*

 The Hon. Jon P. McCalla, United States District Judge for the Western District of Tennessee,

sitting by designation.

-1-

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 06a0281n.06

Filed: April 27, 2006

NO. 03-6435

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )

)

Plaintiff-Appellee, )

) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

) EASTERN DISTRICT OF

RALPH GRUNDY ) KENTUCKY

)

) OPINION

Defendant-Appellant. )

Before: DAUGHTREY and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges, and McCALLA,* District

Judge.

McCalla, District Judge. The defendant-appellant, Ralph Grundy, appeals his

sentence of sixty months’ imprisonment imposed by the district court following his plea

of guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1)

and conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§

846 and 841(a)(1). Grundy raises four issues on appeal: (1) the district court engaged

in unconstitutional fact-finding and improperly increased Grundy’s sentence based on its

determination that the gun involved in the offense was stolen; (2) the district court
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United States v. Grundy

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engaged in unconstitutional fact-finding and improperly increased Grundy’s sentence

based on its determination that Grundy’s prior felony conviction qualified as a crime of

violence; (3) the district court improperly included three points in Grundy’s criminal

history score for a prior conviction of driving without insurance, for which Grundy

received a conditionally-discharged fine; and (4) Grundy was sentenced in violation of a

separate, unwritten plea agreement with the government. 

 

For the reasons set forth below, Grundy’s sentence is AFFIRMED.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On April 18, 2003, in the Eastern District of Kentucky, the defendant-appellant

Ralph Grundy entered a plea of guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, on two counts: (1)

being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); and (2)

conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846

and 841(a)(1).

At sentencing, the district court assigned a base offense level of 20 on the felonin-possession count under United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) §

2K2.1(a)(4)(A) because Grundy committed the offense subsequent to sustaining a

felony conviction for a crime of violence. The district court increased the base offense

level by two points under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4) because the firearm involved in the
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United States v. Grundy

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offense was stolen. The district court also assigned seven criminal history points,

including one point for a prior conviction for driving without insurance and two points for

having committed the instant offense while on probation for that prior conviction. The

court granted the government’s substantial assistance downward departure motion

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1, which resulted in a final offense level of 21 and a

guidelines range of 57 to 71 months’ imprisonment. Under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B),

the mandatory minimum term of imprisonment for the drug conspiracy count is five

years (60 months). The district court sentenced Grundy to sixty months of

imprisonment on each count, to be served concurrently. 

II. DISCUSSION

A.

Grundy first argues that he was sentenced in violation of the principles articulated

in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004). Specifically, he contends that the

district court improperly increased his sentence based on the fact that the gun involved

was stolen, a fact to which Grundy did not admit. Because Grundy did not raise this

issue before the lower court, we review his argument on appeal for plain error. United

States v. Oliver, 397 F.3d 369, 378 (6th Cir. 2005). 

After Grundy was sentenced, the Supreme Court held in United States v. Booker,

543 U.S. 220 (2005), that “[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to
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support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a

plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury

beyond a reasonable doubt.” 543 U.S. at 244. Under Booker, the district court plainly

erred by applying a sentencing enhancement on the basis of facts found by the judge,

and normally we would vacate Grundy’s sentence and remand for resentencing. See

United States v. Jackson, 401 F.3d 747, 750 (6th Cir. 2005). In this case, however,

Grundy received concurrent sentences of sixty months’ imprisonment on both the felonin-possession and conspiracy counts. He is subject to a statutory minimum sentence of

sixty months’ imprisonment on the conspiracy count pursuant to 21 U.S.C. §

841(b)(1)(B). Thus, even if we were to remand this matter to the district court, Grundy’s

sentence would not change. See United States v. Goliday, 145 Fed. Appx. 502, 507

(6th Cir. June 8, 2005). Accordingly, we decline to remand for resentencing under

Booker. 

B.

The Sentencing Guidelines set a base offense level of 14 for felon-in-possession

convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(6). If, however, “the

defendant committed any part of the instant offense subsequent to sustaining one

felony conviction of . . . a crime of violence[,]” the Guidelines provide for a base offense

level of 20 under § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). Grundy raises two challenges on appeal to the

enhancement of his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). First, he argues that

the district court engaged in unconstitutional fact-finding by determining that his prior
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conviction constituted a crime of violence. Second, he contends that because the use

of physical force is not an element of the prior offense of which he was convicted, the

district court erred in finding that his prior offense was a “crime of violence” as that term

is defined under the Sentencing Guidelines. Both arguments are without merit. 

