1

Filed 4/25/16

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Shasta)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

CHARLES JACOB STEELE,

Defendant and Appellant.

C077040

(Super. Ct. No. 13F3135)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Shasta County, James 

Ruggiero and Wilson Curle, Judges. (Retired judges of the Shasta Sup. Ct. assigned by 

the Chief Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.

C. Athena Roussos, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Senior Assistant Attorney 

General, Stephen G. Herndon, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, and Harry Joseph 

Colombo, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

Defendant Charles Jacob Steele pleaded no contest to possession of 

methamphetamine and admitted a prior strike allegation after the trial court denied his 

motion to suppress evidence. The trial court sentenced defendant to six years in prison, 

consistent with his plea agreement. Defendant now contends the trial court erred in 

denying his motion to suppress evidence.

The California Supreme Court recently held that a deputy sheriff detained a 

defendant when the deputy sheriff pulled his patrol car behind the defendant’s parked car 

and activated the emergency lights. (People v. Brown (2015) 61 Cal.4th 968, 972, 980

(Brown).) The court determined that a reasonable person under the circumstances would 

not have felt free to leave and the defendant submitted to the show of authority by 

remaining in his parked car. (Ibid.)

In the present case, sheriff’s deputies pulled their patrol car behind two vehicles

parking at night on a driveway out of sight from a nearby highway. The two vehicles 

included a lead vehicle and a second vehicle driven by defendant. The deputies activated 

their emergency lights to investigate a felony arrest warrant for the registered owner of 

the lead vehicle. Defendant argues the sheriff’s deputies detained him without reasonable 

suspicion, requiring suppression of the evidence regarding the controlled substances 

discovered in his vehicle.

We conclude the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s suppression motion. 

The sheriff’s deputies detained defendant, but officer safety justified the detention to 

assure that defendant did not present a danger to the sheriff’s deputies while they 

approached and investigated the lead vehicle. We will affirm the judgment.

BACKGROUND

Defendant moved to suppress evidence that he says sheriff’s deputies obtained 

during an unlawful detention. Shasta County Sheriff’s Deputy Jerry Fernandez testified 

at the suppression hearing. We draw our facts from the deputy’s testimony.
3

Deputy Fernandez was on patrol in a marked patrol car with trainee Deputy 

Megan Bliss just after 10:00 p.m. The deputies were in full uniform and Deputy Bliss 

was driving.

Deputy Fernandez observed two vehicles that appeared to be traveling together. 

The lead vehicle was a dark colored sports utility vehicle and the second vehicle was a 

white Jeep. There was no other vehicle traffic.

The deputies followed the two vehicles onto Casual Lane, a rural dead end road

with no streetlights. A records check on the license plates for the two vehicles yielded 

information that the lead vehicle had an expired registration and the second vehicle was a 

rental car. Deputy Fernandez decided not to stop the lead vehicle because of the risk 

associated with stopping people at night in their own driveways without ambient light. 

Deputy Bliss began to make a U-turn while the two vehicles drove down a driveway off

Casual Lane.

As Deputy Bliss began to make the U-turn, dispatch informed the deputies that 

there was a felony arrest warrant for the registered owner of the lead vehicle. Deputy 

Fernandez decided to conduct an enforcement stop on the lead vehicle based on the 

expired registration and the arrest warrant. The deputies were not aware of any Vehicle 

Code violations associated with the second vehicle.

As the two vehicles were coming to a stop at the end of the driveway, the patrol 

car entered the driveway and Deputy Bliss activated the emergency lights. Deputy Bliss 

stopped the patrol car behind and a little to the right of the second vehicle. The lead 

vehicle was directly in front of the second vehicle.

The driveway “kind of comes in between shrubbery” and was not visible from the 

highway. The yard where the vehicles had stopped was wide open. But there were 

numerous vehicles and shrubbery in the yard. There was a trailer that appeared to be 

occupied located to the north.
4

The deputies approached the second vehicle first. Deputy Fernandez testified he 

contacted the second vehicle first for officer safety reasons and to inform the driver of 

that vehicle that the deputies were stopping the lead vehicle. Deputy Fernandez said, “As 

law enforcement officers, we are not going to walk past a vehicle in the middle of the 

night with a subject in it.”

