2014 IL App (1st) 132122

No. 1-13-2122 

 Fifth Division

September 5, 2014 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

ARTENIA BOWMAN, Individually and as ) 

Mother and Next Friend of Cheneka Ross, a ) 

Minor, )

 ) 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) 

 ) 

THE CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT, a Municipal ) 

Corporation, )

 ) 

Defendant-Appellee. )

Appeal from the Circuit Court 

of Cook County. 

No. 11 L 7865 

The Honorable 

Kathy M. Flanagan,

Judge Presiding.

 JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

 Presiding Justice Palmer and Justice Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

 OPINION

¶ 1 Plaintiff Artenia Bowman, individually and as mother and next friend of Cheneka Ross, a 

minor, filed suit in the circuit court of Cook County against the Chicago Park District (CPD) 

alleging willful and wanton conduct for failing, for almost a year, to repair a damaged slide. 

Plaintiff’s daughter, Cheneka Ross, age 13, was going down a slide on April 21, 2011, when 

her foot became caught in a hole in the plastic at the bottom of the slide, resulting in a 

fractured ankle. Defendant CPD owns the property and maintains the playground equipment, 

including the slide. 
No. 1-13-2122 

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¶ 2 Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment (735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (West 2010)) 

claiming: (1) that it did not owe any duty to Cheneka because she was not an intended user of 

the slide since she was 13 years old and the slide was intended for children aged under 12; 

and (2) that the hole at the bottom of the curved slide was an open and obvious risk that the 

13-year-old should have avoided. Plaintiff, in her response to defendant’s motion for 

summary judgment, claims: (1) that defendant failed to establish as a matter of law that CPD 

had designated the park and the slide for only children under 12 years old; (2) that the danger 

created by the hole at the bottom of the curved slide was not open and obvious; and (3) that 

CPD’s failure to repair the slide, after being informed almost a year earlier of the danger, 

constituted willful and wanton conduct. 

¶ 3 The trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment, finding that 13-yearold Cheneka had violated a CPD ordinance by using a slide that had been designed for 

children under 12 years old, although there were no signs to indicate an age limit. Since the 

trial court found that Cheneka was not an intended user of the slide, it did not discuss 

whether the damage was open and obvious or whether CPD’s failure to repair the slide was 

willful and wanton conduct. 

¶ 4 On this direct appeal, plaintiff argues: (1) that the trial court erred by granting defendant 

summary judgment on the basis that 13-year-old Cheneka was not an intended user of 

defendant’s slide; (2) that the danger created by the hole at the bottom of the curved slide 

was not open and obvious; and (3) that CPD’s failure to repair the slide, after being informed 

of its condition almost a year earlier, constituted willful and wanton conduct. 

¶ 5 For the following reasons, we find the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on 

the basis that Cheneka was not the intended user of the slide and reverse. We remand for the 
No. 1-13-2122 

3 

trial court to decide whether the slide’s condition was open and obvious and whether CPD’s 

failure to repair the slide after being notified was willful and wanton conduct.

¶ 6 BACKGROUND

¶ 7 I. The Complaint 

¶ 8 The complaint at issue on this appeal is plaintiff’s second amended complaint, which was 

filed on March 1, 2012. The suit seeks damages for injuries sustained by plaintiff’s daughter, 

Cheneka, when she damaged her ankle on a park slide on April 21, 2011. The complaint 

alleges that Cheneka was using the slide when her foot came in contact with a hole that 

caused a fracture in her ankle; and that defendant CPD was aware that the slide was 

dangerous and had failed to repair it. Count I alleges defendant acted willfully and wantonly 

toward users of the slide by failing to repair the slide even though it had received numerous 

complaints from the community. Count II sought recovery on behalf of her daughter’s 

medical expenses under the Rights of Married Persons Act, commonly known as the Family 

Expense Act. 750 ILCS 65/15 (West 2010). 

¶ 9 II. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment 

¶ 10 On January 13, 2013, defendant, as noted, filed a motion for summary judgment, 

claiming: (1) that it did not owe any duty to Cheneka because she was not an intended user of 

the slide; and (2) that the slide was an open and obvious risk that the 13-year-old should have 

avoided. 

