For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are 

kindly asked to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies.

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

IMO 

E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 

COMMITTEE 

60th session 

Agenda item 2 

MEPC 60/2/5

 24 August 2009

 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER 

Application for Basic Approval of Blue Ocean Guardian (BOG) Ballast Water 

Management System 

Submitted by the Republic of Korea 

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains the non-confidential information related to 

the application for Basic Approval of Blue Ocean Guardian (BOG) 

Ballast Water Management System, developed by the 21st Century 

Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., under the ìProcedure for approval of ballast 

water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)î, 

adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57), and in accordance with the 

Methodology for information gathering and the conduct of work of 

the GESAMP-BWWG. The system consists of particle removal 

module followed by charged plasma and medium-pressure ultraviolet 

modules. 

Strategic direction: 7.1 

High-level action: 7.1.2 

Planned output: 7.1.2.4 

Action to be taken: Paragraph 6 

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 53/24; MEPC 58/23; MEPC 59/2/13 and 

BWM.2/Circ.18 

Introduction

1 Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management of 

Shipsí Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems that make 

use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by the Organization. 
MEPC 60/2/5 - 2 - 

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

2 The ìProcedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of 

Active Substances (G9)î, adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57), defines the principal aspects to 

be documented by data or testing (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 4.2.1) and provisions for 

risk characterization and analysis (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, section 5). According to section 6 of 

Procedure (G9), the Organization should evaluate the information provided in the application. 

3 According to BWM.2/Circ.18, proposals for approval of ballast water management systems 

that make use of Active Substances are to be submitted to the Marine Environment Division of the 

Organization to be reviewed by the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group. In the meantime, 

a document on the proposal for approval containing all the non-confidential data related to the 

respective ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substance needs to be 

submitted to MEPC 60. 

4 The competent authority in the Republic of Korea has verified the application dossier 

prepared by the 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. and believes it to satisfy the data 

requirements of Procedure (G9). 

5 The Republic of Korea therefore submits the non-confidential part of the applicantís dossier 

in the annex of this document to the Organization for evaluation according to Procedure (G9). The 

complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the GESAMP-BWWG with the 

understanding of confidential treatment. 

Action requested of the Committee

6 The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as appropriate. 

*** 
MEPC 60/2/5 

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

ANNEX 

NON-CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION OF THE BLUE OCEAN GUARDIAN (BOG) 

BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

Contents 

1 INTRODUCTION 

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE ìBOGî BWMS 

2.1 The process of the ìBOGî BWMS 

2.2 The component of ìBOGî BWMS 

2.3 Laboratory-scale facility 

3 IDENTIFICATIONS OF PREPARATION, ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, RELEVANT 

AND OTHER CHEMICALS (G9: 4.1) 

3.1 Active Substance 

3.2 Relevant Chemicals 

3.3 Gas 

3.4 Identification of Active Substance, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals 

4 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND PREPARATIONS 

4.1 Data-set on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

4.2 Mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

4.3 Environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (G9:4.2.1.3) 

4.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and Preparations and the 

treated ballast water (G9: 4.2.1.4) 

5 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 

6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 

6.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity 

6.2 Evaluation of the treated ballast water 

6.3 Risk characterization and analysis 

7 RISK ASSESSMENT 

7.1 Risk to safety of ship 

7.2 Risk to human health 

7.3 Risk to the aquatic environment 

7.4 Human Exposure Scenario 

8 ASSESSMENT REPORT 

9 REFERENCES 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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10 APPENDICES 

Appendix 1 - System Description of ìBOGî BWMS 

Appendix 2 - QAPP and Test Report 

Appendix 3 - QAPP, COC Records and Test Results for Chemicals 

Appendix 4 - Request, Study Plan, COC records and Test Results for Aquatic toxicity 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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List of Abbreviations 

°C Degrees Celsius 

AS Active Substance 

BOG Blue Ocean Guardian 

BWM Ballast Water Management 

BWMS Ballast Water Management System 

cm Centimetre 

DOC Dissolved organic Carbon 

EPA (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency 

g Gram 

g/h Gram per hour 

HAA Halogenated Acetic Acid 

HOBr Hypobromous acid 

HOCl Hypochlorous acid 

ISO International Standard Organization 

Koc Partition coefficient 

L Litre 

LEL Lower explosive level 

LC50 Median lethal dose 

LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level 

μm Micrometre 

m3/hr Cubic metres per hour 

MAMPEC Marine Antifouling Model to Predict Environment Concentration 

MDL 

mg 

Method Detect Limit 

Milligram 

MOS Margin of Safety 

mV Millivolt 

ND 

NN 

Not Detected 

Not Necessary 

NOAEL No Observable adverse effect level 

NOEC No-effect Concentration 

NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit 

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 

ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential 

PEC Predicted Environmental Concentration 

pH Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution 

PNEC Predicted No-effect Concentration 

PLC Programmable logic control 

POC Particulate Organic Carbon 

Pow Octanol-water Partition Coefficient 

THM Trihalomethanes 

TOC Total Organic Carbon 

TRO Total Residual Oxidant 

TSS Total Suspended Solids 

WHO World Health Organization 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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This report is structured according to the titles used in the ìProcedure for approval of ballast 

water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)î. 

1 INTRODUCTION

The ìBOGî BWMS was designed by the 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. The applicant is 

proposing a combined system using a filtration module for mechanical separation, a plasma 

module, and a medium-pressure ultraviolet (MPUV) module. The ìBOGî BWMS operates 

during ballasting and de-ballasting. The ìBOGî BWMS ensures the inflow of organisms in the 

ballast water tank to be reduced to a minimum by means of a filtration module and does not 

allow the piling of sediments along with treatment by plasma module and medium-pressure 

ultraviolet (MPUV) module. To avoid any possible re-growth of aquatic organisms in the ballast 

water tank, the water is retreated by MPUV during de-ballasting. With the ìBOGî BWMS, 

aquatic organisms can be disinfected or destroyed without use of any chemical substances. 

1.1 Principles of disinfection of the ìBOGî BWMS 

1.1.1 Plasma technology 

Plasma technology had been investigated as a means of preventing the invasion of organisms in 

ballast water due to its rate of high efficiency, low cost, lack of residue and many other 

advantages. Currently, this technology has been reported as being able to remove aquatic 

organisms in ballast water and its reliability and practicality for ship-based use is highly 

evaluated (Adler, et al., 1998; Marsili, et al., 2002; Ohkawa, et al., 2006). 

Essentially, when high voltage in current is applied between two electrodes in the reactor, it 

creates an ionization field that produces a high-energy plasma arc, which causes an extremely 

rapid rise in pressure, temperature and density flow and generated expansions. It is at that 

precise moment in which high-energy plasma produces an intensive pressure shockwave and the 

targeted organisms can be killed by causing physical damage to the cellular matrix either by the 

sudden recoil of cell tissue or by micro-eddies created on the internal cell structure (Gamal, et al., 

2008; Akan, et al., 2006). In addition, the discharge in a two-phase medium allows generation of 

not just a shockwave, but also a number of hydroxyl radicals, UV-radiation and electrical fields, 

which helps to sterilize aquatic organisms. Some of the micro-organisms that have been tested 

by many researchers on plasma are shown in table 1. 

