17 to 28 and Dec. 15 to 30 have been revised and supersede 

those previously published in the Sixth Annual Report of the New York State Water Supply Commission 

and the 1910 report of the State engineer and surveyor, State of New York.
ST. LAWBENCE BIVEB BASIN. 69

Monthly discharge ofGenesee River near Rochester, N. T.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 2,360 square miles.] v

Month.

January .................................

March...................................

May.....................................

July.....................................

August. .................................

October. ................................

December. ..............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

8,780

29,000 

18,500 

16,100 

1,300 

610 

320 

1,960 

1,000 

3,100 

5,150

29,000

Ttffnl^niiin,

320

2,140 

860 

1,000 

405 

320 

186 

174 

320 

500

174

Mean.

1,920 

1,260 

10,600 

4,620 

4,130 

906 

379 

291 

533 

537 

1,290 

1,110

2,300

Per 

square 

mile.

.814 

.534 

4.49 

1.96 

1.75 

.384 

.161 

.123 

.226 

.228 

.547 

.466

.975

Run-on1 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

.94 

.56 

5.18 

2.19 

2.02 

.43 

.19 

.14 

.25 

.26 

.61 

.49

13.26

Accuracy.

B. 

C. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B.

NOTE. The computations for February. December, and the year have been revised and supersede those 

previously published in the Sixth Annual Report of the New York State Water Supply Commission and 

the 1910 report of the State engineer and surveyor, State of New York.

CANASEBAGA CBEEK BASIN 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Canaseraga Creek, one of the most important tributaries of Genesee 

River from the east, rises in the extreme northwestern corner of Steuben County and flows northwestward, joining the Genesee a short 

distance below the village of Mount Morris.

Keshequa Creek, the principal tributary of Canaseraga Creek, rises 

among the hills of northern Allegany County and flows north and 

northeast through ftfunda and Tuscarora, joining Canaseraga Creek 

near Sonyea. Throughout its length of some 20 miles it flows through 

a narrow valley and falls about 1,200 feet. No power is developed, 

as the flow during the summer averages only 3 to 6 second-feet. 

The yearly rainfall is a little above the average for the Genesee Valley 

and ranges from 28 to 36 inches.

Throughout its course Canaseraga Creek winds across a flat, fertile 

valley devoted almost entirely to agriculture. From the village of 

Dansville to Mount Morris, a distance of 22£ miles, its velocity is so 

slow that the large amount of silt brought down from the foothills 

by the smaller streams is deposited in the creek bed, raising it to an 

elevation higher, in many places, than the surrounding country. 

The deposit of silt and the extremely tortuous course of the creek 

cause the 11,000 acres, which border the stream below Dansville, to 

become annually inundated by the flood waters. The State Water 

Supply Commission, acting on the petition of the people residing in 

the vicinity and under the authority acquired in 1906 when the 

duties of the River Improvement Commission were transferred to
70 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

them, have sold bonds to the extent of $200,000 and work is now 

being started which is expected to alleviate much of the damage 

caused by floods.

CAHASERAGA CREEK AT DANSVHAE, XT. Y.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge 1 mile due west 

from the village of Dansville and about 22 miles above the mouth of 

the stream, was established July 21, 1910, in cooperation with the 

New York State Water Supply Commission.

A staff gage, bolted to the downstream, left-hand wing wall, is read 

twice daily. The bed of the stream at this point is composed of sand 

and gravel and may shift during high water.

Low-water measurements are made by wading below the bridge; 

and high-water measurements will ,be made from the bridge.

The rating curve is not yet sufficiently developed to warrant publishing the discharge.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements of Canaseraga Creek at Dansville, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

July 21a

Oct. 26e

Hydrographer.

W. G.Hoyt.... ...... ......................................

C. C. Govert...............................................

Width.

Feet. 

42

43

44

Area of 

section.

By., ft.

22.7

29.6

22.6

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1 7*\

1.72

1 SA

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

27 Q

36.0

OA 7

a, Measurement made at wading section.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Canaseraga Creek at Dansville, N. T.,for 1910. 

[Floyd Harter, observer.]

Day.

1. ..........

2...........

3...........

4...........

5...........

6...........

7...........

8...........

9...........

10...........

11...........

12...........

13...........

14...........

15...........

July.

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

Aug.

1.75

1.75

'1.78

1.78

1.75

1.75

1.78

1.75

1.75

1.92

1.82

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.72

Sept.

1.82

1.75

1.88

1.80

1.75

1.85

1.78

1.75

1.78

1.75

1.72

1.72

1.72

1.75

1.72

Oct.

1.75

1.70

1.70

1.68

1.68

1.75

1.95

1.78

1.75

1.75

1.72

1.75

1.72

1.70

1.72

Nov.

1.78

1.80

1.75

«1. 80

1.80

1.88

1.78

1.78

1.90

2.02

2.15

1.92

1.80

1.82

1.80

Dec.

1.92

1.98

2.08

2.02

2.00

1.92

1.90

1.82

1.88

1.85

......

......

......

Day.

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20.. ........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

July.

......

......

......

1.75

1.72

1.75

1.78

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.80

1.75

1.85

1.75

Aug.

1.72

1.75

1.78

1.85

1.78

1.75

1.75

1.72

1.70

1.72

1.82

1.75

1.75

1.72

1.72

1.72

Sept.

1.72

1.75

1.75

1.78

1.75

1.72

1.72

1.72

1.85

1.78

1.75

1.75

1.72

1.72

1.75

Oct.

1.70

1.72

1.72

1.68

1.68

1.72

1.75

1.72

1.75

1.88

1.82

1.82

1.80

1.82

1.80

1.82

Nov.

1.85

1.82

1.82

1.92

1.88

1.82

1.80

1.85

1.80

2.08

2.02

1.95

2.05

2.00

1.92

Dec.

......

......

......

......

......

NOTE. Relation between gage height and discharge affected by presence of ice Dec. 10 to 31.
ST. LAWEENCE EIVEB BASIN. 73,

KESHEQTJA CREEK AT SONYEA, N. T.

This station, which is located at the upper highway bridge in the 

village of Sonyea, about 2 miles above the mouth of the stream, was 

established July 22, 1910, in cooperation with the New York State 

^Tater Supply Commission.

A staff gage for low-water observations is fastened to a pile on the 

right-hand bank between the two bridges, directly back and across 

from the Craig Colony power house. On October 25, a chain gage, 

for observation at high stages, was. installed on the upstream side of 

the upper bridge.

At ordinary stages discharge measurements are made by" wading. 

During high stages measurements may be made from either bridge.

The bed of the creek is composed of gravel and sand and the channel 

shifts from year to year. The rating curve is not yet developed.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State water supply commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements at Keshequa Creek at Sonyea, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

July 226

Aug. 26&

Oct. 256

Hydrographer.

W. G. Hoyt...............................................

C. C. Covert... ............................................

Width.

Feet. 

18

8.6

22

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

6.16

2.6

8.6

&L

Feet. 

0.55

.52

c.61

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

2.61

1.96

4.99

& Measurement made at wading section. Chain gage read 3.46.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Keshequa Creek at Sonyea, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Elmer E. Reynolds, observer.)

Day.

1. ..........

2...........

3...........

4...........

5...........

6...........

7...........

8...........

9........... 10...........

11...........

12...........

13...........

14...........

15...........

July.

......

......

......

......

......

......

Aug.

0.55

.62

.58

.55

.55

.58

.55

.55

.58

.62

.72

.65

.62

.58

.55

Sept,

0.65

.60

.65

.65

.68

.68

.65

.68

.68

.60

.60

.60

.62

.62

.60

Oct.

0.55

.55

.55

.55

.55

.62

.80

.80

.75

.68

.65

.65

.65

.60

.55

Nov.

0.65

.65

.70

.68

.65

.65

.65

.70

.70

.80

.85

.80

.80

.78

.80

Dec.

0.95

85

80

75

80

80

80

80

80

......

Day. x

16..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28....:.....

29..........

30.......... 11

July.

0.55

.58

.55

.55

.58

.55

.55

.55

.55

.55

Aug.

0.55

.60

.62

.75

.70

.62

.60

.60

.60

.60

.58

.65

.60

.60

.58

60

Sept.

0.60

.60

.60

.60

.62

.65

.65

.65

.60

.60

.60

.60

.55

.55

.55

Oct.

0.55

.55

.55

.55

.55

.55

.58

.60

.60

.60

.60

.60

.65

.65

.65

.65

Nov.

0.78

.75

.75

.75

.70

.75

.75

.70

.70

.82

.85

.82

.80

.88

.88

Dec.

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

NOTE. Readings discontinued Dec. 10 because of ice. All gage heights refer to staff gage. 

CANADICE LAKE OUTLET NEAR HEMLOCK, N. T.

Canadice Lake is tributary to Genesee River through Hemlock 

Lake outlet and Honeoye Creek. Hemlock Lake is used as a source
72 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

of water supply for the city of Rochester. The gaging station was 

established at the outlet at the foot of the lake by the city engineer's 

department of Rochester in February, 1903.

A standard thin-edged weir with a 5-foot crest and two end contractions is so arranged with needle timbers at the ends that during high 

water the length may be increased to 14.96 feet with no end contractions. The weir crest stands 3 feet above the stream channel and 

is never submerged by backwater. There are two additional rectangular gates, each 1 foot square, with three complete contractions 

and a fourth partial contraction at the bottom. The outflow from 

the lake at the dam above the weir is controlled by gates.

A reading of the depth on the weir is taken each morning and also 

for each change of the gates, the depth being read to hundredths and 

corrections being made for velocity of approach for the larger disThe discharge is calculated by the Francis formula. _The

record has been furnished by E. A. Fisher, city engineer, and John F. 

Skinner, principal assistant city engineer, of Rochester, N. Y.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the reports of 

the State engineer and surveyor and the city engineer of Rochester.

Monthly discharge of Canadice Lake outlet near Hemlock, JV. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 12.6 square miles.]

Month.

March.................................................

April..................................................

May...................................................

July...................................................

Discharge in secondfeet.

Mean.

3.701 

4.127 

22.975 

11.005 

24.226 

5.661 

4.570 

4.266 

4.987 

4.796 

5.933 

5.831

8.506

Per square 

mile.

0.294 

.328 

1.82 

.873 

1.92 

.449 

.363 

.339 

.396 

.381 

.471 

.463

.675

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.34 

.34 

2.10 

.97 

2.21 

.50 

.42 

.39 

.44 

.44 

.53 

.53

9.21

Mean elevation of 

lake above 

low-water 

mark, in 

feet.

-1.409 

- .768 

. +1. 929 

2.054 

2.800 

2.473 

1.904 

1.481 

1.330 

.927 

.539 

.523

1.148

NOT?;. The figures showing monthly discharge in second-feet per square mile and run-off depth In inches 

on drainage area do not represent natural flow, as the discharge is controlled through head gates.

OSWEGO RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Oswego River is formed by the union of Seneca and Oneida rivers 

about 12 miles northwest of Syracuse, whence its course is northwestward to Oswego, where it enters Lake Ontario. The length of the
ST. LAWRENCE BlVBB BASIN. t$

river from the junction to the mouth is about 20.5 miles, and the 

drainage basin in this district is a narrow strip of moderately rolling 

country. Above the junction pf Seneca and Oneida rivers the basin 

spreads out, attaining a total width east and west of about 100 miles 

and north and south of about 80 miles. The total drainage area is 

about 5,000 square miles.

The rise is, on the whole, gradual from the low level lands which 

border Lake Ontario to the north-south ridges which separate the 

various lakes south of Seneca River and which farther south become 

merged with the still more elevated country lying along the southern 

boundary of the Lake Ontario drainage basin.

The most remarkable feature of the drainage b#sin is the chain of 

lakes stretching across its southern border. From west to east the 

principal lakes are, in order, Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, 

Owasco, Skaneateles, and Oneida. These seven lakes include a 

water surface of approximately 280 square miles, increased by four 

smaller lakes Cross, Onondaga, Otisco, and Cazenovia to about 

295 square miles. The larger of the lakes Oneida, Cayuga, and 

Seneca are used for steam-towing navigation, having connection 

with the Erie and Oswego canals. Cayuga and Seneca lakes are 

noted for their depth and for the abrupt slopes of their beds. The 

influence of the lakes on Oswego River is of the utmost importance 

in contributing to the steadiness of\ its flow.

A fall of 100 feet in the course of the main river is largely utilized 

by seven dams, which also partly canalize the stream. The intervening stretches are covered by the Oswego Canal, which draws its 

water supply from the river.

The mean annual precipitation in this basin is about 35 inches, and 

the winters are rather less severe than farther east and north in the 

State.

The Oswego and its tributaries are important in connection with 

the new barge canal. The Oswego itself is to be canalized and serve 

as a connection from the main canal at Three Rivers to Lake Ontario. 

The route of the main canal passes through Oneida Lake down 

Oneida River to its junction with Seneca River at Three River Point, 

thence up Seneca River in its general westward course. The water 

supply for the Oswego River section will be furnished from this 

drainage.

ONEIDA EIVEB AT CAUGHDENOY, N. Y.

This station, which takes the place of the station on Oneida River 

near Euclid, N. Y., is located at Caughdenoy, about 6 miles above the 

old Euclid Station at Oak Orchard State dam, half a mile below the 

mouth of Caughdenoy Creek (which enters from the north) and 5 

miles below Lake Oneida.
*74 SUBFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1010, PABT 3V.

The station is maintained by the State engineer, by whom the 

following description and records of discharge have been furnished.

A masonry dam was completed across Oneida River at Caughdenoy 

during the summer of 1909. This dam has a substantially level crest, 

415 feet long. The crest is at elevation 369.4 feet and has an ogee 

cross section with a slope, or batter, on the upstream portion, of the 

crest, of 1 foot rise in 2 feet horizontal width. The downstream 

portion of the crest is rounded, with a radius of 3.24 feet.

The gage is located about 150 feet upstream from the dam, on the 

right-hand side of the stream. The channel at this point is about 

350 feet wide, the average bottom elevation being 365.0. The discharge from the dam has been calculated from United States Geological Survey experiments on a dam of ogee cross section similar in form, 

and an allowance has been made for velocity of approach. During 

the summer, and also to some extent during the winter, water is 

diverted past the left-hand end of the dam through the Caughdenoy 

lock. An estimate of the amount of diversion has been made and 

included in the calculated discharge of the river.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the report of 

the New York State engineer and surveyor.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Oneida River at Caughdenoy, N. Y., for 1910.

Day.

1........ .......

3...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14............... 

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2,730

2,456.

2,730

2,730

2,730

2,730

3,089

2,730

2,730

2,730

2,730

3,089

3,089

3,089 

3,089

3 089

3,089

3,400

3,089

3,089

3,089

4,041

4,041

4,376

4,376

5,122

5,488

5,122

5,122

5,122

5,122

Feb.

5,122

5,122

4,760

4,760

4,760

5,122

5,122

5,122

5,488

5,122

5,122

5,122

5,122

4,760 

4,376

4,376

4,376

4 760

4,760

4,760

5,122

5,122

5,122

4,760

4,760

4,760

4,760

5,488

Mar.

5,678

6,900

7,945

8,866

9,112

10, 136

10,619

10,619

10,860

10,860

10,860

10,860

10,860

10,377 

9,894

9,894

9,358

9,358

9,358

9,358

9,358

8,866

8,866

8,866

8,866

9,358

4,907

4,978

4,907

Apr.

4,943

4,760

4,907

4,907

4,871

4,907

4,604

4,174

4,041

3,653

3,846

3,590

3,526

3,309 

3,400

3,526

3,278

2,942

2,647

2,620

2,647

2,647

2,647

2,620

2,510

1,990

1,747

1,586

May.

2,102

2,051

2,127

2,000

1,878

1,878

1,830

2,000

1,706

1,569

1,569

1,569

1,487

1,487 

1,487

1,439

1,487

1,069

671

1,376

1,229

1 149

1^878

1,706

1,878

1,854

1,830

1,878

1,951

1,878

1,757

June.

1,806

1,596

1,376

1,706

1,878

1,624

1,706

1,706

1,878

2,000

2,127

1,951

1,830

1,757 

1,706

1,624

1,596

1,542

1,439

1,376

1,376

1,376

1,376

1,189

1,189

1,069

974

918

881

845

July.

862

845

810

776

793

706

671

635

600

564

325

264

"456

388

456

388

388

388

362

456

456

456

362

362

388

456

388

Aug.

388

388

362

388

456

388

325

325

337

289

456

496

469

415

337

313

388

456

456

456

456

442

496

325

264

264

325

388

388

Sept.

264

388

325

325

388

456

388

325

388

456

456 

456

388

388

388

388

325

325

325

264

617

374

337

428

242

325

456

Oct.

289

442

^37

^15

617

337

428

289

325

289

325

315

325 

325

313

325

325

313

325

242

289

52

264

120

161

242

264

242

289

Nov.

289

325

388

528

456

415

993

810

1,030

810

845

899

706

671 

741

1,229

1,542

1,229

1,397

1,542

1,757

1,757

1,706

1,757

1,706

1,757

1,757

1,878

1.951

1,902

Dec.

1,868

1,747

1,747

1,747

1,747

1,696

1,641

1,696

1,477

1,260

1,260

1,219

1,302

1,260 

1,219

1,219

1,159

1,159

1,020

1,059

1,059

1,059

1,179

1,139

1,139

1,219

1,059

1 rtQQ

1,099

1,302

1,344
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASlH. 75

Monthly discharge, in second-feet, ofOneida River at CaugMenoy, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,377 square miles.]

Month.

January .......................................

April..........................................

May...........................................

June. ............. j. ..........................

July (27 days).... .............................

September (27 days). ..........................

October (29 days) .............................

The year. ...............................

Discharge in second-feet.

sft gpriTn nmt.

5,488 

5,488 

10,860 

4,943 

2,127 

2,127 

S62 

496 

617 

617 

1,951 

1,868

10,860

Minim ifTn.

2,730 

4,376

4,907 

1,586

en

845 

264 

264 

242 

52 

289 

1,020

52

Mean.

3,524

4,747 

8,983 

3,381 

1,670 

1,514 

519« 

387« 

377o 

304* 

1,159 

1,329

2,326

Per 

square 

mile.

2.559 

3.447 

6.524 

2.455 

1.213 

1.099 

0.377 

0.281 

0.274 

0.221 

0.842 

0.965

1.688

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

2.950 

3.590 

7.521 

Z739 

1.399 

1.226 

00.435 

oQ.324 

oQ.306 

00.256 

0.939 

1.112

22.160

o Computed as if complete months.

SALMON RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Salmon River rises in the southwestern part of Lewis County, N. Y., 

flows southward and then northward, and enters Lake Ontario near 

Port Ontario. Its drainage area comprises about 285 square miles. 

The topography is in general rolling, and the soil is sandy, rock lying 

near the surface in the upper part of the basin, where there are extensive tracts of virgin forest.

The mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and during the 

winter there is usually a heavy fall of snow, which accumulates in the 

forested areas to a depth of several feet. The gradual melting of 

this snow in the spring tends to prevent high freshets.

The basin affords several opportunities for storage. At High 

Falls there is an undeveloped fall of about 110 feet, occurring in a 

very short distance. Considering its size, this river affords rather 

important opportunities for the development of power.

SALMON RIVER NEAR PULASKI, N. Y.

This station, which is located at Fox's bridge, the first highway 

bridge above the village of Pulaski, was established by the United 

States Geological Survey September 5, 1900, discontinued June 30,

1907. reestablished August 16, 1908, and discontinued December 6,

1908. It was maintained during these periods in "cooperation with 

the State engineer and surveyor. On July 14, 1910, it was reestablished by the Survey in cooperation with the State Water Supply 

Commission of New York.
T6 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

A vertical staff gage was attached to the upstream, end of the 

center pier, with its zero 11.59 feet below the bench mark, which is 

the top of the capstone of the center pier. This gage was removed 

by ice during the winter of 1901-2 and then replaced July 23, 1902, 

by a chain gage, having its zero 12.79 feet below the original bench 

mark. The gage datum has remained permanent since July 23,1902.

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge or by wading.

The station can be reached by a short drive from either Pulaski or 

Bichland. Conditions are poor for records during the winter, when 

the channel usually becomes clogged by ice. The open-channel 

rating curve is fairly good. '

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.,'in 1910.

Date.

July 13

Aug. 26

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet.

