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I

ASTROPHYSICAL AND PLASMA

PHYSICS RESEARCH AT THE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1961

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

I
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent

with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,- devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic

and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services,

and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's

unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or

in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals avail- able from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and pre- liminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining

the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications,

and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau, of Standards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 (SI. 50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240,

July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); avail- able from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

116

OCTOBER 1961

ASTROPHYSICAL AND PLASMA PHYSICS RESEARCH

AT THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1961

L. M. Branscomb, K. E. Shuler, J. A. Suddeth

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature. They are for sale by the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

DISTRIBUTED BY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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Price fJ-OO

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION o 1 2. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS (JULY '60 thru JUNE '61) 2

2.1. Atomic Spectra 2

2.2. Spectroscopic Tables 3

2.3* Collision Cross Sections.... 3

2.k, Photoionization k

2.5. Transi tion Probabi 1 ities k

2.6. Molecular Spectroscopy 5

2.7. Vacuum Ultraviolet Photochemistry 5

2.8. Transport Properties of Air 6

2.9. Statistical Mechanics of Plasmas 6

2.10. Statistical Thermodynamics of Ionized Gases........ 6

2.11. Plasma Properties 7

2.12. Plasma Thermometry 7

2.13. Plasma Thermodynamics ,. 8

2.14. Radiation Produced from a Plasma 8

2.15. Plasma Rate Coefficients 9

2.16. Gas-Solid Reactions at High Temperature 9

2.17. Thermodynamic Data 9

2.18. Thermodynamic Properties of Light-Element Compounds. 9

2.19. Laboratory Measurements of Interstellar Radio Spectra 10

2.20. Stel lar Atmospheres 11 2.21. Studies of the Interplanetary Medium...... 11 3 . APP END I X. * 12

3.1. Bibliography (Selected papers during the period 1955"

1961) 12

a. Atomic and Molecular Properties , 12

(1) Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra 12

(2) Molecular Spectra ]k

(3) Line Shapes^ Intensities, and Transition

Probabi 1 ities i 16

(4) Photoionization, Photodetachment 17

(5) Negative Ion Binding Energies 18

(6) Collision Cross Sections 19

b. Transport Properties and High Temperature Chemical Physics 20

(1) Theory of Non-Equilibrium Rate Processes

and Statistical Mechanics 20

(2) Chemical Kinetics 22

(3) Gas Phase Chemi lumi nescence 24

(4) Spectroscopic Temperature Measuranents.. . . 25

(5) Thermodynamic Properties of Ionized Gas,.. 25

L

III
(TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued)

c. Plasma Physics and Astrophysics 26

(1) Plasma Physics 26

(2) Astrophysics.. 26

(3) Solar Physics 28

(4) Upper AtnK>sphere Physics - Alrglow and Aurorae 29

3.2. Partial List of Participants 32

IV I
Astrophyslcal and Plasma Physics Research at the National

Bureau of Standards - Highlights for 1961

Abstract: Highlights of astrophyslcal and plasma physics

research at the National Bureau of Standards are given for

the period of July I960 through June I96I. Included as appendices are a selected list of papers published by NBS

participants during the period 1955"1960 and a partial list

of Bureau participants. The technical objectives of the

program can be found In NBS Technical Note 59.

]. INTRODUCTION

This is the second report on astrophyslcal and plasma physics

research at the National Bureau of Standards. The first report, which

has been published as NBS Technical Note 59^ July I960, contained a detailed discussion of the background of this program and of the program areas. Since the worl< to be reported on here Is one of growth

and implementation, rather than of change of direction or emphasis, it was felt that it could be published as a short progress report without

the detailed discussion of scientific and technical objectives presented

in NBS Technical Note 59. This report is consequently limited to:

(1) a write-up of various new and/or continuing projects within the

program area, (2) a bibliography of selected papers published by NBS

authors during the past few years, and (3) a partial biographical list

of scientists engaged in research within the area of the astrophyslcal

and plasma physics program. The work described In this report is

supported jointly by the National Bureau of Standards and various con- tract offices of the Department of Defense.
2. PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS (JULY '60 thru JUNE '61)

2.1. Atomic Spectra

At the Washington Laboratories^ work has centered on the observation, description) and analysis of atomic spectra, with special attention to selected spectra of the rare-earth elements In the lanthanide

group. Observation of these spectra with suitable sources Is urgently

needed to secure the data for Volume IV of "Atomic Energy Levels".

The spectra of Ce 1 1 and Ce 1 have been observed from 4800A to

3900A, with an a" c arc, a hollow cathode and an electrodeless lamp as sources. Measurements have been completed in this range. These sources have provided the most complete cerium spectra ever obtained.

The spectra of Pr 11 and Pr 1 have been observed and measured

from 2600A to 9000A. Preliminary observations In the range 2200A to

26OOA have been made, and Zeeman patterns have been measured from 3500A

to 7OOOA. More than I5OO lines have been classified in Pr 111, in

collaboration with Oleke and his staff at Johns Hopkins. The regularities include terms and levels from three configurations. Theoretical

work on Pr 111 has been of great assistance in the interpretation of

known levels and in predictions of the positions of missing levels.

Some 80 classified lines are known In Dy 11, but further observations are needed to extend this work. The analysis of Yb 1 1 is nearly

finished. In Yb 1 there are about 2000 observed lines, 70 new levels,

and approximately 300 classified lines.

The analysis of Br 1 is essentially complete. Practically all of

the 1300 lines observed In the range from 2000A to I3OOOA, are classified. All leading configurations are known, and extended series have

been observed. In Br 11 Improved values of previously known energy

levels have been reported, together with observed magnetic dipole

transitions in the kp^ ground configuration.

The analysis of Hf 1 Is nearing completion. There are new energy

levels and a revised interpretation is in progress.

The analysis of Ta' 1 1 has been completed from observations in the

interval 2000A to 7813A, including extensive Zeeman data. The leading

configurations are known and 1 89O lines are classified. Here again

theoretical investigations have been of great assistance in the interpretation of the spectrum.

More general theoretical work has also been carried out on the

parameters a and 3 in the spectra of the Iron Group.

-2-
2.2. Spectroscopic Tables

The NBS tables of spectral-line intensities are in press. The

temperature and ionization in the copper arc used as the light source

have been determined. Work is in progress on the calculation of qfvalues from the intensities.

Section 3 of NBS Circular 488, "An ultraviolet multiplet table"

has been completed. This circular will be concluded with two finding

lists, which are also in press. Section k is the finding list for

Sections 1 and 2 of the multiplet table, hydrogen through niobium

(Z « 1 to 41). Section 5 is similarly arranged and is the finding list

for Section 3 of the multiplet table, molybdenum through lanthanum

(Z = 42 to 57) and hafnium through actinium (Z = 72 to 89).

Press copy is being prepared for the current revision of the 1928

edition of the solar spectrum table. The measured solar equivalent

widths furnished by Mlnnaert and his staff extend fr<m X3061A to Jt|3770A,

and have been completed.

2.3. Collision Cross Sections

The Bureau program of measurement and calculation of low energy

collision cross sections has continued, with efforts concentrated on apparatus construction and refinement of Instrumentation. Special

emphasis Is being given to the development of sources of low energy

mono-energetic beams for use in measur^nent of elastic and inelastic

col 1 1 si on cross sections.

Theoretical studies of the use of refined vrave functions in the

calculation of electron scattering and photodetachment are continuing.

Several high vacuum Instruments for measuring electron col 1 I slon cross sections are essentially completed.

The photodetachment of electrons from carbon negative ions has

been observed and studied. Careful measurements for detachment near threshold for the process lead to a value for the electron affinity of

carbon of 1.25 ± .03 ev (28.6 ki localories) . Values for upper limits

for the photodetachment cross sections of several of the Important

atmospheric negative ions have been determined at 4000A wavelength.

High precision studies of the dependence of drift velocities of

argon ions in the parent gas on the electric field have been completed.

The results raise doubts about the validity of current theories describing the motions of charged particles in gases.

-3-
A data center has been established to gather and index all published information on collision cross sections. A complete file of

reprints of papers on low energy electron cross sections has been

collected. A code has been worked out to place the large number (over

800) of references on punch cards. The data collection wi 1 1 be kept up

to date and will be extended to cover other atomic cross sections as manpower allows.

2.4. Photo Ionization

A study has been made of the oscillator strength distribution of

rare gas atoms In the ground states. Emphasis on this study has been

on the overall spectral distribution, and the study thus Includes both

photolonlzatlon cross sections and transition probabilities. Numerical

calculations of the oscillator strength distribution indicate that the

neutral atoms or positive Ions can be grouped Into two classes, depending on whether or not the wave function of the outer electron Is nodeless.

The effects of configuration Interaction In continuous spectra

have been Investigated, and refinements and extensions made to an earlier theory. The new theory treats the Interaction of one or more

discrete levels with one continuum or of one level with the contlnua.

These considerations are useful In obtaining line widths from the

resonance peaks observed experimentally, which correspond to states

which undergo autoionlzatlon. Surprisingly, It appears that line widths

can be obtained with fair accuracy even for lines whose widths are an order of magnitude less than the experimental resolution of the apparatus.

2.5. Transi tlon Probabl 1 I ties

A data center has been established to gather and index all published Information on atomic transition probabilities. An exhaustive

survey has been made of the literature, and a primary reference file

of approximately 6OO references has been catalogued. Vtork is now In

progress to prepare selected bibliographies and tables of available

data.

A wal 1-stabl 1 I zed high current arc source has been constructed,

and has been used to study transition probabilities of atomic hydrogen

and oxygen. This apparatus will be used to measure transition probabilities of a large number of the elements. A study of the hydrogen

line profiles indicates that a measuronent of these profiles can be

used to calculate a temperature for the arc plasma tnat Is reliable to

about ± 2 percent.

-4-
\

A set of tables containing spectral Intensities for 39^000 lines

of 70 elanents^ as observed In a copper matrix In a d.c. arc has also

been completed and published. Studies of the intensity data published

in these tables indicate that they may be converted to approximate

transition probabilities. These data are not of the precision obtain*-

able by the methods mentioned above^ but the vast number of approximate

values available will be useful in many areas.

2.6. Molecular Spectroscopy

Molecular spectroscopic studies have concentrated on free radicals

and molecular fragments containing fluorine. The slwrt-lived molecule

CF-, which is an important Intermediate In flames and electric discharges involving fluorine, was studied by flash photolysis and matrix

isolation techniques. In the former method the ultraviolet absorption

spectrum was recorded during the very small fraction of a second In

which the molecule exists; In the latter the CF2 molecules were stabilized by isolating them in an inert matrix at a very low t^nperature.

Related studies were carried out on the emission spectrum of CF from

flames and discharges. Finally, an intensive Investigation of the

recently-discovered radical HFj was begun. The measurement and analysis

of the Infrared spectrum of NF2 permitted the structure and vibrational

frequencies of this interesting free radical to be established.

2.7. Vacuum Ul travlol et Photocheml stry

Following the observation here in I960 that ethane molecules lose

molecular hydrogen when subjected to far ultraviolet light, work has

been continued on the photolysis of other simple molecules. Ethylene

was found to decompose by a similar process, and experiments on the

gairena radlolysls of ethylene showed that molecular detachment of hydrogen also occurs under the action of gamma rays. Such experiments give

valuable insight Into the detailed processes Induced by high energy

radiation and information on the origin of radiation damage. The

formation of molecular hydrogen by the action of far ultraviolet radiation on water vapor has also been observed; this may account for the

presence of hydrogen molecules In the upper atmosphere.