Table 1: Various types of micro-organisms that have been tested by plasma 

Classification of 

organisms 

Micro-organisms tested by plasma 

Phytoplankton Chaetoceros, Peridinium

Zooplankton Euplotes, Artemia, Polychaeta

Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, 

Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger

Mollusca Quagga mussel, Zebra mussel
MEPC 60/2/5 

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Concerning the effectiveness of plasma, the voltage range is one of the most important relevant 

parameters for ballast water treatment application of plasma technology. As described in table 2 

for the voltage ranges, it can be separated into high, low and extra-low voltage during its 

operation. In the case of high voltage, the loss of power transmission is less, but it has higher 

energy consumption. Although low voltage has low energy consumption, it will not be able to 

achieve an adequate sterilizing effect when using such a low voltage range. Therefore, with 

efficient components of such a power supply and capacitor, energy consumption can be reduced 

and can optimize the sterilization effect simultaneously when using high voltage. Consequently, 

high voltage appears to be a better choice for application in ballast water treatment. 

Table 2: Voltage Ranges defined by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 

IEC voltage range AC DC Defining risk 

High Voltage >1000 Vrms > 1500 V Electrical Arcing 

Low Voltage 50~1000 Vrms 120~1500V Electrical Shock 

Extra-Low Voltage <50 Vrms <120V Low Risk 

The sterilizing effect by plasma on various organisms can also be varied, depending on which 

working gas is applied to generate a plasma source. A recent study indicated that a high 

mortality rate was achieved when using plasma with air as a working gas rather than any other 

gases, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and argon. This is because plasma generated in gases 

is known to produce active species, such as ozone, atomic oxygen, nitric oxide and superoxide 

radicals as well as other free radicals. These are examples of highly reactive species that can 

overcome natural defence mechanisms, resulting in damage to DNA as well as causing protein, 

lipid and membrane damage on various aquatic organisms (Montie, et al., 2000). The reduction 

on different working gases to the system is shown in figure 1. 

Figure 1: Reduction kinetics for three different working gases (Feichtinger, et al., 2003)
MEPC 60/2/5 

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Until recently, plasma technology for ballast water treatment application has been reported to be 

very reliable and is regarded as practical based on much related research and theoretical study. 

Compared to state-of-the-art sterilization methods, the plasma process leads to a non-thermal 

process on the sterilized aquatic organisms and no dangerous effects occur nor do toxic 

chemicals have to be used. A further advantage is the resulting short period time of only a few 

seconds to reach a spore reduction using this technology. For safety concerns, the incidence of 

an accidental human electrocution by electrodes is minimal since plasma would affect organisms 

only while they were located between the electrodes in the reactor. Grounding and isolation were 

also set up to avoid in case of any leakage current to the exterior or electrical shocks by the 

voltage. Not only that, since safety codes and standards would have to be followed for any 

installation or maintenance for plasma, the occurrence rate of accidents would be comparable to 

any other industrial facilities (Smythe, et al., 1999). 

Currently, plasma technology has been utilized in Vergennes Panton Water District in Vermont, the 

Georgia-Pacific Corporation, the Village of Rouses Point in New York and Lagoon City in Ontario. 

It is present in many advanced countries such as Canada and the United States and is utilized for 

disinfecting many aquatic organisms in various food industries and in water treatment for human 

consumption. Therefore, plasma disinfection has already proved to be a promising method for killing 

non-indigenous aquatic organisms and to be both an economically feasible as well as an eco-friendly 

method used in ballast water management systems (Miller, et al., 2000; Mackie, et al., 2000). 

The plasma module, applied to the ìBOGî BWMS, was specially designed based on its capacity 

of ballast water treatment to minimize its size and optimize its performance. The development 

began with a literature survey followed by modification of the performance of the main 

components of plasma modules, plasma electrodes, power supply, capacitor and air delivery 

element. In case any further modifications are necessary, the components will be modified again 

in order to optimize their overall performance. 

1.1.2 UV technology 

The ultraviolet (UV) sterilization of organisms has been proven to be suitable for disinfecting 

bacteria and viruses without using any additional chemical substances. Since UV works to achieve 

sterilization by exposing the targeted organisms to ultraviolet ray energy waves, there would be 

neither a formation of residual toxic substances, nor that of harmful substances. Hence, a risk to 

the environment or human health on vessels is limited and is substantially contained when using 

this technology. As a proven technology, UV application also does not seem to have any known 

environmental concerns compared to other disinfection methods (chlorine (Cl2), chloramines, 

chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ozone (O3), etc.). Another advantage, the equipment requires only a 

small floor space and can be installed at any angle, which is beneficial to onboard installations within 

confined spaces (USEPA, IUVA). Meanwhile, as the countermeasure controls the red tide which 

is found in fresh water lakes, when evaluating the results from a lake in Japan, UV disinfection was 

found to be superior in all aspects, especially in economical efficiency and ease of application. 

Ultraviolet (UV) light is the electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength shorter than that of 

visible light, but longer than x-rays in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm. UV radiation can be 

divided into three sub-groups depending on the wavelength: UV-A (315-400 nm: which can be 

found in the textile industry, archaeology, geological base rock searches, criminal investigations, 

discernment of counterfeit notes and special illumination), UV-B (280-315 nm: which is found in 

suntans, photochemistry control, skin disease care, meteorological test equipment and medical 

treatments) and UV-C (200-280 nm: which can be found in various methods of disinfection of 

water and air deodorization). 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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UV-C and UV-B are present in the disinfection wavelength and have the shortest wavelengths 

(200-300 nm). The ozone, DNA and protein absorb wavelengths well. UV-C is generally 

considered to be the most effective deterrent against bacteria and viruses from a close distance 

of 260 nm. UV-C has become known as the germicidal spectrum at the wavelength which has 

the highest sterilizing power, which is at a 264 nm wavelength (SWRCB, 2002). The 

electromagnetic spectrum is briefly depicted in figure 2. 

Figure 2: Electromagnetic spectrum 

UV lamps are usually divided into two types. Low pressure (LP) mercury arc lamps emit 

monochromatic UV light at a UV-C range and the higher intensity medium pressure (MP) 

mercury arc lamps emit UV polychromatic light at all UV wavelengths, but are concentrated at 

selected peaks within the germicidal wavelength region. The characteristics of LP and MPUV 

lamps are shown in table 3. 

