commercial and residential development, which greatly increases the edges

of contact between urbanized areas and agriculture. The result is an enlarged

zone of potential conflict between people on both sides of the issue. For

example, urban residents may object to agriculture's influence on the adjacent environment while agrarian neighbors can be resentful of urban intrusion into day-to-day farming activities. 

This is where “ecobelts” come in. Ecobelts are a type of “green infrastructure” that are

best thought of as linear woody buffers that can ease this zone of tension while providing

amenities for rural-urban residents. The articles in this issue illustrate how to reconnect

agriculture and communities with ecobelts and other forms of green infrastructure.

Using linear arrangements of tree-based buffers is not a

new concept. Tree-based plantings have been used to meet

objectives of rural and urban residents for many years.

N a t i o n a l A g r o f o r e s t r y C e n t e r

see BIG CITYon page 7

Inside

Summer 2001

Agroforestry

by Gary Bentrup

Research Landscape Planner, NAC, Lincoln, Nebraska

A Big City, A Big Need

Supplying Clean Drinking Water to New York City

Rich Straight

Forest Service Lead Agroforester

NAC, Lincoln, Nebraska

Reconnecting

Agriculture & Communities 

We all know that water is necessary for

survival. But, have you ever wondered just

how over nine million New York City residents get their water? 

As you could probably guess, New

York City’s water supply system is one of

the largest storage and supply systems in the

world. On average, 1.3 billion gallons of

high quality water are distributed daily

through 6,000-miles of water mains. The

water is collected from two large drainage

areas in up-state New York and stored in 19

reservoirs and three controlled lakes.

New York City, however, does not own

the majority of land in its drinking supply

watersheds. Therefore, millions of water

consumers in the city are directly affected by

the actions of the farmers and forest

landowners in the foothills of the Catskill

Mountains where their water is collected. 

Is your community growing as fast as mine? There are new 

housing developments and businesses being constructed everywhere. As I drive along the edge of town I see strip malls, restaurants, 

and gas stations on one side of the road and farm ground on the other.

The interface between a community and agricultural land is one of 

major conflict; a "zone of tension." Unfortunately, rural and urban residents

often have two completely different sets of goals, lifestyles, and daily activities

despite their close proximity. 

As the population grows, farmland is being fragmented by low-density

TOPEKA IS TURNING “GREEN”

Inside 

3

Green Infrastructure:

IDAHO’S “DRINKING” 6

POPLARS
are designed to help inform and educate

your clients including community members, landowners, youth, and others. They

are written for the landowner and developed especially to aid you with publicity

and technology transfer to get Working

Trees applied.

Visit our website for a preview of any

of NAC’s Working Trees brochures or

coordinating displays: www.unl.edu/nac.

You can also order publications from the

website or, if you prefer, contact Nancy

Hammond at: nhammond@fs.fed.us or fax

her your request at 402-437-5712.

Green Infrastructure for 

Communities and Agroforestry

NAC Director’s Corner

A commentary by Center Director, Dr. Greg Ruark

Agricultural and forest lands are being converted to residential and commercial developments at an alarming rate. Inthe U.S. between 1992 and 1997 an average of 2,300,000

acres were converted to new single-family homes each year.

Although the nation’s population is increasing by 3,000,000 each

year, the amount of land converted is far greater than can be justified by population increases alone. Development results in the creation of impervious surfaces, like rooftops, sidewalks, roads, and

parking lots. As more and more surfaces are paved the hydrology

of the watershed is drastically altered. Precipitation can no longer

infiltrate the soil and large volumes of stormwater result.

Managing this runoff is a challenge not only for a community, but

also for downstream residents of the watershed. 

The need to invest in infrastructure, such as roads, bridges,

power lines, and sewers to provide the underlying foundation for

continuance and growth has long been recognized by communities.