¶ 11 CPD argued that it had an ordinance stating that children age 12 and older should not use 

playground equipment designed for children under the age of 12. CPD claims that, since 

Cheneka was 13 years old, she violated the ordinance, and CPD was immune from liability. 
No. 1-13-2122 

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¶ 12 CPD also claimed that the danger at the bottom of the curved slide was open and obvious, 

and that the 13-year-old should not have used the slide because a reasonable child would 

have avoided it. CPD also claimed that, since the 13-year-old was unsupervised, she should 

be old enough to appreciate obvious risks; however, issues of supervision were not raised on 

appeal.

¶ 13 Plaintiff responded to the motion contending that defendant had failed to establish that 

the 13-year-old was not the intended user of the slide. She claimed that the park was open to 

the public and no sign was present in the park prohibiting children age 12 and older from 

using the slide. Plaintiff also contended that the hole at the bottom of the curved slide was not 

open and obvious because she was unable to see the hole prior to being injured. The slide 

was curved, which made it difficult for children to observe what was in front of them. 

¶ 14 III. Exhibits

¶ 15 A. Cheneka Ross’s Deposition 

¶ 16 Cheneka testified in a discovery deposition that, on April 21, 2011, she went with friends 

to a park located at 1420 North Artesian Avenue1 to play a game of tag. Most of her friends 

were several years younger than her, including her brother. It was around 7 p.m. and starting 

to become dark. She had played at this park before and had been there several times. While 

playing tag, Cheneka ran to the slide to avoid being tagged by one of her friends. She went 

up the slide and when she descended, her foot became caught in a hole in the plastic, at the 

bottom of the slide, causing a fractured ankle requiring surgery. 

¶ 17 Cheneka testified that she did not observe the hole at the bottom of the slide before her 

foot became caught. She did not observe the crack from the top of the slide and identified a 

 1 The parties agree that the park is known as Park 399. 
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photograph of the slide. The photograph, which was introduced at the deposition, showed 

that the slide was curved, and the top of the slide did not line up with the bottom. 

¶ 18 B. Artenia Bowman’s Affidavit and Deposition 

¶ 19 Artenia Bowman is Cheneka’s mother. In an affidavit attached to plaintiff’s response to 

the motion for summary judgment, Cheneka’s mother alleges that there were no signs posted 

which designated the age group for the playground. Specifically, there were no signs stating 

that the play equipment was intended for those 2 to 12 years old2 and that those 13 years or 

older were prohibited. 

¶ 20 Cheneka’s mother testified that, after the incident, the park had been renovated, and after 

the renovation, new signs were posted stating that the park was intended for children under 

the age of 12. 

¶ 21 C. Juan Moreno’s Deposition 

¶ 22 Juan Moreno lives about 300 feet away from the park. Moreno testified in a discovery 

deposition that he goes to the park on a daily basis for a walk and some fresh air. He 

observed the damage to the slide for about a year and a half. He testified that the slide was 

“cracked really bad,” and it had a lot of water buildup at its bottom. Moreno had called 311 

and was directed to CPD several times to report the broken slide’s condition before Cheneka 

was injured. Moreno testified that he spoke to an unnamed CPD supervisor in person, about a 

year prior to the incident, to complain about the slide. He also has contacted Alderman 

Roberto Maldonado’s office three times regarding the condition of the slide. 

 2 We note that this age range conflicts with the Chicago Park District Code (CPD Code), 

which states certain parks are designated for children under age 12. Chicago Park District Code 

ch. 7, § B(3)(e) (amended July 28, 1992). 
No. 1-13-2122 

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¶ 23 Moreno testified that he still observed children playing on the broken slide despite its 

condition. He also mentioned that he observed older children at the park. 

¶ 24 D. Kathleen Oskandy’s Deposition 

¶ 25 Kathleen Oskandy, Alderman Maldonado’s chief of staff, spoke to Cheneka’s mother 

after the incident. Oskandy testified in a discovery deposition that she informed Cheneka’s 

mother that Moreno had already filed complaints with the alderman’s office about the slide 

before the incident. Oskandy reported the condition of the slide to CPD in July 2010 after 

being informed by Moreno. 

