Combat Engineer Pla

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF T

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Combat Engineer Plato

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

CHAPTER 1. INTELLIGENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Mounted and Dismounted Patrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

CHAPTER 2. MANEUVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Offense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Platoon Leader’s Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Rehearsal Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Participant Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Rehearsal Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Initiation of PCCs, PCIs, and Mission-Specific Drills . . . . . 

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Obstacle Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Obstacle Siting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Obstacle Camouflage (If Required) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Obstacle Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Survivability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Positions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

CHAPTER 4. FIRE SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

CHAPTER 5. AIR DEFENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

CHAPTER 6. COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Resupply Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Supply Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Class X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Special Class IV/Class V Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Maintenance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Medical Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

CHAPTER 7. COMMAND AND CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Command and Support Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Engineer Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Platoon Leader’s Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
iii

Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Echelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Dismounted Movement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Squad Formations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Platoon Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Hand-and-Arm Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

APPENDIX B. CHECKLISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Local security and Job-Site Security Checklists . . . . . . . . . . . 

Precombat Checklists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Uniform-, Duffle-Bag-, and Ruck-Sack-Packing Checklists . . 

APPENDIX C. BREACHING CASE STUDIES. . . . . . . . . 

Dismounted Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Mounted Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
iv

g g pg y() 

work: 

• Intelligence.

• Maneuver.

• Mobility and survivability.

• Fire support (FS).

• Air defense (AD).

• Combat service support (CSS).

• Command and control (C2).

Each BOS is not discussed in detail. Instead, they are used to outlin

ations for how the engineer platoon supports the total combined-arms 

The bulk of the platoon's missions concentrates on mobility, counterm

survivability operations in support of the mobility and survivability 

ever, the platoon leader and sergeant must have an understanding of th

platoon plays in supporting all the BOS. More importantly, the platoon 

sergeant must understand the impact of all the BOS on platoon plannin

tion, and execution. 

This FM also has three appendices: Appendix A covers basic format

ment techniques, and hand-and-arm signals; Appendix B contains ch

security, precombat, and packing; and Appendix C covers case studies 

and dismounted breaching.

The proponent of this publication is Headquarters (HQ), United States 

Engineer School. Send comments and recommendations on Depart

Army (DA) Form 2028 directly to Commander, US Army Engineer Sch

ATSE-T-PD-PM, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-6650.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pron

refer exclusively to men.
Intelligence is the key for preparing for the next battle. Th

gence, in detail, determines the impact of the enemy, weather

ations. It is a continuous process that supports the planning 

all operations. It is imperative that the platoon leader unders

process and his part in that process.

THREAT

The threat facing the US Army has gone through a quant

breakup of the Warsaw Pact and the former Soviet Union. H

of the forces we will face in mid- to high-intensity conflicts 

model for their operations. Figures 1-1 and 1-2, pages 1-2 a

plates for the Soviet-style platoon and company defense as w

mations. A detailed analysis of threat mine-warfare capabilit

found in FM 90-13-1, Appendix A, and FM 20-32, Appendix C

RECONNAISSANCE

Reconnaissance is critical to the engineer. During offensive 

neer must see the battlefield to plan breaching operations. Hi

when a unit conducts CA rehearsals and obstacle reconnais

success. The platoon leader should organize his platoon bas

sance mission the commander gives him. This frequently me

engineers to assist the task force (TF) scouts. The platoon lead

all or part of his platoon for a reconnaissance mission if there 

ment for engineer-specific intelligence. If at all possible, th

duct the reconnaissance should be trained in this task as well 

the maneuver unit’s scout platoon. The platoon leader must e

nated reconnaissance element links up with the scout platoon

TYPES

The general types of engineer reconnaissance missions are—

• Technical, which—

– Is conducted to collect engineer-specific technical d
1-2 Intelligence

– Is conducted to perform a specified task from higher HQ 

threat environment.

– Involves (almost always) engineers only and is usually cond

the forward line of own troops/forward edge of the battle 

FEBA).

• Tactical, which—

– Is conducted to collect engineer-specific information require

enemy point, area target, or attack axis or a route.

Figure 1-1. Motorized rifle company (MRC) defense tem
– Is conducted to support the maneuver plan as an im

– Is conducted in a Level 3 threat environment.

– Requires engineer participation as part of a CA eff

– Is usually conducted forward of the FLOT/FEBA.

PLANNING

Reconnaissance is a CA effort. The engineers either augme

naissance element or conduct their own reconnaissance as pa

reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) plan. Engineer rec

focused on a specific target, and the reconnaissance element 

cific intelligence requirements. 

In heavy forces, the engineer company commander provide

target and does the majority of the engineer reconnaissance p

Figure 1-2. Typical threat formation
1-4 Intelligence

– Type of reconnaissance or target (see Figure 1-3).

– Specific information, equipment, and coordination requirem

• The movement of reconnaissance assets to effect the linkup.

• The maximum time for leaders to prepare for the reconnaissan

• The assignment of detailed reconnaissance routes.

• The actions to be taken on contact.

Figure 1-3. Recon techniques
pg 

• Position all reconnaissance assets forward.

• Use aggressive and continuous patrols.

• Use area and zone reconnaissance.

• Allow enough time for a thorough reconnaissance.

• Use stealth, not combat power, for reconnaissance.

• Modify formations to overwatch the point element.

• Use terrain driving techniques; use draws and folds in 

movement.

• Use night, fog, dust, and storms to conceal movement.

