CHAPTER 7

IMPLEMENTATION

Introduction

Responsible Agencies

Short- and Intermediate-Term Measures

Long-Term Measures

Implementation Support Activities

Monitoring
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 1

INTRODUCTION

Achieving clean air objectives requires the effective and timely implementation of the 

measures defined in Chapter 4. In general, these measures rely on the application and 

advancement of technologies and management practices. These strategies also require 

actions by numerous agencies. 

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES

Implementation of the Plan’s strategies requires a cooperative partnership of 

governmental agencies at the federal, state, regional and local level. As described in 

Table 7-1, these agencies form the four cornerstones from which implementation 

programs will evolve. 

At the federal level is the U.S. EPA and other agencies charged with reducing emissions 

from federally controlled sources such as commercial aircraft and marine vessels. As 

discussed in Chapter 4, the 1997 AQMP incorporates several measures based largely on 

the 1994 California Ozone SIP. Seven of the mobile source measures are directed at 

federally regulated sources. 

At the state level is the ARB which is responsible for motor vehicle emissions and fuels. 

The Plan’s on-road and off-road mobile source control program is principally based on 

the 1994 California Ozone SIP. Additional mobile source emission reduction credit 

programs are provided in this Plan to provide greater regulatory flexibility and accelerate 

fleet turnover.

At the regional level, the District is responsible for the overall development and 

implementation of the AQMP. The District is specifically authorized to reduce the 

emissions from stationary and some area sources such as coatings and solvents. The 

District implements its responsibilities with participation from the regulated community 

through an extensive rule development and implementation program. This approach 

maximizes the input of those parties affected by the proposed rule through consultation 

meetings, public workshops, and ongoing working groups.

At the local level are local governments and the Southern California Association of 

Governments (SCAG) and other committees of government. Local governments serve 

an important role in developing and implementing the Plan’s transportation control 

measures. SCAG is responsible for providing the socioeconomic forecast (e.g., 

population forecasts) upon which the Plan is based. SCAG also provides assessments for 

conformity of regionally significant projects with the overall Plan and is responsible for 

the adoption of the annual Regional Transportation Improvement Program. 
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TABLE 7-1

Agencies Responsible for Implementation

of the 1997 AQMP Revision for the South Coast Air Basin

Agency Principal responsibilities

EPA  Forty-nine state mobile vehicle emission 

standards;

 Airplanes, trains, and ships;

 Mobile-operating construction & farm 

equipment below 175 hp; and,

 Off-shore oil development

ARB  On-road/Off-road vehicles

 Motor vehicle fuels; and,

 Consumer products

SCAQMD  Stationary (industry/commerce) & area 

sources;

 Some mobile sources

SCAG  AQMP conformity assessment

 Regional Transportation Improvement 

Program

Local Government/ CTCs  Transportation and local government 

actions; and,

 Transportation facilities

SHORT- AND INTERMEDIATE-TERM MEASURES

The Plan proposes measures that can be implemented using currently available 

technologies and management practices. Measures in this category are to be 

implemented by all levels of government including federal agencies, the state ARB, the 

District and local governments and SCAG.

Control Measure Ranking

The California Clean Air Act requires air pollution control districts to assess the 

effectiveness of control measures in reducing ambient ozone concentrations as part of 

their plan submittals. The CCAA requires districts to determine that their AQMPs are 

cost-effective strategies that attain air quality standards by the earliest practicable date 

[H&SC 40913(b)]. In addition, plans must include an assessment of the costeffectiveness of available and proposed control measures and a list of the measures 
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 3

ranked from the least cost-effective to the most cost-effective [H&SC 40922(a)]. Table 

6-5 in Chapter 6 shows the ranking of the control measures by cost-effectiveness. In 

developing their control strategy implementation schedule, districts must consider the 

other effectiveness criteria [H&SC 40922(b)]. The criteria used for this Plan are listed in 

Table 7-2.

TABLE 7-2

Criteria for Evaluating 1997 AQMP Control Measures

Criteria Description

Cost-Effectiveness The cost of a control measure to reduce air pollution by one 

ton [cost covers obtaining, installing, and operating the 

control measure].

Efficiency The positive effects of a control measure compared to its 

negative effects.

Emission Reduction 

Potential

The total amount of pollution that a control measure can 

actually reduce.

Enforceability The ability to force polluters to comply with a control 

measure.

Equity The fairness of the distribution of all the positive and 

negative effects among various socioeconomic groups

Legal Authority Ability of the District or other adopting agency to 

implement the measure or the likelihood that local 

governments and agencies will cooperate to approve a 

control measures

Public Acceptability The support the public gives to a control measure.

Rate of Emission 

Reduction

The time it will take for a control measure to reduce a 

certain amount of air pollution.

Technological The likelihood that the technology for a control measure 

will be available as anticipated.

Table 7-3 lists the short- and intermediate-term control measures, the responsible 

agencies, and the proposed adoption and implementation dates. This preliminary 

schedule is largely based on the schedule set forth in the 1994 AQMP as modified 

through subsequent District Board action. New items proposed for the first time in this 
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Plan have been placed in the appropriate position on the existing schedule based on a 

review of the AQMP control measure prioritization factors described above.

Other measures from the 1994 AQMP that are not included in Table 7-3 have been 

moved to the Level II Contingency (or Further Evaluation) Category. These measures 

will undergo further evaluation after the 1997 AQMP is adopted to determine if these 

measures can serve as contingency or provide additional emission reductions to achieve 

state air pollution standards or potential future federal air quality standards.

TABLE 7-3

1997 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency,

Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control

Measure

Number

Control Measure

Name

Implementing 

Agency

Adoption

Date

Implementation

Period

SHORT- AND INTERMEDIATE-TERM MEASURES

Surface Coating and Solvent Use

CTS-02E Emission Reductions from 

Adhesives (Rule 1168) (VOC)

SCAQMD/

ARB

2000 2007-2010

CTS-02H Emission Reductions from Metal 

Parts and Products 

(Rule 1107) (VOC)

SCAQMD 1997 1998-2000

CTS-02M Emission Reductions from Plastic, 

Rubber, Glass Coatings (Rule 1145) 

(VOC)

SCAQMD 1997 1998-2000

CTS-02N Emission Reductions from Solvent 

Degreasers (Rule 1122) (VOC)

SCAQMD/

ARB

1997 2000-2005

CTS-02O Emission Reductions from Solvent 

Usage (Rule 442) (VOC)

SCAQMD 2000 2000-2005

CTS-03 Consumer Product Education 

Labeling Program (VOC)

SCAQMD 1998 2000-2005

CTS-04 Public Awareness/Education 

Programs - Area Sources (VOC)

SCAQMD 1998 2000-2005

CTS-07 Further Emission Reductions from 

Architectural Coatings (Rule 1113) 

(VOC) 

SCAQMD 1996 1998

CP-02 Emission Reductions from 

Consumer Products (VOC)

ARB 1997 2005-2008

DPR-01 Emission Reductions from Pesticide 

Applications (VOC)

DPR 1997 2005
Chapter 7 Implementation

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TABLE 7-3

(continued)

Control

Measure

Number

Control Measure

Name

Implementing 

Agency

Adoption

Date

Implementation

Period

Petroleum Operations and Fugitive Emissions

FUG-03 Further Emission Reductions from 

Floating Roof Tanks (Rule 463) 