Defendant was in the driver’s seat of the second vehicle and Deputy Bliss made 

contact with him. A second or two later, Deputy Fernandez approached the passenger’s 

side of defendant’s vehicle and smelled marijuana emanating from the vehicle.

Deputy Fernandez asked defendant whether there was marijuana in his vehicle. 

Defendant answered in the negative, but then said there was marijuana in the car earlier 

in the evening. Using his flashlight to illuminate the interior of the vehicle, Deputy 

Fernandez saw a green, leafy substance consistent with marijuana on the backseat. The 

deputies asked defendant to exit the vehicle. They located a bag of marijuana, two 

baggies of methamphetamine and other items during a search of the vehicle.

The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. It found the initial 

police contact was a consensual encounter and not a stop. The trial court said the 

vehicles were already stopping when Deputy Bliss activated the emergency lights. But 

assuming the deputies stopped the vehicles, the trial court ruled there was probable cause 

to stop the lead vehicle because of the expired registration and there was no way for the 

deputies to stop the lead vehicle without also stopping the second vehicle. The trial court 

concluded that, under the circumstances, officer safety justified contact with defendant 

and the deputies had probable cause to search the second vehicle once they smelled the 

odor of marijuana upon contacting defendant.

After the trial court denied the suppression motion, defendant pleaded no contest 

to possession of methamphetamine for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11378 -- count 1) and 
5

admitted a strike allegation (Pen. Code, § 1170.12)1 based on a prior first degree burglary 

conviction (§ 459). The remaining counts and another enhancement allegation were 

dismissed. The trial court sentenced defendant to six years in state prison.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a suppression motion, we defer to its factual 

findings if supported by substantial evidence. (Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 975.) We 

independently assess the legal question whether the challenged search or seizure was 

reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. (Ibid.) The reasonableness of the search or 

seizure is measured by federal constitutional standards. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, 

subd. (f)(2); People v. Schmitz (2012) 55 Cal.4th 909, 916.)

DISCUSSION

Defendant argues (A) the initial contact between him and the deputies was a 

detention, not a consensual encounter; and (B) the deputies did not have reasonable 

suspicion or other legal justification to detain him.

A

The California Supreme Court has identified three categories of police encounters

for purposes of Fourth Amendment analysis: (1) consensual encounters that result in no 

restraint of liberty whatsoever; (2) detentions, which constitute seizures under the Fourth 

Amendment and are strictly limited in duration, scope, and purpose; and (3) formal 

arrests or comparable restraints on an individual’s liberty, which require probable cause

to arrest the individual for a crime. (In re Manuel G. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 805, 821; In re 

James D. (1987) 43 Cal.3d 903, 911-912.) In Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th 968, the 

California Supreme Court recently addressed the difference between a consensual 

 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
6

encounter and a detention when a law enforcement officer approaches a motorist in a 

parked car.

2

Brown involved a deputy sheriff who responded to a 911 call about a fight and a 

possible loaded gun. (Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 972-973.) The deputy encountered 

the defendant leaving the area of the reported fight, and the deputy followed the 

defendant’s car when the defendant failed to respond to the deputy’s initial attempt at 

contact. (Ibid.) The deputy found the defendant’s car parked a short distance away, 

pulled behind the car, activated the overhead emergency lights on his patrol car, and 

approached the defendant as he sat in the driver’s seat. (Id. at p. 973.) The deputy 

observed that the defendant had watery, bloodshot eyes, was mumbling, and appeared 

upset and flustered. (Ibid.) There was an odor of alcohol coming from the defendant’s 

car. (Ibid.) The defendant admitted he had been drinking and was involved in the 

reported fight. (Ibid.)

The defendant was charged with felony driving under the influence. (Brown,

supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 974.) He moved to suppress evidence of his physical condition, 

statements, and breath test results as the fruits of an unlawful detention. (Ibid.) The trial 

court denied the motion, concluding that the defendant had not been detained until the 

deputy saw signs of intoxication; and at that point, the deputy had a reasonable suspicion 

to detain the defendant for driving under the influence. (Ibid.)