• Reduce speeds to avoid dust signatures.

• Travel at the highest tactical speeds, and place artill

enemy positions to avoid long-range fires.

• Keep vehicles dispersed.

When patrolling dismounted—

• Reconnoiter all danger areas, choke points, and critica

• Expect contact with enemy dismounted scouts.

• Use darkness, storms, and periods of limited visibilit

positions.

• Use binoculars or night-vision devices at night with t

ambient light (ensure that laser protection is maintain

• Use artillery illumination and spotting rounds on reco

assist in land navigation and orientation. 
Engineer support to maneuver units requires detailed plannin

part of the maneuver unit's formations and, if so, will provi

plier of engineer effort. FM 90-13-1 is the primary doctrin

planning. FMs 20-32 and 90-7 are the primary doctrinal 

planning and construction. These references provide the t

required to plan engineer support for offensive and defensive 

The platoon leader should have an understanding of the tac

process, troop-leading procedures (TLP), and orders preparation

shows the relationship between TLP, the estimate process, 

preparation of the battlefield (IPB) process.

In addition, the platoon leader must advise the maneuver comm

aspects of the terrain since he is the terrain expert. Normal

only has a map to prepare his terrain analysis. However, he s

analysis products from his parent engineer company. In bo

units, the engineer company has access to terrain-analysis and 

products or the ability to develop them. These products gre

planning.

OFFENSE

The platoon leader is the key engineer expert to his supported 

several key decisions during the offense. He recommends w

assets are located and which ones are best based on the situ

the supporting engineer platoon leader, in an armored uni

where and how the M1 tank’s plow would be used; or a light 

recommend to the TF commander a covert breach based on hi

both cases, the engineer platoon leader assists the maneuver 

planning. For more information on breaching, see FM 90-13-

siderations are specific to the offense:

• Using a highly mobile engineer force, well forward 

maneuver formations, to maintain the momentum of t
Maneuver 2-2

• Arranging for lane turnover between the forward breaching forc

on engineers for lane improvement and obstacle clearance.

• Ensuring that marking material and the standing operatin

(SOP) for lane marking are coordinated between passing units.

• Ensuring that critical engineer equipment, such as armo

launched bridges (AVLBs), follow-on tactical bridging, lift ca

Figure 2-1. Relationship between TLP, the estimate process, an

process
CAM) are planned for quick emplacement. Ground F

planned for prolonged defenses.

• Ensuring that Class IV/Class V barrier materials are 

tion to the defense.

• Removing curbs from the AVLB if M1 tanks with rol

roller’s dog bone should be raised.

DEFENSE

As with the offense, the platoon leader recommends to the m

where engineer assets are best used. It is critical that the 

integral part of obstacle planning and integration. For more 

cle integration, see FM 90-7. The platoon leader should 

develop the obstacle-protection plan. It is critical that the ob

against enemy breaching attempts, especially covert attempt

should coordinate the inspection of the obstacles that his pl

expected enemy attack. This will ensure that the enemy has 

and, if so, allows for the obstacles to be repaired before the 

The following considerations are specific to the defense:

• Understanding the commander's intent for obstacles.

• Ensuring that adequate transportation assets are av

IV/Class V supplies forward (see Table 2-1, page 2-4).

• Identifying critical engineer tasks early. Terrain prep

for completion. Engineers must not remain idle w

progress. If possible, mortars, air-defense artillery 

team (FIST) vehicles, CSS assets, and the tactical ope

should be dug in while direct-fire systems are being p

these systems can be fortified between issuing the W

direct-fire systems’ positioning. 

• Practicing operations security (OPSEC) measures to p

closure of the defense. 
Maneuver 2-4 Table 2-1. Class IV/Class V haul capacities Vehicle Concertina Wire M15 AT Mine M19 AT Mine M21 AT Mine M16 AP Mine M14 AP Mine MOPMS Mine Flipper Mine 

HMMWV, M9982,500 lb215 cu ft

2 51 34 27 55 56 15 11 1 

21/2-ton truck

5,000 lb443 cu ft

4 102 69 55 111 113 30 23 2 

5-ton truck10,000 lb488 cu ft

7 204 138 109 222 227 61 46 5 

5-ton dump truck10,000 lb***135/291 cu ft

2/4 112/204 64/138 32/70 168/222 71/153 23/51 39/46 3

20-ton dump truck40,000 lb754 cu ft

11 628 443 179 888 443 132 184 2

HEMTT truck20,000 lb540 cu ft

8 408 277 128 444 317 94 92 1

12-ton S&P24,000 lb875 cu ft

13 489 333 208 533 514 148 110 1

40-ton lowboy80,000 lb1,760 cu ft

27 1,466 1,035 419 1,777 1,035 308 368 4

M548
PLATOON LEADERS PLANNING

The platoon leader can use Tables 2-2 and 2-3, pages 2-6 an

when planning and conducting offensive and defensive operat

REHEARSAL PRINCIPLES

Regardless of the event or task to be rehearsed or the type o

tain principles are universal for conducting effective rehearsa

• Supporting the scheme of maneuver and the command

• Providing clear tasks/conditions/standards (T/C/S).

• Conducting multiechelon CA rehearsals.

• Determining key participants.

• Enforcing standards/training to standard.

• Using the after-action-review (AAR) process to provid

ticipants.

• Complementing the preparation phase.

• Instilling confidence in the plan and in the leaders.