(VOC)

SCAQMD 1999 2000

FUG-04 Further Emission Reduction from 

Fugitive Sources (Rule 1173) 

(VOC)

SCAQMD 1997 1997

Combustion Sources

CMB-02B Emission Reduction from Small 

Boilers and Process Heaters (NOx)

SCAQMD 1997 1999

CMB-03 Area Source Credit Programs (All) SCAQMD 1997 1997-2000

CMB-04 Area Source Credits for Energy 

Conservation/

Efficiency (NOx)

SCAQMD 1997 1997-2000

CMB-06 Emission Standards for New 

Commercial and Residential Water 

Heaters

SCAQMD 1999 2003-2013

CMB-07 Emission Reductions from 

Petroleum Refinery Flares 

(All)

SCAQMD 1999 2000

CMB-09 Emission Reductions from 

Petroleum Refinery FCCUs (PM10)

SCAQMD 1997 1998-1999

Fugitive Dust

BCM-01 Emission Reductions from Paved 

Roads (Rule 403) (PM10)

SCAQMD, Local 

Government, 

CalTrans

1997 1997

BCM-03 Further Emission Reductions from 

Unpaved Roads, Unpaved Parking 

Lots and Staging Areas (Rule 403) 

(PM10)

SCAQMD, Local 

Government

1997 1997-2006
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TABLE 7-3

(continued)

Control

Measure

Number

Control Measure

Name

Implementing 

Agency

Adoption

Date

Implementation

Period

Fugitive Dust (Cont.)

BCM-04 Emission Reductions from 

Agricultural Activities (Rule 403) 

(PM10)

SCAQMD, 

USDA Natural 

Resources 

Conservation 

Service

1997 1997-1999

BCM-06 Emission Reductions from Fugitive 

Dust Sources to meet Best 

Available Control Measures 

Requirements (Rule 403) (PM10)

SCAQMD, 1997 1997

Miscellaneous Sources

MSC-01 Promotion of Lighter Color Roofing 

and Road Materials and Tree 

Planting Programs (All Pollutants)

SCAQMD, 

Local 

Government

1999 2000

MSC-02 In-Use Compliance Program for Air 

Pollution Control Equipment (All 

Pollutants)

SCAQMD 1997 1998

MSC-03 Promotion of Catalyst-Surface 

Coating Technology Programs (All 

Pollutants)

SCAQMD 1998 2000-2004

PRC-01 Emission Reductions from 

Woodworking Operations (PM10)

SCAQMD 1997 1998

PRC-03 Emission Reductions from 

Restaurant Operations 

(VOC, PM10)

SCAQMD 1997 2000-2004

WST-01 Emission Reductions from 

Livestock Waste 

(VOC, PM10, Ammonia)

SCAQMD 1998 2004-2006

WST-02 Emission Reductions from 

Composting (VOC, PM10, 

Ammonia)

SCAQMD 1998 2004-2006

WST-03 Waste Burning (Rule 444) (VOC) SCAQMD 1997 1997-2010
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 7

TABLE 7-3

(continued)

Control

Measure

Number

Control Measure

Name

Implementing 

Agency

Adoption

Date

Implementation

Period

Miscellaneous Sources (Cont.)

WST-04 Disposal of Materials Containing 

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

SCAQMD 1997 1998-2001

FSS -04 Emission Charges of $5,000 per Ton 

of VOC for Stationary Sources 

Emitting Over 10 Tons per Year 

(VOC)

SCAQMD TBD TBD

Compliance Flexibility Programs

FLX-01 Intercredit Trading Program (All) SCAQMD 1997 1997-1998

FLX-02 Air Quality Investment Program (All) SCAQMD 1997 1997-1998

Transportation Control and Indirect Source Measures

TCM-01 Transportation Improvements (All) SCAG 1997 2000-2010

Advanced Transportation Technology Incentive Measures

ATT-01 Telecommunications The Partnership,

SCAQMD, 

SCAG,

Local Gov’t

TBD TBD

ATT-02 Advanced Shuttle Transit The Partnership,

SCAQMD, 

SCAG,

Local Gov’t

TBD TBD

ATT-03 Zero-Emission 

Vehicles/Infrastructure

The Partnership,

SCAQMD, 

SCAG,

Local Gov’t

TBD 1997-2010

ATT-04 Alternative Fuel 

Vehicles/Infrastructure

The Partnership,

SCAQMD, 

SCAG,

Local Gov’t

TBD 1997-2010

ATT-05 Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems 

(IVHS)

The Partnership,

SCAQMD, 

SCAG,

Local Gov’t

TBD TBD
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TABLE 7-3

(continued)

Control

Measure

Number

Control Measure

Name

Implementing 

Agency

Adoption

Date

Implementation

Period

Further Study Strategy

FSS-02 Market-Based Transportation 

Pricing

State or Local 

Agencies

TBD TBD

On-Road Mobile Sources

M1 Accelerated Retirement of LightDuty VehiclesARB/SCAQMD 1997 1997-2010

M4 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles; Early 

Introduction of Low-NOx Engines

ARB TBD 1997-2002

M5 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles; 

Additional NOx Reductions in 

California

ARB 1997 2002

M6 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles; 2.0 

g/bhp-hr NOx Standard - National

U.S. EPA 1997 2002

M7 Accelerated Retirement of HeavyDuty VehiclesARB 1997 1997-2010

MON-09 In-Use Vehicle Emission Mitigation SCAQMD 1997 1998-2010

MON-10 Emissions Reduction Credit for 

Truck Stop Electrification

SCAQMD 1997 1998-2010

Off-Road Mobile Sources

M11 Industrial Equipment; Gas & LPG -

California

ARB 1997 2000-2004

M12 Industrial Equipment - Gas & LPG -

National

U.S. EPA 1997 2000-2004

M13 Marine Vessels; National and 

International Standards

U.S. EPA 1997 1998-2001

M14 Locomotives; Nationwide 

Standards, New and Rebuilt

U.S. EPA 1997 2000-2010

M16 Pleasure Craft; Nationwide 

Emission Standards

U.S. EPA 1996 1998

MOF-07 Credits for the Replacement of 

Existing Pleasure Craft Engines 

with New Lower Polluting Engines

SCAQMD 1997 1998-2010
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 9

Federal Agencies

The Plan proposes to incorporate several measures defined in the 1994 California Ozone 

SIP that are directed at federally regulated sources. Specifically, the Plan contains seven 

measures relative to sources such as planes, ships, trains, most construction and farm 

equipment, industrial equipment, and off-highway vehicles. These SIP-related measures 

are listed on Table 7-3.

ARB

Several measures are proposed to be implemented by the ARB. One of the most 

important of these measures is the implementation of the scrappage program (i.e., M1). 

The ARB is also responsible for adopting some of the off-road mobile source emission 

standards, and will be implementing the control measures in the AQMP directed towards 

reducing emissions from consumer products. Table 7-3 identifies the control measures 

that ARB (and other state agencies) will be responsible for implementing in the 1997 

AQMP.

There are several other state agencies that will need to implement control measures 

which fall within their authority. For example, the state Department of Pesticides 

Regulation (DPR) has direct authority over pesticide applications. ARB will have a key 

role in working with the DPR, along with the District, to ensure that the measure is 

implemented.