¶ 26 Oskandy provided a computer printout of the complaints regarding the park maintained 

by her office. It was a timeline of Moreno’s initial complaint, along with subsequent 

comments. The log showed a complaint made on July 29, 2010, about the slide’s condition 

and additional comments when CPD was contacted. On August 24, 2010, the log stated: 

“slide boarded up and waiting for repair.” One week prior to the incident in April 2011, the 

log stated, “slide west of park still broken.” On April 25, 2011, the log mentioned that 

Cheneka was injured and “[CPD] replaced slide for repair.”

¶ 27 E. Gladys Ruiz’s Deposition 

¶ 28 Gladys Ruiz works in Alderman Maldonado’s office answering calls and inputting data. 

Ruiz explained in a discovery deposition the procedure of how staff entered complaints in the 

office computer. On July 29, 2010,

3 Moreno had called the office, and Ruiz logged his 

complaint about the slide. She made a note about the damaged slide in the computer log. 

 3 The computer printout of the log shows a date of July 29, but Ruiz’s deposition 

testimony states July 19.
No. 1-13-2122 

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Ruiz interpreted the log provided by Oskandy and explained that Oskandy was the one that 

closed out the file on August 27 when Oskandy contacted CPD. 

¶ 29 F. Robert Rejman’s Affidavit and Deposition 

¶ 30 Robert Rejman is the director of development and planning for CPD. His duties include 

developing policies for park district facilities and establishing and improving playgrounds. In 

an affidavit attached to defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Rejman stated that “he 

was personally familiar with Park 399” and he “reviewed the plaintiff’s photographs of the 

playground equipment and can say that this equipment is commonly in the design of 

playgrounds that are intended for users between the ages of two to twelve.” He additionally 

stated that a sign was posted at the park indicating that playground equipment is designed for 

children aged 2 to 124

; however, his affidavit did not state when the sign was posted or 

whether the sign was posted at the time of 13-year-old Cheneka’s injury. 

¶ 31 Rejman later testified in a discovery deposition that he visited the park only once at some 

unknown point before the incident. He stated that he was unaware if there were any signs 

posted outside the park designating the age range when he was there. We observe that this 

testimony conflicts with the affidavit, where he stated that a sign was posted in the park. 

Rejman also stated that he was unaware if there had been any recent improvements to the 

park. Rejman characterized the park as a “play lot,” a park with most equipment for children 

age 12 and under. He testified there are different areas for younger children because “it’s 

safer for kids within a certain age groups to have space to play *** within that age group. 

*** It’s important to [parents] to provide that safe zone of play for younger children.” 

 4 We note that this age range conflicts with the CPD Code, which states certain parks are 

designated for children under age 12. Chicago Park District Code ch. 7, § B(3)(e) (amended July 

28, 1992).
No. 1-13-2122 

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¶ 32 G. John Shostack’s Deposition 

¶ 33 John Shostack is a maintenance foreman for CPD’s natural resources landscape 

maintenance department. He testified in a discovery deposition that he was assigned to the 

park in 2010, but was not assigned there at the time of the incident in 2011. Shostack claimed 

to have stopped by the park at least once a week when he was assigned to the park. He 

admitted that he was aware of the slide’s damaged condition in 2010. Shostack placed a work 

order in 2010 to have the slide repaired; however, it was not his job to follow up, as that task 

was assigned to a different department. Shostack testified that he remembered seeing a 

wooden board placed at the top of the slide to prevent use, and yellow caution tape 

surrounded the slide. Shostack could not recall how long the board or caution tape was 

present on the slide. He would put up caution tape as a courtesy on one day, and it would be 

absent the next time he was there. He also testified that he could not recall if any actual 

repairs were done on the slide while he was assigned to the park.