168

169

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

239

234

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

 2.61

2.61

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

168

a 181

a Measurement made at wading section.

Daily gage, height, in feet, of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.,/or 1910. 

[Seymour J. Fox, observer.]

Day.

1.. .........

2...........

3...........

4...........

5...........

6........... 

7...........

8...........

9...........

10...........

11...........

12...........

13...........

14...........

15...........

July.

2.78

2.55

Aug.

2.60

2.60

2.62

2.58

2.88

3.50 

3.90

3.15

2.90

2.92

3.85

3.62

3.35

2.85

2.72

Sept.

3.47

3.60

3.12

3.75

3.50

3.70 

3.72

3.25

3.05

3.00

2.70

2.78

2.60

2,62

2.70

Oct.

2.58

2.58

2.50

2.48

2.92

4.05 

4.10

3.65

3.20

3.12

3.00

3.88

2.78

2.70

2.70

Nov.

3.10

3.10

3.70

3.55

3.50

3.42

3

KA

3.38

3.38

3.66

4.80

4.30

4.02

3.75

3.60

Dec.

3.20

3.18

3.10

3.10

3.02

2.90

O QA

2. 90

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.10

3.05

3.00

Da^.

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21.......... 

22..........

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31..........

July.

2.58

2.72

2.70

2.50

2.48

2.52 

2.50

2.62

2.65

2.55

2.55

2.50

2.60

2.55

2.50

2.60

Aug.

2.62

2.85

2.80

3.28

3.38

2.98 

2.72

2.75

2.60

2.60

2.75

2.90

2.82

2.62

2.50

2.65

Sept

2.60

2.65

2.50

2.50

2.60

2.50 

2.55

2.45

2.50

2.65

2.60

2.68

2.62

2.62

2.68

Oct.

2.68

2.62

2.60

2.60

2.60

2.55 

2.55

2.68

3.00

2.98

3.75

3.58

3.52

3.52

3.38

3.22

Nov.

3.52

3.42

3.35

3.28

3.25

3.10

3 DA

3.28

3.35

|3.50

3.48

4 <*R

3.30

3.28

3.28

Dec.

3.00

3.30

. .

Nora. Ice present Dec. 9 to 81.
ST. LAWRENCE BIVER BASIN. 77

Dcdly discharge, in second-feet, of Salmon River near Pttftwfcij JV. 3*.,/of 1910.

Day.

1. .........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7.. ........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

July.

226

135

Aug.

118

118

160

145

275

690

1,060

432

285

296

1,010

793

572

260

200

Sept

666

775

413

912

690

865

884

500

370

340

191

226

152

160

191

Oct.

145

145

118

112

296

1,230

1,290

820

465

413

340

1,040

226

191

191

Nov.

400

400

865

732

690

626

690

595

595

820

2,290

1,540

1 ion

912

775

Dec.

466

462

400

400

352

285

285

285

Day.

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22

23..........

24..........

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30

31..........

July.

146

200

191

118

112

125

11R

160

172

135

13S

118

152

135

na

152

Aug.

1fiO

235

521

flflS

213

152

1MI

tff3

285

245

160

118

172

Sept.

1fi*

17»

m

118

m

118

135

m

118

ifo

152

IfW

IftO

160

103

Oct.

1**

ISO

m

162

152

135 las il

3*29

Q19

768

707

707

ISOI

479

NOT.

Ttf

686

rfS

521

*00

oSJi

573

«0o

fit*

596

535

521

521

Dec

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a fairly well denned discharge rating curve.

The computations have been revised and supersede those previously published m the Sixth Annual 

Beport of the New York State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of the State engineer and 

surveyor, State of New York.

Monthly discharge of Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 259 square raffles.]

Month.

July 14-31...............................

October. ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

226 

1,060 

912 

1,040 

2,290

Minimum.

112 

118 

103 

112 

400

Mean.

147 

336 

318

335

Per 

square 

mile.

0.568 

1.80 

1.23

i'S? 

2.78 

1,29

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage, 

area).

0.3S 

1.60 

1.3? 

1.88 

3.1 

1.49

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B.

D'.

NOTE. Discharge for the period during which ice existed, Dec. 9 to 31, estimated by means ctf comparisons 

with the run-off from adjacent drainages.

Mean discharge Dec. 9 to 31 estimated 324 second-feet.

The computations have been revised and supersede data contained in the Sixth Annual RepSrt of the 

New York State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of tne State engineer aira stirveybr, State 

of New York.

BLACK RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Black River rises in the western part of Hamilton County; N. Y., 

flows southwestward across Herkimer County into Oneidft County, 

turns near Forestport and runs somewhat west of north through 

Lewis County to eastern Jefferson County, and then flows westward 

to Black River Bay, at the eastern extremity of Lake Ontario. Its 

total drainage area is 1,930 square miles. The upper part of the 

basin is very rugged and mountainous, contains a large number of 

lakes, and is in a part of the Adirondack forest.

The mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, f&figing from 

55 niches in the extreme headwaters to perhaps 30 inches near Lake
78 STIBFACB WATBB SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

Erie. The winters are generally quite severe, and the stream flow is 

affected by ice for periods of several months.

The regimen of the river is controlled by storage on its upper 

tributaries (including Beaver River at Beaver), a series of reservoirs 

at the headwaters of Moose River, and additional reservoirs at Forestport and on the headwaters of the main river.

Water is diverted from Black River through Forestport feeder to 

supply the Black River Canal at Boonville. A portion of this diverted 

water flows northward from Boonville and enters Black River again 

at Lyons Falls; the remainder flows southward through the Black 

River Canal and enters the Erie Canal at Rome.

BLACK RIVER NEAR FELTS MILLS, N. Y.

This station, which is located at the dam of the Harmon Paper Co., 

formerly owned by the Black River Traction Co., near the village of 

Felts Mills, 7 miles upstream from the old Huntingtonville gaging 

station on this stream, was established August 29, 1902. Since May 

1, 1907, the station has been maintained by the State engineer and 

surveyor, by whom the 1910 data have been furnished for publication.

The dam is of sawed timber, rests on limestone foundation, and is 

very nearly water-tight. It has a slope on the upstream face of 2.88 

horizontal to 1 vertical. The crest is protected by boiler plate, and 

the downstream face is vertical, giving a free overfall. The main 

crest is 380.6 feet long. There are two additional sections on the 

right-hand side, one 14.1 feet long and the other 17.9 feet. A 

similarly constructed dam, 117 feet long, at the left bank, serves as 

an auxiliary spillway and as a headrace wall.

During the summer of 1910 a new dam was constructed about 100 

feet downstream from the paper mill. For description see WaterSupply Paper 304 (in preparation).

The gage, which is read twice daily, at 7 a. m. and 6 p. m., is 

attached vertically to a crib at the left-hand side of the stream above 

the mill. Correction is made to the gage readings for velocity of 

approach during high water. The discharge over the spillways has 

been calculated by means of the weir formula, using coefficients 

derived from experiments of the United States Geological Survey 

for a dam of similar cross section.

A wood-pulp mill has been constructed adjacent to this dam, and 

was put in operation during 1907. The mill contains four 72-inch 

and one 45-inch Smith-McCormick turbines. A record is kept of the 

hours run and gage opening of each wheel, as well as of the head 

under which the wheels operate.

Information in regard to this station is contained also in the reports 

of the New York State engineer and surveyor.
ST. LAWEBNCB EIVEB BASIN. 79 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Black River near Felts Mills, N. Y.,for 1910.

Day.

1.. .......

2.........

3.........

4.........

5.........

6.........

7.........

8.........

9.........

10. ........

11.........

12.........

13.........

14.........

15.........

16.........

17.........

18. ........

19.........

20.........

21.........

22.........

23.........

24.........

25

26.........

27.........

28.........

29.........

30. ........

31.........

Jan.

1,462

1-165

2,123

1,246

1,370

1,700

1,700

1,320

ol,040 1 ftd&

1,639

1;389

1,608

2,169

1,369

ol,165

1,805

1,303

1,352

1,608

2,128

2,800

o4,530

6,715

6,183

5,785

5,567

3, §32

2,823

o2,151

2,517

Feb.

2,546

2,378

2,128

2,036

o998

1,913

1,341

1,597

1 TOR

1,837

1 71ft

0555

2,018

1,597

1,637

1,716

2,005

1,967

ol,249

2,269

1,921

1,963

2,046

2,130

2,509

ol,888

3,714

Mar.

6,079

8,283

10,472

13,137

14,161

ol3,849

14,827

14,553

13,481

11,910

7 704

8,231

o6,304

6,291

4,884

4,561

3,496

3,365

3,605

6,134

7 255

7,731

8,498

8,753

10,137

oll,978

11,715

11,715

11,211

10,708

Apr.

13,849

14,676

014,676

13,029

11,211

9 ftW

8 010

8,086

7 O1Q

o6,808

6,136

5,183

4,530

3 <MQ

3 448

3,139

o2,545

2,545

2,842

4,560

3,947

3,469

2 ft49

03,029

3,635

3,386

3,980

3,683

3,980

2,829

May.

o2,842

2,967

3,658

4,289

6,024

fi Af\K

2,647

o4,747

4 19ft

3,683

3,683

3,534

3,123

2,699

o2,151

4 740

4,233

4,816

5,077

5,699

3,143

o2,842

3,500

3,465

4,062

5,045

4,062

3,733

o3,931

3 041

3,765

June.

3,913

4,090

V K5S

3,578

o2,842

3,205

3 468

4' 371

5,045

4,694

4,024

03,287

4,042

3

Kf\n

3 107

3,081

2,662

2 fin?

ol,888

3,159

2,307

2,142

1 QfW

1,594

1,511

o201

1,231

996

996

996

July.

on?

861

olOO

100

094

896

896

868

QQO

o323

1 194

933

863

ftOA

938

922

o754

1,365

901

011

901

902

863

o515

1,183

933

942

933

942

881

o674

Aug.

1,189

869

Qfl9

924

1

O17

3,263

o3,406

3,143

2,620

2,161

1 QOQ

2 ACW

3,519

«2,336

2,088

2,126

1,786

1,865

1,983

2,023

o2,023

1,983

1,877

1,435

1,090

1,050

1,035

ol,035

1,020

1 040

1^058

Sept.

2,142

1,903

1 864

01^784

0 Ofifi

2,266

1,945

1,905

1,786

1,554

ol,372

1,168

1 t)S&

1

001

1 9^1

1 ion

1,190

ol 044

1 190

1,'231

i ion

1,190

I

IQfi

1,190

«1,190

1,231

1,236

1,231

1,246

2,746

Oct.

2,746

o2,562

2,353

2,311

2 1l\i

2,144

2,661

2,784

o2,784

2,394

2,025

1,826

1,786

1,786

1,786

ol,594

1,268

1 9Vt

1,259

1,308

1,317

1,217

(a)

1,268

1,268

1,317

1,826

2,946

3,181

a2,282

3,237

Nov.

2 946

2^558

2,474

2,474

2,906

o3,448

3

OO7

2

QAA

3,081

3,631

5,158

3,631

o4,312

3 191

2,722

2,516

2 349

2,' 182

2,019

ol,888

1 655

l'352

1,475

1,655

2,019

2,151

ol,888

1 655

l'655

1 AI a

Dec.

1,413

1,413

1,207

01,267

1

O/V7

1 040

l'040 '873

Q7«>

1 fun

ol,207

1

J1O

1,597

1,498

1,624

1 564

l!442

o873

1,442

1,317

1,067

1,067

1,067

1,067

o873

1,067

1,216

1,337

1,478

1 TOR

2,242

o Sunday.

Monthly discharge, in second-feet, of Black River near Felts Mills, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 1,851 square miles.]

Month.

JfVTT'Wy

March.......................................

April........................................

Vfav

July.........................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

6,715 

3,714 

14,827 

14,676 

6,495 

5,045 

1,365 

3,519 

2,746 

3,237 

5,158 

2,242

14,827

Minimum.

1,040 

555 

3,365 

2,545 

2,151 

201 

100 

869 

1,044 

1,217 

1,352 

873

100

Mean.

2,426 

1,925 

9,004 

6,048 

3,959 

2,800 

838 

1,834 

1,506 

2,020 

2,551 

1,276

3,016

Per square 

mile.

1.311 

1.040 

4.864 

3.267 

2.139 

1.513 

.452 

.991 

.814 

1.091 

1.378 

.689

1.629

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.508 

1.082 

5.594 

3.659 

2.460 

1.695 

.520 

1.140 

.912 

ol.255 

1.543 

.792

22.160

o Computed for 31 days. 

MOOSE RIVER AT MOOSE RIVER, N. Y.

This station, which is located in the village of Moose River, about 

3 miles downstream from the McKeever station on the Adirondack 

division of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, was 

established June 5, 1900.

At McKeever is a timber dam used for power and water regulation 

for log driving, so that during portions of the year two gage readings
80 SUBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAST IV.

a day may not give a good mean. From the dam to the station the 

velocity is relatively slow, but below the station it is very high. 

Just above the station is a small island, upon which ice and log jams 

occasionally form.

At the station the bed of the river is cobble with occasional large 

Bowlders, the current is smooth, and the depth fairly uniform. The 

stream freezes over in winter with alternate layers of ice and snow.

Since July, 1903, discharge measurements have been made from a 

cable having a clear span of 269 feet. A staff gage divided into two 

parts is fastened to the left bank a short distance above the cable. 

The elevation of the gage zero was changed on February 28, 1903, 

from 15.36 to 15.53. A fairly accurate rating curve has been developed for the open-water channel.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

May 12

July 11

Hydrographer.

W.G.Hoyt. ..............................................

Width.

Feet. 

218

204

Area of

section.

Sq.ft. 

768

413

Gage

height.

Feet. 

2.51

.88

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

862

260

Daily gage heights, in feet, of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y-,for 1910. 

[Chris. Hannon, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2............... 

3... ............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...........'....

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1.1

1.0 

1.0

1.25

1.35

1.55

1.7

1.7

.......

Feb.

.......

Mar.

7.1

6.95

6.5

5.65

5.1

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.8

4.8

4.65

4.5

4.35

4.3

4.2

4.0

3.55

3.3

3.1

2.85

2.6

2.85

3.3

4.05

5.65

6.35

6.-35

5.95

6.3

6.15

6.15

Apr.

6.2

6.1

5.95

5.8

5.2

5.05

5.35

5.1

4.35

3.9

3.35

3.15

3.0

2.95

2.75

2.7

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

3.1

3.85

3.8

3.95

4.25

May.

4.3 4.2 ' 

4.2

4.1

4.2

4.35

4.05

3.75

3.4

3.1

2.8

2.45

2.1

1.6

.3

1.2

1.4

1.65

2.0

2.3

2.45

2.7

3.0

3.25

2.95

2.9

2.8

2.7

2.55

2.35

2.2

June.

2.4

2.9 

3.25

2.9

2.9

3.2

3.55

3.75

3.7

3.55

3.25

3.2

2.9

2.4

2.2

2.05

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.3

.3

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.05

1.0

.9

July.

0.9

.95 

.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.1

.95

1.0

.9

.9

.8

.8

.8

.8

.8

.3

.8

.9

.8

.8

.7

.7

.8

.9

.95

.9

.8

.75

.9

1.05

Aug.

0.95

.95 

.95

2.4

4.1

3.2

2.95

2.65

2.3

2.45

3.0

3.35

3.1

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.35

2.15

2.0

1.95

'l.S

1.65

1.45

1.2

.95

.75

.55

0.0

.6

.95

.9

Sept.

0.85

.8 

.7

.8

.8

.9

1.05

1.4

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.35

1.45

1.45

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.25

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.65

1.95

2.4

3.05

Oct.

3.1

2.85 

2.8

2.7

2.55

2.4

2.25

2.2

2.05

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.65

1.6

1.6

0.0

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.95

1.95

2.0

245

2.35

2.55

2.35

2.3

2.2

2.35

2.4

Nov.

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.65

2.65

2.6

2.45

2.35

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.75

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

.......

Dec.

1.3

1.2 

1.35

0.0

1.45

1.7

1.6

1.35

.95

.8

.8

.7

.7

.8

.8

.9

.8

.7

.7

.8

.8

.7

.8

.9

.95

.8

1.25

1.7

1.75

1.6

1.45

NOTE. Relation of gage height to discharge affected by the presence of ice during January and February, but probably not materially affected during December.
ST. LAWEEHTOE EIVEE BASIN. 81 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1910.

Day.

1.. .................

2...................

3...................

4...................

6...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...............:...

13...................

14...................

16...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

2L... ................

22...................

23...................

24...................

26...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar.

6,060

6,820

6,110

3,860

3,140

2,780

2,780

2,670

2,780

2,780

2,620

2,450

2,290

2,240

2,140

1,940

1,550

1,360

1,220

1,060

910

1,060

1,360

1,990

3,860

4,880

4,880

4 280

4,810

4,580

4,580

Apr.

4,660

4,610

4,280

4,070

3,260

3,080

3,460

3,140

2,290

1,860

1,400

1,260

1,160

1,120

995

966

966

910

910

865

855

800

800

800

800

1,220

1,800

1,760

1,900

2,190

May.

2,240

2,140

2,140

2,040

2,140

2,290

1,990

1,720

1,430

1,220

1,020

828

660

465

136

346

406

482

610

750

828

965

1,150

1,320

1,120

1,080

1,020

965

882

776

700

June.

800

1,080

1,320

1,080

1,080

1,290

1,650

1,720

1,670

1,650

1,320

1,290

1,080

800

700

* 630

610

670

535

600

466

435

376

135

330

330

315

302

290

265

July.

265

278

265

290

315

345

315

278

290 '266

266*

240

240

240

240

240

135

240

266

240

2«

215

215

240

265

278

265

240

228

265

302

Aug.

278

278

278

800

2,040

1,290

1,120

938

750

828

1,150

1,400

1,220

965

910

856

776

675

610

690

536

482

420

345

278

228

185

on

1QK

278

265

Sept.

262

240

215

240

240

266

302

406

390

376

376

405

390

420

420

375

405

406

360

345

376

376

405

405

435

435

482

TOO

800

1,180

Oct.

1,220

1,060

1,020

966

882

800

726

700

630

610

670

635

482

465

466

90

465

465

600

535

590

590

610

675

776

882

776

750

700

775

800

^Tov.

865

856

910

910

938

938

910

828

776

750

700

650

650

610

610

670

518

500

466

435

435

435

436

465

435

435

405

405

405

376

Dec.

375

345

390

90

420

500

466

390

278

240

240

215

215

240

240

265

240

215

215

240

240

215

240

265

278

240

340

'618 600

466

420

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a discharge rating curve well defined between 240 and 3,660 

second-feet. The determination of daily discharge during December may be somewhat in error as a 

result of backwater from ice.

Monthly discharge of Moose River at Moose River, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 346 square miles.]

Month.

April....................................

May....................................

July....................................

December. ..............................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

6,060 

4,660 

2,290 

1,720 

345 

2,040 

1,180 

1,220 

938 

518

6,060

Minimum.

. 910 

800 

135 

135 

135 

90 

215 

90 

375 

90

90

Mean.

600 

500 

3,030 

1,940 

1,160 

814 

258 

679 

410 

681 

620 

308

917

Per 

square 

mile.

1.73 

1.45 

8.76 

5.61 

3.36 

2.35 

.746 

1.96 

1.18 

1.97 

1.79 

.890

2.65

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

1.99 

1.61 

10.10 

6.26 

3.86 

2.62 

.86 

2.26 

1.32 

2.27 

2.00 

1.03

36.08

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

C. 

B. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

B. 

C.

NOTE. Monthly discharge for January and February estimated at approximately 25 per cent of the 

discharge of Black River at Felts Mills. This ratio holds quite consistently for these two stations during 

the open-water period.

The determination of mean discharge for November, as published in the Sixth Annual Report of the NewYork State Water Supply Commission and in the 1910 rep'ort of the State engineer and surveyor, was 

slightly in error and has been corrected in the above table.

45897° WSP 284 12 6
82 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

STREAMS FLOWING DIRECTLY TO ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

OSWEGATCHIE B-IVEB- BASIN.

»

GENERAL FEATURES.