During the command estimate process, use the rehearsal prin

ples produce the—

• Participant levels.

• Rehearsal technique.

• Initiation of precombat checks (PCCs), precombat in

mission-specific drills.

Proper application of the rehearsal principles enables t

through a "crawl/walk/run" process that ends with missi

ure 2-2, page 2-8).
Maneuver 2-6

Enemy situation

• Enemy’s obstacle intent

• Enemy’s expected level of defensive preparation

• Confirmed intelligence on enemy obstacles and positions (include 

this intelligence)

• Enemy employment of FASCAM

• Impact of enemy obstacles on friendly maneuver

OBSTINTEL

collection effort

• Engineer R&S plan

• NAIs critical to OBSTINTEL

• How the OBSTINTEL effort supports the scheme of maneuver

• Scout, engineer, and maneuver OBSTINTEL responsibilities and r

Scheme of engineer

operations

• How the platoon will support the scheme of maneuver from the obj

to include consolidation

• Engineer contingency plans and pertinent decision points

TF and company/team

actions at obstacles

• In-stride breaching, to include—

– Areas where the unit can expect to in-stride breach

– Special equipment required

– Special instructions

• Deliberate breaching, to include—

– Transitioning from attack formations to breaching formations

– How the fundamentals of breaching will be synchronized

– Key events and control measures synchronizing the breach

– Composition of and instructions for the support, breach, and as

– Scheme of fires supporting the breach

– Obscuration plan

– Coordinating instructions, command and signals for the breach

• Assault breaching, to include—

– Allocation of engineers

– Special coordinating instructions

Countermobility support

 to offensive maneuver

• Planned locations for situational obstacles

• Triggers for situational-obstacle employment

Coordinating 

instructions

• Lane marking, breach traffic control, order of march through the la

breaching signals, and breach C2

Service support

• What support the platoon is receiving from the supported compan

parent company, if different from the SOP

• Medical evacuation, supplies, and vehicle recovery

• Current equipment status if critical to the mission

Unresolved issues • Issues that the plan does not adequately address
Enemy

ey aeueas uge sec, c

– Most probable enemy COA

– Place and time the enemy will change formation

– Enemy breaching assets and capabilities (include h

Countermobility

support

• Scheme of obstacles, to include—

– Obstacle zones and restrictions

– Obstacle belts and groups and their effects

– Desired effect of obstacle groups on enemy maneu

– How the scheme of obstacles support the direct- an

– Triggers and decision points for situational and rese

– Location of Class IV/ClassV supply points

• Obstacle status reporting, to include—

– Completion of obstacles

– Barrier-material status

• Obstacle-protection and turnover plans

Mobility support

• Where the lanes need to be to support MSRs, compa

reconnaissance passages

• Responsibility for lane siting and closure

• Lane marking and contact points

• Obstacle restrictions that support the TF’s mobility

• Engineer-support plan for mobility

Survivability

support

• Protective-obstacle plan, to include—

– Material that the unit allocates

– Any engineer assistance required

– Protective-obstacle reporting responsibilities

• Construction plan for fighting positions, to include—

– Any engineer assistance required to construct indiv

– Allocation of engineer equipment and time and the 

cle positions

– Linkup points and times with the company/team

• Equipment control plan to ensure that maneuver comp

– How many positions will be constructed by type

– When, where, and how much equipment they will re

– How long they will retain the equipment

Engineer time line

• Engineer time line, to include—

– Estimated completion time

– Enemy trigger to stop work

– Withdrawal route or passage

– Engineer consolidation plan

– Class VI/V supply-point recover or destruction

Coordinating 

instructions

• Obstacle-siting responsibilities

• Reporting times

• Class IV/Class V supply-point location, security plan, 
Maneuver 2-8

Unresolved issues • Issues that the plan does not adequately address

Figure 2-2. Rehearsal planning
• Level 2 - Squad leader, team leader, special teams, and v

• Level 3 - Entire unit.

REHEARSAL TECHNIQUES

Rehearsal techniques fall into four different categories that f

run" training concept. These categories are—

• Back brief.

• Rock drill.

• Walk through.

• Full-scale.

Each type of rehearsal reflects an increase in mission realism 

increase in rehearsal payoff. Each technique also increas

enemy, terrain, subunit actions, and time/distance relationsh

Back Brief

The back-brief rehearsal is an event that occurs after an oper

brief. Subordinate leaders repeat to the commander what he e

why. They identify all specified and implied tasks, determine 

tasks, and give their restated mission. During the back brief, th

• Commander's intent.

• Concept of the operation.

• Scheme of maneuver.

• Timing to complete tasks.

During a typical back brief, each leader uses a map or a sand 

mission. The back brief is the quickest of all the rehearsa

leader's tool and is typically the first rehearsal for the unit.

Rock Drill

A rock-drill rehearsal is the acting out of friendly and enemy 

scheme of maneuver and the situation and event templates. 

their actions by moving something that represents themselv
Maneuver 2-10

mounted or dismounted movement based on the assets employed 

attack. Participants should also communicate with the same type o

they will use during the action. Participants rehearse by—

• Maneuvering their vehicles (mounted movement) or them

mounted movement).

• Reporting critical actions.

• Making required decisions.