¶ 34 IV. Trial Court’s Order Granting Summary Judgment 

¶ 35 On June 10, 2013, the trial court granted summary judgment to defendant CPD, finding 

that Cheneka had violated a CPD ordinance and was not an intended user: 

“Here, there is a dispute as to whether the subject playground displayed a 

sign restricting the use of the playground to persons under the age of 

twelve. However, the Chicago Park District enacted an ordinance 

restricting the use of playgrounds to children under the age of twelve. The 

ordinance itself is the manifestation of the Park District’s intent vis-a-vis

the use of the playground. As such, whether or not there was a sign on the 
No. 1-13-2122 

9 

subject playground, the minor Plaintiff here was not an intended user of 

it.”

¶ 36 The trial court did not discuss whether the damage to the slide was open and obvious, or 

whether CPD’s failure to repair the slide was willful and wanton conduct. The trial court 

granted summary judgment solely on the ground that the 13-year-old was not an intended 

user because of her age.

¶ 37 On July 13, 2013, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal, and this appeal followed. 

¶ 38 ANALYSIS

¶ 39 Plaintiff Artenia Bowman appeals from an order of the circuit court of Cook County 

granting summary judgment in favor of defendant Chicago Park District. 

¶ 40 On this appeal, plaintiff argues: (1) that the trial court erred by granting defendant 

summary judgment on the basis that 13-year-old Cheneka was not an intended user of 

defendant’s slide; (2) that the danger created by the hole at the bottom of the curved slide 

was not open and obvious; and (3) that CPD’s failure to repair the slide, after being informed 

of its condition almost a year earlier, constituted willful and wanton conduct. 

¶ 41 With respect to the first issue, defendant claims that Cheneka was not the intended user of 

the slide, and therefore, it is not liable. For the following reasons, we find the trial court erred 

in granting summary judgment on this ground and reverse. We remand for the trial court to 

decide whether the slide’s condition was open and obvious, and whether CPD’s failure to 

repair the slide after being notified was willful and wanton conduct. 

¶ 42 I. Standard of Review 

¶ 43 A trial court is permitted to grant summary judgment only “if the pleadings, depositions, 

and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine 
No. 1-13-2122 

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issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of 

law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2010). The trial court must view these documents and 

exhibits in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Home Insurance Co. v. 

Cincinnati Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d 307, 315 (2004). We review a trial court's decision to 

grant a motion for summary judgment de novo. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual 

Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992). De novo consideration means we perform the same 

analysis that a trial judge would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 

578 (2011). 

¶ 44 “Summary judgment is a drastic measure and should only be granted if the movant's right 

to judgment is clear and free from doubt.” Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 102. 

However, “[m]ere speculation, conjecture, or guess is insufficient to withstand summary 

judgment.” Sorce v. Naperville Jeep Eagle, Inc., 309 Ill. App. 3d 313, 328 (1999). A 

defendant moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of proof. Nedzvekas v. 

Fung, 374 Ill. App. 3d 618, 624 (2007). The defendant may meet his burden of proof either 

by affirmatively showing that some element of the case must be resolved in his favor or by 

establishing “ ‘that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case.’ ”

Nedzvekas, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 624 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 

(1986)). In other words, there is no evidence to support the plaintiff's complaint.

¶ 45 “ ‘The purpose of summary judgment is not to try an issue of fact but *** to determine 

whether a triable issue of fact exists.’ ” Schrager v. North Community Bank, 328 Ill. App. 3d 

696, 708 (2002) (quoting Luu v. Kim, 323 Ill. App. 3d 946, 952 (2001)). “ ‘To withstand a 

summary judgment motion, the nonmoving party need not prove his case at this preliminary 

stage but must present some factual basis that would support his claim.’ ” Schrager, 328 Ill. 
No. 1-13-2122 

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App. 3d at 708 (quoting Luu, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 952). We may affirm on any basis appearing 

in the record, whether or not the trial court relied on that basis or its reasoning was correct. 

Ray Dancer, Inc. v. DMC Corp., 230 Ill. App. 3d 40, 50 (1992). 