Oswegatchie River has its source in the region of lakes and timbered 

swamps in the southern part of St. Lawrence County, N. Y. The 

largest of the lakes is Cranberry Lake, which affords valuable storage 

to water-power users on its outlet, East Branch of Oswegatchie 

River. The East and West branches flow in a general northwesterly 

direction and unite near Talcville. From Gouverneur to Oxbow 

the river flows, southwestward; it then turns sharply and flows 

northeastward to Rensselaer Falls, turns again to the northwest, 

receives the outlet of Black Lake at Galilee, and finally enters the St. 

Lawrence at Ogdensburg. Its total drainage area comprises about 

1,600 square miles.

The mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and winter 

conditions are usually severe.

The basin affords many opportunities for water storage and the

, utilization of these sites is especially desirable on account of the

quick-spilling character of this area and the tendency to floods.

Considerable water power is developed, mostly in small units, and

there is a large amount of undeveloped power.

OSWEGATCHIE RIVER NEAR OGDENSBURG, N. T.

This station, which is located at what is known as the Eel Weir 

highway bridge, about 5J miles upstream from Ogdensburg, N. Y., 

and about a mile below Black Lake outlet, was established April 22, 

1903, and has been maintained continuously since that date.

There are three dams in the vicinity of the gaging station on Oswegatchie River one at Heuvelton, about 5 miles above; one at Rensselaer Falls, 10 miles above; and one in the city of Ogdensburg, about 

half a mile above the outlet.

The channel is open at this station throughout the year. The 

stream bed is rocky and permanent, and the results are considered 

fairly good for all stages.

The datum of the chain gage attached to the bridge has remained 

the same since the beginning of the record.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission of New York and 

State engineer and surveyor, State of New York.

The following discharge measurement was made by W. G. Hoyt:

August 24,1910: Width, 150 feet; area of section, 297 square feet; gage height, 4.73 

feet; discharge, 696 second-feet.
ST. LAWBE2TCE BIVEB BASIN. 83

Daily gage height, in feet, of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Joseph La Rue, observer.]

Day.

1......... ......

2 ...........

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7..............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21 ...... ..

22...............

23...............

24...............

25

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30

ql

Jan.

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.2

5.0

5.0

4.9

4.9

4.9

5.0

5.0

4.9

4,9

4.8

4,8

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

5.0

5.0

5.2

5.5

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.4

6.5

6.4

6.3

6.1

Feb.

6.1

6.0

5.8

5.8

5.6

5.5

5.5

5.5

5.3

5.2

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

4,9

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

15.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.2

Mar.

5.7

6.2

7.0

7.5

8.1

8,3

8.8

8.9

9.1

9.1

9.0

8.6

8.5

8.3

7.9

7.6

7.3

6.9

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.6

6.8

6.8

6.9

7.1

7.1

7.1

7.2

Apr.

6.9

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.7

6.5

6.5

6.2

6.2

6.1

6.0

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.6

5.6

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.6

5.6

5.3

5.3

5.3

May.

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.4

5.6

6.2

6.1

6.1

5.9

5.9

5.9

5.7

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.1

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.5

5.5

5.4

June.

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.4

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.5

5.5

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

, 5.0

4.9

4.8

4.8

July.

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.8

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.4

Aug.

4.4

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4,5

4.6

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

Sept.

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

5.0

4.9

5.0

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8

5.0

4.9

4.9

4.8

4.8

4.8

Oct.

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4.7

4,7

4.8

4.9

4.9

5.0

5.2

5.2

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.2

5.3

5.5

5.8

Nov.

5.8

6.0

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

6.0

6.0

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.3

6.2

6.1

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

5.9

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.9

6.0

6.0

Dec.

5.9

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.8

5.7

5.7

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.3

5.3

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.1

5.1

5.1

5.2

NOTE. Relation of gage height to discharge at this station not affected by ice. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg, N. Y., for 1910.

Day

1. ....... .......

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...........!...

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17...:...........

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

1,380 

1,200 

1,200 

1,570 

1,200

1,200 

1,030 

1,030 

1,030 

1,200

1,200 

1,030 

1,030 

870 

870

870 

870 

870 

870 

1,200 

1,200 

1,570 

2,180 

3,440 

4,020

4,600 

4,600 

4,890 

4,600 

4,310 

3,730

Feb.

3,730 

3,440 

2,890 

2,890 

2,400

2,180 

2,180 

2,180 

1,770 

1,570

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 

1,200 

1,200

1,200 

1,030 

1,030 

1,030 

1,030

1,030 

1,030 

1,200 

1,200 

1,200

1,200 

1,200 

1,570

.......

Mar.

2,640 

4,020 

6,360 

7,850 

9,660

10,300 

11,800 

12,100 

12,700 

12,700

12,400 

11,200 

10,900 

10,300 

9,050

8,150 

7,250 

6,070 

5,180 

5,180

5,180 

5,180 

5,180 

5,180 

5,780

5,780 

6,070 

6,660 

6,«60 

6,660 

6,960

Apr.

6,070 

5,480 

5,480 

5,480 

5,480

4,890 

4,890 

4,020 

4,020 

3,730

3,440 

3,160 

3,160 

2,890 

2,400

2,400 

1,970 

1,970 

1,970 

2,400

2,400 

2,400 

2,400 

2,400 

2,180 

2,400 

2,400 

1,770 

1,770 

1,770

May.

1,770 

1,770 

1,770 

1,770 

1,970

2,400 

4,020 

3,730 

3,730 

3,160

3,160 

3,160 

2,640 

2,400 

2,400

2,180 

1,970 

1,770 

1,570 

1,380

1,770 

1,770 

1,770 

1,770 

1,970

2,180 

2,180 

1,970 

2,180 

2,180 

1,970

June.

1,970 

1,970 

1,770 

1,770 

1,770

1,970 

1,770 

1,570 

1,570 

1,570

1,570 

2,180 

2,180 

1,770 

1,770

1,770 

1,770 

1,380 

1,380 

1,380

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 

1,200 

1,200

1,200 

1,200 

1,030 

870 

870

July.

720 

720 

720 

870 

870

720 

720 

720 

720 

580

580 

580 

720 

720 

720

580 

580 

580 

580 

330

330 

330

450 

450 

450

450 

450 

450 

450 

450 

330

Aug.

330 

450 

450 

450 

450

450 

450 

580 

450 

580

580 

720 

720 

720 

720

720 

720 

720 

580 

580

. 720 

720

720 

580 

580

580 

580 

580 

580 

580 

580

Sept.

580 

580 

580 

580 

580

720 

1,030 

1,030 

1,030 

1,030

1,030 

1,030 

1,200 

1,030 

1,200

1,030 

1,030 

1,030 

1,030 

1,030

870 

870 

870 

870 

1,200

1,030 

1,030 

870 

870 

870

Oct.

720

720 

720 

720, 

720 

720 

720 

870 

1,030 

1,030

1,200 

1,570 

1,570 

1,770 

1,770

1,770 

1,770 

1,770 

1,570 

1,570

1,570 

1,380 

1,380 

1,200 

1,200

1,200 

1,200 

1,570 

1,770 

2,180 

2,890

Nov.

2,890 

3,440 

2,890 

>2,640 

2,640

2,400 

2,400 

2,400 

2,400 

2,400

3,440 

3,440 

3,730 

4-,020 

4,310

4,310 

4,020 

3,730 

3,440 

3,440

3,440 

3,440 

3,160 

3,160 

2,890

2,890 

2,890 

3,160 

3,440 

3,440

Dec.

3,160 

2,890 

2,890 

2,890 

2,890

2,890 

2,640 

2,640 

2,400 

2,180

1,970 

1,770 

1,770 

1,570 

1,570 

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 

1,200

1,200 

1,200 

1,200 

1,200 

1,200

1,200 

1,200 

1,380 

1,380 

1,380 

1,570

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a iairly well-defined discharge rating curve.
84 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAST IV.

Monthly discharge of Oswegatchie River near Ogdembwrg, JV. Y.,for 1910, 

[Drainage area, 1,580 square miles.)

Month.

April...........7.........................

May..... ................................

July.....................................

D

Maximum.

4,890

3,730

12,700

6,070

4,020

2,180

S7fl

720

1,200

2,890

4,310

3,160

to 7fm

ischarge in si

Minimum.

1,030

2 RjU\

1,770

1,380

870

330

330

580

720

2,400

1,200

830

econd-feet.

Mean.

1,960

1,670

7,780

3,240

2,270

1,550

«8

588

924

1,350

3,210

1,840

2,250

Per

square 

mile.

1.24

1.06

4.92

2.05

1.44

.981

.366

.372

.585

.854

2.03

1.16

1.42

Run-oft

incneson 

drainage 

area).

1.43

1.10

6.67

2.29

1.66

1.09

.42

.43

.65

.96

2.26

1.34

19.32

Accuracy.

A.

A.

A.

A.

A.

A.

B.

B.

B.

A.

A.

A.

BAQTJETTE RIVER BASIN. 

GENEEAL FEATURES. '

Raquette River drains a long, narrow basin extending from 

northern Hamilton County to St. Lawrence River. Its sources are 

on an elevated plateau, dotted with mountains, interspersed with 

lakes, in general timbered, and containing numerous marsh areas, 

many of which are on the divide and feed streams flowing into adjacent drainages.

The mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches, ranging from 

about 42 inches in the headwaters to 32 inches near the St. Lawrence. 

Winter conditions are the usual ones occurring in the Adirondack 

region, and snow and ice prevail for several months.

Raquette River possesses remarkable facilities for storage and has 

been very extensively studied by the State Water Supply Commission 

of New York. They propose a large reservoir at Tupper Lake to 

afford an effective storage of about 10,000,000,000 cubic feet. They 

further estimate that about double this amount will be required to 

adequately regulate the flow of the river. This additional storage 

it is planned to obtain by a system of smaller reservoirs, involving the 

following lakes and ponds: Little Tupper, Forked, Raquette, Blue 

Mountain, Utowana, Brandreth, Horseshoe, and Long lakes, South 

and Slim ponds, and Dead Creek.

The river also affords many opportunities for power development 

and, in the words of the State Water Supply Commission, "presents 

in many ways one of the most attractive fields for water-power and 

storage studies in the State,"
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEB BASIN. 85

RAQTJETTE EIVEE AT EAQTJETTE FALLS, NEAR COKEYS, N. Y.

This station, which is located near the center of Raquette Falls, 

about 6 miles by river upstream from the village of Axton, which is 

12 miles by road from the village of Tupper Lake, was established 

August 27, 1908, in cooperation with the State Water Supply Commission of New York.

The river flows hi one channel at all stages. The current is favorable for making' discharge measurements. The bed is composed of 

large bowlders and is permanent. At low stage the current is sluggish; at high and medium stages the current is suitable for good 

discharge measurements.

The datum of the staff gage has remained the same during the 

maintenance of the station.

Measurements are made from a car hung from a cable which was 

erected during the summer of 1909. Previous to that tune measurements were made by wading about 2,000 feet downstream.

The low-water portion of the curve is well defined. No measurements have as yet been made to determine the high-water discharge.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements of Raquette River at Raquette Falls, near Coreys, N. Y.,for 1910.

Date.

Apr. 1

May 26

July 7

July 23

Nov. 7

Hydrographer.

W.G.Hoyti........... .....................................

.... .do. ....................................................

F. J. Sbuttlewortb..... ...................................

Wldtb.

Feet. 

106

89

88

67

89

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

623

424

252

184

258

&,.

Feet. 

5.8

4.26

2.00

1.40

2.54

Discharge.

Sec.Jt. 

3,730

1,020

294

141

470

Log jam below gage caused backwater.
86 SUEFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

Daily gage height, in feet, ofRaquette River at Raquette Falls, near Coreys, N. Y., for 1910.

[C. A. DeLancett, observer.]

Day.

1.. .................

2.. ................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18..............;....

19...................

20...................

21..................

22...................

23...................

24..................

25...................

26...................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30...................

31...................

Mar.

5. is

5.65

Apr.

5.75

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.1

4.9

4.7

4.7

4.5

A K

4.5

4.7

5.1

A Q

5.1

4 Q

4 7

4

K

4.4

4

0

4

0

4

0

4.2

May.

4.2

4.4

4

K

5.1

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.2

5.1

5.1

5.0

4.8

4.6

4.4

4.3

a s

A Q

4.4

4.4

4 0

4 1

3

0

3.5

3 7

3 Q

4 1

4 q

4.8

3 7

3

O

4

0

June.

4.3

4.5

4.5

4.0

3.8

3 0

4.0

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.1

3 Q

3.8

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.5

3 A

3.3

3.2

3.0

2.9

2.8

9 S

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

July.

2.4

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

Aug.

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.7

1.9

1 O

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.8

1.8

1 O

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

Sept.

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1 o

1.9

1.9

i a

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

Oct.

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.9

1.9

1 O

1.8

1.8

1.9

1 Q

2.1

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.4

Nov.

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.5

. 2.5

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2

O

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.2

Dec.

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.4

2.7

2.8

3 A

3.0

2.9

2.7

2.7

2.5

2.3

2.1

2.1

9 ft

1 Q

1 Q

1.9

1 Q

1 Q

1 9

1.8

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.3

NOTE. Ice present at this station from Jan. 1 to about Mar. 29, and from about Dec. 7 to 31. The gage 

readings during December were probably to water surface.

For a few days in the latter part of May the gage heights were affected by backwater from a log jam, 

which was probably carried out May 28 by flood from Cold River.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Raquette River at Raquette Falls, near Coreys, N, Y.,

for 1910.

Day.

1...................

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19................... 20............:......

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26...................

97

28...................

29...................

3001

Mar.

2,770

3,430

Apr.

3,660

3,740

3,430

3,130

3,130

2,980

3,130

3,280

3,130

3,130

3,130

2,700

2,440

2,200

1,970

1,970

1,970

2,700

2 440

2^700

2,440

2 9nn

1,970

1,860

1,750

1,750

1,640

1 ftdn

May.

1,640

1,860

1,970

2,700

3,430

3,130

2 C4A

2,840

2,700

2,700

2,570

2,320

2,080

1,860

1,750

1,750

1,750

1,860

1,860

1,450

1 540

1,360

1,040

1,200

1,360

1,540.

1,750

2,320

1,200

1-,280

1 7*^

June.

1,750

1,970

1,970

1,450

1,280

1,360

1,450

1,640

1/540

1,540

1,540

1,540

1 Sfin

1,280

1,120

1,120

1,120

1,120

1,040

970

900

830

710

655

600

600

550

505

460

420

July.

420

350

320

320

320

320

290

265

265

240

240

240

240

215

190

190

190

190

170

170

170

170

150

150

150

170

190

190

170

170

170

Aug.

170

170

150

215

265

265

240

215

215

215

190

190

190

190

240

240

. 265

290

265

240

240

215

190

190

215

240

240

215

215

190

190

Sept.

190

215

215

240

265

460

460

460

420

385

350

350

350

320

320

290

290

290

290

290

265

265

265

265

265

240

240

240

240

240

Oct.

265

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

290

265

265

265

240

240

265

265

320

385

385

385

385

420

420

Nov.

420

420

420

420

420

420

460

460

460

460

420

420

420

420

420

385

385

385

350

350

350

350

350

320

320

320

320

320

320

350

Dec.

320

320

320

320

320

320

NOTE. Daily discharges determined from a fairly well defined discharge rating curve. 

No correction made for effect of log jam the latter part of May.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN. 87

JbCcmtftfy discharge of Roquette River at Raquette Falls, near Coreys, N. Y., for 1910.

[Drainage area, 418 square miles.]

Month.

January.. . .................... ^. ........

April....................................

May- ...................................

July....................................

October. ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

3,740 

3,430 

1,970 

420 

290 

460 

420 

460

3,740

Minim urn.

1,640 

1,040 

420 

150 

150 

190 

240 

320

Mean.

250 

300 

1,500 

2,550 

1,980 

1,150 

226 

218 

299 

304 

388 

200

780

Secondfeet 

per 

square 

mile.

0.598 

.718 

3.59 

6.10 

4.74 

2.75 

.541 

.522 

.715 

.727 

.928 

.478

1.87

Run-ofi 

(inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.69 

.75 

4.14 

6.81 

5.46 

3.07 

.62 

.60 

.80 

.84 

1.04 

.55

25.37

Runoflt 

(per 

cent 

of 

pre* cipitation).

D. 

D. 

D. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

D.

NOTE. Mean discharge for January. February, March, and December has been estimated from the discharge at Piercefleld and at other stations in northern New York. The determinations are only approximate.

No revision has been made in the discharge published in the Sixth Annual Report of the New York 

State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of the State engineer and surveyor.

RAQUETTE RIVER AT PIERCEFIELD, N. Y.

This station, which is located about three-fourths of a mile above 

the head of Black Eapids, one-half mile downstream from the dam 

of the International Paper Co. at Piercefield, and about 12^ miles 

below the mouth of Bog River, where it enters Tapper Lake, was 

established August 20,1908, in cooperation with the New York State 

Water Supply Commission.

A vertical-staff gage was used from the date of establishment to 

September 3, 1910. After September 3, 1910, a chain gage, located 

at the same point as the staff gage, has been used. The gage datum 

has remained constant since the establishment of the station.

The bed of the stream is rocky, rough, and permanent, and a good 

discharge ratbag curve has been developed. The head of Black 

Rapids forms a pool extending back as far as the tailrace of the power 

plant of the International Paper Co.

During the low-water period the dam of the International Paper 

Co. controls the flow of the stream at the gaging station, but the mill 

usually runs for 24 hours each day except Sunday, on which day 

there is considerable decrease in stage.

Discharge measurements at low and medium stages are made from 

a boat just above Black Rapids. High-water measurements are 

made from the highway bridge about three-fourths of a mile above 

the station and one-fourth mile above the dam of the International 

Paper Co.

The relation of gage height to discharge is seldom affected by ice 

when the gage observations are made to water surface, as the swift
88 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

water in Black Rapids and at the control point at the head of the 

rapids rarely freezes. Several measurements made during the winter 

indicate that the open-water discharge rating curve is applicable during the winter.

Although the discharge at this station is somewhat affected by 

artificial control, the records are believed to be fairly good.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge measurements of Raquette River at Piercefield, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 28o

31«

May 27«

July 8*

Aiicr IQb

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

W.G.Hoyt.. .........................:...................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

124

124

124

97

98

Area of 

section.

Sg.ft. 

2,020

2,020

1,920

548

499

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

5.7

6.6

5.25

2.22

2.12

Discharge,

Sec.-ft. 

2,920

3,670

2

AOA

586

566

a Measurement made at highway bridge above dam. 

wood, which affected the surface velocities. 

& Measurement made from boat at cable.

Pond above and underneath bridge full of pulp

Daily gage height, in feet, of Raquette River at PiercefieM, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[W. B. Graves, observer.]

Day.

1... ............

2...............

3............... 

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

9...............

10...............

II...............

12...............

13...............

14............... 

15...............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29............... 

30...............

31...............

Jan.

2.0

1.0

2.0 

1.95

2.0

1.9

1.1

2.0

2.0

2.6

2.6 

2.0

1.1

1.95

1.8

2.0

2.0

1.0

2.45

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 

2.1

2.55

Feb.

2.65

2.6

2.6

2.6

1.5

2.5

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.7 

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.9 1.9'

.......

.......

Mar.

2.4

2.7

2.7 

2.7

2.7

1.85

3.35

4.25

4.25

4.25

4.25

4.25

3.6

4.8 

4.8

4.85

4.85

4.85

4.8

4.65

4.65

4.6

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.8

5.1

6.1

6.4 

6.9

6.65

Apr.

7.45 

7.5

7.5

7.55

7.5

7.5

7.5

7.3

7.5

7.5

7.5

7.4 

7.3

7.1

6.8

6.75

6.9

6.4

6.5

6.4

6.4

5.9

7.0

6.8

6.8

6 Q

6.9

6.8

May.

6.8

6.8

6.8 

6.85

6.85

6.7

6.6

6.4

6.4

6.4

6.4

6.35

6.3

5.9 

5.45

5.6

5.55

5.5

5.4

5.1

5.4

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.6

5.4

5.4

5.4

5.4 

5.4

5.4

June.

.......

.......

 4.8

4.6

4.8

5.4

5.4

4.8

July.

4.8

4.35

1.0 

1.0

3.5

3.4

2.9

2.25

2.3

1.0

2.1

2.2

1.95

2.2 

2.0

1.9

1.0

2.0

2.0

2.05

2.1

2.15

2.2

1.0

1.75

2.15

2.2

2.2

1.95 

1.9

.0

Aug.

