N O T FO R PUB L ICAT IO N UNITED STATES C OUR T OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH C IR C UIT
UNITED STATES OF AM ER IC A, Plaintiff - Appe lle e , v. JAB AR I L. M AR SHALL, De fe nda

nt - Appe lla

nt. No. 14-10195

D.C . No. 2:10-c r-236-GMN-PAL6 M EM O R ANDUM *

Appe a l from

the Unite d

Stat e s Distric t C ourt for the Distric t of Ne v a da Gloria M . Nava rro, C hie f Distric t Judge , Pre siding Subm itte d April 16, 2015 ** San Fran c isc o , C a lifornia

B e fore : SC HR OEDER

and N. R . SM ITH, C irc uit Judge s, a nd RESTANI, Judge
. *** 

# F IL ED APR 21 2015 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U
. S. CO URT O F APPEALS

* This disposition is not a ppropria te for public at ion a

nd is not pre c e de nt e xc e pt a s provide d

by 9th C ir. R . 36-3. ** The pa

ne l una nim ously c onc lude s this c a se is suita ble for de c ision without oral a

rgum e nt. Se e Fe d. R . App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honora

ble Ja ne A. R e sta

ni, Judgefor the U.S. C ourt of Inte rnationa l Tra de , sitting by de signa tion.Ja

ba ri M arsha l l (“ M arsha ll” ) a ppe a ls his c onvic tion for c onspiring to c om m it m a il a n d wire fra

ud in viola

tion of 18 U.S.C . § 1349. Spe c ific a lly , M arsha ll a sse rts tha

t the distric t c ourt e rre d in de ny ing his motion in lim ine to e xc lude e vide nc e pe rta i n ing to m ortga ge -le nding busine sse s. M arsha l l a lso a sse rts that the distric t c ourt e rre d in gra nting thegove rnm e nt’ s m otion to strike surplusa ge from

the se c ond supe rse ding indic tm e nt (“ t he indic tm e nt” ). M arsha ll c la im s tha

t his c onvic tion of c o nspiring to c om m i t m a il a nd wire fraud a ga inst “ fina

nc i a l institutions”

viola t e d the Ex Post Fa c to C la use of the C onstitution be c a

use prior to 2009, the

18 U.S.C . § 20 de finition of “ fina nc ia l institution”

did not inc l ude m ortga ge -le n ding busine sse s . Although M a rsha ll wa s not c ha rge d until 2012, the

c onduc t unde rly ing thec ha rge s oc c urre d be twe e n 2005 and 2007. This C ourt re v ie ws a lle ge d viola tions of theEx Post Fa c to C la use de novo. Se e Unite d State s v. Ha rde m an, 704 F.3d 1266, 1267 (9th C i r. 2013). De spite the use of the te rm “ fina nc ia l institutions”

in the indic tm e nt, M arsha ll wa s not c ha rge d with c onspiring to c om m it wire and m a il fra

u d a ga inst “ fina

nc ia l institutions” a s tha

t te rm is de fine d by

§ 20. R at

he r, M arsha ll wa s c ha

rge d with c onspiring to c om

m it m a il a nd wire fra

ud a ga inst e ntitie s the indic tm e nt la be le d

“ fina nc i a l institutions,”

whic h it furthe r e xpla i ne d m e ant “ le n ding institutions” tha t provide m ortga ge s . As c onspiring to c om m it m a i l a nd wire fra

ud wa s ille ga l at the 2tim e of the c rim e , re ga rdle ss of the vic tim , a

ny a lle gation tha

t the 2009 a

m e ndm e nt to § 20 a ffe c te d M arsha ll’ s c onvic tion is ba se le ss a nd his c o nvic tion did not viola te the E x Post Fa c to C la

use . Se e Fra

ud Enforc e m e nt a

nd R e c ove ry

Ac t of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-21, § 2(a

), 123 Sta t. 1617, 1617; We ave r v. Gra ham , 450 U.S. 24, 28–29 (1981) (holding tha t for a c rim ina l la

w to be e x post fa c to, it m ust disa dva nta ge the offe nde r a ffe c te d by it). M arsha ll a lso a sse rts tha

t be c a use the indic t

m e nt c h arge d him

with c onspiring to de fra

ud “ fina nc ia l institutions” a s de fine d by § 20, a nd § 20 did not pre v iously

inc lude m ortga ge -le nding busine sse s , Fe de ra l R ule s of Evide nc e 401 and 403 pre c lude d e vide nc e of c onspiring to de fraud m ortga ge -le nding busine sse s.

“ W e re vie w a

distric t c ourt’ s a d

m ission of e vide nc e for a b use of disc re tion.” Unite d State s v. Dorse y , 677 F.3d 944, 951 (9th C i r. 2012). As the gove rnm e nt did not c ha

rge M arsha ll with c onspiring to c o m m it m a il a nd wire fra

ud a ga inst

“ fina nc i a l institutions”

a s de fine d by § 20, but ra the r, c ha rge d him with c o nspiring to c o m m it m a il a nd wire fra

ud a ga inst m ortga ge -le nding institutions, e vide n c e pe rta ining to the m ortga g e -le nding busine sse s wa s re le va nt a nd non-pre

judic ia l. The re fore , Fe de ra l R

ule s of Evide nc e 401 a

nd 403 did not pre c lude e vide nc e re lating to mortga g e -le nding busine sse s a nd the distric t c ourt did not a buse its disc re tion in deny i ng M arsha ll’ s m otion in lim ine
. 3Fina lly , M arsha l l a rgue s tha t by re m oving re fe re nc e s to ba nk fra ud, the gove rnm e nt c onstruc tive ly am e nde d the indic tm e nt, whic h re quire d re subm ission to the grand jury . A distric t c ourt’ s de c ision to gra

nt the gove rnm e nt’ s m o tion to strike is a lso re vie we d for a b u se of disc re tion. Se e Unite d State s v. Te rrigno, 838 F.2d 371, 373 (9th C ir. 1988). If thec ourt or prose c utor c onstruc tive ly am e nds a n indic tm e nt, re ve rsa l is re quire d. Unite d Stat e s v. W ilbur, 674 F.3d 1160, 1178 (9th C ir. 2012). The gove rnm e nt’ s m otion to strike surplusa ge did not c onstitute a c onstruc tive am e ndm e nt. Striking the indic tm e nt surplusage na rrowe d the indic tm e nt rathe r tha

n broa de ne d it, a

nd we have he ld tha

t na rrowing a n indic tm e nt doe s not c onstitute

a c o nstruc tive am e ndm e nt. Se e id. Additiona l ly , the gove rnm e nt did not broade n the sc ope of the c ha rge s by le aving theove rt a c ts of M arsha ll’ s c o-c onspira

tors in theindic tm e nt be c a use the ove rt a c ts of his c oc onspira tors pe rta i ne d to him . Se e Pinke rton v. Unite d State s, 328 U.S. 640, 646–47 (1946). Thus, the distric t c ourt did not a

b use its disc re tion be c a

use the gove rnm e nt did nothing m ore tha n na rrow the indic tm e nt by

e l im inating unne c e ssa

ry te x t , whic h is a

pe rm issiblea lte rat ion. Se e Unite d State s v. W e llington, 754 F.2d 1457, 1462 (9th C ir. 1985); Unite d State s v. Pa z sint, 703 F.2d 420, 423 (9th C ir. 1983). AFFIRM E D. 4