With regard to whether a detention had occurred, the California Supreme Court 

said that a reasonable person in the defendant’s position -- where a deputy drove after the 

defendant’s car, parked his patrol car behind the defendant’s car, and activated his 

emergency lights -- would have perceived the deputy’s actions as a show of authority, 

 

2 We granted defendant’s request to file a supplemental brief to discuss Brown, supra,

61 Cal.4th 968, which was decided after this case was fully briefed. We have considered 

the parties’ supplemental briefs.
7

conveying the message that the defendant was not free to leave. (Brown, supra, 

61 Cal.4th at pp. 975-980.) And the defendant submitted to the show of authority by 

remaining in his car at the scene. (Id. at p 977.) The Supreme Court concluded that the

defendant was detained when the deputy stopped behind his parked car and turned on the

emergency lights. (Id. at p. 980.) 

The key facts here are similar to those in Brown. Deputy Fernandez and Deputy 

Bliss followed the two vehicles and stopped behind defendant’s vehicle, with the 

emergency lights activated. Under those circumstances, a reasonable person would have 

believed that he was not free to leave. (Brown, supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 975-980.) Like 

the defendant in Brown, defendant submitted to the show of authority by remaining in his 

vehicle. (Id. at p. 977.) We conclude defendant was detained for purposes of our Fourth 

Amendment analysis. (Id. at p. 980.)

B

Defendant also claims the deputies did not have reasonable suspicion to detain 

him.

“ ‘[T]he touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always “the 

reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a

citizen’s personal security,” ’ [citation], and that reasonableness ‘depends “on a balance 

between the public interest and the individual’s right to personal security free from 

arbitrary interference by law officers,” ’ [citation].” (Maryland v. Wilson (1997) 

519 U.S. 408, 411 [137 L.Ed.2d 41, 46].) Officer safety is a weighty public interest. (Id.

at p. 413 [137 L.Ed.2d at p. 47].)

Accordingly, law enforcement officers may lawfully detain a defendant when 

detention is necessary to determine the defendant’s connection with the subject of a 

search warrant and related to the need of ensuring officer safety. (People v. Glaser

(1995) 11 Cal.4th 354, 365 (Glaser).) In Glaser, law enforcement officers encountered 

the defendant at a property where the officers were about to execute a search warrant for 
8

illegal drugs. (Id. at p. 360.) The defendant arrived at the property seconds before the 

officers; he was about to open a gate at the property when the officers arrived. (Ibid.) 

The officers did not know the defendant’s connection to the premises. (Id. at p. 369.) 

They ordered the defendant to get on the ground, handcuffed him, and led him into the 

house. (Id. at p. 361.)

The issue before the California Supreme Court was whether the initial period of 

detention was constitutionally permissible. (Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 361.) The 

Supreme Court balanced the intrusiveness of the detention against the government 

interests justifying it. (Id. at pp. 365-367.) The court began by determining that several 

circumstances diminished the intrusiveness of the initial detention. (Ibid.) The initial 

detention was brief, it occurred in a private place, and it was apparently witnessed by 

only two persons. (Id. at pp. 366-367.) Moreover, there was no evidence of an 

independent investigatory purpose to detain the defendant, making it unlikely that the 

officers would exploit or prolong the detention. (Id. at p. 367.) The court further 

determined there were two governmental interests justifying the initial detention: officer 

safety, and the police interest in determining the defendant’s connection with the

premises being searched. (Id. at pp. 367-368.)

The Supreme Court concluded in Glaser that detaining the defendant was not only 

reasonable, but virtually unavoidable. (Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 369.) The court 

noted that it was dark and the defendant was standing in an unlit spot in the driveway. 

(Ibid.) The officers did not recognize the defendant, who was about to pass through a 

gate into the backyard of the house being searched. (Ibid.) The defendant appeared to be 

familiar with the premises, but the officers did not know the defendant’s exact connection 

to the property. (Ibid.) Thus, the officers did not know whether the defendant would 

wish to be present to observe the search, whether he was likely to flee if contraband was 

discovered, or whether his presence would assist in the orderly execution of the search. 

(Ibid.) If he was not stopped, the defendant could come up behind the officers searching 
9

the property. (Ibid.) Under those circumstances, the Supreme Court said a brief 

detention was justified for identification and to maintain officer safety. (Id. at pp. 371, 

374.) 