In a similar manner communities have recently begun to acknowledge the need for “green infrastructure” - a strategically planned

and managed interconnected network of green spaces that include:

conserved natural areas and features, public and private conservation lands, and private working lands of conservation value. This

network can help support native plant and animal species, maintain

natural ecological processes and functions, sustain water and air

resources, and contribute to the quality of life.

The key to green infrastructure is the pattern of growth and

development. Green infrastructure strategies blend economic and

social goals with the ecological functions and benefits provided

by natural systems. Development occurs in concert with ecosystem protection and is proactive not reactive, systematic not haphazard, holistic not piecemeal, multi-purpose not single focused,

and multi-scale not only site-based.

Green infrastructure is comprised of a system of “hubs” and

“links”. Hubs may include large protected areas such as reserves,

parks, forests, rangelands, and farms. Links include conservation

corridors, riparian zones along rivers, and greenbelts, and they are

the connections that enable the system to work. 

This is where agroforestry comes in. Many agroforestry practices that have been developed for agriculture can be modified to

be a part of the green infrastructure for communities. Riparian forest buffer can enhance water quality, control stormwater runoff,

and protect stream channels, while providing wildlife habitat,

recreation opportunities, and other amenities. Linear windbreak

designs can be modified and adapted to meet many community

needs and to provide a buffer at the rural/urban interface.

2 Inside Agroforestry | Summer 2001

The already-popular Working Trees

for Communities (WTC) Brochure

will make its second, new-andimproved debut this fall. As Agroforestry

awareness continues to grow so do NAC’s

Working Tree publications. The revised

WTC brochure will address many of the

same issues as the first brochure including:

the rural/urban interface, screening, dust

and noise control, and enhancing the environment for people, wildlife and recreation, but will also address storm water

management, wastewater management,

and green infrastructure.

All of the Working Trees brochures
1) Improve wildlife habitat in the Old Soldier Creek corridor by

establishing native prairie grasses and clump tree plantings. 

2) Construct a wetland system to serve as a stormwater retention facility at Garfield Park (just before Old Soldier Creek

empties into the Kansas River). This wetland was a result of

the design workshop that produced a new, separated

storm/sewer system routed to Old Soldier Creek, thereby causing the aging pump station (in need of over $4 million in

repairs) to become obsolete. Environmentally this helps in two

ways; eliminates raw sewage overflows into the Kansas River,

reducing the nutrient load and provides enhanced treatment of

storm events through a constructed wetlands. The retention

facility will also enhance an existing community center by providing aesthetic views and educational opportunities.

3) Develop an all-accessible hiking and biking trail within the Old

Soldier Creek corridor. Create interpretive signs describing its role of vegetation in stormwater management. (The

city has requested funding for this portion of the project under the

Environmental Programs and

Management (EPM) Account in the US

Environmental Protection Agencies

Fiscal Year 2002 budget).

6

Summer 2001 | Inside Agroforestry 3

Developing Green Infrastructure

will enhance the livability of Topeka

with open spaces that work for the 

people and water quality throughout the watershed.

For more information on Green Topeka, contact Mark

Green, 785-368-3851. For more information on developing

Green Infrastructure in your community check out these

web sites: www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/ green_toolkit.htm,

http://greeninfrastructure. net, and www.topeka.org

This series of

photos is showing a bioretention

system which is a

vegetation-based

approach to 

managing stormwater runoff from

Topeka’s Hillcrest

Community Center

parking lot.

The North Topeka drainage basin flows directly into

the Kansas River via Old Soldier Creek. The Master

Drainage Plan calls for the following actions:

6 Flood and Erosion Control

6 Water Quality Protection

6 Wetlands/Habitat Management

6 Community Acceptance and Education

All of these goals are addressed in the City’s stormwater master plan.

Flood control and water quality improvement are often interrelated, but

cities often approach them in a disjointed and counter productive way.

However, “Green Topeka” and the North Topeka Master Drainage Plan”

are community-wide efforts that harmonize future projects to alleviate

flooding, improve water quality, and enhance neighborhood livability.