District

The District is responsible for implementing the stationary source control measures and 

some of the area and mobile source measures. As shown in Table 7-3, stationary source 

control measures will be implemented primarily through District rules and regulations as 

specified in federal and state law.

Stationary and Area Source Measures

As indicated in Chapter 4, several key new approaches are proposed for implementing 

the stationary source emission reduction measures. Specifically, the Plan proposes to use 

source-specific control approaches, market incentives, educational outreach efforts, 

permitting processes, and manufacturer certification processes to implement most of the 

stationary source measures. In addition, the Intercredit Trading Program and the Air 

Quality Investment Program will provide greater flexibility to stationary sources to 

comply with District regulations. Chapter 4 and Appendix IV provide more detail 

relative to these implementation approaches.
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Transportation Control Measures

Market Incentive Measures

A market incentives task force was established with SCAG, CalTrans, the Coalition for 

Local Environmental Solutions and a Competitive Economy (COALESCE), the District 

and over 50 business and industry leaders to develop a regional congestion and air 

quality mitigation program to replace the Indirect Source Rules contained in the 1994 

AQMP and to improve mobility in the region. The Reduce Emissions And Congestion 

on Highways (REACH) Task Force was convened in response to actions called for in the 

1994 AQMP and SCAG’s Market Incentives Task Force. Under a $1.1 million grant 

from the Federal Highway Administration and a $220,000 contribution from 

COALESCE, the REACH Task Force is exploring the feasibility of establishing nominal 

charges for motorists based upon vehicle use to improve mobility and air quality. Money 

raised through these fees would likely be dedicated to improving air quality, and the 

transportation system.

Local Governments and SCAG

Local governments (cities and counties) are also responsible for helping to provide 

supportive actions through participation in voluntary programs. Local governments and 

transportation agencies are also responsible for implementing several measures in the 

Plan including, but not limited to, the transportation improvements called for in the Plan. 

SCAG is responsible for helping local governments coordinate their efforts and for 

ensuring that the region’s transportation projects, programs and plans conform to the SIP.

Congestion Management Program (CMP) Linkage to the AQMP

The CMP is a comprehensive strategy to relieve traffic congestion and maintain levels of 

service on roadways. Assembly Bill (AB) 471 and AB 1791 required county 

transportation commissions (CTCs) or other designated agencies to adopt a CMP by 

December 1, 1991. County CMPs have subsequently been developed in consultation 

with the regional transportation planning agency (i.e., SCAG), regional transportation 

providers, local governments, Caltrans, and the District.

The CMP interlinks with the AQMP in several areas. Most AQMP transportation control

measures included in the Regional Transportation Improvement Program are designed to 

help relieve congestion. Implementation of the AQMP will help local governments 

tackle congestion, reduce emissions from idling vehicles or vehicles traveling on 

congested roadways, and help maintain the CMP’s level of service standards.

Many local governments already have ordinances under development or approved to 

comply with the CMP. Through the CMP, local governments have contributed to the 

clean air effort. Local governments may receive credits for emission reductions 

associated with the implementation of CMPs to the extent they are real, quantifiable, and 
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 11

enforceable and have not been included in the AQMP baseline as part of the Regional 

Mobility Element (RME). 

The CMP and the AQMP are further linked through the local capital improvement 

program. This required element of the CMP must be consistent with the county and 

Regional Transportation Improvement Program (RTIP), which in turn must be consistent 

with the RME. The latter in turn must conform with the AQMP.

In addition, local governments are encouraged to work cooperatively with their CTCs 

and subregional agencies to craft integrated trip reduction strategies to meet the CMP trip 

reduction requirements.

Southern California Economic Partnership (The Partnership)

The Partnership is a non-profit organization with a 26-member Board of Directors 

assigned the mission of accelerating the deployment of advanced transportation 

technologies (ATTs) throughout Southern California. It was established out of the needs 

of the SCAG Regional Mobility Element and the 1994 AQMP to have an effective 

implementation organization for advanced transportation technology strategies.

The Partnership, through its public/private participatory structure, is uniquely capable of 

providing networking and guidance to those parties interested in the deployment of 

advanced transportation technologies throughout Southern California. Stakeholder 

“cluster group” meetings on each technology are held on a regular basis, usually at the 

District or at SCAG offices, to discuss implementation barriers and assist in the 

development of deployment and marketing strategies. It has in effect become a 

clearinghouse of ATT information and progress. 

To aid Southern California cities and counties in ATT deployment, The Partnership has 

developed “Model City Starter Kits” for each of the technologies. These books provide 

goals and objectives, implementation worksheets, model policies, model resolutions, 

building codes, product/service technology updates, infrastructure suggestions and 

requirements, training and safety requirements, case studies, funding opportunities and 

an activity recognition program. The Partnership provides these comprehensive guide 

books free to each Southern California community and conducts workshops and 

presentations to encourage participants to use ATTs. It also develops and distributes 

ATT newsletters and promotional materials to heighten awareness and garner unified 

understanding and support for the technologies from both the public and private sectors. 

Most of this information is also presented on The Partnership’s Web Site which is 

continuously updated with deployment achievements throughout the region. Measures to 

be carried out by The Partnership are non-regulatory & thus do not have specific 

“adoption” dates but will be implemented through the AQMP planning period. 
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Legislation may assist in implementing these measures but it is too early to establish 

specific adoption dates.

The Partnership Market Deployment Plan

The Partnership applies the same market deployment strategic planning to each of the 

five AQMP advanced technologies. The approach is multi-disciplinary, totally integrated,

constantly evolving and consists of: 1) deployment education and guidance, 2) 

workshops and outreach, 3) technology/industry communications and awareness 

programs, 4) information distribution and networking support, 5) partnership 

creation/brokering, and 6) legislative initiatives and actions.

Deployment Education and Guidance

“Model City Starter Kits, “ presented in easy-to-update three-ring binders, have been 

created for each of the technologies and distributed free of charge to every city and 

county in the South Coast Air Basin and the SCAG region.

Workshops and Outreach

To generate additional interest and understanding of technology deployment, The 

Partnership occasionally hosts technology workshops at the District and other convenient 

locations for local elected officials, city planners and managers, with considerable 

private sector involvement and support. In addition to these workshops, The Partnership 

also: 1) makes presentations to cities, schools and organizations; 2) distributes monthly 

technology “News Flashes” to all stakeholders via facsimile; and 3) attends the meetings 

of related organizations and project developers.

Technology/Industry Communications and Awareness Programs

The Partnership has created individual technology/industry logos and slogans to help 

give a singular identity, purpose and synergy to advanced transportation deployment 

activities throughout the region. It is intended that these logos and slogans, and the 

customizable advertising and promotional materials on which they appear, can be 

accepted and used by both public and private sector technology participants to foster 

cooperation and accelerate awareness, understanding and support among the public at 

large. To the extent possible, the creation of these materials is financed by the private 

sector.