The United States Supreme Court has recognized that officer safety during a 

traffic stop is a weighty government interest which can justify detaining the passengers 

of a stopped vehicle. (Maryland v. Wilson, supra, 519 U.S. at p. 413 [137 L.Ed.2d 

at p. 47].) The question in Maryland v. Wilson was whether a police officer could order 

the passengers of a lawfully stopped car to exit the vehicle. (Id. at p. 410 [137 L.Ed.2d at 

p. 45].) The Supreme Court said although there was no reason to stop or detain the 

passengers, as a practical matter the passengers had already been stopped by virtue of the 

stop of the vehicle. (Id. at pp. 413-414 [137 L.Ed.2d at p. 47].) Requiring the passengers 

to exit the car imposed only a minimal additional intrusion on the passengers while

helping to maintain officer safety during the traffic stop. (Id. at pp. 414-415

[137 L.Ed.2d at pp. 47-48].) The Supreme Court held an officer may, consistent with the 

Fourth Amendment, order the passengers to exit a vehicle pending completion of a traffic 

stop. (Id. at p. 415 [137 L.Ed.2d at p. 48].)

The Supreme Court in Maryland v. Wilson said the facts before it were analogous 

to those in Michigan v. Summers (1981) 452 U.S. 692 [69 L.Ed.2d 340]. In that case, 

police officers executed a search warrant at a house thought to contain contraband, and 

detained the defendant during the search because the defendant was seen leaving the 

premises when the officers arrived. (Maryland v. Wilson, supra, 519 U.S. at p. 414 

[137 L.Ed.2d at p. 48].) The court in Michigan v. Summers concluded the officers 

lawfully detained the defendant because “ ‘[t]he risk of harm to both the police and the 

occupants is minimized if the officers routinely exercise unquestioned command of the 

situation.’ ” (Maryland v. Wilson, supra, 519 U.S. at p. 414 [137 L.Ed.2d at p. 48].)

The Colorado Supreme Court in People v. Taylor (Colo. 2002) 41 P.3d 681 

(Taylor) balanced the interests of the government and the defendant and did not require 
10

the government to demonstrate reasonable suspicion to stop the defendant. (Taylor, 

supra, 41 P.3d at p. 687.) In Taylor, an officer stopped the vehicle the defendant was 

driving in order to arrest the defendant’s passenger, for whom there were arrest warrants. 

(Id. at p. 683) The defendant did not commit a traffic violation, did not exhibit aberrant 

behavior, and the officer did not suspect that the defendant was engaged in criminal 

wrongdoing. (Id. at p. 687.) The court in Taylor said that although the officer had seized 

the defendant within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, the seizure was not an arrest 

or an investigatory stop. (Taylor, supra, 41 P.3d at p. 687.) According to the court, the 

circumstances presented “one of those rare situations . . . ‘in which the balance of 

interests precludes insistence upon some quantum of individualized suspicion’ that 

Defendant is engaged in criminal activity to justify a seizure.” (Id. at p. 688 [citing 

Delaware v. Prouse (1979) 440 U.S. 648, 654-655 [59 L.Ed.2d 660, 667]; United States 

v. Martinez–Fuerte (1976) 428 U.S. 543, 560-561 [49 L.Ed.2d 1116, 1130]].) Instead, an 

“objective and equally satisfactory safeguard [for the defendant’s personal security

interest] existed to protect Defendant from the unfettered discretion of officers in the 

field: Officer Soper had probable cause to arrest [passenger] Ms. Tafoya, and stopping

Defendant’s vehicle was necessary to effect her arrest.” (Taylor, supra, 41 P.3d at p. 688

[citing Delaware v. Prouse, supra, 440 U.S. at pp. 654-655 [59 L.Ed.2d 660, 667] in 

which the United States Supreme Court recognized that in some cases the balance of 

interests precludes insistence upon “ ‘some quantum of individualized suspicion’ ”].)