1.6

1.4

1.4 

1.3

1.4

1.4

.0

.0

1.65

2.0

.0

.0

.0

.0 

.0

.0

.0

1.0

2.15

1.65

.3

.0

1.32

1.9

2.15

2.05

2.0

.2

.0 

1.75

2.05

Sept.

1.9

1.8

1.7 

.0

.0

1.85

2.12

2.1

2.15

2.2

.0

. 3.25

2.3

1.95 

1.75

1.9

1.6

.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

.2

1.0

1.35

2

11;

2.2 

2.1

Oct.

 2.1

1.0

1.35 

2.1

2.15

2.1

2.15

2.2

.15

.85

1.75

2.10

2.05

2.10 

2.00

.15

2.05

2.20

2.35

2.40

2.40

2.40

.15

1.3

2.05

2.15

2.20

2.32

2.4 

.2

1.55

Nov.

2.4

2.48

2.50

2.58

2.5

.15

1.55

2.25

2.40

3.05

2.65

2.75

.0

1.7 

3.05

3.2

3.15

3.05

3.10

.0

1.6

2 4

2

0

3 f\

3.0

3.1

.0

1.65

2.4 

2.5

Dec.

2.5

2.3

2.3 

.0

2.12

2.25

2.2

2.0

1.9

1 Q

.0

.0

2.1

2.05 

2.0

2.0

1.55

.0

1.5 9 n

I

n

1.9

1.9

1 Q

.0

.0

.0

.0

.0 

.0

.0

NOTE. Some of the gage readings for this station are erroneous, and for this cause gage readings as recorded by the observer irom June 1 to 24 are omitted altogether. The readings recorded as 0 in the above 

table are especially incorrect, the gage height probably being considerably higher on those days. In the 

period Dec. 27 to 31 the plant of the International Paper Co. is known to haveT>een in operation; on other 

days for which the gage height is recorded as 0 or other abnormally low value, the plant is assumed to have been closed and the discharge stored above the dam.

Gage heights Jan. 1 to Mar. 12 are to the top of ice. December gage heights are probably to water 

surface.
ST. LAWBBNCB EIVEB BASIN. 89 

Daily discharge) in second-feet, o/Raquette River at Piercefield, N. Y.,for 1910.

Day.

1......... ......

2...............

3...............

4...............

6...............

6'...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

16...............

17.. .............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21.............'..

22...............

23.. .............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

487

218

487

472

480

487

472

456

241

487

487

487

715

715

487

241

356

472

426

487

487

487

218

655

675

675

675

675

675

521

695

Feb.

735

715

715

715

715

342

675

755

715

715

675

675

635

755

755

755

755

755

755

755

755

755

755

755

755

845

456

456

Mar.

635

755

755

755

755

441

1,080

1,600

1,600

1,600

1,600

1,600

1,220

2,020

2,020

2,060

2,060

2,060

2,020

1,900

1,900

1,860

1,780

1,780

1,780

2,020

2,290

3,250

3,560

4,090

3,820

Apr.

3,820

4,720

4,720

4,780

4,780

4,840

4,780

4,780

4,780

4,540

4,780

4,780

4,780.

4,660

4,540

4,320

3,980

3,920

4,090

3,560

3,660

3.560

3,560

3,050

4,200

3,980

3,980

4,090

4,090

3,980

May.

3,980

3,980

3,980

4,040

4,040

3,870

3,760

3,560

3,560

3,560

3,560

3,500

3,450

3,050

2,600

2,750

2,700

2,650

2,560

2,290

2,560

2,750

2,750

2,750

2,750

2,560

2,560

2,560

2,560

2,560

2,560

June.

2,020

1,860

2,020

2,560

2,560

2,020

July.

2,020

1,680

218

218

1,160

1,000

845

576

595

218

521

557

472

557

487

456

218

487

487

504

521

539

557

218

412

539

557

557

472

456

90

Aug.

369

316

316

290

316

316

90

90

383

487

90

90

90

90

90

90

90

218

539

383

114

90

295

456

539

504

487

105

90

412

504

Sept.

456

426

397

90

90

441

528

521

539

557

90*

1,020

595

472

412

456

369

105

557

557

557

557

557

557

105

218

303

539

557

521

Oct.

521

218

303

521

539

521

539

557

101

186

412

521

504

521

487

101

504

557

615

635

635

635

101

290

504

539

557

603

635

105

356

Nov.

635

667

675

707

675

101

356

576

635

920

735

778

90

397

920

995

970

920

945

90

369

635

800

895

895

945

90

383

635

675

Dee.

675

595

595

90

528

576

557

487

456

456

90

90

521

504

487

487

356

90

342

487

456

456

456

456

90

90

450

450

450

450

450

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a well-defined discharge rating curve. During the period 

Jan. 1 to Mar. 12, when the gage heights were taken to the top of the ice. the discharge rating curve was 

applied directly, as the ice was less than one-half foot thick ana was probably constantly in a state of flotation. Discharge interpolated for days on which gage heights are missing, except on Feb. 28 and April

I and 2 when it was estimated. Discharge for days on which gage height was recorded'as 0 estimated at 

90 second-feet, except Dec. 27 to 31, when the plant of the International Paper Co. is known to have b$en 

running. For these days the discharge is estimated at 450 second-feet. The discharge for the period Aug.

II to 17 is subject to considerable doubt.

Monthly discharge of Raquette River1 at Piercefield, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 723 square miles.]

Month. f

April..... ...............................

May........ ............................ .

July.....................................

Discharge in second-feet.

 .

695 

845 

4.090 

4,840 

4,040

2,020 

539 

1,020

 635 

995 

675

4,840

Minimum.

218 

342 

635 

3,050 

2,290

90 

90 

90 

101 

90 

90

90

Mean.

503 

700 

1,830 

4,270 

3,110 

2,040 

587 

269 

438 

446 

637 

410

1,270

Secondfeet per 

square 

mile.

0.696 

.968 

2.53 

5.91 

430 

2.82 

.812 

.372 

.606 

.617 

.881 

.567

1.757

Run-off 

(inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.80 

, 1.01 

2.92 

.6.59 

496 

3.15 

.94 

.43 

.68 

.71 

.98 

.65

23*. 82

Accu 

racy.

000000000000

NOTE. Discharge for June estimated from the discharge at Massena Springs. Monthly discharge for 

this station, as published in the Sixth Annual Report of the Hew York State Water Supply Commission 

and the 1910 report of the New York State engineer and surveyor, has been corrected.
90 SI7EFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

RAQUETTE RIVER AT MASSENA SPRINGS, N. Y.

This station, which is located at the highway bridge at Massena 

Springs, 1,000 feet above the New York Central & Hudson River 

Railroad bridge, used for freight transfer from the railroad station 

to Massena power plant, 8 miles below Raymondville, and about 10 

miles above the mouth of the river, was established September 21, 

1903, temporarily discontinued October 17, 1903, and reestablished 

April 9, 1904.

The nearest power plant is at Raymondville, about 8 miles above 

the station. The Sunday flow of the stream is often held back during 

the low-water season while ponds at mills above are being refilled, 

and under these conditions the effect of the storage may be shown 

in the stream for several days.

The original gage was a vertical staff fastened to a stone masonry 

wall on the left bank, 25 feet upstream from the bridge. This gage 

was replaced August 16, 1906, by a standard chain gage fastened to 

the upstream side of the highway bridge. The datum of the chain 

gage was made 1 foot lower than that of the staff gage in order to 

avoid negative readings.

Ice forms at this station to a thickness of 3 feet, and the gage records for December, January, February, and March are usually much 

affected.

Determinations of monthly discharge are considered good, but 

during the low-water period daily discharges may be considerably in 

error as a result of artificial control.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York.

Discharge 'measurements of Raquette River at Masse'na Springs, N. Y.,for 1910.

Date.

Mar. 30

Aug. 23

Hydro grapher.

W. G. Hoyt............. ..................................

Width.

Feet. 

173

166

Area of 

^eetion.

Sq.ft. 

1,110

341

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

6.38

1 90

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

4,680

W7
ST. LAWRENCE BIVE& BASIN. 91

Daily gage "height, in feet, of Raquette River at Massena Springs^ -N. Y,,for 1910. 

[F. L. Babcock, observer.]

Day.

1... ................

2...................

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

9...................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21..............*....

22...................

OO

24...................

25...................

26....................

27...................

28...................

29...................

30

31...................

Mar.

"*

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.5

7.45

7.25

6.9

6.65

7.15

6.95

6.9

6.6

6.1

6.3

6.55

6.75

6.8

6.4

6.45

6.6

Apr.

6.95

7.1

7.2

7.15

7.05

7.15

7.05

6.95

7.0

6.85

6.95

6.95

7.05

6.95

6.95

6.55

6.2

6.3

6.25

6.35

6.25

5.8

5.6

5.25

1 >5

5.4

5.25

5.15

5.05

4 0

May.

4.7

4.7

4.75

5.06

5.95

6.0

5.65

5.5

5.65

5.65

5.55

5.65

5.65

5.7

5.25

5.25

5.35

5.25

5.1

4.85

&. 1

4.9

4.95

4.65

4.65

4.75

4.75

4.75

4.65

A. 15

4.35

June.

4.65

4.65

4.5

4.35

4.1

4.4

4.25

4.8

5.0

4.85

4.75

4.75

4.9

4.5

4.45

4.6

4.35

4.35

4.45

4,7

4 ii

4.15

A nc

3.9

3.72

3.6

3.3

3.3

3.05

3.08

July.

3.35

3.2

3.1

2.3

3.35

2.85

2.2

1.85

1.75

2.35

2.05

2.25

2.2

1.7

1.88

2.15

2.05

1.75

2.12

2.15

2.15

1.65

1.9

1.8

1.6

2.2

2.25

1.7

1.6

1.75

2.15

Aug.

2.05

2.0

2.1

1.9

1.75

1.65

1.85

2.0

2.8

2.45

1.7

1.6

1.65

1.55

1.75

1.75

1.8

1.65

1.65

1.4

1.25

1.45

1.85

2.05

1.9

1.7

1.7

1.55

1.55

0 n

1.4

Sept.

1.65

1.62

1.75

1.25

1.7

2.2

2.15

2.3

2.45

2.65

2.5

2.2

2.35

2.35

2.15

2.35

2.55

2.1

2.15

2.25

2.05

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.65

1.65

2.05

2.3

1.6

1.75

Oct.

1.85

2.15

1.5

2.15

1.95

2.1

1.9

2.7

3.35

3.0

2.8

2.35

2.2

3.15

2.55

2.3

2.0

2.5

2.4

1.95

1.8

2.0

2.25

2.15

2.4

2.45

2.75

' 3.05

3.3

3.1

3.0

Nov.

2.5

2.15

2.75

2.85

2.95

2.85

3.05

2.95

2.4

2.65

3.2

3.05

3.1

3.35

3.4

2.95

3.15

3.25

3.05

2.85

2.8

3.25

2.55

2.86

2.85

3.05

2.8

2.75

2.95

1.65

Dec.

2.1

2.3

2.65

2.4

2.85

3.05

3.45

3.55

3.6

4.1

4.25

4.15

3.7

3.«5

3.75

3.6

3.85

3.95

4.05

3.0

3.4

,

NOTE. Ice present at this station from Jan. 1 to Mar. 11 and from Dec. 1 to 31. Gage heights during 

December to water surface.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. T?.,for 1910.

Day.

1.. .................

2

3...................

4...................

5...................

6...................

7...................

8...................

0.. .................

10...................

11...................

12...................

13...................

14...................

15...................

16...................

17...................

18...................

19...................

20...................

21...................

22...................

23...................

24...................

25...................

26......:.........'...

27...................

28...................

29...................

30..........;........

31...................

Mar.

1,050

1,050

1,050

1,050

1,050

1,050

1,480

2,200

3,000

3,500

5,000

6,040

6,180

6,310

5,840

5,580

5,150

4,850

5,460

5,210

5,150

4,790

4,220

4,440

4,730

4,970

4*560

4^620

4,790

Apr.

5,210

5,400

5,520

5,460

5,330

5,460

5,330

5,210

 5,270

5,090

5,210

5,210

5,210

5,210

4,730

4,330

4,440

4,390

4,500

4,390

3,890

3,680

3,320

3,580

3,480

3,320

3,220

3,120

2,980

May.

2,790

2,790

2,840

3,120

4,060

4,110

3,730

3,580

3,730

3 TV\

3,630

3,730

3,730

3,780

3,320

3,320

3,420

3,320

3,180

2,930

2,790

2,980

3,030

2,740

2,740

2,840

2,840

2,840

2,740

2,600

2,460

June.

2,740

2,740

2,600

2,240

2,500

2,370

2,880

3,080

2

QQA

2,840

2,840

2 osn

2,600

2,550

2,700

2,460

2,460

2,550

2,790

2,280

2,190

2,060 l onn

1,800

1 t^<tf\

1,550

1,350

1,370

July.

1,590

1,470

1,390

825

1,590

1,200

765

559

506

858

675

795

765

481

575

735

675

506

717

735

735

457

586

532

433

765

TQfi

481

433

Wft

735

Aug.

675

645

705

Vift

itflft

457

KEG

645

1,160

QOO

481

433

AH7

410

506

506

532

457

457

345

284

366

559

675

586

481

481

410

645

345

Sept.

457

443

506

284

481

765

735

825

922

1,060

955

765

858

858

79 E

858

988

705

735

795

675

433

345

433

' 457

457

675

825

433

506

Oct.

559

735

388

735

616

705

586

1,090

1,590

1,310

1.160

858

765

1,440

988

825

645

955

890

616

532

645

795

735

son

922

1,120

1,350

1,550

I OQfi

1,310^

Nov.

955

735

1,120

1,200

1,270

1,200

1,350

1,270

890

1,060

1,470

1,358

1,390

1,590

1,630

1,270

1,430

1,510

1,350

1,200

1,160

1,510

988

858

1,200

1,350

1,160

1,120

1,270

457

Dec.

........

NOTE. Daily discharges determined from a well-defined discharge rating curve. Discharge Mar. 1 

to 11 estimated from the discharge at Piereefield.
92 SURFACE WATBE SUPPLY, 1910, PABT IV.

Monthly discharge of Baguette River at Massena Springs, N. T.,for 1910. 

[Discharge area, 1,170 square miles.]

Month.

January..... ............................

February ...............................

March...................................

April....................................

May...

July.....................................

October.................................

December

The year. .........................

Discharge In second-feet.

Maximum.

6,310

5,520 

4,110 

3,080 

1,590 

1,160 

1,060 

1,590 

1,630

6,310

Mt"1JTnnin.

2,980 

2,460 

1,350 

433 

284 

284 

388 

457

284

Mean.

690 

960 

4,040 

4,560 

3,210 

2,390 

770 

538 

666 

926 

1,210 

660

1,720

Secondfeet per 

square 

mile.

0.590 

.820 

3.45 

3.90 

2.74 

2.04 

.658 

.460 

.569 

.791 

1.03 

.564

1.47

Run-off 

(inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.68 

.85 

3.98 

4.35 

3.16 

2.28 

.76 

.53 

.63 

.91 

1.15 

.65

19.93

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

B. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

A. 

D.

NOTE. Discharge for January, February, and December estimated from the discharge at Piercefleld. 

No revision has been made in the determinations of discharge published in the Sixth Annual Report of 

the New York State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of the State engineer and surveyor.

BOG BIVER NEAR TUPPER LAKE, N. Y.

This station, which is located above Bog Kiver Palls, about 300 

feet below the forks of Tapper Lake stream and Bog Kiver, about 2£ 

miles above Big Tupper Lake in the town of Piercefield, and about 

11 miles southwest of the town of Tupper Lake, was established 

August 24, 1908.

The staff gage is located about 2£ miles downstream at the head of 

Bog Kiver Falls and is within a few rods of Big Tupper Lake. The 

elevation of the zero of the gage determined by the United States 

Geological Survey bench mark at Tupper Lake Junction, according 

to the levels of the State Water Supply Commission of New York, 

is 1,563.76 feet above mean tide.

The bed of the stream is sandy and contains scattered bowlders, 

but it is probably permanent and a good low-water rating curve has 

been developed.

Since the summer of 1909 discharge measurements are made from 

a car hung on a cable. Before that time the measurements were 

made by wading or from a boat.

Gage readings previous to 1910 were obtained either by a recording 

gage or by hydrographers and other engineers, who periodically visit 

the station.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission and the State engineer 

and surveyor, State of New York. .
ST. LAWBEUrCE BIVEB BASHST. 93

Discharge measurements of Bog River near Tupper Lake, N. T"., in 1920.

Date.

Apr. 2

May 20

25

July 6

Hydrographer.

C.C. Covert. ............... ...............................

W. G. Hoyt...............................................

.....do....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

72

65

75

51

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

220

245

289

108

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

2.82

3.06

3.38

1.53

Discharge.

8ec.-ft. 

368

494

664

101

Daily gage height, in feet, of Bog River near Tupper Lake, N. T.,for 2910. 

[B. O. Lott, observer.]

Day.

1..... ...............................

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

g

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17....................................

18....................................

19....................................

20....................................

21........::..........................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Apr. .

3.1

2.7

3.1

2.9

2.2

3.7

3.8

3.5

3.8

4.2

3.7

3.6

3.4

5.1

i S

4.4

2.7

4.1

4.55

1.9 3.1

2.1

1.2

1.6

1.9

1 9

2.0

5.05

May.

2.1

5.05

4.95

2.65

3.8

3.6 4 45

2.4

5.0

4.95

4 8

4.3

2.7

2.3

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.3

2.2

4.6

4.5

3.1

3.0

3.2

3.45

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.5

3.4

June.

3.4

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.7

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.8

3.0

2.8

2.6

.2.6

2.4

2.1

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

July.

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.1

Aug.

/

1.0

1.6

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0 1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0 1.1 1.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

.8

.8

.8

.9

Sept.

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.3

-1.4

1.5

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.3

Oct.

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.6

l.fi

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.6

Nov.

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.8

1 8

1.7

1.7

1 7

LS

L.fc

1JJL 2. a

2.2

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.9

NOTE. No observations of gage heights for periods during which ice was present.
94 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Bog River near Tupper Lake, N. Y.,for 1910.

Day.

1... .................................

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

6....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9. ...>... ............................

10....................................

11....................................

12....................................

13....................................

14....................................

15....................................

16....................................

17.................'................... is.......-...............:.............

19....................................

20....................................

21....................................

22....................................

23....................................

24....................................

25....................................

26....................................

27....................................

28....................................

29....................................

30....................................

31....................................

Apr.

500

500

495

340

495

415

208

770

825

670

825

1,060

 770

720

625

i «on

1,470

1,330

340

1,000

1,300

148

495

186

AS

100

148

148

166

1,650

May.

186

1,650

1,580

325

825

79ft

1,230

254

1,610

1,580

1,470

1,130

340

230

186

186

186

230

208

1,330

1,260

495

455

535

648

625

625

625

625

670

625

June.

625

580

535

535

455

375

310

280

280

340

375

340

310

280

' 280

9Sfl

310

375

455

375

310

310

254

186

166

131

85

72

72

72

July.

60

60

60

48

48

72

85

85

72

48

60

60

48

37

37

37"

37

37

37

37

37

37

37

37

28

28

28

37

37

48

37

Aug.

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

37

48

48

48

37

28

28

28

37

37

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

20

14

14

14

1190

Sept.

28

37

48

60

60

48

48

60

72

85

92

85

85

72

72

60

48

60

60

60

72

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Oct.

72

85

85

72

85

85

85

72

60

60

60

72

85

85

100

85

72

72

60

60

85

100

85

85

85

100

100

115

115

100

100

Nov.

100

100

100

100

115

131

131

115

115

115

131

148

148

166

230

254

230

230

230

230

230

230

230

230

254

254

186

166

166

148

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a discharge rating curve fairly well defined below about 800 

second-feet. Discharge Apr. 1 and 2 estimated.

Monthly discharge of Bog River near Tupper Lake, N. Y.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 132 square miles.]

Month.

May.....................................

July....................................

October. ................................

The year. .........................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1.690 

1.650 

625

85 

48 

92 

115 

254

1,690

Minimum.

48 

186 

72 

28 

14 

28 

60 

100

14

Mean.

100 

100 

500 

648 

730 

312 

47.0 

28.8 

61.7 

83.3 

140 

80

236

Secondfeet per 

square 

mile.