Since the participants are in a more realistic environment, they rehea

aspects of synchronization, C2, and subunit actions. Aggressive p

enemy actions and reactions are critical in walk-through rehearsals. 

portrayal is the backbone of increasing the rehearsal realism. This reh

nique is more difficult to orchestrate than the back brief or rock drill; h

the optimum balance between resource constraints and realism. Succe

tering a walk-through rehearsal should be the minimum goal for all un

Full-Scale

During a full-scale rehearsal, participants use real-time mounted and 

movement over the actual or similar terrain. Typically, it is conducte

however, a mix of participant levels is possible. At least one subunit m

pate at Level 3 for a full-scale rehearsal. This type of rehearsal is o

most resource intensive, but it provides the most realistic training env

the unit. It is often used to rehearse the operation plan (OPLAN) or O

time is not an immediate constraint. One must plan extensively to e

scale rehearsals correctly and in a manner that does not waste the sold

INITIATION OF PCCs, PCIs, AND MISSION-SPECIFIC DRILL

The subordinate leader conducts PCCs to determine his unit’s readines

its assigned tactical mission. These inspections are informal. They are 

inspection of mission-critical tasks or areas of special interest to the 

PCCs should cover—

• Vehicles.

• Weapons systems.
all areas within the unit. They are seldom conducted during 

assembly-area occupation. Informal PCIs are the commande

ticular areas or activities of special interest or concern to him

the executive officer (XO) or first sergeant (1SG) to perform t

cover—

• Vehicles

• Major weapons systems.

• Soldiers.

• Communications equipment.

Mission-specific drills are rehearsals of special combat drills t

conduct. Special drills may include—

• Breach drills.

• Marking drills.

• Situational obstacles.

• Reserve demolitions.
Mobilit

Mobility and survivability are the primary tasks of the en

field. The platoon leader requires a detailed understandin

ceed. This chapter provides the tactics, techniques, and proc

for the platoon to conduct mobility, countermobility, and sur

MOBILITY 

Mobility enables the commander to maneuver tactical un

advantage over the enemy. In the attack, engineers reduce 

fortifications that inhibit maneuver.

Expanded engineer reconnaissance capability is needed to ide

obstacles, and minefields. Open areas that are level provide 

landing strips; however, in most cases, the soil must be stabil

The application of the breaching fundamentals (suppress, 

reduce {SOSR}) and the organization of the force in terms of 

assault forces are standard. However, open areas may offer g

bypass enemy obstacles because of the greater range of mo

terrain. Exercise caution when choosing to bypass enemy 

bypass may lead the force to the enemy's engagement are

expect the enemy to make extensive use of rapid mine-lay

include SCATMINE delivery systems, as well as more conv

mine emplacement.

OBSTACLE BREACHING

The platoon leader must decide where the best breach locat

where the avenue of approach crosses the obstacle. The enem

planned artillery there. Pick a location away from obviou

reduce the threat of artillery. The platoon leader should pl

can see the breach site and effectively command and control 

be able to signal his breaching reserve (generally a squad) if h

ing. Observation of the breach site also reduces reporting 

squad leaders to breach and mark the breach site. 
3-2 Mobility and Survivability 

• Obstacle reconnaissance.

• CA rehearsals.

• Breach planning.

For more information on obstacle breaching, see FM 90-13-1.

Breaching Fundamentals

When breaching against a defending enemy, the following fundament

applied to ensure success:

• Suppress. Neutralize or destroy the enemy's weapons with ou

(The support force should have a 3:1 advantage over the enem

overwatching the obstacle.) Consider the effects and character

enemy’s weapons. Ensure the correct focus of direct and indire

the timely shift or lift of fires. Consider what ammunition is req

• Obscure. Hamper the enemy's observation and target acquisit

the use of smoke (indirect, on board, pyrotechnic), terrain, limit

and stealth.

• Secure. Eliminate enemy interference with obstacle reductio

usage. Occupy the obstacle with a friendly force and through 

effective fires.

• Reduce. Create lanes through, over, or around an obstacle. En

company/team has at least one lane through an obstacle and th

ion TF has two lanes. Consider what additional requirements a

guide follow-on forces through the obstacle or to mark and reduce t

Types of Breaching Operations

When planning a breaching operation, the engineer leader shou

bypassing the obstacle as his first option. However, the enemy's int

to force the unit to turn or channelize into a fire sac. This is why a 

naissance of a possible bypass is essential. The unit conducting a b

have maximum security during the bypass. If bypass operations ar

ble, consider the following options:
Mobili

ppy

organized subordinate unit. One or more subordinate units a

to perform the role of support, breach, and assault forces. Sy

cal and the principle of mass drives task organization.

Assault Breach. A unit conducts an assault breach during 

destruction phases of actions on the objective to destroy an 

time to emplace protective obstacles. For the assault breach, 

lane per assaulting platoon. Assault lanes are generally on

objective is secured. Mounted assault lanes require the same 

cle lanes.

Covert Breach. A unit conducts a covert breach during limit

prise is essential. The covert breach relies on stealth; quiet, m

techniques; and dismounted maneuver. It can be employ

obstacles or protective obstacles (more difficult). It requires th

as other breaches for suppression and security, and these po

ered during the planning process.

Breach Planning 

The following are considered when developing a breaching 

and 3-2, pages 3-4 and 3-5): 

• Reverse planning begins with actions on the objective.

• Actions on the objective drive the size of the assault fo

number and location of lanes to be breached.

• Lane requirements and the type of obstacle drive the 

assets to the breach force.