Table 3: Characteristics of LP and MPUV lamps (EPRI, 1999) 

Characteristic Low pressure Medium pressure 

Wavelength Monochromatic, 85-90% 

at 254 nm

Polychromatic, 185-1,400 nm

Operating temperature 40-60°C 500-800°C

Electrical input 2 W/cm 50-250 W/cm

Germicidal UV output 0.7 W/cm 5-30 W/cm

Arc length 40-75 cm 5-40 cm

Lifetime 8,000-10,000 h 2,000-5,000 h

Emission Continuous-wave Continuous-wave

Mercury vapour Pressure 10-3-10-2 torr 102-104 torr

Relative number of lamps High Low

Relative light intensity Low Medium
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Concerning electrical effectiveness, LP technology appears to be the better choice. However, for 

application to ballast water treatment other parameters are also relevant. These are summarized 

in table 4. 

Table 4: Relevant parameters for ballast water treatment application of UV technologies 

Technology Low pressure Medium pressure 

Parameters Rating Reason Rating Reason 

Footprint Poor High number of lamps Good Low number of lamps 

Pressure loss Poor High number of lamps Good Low number of lamps 

Efficiency 

(Germicidal) Moderate Monochromatic action spectrum, 254 nm Good 

Polychromatic action 

spectrum. 

Each micro-organism 

has a unique action 

spectrum. 

Damage to other 

molecules than DNA, 

e.g., enzymes 

Reliability Good 

Low operating 

temperature. 

High lamp life. 

Moderate 

High operating 

temperature. 

Average lamp life. 

Power 

consumption Low High UVC output at 254 nm Moderate High UVC output in the range of 200-300 nm 

As a result of the comparisons in tables 3 and 4, it is concluded that MP technology has higher 

degree of vacuum, more mercury, and higher UV intensity than LP technology. MP technology 

can be used in ballast water, include a wide range of micro-organisms, treatment as it emits wide 

spectrum of UV light. Therefore, MP technology is most efficacious for ballast water application. 

UV is the technological option for waste, aquaculture, drinking and water processing. 

UV sterilizes micro-organisms by inducing the photochemical changing of biological 

components and by breaking chemical bonds in the DNA and RNA molecules and proteins in the 

cell. Combining this method with mechanical separation such as filtration or hydrocyclone is 

necessary due to interference with turbidity and sediment in ballast water. But its application for 

the treatment of ballast water seems promising. 

The results of Gloster-Herbert (2002) show the general requirements for UV devices. The UV 

treatment system (90% transmittance) reduces bacteria and the MS-2 coliphage virus by 90% and 

phytoplankton potential growth by >50%. Some phytoplankton with the capability to re-grow 

may survive. Putting the phytoplankton in dark tanks increases the mortality rates. 

The amount of damage caused by UV radiation is related to the intensity and amount of exposure 

in which organisms are exposed to a germicidal wavelength range. The reduction rate of bacteria 

and viruses irradiated with a dose of 20 mW/cm2

/sec obviously presents the inactivation rate of 

the organic matter (Bacillus antracis, Clostridium tetan, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Poliovirus, 

Shigella dysenteriae, etc.) where 99.7%ñ99.9% is almost near 100% (SWRCB, 2002). 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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The UV dose of 60 mWs/cm2 is effective for the removal of bacteria, most viruses and many 

protists. A dose of 120 mWs/cm2 is effective for almost all micro-organisms except highly 

resistant cysts and viruses. In laboratory tests, it has been demonstrated, that UV irradiation can 

be effective for the inactivation of the dinoflagellate amphidinium sp. and vegetative cells of 

gymnodinium catenatum (Rigby & Taylor, 2001). 

The MPUV module, applied to the ìBOGî BWMS, was specially designed to achieve optimal 

performance even with minimal space based on the processing capability of the ballast water. 

The development began with a literature survey followed by testing and verifying the treatment 

efficiency dependent on the exposure time of UV dosage of the MPUV module. Consequently, 

all of these considerations were taken into account to prevent any re-growth of aquatic organisms 

when designing the MPUV module. 

2 DESCRIPTIONS OF LABORATORY-SCALE TEST SYSTEMS

2.1 The process of ìBOGî BWMS 

Figure 3: Schematic process diagram of the ìBOGî BWMS 

Ballast water is treated during ballasting by a filtration module, a plasma module, and a MPUV 

module. During ballasting, the filtration module removes aquatic organisms and particles larger 

than 50 μm and back-flushing water, which includes organisms and particles retained by 

automatic back-flushing devices, is returned overboard. After filtration, aquatic organisms are 

disinfected by discharge plasma with supplied air, and then residual micro-organisms and 

bacteria are disinfected by a MPUV sequentially. During de-ballasting, the filtration module and 

the plasma module are bypassed. The MPUV then disinfects and de-ballasts the water again. 

The schematic process diagram of the ìBOGî BWMS is briefly depicted in figure 3 and a 

detailed description is prepared in appendix 1. 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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Figure 4: Schematic of the test facility for control and ballast mode

Figure 5: Schematic of the test facility for the de-ballasting mode

The schematic of the test facility for control and ballast mode and de-ballasting mode is briefly 

depicted in figures 4 and 5. 

2.2 Components of the ìBOGî BWMS 

The ìBOGî BWMS is a superior system that can perfectly treat organic matters in ballast water 

causing no harm to humans or its surroundings. The ìBOGî BWMS is composed of: 

1) a filtration module, (2) a plasma module that can destroy aquatic organisms by intensive 

shockwaves, (3) a MPUV module which cause disinfective effects for the destruction of 

micro-organisms and (4) a system control module with auxiliary functions that can manage the 

entire system. 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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The system is composed of four main modules: 

.1 filtration module; 

.2 plasma module; 

.3 MPUV module; and 

.4 system control module with auxiliary functions. 

A detailed description is prepared in appendix 1. 

2.2.1 Filtration module 

The filtration module is composed of a 50 μm filter element with an automatic back-flushing 

function. The filtration module removes larger particles and organisms from the water. The 

filtration module is fully automatic in terms of its operation and cleaning capabilities without 

interrupting the filtration process, and back-flushing water which is returned overboard. The main 

mechanism of this filtration is that by increasing the treatment capacity based on its fluid dynamics, 

the designed components can maximize the back-flushing process. In addition, it is a system that 

automatically discharges those impurities by air-pressure after the filtration process. The most 

distinguished feature of this module is the double filtration process, which is highly accurate and 

reliable for filtering micro-organisms. The filtration module operates only during ballasting. 

2.2.2 Plasma module 

This module is composed of the following elements: 

.1 plasma electrode; 

.2 power supply; 

.3 capacitor; and 

.4 air delivery element. 

The plasma module is known as the module that can generate plasma underwater by using a 

high-voltage generator during its encounter with the ballast water in the vessel. Then, the 

high-energy plasma arc produces a pressure shockwave by dramatic differential-pressure, which 

destroys targeted micro-organisms such as zooplankton and phytoplankton by causing physical 

damage to their cell membranes underwater. The treatment by this plasma module generates a 

shockwave and air bubbles to increase the mortality on micro-organisms. The plasma module 

operates only during ballasting. 