Information Distribution and Industry Networking Support

In its unique technology-neutral position, The Partnership has created a breakthrough, 

advertising-supported, consumer friendly Web Site which individually showcases each 

technology. The interactive site encourages feedback from stakeholders and, as a 
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 13

clearinghouse of information, provides networking opportunities between 

manufacturers/service providers and purchasers/implementors. It is organized into 

fifteen sub-home pages for quick access and maneuverability:

 Partnership

 Mission and Schedule of Meetings and Activities

 (5) Technology Showcases

 Helpful Technology Application Scenarios

 Technology Showroom

 Hyperlinks to Manufacturers

 Infrastructure Requirements

 Hyperlinks to Product/Service Providers

 Infrastructure Deployment

 Up-to-Date Locations of Infrastructure Deployment

 Industry Information Bank

 Hyperlinks to Associations, Organizations, Resources

 Model City Starter Kit Order Form

 Feedback Forum

 Partnership Creation/Brokering

Since The Partnership works closely with all the stakeholders in each of the five 

advanced transportation technologies, it has become a de facto clearinghouse of ATT 

information. In this capacity, it is uniquely suited to direct and introduce interested 

participants to other stakeholders with similar goals and into the formation of productive 

and mutually beneficial public/private partnerships.

Much of The Partnership’s efforts will be documented on the Internet at the following 

address: “www.scag.ca.gov/depts/scep/.”

LONG-TERM MEASURES

Implementation of the long-term measures in the 1997 AQMP depends on advances and 

breakthroughs that are expected over the next 13 years. This requires aggressive 

research and development efforts which have been ongoing at the District and other state 

and federal agencies.
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 14

As outlined in Chapter 4, achieving clean air standards in the South Coast area requires 

the application of advanced technologies. The District’s Technology Advancement 

Office (TAO) sponsors public-private research and development partnerships in order to 

identify and promote low- and zero-emissions technologies for both stationary and 

mobile sources. The Mobile Source Air Pollution Reduction Review Committee 

(MSRC) which was established in 1990 with the adoption of Assembly Bill 2766, funds 

projects to reduce air pollution from motor vehicles as needed for implementing the 

California Clean Air Act of 1988.

Table 7-4 lists some key recently-completed or currently-underway projects sponsored by 

the TAO to facilitate development and commercialization of low-polluting technologies. 

Table 7-5 lists recently completed or current projects sponsored by the MSRC to reduce 

mobile source emissions. Tables 7-4 and 7-5 are the specific long-term measures 

associated with the projects. Some of the stationary source projects do not have specific 

linkages to the long-term measures but serve as future technologies that may be available 

to meet current regulations with future compliance dates or short- and intermediate-term 

AQMP control measures.

The AQMP proposes an incentive program to encourage the use of fuel cell technology. 

The 1994 AQMP also created a fuel cell implementation task force whose role is to: (1) 

identify specific areas and goals for fuel cells application, (2) investigate infrastructure 

needs for the development of fuel cells, and (3) suggest mechanisms to accomplish the 

goal of expediting the commercial implementation of fuel cells in the Basin. The task 

force is led by the District and comprised of representatives of potential interested and 

affected parties in the Basin and fuel cell manufacturers. The overall goal of the task 

force is to provide incentives for people to utilize and perhaps manufacture fuel cells in 

the Basin.

Table 7-6 lists the targeted implementation schedule for the proposed long term 

measures. To ultimately achieve full implementation of the advanced technologies, 

control methods and market mechanisms proposed in this Plan, numerous agencies will 

need to develop and follow implementation schedules. These agencies, as well as the 

District, may need to seek additional legal authority and resources, including funding, to 

carry out some of the activities for which they are responsible. 

TABLE 7-4

Current or Recently-Completed

TAO Projects

Project

Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s)1

Associated LongTerm Measure
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 15

1. Conventional Fuel Vehicles

Heavy-Duty Emissions Testing VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, E, F M5, M6

 - Chassis Dynamometer Testing

 - Demonstrate Vehicle Test Facility

On-Road Vehicle Emissions Testing VOC, NOx, CO A, B, C, D, F M2

 - Remote Sensing to Detect High Emitters

 - Tunnel Study for Phase 2 Gas Emissions

 - Smoking Vehicle PM10 Emissions Testing

Off-Road Vehicle Evaluations VOC, NOx, CO A, B, C, D, F M9, M10

 - In-Use Gas Lawnmower Emissions

 - 3-Way Catalyst for Off-Road Applications

Advanced Vehicle Technologies VOC, NOx, CO A, D New Measure 

Development

 - Ultracapacitor for Catalyst Heating

 - On-Board Vehicle Emissions Measurement

2. Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Develop and Demonstrate Heavy-Duty 

Alternative Fuel Engines and Vehicles

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, E New Measure 

Development

Develop and Demonstrate Medium-Duty 

Alternative Fuel Engines and Vehicles

VOC, NOx, CO, A, B, E New Measure 

Development

Develop and Demonstrate Passenger Car and 

Light-Duty Truck Alternative Fuel Engines and 

Vehicles

VOC, NOx, CO A, B, E M2

Develop and Demonstrate Off-Road Alternative 

Fuel Engines and Vehicles

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, D, E M9, M10

 - LNG Locomotive

 - CNG-Fueled Airport Service Equipment

 - Methanol Yard Equipment

Establish Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling 

Facilities

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, E M2, M9

1 A. Demonstration of current or potential ARB standards and guidelines

B. Enhances databases (e.g., emission factors, infrastructure data, health data, etc.)

C. Demonstration of current or potential District rules and guidelines

D. Supports technical feasibility

E. Supports commercialization efforts

F. Supports emissions inventory
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TABLE 7-4

Current or Recently-Completed

TAO Projects

(continued)

Project

Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s)1

Associated LongTerm Measure

3. Zero- or Near-Zero Emission Vehicles

Develop and Demonstrate On-Road Battery 

Electric Vehicles

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, D, E M2

 - Ford EV Ecostar

 - Electric Water Delivery Truck

 - U. S. Postal Service EV

Develop and Demonstrate On-Road Hybrid 

Electric Vehicles

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, D, E M2

 - Propane Hybrid Electric Refuse Truck

 - Heavy-Duty Hybrid EV

Develop and Demonstrate On-Road Fuel Cell 

Vehicles

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, D, E M2

New Measure 

Development

 - Ballard PEM Fuel Cell Bus

 - PEM Fuel Cell Automobile

 - U. S. DOE PAFC Bus

Develop and Demonstrate Off-Road Battery 

Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles and Equipment

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, C, D, E M9,

New Measure 

Development

 - Electric Airport Ground Support Equipment

 - Fuel Cell Locomotive

Develop and Demonstrate Advanced Battery and 

Range Extender Technologies

VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, C, D, E M2,

New Measure 

Development

 - AC Propulsion EV Range Extender

 - Aluminum Air Battery

 - Sealed Bipolar Lead Acid Battery

Support for Solar Car Projects VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, D, E M2,

New Measure 

Development

1 A. Demonstration of current or potential ARB standards and guidelines

B. Enhances databases (e.g., emission factors, infrastructures data, health data, etc.)

C. Demonstration of current or potential District rules and guidelines

D. Supports technical feasibility

E. Supports commercialization efforts

F. Supports emissions inventory
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 17

TABLE 7-4

(concluded)