Weighing the compelling public interest in securing the arrest of wanted criminals 

against the defendant’s right to personal security free from arbitrary interference by law 

enforcement officers, the Taylor court concluded that the seizure of the defendant was 

reasonable. (Taylor, supra, 41 P.3d at p. 688.) The court said the need to arrest the 

passenger justified the relatively minimal intrusion upon the defendant’s security and 

privacy interests. (Ibid.) And the scope of the intrusion was reasonably related to the 

circumstances which justified the interference in the first place. (Ibid.)
11

Here, as in Glaser, supra, 11 Cal.4th 354, Maryland v. Wilson, supra, 519 U.S. 

408, and Taylor, supra, 41 P.3d 681, the initial approach of the deputies to defendant’s 

vehicle was not for the purpose of arresting defendant or for an investigation directed at 

him. The deputies stopped the lead vehicle for an expired registration and a felony arrest 

warrant. (People v. Saunders (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1129, 1135 [officer may stop a vehicle 

and detain a driver when there is articulable and reasonable suspicion that an automobile 

is not registered].) They did not have any information that defendant’s vehicle violated 

the Vehicle Code. However, while attempting to complete a lawful detention of the lead 

vehicle, the deputies were forced to either contact defendant because his vehicle was 

parked directly behind the lead vehicle or walk past defendant’s vehicle without knowing 

whether the occupants of that vehicle might pose a danger to the deputies.

The circumstances warranted caution by the deputies. It was dark. The deputies 

were at the end of a driveway, not visible from the highway. The lead and second

vehicles appeared to be travelling together and the deputies did not know the identities of 

the drivers. There was a risk defendant could come up behind the deputies while they 

contacted the lead vehicle. As the United States Supreme Court has recognized, “traffic 

stops are ‘especially fraught with danger to police officers.’ [Citation.] ‘ “The risk of 

harm to both the police and the occupants [of a stopped vehicle] is minimized,” ’ . . . ‘ “if 

the officers routinely exercise unquestioned command of the situation.” ’ ” (Arizona v. 

Johnson (2009) 555 U.S. 323, 330-331 [172 L.Ed.2d 694, 702] [also stating an officer is 

not constitutionally required to give the passenger of a stopped vehicle an opportunity to 

depart the scene after exiting a vehicle without first ensuring that, in so doing, she was 

not permitting a dangerous person to get behind her]; see Brendlin v. California (2007) 

551 U.S. 249, 258 [168 L.Ed.2d 132, 140] [it is reasonable for passengers to expect that a 

police officer at the scene of a crime, arrest, or investigation will not let people move 

around in ways that could jeopardize the officer’s safety].) Officer safety is a weighty 

public interest warranting a brief detention of defendant to assure that defendant did not 
12

present a danger to the deputies while they approached and investigated the lead vehicle 

and its occupants.

Additionally, the initial police encounter with defendant was a minimal intrusion 

upon defendant’s privacy and security interests. Defendant was already parking his 

vehicle. It does not appear that the initial detention of defendant was prolonged. Deputy 

Fernandez testified that Deputy Bliss activated the emergency lights, the deputies exited 

the vehicle, Deputy Bliss made the initial contact with defendant, Deputy Fernandez was 

one or two seconds behind Deputy Bliss, and he smelled the odor of marijuana during his 

initial contact with defendant’s vehicle. There is no evidence that other people (except 

perhaps the driver of the lead vehicle) witnessed defendant’s detention. Defendant was 

not detained for an independent investigatory purpose, and the initial contact between 

Deputy Bliss and defendant appears limited to the purpose of ensuring the deputies’ 

safety.

Viewing the totality of the circumstances and weighing the interests of the 

government and defendant, we conclude the initial detention was justified for the limited 

purpose of protecting the deputies’ safety. Contrary to defendant’s claim, the prosecutor 

raised the officer safety justification in the trial court. After smelling the odor of 

marijuana coming from defendant’s car and seeing marijuana in plain sight on the 

backseat, Deputy Fernandez could then prolong the detention to investigate and could 

lawfully search defendant’s car. (People v. Waxler (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 712, 719-

721; People v. Strasburg (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1052, 1059-1060; People v. Perez

(1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 1492, 1496.)
13

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 /S/

Mauro, J.

We concur:

 /S/

Hull, Acting P. J.

 /S/

Duarte, J.