¶ 46 II. Intended User of Slide

¶ 47 CPD argues that, since Cheneka was not the intended user of the slide, it cannot be liable 

for her injuries. As a local public entity, CPD is entitled to the protection of the Illinois Local 

Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (the Act) (745 ILCS 10/1-

101 et seq. (West 2010)). 

¶ 48 In order for a municipality to have immunity under the Act, a duty must be owed under 

section 3-102 (745 ILCS 10/3-102 (West 2010)) for any of the subsequent immunity sections 

to apply. Swett v. Village of Algonquin, 169 Ill. App. 3d 78, 95 (1988). Section 3-102(a) 

states:

“Except as otherwise provided in this Article, a local public entity has the 

duty to exercise ordinary care to maintain its property in a reasonably safe 

condition for the use in the exercise of ordinary care of people whom the 

entity intended and permitted to use the property in a manner in which and 

at such times as it was reasonably foreseeable that it would be used, and 

shall not be liable for injury unless it is proven that it has actual or 

constructive notice of the existence of such a condition that is not 

reasonably safe in reasonably adequate time prior to an injury to have 

taken measures to remedy or protect against such condition.” (Emphasis 

added.) 745 ILCS 10/3-102(a) (West 2010).
No. 1-13-2122 

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¶ 49 Thus, according to the Act, a municipality owes a duty of care only to those who are both 

intended and permitted users of municipal property. 745 ILCS 10/3-102(a) (West 2010). 

Because “the Act ‘is in derogation of the common law,’ ” we must construe it strictly against 

the municipal defendant. Vaughn v. City of West Frankfort, 166 Ill. 2d 155, 158 (1995) 

(quoting Curatola v. Village of Niles, 154 Ill. 2d 201, 208 (1993)). "[A]n intended user of 

property is, by definition, also a permitted user; a permitted user of property, however, is not 

necessarily an intended user." Boub v. Township of Wayne, 183 Ill. 2d 520, 524 (1998). 

¶ 50 “[T]he duty of a municipality depends on whether the use of the property was a permitted 

and intended use. [Citation.] Whether a particular use of property was permitted and intended 

is determined by looking to the nature of the property itself. [Citation.]” (Emphasis omitted.) 

Vaughn, 166 Ill. 2d at 162-63. “Intent must be inferred from the circumstances.” Sisk v. 

Williamson County, 167 Ill. 2d 343, 351 (1995). 

¶ 51 Defendant contends that, as a 13-year-old, Cheneka was not the intended or permitted 

user of the slide at the park. CPD claims, first, that this park was intended only for children 

12 and younger. Second, chapter 7, section B(3)(e), of the CPD Code states: 

“Playgrounds Designated for Persons under Twelve Years of Age. 

No person the age of twelve years or older shall use playground 

equipment designed for persons under the age of twelve years.” Chicago 

Park District Code ch. 7, § B(3)(e) (amended July 28, 1992). 

The CPD Code has the same force as a municipal ordinance. Chicago Park District v. 

Canfield, 382 Ill. 218, 223-24 (1943). Defendant claims it is immune from liability, because 

the 13-year-old violated the CPD Code by allegedly using equipment “designed” for younger 

children. 
No. 1-13-2122 

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¶ 52 To determine whether plaintiff was an intended user of property, we look to the property 

itself to determine its intended use. Wojdyla v. City of Park Ridge, 148 Ill. 2d 417, 426, 

(1992). 

¶ 53 Defendant cites Montanto v. City of Chicago, 308 Ill. App. 3d 618, 624 (1999), where 

this court ruled that the defendant city was not liable when an adult pedestrian, who was 

injured on the pavement in an alleyway, had been violating an ordinance governing the use of 

alleys. The court found that there is no duty owed to pedestrians on thoroughfares not 

intended for pedestrian traffic. Montanto, 308 Ill. App. 3d at 625. 

¶ 54 In Prokes v. City of Chicago, 208 Ill. App. 3d 748, 750 (1991), this court found the 

defendant city not liable when an adult bicyclist had been injured on a sidewalk. The city had 

an ordinance stating, “ ‘No person twelve or more years of age shall ride a bicycle upon any 

sidewalk in any district ***.’ ” Prokes, 208 Ill. App. 3d at 749 (quoting Chicago Municipal 

Code § 27-296 (1984)). 