• Ability of the enemy’s infantry to interfere with th

whether to secure the breaching site by force or by fire

• Ability of the enemy to mass fires at the breaching 

amount of suppression required and the size of the sup

The platoon leader must plan for actions after the breach is 

the platoon is responsible for beaching, marking, and providin
3-4 Mobility and Survivability 

Normally, the platoon remains at the breach location and continues to 

breached lane. The platoon must be prepared to reopen the lane if 

closes it with artillery-delivered mines. The platoon leader should a

vehicles that are stopped in the lane. The platoon may be forced to cre

tional lane around the stopped vehicle or extract it from the breached l

Breach TF Organization

The breach TF is organized into three elements:

• Support force—eliminates enemy interference with the breach, 

objective area, and destroys enemy weapons that are able to 

breach force.

• Breach force—creates lanes in and through the obstacle. While 

lane through the obstacle, it must also locally secure the breach

pass the assault force through the breach.

Figure 3-1. Breach planning
Mobili

• Assault force—destroys or dislodges the enemy force 

obstacle and seizes the initial foothold on the objective

Obscurants

To obscure friendly activities and movement, units can use 

delivered smoke and/or white phosphorous (WP) rounds, ge

and M203 grenades, chemical units, and burning diesel. Obs

• Should be preplanned and coordinated with the comp

the supported TF.

• Can be used for deception.

• Can be combined with supporting fires.

• Can be used over large areas.

Figure 3-2. Breach control measure
3-6 Mobility and Survivability 

ppg 

• Entrance markers—indicate the start and the width of a re

They must be visually different than handrail markers. Entran

are placed a minimum of 4.5 meters apart (1 meter for dismoun

• Handrail markers—define the lane path and indicate the limits 

width. Mark, as a minimum, the left handrail.

• Exit markers—indicate the far-side limit of reduced lanes. E

must be visually different from handrail markers but may be 

entrance markers.

• Entrance-funnel markers—augment the entrance markers. The

small-unit commander in guiding the lead unit of his combat col

tion.

• Final-approach marker—is a highly visible marker that au

visual signature of entrance-funnel markers. It provides t

force commander with a highly visible reference point towa

maneuver his formation.

• Far-recognition markers—are highly visible markers located b

final-approach marker and the friendly unit. They are primarily 

passing battalion-sized forces through a lane where distance, v

terrain does not allow the passing force direct observation o

approach marker. When possible, far-recognition markers shou

ent from the final- approach marker.

• Traffic-control post (TCP) or guides—are a two-man team with 

tions means that assists the commander in controlling the m

forces. When possible, military police (MP) should man TCPs. H

breach force should plan to man TCPs until relieved.

The standard levels of lane marking for breach lanes and bypasses 

intermediate, and full (see Figure 3-4, page 3-9). The following are la

patterns and their use:

• Initial lane-marking pattern—is emplaced by the breach force i

after the lane is reduced and proofed. It is a signal to the assau

the lane is ready for traffic to pass through.
Mobili

Figure 3-3. Lane-marking devices
3-8 Mobility and Survivability 

• Intermediate lane-marking pattern—is used for the comm

larger combat forces who are unable to directly observe the br

rearward passage of sustainment traffic. It builds on the i

marking pattern by adding right handrail markers, exit-funn

far-recognition markers, and a far-side final-approach marke

• Full lane-marking pattern—is usually not part of an initia

operation. It is a lane that will support uninterrupted two-w

Table 3-2, page 3-10, provides information as to who marks the vario

lanes, when they are to mark the lanes, and what markers they 

Lane marking is normally synchronized during the CA rehearsal to 

all key leaders understand the marking procedure and stand

employed.

COUNTERMOBILITY

Countermobility operations are conducted to augment natural terrain 

cle systems according to the commander's concept. This adds depth to t

Handrail and funnel

toned up from 50 meters.

• Are quick to emplace, minimizing soldier exposure.

meters.

• Are lightweight 

emplace.

Entrance and exit

They—

• Can be seen from 100 

meters.

• Are visually different from 

handrail and funnel markers.

• Are easy to emplace and 

are man portable.

They—

• Are visible from 

• Are visually diff

handrail and fun

ers.

• Are easy to em

are man portab

Final approach and

far recognition

They—

• Can be seen from 500 

meters.

• Are visually different from 

each other.

• Can be altered to facilitate 

traffic control through multiple lanes.

They—

• Are visible from 

• Are visually diff

each other.

• Can be altered 

traffic control th

ple lanes.
Mobili

space and time by attacking the enemy's ability to maneuve

enemy’s movement impeded (disrupted, turned, fixed, or blo

to our forces. Engineers advise the commander on the best m

ural obstacles (terrain) and to emplace tactical obstacles t

Minefields, wire, antitank ditches (ATDs) or berms, road cr

tion, and all other traditional obstacles may be effective. Fo

units should consider employing local materials.

ATD or berms require extensive preparation but are very effect

pared. Many areas have irrigation ditches that can be used ta

sandy areas, ditches can easily be filled in. Obstacles should 

the unit’s flanks during offensive operations. 

All obstacles can be situational obstacles. Situational ob

resources held in reserve. They have a "be-prepared" mission 

mission". Situational obstacles should be considered during 

maneuver commander a flexible response to enemy or friendl

Figure 3-4. Lane-marking patterns
3-10 Mobility and Survivability 

OBSTACLE PLANNING

To assist the TF commander in the defense, the TF engineer must inte

cle planning throughout the TF sector and coordinate with adjacent TF

to the overall engineer plan.