Project

Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s)1

Associated LongTerm Measure

4. Stationary Sources

Develop and Demonstrate Advanced Low-NOx

Technologies

NOx A, B, C New Measure 

Development

 - Ultra-Low NOxIndustrial Burner

 - Alzeta Radiant Burner

 - Low-NOx Residential Water Heaters

 - Low-NOx Glass Melting System

 - Cannon NOx Digester

Demonstrate Low-VOC Surface Coatings VOC A, B, C ADV-CTS

 - Vernonia Oil Coatings

 - Substitutes to Vernonia Oil

Demonstrate Low-VOC Industrial Processes VOC, Toxics, CFCs A, B, C ADV-PRC

 - Plasma Waste Destruction to Hydrogen

 - Air Vest Technology

 - Wet Cleaning vs. Perc.-based Dry Cleaning

5. Renewable and Clean Energy Technologies

Demonstrate Stationary Fuel Cell Technologies NOx A, B, E New Measure 

Development

 - 250 kW Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

 - Prototype Residential Fuel Cell System

Demonstrate Solar Technologies NOx A, B, E New Measure 

Development

 - Southern California Edison Solar Two

 - 8 kW Solar Dish / Sterling Engine System

 - Roof-Integrated Solar Cells

Demonstrate Battery Recycling Technologies Toxics A, D, E M2,

New Measure 

Development

6. Health Effects Studies

PM and PM10 Studies PM10 A, B ------

 - Coachella Valley PM10 Study

 - Allergens / Particles in Paved Road Dust

Health Impacts of Air Pollutants VOC, NOx, CO, PM10, 

Toxics

A, B ------

 - Morbidity Data Analysis

 - Identification of Chronic Health Effects

1 A. Demonstration of current or potential ARB standards and guidelines

B. Enhances databases (e.g., emission factors, infrastructure data, health data, etc.)

C. Demonstration of current or potential District rules and guidelines

D. Supports technical feasibility

E. Supports commercialization efforts

F. Supports emissions inventory
FINAL 1997 AQMP

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TABLE 7-5

Current or Recently-Completed

MSRC Projects

Project

Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s)1

Associated LongTerm Measure

1. Vehicle Demonstrations

Alternative Fuel Vehicles VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, C, E M2,

Additional Measures

 - Replacement of Municipal Fleet Vehicles

 - Buses and Trolleys in Revenue Service

 - Repower HD Fleet Vehicles

Zero or Near-Zero Emission Vehicles VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, C, D, E M2,

Additional Measures

 - EVs in Municipal Transit Bus Fleets

 - EV Airport Shuttles

 - EV Station Cars

2. Other Air Quality Project Funding

Transportation Control Measures VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, C ATT-01, ATT-05

 - Rideshare and Telecommuting Strategies

 - Trip Reduction Strategies

 - Commuter Assistance (e.g., Shuttles)

Educational Outreach VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, E ------

 - Educational Materials for Schools

 - AQ and Alt. Fuel Training Program Support

 - Develop University AQ Training Curricula

AQMP Implementation VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, C ------

 - Develop Regional and Subregional Plans

 - Facilitate Implement. of AQMP Measures

Studies / Modeling VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, C, F ATT-01, ATT-05

 - Transportation, Emissions, VMT Modeling

 - Remote Sensing Devices

 - Truck Traffic Simulation Modeling

General Research and Development VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 B, C, E, F M2,

Additional Measures

 - State-of-the-Art “Showcase EV”

 - Advanced Electric-Assist Bicycle

 - Electric Motorcycle Technologies

 - EV Thermoelectric AC System

1 A. Demonstration of current or potential ARB standards and guidelines

B. Enhances databases (e.g., emission factors, infrastructure data, health data, etc.)

C. Demonstration of current or potential District rules and guidelines

D. Supports technical feasibility

E. Supports commercialization efforts

F. Supports emissions inventory
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 19

TABLE 7-6

1997 AQMP Long Term Control Measures, Implementing Agency,

Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control

Measure

Number

Control Measure

Name

Implementing 

Agency

Adoption

Date

Implementation

Period

LONG -TERM MEASURES

Stationary Sources

ADV-CP04 Consumer Products (VOC) ARB 2001-2005 2002-2010

ADV-ARCH Architectural Coatings (VOC) SCAQMD 2003-2005 2006-2010

ADV-CLNG Solvent Cleaning and Degreasing 

Operations (VOC)

SCAQMD 2003-2005 2006-2010

ADV-CTS Miscellaneous Industrial Coating and 

Solvent Operations (VOC)

SCAQMD 2001-2004 2005-2010

ADV-FUG Fugitive Emissions (VOC) SCAQMD 2001-2004 2006-2010

ADV-MSC Miscellaneous Small Sources (VOC) SCAQMD 2002-2004 2006-2010

ADV-PRC Industrial Process Operations (VOC) SCAQMD 2002-2004 2006-2010

Mobile Sources

M-2 Improved On-Road Control 

Technology

ARB 2000 2004-2005

M-9 Off-Road Diesel Equipment, 

2.5 G/BHP-HR NOx - California 

ARB 2001 2005

M-10 Off-Road Diesel Equipment, 

2.5 G/BHP-HR NOx - National

U.S. EPA 2001 2005

M-15 Aircraft; Nationwide Emission 

Standards

U.S. EPA 1999 2000

ADV-ON New Measure Development to 

Achieve Overall Emission 

Reductions - On-Road

ARB Post-2000 2010

ADV-OFF New Measure Development to 

Achieve Overall Emission 

Reductions - Off-Road

ARB Post-2000 2010

AQMP Commercialization Plan for Advanced Technologies and Fuels

The commercialization of advanced zero and near-zero emission technologies is essential 

in order to fully implement the AQMP. Section 182(e)(5) of the federal Clean Air Act 

contemplates that expedited actions will be undertaken to ensure that the cleanest 

technologies and fuels are brought to their fullest possible market potential to address the 

particularly severe air quality in Southern California. An AQMP Commercialization 

Plan for Advanced Technologies and Fuels has been developed which focuses on the key 
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 20

steps which must be undertaken to establish sustainable and growing markets for the 

utilization of advanced technologies and clean fuels. 

The District’s Technology Advancement Office has, over the last eight years, established 

a strong and widely respected foundation for the continued development, demonstration, 

technology transfer and commercialization of innovative zero and near-zero emission 

technologies. Such technologies include fuel cells; alternative fuel vehicles such as 

electric vehicles and those fueled by CNG, methanol, LNG, etc.; advanced coatings; and 

fugitive emission mitigation technologies. In order to build on the success of these 

efforts, a Commercialization Plan has been developed which identifies the key steps to 

be undertaken in the context of the 1997 AQMP to help foster the widespread market 

penetration of these technologies and alternative clean fuels. Table 7-7 identifies the key 

elements of this Plan. A major focus of this Commercialization Plan is on the specific 

projects that can be funded and/or coordinated through a targeted Commercialization 

Program within the District’s Technology Advancement Office.