¶ 55 In both Prokes and Montanto, the adult plaintiffs were not found to be intended users of 

the premises on which they were injured because they had violated a Chicago ordinance. 

However, defendant does not cite a case where a child was charged with the responsibility of 

knowing municipal ordinances, without a sign or other notice. 

¶ 56 In addition, nothing in the record shows that even adult members of the public had any 

means of knowing that CPD had allegedly designated this particular park for a certain age 

group. Publication of ordinances is necessary so that the public can be informed of the 

contents of ordinances. City of Rockford v. Suski, 90 Ill. App. 3d 681, 685 (1980). It is a 

long-established principle that members of the public must have a reasonable opportunity to 

be informed of an ordinance so that they may conform their conduct accordingly and avoid 
No. 1-13-2122 

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liability under the ordinance. Schott v. People, 89 Ill. 195, 197-98 (1878). While the CPD 

Code prohibited children age 12 and over from playing on playgrounds “designed” for 

children younger than 12, nothing in the CPD Code stated that this particular park was 

designated for children under age 12 or that this slide was designed for children under age 

12. The CPD website for the park, attached to plaintiff’s response to defendant’s motion for 

summary judgment, mentions no age range, only stating: “This park features a playground 

and swings and green space. It is an active community park.”

¶ 57 There were also no signs on the playground or any other indications that the playground 

was designated or designed for children under 12 years old. Plaintiff states in her affidavit 

that the park did not have a sign designating the playground for younger children. Robert 

Rejman, CPD’s director of development and planning, admitted at his deposition that he did 

not know whether there was a sign posted. Nothing in the record shows that CPD took any 

measures to prevent children age 12 and older from using this park. Playgrounds are 

designed for children. What would prompt a 13-year-old child to observe a slide and think, 

“am I really the intended user of this slide?” 

¶ 58 CPD stated that plaintiff presented no case or legal authority to support the assumption 

that all community members are intended users of a park called a “community park.” 

However, it is the defendant’s burden to prove that it is immune from liability. Bubb v. 

Springfield School District 186, 167 Ill. 2d 372, 377-78 (1995); Van Meter v. Darien Park 

District, 207 Ill. 2d 359, 370 (2003). In addition, CPD has pointed to no legal authority 

claiming that the public generally is not allowed to use public parks. 

¶ 59 Plaintiff contends that CPD did not follow the administrative provisions in chapter 7, 

section C, of the CPD Code for designating the playground as solely for children under the 
No. 1-13-2122 

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age of 12 years old. However, we do not consider this issue, because issues not raised in the 

trial court are waived and may not be considered for the first time on appeal. Haudrich v. 

Howmedica, Inc., 169 Ill. 2d 525, 536 (1996). Nothing in plaintiff’s complaint or her 

response to defendant’s motion for summary judgment argued that CPD failed to follow its 

own administrative procedures under chapter 7, section C, of the CPD Code. 

¶ 60 Defendant argues that placing signage is discretionary, and it has no duty to post its 

ordinances at every park. The CPD Code is available online; however, the Code does not 

state which parks have been designated for a certain age group. An ordinance is invalid if a 

municipality cannot prove it was published (Suski, 90 Ill. App. 3d at 685), and here there is 

no showing that it was published. 

¶ 61 CONCLUSION

¶ 62 We must reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment which was granted solely 

on the basis that a 13-year-old was not an intended user of the slide. 

¶ 63 First, the defendant does not cite a case where a child was charged with the responsibility 

of knowing municipal ordinances, without a sign or other notice, nor can we find such a case.

¶ 64 Second, defendant failed to inform park users of any age, by any means, that this park 

and the slide were intended for children younger than age 12. 

¶ 65 For these reasons, we must reverse. We remand for the trial court to decide whether the 

slide’s condition was open and obvious, and whether CPD’s failure to repair the slide after 

being notified was willful and wanton conduct. 

¶ 66 Reversed and remanded.