In another investigation, excited hydrogen atoms, which must be

present in the upper atmosphere, have been produced in the laboratory

In sufficient concentrations for the study of their reactions. They

are extremely active chemically; for example, they react rapidly with

nitrogen molecules to form ammonia, and may produce small amounts of

this gas at very high altitudes.

-5-
2.8. Transport Properties of Air

A six-year study of tlie transport properties of air at elevated

temperatures lias been completed. A significant effect discovered during

the study is tlie existence of Prandtl numbers reaching values of more

than unity in the nitrogen dissociation region. Another effect discovered is the large coefficient of thermal diffusion tending to separate nitrogen from the oxygen when temperature differences straddling

the nitrogen dissociation region are present. The results of the study,

based on collision integrals computed from the latest critically evaluated data on I ntermol ecular forces in air, will be reported in the form

of a table of viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusion, and

diffusion coefficients at temperatures of 1000 to 10,000°K and of

logarithm of pressure in atmospheres from 10"° to 103 times normal density,

2.9. Statistical Miechanics of Plasmas

During the past year, a study of plasma oscillations under various

conditions was undertaken. A particular point investigated was the

fact that a local total excess of charge is not conserved but oscillates

in magnitude and sign with the plasma frequency. Investigations were

carried out also on the plasma transport equation, in particular, on

the combined effect of long and short range forces.

2.10. Statistical Thermodynamics of Ionized Gases

Types of constituents of high temperature gases for which intrinsic

properties have been considered include diatomic molecules, atoms and

atomic ions. For diatomic molecules, various alternative approaches to

the partition function have been studied. These Include not only the

cluster integral or second virial approach, but also the more customary

state sum, with a detailed study of placement of high energy levels

including rotational-vibratlonal interaction effects, and a theoretical

form of contributions up to the cut-off in the dissociation region. To

elucidate the cut-off problem for atoms and atomic ions, the classical

distribution of states in a Debye-screened hydrogen! c system has been

obtained. A definite number of states Is thus found to which the

quantized atom should also conform according to the correspondence

principle. The classical distribution of states in the continuum has

been examined also and is found. In the leading term of its expression,

to correspond to the source of the Debye-Huckel screening according to

the original Poisson equation derivation.

-6-
An extensive study of real gas corrections in ionic systems has

been made using a pair potential function involving the 1/R Coulomb

repulsion between positive Ions, the 1/R^ induction energy due to d I pole

polarizabi 1 I ty near ions, the l/R^ Instantaneous dipole-dipole effects

(London forces) plus the quadrupole induction energy, and a close

approach repulsion potential taken as 1/r'2. An analytic expression

for the second virial for poly-term extensions of the Lennard- Jones

potential has also been obtained. This has been used for some of the

second virial calculations which have been made.

2.11. Plasma Properties

Calculations of partition functions for atoms and atomic Ions have

been formulated preparatory to the computation of thermodynamic properties of metals suitable for exploding wire studies. The structure

of the plasma shock has been investigated. In particular, the solutions

of the Vlasov equation for large amplitude col 1 I slonless disturbances

have been investigated in an attempt to understand the part of the

shock phenomena which takes place on the scale of the Debye length

rather than the mean free path.

2.12. Plasma Thermometry

Temperature and composition profiles have been obtained as a function of radius for high current, atmospheric pressure, electric

arcs burning In a specially designed wal 1-stabi 1 ized or cascade arc

chamber. Gas mixtures of hydrogen with oxygen, nitrogen, and argon

were used yielding transition probabilities for several spectral lines

of these elements as well as experimental evidence for the demixing

or separation of the elements of these mixtures due to the t«nperature

gradients present. The experimental results also suggest departures

from local thermodynamic equilibrium in the outer parts of the arc

discharge.

A study of helium arcs at currents up to 100 amperes has revealed

extensive and unexpected departures from equilibrium everywhere In the

arc. It is anticipated that equilibrium conditions will prevail at

the higher electron densities attainable at higher currents. However,

to reach higher currents a new arc chamber with Improved cooling Is

required. Such a device has been designed, partially constructed, and

tested at 300 amperes.

A transistorized current controller was designed for 300 amperes

and has been used for manual fine current control at arc currents up to

100 amperes. This will now be incorporated in a fully automatic current

regulator using an error signal feed-back for control.

-7-
A number of Improvements have been made in a 3000°C graphite tube

furnace biackbody to Improve Its economy, reliability, and convenience

as a radiation standard for use In connection with the arc spectroscopic

measurement.

Theoretical work has been carried out in three areas. First, the

applicability and form of the Saha equation was investigated with a view to Improving the accuracy of the temperature determinations. In particular, a calculation was begun on the correct value of the ionization potential to be Incorporated In the partition function. Second,

a study of the demlxing effect was begun and a detailed calculation of

the trace element case was completed. Third, a critical study of the

applicability of many-body statistical mechanics and field theory to

a partially ionized plasma was undertaken.

2.13. Plasma Thermodynamics

An electromagnetic shock tube has been assembled and tried out.

Several small changes were made to Improve Its performance. An attachment was designed and built for a glass three-prism Steinhell spectrograph which allows simultaneous photoelectric recording of the

intensities at two separate wavelengths. Shock velocities of one to

three centimeters per microsecond were measured with the framing

camera. Time Integrated spectra taken with the three prism spectrograph showed an electron density of IOI6 per cm3 In order of magnitude

and many Impurities from the electrodes and the tube. The preliminary

measurements Indicate that the temperature achieved Is of the order of

30,OOOOK.

A steady state plasma facility based on the magnetically confined

low pressure gas arc was designed. Construction of this facility Is

well advanced, and It is expected to be In operation In late 1961.

The facility will consist of a reasonably high speed kinetic vacuum

system and a vacuum chamber within which arcs as well as cylindrical

plasma rods up to about 60 cm long can be operated In a magnetic field

up to 5000 gauss which Is uniform over the arc length to ± 3 percent.

2.14. Radiation Produced from a Plasma

Plasmas produced by a high velocity Shockwave travelling at speeds

In excess of Mach 100 in helium have been studied In the laboratory In

the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Radio frequency radiations

resulting from the hydromagnetic Interaction between the Shockwave and

the magnetic field have been observed. This creation in the laboratory

of electromagnetic radiation from pl£:..nas is a major step towards duplicating under controlled conditions electromagnetic processes which

occur In the upper atmosphere. An additional important advance has been

the development of a high-speed camera, capable of operating at a framing

rate In excess of one hundred million frames per second and designed to

study the luminous phenomena In the Shockwaves.

-8-
2.15. Plasma Rate Coefficients

A detailed theoretical analysis of the problem of the interaction

of the electromagnetic fields in a helix with a plasma has been con- tinued. Although construction of a suitable plasma discharge tube

incorporating helix structure has not been completed, further familiarization was developed with high speed pulse techniques.

2.16. Gas-solid Reactions at High Temperature

The failure of metals at high temperature due to corrosive attack

of hot gases is often a limiting factor in the development of equipment

to be used at high temperatures. The reaction between chlorine atoms

and a polycrystal 1 i ne surface of nickel heated to temperatures between

1100 and 1600°K has been extensively investigated and relative reactivities of different crystal planes of copper and nickel crystals towards

halogens are now being determined. Special equipment for molecularbeam research was developed for these studies.

2. 17- Thermodynamic Data

Thermodynamic properties of light elements are essential for

evaluating compounds of these elements as high energy fuels. "Best"

values for the heats of formations of a variety of boron compounds

containing hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, and bromine were

selected and tables of thermodynamic functions for selected compounds

have been prepared. Codes were also prepared for high-speed digital

computer calculation of thermodynamic functions and were used to extend

these functions to 6000°K for over forty compounds in the boron-oxygenhydrogen-halogen-nitrogen system.

2.18. Thermodynamic Properties of Light-Element Compounds

The compounds being specially investigated are those of lithium,

beryllium, aluminum, and zirconium with hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and

chlorine. During the past year the program extended its emphasis to

include compounds of "mixed" type (such as i ntermetal 1 i c compounds,

double fluorides of two metals, and oxyf 1 uor ides) whose use may lead to

substantial gains in propulsion efficiency. A series of measurements

established accurately the heats of formation of three alkali -metal

perchl orates and ammonium perchlorate. Measurements on nitronium

perchl orate are underway. Another recent achievement was the successful

development of a method for the complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter

of a metal, in fluorine when the product is relatively non-volatile. This

work gave a heat of formation of aluminum fluoride which closely substantiates a value which had been determined by a less direct method,

and raises this property to 15 percent above that accepted a few years

ago. Similar measurements are being initiated to resolve a large discrepancy in the heat of formation of beryllium fluoride.

-9-
The development and testing of new apparatus to measure other

properties Is nearing completion. In one of these, an explodi ng-wl re device to study systems thermodynaml cal ly up to 6000°K and 100 atmosphere pressure was achieved. The accuracy of measuring the total

electrical energy entering an exploding wire during a few microseconds

was verified when two Independent types of comparison with the, heat

energy produced, had an uncertainty of less than 2 percent.

2.19. Laboratory Measurements of Interstellar Radio Spectra

Besides the well-known hydrogen line at 21 cm wavelength, the

spectra of extra-terrestrial radio sources may contain sharp lines

characteristic of other atoms, ions, and small molecules. The detection

and study of such line spectra would add considerably to present Information on interstellar gas clouds and, perhaps, planetary atmospheres.

Among the most likely producers of detectable radio line spectra are

the light diatomic hydrides OH and CH; somewhat less likely sources are the heavier hydrides SH, SiH, and ScH. Very small concentrations

of these hydrides should be detectable; in interstellar gas, concen- trations as low as 10~° molecule/cm' may be sufficient, as compared to

the 10""2 hydrogen atom/cm3 required for detection of the 21 cm line.

High sensitivity In radio telescopes Is achieved by reducing the

bandwidth of the receiver; therefore, only with precise foreknowledge

of the line frequencies is an astronomical search for the radio spectra

of these molecules feasible. To secure precise measurements of these

frequencies, a research program In free radical microwave spectroscopy

has been started.. Since conventional methods are insensitive at the

low frequencies of these molecular transitions, the paramagnetic res- onance method is being used instead. This Involves the application of

a strong magnetic field to the radical vapor, which shifts the low

frequency spectra to a conveniently high microwave range, where they

may be measured with optimum sensitivity.

The first diatomic hydride investigated by the paramagnetic res- onance method was the OH radical. Results of this experiment include

the frequencies of the two strong spectral lines by which OH may be

Identified in Interstellar gas; the frequencies are 1665.32 ± 0.10 Mc/s

and 1667.36 ± 0.10 Mc/s. Success in observing these spectral lines has

so far, apparently, been confined to the laboratory; extra-terrestrial

observations have yet to be reported. Preparations are being made for

similar experiments on CH and SH radicals.