As noted above, Booker requires that any fact “other than a prior conviction”

necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts

established by a plea of guilty be admitted by the defendant or proven to a jury. 543

U.S. at 244. As we have previously held, “certain aspects of the character of prior

convictions are so basic as to be implicit in the fact of a prior conviction” – including the

determination of whether a “prior conviction was for a crime of violence.” United States

v. Hollingsworth, 414 F.3d 621, 624 (6th Cir. 2005)(finding no Sixth Amendment

violation where district court determined that defendant’s prior conviction was for a

crime of violence under the Guidelines). It is “squarely within the province of the

sentencing judge” to determine whether a defendant’s prior conviction constitutes a

“crime of violence” within the meaning of the Guidelines Id. at 624. Accordingly, the

district court did not err in determining that Grundy’s prior conviction constituted a crime

of violence.

 

Grundy also challenges the district court’s finding that his prior conviction for

sexual abuse meets the Guideline’s definition of a “crime of violence.” We review the
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district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United States v.

Arnold, 58 F.3d 1117, 1120 (6th Cir. 1995). Under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a), a “crime of

violence” is defined as:

any offense under federal or state law, punishable by

imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that --

(1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use

of physical force against the person of another, or 

(2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of

explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious

potential risk of physical injury to another.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). In 1992, Grundy was convicted of First Degree Sexual Abuse for

having sexual contact with a person less than twelve years old in violation of Kentucky

law. Specifically, a jury found Grundy guilty of violating Kentucky Revised Statute

510.110, which provides that a person is guilty of sexual abuse in the first degree when:

(a) He subjects another person to sexual contact by forcible compulsion;

or 

(b) He subjects another person to sexual contact who is incapable of

consent because he:

1. Is physically helpless;

2. Is less than twelve (12) years old; or

3. Is mentally incapacitated.

KRS 510.110. Grundy contends that because he was convicted under subsection (b) of

the Kentucky statute, which does not involve the element of “forcible compulsion,” his

prior offense should not be considered a crime of violence under the Guidelines. This

argument is unavailing.
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To determine whether a particular offense constitutes a “crime of violence” under

the Guidelines, this Court “follows a ‘categorical approach limited to an examination of

the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the predicate offense.’” United

States v. Campbell, 256 F.3d 381, 395-96 (6th Cir. 2001)(quoting Arnold, 58 F.3d at

1121). “Under this approach, it is not only impermissible, but pointless, for the court to

look through to the defendant’s actual criminal conduct.” Id. at 396. Here, the district

court properly employed the categorical approach and looked only at the fact of

Grundy’s conviction and the statutory definition of his offense under Kentucky law.

This Court has repeatedly held that sexual offenses involving minors “present a

serious potential risk of physical injury to another” and constitute crimes of violence

under § 4B1.2(a)(2). See Campbell, 256 F.3d at 396 (affirming lower court’s

determination that crime of second-degree sexual conduct involving sexual contact with

a person, age 13 to 16, of same blood affinity presents serious potential risk of physical

injury to another); United States v. Champion, 248 F.3d 502, 506 (6th Cir.

2001)(affirming lower court’s determination that offense of sexually exploiting a minor

presents serious potential risk of physical injury to another); United States v. Arnold,

1996 WL 435275, at *2 (6th Cir. Aug. 1, 1996)(affirming lower court’s finding upon

remand that offense of assault with attempt to commit sexual battery involving female

child under the age of thirteen presents serious potential risk of physical injury to

another); see also United States v. Hargrove, 416 F.3d 486, 495 (6th Cir. 2005)
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(recognizing this Court’s previous holdings that “sexual offenses involving victims who

were minors amount to crimes of violence”). Accordingly, the district court did not err in

finding that Grundy’s prior conviction for first degree sexual abuse involving a child

under the age of twelve was a crime of violence under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2).

C.