2.2.3 MPUV module 

This module is composed of the following elements: 

.1 UV lamp; 

.2 quartz sleeve; 

.3 electronic ballast; 

.4 UV sensor and temperature sensor; 

.5 UV chamber; and 

.6 auto cleaning wiper. 
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The MPUV module was specially designed to deactivate or disinfect any bacteria, virus, plankton 

or germs within a short period of time, but also for safe seawater discharge and supplies on the 

vessel. For this purpose, a number of lamps had been equipped in the chamber and designed to 

control the lamp power automatically, along with an auto-flushing function and the detection of 

any malfunctions. Then, all of the information would be displayed on the monitor for normal 

function. The MPUV module operates during ballasting and de-ballasting. 

2.2.4 System control module 

The system control module controls the ìBOGî BWMS and supplies power to all items. The 

system control module consists of a power supply and auto-controller as one module, and the 

system control can be easily manipulated by using the interface based on the graphics. 

2.3 Laboratory-scale test facility 

The laboratory-scale test facility is established in the city of Tong-Yeong which is located 

in the southern part of Gyung-nam province, the Republic of Korea, in accordance with 

IMO requirements, and is used for the toxicity testing and chemical analysis. The 

laboratory-scale test facility is shown in figure 6. 

Figure 6: Laboratory-scale test facility at the 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., 

Tong-Yeong, Korea. 

Currently at this facility, there is a test water tank (30 m3), a treat water tank (30 m3), a control 

water tank (3 m3) and ballast pump (125 m3/h) for the transportation of test water and treated 

water. The ballast water treatment process of the ìBOGî BWMS consists of the steps shown in 

figure 7. 
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Figure 7: Schematic process diagram of the laboratory-scale test facility of the ìBOGî BWMS 

and sampling port installed in a pipe. 

All tanks have drain valves at the bottom of the tank. Water contained in the tank may be 

drained. The laboratory-scale test facility has five sampling points in the pipes. The sampling 

port is located in the centre of the pipe and is in the same direction of the water flow, in order to 

receive representative samples from the sample points. 

2.3.1 Operation 

Flow rate 2.08 ± 0.2 m3

/min

Treatments Two treatments, during ballasting (Plasma + UV) and during de-ballasting (UV)

Power 

consumption

Less than 1 kW for the Filtration module, 20 ± 1 kW for MPUV module and 

less than 10 kW for the plasma module, respectively

Treated volume More than 20 m3

Salinity 34 psu (Seawater), 20 psu (Blackish water)

For test operations, UV transmittance of water was in a range of approximately 85%. In this 

operation, the UV dose was in a range of about 300 mJ/cm2

. 

2.3.2 Sampling and Measurement 

The laboratory-scale test facility has five sampling valves in the ìBOGî system. The sampling 

locations (valves) are showed in figure 7. Every sample was taken after water homogenation by 

an air blower, which was located in the bottom of the tanks. All samples for chemical analyses 

and performance analyses were collected from S1 to S5 (table 5). S1 is the sampling site of the 

storage tank for raw seawater containing organisms, heterotrophic bacteria and some organic 

matter after pre-filtration. S2 and S3 are sampling sites of storage tanks for treated and control 
MEPC 60/2/5 

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water on day 0 and day 1 after ballasting, respectively. S4 represents de-ballasting of control 

water and of treated water after five days at the discharge stage, respectively. S5 represents the 

gas sampling point immediately after treatment of ballast water on day 0. 

Table 5: Sample information and sample tag for efficacy testing and 

chemical analysis of ìBOGî BWMS 

Salinity 

(psu) 

Elapsed 

time (day) Test water Control water Treated water Remarks 

0 * 21C-S34S1D0 21C-S32S2D0 21C-S32S3D0

21C-S34S5D0

(gas sample) 

32 1 - 21C-S32S2D1 21C-S32S3D1 

5 - 21C-S32S2D5 21C-S32S4D5

21C-S34S3D5

(before de-ballast) 

0 21C-S20S1D0 21C-S20S2D0 21C-S20S3D0

21C-S20S5D0

(gas sample) 

20 1 21C-S20S2D1 21C-S20S3D1 

5 21C-S20S2D5 21C-S20S4D5

21C-S20S3D5

(before de-ballast) 

* 21C: 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.; S32, salinity 32 psu; S1: sampling point 1; D0: day 0. 

Table 6: Sample information for efficacy testing of ìBOGî BWMS 

Sample for Sampling 

location Volume of Sample Remark 2 

Test water 1 S1 5 L/20 L/1 L/ 

1 L/1 L/1 L 

Treated water during 

ballasting on day 0 S2 5 L/0.1 m3

/10 L/ 

1 L/1 L/1 L 

Control water after 

ballasting on day 0 S3 5 L/20 L/1 L/ 1 L/1 L/1 L 

Gas sampling S5 10 L 

Treated water during 

de-ballasting on day 5 S4 5 L/0.1 m3

/10 L/ 

1 L/1 L/1 L 

Control water during 

de-ballasting on day 5 

5 L/20 L/1 L/ 

1 L/1 L/1 L 

Basic water parameter (DO, ORP, pH 

Salinity, Temperature, Turbidity) 

Viable organisms (≥ 50 μm, 

≥ 10-50 μm) 

Bacteria (Heterotrophic, Escherichia 

coli, Intestinal Enterococci, toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae) 

1 Test waters including organism (≥ 50 μm, ≥ 10-50 μm), starch, and glucose to correspond with Guidelines (G8). 

2

 Basic parameters indicate DO, ORP, pH, salinity, turbidity and water temperature. 

2.3.3 Basic parameters of test water 

Table 7: Basic parameters of test water for > 32 psu and 3-32 psu 

Salinity *DOC 

(mg/L) 

POC 

(mg/L) 

TSS 

(mg/L) 

Temp. 

(°C) pH DO (mg/L) 

ORP 

(mV) 

Turbidity 

(NTU) 

32 psu 4.65 1.35 38.8 21.33 8.05 7.62 605 9.39 

20 psu 7.31 13.30 78.5 21.74 8.18 8.16 602 17.45 

* DOC (dissolved organic carbon) is estimated from TOC (total organic carbon). 
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Table 8: Concentration of organisms and types of organisms in the test water 

 Viable organism 

Salinity ≥ 50 μm (inds./m3) ≥ 10-50 μm (inds/mL) 

Heterotrophic 

bacteria (cells/mL)

32 psu 312,750 6 div. 12 spp. 4,144 4 phy. 20 spp. 42,000 

20 psu 133,750 5 div. 11 spp. 1,392 3 phy. 14 spp. 22,500 

Table 9: Efficacy test result

Operation mode Day 0 

(Ballasting) 

Day 5 

(de-ballasting) 

Analyte Test water Control water Treated water 

Salinity 32 psu 20 psu 32 psu 20 psu 32 psu 20 psu 

Remark 

Organism ≥10- 50 μm 

(ind/mL) 4,144 1,392 466 171 1 1 PASS 

Organism ≥50 μm (ind/m3) 312,750 133,750 68,000 11,000 0 10 PASS 

Heterotrophic Bacteria 

(cells/mL) 42,000 22,500 PASS 

Escherichia coli 

(cfu/100 mL) 58 TNTC* 4 0 0 0 PASS 

Intestinal Enterococci 

(cfu/100 mL) 0 10 0 0 0 0 PASS 

Vibrio cholerae 

(cfu/100 mL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 PASS 

* TNTC, too numerous to count. 