-10-
2.20. Stel lar Atmospheres

The program of research on the physics of stellar atmospheres

continues at the Boulder Laboratories, with primary emphasis on the

stellar atmosphere as a laboratory for the study of gaseous physics

under conditions not easily reproducible terrestrially. The two

principal directions of current interest lie in the study of non- equilibrium thermodynamics in the presence of a radiation field and

the study of aerodynamic motions under the environment characteristic

of stel lar atmospheres.

A systematic investigation into the physical state of solar

prominences and the physical structure of solar flares has been continued in collaboration with the Sacramento Peal< Observatory.

A series of theoretical investigations of the rocl<et UV coronal

lines have been Initiated.

2.21. Studies of the Interplanetary Medium

A study of the relation of solar emission of medium-energy particles to other types of solar activity, has revealed new facts about

the Interplanetary medium. First suspected as a typical solar event

in 1956, the presence of these solar particles in the earth's atmosphere has been detected and their effects studied by means of VHF

forward-scatter signals. These data and others, measuring the ionospheric effects of the solar particles, show that around the time of

maximum solar activity the solar cosmic ray particles take much longer

to reach the earth from the sun than they do near minimum activity.

Comparison with characteristics of solar particles of higher and lower

energies show that these medium-energy particles must move in the interplanetary magnetic field, not as single particles, but as a group.

Consideration of directly-observed energy spectra of the various solar

particles show that this behavior is to be expected if the interplanetary field is regular but weal< near solar minimum activity, but contains regions where the magnetic field intensity is 10"^ or 10~5 gauss

near maximum of the solar activity cycle. Linear dimensions, field

strength, and frequency of occurrence of these regions of enhanced

magnetic field, estimated from the behavior of the solar particles,

are found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the clouds are

formed through the action of clouds of low-energy solar particles.

The effect of these outward-moving magnetic clouds on the velocity distribution of cosmic rays accounts for the main features of solar modulation of cosmic rays.

-11-
3. APPENDIX

3,1. Bibliography (Sel ected papers

during the period 1955-1961)

a. Atomic and Molecular Properties

(1) Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra

Barger, R. L. and Kessler, K, G., Correction for systematic wavelength

shifts in atomic beam devices, J. Opt. Soc. Am.

^

No. k, 352 (I960).

Beaty, E. C. and Bender, P. L., Hyperflne transitions in rubidium 87

vapor, Proc. 13th Ann, Symp. on Frequency Control, 668-675 (May 1959).

Bozman, W. R. and Trees, R. E., Matrices of spin-orbit interaction of

the electron configuration d^s, J. Research NBS

^

95 (1957) RP2739.

Corliss, C. H. and Meggers, W. F., Improved description of hafnium

spectra, J. Research NBS 6^, 269 (1958) RP2904.

Kessler, K. G., Analysis of the first spectrum of ruthenium, J. Research

NBS 62A (Phys. and Chem.), No. 3, 213-25^ (Nov. -Dec. 1959).

Kessler, K. G., Prusch, S. B. and Stegun, I. A., Analysis of atomic

spectra with electronic digital computers, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 46, No. 12,

1043 (1956) 1624.

Kless, C. C. and Corliss, C. H., Description and analysis of the first

spectrum of Iodine, J. Research NBS 63A (Phys. and Chem.), No. 1, 1-18

(1959).

Kless, C. C, Rubin, V. C. and Moore, C. E., Faint lines In the arc

spectrum of Iron (Fe 1), J. Research NBS 65A (Phys. and Chem.), No. 1,

1-29 (Jan. -Feb. 1961).

Kless, C. C. and Thekaekara, M. P., Revised term values of Tl 1, Astrophys. J. _Q0, No. 3, 1008 (1959).

Margoshes, M. and Scrlbner, B. F., The plasma jet as a spectroscopic

source, Spechtrochem. Acta XIV. No. 2, 138 (1959).

Martin, W. C, Atomic energy levels and spectra of neutral and singly

ionized phosphorus, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, (PI and PI I), No. 11, 1071

(1959).

Martin, W. C, Energy levels and spectrum of neutral helium (^He 1), J. Research NBS 64A (Phys. and Chem.), No. 1, 19-28 (Jan. -Feb. I960).

Martin, W. C, New wavelengths for some helium (He 1) lines, J. Opt. Soc.

Am.

^

No. 2, 174 (I960).

-12-
Hartln^ W. C, Value of the Rydberg constant, Phys. Rev. 116. No. 3,

654 (1959) 3109.

Martin, W. C, and Corliss, Charles H., The spectrum of singly Ionized

atomic iodine (I N), J. Research NBS 64A (Phys. and Chan.), No. 6,

443-479 (I960).

Meggers, W. F., The present experimental status of rare-earth spectra.

Optics and Spectroscopy (USSR) 6, 429 (1959) 3090.

Meggers, W. F., Catalan, M. A., and Sales, M., Term analysis of the

second spectrum of rhenium (Re II), J. Research NBS 6l_, 441 (1958)

RP2914.

Meggers, W. F., Fred, M. and Tomklns^ F. S., Emission spectra of

actinium, J. Research NBS ^8, 297 (1957) RP2763.

Meggers, W. F. and Stanley, R. W., Wavelengths from thorium-hal Ide lan^s,

J. Research NBS 6jj 95 (1958) RP2891

Moore, C. E., A multlplet table of astrophyslcal Interest (Revised

edition). Part I, Table of multlplets and Part II, Finding list of

all lines In the table of mul tiplets, NBS Tech. Note 36, (1959)

PBI5I395.

Moore, C. E., Atomic energy levels Ml (42 Mo-57 La; 72 Hf-89 Ac), NBS

CI re. 467, (1958).

Moore, C. E., "Vistas in astronomy". Book: Atomic Spectra-Thel r Role In Astrophysics, Vol. Z, Chptr. 13, p. 1209 (Pergamon Press, London 1955)

(Pergamon Press, New York, N. Y. 1956) 1974.

Moore, C. E. and Merrill, P. W., Appendix A "Lines of the chemical

elements in astrophyslcal spectra". Book: Partial Grotrian Diagrams

of Astrophyslcal Interest, 610, (Carnegie Institute of Washington 1956).

Radford, H. E, and Hughes, V. W., Microwave Zeeman spectrum of atomic

oxygen, Phys. Rev. Uk, No. 5, 1274 (1959).

Russell, H. N, and Moore, C. E., The first spectrum of barium, Ba I, J. Research NBS

^

299 (1955) RP2633.

Shenstone, A. G. and Meggers, W. F., The second spectrum of ruthenium

(Ru II), J. Research NBS 6j_, 373 (1958) RP2908.

Tech, J. L. and Corliss, C. H., Wavelengths and intensities In the first

spectrum of bromine, 2000 to I3OOOA, J. Research NBS 65A (Phys. and

Chem.), No. 3, 159-166 (May- June I96I).

Trees, R. E., Comparison of first, second, and third approximations In

Bacher and Goudsmlt's theory of atomic spectra, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48,

293 (1958) 2492. _j^_
Trees, R. E., Low even configurations In the first spectrum of ruthenium

(Ru I), Part 1, J. Opt. Soc. Am. k^ 838 (1959); Part 2, J. Research NBS

63A (Phys, and Chem.), No. 3, 255-260 (1959).

(2) Molecular Spectra

Allen, H. C, Jr., Cross, P. C, Plyler, E. K. and Blaine, L. R., Infrared

spectrum of hydrogen sulfide from 2200-2800 cm'l, J. Chem. Phys. 24,

No. 1, 35 (1956) 17^1.

Allen, H. C, Jr. and Plyler, E. K., Ethane carbon-carbon distance

obtained from infrared spectra, J. Chem. Phys. 31

No. 4, 1062 (1959).

Allen, H. C, Jr. and Plyler, E. K., Infrared spectrum of hydrogen sulfide, J. Chem. Phys. 2i, No. 6, 1132 (1956) 17^.

Allen, H. C, Jr., Plyler, E. K. and Blaine, L. R., The emission spectrum

of OH from 2.8 to 4.1m,, Spectrochem. Acta ^ 126 (1957) 2356.

Broida, H. P. and Moore, C. E., Molecules In the solar spectrum, Mem.

Soc. Roy. Sci., Series k, Vol. 18, 217 (Liege, Belgium 1957) 2205.

Broida, H. P. and Peyron, M., Emission spectra of ^2) 02^ and NO molecules trapped in solid matrices, J. Chem, Phys. 22j No. 4, IO68 (I960).

Comeford, J. J. and Gould, J. H., infrared spectra of solid hydrocarbons

at very low temperatures, J. Mol . Spectroscopy ^No. 6, 474 (I960).

Dressier, K. and Schnepp, 0,, Absorption spectra of solid methane

ammonia and ice In the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Chem. Phys. 22.} No. 1,

270-274 (i960).

Fallona, J. P., Ferguson, H. 1. S. and NIcholls, R. W., An f/6 Littrow

grating spectrograph, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5j_, No. 3, 353 (1961).

Griffing, V., Jackson, J. L. and Ransll, B. J., The magnetic interaction

of H3, J. Chem. Phys. 29j '0^6 (1959) 3084.

Harvey, K, B. and Bass, A. M., Infrared absorption of oxygen discharge

products and ozone at 40K, J. Mol. Spectroscopy 2, No. 2, 405 (1958).

Herman, R. and Rubin, R, J., Determination of the dipole moment function

from Infrared band Intensities of diatomic molecules, J. Chem. Phys.

12, No. 5, 1393 (I960).

Kless, N. H. and Broida, H. P., Analysis of the (O.l) and (1.2) bands

of the 2A-2n system of CH, Astrophys. J. JJ^, No. 1, 166 (1956) 1625.

-14-
Kiess, N. H. and Broida, H. P., Spectrum of the C3 molecule between 36OOA,

and ^200A, Can. J. Phys.

^

1^1 (1956) 1885; Mem. Soc. Roy. Scl . 18,

5kk (Liege, Belgium 1957) 2313.

Krauss, M., Electronic structure of some diatomic hydrides, J. Chem. Phys.

28, 1021 (1958) 25^3.

Krauss, M., Use of gaussian orbitals for atoms- in-mol ecu le calculations,

J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 2, 692 (1961). Letter to the Editor.

Maki, A. and Declus, J. C, Vibrational spectrum of cyanate ion In

various alkali halide lattices, J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 3, 772 (1959).

Mann, D. E, and Thrush, B. A., On the absorption spectrum of CF2 and its

vibrational analysis, J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 6, 1732 (i960).

Mann, D, E., Thrush, B. A., Lide, D. R,, Jr., Ball, J. J. and Acquista,

N., Spectroscopy of fluorine flames, I. Hydrogen-fluorine flame and

the vibration-rotation emission spectrum of HF, J. Chem. Phys. ^4, No. 2,

420 (1961).

Maryott, A. and Birnbaum, G., Non-resonant microwave absorption and

relaxation frequency at elevated pressures, J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1778

(I960).

Moore, C. E. and Brolda, H. P., Rotational lines of CH, OH, and CN in the

solar spectrum, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci., Liege 7th Intern. Astrophys. Symp.

Proc, Belgium, Series 4, Vol. 18, 252 (1957) 2292.

Nlcholls, R. W., Interpretation of intensity distributions In the N2

Lyman-Bi rge-Hopf ield and CO fourth positive systems. Nature Letter

186, 715 (I960).