Each echelon has its own obstacle-control measures for directing the locat

cles on the ground. The division commander and his staff use obstacle zone

obstacles to support future operations. Within these zones, the bri

Deliberate TF breach force TF breach force Brigade

Covert TF breach force TF breach force Brigade

In-stride Breach company/

team TF mobility reserve Brigade

Assault Assault platoon TF assault force NA

Trigger Events

When—

• Lanes are reduced

• Passing platoonor company-sized 

forces

When passing— 

• Battalion- or 

company-sized 

forces

• Forces that cannot see the lane 

• TF combat trains

When—

• Passin

or bat

forces

• Situat

uninte

tainme

Lane Markers

Entrance/exit

Left handrail

Entrance funnel

Final approach

The following markers are added:

• Right handrail.

• Exit funnel.

• Far-side final 

approach.

• Far recognition.

• Guides/TCPs.

Lane wid

expande

meters. 

markers 

adjusted

recognit

and guid

added.
Mobility 

Tactical Obstacles

They are designed and emplaced to (see Figure 3-5)—

• Disrupt, which—

– Breaks up C2.

– Frustrates the enemy's timing.

– Interrupts formations or attacks the enemy when t

formations.

– Coerces the enemy into our lines of fire.

Figure 3-5. Obstacle-effect graphics
3-12 Mobility and Survivability 

py g ppp

– Defeats the enemy's breaching effort.

Figure 3-6 shows how to employ conventional row minefields to obtain 

obstacle effects and the planning figures for standard minefields by obs

Situational Obstacles

Situational obstacles are "triggered" by an event or situation. Once 

location of the obstacle has been determined, it must be refined to bet

its effect on the enemy. When planning, preparing, and executing 

obstacles (see FM 90-7)—

• Identify the need.

• Plan for appropriate resources.

• Plan the obstacle. 

• Integrate the obstacle with friendly fires.

• Identify obstacle execution triggers.

• Withhold execution of the obstacle until it is needed.

Situational obstacles can be used to—

• Attack an enemy’s vulnerability.

• Exploit success.

• Separate follow-on enemy forces.

• Provide flank protection.

Tables 3-3 and 3-4, pages 3-14 and 3-15, provide some characteristic

tional and scatterable mines and are useful in planning minefields. W

ing standard disrupt, fix, turn, and block minefields, see Figures 3-7 th

pages 3-16 through 3-21, and Tables 3-5 through 3-8, pages 3-22 and 3-2

mation on the employment of SCATMINE systems. FASCAM systems 

air/ground Volcano, Modular Pack Mine System (MOPMS), Flipper, 

artillery munition (ADAM), and remote antiarmor mine (RAAM).
Mobility 

Figure 3-6. Minefield norms
3-14 Mobility and Survivability 

OBSTACLE SITING

When determining where to emplace obstacles, the platoon leader shou

the following:

• Supporting the maneuver commander's intent.

• Supporting the CATK plan.

• Supporting the defensive plan.

• Coordinating obstacle locations with the maneuver element, the 

officer (FSO), the Operations and Training Officer (US Army) (

weapons-systems commander.

• Prioritizing the engineer effort.

• Planning the maneuver unit's responsibility.

• Using observation and fields of fire, cover and concealment, ob

terrain, and avenues of approach (OCOKA).

 Company/Team Commanders’ Coordination

The platoon leader must ensure that key obstacles are covered by in

These obstacles become priority targets for the artillery. When coordi

company/team commanders, the platoon leader should consider the foll

• Determining the obstacle intent.

• Determining the company’s/team’s tactical purpose.

Trip wirefragment 

M18A1 NA Directional

fragment No 3.5 lb 1,782

M86 (PDM) 50 sec Bounding 

fragment 100% 1 lb — Seaft

M15 NA Pressure Blast Yes 30 lb 90

M15 w/M624 NA Tilt rod Blast Yes 30 lb 90

M19 NA Pressure Blast Yes 28 lb 196

M21 NA Tilt rod Shape 

charge Yes 17 lb 192
Mobility 

• Ensuring that the obstacles the maneuver compa

emplace on the battlefield serve as a combat multip

direct-fire plan.

• Providing forward security during obstacle emplaceme

• Conducting obstacle turnover with the maneuver com

ing that indirect-fire support is provided after the obst

• Rehearsing lane-closure plans.

()

M70 155-mm arty 

(RAAM)

45 sec

2 min Magnetic M-S plate 20% 4 hr 

M75 GEMSS 

Flipper 45 min Magnetic M-S plate 20% 5 days15 days 

BLU 91/B USAF

(Gator) 2 min Magnetic M-S plate No

4 hr

48 hr

15 days

M76 MOPMS 2 min Magnetic M-S plate No 4 hr (recycle 3 

times) 

Volcano Ground/air 2 min Magnetic M-S plate No 4 hr

48 hr 

M72 155-mm arty 

(ADAM)

45 sec

2 min Trip wire Bounding fragment 20% 15 days

48 hr 

M67 155-mm arty 

(ADAM)

45 sec

2 min Trip wire Bounding fragment 20% 4 hr 

M74 GEMSS

Flipper 45 min Trip wire Blastfragment 20% 5 days15 days 

BLU 92/B USAF

(Gator) 2 min Trip wire Blastfragment 100%

4 hr

48 hr

15 days

M77 MOPMS 2 min Trip wire Blast

fragment 100% 4 hr (recycleup to 15 days) 

Volcano Ground/air 2 min Trip wire Blast

fragment 100%

4 hr

48 hr

15 days
3-16 Mobility and Survivability 

Direct-Fire Integration

When integrating obstacles with direct fire, the platoon leader should 

following:

• Coordinating with the maneuver element overwatching the obst

• Sighting obstacles with weapons.