3 IDENTIFICATION OF PREPARATION, ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, RELEVANT 

AND OTHER CHEMICALS (G9: 4.1) 

3.1 Active Substance 

The ìBOGî BWMS consists of filtration, plasma and MPUV modules. In the case of the filtration 

module, the removal of aquatic organisms will be achieved only by means of a mechanical method. 

Therefore, this will not produce any Active Substance, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals. 

With the use of plasma, as pulses are applied to the medium, ionization of the injected air bubbles 

takes place. This then leads to a partial discharge and to partial discharge activity in the air 

bubbles, resulting in the formation of the active mechanisms and species given below: 

ñ UV light is transmitted into the liquid; 

ñ Free electrons and ions are produced; and 

ñ Ozone and atomic oxygen are produced (if oxygen is present in the natural state of air). 

During the discharge process, the occurrence of partial breakdown may also produce complete 

breakdown of the liquid once plasma has been formed. This may also lead to some of the 

following active species and effects being produced as below: 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

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ñ Free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl, singlet oxygen radical); 

ñ Shockwave production; and 

ñ Localized plasma-thermal effects. 

As described above, the main mechanism of disinfection by a plasma module is an intensive 

pressure shockwave, which is produced by the high-energy plasma. Due to the formation of 

ozone and other species by the plasma process, we defined the Active Substances, Relevant 

Chemicals and other chemicals in the following table. Although, theoretically, such Active 

Substances can be formed, the test results indicated no Active Substance was found. 

Subsequently, there is no concern related to the handling, storage and neutralization of these 

Active Substances. 

In the case of UV irradiation, it is known to produce OH · radicals under dissolved organic matter 

and/or nitrate in water. OH · radicals produced by UV irradiation affect aquatic micro-organisms 

and pathogens directly and indirectly. Therefore, photons can be regarded as a disinfectant and 

can be defined as an Active Substance as well. 

Table 10: Active Substances of the ìBOGî BWMS 

Concentration at Compound CAS number MDL 32 psu 20 psu 

Superoxide (O2

-

) NN NN NN NN 

Single oxygen radical (Oh) NN NN NN NN 

Hydroxyl radical (OHh) 3352-57-6 NN NN NN 

Electron (e

-

) NN NN NN NN 

Ozone (O3) 10028-15-6 0.02 mg/L ND ND 

NN ñ not necessary; ND ñ not detected. 

3.2 Relevant Chemicals 

To identify chemical products of concern to the environment from the reaction of hydroxyl 

radicals with dissolved organic matters and/or nitrate, chlorinated organic compounds as 

mentioned above in section 3.4.2, including trihalomethane (THM), haloacetonitrile (HAN), 

haloaceticacid (HAA), chlorinated phenol, brominated phenol, some gases, absorbable organic 

halogens (AOX) and extractable organic halogens (EOX), were analysed in seawater and 

brackish water tests (tables 12 and 13). With the use of plasma, Active Substances such as ozone 

and chlorine dioxide can be produced as a gas state. Among the Relevant Chemicals which were 

formed by the Active Substances, we defined 1,1-dichloroethene as a Relevant Chemical as 

stated in table 12. 

Among these chlorinated organic compounds which were analysed, 1,1-dichloroethene was 

detected in treated water immediately after the treatment of the ìBOGî BWMS. But the 

concentration of 1,1-dichloroethene decreased with an elapsed time during a period of five days. 

Three separate tests were conducted over this period. The concentration of 1,1-dichloroethene 

was 0.34 μg/L on day 0, 0.29 μg/L on day 1 and 0.03 μg/L on day 5, respectively. However, 

concentration of the 1,1-dichloroethene in de-ballasted water was found to be within the standard 

range (see report in appendix 3). In contrast, this compound was not detected in the 20 psu test. 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

3.3 Gas 

Treated water collected immediately after plasma and MPUV was processed for hydrogen (H2), 

ozone (O3) and chlorine (Cl2) analysis. All analyses of chemical compound carried by accredited 

laboratory, KTR. The standard analysis method is listed below in table 11 and appendix 3. 

Table 11: Gaseous constituent in the ìBOGî BWMS 

Analysed at Gas MDL 32 psu 20 psu 

Hydrogen (%) 0.05 0.09 0.06 

Ozone (μL/L) 0.2 50.0 18.0 

Chlorine (μL/L) 0.2 70.0 120 

3.4 Identification of Active Substance, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals 

3.4.1 Active Substances 

The analysis results are shown in tables 12 and 13. For details, please refer to appendix 3. As 

shown in the results, no Active Substance was detected in the ìBOGî BWMS operating process. 

3.4.2 Relevant Chemicals 

To identify chemical products of concern to the environment from the reaction of hydroxyl 

radicals with dissolved organic matters and/or nitrate, chlorinated organic compound, as 

mentioned above section 3.1, trihalomethane (THM), haloacetonitrile (HAN), haloaceticacid 

(HAA), chlorinated phenol, brominated phenol, some gases, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) 

and others were analysed in seawater and brackish water test (tables 12 and 13). Analysis results 

show that the ìBOGî BWMS does not produced any Relevant Chemicals. The detailed 

information are given in appendix 3. 

Table 12: Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals in 32 psu test 

Sampling time 0 day 

(2009.07.23) 

1 day 

(2009.07.24) 

5 day 

(2009.07.28) 

Sampling point/tank Test 

water Control Treated Control Treated Control 

Before 

deballast

After 

deballast

Sample tag 

21CS34S1 

D0

21CS34S2 

D0

21CS34S3 

D0

21CS34S2 

D1

21CS34S3 

D1

21CS34S2 

D5

21CS34S3 

D5

21CS34S4 

D5

KTR receipt No. TBU106 

TBU107 TBU108 TBU110 TBU111 TBU112 TBU113 TBU114 

Compounds MDL 

Active substance (mg/L) 

TRO 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

FRO 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Ozone(O3) 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ClO2 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sulfide(S-2) 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromate(BrO3-) (μg/L) 0.13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromide(Br-) 0.01 53.1 52.7 50.6 52.3 50.7 49.6 49.8 50.5 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

Sampling time 0 day 

(2009.07.23) 

1 day 

(2009.07.24) 

5 day 

(2009.07.28) 