0.758 

.758 

3.79 

4.91 

5.53 

2.36 

.356 

.218 

.467 

.631 

1.06 

.606

1.79

Run-off 

(inches on 

drainage 

area).

0.87 

.79 

4.37 

5.48 

6.38 

2.63 

.41 

.25 

.52 

.73 

1.18 

.70

24.31

Accuracy.

D. 

D. 

D. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

B. 

D.

NOTE. Monthly discharge for January, February, March, and December estimated from a consideration of general conditions of run-off in northern New York. Values approximate.

No revision has been made of discharge data published in the Sixth Annual Report of the New York 

State Water Supply Commission and the 1910 report of the New York State engineer and surveyor, 

although values for April published in those reports were changed by the addition of the estimated discharge 

on Apr. 1 and 2.
ST. LAWBENCE EIVEB BASIN. 95

ST. REGIS RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

St. Regis River rises in several small streams and lakes in the 

western part of Franklin County, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet 

above sea level, flows northwestward about 40 miles and then somewhat east of north for about 28 miles to its junction with St. Lawrence River near the State line. Its drainage area comprises 664 

square miles.1 The upper part of the basin consists of swamps and 

mountains from which most of the forest has been largely cut. On 

leaving the plateau the stream descends for 10 or 15 miles, in a succession of steep rapids and precipitous falls, through a rugged country 

to the lowlands bordering the St. Lawrence. In this stretch are 

excellent power sites, only a few of which have as yet been utilized. 

From the foot of the hills to the St. Lawrence the slope of the river is 

moderate and rock outcrop not frequent, consequently favorable sites 

for power development are scarce. According to report of the State 

Water Supply Commission for 1910, the present limit of profitable 

development through this low country, except las increased by regulation of stream flow, has probably been reached in the existing 

plants. A detailed description, showing all power developments and 

future possible developments, is given in the 1910 report of the State 

Water Supply Commission.

ST. EEGIS EIVEE AT BEASHEE CENTEE, N. Y.

This station, which is located in the village of Brasher Center, 5 

miles downstream from Brasher Falls, and about 12 miles above the 

mouth of the river, was established August 22, 1910, in cooperation 

with the New York State Water Supply Commission.

A chain gage is located on the downstream side of the bridge, over 

the right-hand channel.

Low-water measurements have been made by wading about 500 

feet above the bridge; high-water measurements are made from the 

bridge. A rating table is not developed as yet and only discharge 

measurements and gage heights are published.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the annual 

reports of the State Water Supply Commission.

Discharge measurements of St. Regis River at Brasher Center, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

July 25

Aug. 206

Hydrographer.

W.G.Hoyt.. .............................................

Width.

Feet. 

160

216

Area of

section.

Sq.ft. 

196

359

height.

Feet. 

« 19. 36

4.48

Dfecharge.

Sec. ft. 

176

505

« Distance to water surface from reference point on first bridge above Helena. 

6 Measurement made at wading section, 200 feet upstream from gage.

i State Water Supply Commission.
96 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

Daily gage height, in feet, of St. Regis River at Brasher Center, N. T.,for 1910. 

[George Myers, observer.)

Day.

1. ................

2.................

3................. 

4.................

5.................

6.................

7.................

8.................

9.................

10.................

11.................

12.................

13.................

14.................

15.................

Aug.

......

Sept.

4.12

4 10

4.22

A 1ft

4.16

4.22

5.12

5.22

4.96

4 70

4 55

4.41

4.32

4.25

4.22

Oct.

4.12

4.10

4.10 

4.25

A. 1$

4 4n

5.18

5.50

5 40

5.22

4

QE

4.75

4 60

4

QE

A QR

Nov.

A. SB

4.85

4.72 

4.78

4

7O

4.88

4.98

4 ftft

4.82

4.78

5.05

6 AC

4 98

 A CO

4.75

Dec.

4.42

4.58

4.55 

4 70

4.80

4.68

5.20

5.20

5.85

6.00

6.05

6.05

5.98

5.85

5.35

Day.

16.................

17.................

18.................

Id

20.................

21.................

22.................

23.*. ..............

24.................

25.................

26.................

27.................

Oft

29.................

30...............:.

31.................

Aug.

......

4.25

4.16

4.05

4.11

4.15

4.25

A no

3

QE

3.50

4.05

Sept.

4.25

4.22

4.20 

4.20

4 10

4.12

A. 19

4.16

4.10

4.12

4.10

4.12

4.18

4 on

4.12

Oct.

4.25

4.35

4.38 

4.30

4.35

4.25

4.10

4.12

4.25

4.60

5.25

5.45

S

KA

5 40

5.35

5.05

Nov.

4.78

4.70

4.55 

4.62

4.65

4.48

4.52

4.50

4.42

4.60

4.62

4.62

4.62

4.55

d. is

Dec.

5 50

5 62

......

NOTE. Ice present Dec. 7-31.

RICHELIEU RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Kichelieu Kiver, the outlet of Lake Champlain, emerges from the 

lake at Rouse Point and flows northward to the St. Lawrence.

Lake Champlain occupies a long and narrow valley, extending in 

a north-south direction and forming a part of the boundary between 

New York and Vermont. The elevation of the lake is about 95 feet 

above tide, and the water-surface area is 436 square miles.

The drainage basin is irregular in form, being about 75 miles wide 

from a point opposite Middlebury, Vt., northward to the outlet of 

the lake at Rouse Point, on the international boundary. South of 

Middlebury the average width of the basin is about 35 miles, and the 

lake itself is very narrow, forming virtually a drowned river.

The tributary region is rugged and mountainous, covered with 

little depth of soil except in the stream valleys. The drainage is 

received almost entirely through large tributaries, there being little 

direct coast drainage into the lake. The total drainage area at the 

mouth of the lake is about 7,867 square miles (including lake surface).

LAKE CHAMPLAIN AT BURLINGTON, VT.

This station is located on the south side of the roadway leading 

to the docks of the Champlain Transportation Co., of Burlington, 

Vt., at a point about 80 feet from the roadway at the foot of King 

Street. Readings have been obtained since May 1, 1907.

A comparison of gage readings on calm, days during 1907 and 

1908, made under the direction of Prof. A. D. Butterfield, formerly 

of the University of Vermont, indicates that the zeros of the gages 

at Fort Montgomery and at Burlington are at substantially the 

samfe elevation, namely, 92.50 feet above mean sea level. The gage 

readings at Burlington during 1910, as published in the following
'ST. LAWKENCE EIVEE BASIN. 97

table, were taken and furnished through the courtesy of Mr. D. A. 

Loomis, general manager of the Champlain Transportation Co.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Lake Champlain at Burlington, Vt^for 1910.

Day.

1. ..............

2. ..............

3...............

4. ..............

5. ..............

6...............

7...............

8. ..............

9. ..............

10. ..............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14. ..............

15. ..............

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22. ..............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

Jan.

.......

.......

...

a"6.7l

.......

"«. "TO"

....... "i.'is.

1.40

"i.'eo"

.......

.......

Feb.

al.80

ol.SO

"Tso"

.......

.......

1.90

.......

.......

.......

"i'oo'

.......

Mar.

2.55

2.97

4.53

4.63

"4." TO"

"4~78"

4.80

4.75

4.70

4.70

4.55

.......

4.60

4.68

4.65

4.65

4.75

4.95

"5."i5"

5.20

5.30

5.25

Apr.

5.40

5.50

"S." 45"

5.40

5.30

5.38

5.40

5.40

5.38

5.35

5.30

5.20

5.10

5.05

"4."8B"

4.85

4.85

4.80

4.75

4.70

" "4.~60~

4.52

4.45

4.45

4.40

May.

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.50

4.40

4.00

4.35

4.30

4.28

.......

4.05

4.00

3.90

3.85

3.85

3.80

"3." 75"

3.75

3.60

3.70

3.75

3.75

"s.'so"

June.

3.80

3 8f>

3.70

3.65

3.60

3.60

3.78

3.85

3.90

3.90

"3*85"

3.85

3.80

3.75

3.75

3.70

"3." 65"

3.60

3.55

3.50

3.45

3.40

"ij."*)"

3.40 "3." is"

July.

3.15

3.10

2.95

2.90

2.85'

§.80

2.70

.......

2.65

2.60

2.50

2.45

2.40

2.40

"2.~46"

2.35

2.30

2.25 "2." is"

"i'io"

2.00

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

.......

Aug.

1.90

1.85

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

1.80

"i."75"

1.75

1.70

1.70

L70

1.70

1.70

1.65

1.65

1.65

"i.'eS"

1.60

1.60

1.60

1.35

1.35 i.'ss"

1.40

1.40

Sept.

1.40

.......

1.33

1.30

1.25

1.30

"L40"

1.40

1.40

1.35

1.33

1.30

1.30

1.30

"i."25"

1.25

1.20

1.20

"i.io

.......

1.05

"i.05

1.05

1.05

.......

Oct.

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.05

1.10 "i.'is"

1.15

1.15

1.17

1.17

1.20

1.20

1.15

1.15

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

i.'io

1.10

"i.'is"

1.20 "i.'2o"

Nov.

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.25

1.40

1.40

1.47

1.40

1.45

"i.45" .

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.43

.......

1.40

1.40

1.40

1.35

1.35

1.35

... i.ss"

1.35

1.35

1.35

Dec.

1.35

1.35

1.37

1.37

1.35

1.35

1.33

1.30

......

.'.....

......

......

......

"i."25

......

......

......

o Surface of ice. 

Breaking up of ice in Lake Champlain.

Year.

1897...........................

1898...........................

1899...........................

lonn

1901...........................

1902...........................

1903...........................

1904...........................

Ice broke

up.

Apr. 7

Mar. 25

Apr. 19

Apr. 15

Mar. 17

Apr. 18

Steamers

commenced

running 

between

Burlington and

Plattsburg.

Apr. 10

Mar. 26

Apr. 21

Apr. 17

Apr. 7

Mar. 25

Apr. 19

Year.

1905...........................

1906...........................

19C7. ..........................

1908...........................

1909...........................

1910...........................

1911...........................

»-

Ice broke

up.

Apr. 14

...do....

Apr. 16

Apr. 14

Apr. 13

Mar. 28

Apr. 24

Steamers

commenced

running 

between

Burlington and

Plattsburg.

Apr. 17

Wo.

A'pr. 18

Apr. 20

Apr. 19

Apr. 11

Apr. 24

KICHELIEU KIVEK AT TORT MONTGOMERY, N. Y.

This station is located in the fort, about one-half mile from the 

head of Richelieu River, at the outlet of Lake Champlain at Rouse 

Point, N. Y., where a record of gage heights has been kept by the 

United States Corps of Engineers since 1875. Through the courtesy 

of Maj. Edward Burr the daily gage readings are reported weekly to 

the United States Geological Survey. 

45897° WSP 284 12 7
98 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

The entire surface of Lake Champlain freezes over nearly every 

winter, and the freezing may affect the discharge.

The elevation of gage zero at Fort Montgomery is 92.50 feet 

above mean sea level, according to the adjustment in 1906 of mean 

sea datum in this vicinity by the topographic branch of the United 

States Geological Survey. High-water level is at elevation 101.6 feet, 

and on November 13, 1908, an elevation of 91.9 feet was recorded at 

Fort Montgomery, probably the lowest on record.

The daily discharge of the lake has been determined from observations of the depth and discharge over the Chambly dam, 35 miles 

below the head of Richelieu River, made in 1898 by the United 

States Board on Deep Waterways. A rating table has been derived 

from the observations at the Chambly dam and the gage readings 

taken at Rouse Point. The area tributary to the river between 

Rouse Point and Chambly is 310 square miles, making the total 

drainage basin above Chambly 8,177 square miles.1 

' Estimates of monthly discharge are withheld pending the verification of the rating curve previously used to determine the discharge at 

this point.

All gage heights previously published, including those for 1910, 

have been referred to the gage zero instead of to sea level.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the reports 

of the New York State engineer and surveyor.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Richelieu River at Fort Montgomery, N. T.,for 1910.

[William McComb, observer.]

Day.

1...............

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

U............... 

12......*.........

IS...............

14.. ........... ..

15.......-.......

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20. ..............

91

22...............

90

24. ..............

OC

26..............

27...............

28...............

29. ..............

30............... 

31...............

Jan.

0.5

.45

.45

.4

.45

.45

.4

.45

.45

.4

.4 

.05

.4

.4

.4

45

.45

.45

.4

.4

45

.5

.8

1.0

1.15

1.25

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.5

1.45

Feb.

1.45

1.5

1.5

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.65

1.65

1.6

1.55 

1.55

1.5

1.5

1.55

1.55

1.55

1.5

1.6

1.55 

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.75

1.75

1.85

.......

Mar.

2.1

2.4

2.75

2.95

3.15

3.35

3.65

3.9

4.1

4.25

4.35 

4.5

4.5

4.45

.......

4.55

4.7

4.9

5.3

5-15

5-2

Apr.

5.3

5.35

5.35

5.45

5.35

5.35

5'. 25

5.2

5.25

5.2 '

5.2 

5.15

5.15

5.15

5.0

4.95

5.25

4.95

4.8

4.8 

4.7

4.65

4.6

4.55

4.5

4.5

4.4

4.25

4.3

4.6

May.

4.2

4.3

4.1

4.15

4.4

4.45

4.5

4.4

4.4

4.35

4.3 

4.25

4.2

4.1

4.05

4.05

4.0

4.1

3.8

3.7 

3.7

3.65

3.7

3.7

3-6

3.6

3.6

3.65

3.65

3.65 

3.6

June.

3.6

3.65

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.55

3.55

3.6

3.75

3.8

3.8 

3.85

3.8

3.75

3.75

3.65

3.7 '

3.65

3.6

3.55 

3.55

3.5

3.4

3.35

3.35

3.3

3.3

3.2

3.15

3.1

July.

3.05

3.0

2.95

2.85

2.9

2.85

2.85

2.75

2.7

2.65

2.6 

2.55

2.55

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.25

2.15

2.15

2.1 

2.3

2.25

2.05

2.05

2.05

1.95

1.95

1.9

1.9

1.95 

1.8

Aug.

1.8

1.75

1.8

1.85

1.75

1.75

1.7

1.7

1.75

1.9

1.7 

1.7

1.7

1.65

1.65

1.6

1.65

1.75

1.5

1.5 

1.55

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.25

1.25 

1.5

Sept.

1.2

1.2

1.45

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.25

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.3 

1.35

1.15

1.15

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.15

1.1

1.15 

1.1

1.05

1.15

1.45

1.25

1.15

1.05

1.1

1.05

1.25

Oct.

1.3

.9

1.0

1.45

1.1

1.25

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.05

1.1

.85

1.0

1.0

1.0

.9

1.0

1.05

1.1

1.0 

.9

1.4

.9

.9

.95

.9

1.5

.95

1.0

1.05

1.2

Nov.

1.2

1.4

1.0

.9

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.25

1.3

1.3

1.35 

1.3

1.35

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.25

1.3

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.25

1.3

1.4

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.2

1 25

1.2

Dec.

1.25

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.25

1.25

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2 

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.05

1.1

1.2

1.1

1.15

1.15 

1.05

1.1

1 91

1.1

1.05

1.15

1.2

1.2

1.15

1.25 

1.3

i Rept. State Engineer and Surveyor of New York for 1910.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN. 99

SAEANAC RIVER BASIN.

» 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Saranac River rises in the lakes in southeastern Franklin County, 

N. Y., and flows northeastward to a point near Cadyville and thence 

eastward into Lake Champlain at Plattsburg. The basin ranges in 

width from 10 to less than 25 miles and is about 60 miles long, the 

total drainage area comprising about 630 square miles. The southern 

boundary of the basin is the Ampersand Mountain range and the 

stream drains the north slope of the most elevated region of the 

State of New York.

About 16.2 per cent of the upper drainage is water surface. Owing 

to its somewhat equalized flow and rapid fall the stream presents 

many opportunities for power development. The mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and the winters are usually severe.

SARANAC RIVER NEAR PLATTSBURG. N. Y.

This station, which is located at the Lozier dam of the Plattsburgh 

Gas & Electric Co., about 6 miles above Plattsburg, was established 

March 27, 1903.

The record includes the flow over a spillway crest 171.75 feet in 

length, the discharge through two 5-foot waste gates when open, 

and the discharge through four 33-inch Victor turbines controlled 

by automatic governors. The records are furnished by Herbert A. 

Stutchbury, superintendent. Experiments have been made at Cornell University hydraulic laboratory on a model of the ogee section 

of the dam, from which coefficients have been derived for the calculation of the discharge over the dam.

The elevation of the zeros of both the spillway gage and the tailrace gage have remained the same during the maintenance of the 

station.

Tests made at this plant indicate that past computations of discharge at low stages are 20 per cent or more too low. The determinations of daily discharges are withheld pending further tests.

Information in regard to this station is contained in the reports 

of the New York State engineer and surveyor.

AUSABLE RIVER BASIN.

i ,

GENERAL FEATURES.

Ausable River is formed by the junction of its East and West 

branches, which head in the northwestern part of Essex County. 

The East Branch flows from upper Ausable Lake, at an elevation of 

1,990 feet above sea level; the West Branch is formed by several 

small streams which lie in the valley to the west and north of East 

Branch. Both branches flow north and east to their junction in the
100 SUEFACE WATEK SUPPLY, 1910, PAKT IV.

village of Ausable Forks, from which point the river flows northeast, 

entering Lake Champlain about 10 miles south of Plattsburg, opposite 

and slightly north of the city of Burlington.

Throughout the entire course the river is fed by small mountain 

streams, which enter at nearly right angles from the mountains on 

either side. There are few lakes in this drainage basin to regulate 

the flow and, owing to the great differences of elevation throughout 

the area, the stream has what is called a flashy discharge, its fluctuations being large and rapid.

Owing to the fact that this basin lies on the eastern slope of the 

Adirondack Mountains, the average rainfall is less than for those 

basins whose streams rise in the western and southern slopes, the 

mean yearly precipitation being about 32 inches.

About 6,000 water horsepower is developed at the present time, 

principally on the West Branch.1

ATTSABLE RIVER AT ATTSABLE FORKS, N. Y.

This station, which is located in the village of Ausable Forks, 

about 15 miles above the mouth of the river, immediately below the 

junction of the East and West branches, was established August 27, 

1910, in cooperation with the New York State Water Supply Commission.

A standard chain gage is fastened to a cantilever arm on the right 

hand bank, about 40 feet below the confluence of the East and West 

branches, in the village of Ausable Forks.

Measurements during this year have been made farther down 

stream by wading. On December 7, 1910, there was installed, 

2 miles below the gage, a cable from which future measurements will 

be made.

The gage heights published below are slightly affected by the 

operation of pulp mills above the station.

Discharge measurements of Ausable River at Ausable Forks, N. Y., in 1910.

Date.

Aug. 17

Hydrographer. , ,

W. G. Hoyt.. .............................................

Width.

Feet. 

207

182

Area of 

section.

Sq. ft. 

314

313

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.77

3.85

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

a 327

6271

a Measurement made at wading section.

b Measurement made under partial ice cover at cable station.

i See Fifth Ann. Kept. New York State Water Supply Comm., pp. 88,147, 267.
ST.. LAWRENCE RIVER BASIN. 101 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Ausable River at Ausable Forks, N. T.,for 1910.

Day.

1.......

2.......

3.......

4.......

5.......

6.......

7.......

8.......

10.......

11.......

19

10

14.......

15.......

Aug. Sept.

3.60

3.60

3.61

3.68

3.82

4.38

4.09

3.66

3.66

3 79

3.56

q 79

3.62

3.62

3.60

Oct.

3.66

3.66

3.83

3 74

3.74

3.78

3.96

3.90

3.83

3.93

3.82

3.72

3.74

3.68

Nov.

3.78.

3.72

3.76

3.87

4.08

4.22

4.12

3.82

1 74

3.82

3.82

 °. on

3.78

3.77

3.76

Dec.

3.72

3.72

3.68

3.70

3.73

3.73

3.86

3.80

3.83

3.73

3.86

3.87

3.96

4.02

Day.

16.......

17.-.-..-

18.......

19.......

20.......

21.......

22.......

23.......

24.......

25.......

26.......

27.......

28.......

23.......

30. ......

31.......

Aug.

3.76

3.67

3.74

3.68

3.64

3.64

3.62

3.62

3.62

3.62

3.59

3.59

3.62

3.58

3.56

Sept.