• Coordinating with the maneuver element for—

– Forward security.

Figure 3-7. Volcano turn and block minefields
Mobility 

– Logistics support.

– Obstacle-turnover requirements.

Indirect-Fire Integration

The platoon leader must ensure that key obstacles are cov

These obstacles become priority targets for the artillery. The 

nates indirect fire with the company FIST and company/team 

units. Indirect fire must be coordinated with the FSO and 

units are light or if the platoon leader is the TF engineer. Fo

Figure 3-8. Volcano disrupt and fix mine
3-18 Mobility and Survivability 

integrating obstacles with indirect fire, see FM 90-7. When integrati

with indirect fire, the platoon leader should consider the following:

• Ensuring that there are target reference points (TRPs) on every 

• Preplanning ADAM and RAAM fires.

• Calling for fire nets (engineers).

Figure 3-9. MOPMS disrupt and fix minefields
Mobility 

OBSTACLE CAMOUFLAGE (IF REQUIRE

When camouflaging obstacles, the following should be conside

• Ensuring that the obstacles emplaced support the in

want the enemy to see the obstacles).

• Using reverse slope siting.

• Burying mines.

• Using night and covert emplacement.

• Minimizing dust signatures from the excavation.

Figure 3-10. Flipper TTP
3-20 Mobility and Survivability 

OBSTACLE PROTECTION

The following should be considered for the protection of obstacles:

• Denying the enemy covert breaching opportunity.

• Denying the enemy reconnaissance

• Using observation posts (OPs) and counterreconnaissance.

• Displacing forces during low visibility to cover obstacles.

Figure 3-11. Flipper fix and disrupt minefields
Mobility 

• Identifying and destroying the enemy’s obstacle brea

C2 vehicles.

• Covering the obstacle with direct and indirect fires.

• Patrolling obstacles at night.

SURVIVABILITY

Preparation of fortifications may be difficult. Fortifications 

require revetments. It may be impossible to dig in rocky ar

locations with a high or perched water table. To counter the

Figure 3-12. Flipper turn and block mine
3-22 Mobility and Survivability 

Fix 70 245 1 7 10 0 70 

Turn 240 490 2 14 10 0 280 

Block 240 490 2 14 10 5 280 

Table 3-6. Volcano planning factors

Type of

Minefield

Depth

(Meters)

Front

Ground/Air

(Meters)

Number

of Strips

Canisters

per Strip

Total

Canisters

Disrupt 120 277/278 1 40 (20 each side) 40 

Fix 120 277/278 1 40 (20 each side) 40 

Turn 320 555/557 2 80 (40 each side) 160 

Block 320 555/557 2 80 (40 each side) 160 

Table 3-7. RAAM/ADAM planning factors

Type of

Minefield

RAAM ADAM Width

(Meters)

D

(M

Area Linear Area Linear

Disrupt 0.001 0.2 0.0005 0.1 200 

Turn 0.002 0.9 0.001 0.4 400 

Fix 0.002 0.4 0.0005 0.1 200 

Block 0.004 1.6 0.002 0.8 400 
Mobility 

have to build up emplacements with existing materials or de

and 5-103 provide the standards for dismounted and vehicula

Camouflage is very effective when properly employed. How

fully select patterns and techniques to apply to the local en

ment should have camouflage nets. Other survivability 

dispersion and frequent moves.

Direct-fire weapons are more effective from dug-in positions

gade support area/division support area (BSA/DSA)) require 

These sites are large, relatively static, and difficult to cam

they are vulnerable to enemy interdiction. Emphasis should 

tion and fuel dumps.

Digging assets, such as bulldozers, small emplacement e

armored combat earthmovers, M9 (ACEs), should be tasked 

ity support to these sites. Particular emphasis should be 

ammunition and fuel-storage locations. 

With long-range observation and fields of fire, defensive posit

ble to offensive fire. This fact, coupled with a lack of natura

the commander to concentrate the bulk of his engineer effort 

tions. Survivability positions enhance the ability of all direct

vive indirect-fire preparations and the direct fire from attack

Care should be taken when digging foxholes and tank hide 

noncohesive soils since the walls have a tendency to cave in.

Platoon 300 mines per hour; 3,000 

Company 6,000 mines per day

NOTE: For planning, soldiers work 10 hours per day.
3-24 Mobility and Survivability 

yppy

• Weapons and vehicle priorities.

• Battle-position and EA priorities.

• Unit priorities.

Once the TF engineer determines the number of positions required, the

ber of positions that can actually be put in is determined. The engineer u

bility is based on the following factors:

• Ten-hour days for soldiers.

• Fifteen-hour days for equipment.

• Time available (days).

• Number of blade teams (BTs) available. ACEs, dozers, comba

vehicles (CEVs), and bucket loaders can be used to make blade 

blade team must include at least one dozer or ACE.

• Work rates. 

For work rates, use the planning factor developed for your area of op

work rates are unknown, use the following as a guide: 

• One hull-down position (HDP) takes 1.5 BT hours.