Nlcholls, R, W. and Kri shnamachari, S. L. N. G., On the excitation on

the emission spectrum of NCO in solid matrices condensed at k^K., Can.

J. Chem.

^

I652 (i960).

Plyler, E. K., Allen, H. C, Jr. and Tidwell, E. D., Emission spectrum

of carbon monoxide from 2.3 to 2.5 microns, J. Research NBS 61

,

53

(1958) RP2883.

Plyler, E. K. and Blaine, L. R., Transmi ttance of materials in the far

infrared, J. Research NBS 64C (Engrg. and Instr.), No. 1, 55 (I960).

Plyler, E. K., Danti, A., Blaine, L. R. and Tidwell, E. D., Vibrationrotation structure in absorption bands for the calibration of spectrometers from 2 to 16 microns, J. Research NBS 64A (Phys, and Chem.),

No. 1, 29 (I960) NBS Mono, 16.

-15-
Plyler, E. K. and Tidwell, E, D.^ Infrared emission spectra of flames

under high resolution, J. Research NBS 6l_, 263 (1958) RP2903.

Plyler, E. K. and Ti dwell, E. D., The precise measurement of the infrared spectra of molecules of the atmosphere, Mem. Soc. Roy. Scl . 28,

Q,uantrieme Ser., Inst. Astrophys., 426 (Liege, Belgium 1957) 2377.

Plyler, E. K., Tidwell, E. D. and Allen, H. C, Near Infrared spectrum

of nitrous oxide, J. Chem. Phys. 2ft, No. 1, 95 (1956) 1782.

Plyler, E, K., Tidwell, E. D. and Blaine, L. R., Infrared absorption

spectrum of methane from 2470 to 3200 cm"', J. Research NBS 64A (Phys.

and Chem.), No. 3, 201 (I960).

Radford, H. E., The microwave Zeeman effect of free hydroxyl radicals,

Phys. Rev. 122, 114 (1961.).

Ransll, B. J., The electronic structure of the H3 molecule cot^lex, J. Chem. Phys., (1957).

Schnapp, 0., The absorption spectra of magnesium and manganese atoms in

solid rare gas matrices, J. Phys. Chem. Solids JJ^ 188-195 (1961).

Schnapp, 0. and Dressier, K., Absorption spectra of solid xenon, krypton,

and argon in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Chem. Phys. ^2j No. 1, 49-55

(I960).

Schoen, L. J. and Broida, H. P., Effect of structure of the spectra

emitted by solid nitrogen during electron bombardment, J. Mol . Spectroscopy 5^ 416-419 (i960).

Stair, R., Measurement of ozone in terms of its optical absorption,

advances in chemistry (Series of the American Chemical Society) Z]j

269 (1959).

White, D., Mann, D. E., Walsh, P. N. and Sommer, A., Infrared emission

of gaseous HBOj, J. Chem. Phys. ^2, No. 2, 488 (I960).

White, D., Mann, D. E., Walsh,P. N. and Sommer, A., Infrared emission

spectra of gaseous B2O3 and B202^ J. Chem. Phys. j[2, No. 2, 481 (I960).

Zwanzig, R. W., Intermol ecular forces from optical spectra of impurities

In molecular crystals, Mol. Phys. ^

No. 4, 305-311 (I960).

(3) Line Shapes, Intensities, and Transition Probabilities

Broida, H. P. and Carrington, T., Fluorescence and average lifetime of

excited OH (22+) in flames, J. Chem. Phys. ^2, 2202 (1955) 1348.

-16-
Carrlngton, T., Line shape and F value in the OH ^IT*" - ^

transition,

J. Chem. Phys. 2L No. 5, 12^3 (1959) 2976.

Fano, U., Normal modes of a lattice of oscillators with many resonances

and dipolar coupling, Phys. Rev. 118. No. 2, 451 (I960),

Herman, R., Rothery, R. W. and Rubin, R. J., Line intensities in

vibration-rotation bands of diatomic molecules, J. Mol . Spectroscopy 2j

369 (1958).

Kostkowskl, H. J. and Bass, A. M., Slit function effects in the direct

measurement of absorption line half-widths and intensities, J. Opt.

Soc. Am. kSj No. 12, 1060 (1956) 4867.

Kostkowskl, H. J. and Kaplan, L. D., Absolute intensities of the 721 and

742 cm-1 bands of CO2, J. Chem. Phys. 26, 1252 (1957) 2007.

Mizushima, M., Theory of the stark effect of the NO molecule, Phys. Rev.

109, No. 5, 1557 (1958) 2840.

Nicholls, R. W., Franck-Condon arrays of high vibrational quantum numbers

for the O2 Schuman-Runge band system. Can. J, Phys. 38, 1[705 (I960).

Nicholls, R. W., Fraser, P. A., Jarmain, W. R., and McEachran, R. P.,

Vibrational transition probabilities of diatomic molecules: Collected

results IV, BeO, BO, CH+, CO, NO, SH, O2, 0+2^ Astrophys. J. 131, No. 2,

399 (I960).

Rohrlich, F., Theoretical multiplet strengths, Astrophys. J. 1 29» No. 2,

441 (1959).

Shuler, K. E. and Zwanzig, R., Quantum-mechanical calculations of harmonic

oscillator transition probabilities in a one-dimensional impulsive

collision, J. Chem. Phys. 2i, No. 6, 1778 (i960).

(4) Photolonization, Photodetachment

Branscomb, L. M., The program at the National Bureau of Standards, Book:

Optical Spectrometri c Measurement of High Temperatures, Session V.,

ed. Philip J. Dickerman, p. 235 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago,

111. 1961).

Branscomb, L. M., Burch, D. S., Smith, S. J. and Gel tman, S., Photodetachment cross section and the electron affinity of atomic oxygen,

Phys. Rev. jJJL, No. 2, 504 (1958) 2683.

Branscomb, L. M. and Smith, S. J., Experimental cross section for photodetachment of electrons from H- and D-, Phys. Rev.

^

No. 4, 1028

(1955) 1338.

-17-
Branscomb, L. M. and Smithy S, J., Negative oxygen ions In the upper

atmosphere: The affinity and radiactive attachment coefficient of

atomic oxygen. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union J6_, No. 5^ 755 (1955) 1^13.

Branscomb, L. M., Smith, S. J., Burch, D. S. and Gel tman, S., Photodetachment studies of negative ions, 3d Intern. Conf. Ionization

Phenomena in Gases, (Venice, Italy 1957) 22^6. Socita I tali ana di

Fi scia.

Burch, D. S., Smith, S. J. and Branscomb, L. M., Photodetachment of

02, Phys. Rev. Ul, 171 (1958) 2684.

Fano, U., McVoy, K. W. and Albers, J. R., Interference of orbital and

spin currents in bremsstrahlung and photoelectric effect, Phys. Rev.

116. No. 5, 1159 (1959).

Fano, U., McVoy, K. W. and Albers, J. R,, Sauter theory of the photoelectric effect, Phys. Rev. 116, No. 5, 11^7 (1959).

Gel tman, S., Theory of threshold energy dependence of photodetachment

of diatomic molecular negative ions, Phys. Rev. 1 1 2, No. 1, 176 (1958)

28M.

McVoy, K. W. and Fano, U., Bremsstrahlung and the photoelectric effect

as inverse processes, Phys. Rev. 116, No. 5, 1163 (1959) 2905.

_ Smi th, S. J., Photodetachment cross section for the negative ion of

atomic oxygen, Proc. kth Intern. Conf. Ionization Phenomena in Gases,

p. 1C219 (North Holland Publ . Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands I960).

Smith, S. J. and Branscomb, L. M., Atomic negati ve-lon-photodetachment

cross-section and affinity measurements, J. Research NBS ^^ 165

(1955) RP2615.

Smith, S. J. and Burch, D. S., Photodetachment cross section of the

negative hydrogen ion, Phys. Rev. Letters 2, No. k, 1645 (1959) 3012.

(5) Negative Ion Binding Energies

Branscomb, L. M., "Negative Ions", Book: Advan&es in Electronics

and Electron Physics (Academic Press, New York, N. Y. 1957) 2210.

Branscomb, L. M., The electron affinity of atomic oxygen. Nature 182,

248 (1956) 2812.

Branscomb, L. M. and Smith, S. J., Electron affinity of atomic oxygen,

Phys. Rev. ^8, No. 4, 1127 (1955) 1334.

Branscomb, L. M. and Smith, S. J., Electron affinity of atomic sulfur

and empirical affinities of the light elements, J. Chem. Phys. 2^^

No. 3, 598 (1956) 1698.

-18-
Johnson, H. R. and Rohrlich, F., Negative atomic ions, J. Chem. Phys.

}0, No. 6, 1608 (1959).

Rohrlich, F. and Johnson, H,, Atomic electron affinities. Nature 183»

4656, 2kk (1959) 2900.

(6) Collision Cross Sections

Branscomb, L. M., Calculated calibration points for negative ion appearance potentials, J. Chem. Phys. 22, ^52 (1958) 2481.

Carrincjton, T., Rotational transfer in the fluorescence spectrum of OH

(2 2+), J. Chem. Phys. Letter to Editor, Jl, 1418 (1959).

DIbeler, V. H. and Reese, R. M., Multiple ionization of sodium vapor by

electron impact, J. Chem. Phys. ^L 282 (1959) 2996.

Gel tman, S., Electron detachment from the negative hydrogen ion by

electron impact, Proc. Phys. Soc. LXXV, No. 1, 67 (I960).

Gel tman, S., "Ionization" of the hydrogen negative ion, Proc. 4th Intern.

Conf. ionization Phenomena in Gases (North Holland Publ , Co., Amsterdam,

The Netherlands) Uppsala 17-21, 1A19 (I960).

Herron, J. T. and Dibeler, V. H., Electron impact study of the cyanogen

halides, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 1555 (I960).

Krauss, M. and Kropf, A., Vibrational structure in the ionization efficiency curves of hydrogen and deuterium molecules, J. Chem, Phys. 26,

1776 (1957) 2410.

Leder, L. B,, Inelastic scattering of 20-l<ev electrons in metal vapors,

Phys. Rev. 122, No. 6, 1569 (1957) 2158.

Marton, L., Schubert, D. C. and Mielczarek, S. R., Electron optical

image of an atomic beam, J. Appl . Phys. _2L No. 4, 419 (1956) 1704,

Mielzarek, S. R., Schubert, D. C. and Marton, L., Apparatus for electron optical study of low density gas flow, Proc. 6th Natl, Symp,

Vacuum Techniques (I960).

Milford, S, N., Approximate cross-sections for inelastic collisions of

electrons with atoms: I. Allowed transitions, Astrophys. J. 131

No.

2, 407 (I960).

Potter, R. F., Ion-atom interchange In air, J. Ch«n. Phys. 23

No. 12,

2462 (1955) 1379.

Ruthberg, S., Microwave double-sweep method for analysis of time-dependent cavity characteristics. Rev. Sci . Instr. 2^ No. 11, 999 (1958)

2636.

-19-
Wacks, M. E. and Dibeler, V. H.^ Electron Impact studies of aromatic

hydrocarbons: i. Benzemen naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene,

J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 6, 1557 (1959) 2938.