3.61

3.64

3.61

3.62

3.59

3.61

3.60

3.62

3.60

3.56

3.58

3.70

3.69

3.67

,3.70

Oct.

3.62

3.62

3.66

3.62

3.64

3.61

3.62

3.64

3.68

3.72

3.66

3.80

4.41

4.13

3.80

3.76

Nov.

3.83

3.72

3 7ft

3.80

3.69

3.84

3.80

3.76

3.73

q 77

3.74

3.68

3.74'

3.68

3.73

Dec.

3.97

3.90

3.88

4.02

3.90

3.77

3.88

3.86

3.82

3.88

4.12

3.84

3.74

3.78

3.78

4.14

NOTE. No information is available regarding the eflect of ice; it is probable that the relation of gage 

height to discharge was more or less affected by ice during the greater part of December.

WINOOSKI RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Winooski River, which, is one of the most important of the Vermont 

rivers draining into Lake Champlain, has its source in the Green 

Mountains in the east-central part of the State. The river is formed 

at Marshfield by several branches which start from many small ponds; 

it then flows in a general southwesterly direction as far as Montpelier, 

at which place it has received the drainage from Kingsbury Brook, 

Stevens Branch, Worcester Branch, Dog River, and several less important tributaries; from Montpelier its general course is northwestward 

to Lake Champlain, which it enters near Burlington, having been 

joined near Middlesex by .Mad River and at Waterbury by Waterbury 

River. From mouth to source the river is about 60 miles long and 

its drainage area comprises about 995 square miles. The ratio of 

lake surface to the entire area is small.

Along the river are several important power sites, some of which 

are already developed. The storage on the river, artificial or natural, 

is small, but it is believed that opportunities for development are 

fairly good.

In the upper part of the basin the country is mountainous and 

fairly well forested. Below Montpelier the slope of the river in general is rather flat.

The mean annual rainfall for this region is about 33 inches; at 

Burlington for a period of eighty-one years the mean is 32.68 inches. 

During the winter months the precipitation is generally the least of 

the year. The average depth of snow is about 24 inches, while the 

average temperature ranges through the year from about 66° to 

15° F.
102 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

WINOOSE3 RIVER ABOVE STEVENS BRANCH, NEAR MONTPELIER, VT.

TMs station, which is located about 3 miles above Montpelier at 

the plant of the Corry-Deavitt & Frost Electric Co., was established 

May 18, 1909, in cooperation with the State of Vermont.

The station is above the several large tributaries of Wuwoski Kiver 

which enter in the vicinity of Montpelier.

The staff gage is bolted to a bowlder on the right bank about 100 

feet below the power plant. No change has been made in the gage 

datum.

Discharge measurements are made from the lower railroad bridge 

about half a mile below the gage.

Daily fluctuations in the stage of the river are not usually great, as 

the power plant is operated throughout the twenty-four hours.

The flow during the winter is considerably affected by anchor ice.

Conditions for obtaining accurate discharge data are fair. The 

relation of gage heights to discharge is fairly well determined.

The gage heights at this station were furnished by the CorryDeavitt & Frost Electric Co.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge 

caused by the operation of the mills above the station has been 

rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to install 

an automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage 

heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus 

making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily 

discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage 

heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since no 

gage heights recorded at this station are true indices of the daily 

discharge.

Discharge measurements of Winooski River above Stevens Branch, near Montpelier, Vt.,

in 1910.

Date.

Oct. 26

Hydrographer. Width.

Feet. 

70.5

68

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

230

193

height.

Feet. 

3.14

2.8

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

274

223

WINOOSEI RIVER AT MONTPELIER, VT.

This station, which is located at the covered wooden highway 

bridge near the Central Vermont Railroad station in Montpelier, was 

established in cooperation with the State of Vermont May 19, 1909. 

It is near the plant of the Colton Manufacturing Co., through whose 

courtesy the gage readings are obtained.

Worcester and Stevens branches enter above the gaging station, 

and Dog River enters just below.
ST. LAWBENCE KIVEK BASIN. 103

Discharge measurements are made from a footbridge about half a 

mile below the chain gage which is located on the highway bridge. 

As the flow through the wheels is controlled by automatic governors 

and varies considerably throughout the day, many computations are 

necessary in order to obtain each daily discharge. Anchor ice during 

the winter sometimes affects the relation between gage height and 

discharge.

The gage datuni has remained unchanged throughout the period of 

maintenance of this station. The discharge curve is well defined.

Special night readings of the gage show that there is a drop in 

stage of about 0.5 foot each night due to storage.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge 

caused by the operation of the mills above the station has been 

rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to install 

an automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage 

heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus 

making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily 

discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage 

heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since no 

gage heights recorded at this station are true indices of the daily 

discharge.

Discharge measurements of Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

23

Oct. 26

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

C.C. Covert....... .......................................

Width.

Feet. 

181

181

177

182

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

447

526

261

601

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.67

5.06

3 79

4.70

Dis-

 charge.

Sec.-ft. 

466

676

79

589

WINOOSKI RIVER AT RICHMOND, VT.

This station, which is located at the steel highway bridge about 

one-fourth mile south of the railroad station at Richmond, Vt., was 

established June 25, 1903, discontinued May 1, 1907, reestablished 

July 8, 1910, and maintained temporarily until October 31, 1910, 

when it was again discontinued.

The datum of the chain gage has remained the same during the 

periods of maintenance of the station.

During the winter months the river is affected by ice.

Conditions for obtaining accurate discharge measurements are 

fairly good. Gage heights are more or less affected by controlled 

flow, but owing to the size of the stream the fluctuations are not 

sufficient to materially affect the accuracy of the results here published.
104 SUBFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

measurements of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt., iff 1910.

Date.

July 9

Aug. 29

' Hydrographer.

Brett and Butterfield. .....................................

G. M. Brett..................................... ..........

Width.

Feet. 

138

93

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

186

130

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

4.31

3.80

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

408

148

NOTE. Measurements made by wading about 1,600 feet above the bridge.

Daily gage height, in feet, of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt.,for 1910.

Day.

2...............

3...............

4...............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8. ............. .

9. ............. .

10...............

11...............

12...............

13...............

14...............

15...............

July.

4.2

4.3

4.3

4.3

4.2

Aug.

4.2

4.2

4.15

4.25

4.85

4.95

5.05

4.85

4.65

4.4

4.65

4.65

4.55

4.25

4.25

Sept.

4.05

4.0

4.05

4.1

4.3

5.5

6.1

5.45

4.95

4.45

4.15

4.25

4.2

4.25

Oct.

4.5

5.2

5.3

4.8

4.6

4.7

4.9

4.7

4.55

4.65

4.75

4 55

4.5

4.55

4.45

Day.

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21...............

22...............

23...............

24...............

25...............

26...............

27...............

28...............

29...............

30...............

31...............

July.

4.15

3.85

4.0

4.1

4.15

4.05

4.15

4.2

4.0

4.2

4.1

4.05

5.05

4.8

4.6

4.15

Aug.

4.2

4.25

4.3 .

4.3

4.25

4.1

4.25

4.15

4.1

4.2

4.15

4.0

3.9

3.95

3.95

4.0

Sept.

4.2

4.2

4.05

4.05

4.05

4.15

4.15

4.1

4.06

3.95

4.15

4.25

.6.55

6.0

4.95

Oct.

4.1

4.1

4.3

4.35

4.2

4.3

4.25

4.15

4.6

4.65

5.2

5.4

5.68

5.3

5.0

4.9

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt.,for 1910.

Day.

1

2...............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

6...............

7...............

8...............

9...............

10...............

11...............

12. ..............

13...............

14...............

15...............

July.

340

400

400

400

340

Aug.

340

340

312

370

850

950

1,050

850

665

665

665

5SO

370

370

Sept.

260

235

260

285

400

1,520

2,220

1 460

950

CfiC

91O

340

370

340

370

Oct.

540

1,200

1,300

800

620

710

900

710

580

665

7KC

5SO

540

580

Day.

16...............

17...............

18...............

19...............

20...............

21.. ..I......:...

22...............

23...............

OK

9fi

27...............

28...............

OQ

30...............

31...............

July.

312

170

235

285

312

260

312

340

235

340

285

260

1,050

800

620

312

Aug.

340

370

400

400

370

285

370

312

285

340

235

190

212

212

235

Sept.

340

340

260

260

260

312

312

285

260

212

312

370

2,840

2,090

950

Oct.

285

285

400

435

340

400

370

312

620

665

1,200

1,410

1,720

1,300

1,000

900

NOTE. Daily discharge determined from a fairly well denned discharge rating curve.

Monthly discharge of Winooski River at Richmond, Vt.,for 1910. 

[Drainage area, 977« square miles.]

Month.

July 11-31 ...............................

August. .................."............

October. ................................

Discharge in second-feet.

Maximum.

1,050 

1,050 

2,840 

1,720

Minimum.

170 

190 

212 

285

Mean.

381 

442 

641 

730

Per 

square 

mile.

0.390 

.452 

.656 

.747

Run-off 

(depth in 

inches on 

drainage 

area).

.30 

.52 

.73 

.86

Accuracy.

B. 

B. 

B.

B.

o The measurement of drainage area has been revised since the publication of the data for 1903-1907.
ST. LAWEENCE EIVEB BASIN. 105

STEVENS BRANCH OF WINOOSKI RIVER NEAR MONTPELIER, VT.

This station, which is located near the private covered wooden 

highway bridge on the Marvin farm, about 2 miles from Montgomery, on the road to Barre, and one-quarter mile above the junction 

of the Stevens Branch with Winooski River, was established July 5, 

1910, in cooperation with the State of Vermont.

A 6-foot staff gage was attached vertically to a stump on the left 

bank, 60 feet below the bridge.

Discharge measurements are made by wading at the gage.

Conditions for obtaining low-water measurements at this station 

are good.

There is uncertainty regarding storage effect of mills on the daily 

gage height.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge has 

been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is prpposed to 

install an automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily 

gage heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, 

thus making possible the publication of accurate computations of 

daily discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage 

heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since the 

gage heights recorded at this station may not be true indices of the 

daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Stevens Branch of Winooski River near Montpelier, Vt.,in 1910.'

Date.

July 5

23

Aug. 10

23

Hydrographer.

G.M.Brett... ............................................

Brett and Butterfleld. .....................................

G.M.Brett. ..............................................

.....do....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

51.5 48

52

51

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

69.4

45.1

69.9

61.1

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.79

1.38

1.75

1.63

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

77

14.3

64.3

46.2

WORCESTER BRANCH OF WINOOSKI RIVER AT MONTPELIER, VT.

This station, which is located a short distance below the Lane 

Manufacturing Co.'s plant at Montpelier and near the junction of 

Worcester Branch with the main river, was established May 15, 1909, 

in cooperation with the State of Vermont. This stream is one of the 

important tributaries of the Winooski.

The vertical staff gage is fastened to a stone wall and tree about 

100 feet below the plant. The gage datum has remained unchanged.

Discharge measurements are made from a steel highway bridge 

about 300 feet below the staff gage. The conditions under which 

discharge measurements are made are good.

The gage heights are materially affected by ice during the winter.

The discharge rating curve is well developed. The gage heights 

are read under the direction of the Lane Manufacturing Co., through 

whose courtesy they are furnished.
106 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

During low stages no water flows over the dam, and there is only 

a little flow during the night when the power plant is shut down.. 

During the 10 hours that the plant is in operation all water passes 

through the wheels.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge caused 

by the operation of the mills above the station has been rendered 

impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to install an automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage heights 

heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus making 

possible the publication of accurate computations of daily discharge 

from the inception of the station to date. The gage heights for 1910 

are withheld pending this investigation, since no gage heights recorded 

at this station are true indices of the daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Worcester Branch of Winooski River at Montpelier, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

Apr. 21

21

Oct. 26

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

63

63

66

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

110

104

170

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

1.76

1.72

2.20

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

126

116

201

DOG RIVER AT NORTHFIELD, VT.

This station, which was established May 14, 1909, in cooperation 

with the State of Vermont, was originally located at the wooden 

highway bridge, designated as the lower bridge, about 600 feet below 

the dam of the Rabidou Lumber Co. and about three-fourths of a 

mile from the railroad station at Northfield.

Discharge measurements were made from the bridge at which the 

staff gage is located and also from the highway bridge near Norwich 

University, designated as upper bridge. The datum of the original 

gage remained unchanged.

On account of the close proximity of the station to the lumber 

company's dam, the gage-height record was greatly affected by control 

of the flow by the company. Accordingly the lower bridge station 

was discontinued August 28, 1910, and a new station (upper bridge) 

was established August 23, 1910, at the highway bridge near the 

Norwich University grounds, approximately 1 mile above the original 

location. Measuring conditions at the present location are only fair. 

The staff gage is attached to the downstream side of left abutment. 

There is no backwater from the lumber company's dam at the new 

location.

Although the effect of controlled flow at the new location is not so 

marked as at the original station, the daily gage heights are still 

subject to much error caused by operations at dams higher up the
ST. LA WHENCE EIVEE BASIN. 107

river. Accordingly no estimates of discharge have been attempted 

for 1910.

Both stations are much affected by backwater from ice.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge 

caused by the operation of the mills above the station has been rendered impossible by insufficient fundsl It is proposed to install an 

automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage 

heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus 

making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily 

discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage 

heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since no 

gage heights recorded at this station are true indices of the daily 

discharge.

With the exception of the computations of results and a few discharge measurements, all the data at this station have been obtained 

by the students of Norwich University, under the direction of Prof. 

C. S. Carleton.

Discharge measurements of Dog River at Northfield, Vt., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909.

TW«JT7 10

27

1910. 

Aug. 9

24

Hydrographer.

D.M. Wood.. .............................................

G. M. Brett....... ........................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

33.8

32.5

33

15

15.5

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

127

102

85.9

13.5

12.3

&t.

Feet. 

2.53

1.88

1.18

1.03

1.00

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

164

88.6

99 n

19 Q

10 n

NOTE. Gage heights refer to upper gage.

DOG RIVER NEAR MONTPELIER JUNCTION, VT.

This station, which is located at the covered wooden highway 

bridge, about half a mile above the mouth of the river, was established July 6, 1910, in cooperation with the State of Vermont.

A 6-foot wooden staff gage was attached vertically to the downstream end of the right-hand abutment. Discharge measurements 

are made about 100 feet below the gage by wading. Conditions for 

obtaining low-water measurements are good at this station.

There is uncertainty regarding the effect of mill storage on the 

fluctuation of the daily gage height.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge has 

been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to 

install an automatic gage to determine the relation between the 

daily gage heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, 

thus making possible the publication of accurate computations of 

daily discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage 

heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since the
108 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

gage heights recorded at 0iis station may not be true indices of the 

daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Dog River near Montpelier Junction, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

1910. 

July 6

24

 11

Hydrographer.

G.M.Brett..... ....... ...................................

G.M.Brett..... ..........................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

28.5

27.5

27

28

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

32.7

97 5

26.6

30.0

&,

Feet. 

1.65

, 1.42

1.42

1.59

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

36.5

14.7

12.2

28.2

MAD RIVER NEAR MORETOWN, VT.

This station, which is located at the covered wooden highway 

bridge, known locally as Armstrong's Bridge, about 4 miles from 

Middlesex on the road to Moretown, was established July 6, 1910, in 

cooperation with the State of Vermont.

A 6-foot wooden staff gage was attached vertically to the downstream end of the left-hand abutment. Discharge measurements 

are made by wading about 1,000 feet below the bridge. The discharge 

rating curve is well defined between gage heights 1.4 and 1.9 feet.

There is uncertainty regarding the effect of control flow on the 

daily gage heights.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge has 

been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to 

install an automatic gage to determine the relation between the 

daily gage heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage 

heights, thus making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily discharge from the inception of the station to date. 

The gage heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, 

since the gage heights recorded at this station may not be true indices 

of the daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Mad River near Moretown, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

July 6

22

28

Hydrographer.

G. M. Brett.... . ...........................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

.....do.....................................................

A. D. Butterfleld. .........................................

Width.

Feet. 

54.5

67.8

fi7 &

53

52

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

38.6

102

1A9

21.4

,*,

Feet. 

1.75

1.92

1 09

1.60

1.48

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

49.7

63.1

AS Q

20.1

13.6

LITTLE RIVER NEAR WATERBTTRY, VT.

This station, which is located near the covered wooden highway 

bridge, known locally as Barber's Bridge, about 3 J miles above Waterbury, on the road to Stowe, was established July 7, 1910, in cooperation with the State of Vermont.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVEE BASIN. 109

A 6-foot wooden staff gage is attached to the right bank, about 75 

feet below the bridge. Discharge measurements are made by wading 

about 100 feet above the bridge. Conditions at this station are good 

for low-water measurements.

The daily gage heights for this station are probably more or less 

affected by mill storage.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge has 

been rendered- impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to 

install an automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily 

gage heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, 

thus making possible the publication of accurate computations of 

daily discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage 

Heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since the 

gage heights recorded at this station may not be true indices of the 

daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Little ffiver near Waterbury, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

July 7

15

Aug. 17

Hydrographer.

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

28.5

' 28.5

34

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

57.4

41.6

48.5

height.

Feet. 

432

4.24

4.42

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

51.6

40.3

63.9

HTTNTOTGTON RIVER AT JONES VILLE, VT.

This station, which is located at Palmer's mill, three-fourths of a 

mile from Jonesville railroad station, was established July 16, 1910, 

in cooperation with the State of Vermont.

The staff gage is nailed to the cribwork at the intake to the wheels 

of Palmer's mill.

Discharge measurements are made by wading 200 feet above the 

mouth of the river, three-fourths of a mile below the gage. Insufficient data have been obtained to define the relation of gage heights 

to discharge.

The gage heights are furnished through the courtesy of G. W. 

Palmer.

The station is above and within the influence of the dam. The 

dam leaks badly and the pond above is filled with sediment and it 

can only be used for power purposes at extreme high water. The 

influence of this dam on the gage-height record is slight.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge has 

been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to 

install an automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily 

gage heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, 

thus making possible the publication of accurate computations of 

daily discharge from the inception of the station, to date. The gage
110 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since the 

gage heights recorded at this station may not be true indices erf the 

daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Huntington River at Jonesville, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

July 16

Ilydrographer.

G. M. Brett. ...............................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

27

20

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

11.2

12.0

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

3.25

3.15

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

12.0

6.7

LAMOILLE EIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Lamoille River has its source in several ponds, the largest of which 

is Caspian Lake, in the Green Mountain district of north-central 

Vermont, flows in a general westerly direction, and enters Lake 

Champlain near Champlain. Its most important tributaries are Alder 

and Wild brooks, Ginon River, North Branch, and Brown River.

Considerable areas in the upper part of the basin are in forest. 

Lakes are numerous and some storage has already been developed, 

but opportunities for improvement are many. Several power sites 

are yet undeveloped.

The mean annual rainfall in this region is probably about 34 inches. 

The general temperature changes and the winter conditions are 

similar to those in the Winooski basin. (See p. 101.)

LAMOILLE RIVER NEAR M ORRIS VILLE, VT.

This station, which is located at the Morrisville municipal plant, 

about If miles below Morrisville, Vt., was established July 28, 1909, 

in cooperation with the State of Vermont.

Above the station the stream receives many tributaries, on some 

of which power plants are already installed; below the-station no 

large tributary enters for about 8 miles; when Ginon River comes in 

at Johnson.

The chain gage, which is placed on the highway bridge just below 

the municipal plant, serves as an index of the total flow of the river 

and the height of the water in the tailrace. The datum of the gage 

has not been changed during the maintenance of this station. The 

gage heights are furnished through the courtesy of the Morrisville 

municipal plant.

Discharge measurements are made by wading at a ford about half 

a mile below the station and from the highway bridge.

During the winter months the flow is only slightly affected by ice.
ST. LAWBENCE EIVEE BASIK. Ill

The flow at the station is well regulated by about 550 acres of pond 

area, and the plant can be run throughout the year without auxiliary 

power. Extensive improvements are being made at the electric 

plant. On their completion it is expected that the flow of the river 

will be computed by measuring the flow over the dam and through 

the wheels. The dam is of concrete, of ogee section, and is 188 feet 

long. The water for the wheels is taken from the pond through about 

1,200 feet of steel pipe to the power house, where a large standpipe 

with overflow is installed. The present equipment-consists of'one 

pair of 33-inch Victor turbines, hydraulically governed and operating 

under about a 40-foot head. Power is supplied chiefly for municipal 

lighting, but some is sold for industrial uses.