Grundy next challenges the district court’s inclusion of three points in his criminal

history score for his previous state-court conviction for driving without insurance. He

contends that the sentence imposed for this conviction – a $500 fine, $450 of which was

to be conditionally discharged after two years – does not qualify as a “term of probation”

under either U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(c)(1) or § 4A1.1(d), and therefore, the district court

improperly calculated his criminal history score.

Section § 4A1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides, in part:

(a) Add 3 points for each prior sentence of imprisonment exceeding

one year and one month.

(b) Add 2 points for each prior sentence of imprisonment of at least

sixty days not counted in (a).

(c) Add 1 point for each prior sentence not counted in (a) or (b), up to

a total of 4 points for this item.

(d) Add 2 points if the defendant committed the instant offense while

under any criminal justice sentence, including probation, parole,

supervised release, imprisonment, work release, or escape status.

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1. The district court added one point to Grundy’s criminal history score

under § 4A1.1(c) for his sentence on the no-insurance conviction. The court added two
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additional points under § 4A1.1(d) because Grundy committed the instant offense while

“on probation” for the no-insurance conviction. This calculation was not erroneous.

 

Section 4A1.2(c)(1) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides that sentences for

prior misdemeanor and petty offenses are included in a defendant’s criminal history

calculation unless they fall within an applicable exception. One exception provides that

sentences for certain “prior offenses and offenses similar to them, by whatever name

they are known” – which includes the offense of “[d]riving without a license or with a

revoked or suspended license” – are counted in the criminal history calculation only if

“the sentence was a term of probation of at least one year or a term of imprisonment of

at least thirty days . . . .” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(c)(1)(A). This Court has previously held that

a conditionally discharged fine is the “functional equivalent of ‘unsupervised probation.’” 

United States v. Rollins, 378 F.3d 535, 538 (6th Cir. 2004)(holding that prior conviction

for driving without insurance for which defendant was sentenced to two-year

conditionally discharged fine was properly included in defendant’s criminal history under

§ 4A1.2(c)(1)). Accordingly, the district court properly determined that Grundy’s term of

conditional discharge constituted the functional equivalent of unsupervised probation

and included this sentence in his criminal history score under §§ 4A1.2(c)(1)(A) and

4A1.1(c).

Similarly, this Court has also previously held that a term of conditional discharge
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constitutes a “criminal justice sentence” under § 4A1.1(d). United States v. Trammel,

404 F.3d 397, 404 (6th Cir. 2005)(holding that two points were properly added under §

4A1.1(d) because defendant’s underlying drug conspiracy began during two-year period

of conditional discharge). Since Grundy committed the instant offense during the twoyear period of conditional discharge for driving without insurance, the district court

properly added two points to his criminal history score under § 4A.1.1(d). 

D.

Grundy’s final argument is that the district court imposed a “heightened

sentence” that failed to comport with his “bargain outside of the plea agreement” with

the government for a term of imprisonment of twelve months and a day. The existence

of a separate, unwritten plea agreement must be proven by clear and convincing

evidence. United States v. Herrera, 928 F.2d 769, 773 (6th Cir. 1991). In this case,

there is no evidence in the record of a separate, unwritten plea agreement. The record

reveals nothing in the statements made by either Grundy or the government at

sentencing that indicates that the parties entered into a separate bargain outside the

written plea agreement in this case. Moreover, Grundy’s written plea agreement

expressly contradicts his argument. The written agreement provides that “[n]o

agreement exists about what the Defendant’s sentence will be” and further specifies

that “[t]his document contains the complete and only Plea Agreement between the

United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky and the Defendant. The

United States has not made any other promises to the Defendant.” An integration
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clause “normally prevents a criminal defendant, who has entered into a plea agreement,

from asserting that the government made oral promises to him not contained in the plea

agreement itself.” United States v. Hunt, 205 F.3d 931, 935 (6th Cir. 2000). 

Additionally, when Grundy entered his pleas of guilty before the district court on April

18, 2003, he did not mention a separate agreement with the government outside the

written agreement. Because Grundy failed to mention the existence of a separate,

unwritten plea agreement before the district court and there is no evidence in the record

that any such agreement ever existed, his challenge fails on appeal.

For the reasons set forth above, Grundy’s sentence is AFFIRMED.