V/allensteIn, M. B. and Krauss, M., Interpretation of the appearance

potentials of secondary ions, J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 3, 929 (1961).

b. Transport Properties and High Temperature Chemical Physics

(1 ) Theory of Non-Equi

ibrlum Rate Processes and Statistical

Mechanics

Bazley, N. W., Montroll, E. W., Rubin, R. J. and Shuler, K. E., Studies

in non-equilibrium rate process. III. The vibrational relaxation of a system of anharmonic oscillators^ Errata in J. Chem. Phys. 28, 700

(1958) 2786.

Green, M. S., A comment on a paper of Mori on time-correlation expressions

for transport properties, Phys. Rev. 119. No. 3, 829-830 (i960).

Green, M. S., A topological derivation of the Mayer density series for

the pressure of an Imperfect gas, J. Math. Phys. ]_, 291-29^ (I960).

Green, M. S., On the theory of the critical point of a simple fluid,

J. Chem. Phys. 23j No. 5, 1403-1409 (i960).

Green, M. S., "Some applications of the generating functional of molecular distribution functions". Book: Lectures in Theoretical Physics,

(Lectures delivered at the Summer Institute for Theoretical Physics,

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. I960), 111, 195-200 (Intersclence Publishers, Inc., New York, N. Y. 1961).

Herman, R. and Rubin, R. J., Model for vibrational relaxation of diatomic gases behind shock waves, Phys. Fluids 2, 5^7 (1959).

Herman, R, and Rubin, R. J., Vibrational energy exchange between diatomic molecules and a surface, J. Chem. Phys. l^j 591 (1958) 2862.

Herman, R. and Shuler, K. E., Studies in non-equilibrium rate processes,

IV. The rotational and vibrational relaxation of a system of rotating

oscillators, J. Chem. Phys. 22, 366 (1958) 2787.

Jackson, J. L., Electric field distribution in a dense plasma, Phys,

Fluids 2j 927-931 (I960).

Mazur, J. and Rubin, R. J., Quantum-mechanical calculation of the probability of an exchange reaction for constrained linear encounters,

J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 5, 1395 (1959) 3025.

-20-
Montroll, E. W. and Shuler, K. E., "Application of the theory of stochastic processes to chemical kinetics". Book: Advances in Chemical

Physics I, (Interscience Publ ishers. New York, N. Y., 1959) Vol . J_, p. 361, 2898.

Montroll, E. W. and Shuler, K. E., Studies in non-equilibrium rate pro- cesses I: The relaxation of a system of harmonic oscillators, J. Chem.

Rhys. 26, k5k (1957) 2324.

Oppenheim, !., Statistical mechanical theory of transport processes,

Proc. Midwestern Conf. on Theoretical Phys., 142 (Wash. U., St. Louis,

Mo., 1958) 2278.

Oppenheim, I. and Mazur, P., Density expansions of distribution functions,

I. VIrial expansion for ftnite closed systems; canonical ensemble.

Physics 2^ 197 (1957) 2077; II. Density expansions in the grand canonical ensemble, Physica 21, 216 (1957) 2078.

OppenheiiTi, I. and Ross, J., Temperature dependence of distribution functions In quantum statistical mechanics, Phys. Rev, 107t No. 1, 28 (1957)

2340.

Rice, S. A., Ki rkwood, J. G., Ross, J. and Zwanzig, R. W., Statistical

mechanical theory of transport processes, XII. Dense rigid sphere

fluids, J. Chem. Phys. 2dj No. 3, 575 (1959).

Rubin, R. J. and Shuler, K. E., On the dissociation of polyatomic molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 11, No. 2, 438 (I960).

Rubin, R. J. and Shuler, K. E., On the relaxation of vibrational non- equilibrium distributions: I. Colllsional relaxation of a system of

harmonic oscillators, J. Chem, Phys. 2^ 59 (1956); II. The effect

of the colllsional transition probabilities on the relaxation behavior,

J. Chem. Phys. 2^, 68 (1956); III. The effect of radiative transitions

on the relaxation behavior, J, Chem. Phys. ZSj 137 (1957).

Shuler, K. E., Analysis of vibrational relaxation data in shock wave

experiments, J. Chem. Phys. Note 10, I63I (1959) 2896.

Shuler, K, E., On the kinetics of elementary gas phase reactions at high

temperatures, 5th Intern. Symp. on Combustion (Reinhold Publ. Corp.,

New York, N. Y., 1955) 56, 1433.

Shuler, K. E., On the perturbation of the vibrational equilibrium distribution reactant molecules by chemical reactions, 7th Intern. Symp. on

Combustion, 87 (Butterworth, London, England, 1958) 267 1

Shuler, K. E., On the specification of transient non-equilibrium systems,

6th Intern. Symp. on Combustion (Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York, N. Y.,

1957) 371, 2237.

-21-
Shuler, K. E., Relaxation of an Isolated ensemble of harmonic oscillators,

J. Chem. Phys. Jl, No. 6, 1692 (I960).

Shuler, K. E., Relaxation processes in multistate systems, Phys. Fluids

2, No. k, kk2 (1959).

Shuler, K. E., Studies in non-equilibrium rate processes, II. The

relaxation of vibrational non-equilibrium in distributions in chemical

reactions and shock waves, J. Phys. Chem. 6J_, 849 (1957) 2325.

Zwanzig, R., Ensemble method In the theory of Irreversibility, J. Chem.

Phys. il. No. 5, 1338-1341 (I960).

Zwanzig, R., Intermolecular forces from optical spectra of impurities in

molecular crystals. Molecular Physics 2> No. k, 305-311 (I960).

Zwanzig, R., "Statistical mechanics of irreversibility", Bool<: Lectures

in Theoretical Physics, (Lectures delivered at the Summer Institute for

Theoretical Physics, University of Colo., Boulder, Colo., I960), III,

(Interscience Publ . Inc., New York, N. Y., 1961).

(2) Chemical Kinetics

Bass, A. M. and Brolda, H. P., Editors of the Book: "Formation and

Trapping of Free Radicals", 522 pages (Academic Press, Inc., New York,

N. Y., I960).

Brolda, H. P., "Spectroscopic studies of solids, condensed at 4.2°K from

electric discharge through nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, water and ammonia",

Proc. Conf. on Chem. Astronomy, Book: The Threshold of Space, (Pergamon

Press, London, England, 1957) 2309.

Brolda, H. P. and NIcholls, R. W., Phosphorescence of nitrogen and nitrogen-argon deposited films at 4. 2°K, J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 2, 623 (I960).

Garvin, D., Brolda, H. P. and KostkowskI, H. J., Chemically induced

vibrational excitation: hydrbxyl radical emission In the 1-3 micron

region produced by the H+Qo atomic flame, J. Chem. Phys. 32, No. 3,

880 (I960).

Herron, J. T., Rate of reaction of nitrogen atoms with ethylene, J. Chem.

Phys. 2L 1273 (I960). Letter to the Editor.

Herron, J. T. and Dibeler, V. H., Ionization potential of fluorine, J. Chem. Phys.

^

1884 (I960). Letter to the Editor.

Herron, J. T. and Dibeler, V. H., Mass spectra and appearance potentials

of tetrafluorohydrazlne, J. Chem. Phys.

^

1595 (I960). Letter to

the Edi tor.

-22- 4
Herron, J, T., Franklin, J. L, and Brandt, P., Mass spectroitretric study

of the reactions of some hydrocarbons with active nitrogen. Can. J. Chem. 17, 579 (1959).

Hereon, J, T., Franklin, J. L., Brandt, P. and Dlbeler, V. H., Kinetics

of nitrogen atom recombination, J. Chem. Phys. Letter 2^ No. 1, 230

(1958); J. Chem. Phys. iO, 879 (1959) 2972.

Horl, E. M., Electron bombardment of solid acetone, J. Chem. Phys, JJ_,

564 (1959). Letter to the Editor.

Horl, E. M., The absorption spectrum of sol id a-oxygen, J. Mol . Spectroscopy 1, 548 (1959).

Jackson, J. L., Dynamic stability of frozen radicals, I. Description

and application of the model, J. Chem. Phys. JX, No. 1, 15^ (1959).

Jackson, J. L., Dynamic stability of frozen radicals, 11. The formal

theory of the model, J. Chem. Phys. H, No. 1, 154 (1959).

Klein, R., Adsorption, diffusion, and evaporation of carbon monoxide on

tungsten, J. Chem. Phys. il, No. S, 1306 (1959) 2888.

Klein, R. and Horl, E. M,, Isotope exchange processes in solid nitrogen

under electron bombardment, J, Chem. Phys, 32, 307 (i960). Letter to

the Editor.

Klein, R., McNesby, J. R., Scheer, M. D. and Schoen, L. J., Kinetics of

D atom reactions with H2J J. Chem. Phys. 22j No. 1, 58 (1959) 2971.

Klein, R. and Scheer, M. D., Hydrogen atom reactions with propane at 77*^K

dl sproportionation and recombination, J. Phys. Chem. 6^ 324 (1961).

Klein, R. and Scheer, M. D., Reaction of hydrogen atoms with solid oxygen

at 20% J. Chemw Phys.

^

278 (1959). Letter to the Editor.

Klein, R., Scheer, M. D. and Walker, J., The reaction of hydrogen atoms

with solid propane at low temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1247 (I960).

McKinley, J. D., Jr. and Shuler, K. E., Kinetics of the high tonperature

heterogeneous reaction of chlorine and nickel between 1,200 and l,700OK,

J. Chem. Phys. 28, No. 6, 1207 (1958); 2608.

McNesby, J. R., Scheer, M. D. and Klein, R., Isotope effect in the hydrogen atom-formaldehyde reaction, J. Chem. Phys. 32, No. 6, 181 4 (i960).

Meijer, P. H. E., Line shape of ultraviolet absorption in solid noble

gases, J. Chem. Phys. ^4, No. 6, 2078-2082 (1961).

Okabe, H. and McNesby, J. R., Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of ethane:

Molecular detachment of hydrogen, J. Chem. Phys. 2fb No. 2, 668 (1961).

-23-
Ruehrwein, R. A. and Hashman^ J. S., Formation of ozone from atomic

oxygen at low temperature, J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 3, 823 (1959) 295^.

Ruehrwein, R. A., Hashman, J. S. and Edwards, J. W., Chemical reactions

of free radicals at low temperature, J. Phys, Chem. 6k, 1317 (I960),

Scheer, M. D. and Klein, R., The double bond i somerizatlon of olefins

by hydrogen atoms at -195°^ J. Phys. Chem. 6^, 1517 (1959).

Schoen, L. J. and Broida, H. P., Spectra emitted from rare gas-oxygen

solids during electron bomba rchnen t, J. Chem. Phys, J_2, No. k, 1184

(I960).

(3) Gas Phase Chemi luminescence

Beale, G. E,, Jr. and Broida, H. P., Spectra study of a visible shortduration afterglow in nitrogen, J. Chem, Phys, JJ_, No, 4, 1030 (1959).

Broida, H, P,, Experimental tanperature measurements In flames and hot

gases. Book: Temperature, its Measurement and Control in Science and

Industry 2, 264 (1955) (Reinhold Publ , Corp,, New York, N, Y,) 13^0,

Broida, H, P. and Heath, D. F., Luminous reaction between carbon mon- oxide and atomic nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys. 2^ 1352 (1957) 2183.