Mark Green, P.E.

Superintendent, 

Water Pollution Control Division, 

Topeka Department of Public Works

Topeka, Kansas:

Getting Greener Gets the Job Done

One inch of rain over the entire city of

Topeka, Kansas translates to 940 million gallons

of stormwater. In Topeka, like most communities, this rainwater collects contaminants as it

flows over rooftops, streets, and parking lots and

is funneled into storm drains that eventually

empty into rivers.

Are expensive concrete channels and underground pipes the only way to handle stormwater?

No. Today, “green technologies” use plants and

soil to provide new solutions to the old problem

of what to do with all of that stormwater.

“Green Topeka” is a partnership that

includes NAC, state agencies, Kansas State

University, local government, nonprofit organizations, and stakeholders. It was initiated by the

City in November 2000 to address water quality

and quantity concerns. The partnership is working to develop and implement the Stormwater

Master Plan. Green Topeka views stormwater

projects holistically and is creating a set of Best

Management Practices (BMPs) and “Smart

Growth” concepts to address stormwater concerns. Using natural techniques, like existing

vegetated drainage ways, focuses stormwater

planning on the front end of development projects rather than retrofitting stormwater fixes

once growth of an area has occurred. 

During the fall of 2000, a Master Drainage

Plan for the North Topeka area was developed

utilizing input from a multidisciplinary workshop. The Plan’s mission is: To make those

improvements required to protect property from

flooding in an environmentally friendly and aesthetically pleasing manner while striving to meet

all regulatory requirements and community

needs and goals ina fiscally responsible manner.

The Soldier Creek Watershed is a “pilot”

planning project in North Topeka that is exploring innovative practices like vegetated swales

and constructed wetlands to detain stormwater

runoff. The Working Trees and other vegetation

in these practices, when properly selected and

placed, can take up water and assist in absorbing

and breaking down contaminants. The lessons

learned in this pilot effort will help other communities address their Phase II stormwater program

needs and meet Total Maximum Daily Load

(TMDL) requirements.

Topeka stormwater goals include:
THE LANDSCAPE

• Habitat: provides resources (e.g.,

food, shelter, reproductive cover) to

support wildlife.

• Conduit: conveys energy, water,

genes, nutrients, seeds, organisms, and

other elements.

• Filter/Barrier: intercepts wind,

Ecobelts provide more than just shade and beauty, bike trails, and links to

parks. By adding structural diversity to the landscape, these tree-based linear

plantings perform ecologic functions that can have significance far greater than

the relatively small amount of land they occupy.

By manipulating the

composition, arrangement, and placement

of plantings within the

landscape, we can

alter the level of

expression of ecologic

functions in an

attempt to attain the

environmental outcomes we desire.

Most initiatives to address this zone of tension have

used a we-or-they approach. Projects were designed to

meet the objectives of one or the other, but not both.

Urban objectives in this interface often are achieved by

creating vegetative barriers or greenbelts that are protected

from further encroachment of the city, and which can

screen the community from the effects of farming.

Approaches to protect agricultural interests in this zone

include special zoning or tax codes that provide exemption for farmers if they continue to make productive agricultural use of the land instead of selling it for development. In each case, the area between farm and city is

viewed as one of conflict, of competition for space and

resources, and of no-win compromise solutions that neither side may view as optimum from its point of view.

The social and increasingly important ecologic needs to

reconnect these two sectors demand a more proactive

planning approach for the interface that links rather than

separates these two land uses.

The use of tree-based buffers, linear arrangements of

Farms have dominated the U.S. landscape for more than a century.Farmers can rationally argue that

their longevity, ownership, and land use take priority over those of people who arrive later on the

scene. Community homeowners, however, contend that

the growth of cities and towns is inevitable, as well as the

infrastructure that comes with urbanization.

Today, sprawling urban developments adjoin ongoing

agricultural and forest land enterprises. This not only creates an abrupt, and sometimes harsh visual and physical

interface, but also one that is highly charged politically. 