Sampling point/tank Test 

water Control Treated Control Treated Control 

Before 

deballast

After 

deballast

Chlorinated organic compounds (μg/L) 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethane 0.01 ND ND 0.34 ND 0.17 ND 0.11 ND 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.01 0.19 0.18 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 0.01 1.47 1.44 0.45 0.33 0.25 0.19 ND ND 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.01 0.25 0.26 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.01 1.06 1.01 0.38 0.29 0.23 ND ND ND 

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethene 0.02 ND ND 0.34 ND 0.29 ND ND 0.03 

1,2-Dichloropropane 0.02 0.03 0.03 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-Chlorotoluene 0.01 0.24 0.21 ND 0.08 ND ND ND ND 

4-Chlorotoluene 0.01 0.27 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromobenzene 0.01 0.25 0.23 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromochloromethane- 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorobenzene 0.01 0.14 0.11 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

cis-1,2-dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibromochloromethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibromomethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dichlorobromomethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Methylene chloride 0.02 3.12 3.13 3.22 2.56 2.03 ND ND ND 

Tetrachloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Carbon tetrachloride 0.01 ND ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloroform 0.01 0.27 0.26 0.15 0.20 ND 0.18 ND ND 

Bromoform 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,4-Tribrombenzene 0.02 7.94 7.60 4.16 2.99 2.23 1.63 1.23 1.05 

1,3,5-Tribrombenzene 0.02 3.59 3.08 1.75 1.21 0.92 0.69 ND ND 

Toluene 0.01 6.78 6.77 6.07 5.88 5.14 3.42 3.12 1.93 

Naphthalene 0.01 3.19 3.36 0.78 0.53 0.39 0.29 0.25 0.21 

THMs 0.27 0.26 0.15 0.20 ND 0.18 ND ND 

Halo-acetonitrils (μg/L) 

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.004 0.05 0.05 0.04 ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 0.003 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloropicrin 0.003 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloral hydrate 0.002 0.02 0.02 ND 0.02 ND ND ND ND 

Trichloroacetonitrile 0.001 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dichloroacetonitrile 0.001 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 ND 0.01 ND 

Sum of HANs 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.03 0.02 ND 0.01 ND 

Halo-acetic acids (μg/L) 

2-mono-chloroacetic acid 0.059 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid 0.166 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dalapon acid 0.103 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-bromochloroacetic acid 0.035 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-bromodichloroacetic acid 0.014 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid 0.094 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

Page 19 

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

Sampling time 0 day 

(2009.07.23) 

1 day 

(2009.07.24) 

5 day 

(2009.07.28) 

Sampling point/tank Test 

water Control Treated Control Treated Control 

Before 

deballast

After 

deballast

2-monobromoacetic acid 0.049 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid 0.022 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sum of HAAs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorinated Phenols (μg/L) 

2-Chlorphenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3-Chlorphenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

4-Chlorphenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3-Dichlorphenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4-Dichlorphenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,5-Dichlorphenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,6-Dichlorphenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,4-Dichlorphenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,5-Dichlorphenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4-Trichlorphenol 

+ 3,4,5-Trichlorphenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5-Trichlorphenol 

+ 2,4,5-Trichlorphenol 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,6-Trichlorphenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-Trichlorphenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorphenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorphenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorphenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pentachlorophenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromophenols (μg/L) 

2,4-Dibromophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,6-Dibromophenol 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-Tribromophenol 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Others (mg/L) 

AOX 0.01 0.35 0.36 0.39 0.31 0.31 0.28 0.29 0.31 

DOC 0.01 4.65 4.67 4.67 2.09 2.28 2.57 2.40 2.34 

POC 1.35 1.38 1.13 1.31 1.53 0.39 0.39 0.13 

ND, not detected 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

Page 20 

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

Table 13: Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals in 20 psu test 

Sampling time 0 day 

(2009.07.29) 

1 day 

(2009.07.30) 

5 day 

(2009.08.03) 

Sampling point/tank Test 

water Control Treated Control Treated Control 

Before 

deballast

After 

deballast

Sample tag 

21CS34S1 

D0

21CS34S2 

D0

21CS34S3 

D0

21CS34S2 

D1

21CS34S3 

D1

21CS34S2 

D5

21CS34S3 

D5

21CS34S4 

D5

KTR receipt No. TBU115 

TBU116 TBU117 TBU119 TBU120 TBU121 TBU122 TBU123 

Compounds MDL 

Active substance (mg/L) 

TRO 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

FRO 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Ozone(O3) 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ClO2 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sulfide(S-2) 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromate(BrO3-) (μg/L) 0.13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromide(Br-) 0.01 36.6 35.0 35.6 34.9 34.4 34.1 34.6 34.7 

Chlorinated organic compounds (μg/L) 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 ND 0.01 0.01 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethene 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2-Dichloropropane 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-Chlorotoluene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

4-Chlorotoluene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromochloromethane- 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

cis-1,2-dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibromochloromethane - 0.01 0.41 0.40 0.27 0.37 0.25 0.29 0.21 ND 

Dibromomethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dichlorobromomethane- 0.01 1.91 1.85 1.44 1.88 1.29 1.44 1.04 0.90 

Methylene chloride 0.02 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.13 0.10 ND ND ND 

Tetrachloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Carbon tetrachloride 0.01 ND ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloroform 0.01 11.7 11.5 8.32 10.5 6.32 5.34 5.62 4.03 

Bromoform 0.02 0.92 0.88 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,4-Tribrombenzene 0.02 0.85 0.83 1.08 0.54 0.64 0.39 ND ND 

1,3,5-Tribrombenzene 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Toluene 0.01 2.03 2.12 1.48 1.85 0.54 0.62 1.92 ND 

Naphthalene 0.01 0.23 0.23 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.22 0.12 

THMs 15.0 14.6 10.0 12.7 7.86 7.07 6.87 4.93 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

Sampling time 0 day 

(2009.07.29) 

1 day 

(2009.07.30) 

5 day 

(2009.08.03) 

Sampling point/tank Test 

water Control Treated Control Treated Control 

Before 

deballast

After 

deballast

Halo-acetonitriles (μg/L) 

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.004 0.10 0.10 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 0.003 0.08 0.03 ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloropicrin 0.003 0.03 0.04 ND 0.10 ND ND ND ND 

Chloral hydrate 0.002 0.56 0.55 0.41 0.11 0.39 0.04 0.19 0.37 

Trichloroacetonitrile 0.001 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dichloroacetonitrile 0.001 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.09 0.54 0.06 0.14 0.48 

Sum of HANs 1.48 1.44 1.13 0.20 1.03 0.11 0.33 0.85 

Halo-acetic acids (μg/L) 

2-monochloroacetic acid 0.059 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid 0.166 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dalapon acid 0.103 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-bromochloroacetic acid 0.035 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-bromodichloroacetic acid 0.014 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid 0.094 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-monobromoacetic acid 0.049 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid 0.022 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sum of HAAs ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorinated Phenols (μg/L) 

2-Chlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3-Chlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