This Commercialization Plan emphasizes a synergistic approach which combines the 

following program elements:

 Biennial technology assessments are needed which routinely update the 

identification of cutting edge technology. Such assessments will identify the 

lowest emission technologies currently being researched, developed, demonstrated 

and commercialized. Due to the fast pace and international scope of innovation, 

these assessments will provide continual updates on the leading technologies and 

sponsoring organizations. Specific information in these assessments will include 

the emission control efficiencies being achieved by specific technologies in 

laboratory-scale and commercial scale applications, as well as the known or 

projected costs, durability, operational performance, energy efficiency, 

environmental sustainability, principal technical and cost barriers and likely 

commercial viability and timeframe for such advanced technology.
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 21

TABLE 7-7

Current or Recently-Completed Projects

Previous TAO Project

Planned TAO Projects to Foster 

Commercialization Remarks

STATIONARY SOURCES

1. ADV-ARCH, ADV-CLNG, ADV CTS

 Coatings Research 

Center

 Wet cleaning as a 

substitute for 

PERC-based dry 

cleaning,

 Aerospace VOC 

reduction 

Technology 

identification

 High performance 

wood furniture 

coatings

 Biennial technology assessment of advanced 

solvent and coatings formulations and applications 

technologies

 Annual industry and user workshops to identify 

priorities for joint research and development, and 

commercialization.

 Formal solicitation of research, development and 

demonstration projects

 Numerous market niches include 

the following:

 electric components

 marine coatings

 architectural coatings

 adhesives

 paper, fabric and film

 motor vehicle equipment

 metal parts

 graphic arts

 wood product assembly

 aerospace assembly

 plastic, rubber 

 etc.

 Formation of one or more joint 

industry/government Commercialization 

Coordination Councils, no later than 1998, by 

market segment, fuel type or technology type

 Specific projects may include the following:

1) Phase III vernonia oil coatings

2) Phase III Coating Research Inst. development and 

demonstrations

3) Phase II wet cleaning technology demonstration to 

wider market segments

4) Phase III development and demonstration of 

Reactive Aqueous Defluxing Systems with 

aerospace companies; associated technology 

transfer workshops, etc.

5) Phase III Aerospace VOC technology 

development, demonstration and technology 

transfer

6) Architectural coatings technology assessment, 

demonstration of zero emission interior and 

exterior, high durability and quality coatings
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 22

TABLE 7-7

(continued)

Previous TAO Project

Planned TAO Projects to Foster 

Commercialization Remarks

2. ADV-FUG

 Plasma waste 

reduction

 Asphalt emissions 

study

 Landfill gas 

abatement with 

methanol 

production

 Hydrocarb biomass 

to methanol tech. 

assessment,

 Landfill biofilter

 Absorbent beds 

using microwave 

technology

 Biofiltration of HCcontaminated air

 Biennial- technology assessment of advanced 

fugitive emission control technologies and 

substitute processes, focused on specific market 

segments

 Annual industry and user workshops to identify 

priorities for joint research and development, and 

commercialization

 Formal solicitation of research, development and 

demonstration projects

 Formation of one or more joint 

industry/government Commercialization 

Coordination Councils, in 1997, by market 

segment, fuel type or technology type

 Specific projects may include the following:

1) Phase II asphalt emissions study and technology 

assessment

2) Fugitive emission control technology assessment

3) Solicitation of R & D proposals regarding control 

of fugitive emissions from specific types of 

facilities, such as refineries, chemical facilities, 

landfills, etc.

 Market niches differentiated as 

follows:

 Refineries

 Chemical facilities

 Oil and gas production

 Natural gas plants

 Pipeline transfer stations

 Landfills

3. ADVANCED MISCELLANEOUS VOC SOURCES

 Plasma Waste destruction 

to H2

 Air Vest wet cleaning 

biofilter technology 

demonstration

 Restaurant emissions 

assessment

 Roof-integrated solar cells

 Photocatalytic destruction 

of Hazardous Organic 

Wastes

 Prototype PEM residential 

fuel cell development and 

demonstration

 Photovoltaic electric 

vehicle recharging carport

 Biennial technology assessment of advanced 

emission control technologies and substitute 

processes for a variety of small sources, focused 

on specific market segments

 Annual industry and user workshops to identify 

priorities for joint research and development, and 

commercialization. 

 Formal solicitation of research, development and 

demonstration projects.

 Formation of one or more joint 

industry/government Commercialization 

Coordination Councils, by 1998, by market 

segment, fuel type or technology type

 Market niches include:

 roofing

 road construction

 woodworking

 bakeries

 restaurants

 waste burning

 construction and 

demolition

 disposal of VOCcontaining materials

 malt, wine and brandy 

production

 rubber production
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 23

TABLE 7-7

(continued)

Previous TAO Project

Planned TAO Projects to Foster 

Commercialization Remarks

 Specific development and/or demonstration 

projects may include the following:

1) Air Vest technology;

2) roof integrated solar cells

3) Phase II, fuel cell develop. for small power tools

4) Phase III UC Riverside restaurant emissions 

control technology assessment, development and 

demonstration

5) catalyst surface coating technology with catalyst 

manufacturers

4. ADV-PRC

 Solar-based H2 

electrolysis

 engines

 Biofilter control 

technology applied 

to Casting 

operations

 Methanol backup 

generator



 Non-diesel / nonCFC cryogenic 

refrigeration unit 

for trucks

 Biennial technology assessment of advanced VOC 

emission control technologies and substitute 

processes for a variety of industrial processes, 

focused on specific market segments

 Annual industry and user workshops to identify 

priorities for joint research and development, and 

commercialization.

 Formal solicitation of research, development and 

demonstration projects 

 Formation of one or more joint 

industry/government Commercialization 

Coordination Councils, by the year 2000, by 

market segment, fuel type or technology type

 Specific development and/or demonstration 

projects may include the following:

1) Phase II fuel cell demonstration with lower capital 

costs

2) Phase III Solar Dish - Sterling engine 

demonstration with OEM, with lower capital costs

3) Phase II residential fuel cell power development 

and demonstration

 Market niches include:

 chemical plants

 plastic manufacturing

 fiberglass manufacturing

 commercial diesel generator 

sets

 chemical plants

 fiberglass manufacturing

 plastics manufacturing

 fluid catalytic crackers
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 24

TABLE 7-7

(continued)

Previous TAO Project

Planned TAO Projects to Foster 

Commercialization Remarks

MOBILE SOURCES

5. IMPROVED ON-ROAD VEHICLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

 Alternative fuel 

vehicle research, 

development and 

demonstrations 

involving the 

following fuels and 

technologies:

 Battery 

electric 

vehicles

 Hybrid 

electric 

vehicles

 Fuel cell 

vehicles

 LNG trucks 

 CNG cars, 

trucks and 

buses

 Methanol 

vehicles

 Ethanol 

vehicles

 LPG vehicles

 Hydrogen 

vehicles

 Advanced 

batteries

 Biennial- technology assessment of advanced 

emission control technologies for on-road clean 

fuel ULEV’s and ZEV’s, focused on specific 

market segments

 Annual industry and user workshops to identify 

priorities for joint R & D, and commercialization.