Dressier, K., Absorption spectrum of vibrational ly excited N2 In active

nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys.

^

1621 (1959) 2887. Letter to the Editor.

Ferguson, R, E., On the origin of the electronically excited Co radical

In hydrocarbon flames, J, Chem. Phys. 2^ No. 11, 2O85 (1955).

Kless, N, H, and Broida, H. P., Emission spectra from mixtures of atomic

nitrogen and organic substances, 7th Symp. on Combustion, (Butterworth,

London, England, 1958) 207, 25Mt.

KostkowskI, H, J, and Broida, H. P., Spectra absorption method for determining population "temperatures" In hot gases, J, Opt. Soc. Am. kS,

No. 4, 246 (1956) 1882.

Kurzweg, U. H., Bass, A, M. and Broida, H. P., Spectra of afterglows and

discharges from nitrogen-oxygen mixtures, J. Mol , Spectroscopy J_, 184

(1957) 2307.

Kurzweg, U, H. and Broida, H. P,, Vibrational Intensity distributions in

the nitrogen afterglow, J. Mol. Spectroscopy J^ 388 (1959).

McKlnley, J. D., Jr. and Polyanyl, J, C, Chemi luminescence In the system

atomic sodium plus atomic hydrogen. Can. J. Chem. ^6j 107 (1958) 2486.

-24-
(4) Spectroscopic Temperature Measurements

Broida^ H. P. and Heath, D. F., Spectroscopic survey of energy distributions of OH, C2f and CH radicals In low-pressure acetylene-oxygen

flames, J. Chem. Phys. 26, 223 (1957) 2316.

Broida, H, P. and Kostkowskl, H, J., Experimental proof for the existence

of non-thermal rotational distributions of OH (22*) in flames,

J. Chem. Phys. 2^, No. 4, 676 (1956) 1709.

Carrington^ T., Electronic quenching of OH (^IT*") in flames and Its significance in the Interpretation of rotational relaxation, J. Chem.

Phys. 10, 1087 (1959) 2941.

Carrington, T, and Broida, H. P., Wall effects on rotational population

of OH^ST*" in a microwave discharge, J, Mol . Spectroscopy 2, No. 3f 273

(1958) 2865.

Ferguson, R. E. and Broida, H. P., Atomic flames; Spectra "temperatures"

and products, 5th Intern. Symp. on Combustion (1955).

Herzfeld, C. M., Incomplete equilibrium and temperature measurement, J,

Wash. Acad. fci. 46, 269 (1956) 1735.

Kostkowski, H. J., The accuracy and precision of measuring temperatures

above lOOO^K, Proc. 2d Intern, Synqj. on High Temperature Technology,

Stanford Research Institute, (Oct. 1959), 33 (McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.,

New York, N. Y., I960).

Maki, A. G., Stair, R. and Johnson, R. G., Apparatus for the measurement

of the normal spectral emisslvity in the Infrared, J, Research NBS 64C

(Eng. and instr.). Mo. 2, 99 (I960).

Parkinson, W. H. and Nicho4;ls, R. W., Spectroscopic tenperatu re measurements in a shock tube using CN as a thermc»netric molecule. Can. J. Phys.

iS, 715 (I960).

Thomas, R. N., Effect of departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium

on inferences of stellar atmospheric temperatures. Optical Spectrometrie Measurements of High Temperatures (University of Chicago Press,

Chicago, 111., I960).

Zirker, J. B. and Thomas, R. N., Departures from the Saha equation for

ionizlzed helium, I. Condition of detailed balance in the resonance

lines, Astrophys. J. 133, No. 2, 588 (1961).

(5) Thermodynamic Properties of Ionized Gas

Hilsenrath, J., Green, M. S. and Beckett, C. W., The internal energy of

highly ionized gases, Proc. 9th Intern. Astronautlcal Congr. (Amsterdam,

Holland, 1958). Springer Verlag (Vienna, Austria, 1959) p. 120, 3O8I.

'25-
Hllsenrath, J., Klein, M. and Sumlda, D. Y., Mechanized computation of

thermodynamic tables at the NBS: The calculation of the equilibrium

composition and thermodynamic properties of dissociated and ionized

gaseous system, Proc. Symp, Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of

Gases, Liquids, and Solids, Am. Soc, Mech. Engrs., 4l6 (Reprinted from

Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids,

1959) 2988.

HIlsenrath> J., Klein, M. and V/bolley, H. W., Tables of thermodynamic

properties of air including dissociation and ionization from 1500°K

to 15000% USAF Report AEDC-TR-59-20 (Dec. 1959).

Wool ley, H. W,, Effects of intermol ecular Interactions of thermodynamic

properties of gases at high temperatures and pressures, Proc. 4th

Hyperveloclty Impact Symp., Eglln Air Force Base, Florida (June I960).

Wool 1 ey, H. W., Empirical I ntermol ecular potential for inert gas atoms,

J. Chem. Phys.

^

No. 2, 405 (I960).

Wool ley, H. W., Thermodynamic functions for atomic ions, ASTIA Document

AD 96302 (Apr. 1957).

Wool ley, H. W., Thermodynamic properties of gases at high temperature,

I. Chemical equilibrium among molecules, atoms, and atomic ions con- sidered as clusters, J. Research NBS 6J_, 469 (1959) RP2916.

c. Plasma Physics and Astrophysics

(1) Plasma Physics

Gal let, R. M., Propagation and production of electromagnetic waves in a plasma, II. Nuova CImento Suppl . V^, No. 1, 234 (1959) 3023.

Gal let, R. M., Richardson, J. M., Wider, B., Ward, G. D. and Harding, G.

N., Microwave whistler mode propagation In a dense laboratory plasma,

Phys. Rev. Letter 4, No. 7, 347 (i960).

Jackson, J. L., Electric field distribution in a dense plasma, Phys.

Fluids, 2, 927-931 (I960).

Tchen, C. M,, Approximate theory on the stability of interfacial waves between two streams, J. Appl . Phys. !]_, No. 12, 1533 (1956) 1632.

Tchen, C. M., Kinetic equation for a plasma with unsteady correlations,

Phys. Rev. ri4. No. 2, 394 (1959).

Tchen, C. M., Stability of oscillations of superposed fluids, J. Appl.

Phys. IL.No. 7, 760 (1956) I89O.

(2) Astrophysics

Branscomb, L. M. and Pagel , B. E. F., Atomic and molecular negative ions

in stellar atmospheres, Mo. Notices Roy Astron. Soc. 1 18, No. 3, 258

(1958) 2463.

-26-
Bur. Standards Tech. Note 30, Aerodynamic phenomena In stellar atiw>spheres-~

A bibliography (PB15389).

Burgers^ J. M. and Thomas, R. N., Preface to Proc. 3rd Symp. on Cosmlcal

Gas Dynamics, Cambridge, Sml thsonlan Astrophys. Observatory, (June 1957)^

Rev. Modern Phys. ^0, 908 (1958) 2697.

Chapman, S., Thermal diffusion In Ionized gases, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London,

England, 1958) 22, 353, 2844.

Gal let, R. M., Aerodynamical mechanisms producing electronic density

fluctuations In turbulent ionized layers, Proc. I RE 4^^ 1240 (1955)

1254.

Gal let, R. M., and Utiaut, W. F., Evidence on the laminar nature of the

exosphere obtained by means of guided high-frequency wave propagation,

Phys. Rev. Letter to Editor i6, No. 11, 591-594 (June 1, 1961).

Jefferles, J. T., Source function In a non-ecpil 1 Ibrtum atmosphere, VII.

The Interlocking problem, Astrophys. J. 132, No. 3, 775 (I960).

Jefferles, J. T. and Pottasch, S., The nova outburst. III. The Ionization of hydrogen gas by an exciting star, Ann. Astrophys. J. 22, 318

(1959) 3085.

Jefferles, J. T. and Thomas, R. N., Source function In a non-equl 1 Ibrlum

atmosphere, II. Depth dependence of source function for resonance and

strong subordinate lines, Astrophys. J. 127. No. 3, 667 (1958) 2767.

Jefferles, J. T. and Thomas, R. N., Source function In a non-equilibrium

atmosphere. Mi. The Influence of a chromosphere, Astrophys. J. 1 2^,

No. 2, 401 (1959).

Jefferles, J. T. and Thomas, R. N., The source-function In a non-equl 1 1 br I uro atmosphere, V. Character of the self-reversed emission cores of Ca+ H

and K, Astrophys. J. 131. 695 (I960).

Jefferles, J. T. and White, 0. R., Source function In a non-equl 1 Ibrlum

atmosphere, VI. The frequency dependence of the source function for

resonance lines, Astrophys. J. 132, 767 (I960).

Kless, C. C, Corliss, C. H. and Kless, H. K., High dispersion spectra

of Jupiter, Astrophys. J. 132. 221 (I960).

Kless, C. C, Corliss, C. H., Kles?, H. K. and Corliss, E. L. R., Hlghdisperslon spectra of Mars, Astrophys. J. 126, No. 3, 579 (1957) 2152.

Pottasch, S. R., Bright rims In diffuse nebulae. Rev. Modern Phys. ^£,

No. 3, 1053 (1958) 2479.

-27-
Pottasch, S. R., Balmer decrements, the diffuse nebulae, Astrophys. J. 131. No. 1, 202 (I960).

Pottasch, S. R., The nova outburst^ I. The nova outburst, Ann. Astrophys.

J. 22, 297 (1959) 3085.

Pottasch, S. R., The nova outburst, II. The radiative cooling of an expanding shell, Ann. Astrophys. J. 22, 310 (1959) 3085.

Pottasch, S. R., The nova outburst, IV. The intensity of Ha, Ann. Astrophys. J. 22, 394 (1959) 3085.

Pottasch, S. R., The nova outburst, V. The temperature and radius of the

central exciting star and observation of elements other than hydrogen,

Ann. Astrophys. J. 22, No. 4, 412 (1959) 3085.

Pottasch, S. R. and Thomas, R. N., Departures from the Saha equation

under varying conditions of Lyman continuous opacity, Astrophys. J. 130,

No. 3, 941 (1959) 2926.

Thomas, R. N.^ Effect of departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium

on inferences of stellar atmospheric temperatures. Book: Optical Spectrometrlc Measurements of High Temperatures, ed. by Philip J. Dickerman,

Session 1, p. 14 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111,, 1961).

Thomas, R. N., The source-function in a non-equilibrium atmosphere, IV. Evaluation and application of the net radiative bracket, Astrophys. J. 131. 429 (I960).

(3) Solar Physics

Athay, R. G. and Thomas, R. N., On the use of the early balmer lines to

extend the photospheric model, Astrophys. J. 1 27

No. 1, 96 (1958).

Athay, R. G. and Thomas, R. N., The chromosphere near active regions,

Astrophys. J. V2^ 788 (1957).

Moore, C. E. and Broida, H. P., OH in the solar spectrum, J. Research NBS

63A (Phys. and Chem.), No. 3, 279 (1959).

Pottasch, S. R., Departures of hydrogen from L.T. E. in a stellar atmosphere and the consequent structure of the solar chromosphere, Comm.

de 1 'Observatoi re Royal de Belgique No. 157^ entitled "The emperical

determination of the stellar photospheric structures". Paper _!_]_, 67

(1959).