This station was replaced July 24, 1910, by a new station at 

Johnson, Vt.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge 

caused by the operation of the mills above the station has been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to install an 

automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage 

heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus 

making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily 

discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage heights 

for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since no gage heights 

recorded at this station are true indices of the daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Lamoille River near Morrisville, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 27

Apr. 19

' Hydrographer.

D. M. Wood. ..............................................

.....do.....................................................

Widtt.

Feet. 

58

96

80

Area of

section.

Sq.ft. 

190

459

326

Gage 

height.

feet. 

2.40

5.71

3.76

Discharge.

8ec.~ft. 

146

1,680

510

a Measurement made under ice cover. 

LAMOILLE RIVER, AT JOHNSON, VT.

This station, which is located at a covered highway bridge in the 

town of Johnson, on the road to the railroad station, was established 

July 14, 1910, in cooperation with the State of Vermont to continue 

records formerly taken on this river in the vicinity of Morrisville.

The river bed consists of cobblestone, is permanent, and is regular 

in cross section. The velocity is uniform.

A chain gage, read twice daily, is attached to the upstream side of 

the bridge.

Measurements are made both by wading and from the bridge.

The rating table is not accurately developed for 1910.
112 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge 

caused by the operation of the mills above the station has been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to install an 

automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage 

heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus 

making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily 

discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage heights 

for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since no gage heights 

recorded at this-station are true indices of the daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Lamoille River at Johnson, Vt., in 1909-10.

Date.

1909.

1910. Mar. 276

Apr. 19

July 14

Hydrographer.

D.M. Wood........ .......................................

.....do.....................................................

C. M. Brett........ .......................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

82

95

89

84

82

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft. 

142

424

261

150

169

height.

Feet. 

2.51

5.45

3.69

2.38

2.68

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

128

1,640

642

193

226

o Conditions unfavorable for good measurement.

6 Measurement partly made by subsurface method, using coefficient of 0.85.

MISSISQUOI RIVER BASIN. * 

GENERAL FEATURES.

Missisquoi River drains the northern part of Vermont and the 

southern parts of the Missisquoi and Brome districts, in the Province 

of Quebec, Canada. The river is formed by the junction of two 

branches, one rising in the mountainous region near Lowell, in the 

southwestern part of Orleans County, and flowing in a general 

northerly direction, the other rising near Bolton, Brome, and taking 

a southerly course. The two unite at Mansonville, in Brome, and 

the river takes a general westerly course to Lake Champlain, which 

it enters at Missisquoi Bay. From North Troy to Richford it lies 

in Canada. The important tributaries of the Missisquoi are the 

North Branch, Trout River, Tylers Branch, and Black Creek.

The mean annual rainfall in this region is probably about 40 

inches. The driest year since 1892, according to observations made 

at Enosburg Falls, was 1908, when the precipitation amounted to 

31.90 inches; the wettest was 1901, with 52.30 inches. The winters 

are severe. The snowfall has an average depth of about 26 inches, 

and the average temperature for January and February is 16° F.

Throughout its course the Missisquoi flows alternately through 

long stretches having gentle slope and shorter sections having much 

greater fall. The power sites along the river are fairly numerous, 

but storage is not well developed.
ST. LAWEENCE EIVEE BASIN. 113

MISSISQUOI RIVER AT RICHFORD, VT.

This station, which is located just below the steel highway bridge 

in Richford, Vt., was established May 24, 1909, in cooperation with 

the State of Vermont. North Branch enters the main river a little 

below the station, but the tributaries above are small.

Three gages were used a chain gage, which is located just below 

the mill of the Sweat-Comings Manufacturing Co., and two staff 

gages, which are attached to rocks in the river, one of which was 

washed away January 23, 1910, and the other September 22, 1910. 

All readings from the staff gages are referred to the chain gage. The 

readings were unreliable after September 10, 1910.

Discharge measurements were made by wading a short distance 

below the gage or from the highway bridge several miles below. 

When the latter place was used it was necessary to measure and subtract the flow of North Branch.

The water is used by the mill of the Sweat-Comings Manufacturing 

Co., the wheels operating under a head of about 15 feet. The gate 

openings are controlled hydraulically and cause great fluctuation in 

the gage heights in low-water periods.

The winter flow of the river is affected by anchor and shore ice, the 

channel being considerably narrowed.

Conditions for obtaining accurate discharge data are not good and 

the discharge curve is not accurately defined. This statipn was discontinued December 4, 1910.

Gage readings were furnished through the courtesy of the SweatComings Manufacturing Co.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge 

caused by the operation of the mills above the station has been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to install an 

automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage 

heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus 

making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily 

discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage heights 

for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since no gage heights 

recorded at this station are true indices of the daily discharge.

Discharge measurements of Missisquoi River at Richford, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

Jan. 3o

Mar. 246

July 12

Hydrographer.

D.M. Wood.... ...........................................

T. W. Norcross. ...........................................

G. M. Brett. .. . ............................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

183

141

86

85

Area of 

section.

Sq.ft.

950

147

93

height.

Feet. 

6.75

8.24

5.25

5.27

. Discharge.

Sec.-fl.

244

2,300

137

165

a Measurement made under partial ice cover.

b Measurement made at highway bridge, 3 miles below gage.

«Measurement made by wading.

46897° WSP 284 12-
114 SURFACE WATEB SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV. 

ST. FRANCIS RIVER BASIN. 

GENERAL FEATURES.

St. Francis Kiver rises in Lake St. Francis, in the district of Beauce, 

in the southeastern part of the Province of Quebec. After flowing 

southwest for about ICO miles, it turns to the northwest at almost 

right angles in the district of Sherbrooke and joms St. Lawrence 

River in Lake St. Peter. Lake Memphremagog, which crosses the 

international boundary into Vermont, is tributary to St. Francis 

River near the bend through Magog River. The principal tributaries 

of Lake Memphremagog in Vermont are Clyde, Barton, and Black 

rivers.

Clyde River rises in a lake region near Island Pond, in the northeastern part of Vermont, and flows in a general northwesterly direction to Newport, where it enters Lake Memphremagog. Its basin is 

considerably broken with hills and low mountains.

Although its drainage area is smaller than that of some other Vermont rivers, it has great opportunities for development. The area 

contains many natural ponds, and it is possible to create several artificial ponds, which should make the flow of this river very uniform. 

The stream is very quick spilling. Many power plants are already in 

place*.

No reliable information concerning the mean annual precipitation 

in this l^asin is available, but from the data at hand it seems that the 

average is about 38 inches. Winter conditions are similar to those 

in the Missisquoi basin.

CLYDE RIVER AT WEST DERBY, VT.

This station, which is located just below the Newport Electric Light 

Co.'s plant at West Derby, Vt., was established May 25, 1909, in 

cooperation with the State of Vermont.

At this place are two dams, both operated by the same management. At the upper dam part of the water is used by a paper mill, 

and the remainder of it is delivered to the water wheels at the electric 

plant through a steel penstock. The total operating head from this 

source is about 108 feet. All of the flow from the second dam is 

diverted to the wheels in the power house, giving a head of about 30 

feet. There is practically no water storage at the upper dam, but a 

pond of considerable size may be made by building a dam above this 

point.

Near and below the station the river has rapid fall and the bed is 

very rough.

The low-water section of the staff gage is located about 75 feet 

below the plant; this was carried away by logs April 10 and replaced
ST. LAWBENCE BIVER BASIN. 115

April 18, 1910; the high-water section is nailed to a tree on the right 

bank, 10 feet farther downstream. July 12, 1910, a chain gage was 

installed at the same datum to replace the staff gages; all subsequent 

readings have been 'madie from this gage. The gage datum has 

remained unchanged throughout the year. Gage heights are furnished by the Newport Electric Light Co.

Discharge measurements are made from a highway bridge about 

half a mile below the gage.

A good rating curve has not yet been developed. The daily gage 

heights are subject to much variation as a result of controlled flow.

Accurate computation of the diurnal fluctuation of discharge 

caused by the operation of the mills above the station has been rendered impossible by insufficient funds. It is proposed to install an 

automatic gage to determine the relation between the daily gage 

heights heretofore recorded and the true mean gage heights, thus 

making possible the publication of accurate computations of daily 

discharge from the inception of the station to date. The gage 

heights for 1910 are withheld pending this investigation, since no 

gage heights recorded at.this station are true indices of the daily 

discharge.

Discharge measurements of Clyde River at West Derby, Vt., in 1910.

Date.

Mar. 25

Apr. 18

20

July 12

Aug. 18

Hydrographer.

.....do....................................................

.....do....................................................

G. M. Brett. ...............................................

.....do.....................................................

Width.

Feet. 

53

55

53

50

47

Area of 

section.

Sq..ft. 

232

237

231

184

148

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

o2.95

C2.82

02.78

o2.01

61.86

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

479

495

459

114

45.3

Staff gage. & Chain gage. « Gage height fluctuated considerably during the measurement.
116 SURFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PAET IV.

MISCELLANEOUS DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS IN ST. 

LAWRENCE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN.

The following miscellaneous discharge measurements were made 

in St. Lawrence River drainage basin during 1904, 1905, 1906, and 

1910:

Miscellaneous measurements in St. Lawrence River basin in 1904, 1905, 1906, and 1910.

Date.

1904. 

Apr. 12

July 16

1905. Mar. 24®

30

31

Apr. 1

Aug. 25

1906. 

Mar. 29

3031«

3

21

1910.

July 20

Aug. 21

Aug. 226

Oct. 26

Stream.

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

Tributary to 

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.. ...do..... ............

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do..... ............

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do................

.....do.................

Locality.

Crossing, f mile above the 

mouth of Canaseraga Creek.

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do..........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do........................

.....do...--.......--.........-.

height.

Feet. 

'7.58

3.8

18.88

12.32

9.88

7.88

3.72

9.22

8.90

13.55

7.85

7.00

4.45

6.29

3.90

2.53

2.53

3.84

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

1,050

242

2,010

2,880

2,120

1,440

252

1,880

1,620

1,670

1,430

1,150

478

594

270

37.4

36.6

260

o Measurement affected by backwater from Genesee Kiver.

6 Made by wading below the bridge.

NOTE. The gage datum is 25 feet below a reference point on horizontal tiebar 20 feet from left-hand 

end of downstream side of bridge.

The above measurements of Canaseraga Creek are affected by backwater from Genesee River during 

high stages of the latter.

Miscellaneous measurements in St. Lawrence River drainage basin in 1910.

Date.

Sept. 20

Sept. 23<i

July 22

25

Oct. 294

Aug. 13

Stream.

Peshtigo River. .....

Black River.........

Raquette River .....

St. Regis River. ......

East Branch of Ausable River.

Winooski River. ....

Tributary to 

Lake Michigan .......

»Lake Ontario .........

St. Lawrence River . . .

St. Lawrence River. . .

Ausable River, thence

to Lake Champlain.

Lake Champlain ......

Locality.'

NearCrivitz, Wis.............

1,000 feet above first highway

bridge below Hawktnsville;

2 miles northwest of Boonville.

Near Hosley Camp No. 2, 

about 1 mile below Forked

Lake Outlet.

At first bridge above Helena,

N. Y.

At highway bridge at Ausable

Forks; about \ mile above

confluence with West

Branch of Ausable River.

500 feet below farm bridge on

L. D. Nute's farm above

Marshfleld, Vt.

Gage 

height.

Feet.

1.85

2.16

61,741.6

cl9.36

«17.75

/3.15

Discharge.

Sec.-ft.

488

80.7

60.4

176

289

9.4

a This measurement does not include the diversion through Forestport feeder to Black River Canal.

6 Forked Lake gage.

c Distance to water surface from outside upstream tiebar opposite, 166 feet.

d Drainage area, 196 square miles.

< Reference point to water surface.

/ All gage heights are distances from reference points to water surface except as noted.
ST. LAWRENCE EIVEE BASIN. 117 

Miscellaneous measurements in St. Lawrence River drainage basin in 1910 Continued.

Bate.

Aug. 13

6

5

13

Aug. 12

Aug. 11

23

11

19

23

11

2313

31

' 12

Aug. 9

24

9

30

28

28

20

30

20

30 

30

Stream.

Outlet. 

.....do...............

Pond Outlet.

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

No. 10 Pond Outlet..

Branch of Dog 

River.

.....do...............

of Mad Eiver. 

Little River.. .......

.....do...............

tie River. 

.....do...............

East Branch of Little River.

Tributary to 

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

......do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

Worcester Branch. .... 

.....do.................

Dost River

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do................. 

.....do.................

Locality.

about 1 mile below Marshfield, Vt.

below pond between Marshfield and Danville, Vt. 

At Brace's Mill, Peacham, Vt..

50 feet above second highway

bridge above dam of Molly 

Falls Power Co., Marshfield, 

Vt. 

50 feet below first stone culvert

under highway above Nelson Pond, near Marshfield, 

Vt. 

At farm bridge 200 feet below

junction with No. 10 Pond 

Brook, 2J miles above North 

Montpelier, Vt. 

At old bridge 500 feet below

junction with No. 10 Pond 

Brook above Montpelier, Vt.

below Central Vermont Ry. 

station, Williamstown, Vt. 

20 feet below highway bridge

below Central Vermont Ry. 

station, Williamstown, Vt. 

At bridge, South Baire, Vt....

f mile from East Barre, Vt.,

on road to Orange, Vt. 

.....do.........................

Barre, Vt. 

At railroad bridge, Barre. Vt. .

Worcester, Vt. 

/....do.........................

Just above highway bridge 2J 

miles above Montpelier, Vt.

bridge near Northfield, Vt.

Northfield, Vt. 

Northfield, Vt.................

field, Vt. 

Warren, Vt...................

Waitsfield, Vt.......... .......

Waitsfield, Vt.

and West Branches, Stowe, 

Vt. 

.....do.........................

and West Branches. Stowe, 

Vt. 

100 feet above junction of East 

and West Branches, Stowe, 

Vt. 

Just below tailrace of mill at 

Moss Glen Falls, Stowe, Vt.

Gage 

height.

Feet. 

10.3

6.5

2.70

7.2

6.5

3 1ft

3.40

8.25

a 2.0

1.34

61.75

24.58

cl.6

cl.27

8.4 

8.3

1.85

23.9

24.15

23.9

24.15 

10.0

Discharge.

Sec.-ft. 

30.0

1 ^

4.0

11.5

.74

19.8

AS >;

OA

3

17

1.18

11.4

22.7

4 97

OO A

23.2

13.6

3.96

23.0 

*8.44

3

0A

O Kft

09

2.43

1.74

7.72

O AT!

36.9

17.1

23.6

123 

.40

o Stake driven beside large rocks, -with notch assumed at 2 feet. 

6 Gage at Marvin farm, 1.75. 

c Stake driven on right bank.

NOTE. Worcester Branch is named North Branch on 1909 post-route map. 

' Little River is named vv aterbury River on 1909 post-route map.
118 SUEFACE WATEE SUPPLY, 1910, PART IV.

SUMMARY OP DISCHARGE PER SQUARE MILE.

The following summary of discharge per square mile is given 

to allow ready comparison of relative rates of run-off from 

different areas in the St. Lawrence River drainage basin. It shows 

in a general way the seasonal distribution of run-off and the effect 

of snow, ground, surface, and artificial storage. But the most important fact worth noting is the almost entire lack of uniformity of 

agreement between any two stations. It indicates that the discharge 

of each stream is a law unto itself, and that all projects dependent 

upon stream flow, if they are to be developed along the safest and 

most economical lines, must be based on records of stream flow collected with great care over a long series of years as near the location 

of the project under consideration as possible:

Summary of discharge, in second-feet per_ square mile, for river stations in the St. Lawrence 

River drainage basin in 1910.

Gaging station.

St. Louis River near Thomson, Minn.... 

Whiteface River at Meadowlands, Minn. 

Cloquet River at Independence, Minn. . . 

Escanaba River near Escanaba, Mien. . . Menominee River near Iron Mountain, 

Mien... ...............................

Manistee River near Shennan, Mien... . .

Huron River at Flat Rock, Mien. ....... 

Genefiee River at St. Helena, N. Y. ..... 

Genesee River at 'Jones Bridge, near 

Mount Morris, N.Y......... ..........

Genesee River near Rochester, N. Y. . . . 

Canadice Lake Outlet near Hemlock, 

N.Y..................................

Oneida River at Caughdenoy, N. Y.. . . . 

Salmon River near Pulaski, N. Y .......

Black River near Felts Milfs, N. Y. ..... 

Moose River at Moose River, N. Y ...... 

Oswegatchie River near Ogdensburg,

Raquette River at Raquette Falls, near

Raquette River at Piercefleld, N. Y... . . 

Raquette River at Massena Springs, N. Y 

Bog River near Tupper Lake, N.Y.....

Drainage are miles). (square 

3,420 

442 

698 

800

2,420 

900 

757 

1,000 

1,030

1,410 

2,360

126 

1,377 

259

1,851 

346

1,580

418 

723 

1,170 

132

Q77

January.

0.25

.32 

.38

.41 

1.10 

.62

.72 

1.11

.99 

.81

.29

2.56

1.31 

1.73

1.24

.60 

.70 

.59 

.76

>>

1 f<H

0.20

.43 

.31

.33 

1.00 

.66 

.74

.85

.71 

.53

.33 

3.45

1.04 

1.45

1.06

.72 

.97 

.82 

.76

 §'

s

0.46

.53 

1.24

.93 

1.48 

1.10 

1.58 

5.32

4.96 

4.49

1.82 

6.52

4.86 

8.76

4.92

3.59 

2.53 

3.45 

3.79

 3

a <i

0.85 

89

2.03 

2.69

1.53 

1.33 

.64 

.69 

3.01

2.49 

1.96

.87 

2.46

3.27 

5.61

2.05

6.10 

5.91 

3.90 

4.91

i

0.56 

,98

.97 

1.61

1.25 

1.14 

1.01 

1.08 

1.81

1.86 

1.75

1.92 

1.21

2.14 

3.35

1.44

4.74 

4.30 

2.74 

5.53

1

e.29

.60

.62 

.68

.76 

1.05 

.51 

.51 

.40

.38 

.38

.45 

1.10

1.51 

2.35

.98

2.75 

2.82 

2.04 

2.36

£>

3 h-a

0.16

,25

.42 

.28

.50 

.98 

.16 

.18 

.18

.16 

.16

.36 

.38

.45

.75

.37

.54 

.81 

.66 

.36

<

0.32

W

.74 

.46

.58 

.99 

.14 

.17 

.13

.13 

.12

.34

.28 

1.30 

.99 

1.96

.37

.52 

.37 

.46 

.22 

.45

1

1

0.27

.31

.82 

.48

.48 

1.06 

.20 

.20

.25

.22 

.23

.40 

.27 

1.23 

.81 

1.18

.58

.72 

.61 

.57 

.47 

.fifi

1

0.40 

.70

.56 

.67

.59 

1.04 

.21 

.22 

.23

.21 

.23

.38 

.22 

1.63 

1.09 

1.97

.85

.73

.62 

.79 

.63

.75

November.

0.15

.14

:69

.45 

1.23 

.23 

.24

.89

.70 

.55

.47 

.84 

2.78 

1.38 

1.79

2.03

.93

.88 

1.03 

1.06

1

ft 

0.08

.12 

.34

.35 

1.09

.24 

.29 

.76

.64 

.47

.46 

.96 

1.29 

.69 

.89

1.16

.48 

.57 

.56 

.61

$ 

i

0.33

.64

.82

.68 

1.12

.48 

.55 

1.24

1..12 

.98

.68 

1.69

L63 

2.65

1.42

1.87 

1.76 

1.47 

1.79
INDEX.

A. Page. 

Accuracy, degree of......................... 15-17

Acknowledgments to those aiding........... 18-19

Acre-foot, definition of. J..................... 12

Adams, C. R., work of....................... 19

Appropriations, amount of.................. 7"

Ausable Forks, N. Y.,

Ausable River (tributary to Lake Champlain) at: 

description.......................... 100

discharge............................ 100

gage heights.......................... 101

Ausable River (East Branch) at:

discharge............................ 116

Ausable River (tributary to Lake Champlain) 

at 

Ausable Forks, N. Y.:

description.......................... 100

discharge............................ 100

gage heights......................... 101

Ausable River (East Branch) at 

Ausable Forks, N. Y.:

discharge............................ 116

Ausable River (tributary to Lake Champlain) 

basin, general features of.................. 99-100

stream flow in......................... 100-101

Au Sable River (tributary to Lake Huron) at 

Bamfield, Mich.:

description.......................... 51-52

gage heights...............:......... 52

Au Sable River (tributary to Lake Huron) 

basin, general features of.................. 51

stream flow in........................... 51-52

Authority for investigations, recital of...... 7

B. 