4-Chlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3-Dichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4-Dichlorophenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,5-Dichlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,6-Dichlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,4-Dichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,5-Dichlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4-Trichlorophenol 

+ 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 

+ 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,6-Trichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pentachlorophenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromophenols (μg/L) 

2,4-Dibromophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,6-Dibromophenol 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-Tribromophenol 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Others (mg/L) 

AOX 0.01 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.44 0.31 0.40 0.39 0.46 

DOC 0.01 7.31 7.08 8.57 3.17 2.29 4.19 3.34 3.12 

POC 0.01 13.3 13.1 10.3 10.3 2.18 0.98 0.12 0.22 

ND, not detected.
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

Page 22 

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

Table 14: List of standard methods were applied to chemical analysis in this study 

Compound Standard method (year) Instrument 

TRO US EPA 330.3 (1978) 

FRO Drinking Water Quality Standard 

and Test ES 05310, Korea (2009) OT-method 

Ozone 

Chlorine dioxide 

Standard Method 4500-O3-B (2005) 

and/or 4500-ClO2-B (2005) 

Indigo Colorimetric Method 

and/or Titration Method 

Chlorinated organic 

compounds EPA 524.2(1995) Purge & trap GC/MS 

Sulfide Standard Method 4500-S-2-D (2005) Iodometric method 

Bromate ISO 15061 (2001) HPLC/Agilent/USA 

Bromide US EPA 300.1 (1997) IC/DX-500/Dionex/USA 

AOX ISO 9562 (2004) Cl 10/Behr LaborTechnik/Germany 

Halo-acetonitrils US EPA 551.1 (1995) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

Halo-acetic acid US EPA 552.2 (1995) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

Chlorinated phenols US EPA 8041A (2007) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

Bromated phenols US EPA 8041A (2007) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

DOC, POC ISO 8245 (1999(E)) TOCCPH/Shimazu/Japan 

Hydrogen gas GC-TCD 

Ozone and chlorine gas Detector tube kit 

4 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTACES AND PREPARATIONS

4.1 Data-set on effects on aquatic plant, invertebrate and fish (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

4.1.1 Acute aquatic organism toxicity 

Acute aquatic toxicity 

No significant acute toxicity was observed in plant, invertebrate and fish (see report in 

appendix 4). The results are summarized in tables 15 and 16. 

Algae: For the study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by ìBOGî BWMS on the 

diatom, Skeletonema costatum, during 72 hours, NOEC and LOEC values from Hypothesis Test 

and EC50 values based on the cell densities at the end of the experiment were calculated for 

both 32 psu and 20 psu ballast water treated by ìBOGî BWMS. 

Crustacean: For the study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by ìBOGî BWMS on the 

copepod, Tigriopus japonicus, during 48 hours, EC50 and LC50 values based on mobilization and 

survival data at the end of the experiment were calculated for both 32 and 20 psu ballast water 

treated by ìBOGî BWMS. 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

Page 23 

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

Fish: For the study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by ìBOGî BWMS on the olive 

flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, during 96 hours, LC50 values based on survival data at the end 

of the experiment were calculated for both 32 and 20 psu ballast water treated by ìBOGî BWMS. 

Table 15: Acute aquatic toxicity of 32 psu ballast water treated 

by the ìBOGî BWMS 

LC50 and/or EC 50

Species End point Conc.(%) 

Reference/Comments/ 

justification for missing 

data 

Algae Skeletonema costatum EC50 72 h > 100 Tested (OECD 201) 

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus EC50 48 h 

LC50 48 h 

> 100 

> 100 Tested (OECD 202) 

Fish Paralichthys 

olivaceus LC50 96 h > 100 Tested (OECD 203) 

Table 16: Acute aquatic toxicity of 20 psu ballast water treated 

by the ìBOGî BWMS 

LC50 and/or EC 50

Species End point Conc.(%) 

Reference/Comments/ 

justification for missing 

data 

Algae Skeletonema costatum EC50 72 h > 100 Tested (OECD 201) 

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus EC50 48 h 

LC50 48 h 

> 100 

> 100 Tested (OECD 202) 

Fish Paralichthys olivaceus LC50 96 h > 100 Tested (OECD 203) 

4.1.2 Chronic aquatic organism toxicity 

Tests were not carried out (chronic aquatic organism toxicity testing will be planned on a 

land-based scale). 

4.1.3 Endocrine disruption 

After having performed a precise analysis on water quality, no Active Substances or Relevant 

Chemicals were found thus tests were not carried out. The subject matter was found to be 

unrelated (refer to appendix 3). 

4.1.4 Sediment toxicity 

After having performed a precise analysis on water quality, no Active Substances or Relevant 

Chemicals were found thus tests were not carried out. The subject matter was found to be 

unrelated (refer to appendix 3). 
MEPC 60/2/5 

ANNEX 

Page 24 

I:\MEPC\60\2-5.doc 

4.1.5 Bioavailability/biomagnifications/bioconcentration 

After having performed a precise analysis on water quality, no Active Substances or Relevant 

Chemicals were found thus tests were not carried out. The subject matter was found to be 

unrelated (refer to appendix 3). 

4.1.6 Food web/population effects 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found thus the subject matter was shown to be 

unrelated (refer to appendix 3). 

4.2 Mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

4.2.1 Acute toxicity 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found. Hence, we expected there to be no 

acute toxicity as such, no tests were conducted (refer to appendix 3 for test results of water 

quality). 

4.2.2 Effect on eye and skin 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found, thus tests were not carried out (refer to 

appendix 3 for test results of water quality). 

4.2.3 Chronic and long-term toxicity 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found and shown to be ineffective. Therefore, 

tests were not carried out (refer to appendix 3 for test results of water quality). 

4.2.4 Development and reproductive toxicity 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found and shown to be ineffective. Therefore, 

tests were not carried out (refer to appendix 3 for test results of water quality). 

4.2.5 Carcinogenicity 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found thus the subject matter was shown to be 

unrelated (refer to appendix 3). 

4.2.6 Mutagenicity 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found thus the subject matter was shown to be 

unrelated. Consequentially, tests were not conducted (refer to appendix 3). 

4.3 Environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (G9: 4.2.1.3) 

4.3.1 Mode of degradation 

No Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were found thus the subject matter was shown to be 

unrelated. Consequentially, tests were not conducted (refer to appendix 3). 
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4.3.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water coefficient 

Considerable materials related to this subject were not detected thus tests were not carried out 

(refer to appendix 3). 

4.3.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media (ballast 

water, marine and fresh water) 

Considerable materials related to this subject were not detected thus tests were not carried out 

(refer to appendix 3). 

4.3.4 Reaction with organic matter 

Although ozone and chlorine gases were produced during the treatment process by the ìBOGî 

system, these gases were not absorbed into the treated water. These gases were only detected in 

the atmosphere environment. Therefore, reaction with organic matter would not be expected in 

natural air (refer to appendix 3). 