Part of the conflict in this zone of rural and urban

boundaries grows from an urban population that has

become increasingly distanced socially from their agrarian

neighbors despite their close proximity. In the past many

urban residents had agrarian relatives who provided a tangible connection to agriculture. However, with increasing

job specialization and agricultural production efficiency,

fewer and fewer people have this familial connection. 

4 Inside Agroforestry | Summer 2001

RECONNECTING

A Conceptual

Ecobelt Watershed

Plan, demonstrates

how vegetative 

barriers can be 

utilized to connect

the rural and urban

community and

buffer the impacts

upon other people.

Woody Buffers

Ecological Functions Created by Tree-Based Buffers

wind-blown particles, surface/subsurface water and nutrients.

• Sink: receives and retains objects

and substances that originate in the

adjacent land.

• Source: releases objects and 

substances into the adjacent land.
Summer 2001 | Inside Agroforestry 5

Unnatural and disgusting

Hazard to motorists

Disturbs outdoor activities

Road hazard, slows traffic

Nuisance to families

Kills yard plants/lawns

Dangerous to people and pets

Normal commuter challenge

Dogs need open space to run

People need recreational space

Over-the-fence-out-of-mind

Accepted way of life

Normal problem-solving approach

Working Trees, in the landscape is not a new concept.

From the ancient hedgerows in Europe and the shelterbelts

in the Great Plains to the greenways or linear parkways in

the center of urban establishments, these tree-based plantings have been used to meet objectives of rural and urban

residents. 

It could be argued that the placement of a woody barrier between urban and rural people creates additional

types of distance (reduced human communications, partial

solutions to serious differences, and reinforced “us versus

them” opinions. Therefore during the creation of an ecobelt system, a sense of shared ownership must be established by involving urban and rural residents in the design,

implementation and management process. Previously,

buffers have been applied anywhere on the landscape and

only addressed individual needs. A

coordinated ecobelt system can address

the needs of the entire community.

How Agroforestry Applies

to Communities

We-They: Defining the Challenge

The most obvious conflicts between

farm families and neighboring city

homeowners at the rural-urban

boundary revolve around their differences in goals, life experiences,

expectations, and tolerance. Many

activities, and even discomforts, on

the farm are an accepted part of farm

life. These same situations may be

highly uncomfortable and unexpected

by a family that has always lived in an

urban setting before moving to the

city limits. Likewise, many challenges faced by city dwellers may be

an accepted part of their environment,

but completely foreign and out-ofstep with people in the countryside. Source: Stokes, S.N., Watson, A.E., and Mastran, S.S. Saving America’s Countryside, 

2nd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1997.

Problems and Different Perspectives at the Rural-Urban Interface

Agricultural-Induced

Livestock odors

Dust from fields

Noise from equipment/livestock

Slow-moving equipment

Insects from livestock

Herbicide spray drift

Insecticide spray drift

Urban-Induced

High-speed traffic

Dogs in fields

Snowmobiles/hiking

Garbage in/near fields

Need to lock doors/equipment

Complaints to authorities

Natural part of farm environment

Normal to farm operations

Accepted part of farming

Essential to reach fields

Normal farm environment

Hard to eliminate or control

Part of farming

Danger to children/animals/tractors

Harmful to livestock

Harm crops/soil, open gates

Interferes with operations

Complication that costs time

Interrupts farm operations

Rural Perspective PROBLEM Urban Perspective

Riparian Forest Buffers are natural or planted streamside plantings

composed of trees, shrubs, and grasses that buffer nonpoint source pollution

of waterways from adjacent land use. They also provide bank protection,

protect aquatic environments, improve wildlife habitat, and increase biodiversity.

Windbreaks are planted strips of one to multiple rows of vegetation.

Normally serving as upland buffers, these strips intercept the wind, creating

a modified microclimate downwind. Windbreaks are planted to reduce

blowing soil, dust, and snow and to protect plants, animals, buildings, recreation areas, roads, and communities.