Bamfleld, Mich.,

Au Sable River at:

description.......................... 51-52

gage heights......................... 52

Barre, Vt.,

Jail Branch at:

discharge................... ........ 117

Black River basin, general features of....... 77-78

stream flow in........................... 78-81

Black River nearFelts Mills, N. Y.:

description.......................... 78

discharge,daily................ .... 79

discharge, monthly.................. 79

discharge per square mile............ 118

HawMnsville, N. Y.:

discharge............................ 116

Bog River near 

Tupper Lake, N. Y.:

description.......................... 92

discharge............................ 93

Page. 

Bog River near Continued.

Tupper Lake, N. Y. Continued.

discharge, daily..................... 94

discharge, monthly.................. 94

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 93

Bolster, R. H., work of...................... 19,20

Brashear Center, N. Y., 

St. Regis River at:

description......j................... 95

discharge............................ 95

gage heights......................... 96

Brett, G. M., work of........................ 19

Bull Run Brook at 

Northfield, Vt.: ' 

discharge............................ 117

Burlington, Vt.:

Lake Champlain at:

description.......................... 96-97

gage heights......................... 97

Butterfleld, A. D., workof.................. 19

C. 

Calais Center, Vt.,

Curtis Pond outlet at:

discharge.................

Canadice Lake outlet nearHemlock, N. Y.:

description...............

discharge, monthly.......

discharge per square mile. 

Canaseraga Creek at or near 

.Dansvffle, N. Y.:

description...............

discharge.................

Shakers Crossing, N. Y.:

discharge............................

Cattaraugus Creek at 

Versailles, N. Y.:

description..........................

discharge............................

gage heights.........................

Cattaraugus Creek basin, general features of.. 

stream flow in...........................

Caughdenoy, N. Y.: 

Oneida River at:

description..........................

discharge, daily......................

discharge, monthly..................

discharge per square mile............

Cloquet River, distances and elevations along. 

Cloquet River at 

Independence, Minn.:

description..........................

discharge.............................

117

71-72 

72 

118

70

70

70

116

58

53

59

58

58-59

73-74

74

75

118

26

33-34 

34

119
120 INDEX.

Cloquet River at Continued.

Independence, Minn. Continued.

discharge, daily...................... 35-36

discharge, monthly.................. 36

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 34-35

Clyde River at 

West Derby, Vt.:

description........................ 114-115

discharge............................ »115

Cooperation, credit for....................... 18-19

Cooperative data, use of..................... 17

Coreys, N. Y. See Raquetta Falls.

Covert, C. C., work of........................ 19

Cranberry Meadow Pond outlet at 

Marshfield, Vt.,

discharge............................ 117

Crivltz, Wis.,

Peshtigo River near:

discharge............................ 116

Current meters, view of...................... 15

Current-meter stations, data for.............. 14

view of.................................. 14

Curtis Pond outlet at 

Calais Center, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Dansville, N. Y.,

D.

description. 

discharge...

Danville, Vt.,

Mollys Brook near: 

discharge............................ 117

Data, accuracy of... ^........................ 15-17

Definitions of terms......................... 12

Dexter, Mich., 

Huron River at:

description.......................... 53-54

gage heights......................... 54

Discharge measurements, nature of.......... 13-15

Discharge per square mile, summary of...... 118

Dog River at or near 

Montpelier Junction, Vt.:

description........................ 107-108

discharge.'........................... 108

Northfield, Vt.:

description........................ 106-107

discharge............:............. 107,117

Drainage basins, list of __.................. 9

E.

East Barre, Vt., 

Jail Branch near:

discharge........ 4................... 117

East Branch Ausable River. See Ausable

River (East Branch). 

East Roxbury Branch near 

Northfield, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Equivalents, list of.......................... 12-13

Escanaba River basin, general features of.... 37

stream flow in........................... 37-39

Escanaba River near 

Escanaba, Mich.:

description.......................... 37-38

discharge, daily..................... 39

Escanaba River near Continued.

Escanaba, Mich. Continued. Page. 

discharge, monthly.................. 40

discharge per square mile............ 118

...................... 38

F.

Felts Mills, N. Y., 

Black River near:

description.......................... 78

discharge, daily..................... 79

discharge, monthly.................. 79

discharge per square mile..'.......... 118

Flat Rock, Mich., 

Huron River at:

description.......................... 56

discharge, daily..................... 57

discharge, monthly.................. 57

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 56

Follansbee, Robert, work of................. 19

Forked Lake outlet, 

Raquette River near:

discharge............................ 116

Fort Montgomery, N. Y., 

Richelieu River at:

description.......................... 97-58

G.

Gage heights, readings of.................... 14

Gaging stations, selection and equipment of.. 14 

views of................................. 14

Geddes, Mich., 

Huron River at:

description.......................... 54-55

discharge, daily..................... 55

discharge, monthly........."......... 55

discharge per square mile............ 118

Genesee River at or near 

Mount Morris (Jones Bridge), N. Y.:

description.......................... 64

discharge............................ 64

discharge, daily..................... 66

discharge, monthly.................. 66

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................"... 65

Rochester, N. Y.:

description.......................... 67

discharge............................ 67

discharge, daily..................... 68

discharge, monthly.............. .. 69

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights.-....................... 68

St. Helena, N. Y.:

description.......................... 61

discharge............................ 61

discharge, daily..................... 63

discharge, monthly................;. 63

discharge per square mile............ 118

Genesee River basin, general features of...... 59-60

stream flow in........................... 61-72

Grand Rapids, Mich., 

Grand River near:

description.......................... 46-47

gage heights......................... 47

Grand River basin, general features of....... 45-46

stream flow in........................... 46-47
INDEX. 121

Grand River nearGrand Eapids, Mich.: Page. 

description.......................... 46-47

gage heights......................... 47

Gray, G. A., work of........................ 19

H.

Hawkinsville, N. Y. 

Black River near:

discharge............................ 116

Helena, N. Y.:

St. Regis River near:

discharge............................ 116

Hemlock, N. Y.,

Canadice Lake outlet near:

description.......................... 71-72

discharge^ monthly.................. 72

discharge per square mile............ 118

Horton, A. H., work of...................... 19

Hoyt, W. G., work of....................... i9,20

Huntington River at 

Jonesville, Vt.:

description,....................... 109-110

discharge............................ 110

Huron River at 

Dexter, Mich.:

description.......................... 53-54

gage heights......................... 54

Flat Rock, Mich.:

description.......................... 56

discharge, daily..................... 57

discharge, monthly.................. 57

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 56

Geddes, Mich.:

description.......................... 54-55

discharge, dally..................... 55

discharge, monthly.................. 55

discharge per square mile............ 118

Huron River basin, general features of....... 53

stream flow in........................... 53-57

I.

Independence, Minn., 

Cloquet River at:

description.......................... 33-34

discharge............................ 34

discharge,daily..................... 35-36

discharge, monthly.................. 36

dischargeper square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 34-35

Investigations, authority for................. 7

scope of................................. 8

Iron Mountain, Mich., 

Menominee River near:

description................. ........ 41-42

discharge............................ 42

discharge, daily..................... 43

discharge, monthly.................. 43

discharge per square mile........... 118

gage heights......................... 42

J.

Jail Branch at or near 

Barre, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

East Barre, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Johnsoa, Vt.,

Lamoille River at: Page, 

description........................ 111-112

discharge............................ 112

Jones Bridge. See Mount Morris. 

Jonesville, Vt.,

Huntington River at:

description........................ 109-110

......................... 110

K.

Keshequa Creek at 

Sonyea, N. Y.:

description.......................... 71

discharge............................ 71

gage heights......................... 71

Kingsbury Branch near 

Montpelier, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

North Montpelier, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

N L.

Lake Champlain at 

Burlington, Vt.:

description.......................... 96-97

gage heights......................... 97

Lake Erie basins, general features of......... 53,58

stream flow in........................... 53-59

Lake Huron basins, general features of....... 51

stream flow in........................... 51-52

Lake Michigan basins. See particular basins.' 

Lake Ontario basins. See particular basins. 9 

Lake Superior basins, general features of.... 23-27

stream flow in........................... 27-36

Lamoille River at or nearJohnson, Vt.:

description........................ 111-112

discharge............................ 112

Morrisville, Vt.:

description........................ 110-111

discharge............................ Ill

Lamoille River basin, general features of.... 110

stream flow in......................... 110-112

Little River (and East and West branches)

at 

Stowe, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Little River near 

Waterbury, Vt.:

description........................ 108-109

discharge............................ 109

Little Wolf River near 

Northport, Wis.:

description.......................... 45

...................... 45

M.

McMillan, Alexander, work of............... 20

Mad River at or near 

Moretown, Vt.:

description.......................... 108

discharge............................ 108

Waitsfield, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Warren, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117
122 INDEX.

* Page. 

Manistee River basin, general features of..... 48

stream flow in........................... 48-50

Manistee River near 

Sherman, Mich.:

description.......................... 48-49

discharge, daily..................... 60

discharge, monthly.................. 60

discharge per square mile............ 118

...................... 49

Marshfield, Vt.,

Cranberry Meadow Pond outlet at:

discharge............................ 117

Mollys Brook near:

discharge............................ 117

Winooski River near:

discharge.......................... 116-117

Massena Springs, N. Y., 

Raquette River at:

description.......................... 90

discharge............................ 90

discharge, daily..................... 91

discharge, monthly.................. 92

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 91

Mathers, J. G., work of...................... 19-20

Meadowlands, Minn., 

Whiteface River near:

description.......................... 30

discharge............................ 31

discharge, daily..................... 32

discharge, monthly.................. 33

* discharge per square mile............ 118

Menominee River basin, general features of.. 40-41 

stream flow in........................... 41-43

Menominee River near 

Iron Mountain, Mich.:

description.......................... 41-42

discharge............................ 42

discharge, daily..................... 43

discharge, monthly.................. 43

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 42

Michigan, cooperation of..................... 18

Mill Stream Branch near 

Waitsfleld, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Miner's inch, definition of................... 12

Minnesota, cooperation of................... 18

Miscellaneous measurements in St. Lawrence

River basin................... 116-117

Missisquoi River at 

Richmond, Vt.:

description.......................... 113

discharge............................ 113

Missisquoi River basin, general features of... 112 

stream flow in........................... 113

Mollys Brook near 

Marshfield and Danville, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Montpelier, Vt.,

Kingsbury Branch near:

discharge............................ 117

No. 10 Pond outlet near:

discharge............................ 117

'Page. 

Montpelier, Vt. Continued.

Stevens Branch of Winoski River near:

description.......................... 105

discharge............................ 105

Winooski River at:

description........................ 102-103

discharge............................ 103

Winooski River near (above Stevens

Branch): 

description.......................... 102

discharge............................ 102

Worcester Branch of Winooski River at:

description........................ 105-106

discharge............................ 106

Montpelier Junction, Vt.,

Dog River near: *

description........................ 107-108

discharge............................" 108

Moose River at 

Moose River, N. Y.:

description.......................... 79-80

discharge............................ 80

discharge, daily..................... 81

discharge, monthly.................. 81

discharge per square mile........... 118

gage heights......................... 80

Moretown, Vt., 

Mad River near:

description.......................... 108

discharge............................ 108

Morrisville, Vt.,

Lamoille River near:

description........................ 110-111

discharge............................ Ill

Mount Morris (Jones Bridge), N. Y.: 

Genesee River at:

description.......................... 64

discharge............................ . 64

discharge, daily..................... 66

discharge, monthly.................. 66

discharge per square mile........... 118

gage heights......................... 65

New York, cooperation of................... 18

No. 10 Pond outlet near 

Montpelier, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Norcross, T. W., work of.................... 19

Northfield, Vt.,

Bull Run Brook at:

discharge............................ 117

Dog River at or near: *

description........................ 106-107

discharge.......................... 106,117

East Roxbory Branch near:

discharge............................ 117

Union Brook at:

discharge............................ 117

North Montpelier, Vt.,

Kingsbury Branch near:

discharge............................ 117

Northport, Wis.,

Little Wolf River near:

description.......................... 45

gageheights......................... 45
INDEX. 123

o.

Ogdensburg, N. Y., Page. 

Oswegatchie River near:

description.......................... 82

discharge............................ 82

discharge, daily..................... 83

discharge, monthly.................. 84

discharge per square mile........... 118

gage heights.....!..................- 83

Oneida River at 

Caughdenoy, N. Y.:

description.......................... 73-74

discharge, daily..................... 74

discharge, monthly.................. 75

discharge per square mile........... 118

Oswegatchie River basin, general features of. 82 

stream flow in........................... 82-84

Oswegatchie River near 

Ogdensburg, N. Y.:

description.......................... 82

discharge............................ 82

discharge, daily..................... 83

discharge, monthly.................. 84

discharge per square mile........... 118

gage heights......................... 83

Oswego River basin, general features of...... 72-73

stream flow in........................... 73-75

P.

Peacham, Vt.,

Peacham's Pond outlet at:

discharge............................ 117

Peshtigo River near 

Crivitz,Wis.:

discharge............................ 116

Ptercefield, N. Y., 

Raquette River at:

description.......................... 87-88

discharge............................ 88

discharge, daily..................... 89

discharge, monthly.................. 89

discharge per square mile........... 118

Plattstaurg, N. Y., 

Saranac River near:

description.......................... 99

Price meters, views of....................... 15

Publications,lists of......................... 9-12

Pulaski, N. Y.,

Salmon River near:

description.......................... 75-76

discharge........................... r 76

discharge, daily...................... 77

discharge, monthly.................. 77

discharge per square mile............ 118

gqge heights......................... 76

R.

Raquette Falls (near Coreys), N. Y., 

Raquette River at:

description.......................... 85

discharge............................ 85

discharge, daily._.................. 86

discharge, monthly.................. 87

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 86

Raquette River at or near < Forked Lake outlet:

discharge............................ 116

Raquette River at or near Continued.

. Massena Springs, N. Y.: Page. 

description.......................... 90

discharge............................ 90

discharge, daily...................... 91

1 discharge, monthly.................. 92

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 91

Piercefleld, N. Y.:

description.......................... 87-88

discharge............................ 88

discharge, daily...................... 89

discharge, monthly.................. 83

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 88

Raquette Falls, N. Y.:

description............................ 85

discharge............................ 85

discharge, daily...................... 86

discharge, monthly.................. 87

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights.......................... 86

Raquette River basin, general features of.... 84 

stream flow in........................... 85-94

Rating tables, construction of................ 14-15

Revision, need for........................... 17

Richelieu River at 

Fort Montgomery, N. Y.:

description.......................... 97- <9S

Richelieu River basin, general features of.... 96-97 

stream flow in.......................... 97-113

Richmond, Vt.,

Missisquoi River at:

description.......................... 113

discharge............................ 113

Winooski River at:

description.......................... 103

discharge............................ 104

discharge, daily...................... 104

discharge, monthly.................. 104

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 104

Rochester, N. Y.,

Genesee River near:

description............... .......... 67

discharge............................ 67

discharge, daily...................... C8

discharge, monthly.................. 69

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 68

Run-off, definition of........................ 12

S.

St. Francis River basin, general features of.. 114 

stream flow in......................... 114-115

St. Helena, N. Y., 

Genesee River at:

description.......................... 61

discharge............................ 61

discharge, daily...................... 63

discharge, monthly.................. 63

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 62

St. Lawrence River, streams flowing direct to,

basins of........................ 82-115
124 INDEX.

Page.

St. Lawrence River basin, discharge per . 

square mile in................... 118

drainage areas in........................ 23

general features of....................... 20-23

miscellaneous measurements in........ 116-117

stream flow in.......................... 23-118

St. Louis River, distances and elevations

along............................ 26

near Thomson, Minn.:

description.......................... 27-28

discharge............................ 28

discharge, daily...................... 29

discharge, monthly.................. 30

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 28

St. Louis River basin, drainage areas in..... 24

general features of....................... 23-27

stream flow in........................... 27-36

water power in.......................... 26

St. Regis River at or near 

Brashear Center, N. Y.:

description.......................... 95

discharge............................ 95

Helena, N. Y.:

......................... 116

St. Regis River basin, general features of.... 95

stream flow in........................... 95-96

Salmon River basin, general features of...... 75

stream flow in........................... 75-77

Salmon River near 

Pulaski, N. Y.:

description.......................... 75-76

discharge............................ 76

discharge, daily..................... 77

discharge, monthly.................. 77

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 76

Saranac River basin, general features of..... 99

i stream flow in........................... 99

Saranac River near 

Plattsburg, N. Y.:

description.......................... 99

Second-foot, definition of.................... 12

Shakers Crossing, N. Y., 

Canaseraga Creek at:

discharge............................. 116

Sherman, Mich.,

Manistee River near:

description.......................... 48-49

discharge, daily..................... 50

discharge, monthly.................. 50

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 49

Shuttleworth, F. J., work of................. 19,20

Sonyea, N. Y.,

Keshequa Creek at: 

 description.......................... 71

discharge............................ 71

gage heights......................... 71

South Barre, Vt.,

Stevens Branch of Winooski River at:

......................... 117

Page.

Stevens Branch of Winooski River at or near 

Montpelier, Vt.:

 description.......................... 105

discharge............................ 105

South Barre, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Williamstown, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Stowe, Vt.,

Little River and East and West branches

at: 

discharge............................ 117

Stream measurement, accuracy of........... 15-16

T. 

Thomson, Minn.,

St. Louis River near:

description.......................... 27-28

discharge............................ 28

discharge, daily..................... 29

discharge, monthly.................. 30

discharge per square mile............ 118

Tupper Lake, N. Y., 

Bog River near:

description.......................... 92

discharge............................ 93

discharge, daily..................... 94

discharge, monthly.................. 94

discharge per square mile............ 118

...................... 93

Union Brook at 

Northfield, Vt.: 

discharge....

U.

117

V.

Vermont, cooperationof..................... 19

Versailles, N. Y.,

Cattaraugus Creek at:

description.......................... 58

discharge............................ 58

W.

Waitsfield, Vt., 

Mad River at:

discharge............................ 117

Mill Stream Branch near:

discharge............................ 117

Walters, M. I., work of...................... 20

Warren, Vt., 

Mad River at:

discharge............................ 117

Waterbury, Vt., 

Little River near:

description...................... 108-109

discharge........................."... 109

West Derby, Vt., 

Clyde River at:

description........................ 114-115

discharge............................ 115

Whiteface River, distances and elevations

along............................ 27

at Meadowland, Minn.:

description.......................... 30

discharge............................ 31
INDEX. 125

Whfteface River Continued.

at Meadowland, Minn. Continued. Page, 

discharge daily...................... 32

discharge monthly................... 33

discharge per square mile............ 118

gage heights......................... 31

Williamstown, Vt.,

Stevens Branch of Winooski River at:

discharge............................ 117

Winooski River at or near 

Marshfield,Vt.:

discharge........................... 116-117

Montpelier,Vt.:

description........................ 102-103

discharge............................ 103

Montpelier, Vt. (above Stevens Branch):

description.......................... 102

discharge............................ 102

Richmond, Vt.:

description.......................... 103

discharge............................ 104

discharge daily...................... 104

discharge monthly................... 104

Winooski River at or near Continued.

Richmond, Vt. Continued. Page. 

discharge per square mile.. ........ 118

gage heights......................... 104

See also Stevens Branch; Worcester

Branch. 

Winooski River basin, general features of.... 101

stream flow in......................... 102-110

Wolf River basin, general features of........ 44

stream flow in........................... 45

Wood,B.D., work of....................... 20

Wood, D. W., work of....................... 19

Worcester, Vt.,

Worcester Branch at or near:

discharge............................ 117

Worcester Branch of Winooski River at or

near 

Montpelier, V it.:

description........................ 105-106

discharge............................ 106

Worcester, Vt.:

discharge............................ 117

Work, division of............................ 19-20

o