4.3.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats 

Considerable materials related to this subject were not detected thus tests were not carried out 

(refer to appendix 3). 

Table 17: Oxidation and Reduction Potential (ORP, mV) in control and treated seawater 

Salinity Day 0 Day 1 Day 5 

(PSU) Test water Control Treated Control Treated Control Treated 

32 605 601 590 604 561 567 580 

20 602 573 552 515 496 451 561 

4.3.6 Potential residue in seafood 

Considerable materials related to this subject were not detected thus tests were not carried out 

(refer to appendix 3). 

4.3.7 Any known interactive effects 

Considerable materials related to this subject were not detected thus tests were not carried out 

(refer to appendix 3). 

4.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and Preparation and the 

treated ballast water (G9: 4.2.1.4)

Not necessary (see appendix 3). No Active Substance and Relevant Chemical related to ìBOGî 

were found. 

5 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)

Not necessary (see appendix 3). 
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6 RISK CHARACTERIZATIONS

6.1 Screening for persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity

These criteria were applied on the Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals detected in the 

treated ballast water (see section 3). There was no newly formed nor an increase in materials in 

the treated water thus, no further related literature survey was conducted (refer to appendix 3 and 

appendix 4). 

6.2 Toxicity testing of the treated Ballast Water 

Acute ecotoxicity tests with ìBOGî treated seawater and brackish water covering multiple testing 

species (a fish, an invertebrate and a plant) showed results of no toxicity in aquatic plants, 

invertebrate and fish (see appendix 4). 

6.3 Risk characterization and analysis 

Since no Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals were presented, no relationship was found. 

7 RISK ASSESSMENTS 

7.1 Ship and personnel safety 

7.1.1 Safety to ship

7.1.1.1 Corrosion 

The ìBOGî BWMS does not produce any corrosive by-products, such as TRO and acidic 

compounds, any Preparations or aggressive additives or generated substances. The value of TRO 

was not observed after treatment, which supports that the ìBOGî BWMS is free of corrosion 

risk. And no corrosion supporting, or corrosion stimulating effects are connected to the system. 

The 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. intends to carry out a comprehensive corrosion testing 

programme as a part of its evaluation of the effects of the ìBOGî BWMS on ship safety. 

7.1.1.2 Fire and explosion 

The electrical and electronic parts of the ìBOGî BWMS are essentially safe under normal 

operation. We are looking for ways to reduce damage in the case of fire or explosions associated 

with the system. 

7.1.1.3 Storage and handling of the substances 

Not necessary. 

7.1.1.4 Contact with, or inhalation of, process products 

Not necessary. 

7.1.1.5 Noise 

No sound or noise was generated by the ìBOGî BWMS. 
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7.1.2 Safety to shipís crew 

If all operators and crew members follow the manuals provided by the manufacturer, there is no 

risk to human health unless there is direct human exposure to the MPUV and Plasma in the 

instance of an emergency. The likeliness of this actually occurring is next to impossible. During 

the ballasting mode (Day 0) of the ìBOGî BWMS, ozone and chlorine were detected in a gas 

state with amount of 50 μl/L and 70 μl/L in seawater (34 psu), and 18 μl/L and 120 μl/L in 

brackish water (20 psu), respectively. In case of any risk to the human health or crewís safety, 

appropriate countermeasures will be considered or such a discharge unit will be mounted for 

compensation in order to maintain the safety to the shipís crew and human health. However, 

after a precise analysis on water quality was performed, ozone and chlorine were not detected as 

dissolved Active Substance in the treated water (Day 0 and Day 5) (refer to tables 12 and 13). 

Therefore, it is expected that there are no concerns for crewís safety or risk to the environment. 

The detailed description of the ìsafety instructionsî is prepared in appendix 1. In addition, 

according to IMO requirements, we will prepare a safety system for the shipís crew. 

7.1.2.1 Plasma protection 

.1 The operator has the right to operate this module under safety rules and 

regulations at all times and has responsibility for maintenance. This module must 

be operated by qualified persons only ñ i.e. only those who took a training course 

or appropriate instruction. 

.2 The interior of the power supply has flowing high voltage which can be fatal to 

people. Do not remove any protective covers from this module. Stay away from 

the module while the module is fully operating. 

.3 Operating gas (natural state of air) has no toxicity, poison and is inflammable. 

Therefore, personnel charged with the operation must have corresponding 

qualifications on this module. While operating this module, personnel must also 

take extra care and caution. If any problem occurs while operating the gas (natural 

state of air), the manipulation on the module must stop at that moment and you 

must follow the qualified personnelís instructions. 

7.1.2.2 MPUV protection 

 .1 Wear safety glasses to prevent eye injuries from ultraviolet light. Do not look 

directly into a UV-lamp that is switched on. 

 .2 Do not unnecessarily expose your skin to UV-radiation. Wear clean, cotton gloves 

when handling the lamps. If you do have to hold the lamps, do so by the 

connectors. 

 .3 Remember that UV-lamps remain hot for a considerable time after they have been 

turned off. Allow the lamps to cool off after use for at least 15 minutes. 

 .4 The disinfection chamber and the control unit have to be wired to an earth leakage 

circuit breaker with sufficient capacity. Switch the power supply off before 

carrying out repair work and maintenance. 
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 .5 Take account of the fact that there is inadequate disinfection if the lamps are not of 

a certain temperature or if the lamps have been switched off. 

 .6 The UV-lamps contain mercury. Take defective lamps to a depot for chemical 

waste. 

7.2 Risk to human health 

In regard to risks to human health, we expect no negative or harmful effects stemming from direct 

or indirect contact with discharged treated water. Please refer to the test results of water quality. 

7.3 Risk to aquatic environment 

No significant effect was found on aquatic toxicity test (refer to section 4.1.1). 

7.4 Human Exposure Scenario 

Not necessary because ìBOGî BWMS did not produce any Active Substances and Relevant 

Chemicals (see appendix 3). 

8 ASSESSMENTS REPORT

8.1 Overview of data and endpoint 

No harmful effects were found on aquatic organisms, alga Skeletonema costatum, invertebrate 

Tigriopus japonicus and fish Palalichthys olivaceus nor were chemical compounds (Active 

Substances, Relevant Chemicals) produced by the ìBOGî BWMS during ballasting and 

de-ballasting water. Therefore, no adverse health effects would be expected to derive from direct 

or indirect exposure to de-ballasted. 

8.2 Test report data quality 

The applicant has commissioned research on the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals by 

accredited laboratories and commercial institutions. Quality control processes strictly followed at 

all times (see appendices 2, 3 and 4). 

9 REFERENCES 

Adler, et al., 1998 

Akan, et al., 2006 

Gamal, et al., 2008 

IUVA 

Mackie, et al., 2000 

Marsili, et al., 2002 

Miller, et al., 2000 

Ohkawa, et al., 2006 

Smythe, et al., 1999 

US EPA 

http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=hydroxyl+radical&Units=SI 

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