Special Applications is a catchall category for different practices that

can address the many opportunities to use trees and shrubs for specific agricultural or community concerns, such as disposal of liquid and solid wastes.

Ecobelts that incorporate agroforestry practices can address challenges

at the rural/urban interface while reconnecting agriculture and communities. For more information on Ecobelts, visit NAC’s website at

www.unl.edu/nac

by Gary Bentrup

Research Landscape Planner, NAC, Lincoln, Nebraska
acre. That may sound like a lot but according

to Helmer, “This alternative is much less

expensive than building an additional constructed treatment system to polish the wastewater.” 

Helmer emphasizes that, “Community

residents are behind us. We’re utilizing -

essentially treating - the wastewater ourselves

instead of dumping it into the river. It’s better

for the environment and it’s better for the people.” Helmer continues, “We regularly give

tours of the plant to natural resource professionals, college students, and professors. The

response we’ve gotten is that they’re all eager

to learn more. In fact, everyone I talk to is

excited about it. When I get into a conversation with someone on the telephone about our

trees, I almost can’t get them off.” 

Clearly the primary purpose of the trees

has been for wastewater disposal.

Accordingly, Helmer and the other Board

members haven’t really developed a market

for the trees yet. Their first thought was to harvest the trees for wood chips, but it appears

that the wood chip market just isn’t there. So,

the current plan is to harvest the trees for

sawlogs when they are 10- to 12-years old.

Helmer says that, “We understand that a market for sawlogs exists but we haven’t actually

talked with the mills yet. We’re fairly new at

this and we’re still learning.” 

Helmer adds, “Another benefit of the

trees is wildlife. We’ve seen pheasants, deer,

elk, and a moose.” Satisfied, Helmer adds

that, “We pride ourselves in having one of the

nicest plantations around.

This operation is an excellent example of

using trees to protect water quality. The Sewer

Board members’ ability to think broad-mindedly about this technology will benefit their

entire wastewater treatment operation.

Eventually, seeking out markets for the

poplar will be an important addition to

this already-successful endeavor.

The Hayden Area Regional Sewer Board

(HARSB) in Hayden, Idaho handles wastewater effluent for about 10,000 to 12,000 people, who create one million gallons of effluent

per day. The Sewer Board cannot dump effluent into the Spokane River from June 1 to

September 30 each year. What’s a Sewer

Board Administrator to do during the summer

months? How about plant Hybrid Poplar trees

to “drink” all that effluent.

That’s exactly what Kent Helmer,

Administrator for HARSB, did. He, and other

members of the Board

(representatives from

the City of Hayden,

Kootenai County, and

Hayden Lake

Recreational District)

are excited about the

poplar plantings that

they have established.

The District owns a

total of 475 acres

around the treatment

plant. Four acres were

planted in 1997,

another 11 acres were

planted this past

spring, and they plan to plant another 80 acres

in the future. The rest of the land is center

pivot irrigated alfalfa and blue grass.

Last year 38,000 gallons of wastewater

was applied daily to the four-acre plantation.

The maintenance supervisor soon noted that

the poplars could use twice as much wastewater as the alfalfa. The goal of the poplar

plantation is to have the trees “drink up” about

500,000 gallons/day, which is about 50 percent of the total discharge. 

Establishment costs average $2,500 per

Kimberly Stuhr

Technology Transfer Specialist, NAC

Lincoln, Nebraska

6 Inside Agroforestry | Summer 2001

Poplars Are

“Drinking” Up

Effluent From

Idaho Wastewater

Treatment Plant

“Community

residents are

behind us. 

We’re utilizing 

-- essentially 

treating -- the

wastewater 

ourselves instead 

of dumping it 

into the river.”

In 10 to 12 years these poplar trees will be harvested for sawlogs. 

Until that time they will protect water quality and provide wildlife habitat.