Pottasch, S. R., Use of the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium in determining the temperature distribution in the outer solar atmosphere,

Astrophys. J. 121, 68 (I96O).

-28-
Pottasch, S. R. and Thqmas, R, N., Thermodynamic structure of the outer

solar atmosphere, VI. Effect of departures from the Saha equation on Infrared properties of the low chromosphere, Astrophys. J. 132, (I960).

Tandberg-Hanssen, E., Curtis, W. and Watson, K., The emission of Hel I, YIO83O, during the great flare of August 26, 1958, Astrophys. J. 129.

No. 1, 238 (1959).

Thomas, R. N. and Athay, R. G., Physics of the solar chromosphere (Fntersclence Publishers, New York, N. Y., 1961),

Warwick, C. S., Green corooal line intensity and geomagnetism, J. Geophys,

Research Gk, 527 (1959).

Warwick, C. S. and Hansen, R. T., Geomagnetic activity following large

solar flares, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. ]kj 287 (1959).

Warwick, C. S. and Warwick, J. W., Flare-associated bursts at 18 MC/S,

Paris Syrap. on Radio Astronomy (lAU Symp. No. 9 and URSI Symp. No. 1),

p. 203 (1959).

Warwick, C. S. and Wood, M. B., A study of limb flares and associated

events, Astrophys. J. 128. 801 (1959).

(4) Upper Atmosphere Physics - Airglow and Aurorae

Agy^ v.. Ionospheric effects produced by solar flare radiation, Phys.

Rev. 102, 917 (1956).

Chamberlain, J. W., Oxygen red lines in the airglow, [. Twilight and

night excitation processes, Astrophys. J. 1 27, No. 1, (MacMillan and

Co., London, England, 1958).

Chapman, S., The aurora In middle and low latitudes. Nature 1 79, No,

4549, (1957).

Chapman, S. and Davles, K., On the approximate daytime constancy of the

absorption of radio waves in the lower ionosphere, J. Atmospheric and

Terrest, Phys, jl, 86 (1958),

Dunn, R, B,, Jefferles, J. T, and Orrall, F. Q.., The line and continuous

emission observed In two limb flares. Observatory 80, 31 (I960).

Finney, J. W. and Smith, E, K., Jr., Report on the IGY obi ique-i ncidence

sporadic-E and F-scatter program, NBS Tech. Note k8j (PB151^07) (i960).

Gallet, R. M., The spectrum of the electron density fluctuations in the

ionosphere, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. Special Suppl. (1957);

Proc. Polar Atmosph, Symp., (Oslow, Norway, 1957 " July 2-8, 1956)

Part II, I65.

-29-
Gallet; R. M., The very 1ow~f requency emissions generated in the earth's

exosphere, Proc. IRE 4^^ 211 (1959).

Gates, D. M., Radio, ionosphere and ai r-glow observations during IGY,

IGY Bull. 2^ No. 1 (1959).

Gates, D. M. and Jones, E., OH emission in the earth's atmosphere, Proc.

2d Natl. Infrared Information Symp. k, 145 (1959).

Hunten, D. M., Roach, F. E. and Chamberlain, J. W., A photometric unit

for the airglow and aurora, J, Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. 8, 3^5

(1956).

McCaulley, J, W., Roach, F. E. and Matsushita, S., A study of local geomagnetic Influence on the (01) 5577 night-glow emission at Fritz Peak,

J. Geophys. Research 6^^ No. 5 (May I960).

Megill, L. R., Photometric observations of the twilight glow (01) 5577

and (01) 6300, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. r^ 276 (i960).

O'Brien, B. J., Van Allen, J. A., Roach, F. E. and Gartlein, C. W., Correlation of an auroral arc and a subvisible monochromatic 63OOA arc

with outer-zone radiation on November 28, 1959, J. Geophys. Research 65

No. 9, 2759-2766 (Sept. i960).

Rees, M. H., Absolute photometry of the aurora, I. The ionized molecular

nitrogen emission and the oxygen green line in the dark atmosphere, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. Uf, 325 (1959).

Rees, M. H., Absolute photometry of the aurora, II. Molecular nitrogen

©nission in the sunlit atmosphere, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys.

v±, 338 (1959).

Roach, F. E,, The Intensity of (01) 5577 in the subauroral region as a function of magnetic activity, J. Geophys. Research 6^ No. 5, 1^95

(I960).

Roach, F. E., The night airglow, Proc. IRE 4^, 267 (1959).

Roach, F. E., MiaCaulley, J. W. and Marovich, E., Origin of (01) 5577 in

the airglow and the aurora, J. Research NBS 63

(Radio Prop.), No. 1,

15-18, (July-Aug. 1959).

Roach, F, E., McCaulley, J. W., Marovich, E. and Purdy, C. M., A comparative study of absolute Zenith intensities of (01) 5577, J. Geophys.

Researches Noi 5, 1503 (i960).

Roach, F. E., McCaulley, J. W. and Purdy, C. M., Comparison of absolute

Intensities of (01) 5577 in the auroral and subauroral zones, J. Research

NBS 6^0 (Radio Prop.), No. 1, 19-20 (July-Aug. 1959).

-30-
Roach, F. E. and Marovich, E., A monochromatic low-latitude aufor^ J. Research NBS 6^0 (Radio Prop.), No. 3, 297-301 (Nov. -Dec. 1959).

Roach, F. E. and Marovlch, E., Aurora of October 22/23^ 1958 at Rapid

City, South Dakota, J. Research NBS 6ffD (Radio Prop.), No. 2, 205-209

(March-Apr. I960).

Roach, F. E,, Megill, L. R., Rees, M. H. and Marovlch, E., The height

of nightglow 5577, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. ]2j 171 (1958).

Roach, F. E. and Meinel, A. B., The height of the nightglow by the Van

Rhijn method, Astrophys. J. 122. No. ^3, 530 (1955).

Roach, F. E. and Rees, M. H., The absolute Zenith intensity of (01) 5577

at College, Alaska, J. Geophys. Research 6^^ No. 5, 1^89 (I960).

Roach, F. E., Tandberg-Hanssen, E. and Megill, L. R., Movements of airglow cells, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. _1_2^ 122 (1958).

Roach, F. E., Tandberg-Hanssen, E. and Megill, L. R., The characteristic

size of airglow cells, J. of Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. J_2^ 113 (1958)

Smith, S. J., Burch, D. S. and Bransccmb, L. M., JExperimental photodetachment cross section and the ionospheric detachment rate of Os,

Ann. Geophys. Tome j4. No. 2, 225 (1958).

Tandberg-Hanssen, E. and Roach, F. E., Excitation mechanisms of the

oxygen 5577 emission in the upper atmosphere, J. Research NBS 63

(Radio

Prop.), No. 3, 319-324 (Nov. -Dec. 1959).

Thomas, J. A. and Smith, E. K., A survey of the present knowledge of

sporadic-E ionization, J. Atmospheric and Terrest. Phys. V^, 295 (1959).

(5) Ionosphere

Agy, V. and Davis, K., Ionospheric investigations using the sweep-frequency

pulse technique at oblique incidence, J. Research NBS 63D (Radio Prop.),

No. 2, 151-174 (Sept. -Oct. 1959).

Brandt, J. C. and Chamberlain, J. W., Interplanetary gas, 1. Hydrogen

radiation in the night sky, Astrophys. J. 130. 67O (1959).

Chapman. S., The earth and its environment, Proc. IRE 42^ No. 2, 137

(1959).

Chapman, S. and Little, C. G., The nondeviative absorption of highfrequency radio waves In auroral latitudes, J. Atmospheric and Terrest.

Phys. 10, 20-31 (1957).

Gates, D. M., Atmospheric research, Americana Annual, p. 62 (1958).

-31-
Gal let, R. M. and Helliwell, R. A,, Origin of "very- low- frequency"

emissions, J. Research NBS 63

D

(Radio Prop,)^ No. 1, 21-27 (July-Aug.

1959).

Little, C. 6. and Lawrence, R. S., The use of polarization fading of

satellite signals to study the electron content and irregularities

in the ionosphere, Proc. COSPAR Space Symp. Part (I (North Holland

Publ. Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, I960).

McDonald, N. and Knecht, R. W., A possible effect of lower atmosphere

divergence on the local electron density in the ionosphere. High

Altitude Observatory Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Research, NBS

Tech. Note (I960).

Smith, E. K. and Finney, J. W., Peculiarities of the ionosphere in the

Far East, A report on IGY observations of Es and F-region scatter, J. Geophys. Research 6^ 885 (I960).

White, M. L., Atmospheric tides and electro ionospheric dynamics, J. Geophys. Research 6^ No. 1, 153 (I960).

Wright, J. W. and Fine, L. A., Mean electron density variations of the

quiet ionosphere I - March 1959, NBS Tech. Note 40-1 (PBl 51 399-1 )

.

Wright, J. W. and Fine, L. A., Mean electron density variations of the

quiet ionosphere I - March 1959, NBS Tech. Note 40-2 (PBI5I 399-2)

.

3.2. Partial List of Participants

There follows a partial list of scientists engaged in activities

described in this note, with indications of their research fields and

organizational location within the National Bureau of Standards. The

latter may be helpful in making contact with individuals for the purpose

of obtaining reprints or further technical information;

ALLEN. Harry C. Jr : Ph.D., Universi ty of Washington (Seattle), 1951;

theory of molecular structure; Chief, Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry

Divi slon.

BASS, Arnold M. : Ph.D., Duke University, 19^9; spectroscopy with

emphasis on the spectra o? molecules in solids at low temperature, and

on the use of spectroscopic methods in high temperature measurement;

Heat Division.

BEATTY. Earl C. : Ph.D., Washington University, 1956; atomic mobi 1 i ti es and optical pumping, atomic clocks; Atomic Physics Division, Atomic

Physics Section.

BECKETT. Charles W. : Ph.D., University of California, 19^5; dynamic

and transfer properties and related structural properties of matter

throughout the temperature range from ordinary temperatures up to

millions of degrees; Assistant Chief, Heat Division.

-32-
BRANSCOMB. Lewis M. : Ph.D.^ Harvard University, 19^9; ionic physics

and atomic collision phenomena, upper atmosphere physics; Chief,

Atomic Physics Division.

BROIDA, Herbert P. ; Ph.D., Harvard University, 19^9; molecular spectroscopy, chemical physics, spectra of condensed radicals; Office of

the Director, Senior Research Fellow,

BROWN. Lawrence M. : Ph.D. candidate. Catholic University; equation

of state of gases, shock waves, exploding wire phenomena, compilation

of properties of isotopic hydrogen compounds, review of isotope

effects on chemical reaction rates; Heat Division, Equation of State

Section.

CARRINGTON. Tucker : Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, 1952;

spectroscopic study of molecular collisions; Physical Chemistry

Division, Molecular Kinetics Section.

COOPER, J. W. : Theoretical physics; photoioni zation cross sections;

Office of the Director.

CORLISS, Charles H. ; Spectrochemi cal analysis, description of atomic

spectra, measurement of spectral intensity, development of spectroscopic light sources; Atomic Physics Division, Spectroscopy Section.

DIBELER, Vernon H. ; Ph.D., Columbia University, 1950; application

of mass spectrometry to molecular physics, electron impact phenomena

in molecular gases; Physical Chemistry Division, Chief, Mass Spectrometry Section.