 Formal solicitation of research, development and 

demonstration projects

 Formation of one or more joint 

industry/government Commercialization 

Coordination Councils, starting in 1997, by 

market segment, fuel type or technology type

 Specific development and demonstration projects 

may include the following 

1) Demonstration of electric vehicles in Rental Car 

Fleets

2) Advanced EV battery and Charging systems

3) Demonstration of advanced EV’s with advanced 

batteries

4) Development and demonstration of on-road fuel 

cell technologies 

5) Optimized medium-duty CNG engine conversion 

kits

6) Demonstration and assessment of propane/butane 

blends

7) Advanced heavy duty truck development and 

demonstration

8) LNG fueling facility design optimization 

9) Advanced hybrid vehicle development and 

demonstration

10) Alternative fuels infrastructure expansion and 

utilization incentives

11) Expanded alternative fuel model availability by 

OEM’s

Vehicle market niches include:

a) light duty

b) medium duty

c) heavy duty trucks

d) transit and commercial . buses

User market niches include:

1) rental fleets

2) public fleets

3) private fleets

4) individuals
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 25

TABLE 7-7

(continued)

Previous TAO 

Project

Planned TAO Projects to Foster 

Commercialization Remarks

 advanced ultracapacitors

 Advanced 

catalyst

 Advanced 

remote sensing

12) Fuel tax parity authorization relative to gasoline 

and diesel

13) Vehicle purchase and other market incentives for 

alternative fuel vehicle purchases

14) Development and demonstration of off-road 

alternative fuel technologies

15) Demonstration and assessment of ultra-low 

sulfur and equivalent diesel and gasoline 

formulations

6. OFF-ROAD INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT - 2.5 GRAM/BHP-HR NOx

 Biennial Technology assessment of advanced 

emission control technologies and alternative 

fuels for off-road industrial equipment, focused 

on specific market segments

 Annual Industry and user workshops to identify 

priorities for joint research and development, 

and commercialization.

 Formal solicitation of research, development and 

demonstration projects

 Specific development and demonstration 

projects may include the following

 Formation of one or more joint 

industry/government Commercialization 

Coordination Councils, starting in 1997, by 

market segment, fuel type or technology type

 Specific development and demonstration 

projects may include the following

1) Development and demonstration of zero 

emission utility equipment

2) Heavy duty emissions characterization for 

reduction of NOx and PM-10 

3) Fuel-borne catalyst demonstration and 

assessment

4) Catalytic converter retrofit development, 

demonstration and optimization for off-road 

engines

Market niches include the following:

1) Industrial engines of 175 hp and 

above, excluding farm and 

construction equipment

2) forklifts

3) utility equipment (e.g., lawnmowers)

4) leaf blowers

5) etc.
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 26

TABLE 7-7

(concluded)

Previous TAO 

Project

Planned TAO Projects to Foster 

Commercialization Remarks

5) Commercial fuel cell power supply development 

program

6) Development and demonstration of low emission 

alternative fuel technologies for off-road 

applications

Development of incentives to increase 

utilization of clean fuel technologies

Demonstration and assessment of ultra-low 

sulfur and equivalent diesel and gasoline 

formulations

 Regular Industry and User Workshops are needed which will help build consensus 

on the appropriate priorities for joint research, development, demonstrations and 

commercialization strategies. Developers, manufacturers, energy providers, other 

regulatory agencies and commercial users of advanced low-emission technologies 

have all proven to be essential partners with the District in implementing costeffective advanced technology demonstrations, as well as helping define the 

critical barriers which need to be removed to establish a sustainable commercial 

market for clean technologies. It is especially constructive to obtain routine 

feedback from the users of prototype technologies to identify and address barriers 

for more widespread market penetration of a technology. These workshops will 

specifically be focused on identifying the following:

a) Advanced emission control concepts and technologies

b) Research and development needs

c) Potential demonstration sites

d) Existing and potential involvement in specific advanced technologies and 

clean fuels by original equipment manufacturers (OEM’s)

e) Cost reduction opportunities to enhance the competitiveness of specific 

technologies

f) Identification of a critical mass of private sector and government partners to 

target the sustained development of a technology

g) Dissemination of technical and cost information on the leading zeroemission and near-zero technologies and alternative fuels
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 27

 Formal, competitive solicitations of proposals will be undertaken for relevant and 

pragmatic research, development and commercial-scale demonstrations The 

evaluation criteria for these solicitations will involve the following:

a) Emission reduction potential

b) Technological innovation

c) Project cost-sharing

d) Commercialization potential and business development expertise

e) Cost-effectiveness

f) Relevant contractor experience

g) Overall environmental impacts and benefits

 The establishment of Commercialization Coordination Council help bring together 

industry decision leaders, as well as key policy makers, to continuously chart the 

path to commercialization for core technologies, such as fuel cells, ZEV’s and 

advanced coatings.

Highly visible market leadership, as well as timely coordination, among a diverse 

range of organizations, both public and private, is critical for the successful 

introduction of advanced technologies and clean fuels. The establishment of a 

prominent and expert Council to advise the District on key steps which are needed 

to ensure the sustainable commercialization of core AQMP technologies will 

directly address this need. The specific focus of such Councils will vary 

depending on the timeframe in which commercialization of a specific technology 

or clean fuel is anticipated. In the stationary source area, separate 

Commercialization Coordination Councils will be established for Consumer 

Products, Advanced Coatings and Solvents, Advanced Fugitive Emissions 

Controls, and Industrial VOC Controls. For mobile sources, similar Councils will 

be established for Advanced On-Road Vehicle Clean Fuels and Technologies 

(separate fuel-related or technology related Councils, such as one for Fuel Cells, 

may also be established) and for Advanced Off-Road Industrial Equipment. Ongoing coordination will also continue with the California Energy Commission’s 

process of overseeing the restructuring of the utility industry pursuant to AB 1890.

Targeted research, development and demonstration projects are also needed to 

remove key barriers and prove the commercial robustness of advanced 

technologies and alternative clean fuels. These projects will be funded through the 

District’s Technology Advancement Office, and will leverage funding provided by 

other public and private organizations. These projects will be updated on a routine 

basis. The latest Technology Advancement Plan, adopted by the Board at its 

October 1996 meeting, served as the foundation for this Commercialization Plan.
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 28

 The development of incentives, such as legislative tax incentives and policies, is 

needed to help create more competitive and diversified market conditions for 

advanced emission control technologies and clean fuels. Such incentives may 

include tax incentives for trucking firms and others to purchase alternative fuel 

vehicles and infrastructure, as well as the removal of disincentives in the federal 

excise tax code as it applies to vehicle fuel. 

Given the diversity of measures identified in the 1997 AQMP, this Commercialization 

Plan focuses on specific market niches, some of which can serve as “market anchors” for 

wider scale commercialization and technology transfer over time. Specific stationary 

source related commercialization projects are identified for Consumer Products, Solvents 

and Coating Operations, Fugitive Emissions, Miscellaneous Small Sources and industrial 

process sources of VOC. Commercialization projects for mobile sources are also 

identified, focused on on-road vehicles and off-road industrial sources.

Since the District’s Technology Advancement Office program primarily focuses on 

mobile source related clean fuel projects, the Commercialization Plan identifies a more 

extensive list of research, development and demonstration projects related to the use of 

advanced emission control technologies and alternative clean fuels used in passenger 

cars, light and medium duty trucks and buses. 