Thirsty for 

Solutions

Nine-million-gallon wastewater effluent lagoon

with established trees along side.
Summer 2001 | Inside Agroforestry 7

Big City

continued from page 1

Northeast Agroforestry 

and Carbon Conference

Binghampton Regency Hotel in Binghampton, New York

October 2- 4, 2001

The conference will bring together a diverse

group of participants to share information and

explore new opportunities for balancing interests in

income generation, local community development

and forest health. The conference will emphasize

forest farming high-value understory products and

tree crop management together with other innovative

strategies for improving the sustainable productivity

of private woodlands. The Conference will also

explore the significance of carbon in the Northeast.

For further information contact Mark Grennan

at (518) 828-4385 extension 105,

mark.grennan@ny.usda.gov. 

REGISTER ONLINE: www.syrmeetings.com/agro.

Concerned over maintaining their outstanding drinking water quality, New York

City proposed watershed management regulations in 1990. The agricultural community,

and later the forestry community, expressed

concern that regulations would place a financial burden on the communities and industries within the New York City watershed. A

question was posed, “Why not teach and

encourage individuals how to protect water

quality in ways that will stimulate business

and allow them to prosper, instead of encumbering them with stringent regulations?”

Fortunately, New York City listened to these

concerns and responded with a landmark

decision to fund a voluntary program. A partnership between New York City and the agricultural community led to the creation of the

Watershed Agricultural Council (WAC).

WAC’s mission is to assist the agricultural and forestry communities in adopting

operational and management techniques that

protect water quality, as well as enhance

economic competitiveness and viability.

To accomplish this mission, WAC

developed several programs with funding

from the NYC Department of

Environmental Protection and the USDA

Forest Service, each designed to reach different parts of the agriculture and forestry community. Notably, the Riparian Planning and

the Economic Development programs. 

The Riparian Forest Buffers Program

was created to help protect and restore

streamside resources in NYC’s watershed

region. The program provides technical

assistance and cost-sharing for buffer projects, often in conjunction with the USDA

Conservation Reserve Enhancement

Program (CREP) effort in the watershed. It

also created a network of funding and professional resources to promote riparian

buffer restoration in the Catskills. This network enables landowners and other residents to better understand the value and condition of their riparian corridors, and to easily locate people who can help in designing

and completing projects. 

Under the Economic Development

Program, New York City residents support

those farmers who are protecting their water

supply. Restaurants, green markets, and purveyors in NYC have committed to purchasing herbs, produce, meats, and fish grown

by farmers in the watershed. This kind of

market support helps producers to venture

into new product markets.; allowing producers to ease into forest farming or alley cropping systems to produce things like mushrooms, nutraceuticals, and vegetable crops.

The WAC programs enable farmers to

control their own destiny while enhancing

the protection of the quality of the New

York City water supply. WAC reconciles

environmental, economic, and public health

concerns based on scientific research and

local leadership. 

For more information, visit WACs

website at: www.nycwatershed.org or

contact WAC at 607-865-7790.

Syracuse, New York:

Following New York City’s Lead

Syracuse, New York is pursuing a “filtration avoidance” policy to assure a

future supply of healthy drinking water

from Skaneateles Lake, one of the

Finger Lakes. The city established the

Skaneateles Lake Watershed

Agricultural Program (SLWAP) to

assist farmers in protecting the lake’s

water quality. Modeled after New York

City’s program, Syracuse hopes to

avoid spending between $45 and $60

million for filtration. Like New York

City, it has one of the few remaining

unfiltered water systems in the country.

Both cities opted for conservation on

the land and pollution prevention,

instead of filtration, to safeguard their

water supplies.

Jeff Ten Eyck, SLWAP Manager,

says the goal is to show farmers that

“we can help protect the lake and save

you some money in the process. We

develop a whole-farm plan that encompasses Federal, state, and local programs so farmers have just one plan

that incorporates and meets everybody’s needs.”