FANO, U. ; Dr. Sc, University Torino, Italy, 1929-3^; theoretical

physics, scattering theory, radiation transfer through materials;

Office of the Director, Senior Research Fellow.

GELTMAN. Sydney : Ph.D., Yale University, 1952; theory of ionic

mobilities, atomic scattering, ionization, and photodetachment;

Atomic Physics Division, Atomic Physics Section.

GREEN, Melvil 1 e S. : Ph.D., Princeton, 1951; statistical mechanics

of time-dependent phenomena, quantum statistical mechanics of manybody systems; equilibrium transport properties at high temperatures;

Heat Division, Chief, Statistical Physics Section.

HERRON. John T. : Ph.D., McGill University, 1957; appearance potential

of positive and negative ions In halogen molecules; Physical Chemistry

Division, Mass Spectrometry Section.

-33-
HILSENRATH, Joseph : Thermodynamic properties of gases, liquids, and

solids, high pressure thermodynamics, equation of state of highly

ionized gases; Heat Division, Chief, Equation of State Section.

JACKSON, J. L. : Ph.D., New York University, 1950; application of

statistical methods to various fields of physics, in particular - plasmas, trapped radicals, irreversible statistical mechanics,

crystallization of polymers, and electrical noise; Heat Division,

Statistical Physics Section.

KESSLER, Karl G. : Ph.D., University of Michigan, 19^7; atomic spectra,

wavelength standards of length; Atomic Physics Division, Chief,

Spectroscopy Section.

KiEFFER, L. J. : Ph.D., St. Louis University, 1958; pressure broadening

spins and moments in radioactive nuclei, atomic beams, electron

scattering; Atomic Physics Division, Atomic Physics Section.

KLEIN, M. : Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland; transport and

equilibrium properties of gases; Heat Division, Statistical Physics

Section.

KOSTKOWSKI, Henry J. : Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 195^; infrared

spectroscopy, temperatures of flames, optical pyrometry, plasma

thermometry; Heat Division, Temperature Physics Section.

KRAUSS, Morris : Ph.D., University of Utah, 1955; molecular orbitals, mass spectra; Physical Chemistry Division, Thermochemistry Section.

KUYATT, C. E. : Ph.D., University of Nebraska, I960; atomic collisions,

electron scattering In gases; Atomic Physics Division, Electron Physics

Section.

MARTIN, Wi 1 1 jam C. : Ph.D., Princeton, 1956; atomic spectra; Atomic

Physics Division, Spectroscopy Section.

MARTON, L. : Ph.D., University of Zurich, 1924; electron optics,

I nterferometry, electron scattering In solids and gases; Atomic Physics

Division, Chief, Electron Physics Section.

McLANE, C. K. : Ph.D., Harvard, 19^9; reaction kinetics, low temperature

physics, plasma physics, spectroscopy; Heat Division.

McKlNLEY, John D. , Jr. ; Ph.D., New York University, 1953; kinetics

of heterogeneous reactions; Physical Chemistry Division, Molecular

Kinetics Section.

MEIJER. Paul. H. E. ; Ph.D., Leydon Uni versi ty, 1950; theoretical

physics, statistical mechanics, and quantum theory; Consultant, Heat

Division and Professor at Catholic University.

-34-

J
MENDLOWITZ, Harold : Ph.D., University of Michigan, 195^; characteristic electron energy losses in solids, electron optics, electronnuclear scattering, plasmas in solids, electron polarization, oscillator

strengths, optical properties of solids, atomic scattering; Atomic

Physics Division.

MOHLER, Fred L. : Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 1917; atomic physics,

ionization potentials, physics of the cesium positive column plasma, mass spectrometry; Atomic Physics Division, Retired.

PICCIRELLI, R. A. : Ph.D., Cathol I c Unl versi ty, 1956; statistical

mechanics, evaluation of the quantum partition function, generalization of the Bol tzmann equation to higher densities and to Include

inhomogenel ties, derivation of a kinetic equation for plasmas which

Includes all collision effects; Heat Division, Statistical Physics

Section,

PLYLER, Earle K. : Ph.D., Cornell University, 1924; Infrared emission

and absorption spectra; Atomic Physics Division, Chief, Infrared Spectroscopy Section.

REESE, Robert M. : Measuring excitation functions of multiply charged

ions near the threshold; Physical Chemistry Division, Mass Spectrometry

Section.

RUBIN, Robert J. ; Ph.D., Cornell University, 1951; plastic wave propagation In materials exhibiting strain-rate effects, vibrational

relaxation and its influence on relative line Intensities of diatomic

molecules, chemical exchange reaction probabilities, models for

Brownian motion; Heat Division, Temperature Physics Section.

SCHEER, Milton D. ; Ph.D., New York University, 1951; kinetics of

surface ionization and low temperature chemistry; Physical Chemistry

Division, Molecular Kinetics Section.

SCHUBAUER. Galen B. : Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, 193^; aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and hydraulics, specific field - turbulence

and boundary layer research; Mechanics Division, Chief, Fluid Mechanics

Section.

SHULER, Kurt E. : Ph.D., Cathol ic Unl versi ty, 19^9; theoretical chemical

physics, energy transfer In inelastic collisions, relaxation phenomena,

non-equilibrium statistical mechanics; Consultant to the Director.

SHUMAKER, John B.. Jr. ; Ph.D., Yale University, 1952; spectroscopic

measurements in arc plasmas; Heat Division, Temperature Physics Section.

SIMPSON, J. Arol ; Ph.D., Lehigh Unl versi ty, 1953; characteristic

energy losses, electron spectroscopy; Atomic Physics Division, Electron

Physics Section.

-35-
SITTERLY, Charlotte M. ; Ph.D., University of California, 1931; compilation of atomic energy levels, preparation of multiplet tables, study

of atomic spectra, identification of solar lines; Atomic Physics

Division, Spectroscopy Section.

SMITH, Stephen J. ; Ph.D., Harvard University, 195^; photodetachment

of negative ions, electron-atom interaction; Atomic Physics Division,

Chief, Atomic Physics Section.

TCHEN, Chan Mou : Dr. of Tech. Sci., Technical University, Delft, 19^-7;

hydrodynamics, stochastic processes, theoretical plasma physics;

Applied Mathematics Division, Mathematical Physics Section.

THOMPSON, R. ; Experimental plasma physics; Heat Division.

TREES. Richard E. : Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1951; atomic

energy levels; Atomle Physics Division, Spectroscopy Section,

TSAI, D. : Sc.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1952; aircraft

pneumatics, high temperature pvt measurement; Heat Division, Equation

of State Section.

WIESE. Wol fqanq L. : Ph.D., University of Kiel, Germany, 1957; plasma

physics, atomic transition probabilities; Atomic Physics Division,

Spectroscopy Section.

WOOLLEY. H. W. : Ph.D., Unl vers! ty of Mlchl gan, 1955; thermodynamic

properties of hydrogen isotopes, ortho-para effects, ideal gas

properties, gas Imperfection effects, third virlal coefficient,

equations of state, thermodynamic functions for atoms and atomic Ions

at high temperature, equilibrium properties of gases at high temperatures; Heat Division, Statistical Physics Section.

ZWANZIG, R. : Ph.D., California I nstl tute of Technology, 1952; statistical mechanics; Physical Chemistry Division.

ZALUBAS, R. ; Ph.D., Georgetown University, 1955; description and

analysis of atomic spectra; Atomic Physics Division, Spectroscopy

Section,

Participants In the Boulder Laboratories:

BAILEY. D. K. : Ionospheric physics, scatter propagation, physics of

the lower ionosphere and cosmic rays; Upper Atmosphere and Space

Physics Division.

BARGER. R. L. : Atomic and molecular spectroscopy, hyperflne structure,

wavelength standards of length; Radio Standards Laboratory, Radio

Plasma Group.

-36-
BRITTIN, W, E. : Ph.D., Uni vers! ty of Alaska, 1957; Statistical Mechanics

quantum theory, relativity theory; Consultant, Radio Standards Laboratory.

EARN SHAW, K. B. ; Electronic and microwave training, mass spectrometry,

laboratory plasma physics; Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics Division,

Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics Section.

ESTIN, A. J. : Electromagnetic theory, microwave physics and engineering,

RF diagnostics; Radio Standards Laboratory, Radio Plasma Group.

GALLET, R. M. : Certificates In philosophy, physics, and mathematics.

University of Sorbonne, 19^2-43; theory of the exosphere, plasma physics,

radio astronomy; Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics Division, Chief,

Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics Section,

GATES. D. M. : Ph.D., Unl versi ty of Mi chigan, 19^8; Infrared spectroscopy of the upper atmosphere; Director's Office.

JEFFERIES, J. T. : Theory of stellar atmospheres, radiative transfer,

solar physics; Director's Office, Astrophysics Section.

LITTLE, C. G. : Ph.D., University of Manchester, 1952; Ionospheric

physics, radio-wave propagation, radio astronomy, auroral ionosphere;

Chief, Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics Division.

MEGILL, L. R. : Ph.D., Colorado University, 1959; upper atmospheric

physics, physics of the airglow, atmospheric spectroscopy, artificial

heating of electrons and inelastic col 1 I si on processes with Inert gases;

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics Division.

POWERS, R. S. : Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, I960; scattering theory

and transport properties of gases, beam plasma Interaction; Radio

Standards Laboratory, Radio Plasma Group.

RICHARDSON, J. M. : Ph.D., Harvard University, 1951; microwave

standards, microwave spectroscopy of O2 with application to atonic

frequency standards, millimeter wave measurements and I nterferometry,

plasma physics with regard to the interaction of microwave radiation

with plasmas; Chief, Radio Standards Laboratory.

ROACH, F. E. : Ph.D., University of Chicago, 193^; upper atmosphere

physics, physics of the airglow; Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics

Division, Chief, Airglow and Aurora Section.

RUNDLE, H. N. ; Ph.D., University of Saskatchewan, 1958; physics of the

airglow and upper atmosphere; Director's Office, Physics of the Atmosphere Section,

-37-
THOMAS. R. N. ; Ph.D., Harvard University, 19^8; theory of stellar

atmospheres and radiation transfer in hot gases, gas dynamics;

Consultant, Director's Office.

VanZANDT, T. : Ph.D., Yale University, 195^; upper atmosphere theory,

physics of the F2 layer; Ionosphere Research and Propagation Division,

Sun-Earth Relationships Section.

WACKER, P. F. : Ph.D., Catholic University, 195^; microwave spectroscopy and molecular structure; Consultant, Radio Standards Laboratory,

WARWICK. C. : Ph.D., Radcliffe, 1952; solar physics and related ionospheric physics; Ionosphere Research and Propagation Division, SunEarth Relationships Section.

WIEDER, B. : Ionospheric physics, microwave interaction with plasmas

and plasma RF radiation; Radio Standards Laboratory, Radio Plasma Group,

YARGER. F. L. ; Ph.D., Ohio State University, I960; plasma physics and

radio wave propagation; Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics Division,

Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics Section.

-38-
II. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, U.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title.' A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics, Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth. Physical

Properties. Constitution and Microstructure. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics, Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems.

Applications Engineering.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Cryogenic Technical Services. Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research.

Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements.

Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency ana Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research.

Navigation Systems.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere

Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Raaio Astronomy.

i