The implementation of this Commercialization Plan will entail staff and funding resource 

commitments by the District. Comprehensive and coordinated efforts will be undertaken 

which identify all the critical barriers to commercializing a specific technology. The 

Plan also takes a pragmatic approach by focusing simultaneously on the most viable near 

term niches for a technology or clean fuel application, while at the same time addressing 

specific issues and potential barriers related to the following:

 Technology readiness for wide scale use

 Optimized emission benefits

 Minimized capital and operating costs

 Competitive commercial performance, durability, warranties and customer 

support

 Convenient and cost-competitive fueling and recharging infrastructure

 Nurturing of early adapters and market champions

 Establishment of appropriate fuel tax policies and other incentives

 Removal of anti-competitive fuel tax policies and other disincentives

 Maximized learning from in-use demonstration, especially from commercial 

users 

 Dissemination of technical information
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 29

 Participation in industry and/or government workshops, conferences and working 

groups, etc.

 Assessment of external regulatory policies (e.g., ARB., PUC, CEC, EPA, etc.) 

and the formulation of strategic recommendations to foster commercialization of 

advanced technologies and clean fuels.

Based on the accumulation of successful demonstration experience with advanced 

technologies through the District’s Technology Advancement Office, the stage is now set 

for a targeted Commercialization Plan which helps further focus District resources. This 

Plan is structured to take maximum advantage of the numerous synergies which exist 

with other agencies and private industry. The partnerships needed to implement this 

Commercialization Plan will be continuously recast to leverage the most recent trends in 

market conditions (e.g., the de-regulated utility sector) and the most advanced 

technologies. The success of this Commercialization Plan is also expected to provide 

significant economic stimulus to the region’s economy, while helping ensure that air 

quality standards are achieved and maintained. When fully realized in the early part of 

the twenty-first century, this Plan will represent a model for regional problem solving 

and cooperation. 

IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

Implementation of the 1997 AQMP will require support activities sponsored by the 

District and SCAG. These efforts are described in the following subsections.

District Assistance and Outreach Programs

Since the adoption of the 1991 AQMP the District has provided assistance to the 

agencies charged with implementing the Plan. A key accomplishment was the District’s 

CEQA Air Quality Handbook to assist local governments in assessing and mitigating air 

quality impacts from projects within their jurisdiction.

An important ongoing outreach program is the Interagency AQMP Implementation 

Committee (IAIC). The IAIC provides ongoing coordination between key local 

government entities and the District Board as the AQMP is implemented. Some 

objectives of the IAIC include:

 Identifying how local governments throughout the region should interact with 

the District to ensure implementation of the AQMP.
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 30

 Identifying and resolving issues that could affect timely implementation of the 

AQMP.

 Assisting the District in developing and carrying out its local government 

outreach program to ensure that local government information, technical, and 

policy input needs are met.

 Determining how local governments should be involved in the AQMP 

implementation update process.

 Developing a structure for identifying, analyzing, and resolving potential 

conflicts between air quality and other regional goals.

The IAIC also established a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) which provides 

technical input on AQMP programs and policies, and suggested issues relating to AQMP 

implementation for the IAIC to discuss.

Through the IAIC and TAC, the District is better able to facilitate and coordinate the 

implementation efforts of the local agencies in the Basin.

Business Assistance

The District has initiated several programs to assist businesses that must comply with the 

requirements promulgated in the Plan. For the 1997 AQMP, these efforts will be 

continued and strengthened. Several of the District’s assistance programs are highlighted

below.

Through the District’s “New Directions” campaign, several programs have been 

developed and implemented to assist the regulated community. These programs include: 

permit streamlining practices, interaction with small and medium-sized businesses, 

source education programs, compliance assessment programs and the continued 

implementation of the Small Business Assistance and Economic Development and 

Business Retention offices. 

The Public Advisor assures business input to the District’s policy makers through 

community workshops, industry-specific meeting, and ethnic business working groups. 

Fee Review and other technical assistance helps companies resolve issues in a 

cooperative manner.

The District’s Small Business Assistance office helps owners/operators participate in the 

District’s policy and rule development process and helps them comply with applicable 

requirements. It offers permit application and processing assistance as well as 

compliance and financial assistance.
Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 31

The Air Quality Assistance Fund (AQAF) is one of the Small Business Assistance 

office’s many functions. The District established this program to assist small businesses 

within its jurisdiction needing financial help to purchase air pollution control equipment. 

The loan guarantee may be approved for up to 90 percent of the loan amount, ranging 

from a minimum of $15,000 to a maximum of $250,000. The AQAF has enabled a 

number of businesses to obtain equipment financing which might not otherwise have 

been able to obtain credit and meet start-up costs. 

The District created the Economic Development and Business Retention (EDBR) office 

in 1992 in response to the economic downturn experienced by the nation and particularly 

in Southern California. The primary objective of the Economic Development and 

Business Retention office is to facilitate the commercialization of new low-emitting 

technologies. This creates jobs and helps to retain existing businesses through 

introduction of and conversion to more efficient and less-polluting technologies. The 

EDBR office has already helped approximately 500 companies with their compliance 

goals and has thus far helped to create or retain an estimated 6000 or more jobs in 

Southern California. 

SCAG Assistance

SCAG has provided significant assistance and outreach to local governments in 

understanding, assessing and implementing programs to address TCM and air quality 

issues. Beginning in early 1993, SCAG has provided funding to its thirteen subregions 

to help develop policies and strategies and prepare monitoring programs which address 

TCMs, air quality and mobility requirements--identifying locally sensitive 

implementation options and continuing to develop monitoring programs to report 

progress.

In cooperation with the District, SCAG helped create The Partnership and the REACH 

Task Force as discussed previously in this chapter. SCAG continues in an active role to 

implement new strategies to improve air quality and mobility.

MONITORING

The 1997 AQMP sets the course for attaining the federal and state air quality standards 

in the Basin. As the Plan is implemented, it is essential to periodically assess the 

effectiveness of the air pollution control programs in reducing emissions, and to 

determine whether or not the Basin is still proceeding along the course set forth in the 

AQMP. Monitoring the AQMP’s effectiveness will also be an integral part of preparing 

the annual rule work plan. The monitoring report will provide the necessary information 
FINAL 1997 AQMP

7 - 32

to monitor for maximum feasible measures and expeditious adoption schedule required 

by the CCAA.

It is equally important that the people who live and work in the Basin be kept informed 

of the efforts being undertaken to improve air quality, and of the extent to which air 

quality is improving as a result. The monitoring report can provide this kind of feedback 

to the Basin’s residents.

Monitoring the effectiveness of the AQMP is required by the CCAA (Health and Safety 

Code Sections 40924) and federal Clean Air Act (Part D, Section 172). Specifically, the 

CCAA requires that the District prepare and submit a report each year to the ARB 

summarizing the Basin’s progress in meeting the schedules for developing, adopting, or 

implementing the air pollution control measures contained in the Plan.

Every third year, the District is required to assess the overall effectiveness of its air 

quality program, including determining the quality of emission reductions achieved, and 

the rate of population and industrial- and vehicular-related emissions growth compared 

to the assumptions and goals contained in the Plan. The District is also required to assess 

the extent of air quality improvement, based upon ambient pollutant measurements and 

best available modeling techniques. These reports are required by law to be adopted by 

the District at a public hearing and to be transmitted to the ARB.

The federal Clean Air Act also requires nonattainment areas, such as the Basin, to 

document “reasonable further progress” in achieving incremental reductions of air 

pollution.

SCAG, with the assistance of county transportation commissions and subregions, 

prepares the portion of the monitoring reports that pertain to local government 

transportation and land use measures and submits those portions to the District for 

inclusion in the full monitoring reports.