At 1,200 acres, Chris and Rick

Fesko’s farm on the hillside east of

Skaneateles Lake is the largest farm in

the watershed with the largest number

of livestock. The Feskos have been

cooperating with the Onondaga Soil

and Water Conservation District

(SWCD) for several years. In addition,

they will be adding new best management practices through SLWAP including a barnyard runoff management system, buffer strips, and fencing cattle out

of small streams. Chris thinks it’s basic:

“The whole thing is, we need soil to

farm with and that’s where it begins.

We’ve had buffers for eons because we

don’t want erosion. We don’t have

much topsoil because we’re up on top

[above Skaneateles Lake]. We could

have wind erosion, but we don’t

because we have planted trees—the

200 trees that I planted 10 years ago are

big now.” Chris draws the analogy to

wine making: “you filter and filter it

until it is clear, as our buffers are filtering the water of Skaneateles Lake.” 

Source: adapted from Buffer Success

Stories, NRCS web site.

www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/CCS/ny3skan

www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/CCS/ny2ero
National Agroforestry Center

East Campus-UNL

Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0822

PRSRT STD

POSTAGE & FEES PAID

USDA — FS

PERMIT NO G-40

October 2-4, 2001

Northeast Agroforestry and Carbon 

Conference. Binghamton, NY. 

Contact: Mark Grennan, Phone: 518-

828-4385 ext. 105; mark.grennan@ 

ny.usda.gov. Register online: 

www.syrmeetings.com/agro.

October 29-November 2, 2001

5th Symposium of the IUFRO 

Extension Working Party. Lorne, 

Victoria, Australia. Contact: Rowan 

Reid, Phone: 03 8344 5011, Fax: 03 

9349 417.

November 8-9, 2001

Working Landscapes in the Midwest. 

Lake Lawn Resort, Delavan, WI. 

Contact: Marin, Phone: 612-870-

3436. wlinfo@iatp.org; www.working

landscapes.org.

November 8-10, 2001

Hidden Forest Values: Non-Timber 

Forest Products in Alaska.

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use, $300

Anchorage, AK. Contact: Mitch 

Michaud, wmmichaud@ak.nrcs.

usda.gov; Phone: 907-283-8732.

November 12-13, 2001

13th Annual Symposium: Wildlife 

Habitat Council. Renaissance 

Washington D.C. Hotel. Contact: 

WHC at (301) 588-8994 or 

WHC@wildlifehc.org.

Agroforestry | Summer 2001 Inside

Upcoming Events

Inside Agroforestry is published quarterly by the USDA

National Agroforestry Center. 

Phone: 402-437-5178; Fax: 402-437-5712.

Greg Ruark, Center Director ext. 27

Michele Schoeneberger, 

FS Research Leader ext. 21

Rich Straight, FS Lead Agroforester ext. 24

Bruce Wight, NRCS Lead Agroforester ext. 36

Kimberly Stuhr, TT Specialist/IA Editor ext. 13

Ryan Dee, TT Assistant ext. 14

Mike Majeski, FS Agroforester

St. Paul, MN phone: 651-649-5240

Jim Robinson, NRCS Agroforester 

Fort Worth, TX phone: 817-509-3215

Gary Kuhn, NRCS Agroforester 

Spokane, WA phone: 509-358-7946

www.unl.edu/nac

The National Agroforestry Center (NAC) is a partnership of the USDA Forest Service, Research &

Development (Rocky Mountain Research Station) and State & Private Forestry and the USDA Natural

Resources Conservation Service. The Center’s purpose is to accelerate the development and application of

agroforestry technologies to attain more economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable land-use systems. To accomplish its mission, the Center interacts with a national network of partners and cooperators to

conduct research, develop technologies and tools, establish demonstrations, and provide useful information to

natural resource professionals.

USDA policy prohibits discrimination because of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or handicapping condition.

Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any USDA-related activity should immediately contact the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250.

Opinions expressed in Inside Agroforestry are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the policy of the USDA

Forest Service and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Mission