• One turret-down position (TDP) takes 3.5 BT hours.

• Fifty meters of ATD takes 1 BT hour.

A variety of variables may increase or decrease the time required to di

fighting position or ATD. These variables include, but are not limited to

and terrain, operator experience, additional maintenance down time, an

cal situation. The difference of blade widths may also affect work rate

ACE has a shorter blade width than the D7 dozer and requires a minim

passes to cut the same width.

Survivability assets should be massed on the commander’s number 

ity. This focuses the survivability effort and allows the TF engineer 
Mobility 

TDP = (# BTs) x (1 TDP/work rate) x (# days) x (15 hrs/

Meters of ATD = (# BTs) x (ATD m/work rate) x (# days

POSITIONS

Coordination between the engineer/equipment operator and t

is critical to ensure the proper placement of positions. Witho

tion, much valuable time is wasted redigging positions. Th

preferably the gunner or tank commander (TC), must tell th

operator the following:

• Type of position (deliberate or hasty).

• Gun target line.

• Sector of fire.

• TRP.

In heavy units, initial vehicle-fighting-position constructio

ACE. The ACE has different digging capabilities than the d

divisional ACEs start with hasty positions, which are then u

positions as time allows. Also, the ACEs may start work bef

arrive to augment the construction effort. In this situation

the hasty positions and the dozers would improve them. The 

this augmentation to efficiently integrate corps assets into th

In heavy units, the company commander must integrate corp

light units, the platoon leader must plan for and integrate cor

Figure 3-13, page 3-26, shows the different vehicle fighting po

areas may not accommodate a hull or turret defilade. The u

vehicle-position design or simple marking techniques incor

mottling may be required.
3-26 Mobility and Survivability 

Each soldier, not just engineers, must also emplace individual and cr

positions. Engineers have some limited assets, such as the SEE, that ca

maneuver commander in accomplishing this mission. Fighting position

• Located to effectively engage the enemy and mutually support e

• Designed to allow weapons to be properly fired.

• Constructed to provide adequate cover (see Table 3-9).

• Concealed from the enemy.

NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL (NBC)

Chemical and biological weapons are many countries’ preferred weap

destruction. Many of our potential adversaries have an NBC capabi

3-14 and Tables 3-10 and 3-11, page 3-28, detail the NBC threat an

procedures.

Figure 3-13. Vehicle survivability positions
Mobility 

Shading the object with natural shadows.

• Concealing the shine of the object.

• Disrupting the silhouette of the object.

• Using folds, gullies, and wadies.

• Using reverse-slope positions.

• Scaring two to three positions for each vehicle or 

position.

• Using irregular-shaped positions

• Building positions a minimum of twice the size of 

the concealed object.

• Exercising noise and light discipline.

• Using camouflage for deception.

g, , 

drums, sandbags, and s

be used.

• Small-arms fire penetra

and sandbag parapets 

• A minimum of 18 to 24 

required to protect agai

• Revetments are require

• Design details are cove

Figure 3-14. M8A1 chemical alarm
3-28 Mobility and Survivability 

• Checks M256 results to ensure 

that they are negative.

• Selects one or two soldiers.

The soldiers—

• Move to a shady place.

• Unmask for 5 minutes.

• Clear and reseal their masks.

The leader—

• Observes the soldiers for 10 minutes.

• Gives the all-clear signal if the soldiers show no symptoms.

• Watches for delayed symptoms.

• Has first aid available.

• Checks the M8 paper for liquid contamination.

• Selects one or two soldiers.

The soldiers—

• Move to a shady place.

• Break the seal of their mask, with their 

eyes open, for 15 seconds.

• Clear and reseal their masks.

The leader observes the soldiers for 10 

minutes. If no symptoms occur, the soldiers—

• Unmask for 5 minutes.

• Clear and reseal their masks.

The leader—

• Observes the soldiers for 10 minutes.

• Gives the all-clear signal if the soldiers show no symptoms.

• Watches the soldiers for delayed 

symptoms.

• Has first aid available

Soldiers

• Decon their individua

• Prepare their mask f

their overgarment for 

• Decon their mask ho

• Remove their overga

overshoes.

• Remove their gloves

• Put on their new ove

• Put on their new ove

gloves.

• Secure their hood.

• Secure their gear.

Table 3-11. NBC threat, detection, and protection

Agent

Type

Agent

Class

Agent

Effect M8A M256 CAM M8 M9 ProtectionRequired

Sk

Dec

AC NP Blood N Y N N N Mask only N 

GA NP Nerve Y Y Y Y Y Mask and overgarment Y 

GB NP Nerve Y Y Y N N Mask and overgarment Y 

GD P Nerve Y Y Y Yellow Y Mask and overgarment Y 

VX P Nerve N Y N Green Y Mask and overgarment Y 

HL P Blister N Y Y Red Y Mask and overgarment Y 

HD P Blister N Y Y Red Y Mask and overgarment Y 

CG NP Choking N N N N N Mask only N 
The platoon gets FS in the forms of indirect fires, smoke, a

ment. FS protects the platoon while it is executing its miss

provide survivability to FS units. The platoon leader must—

• Keep the TOC apprised of all element locations at all 

information on engineer unit locations from the TO

(there are no FISTs with engineers). 

• Work closely with the FSO or the FIST to plan and 

cover friendly obstacles with fire, and provide suppre

on locations of expected enemy obstacles.

• Keep track of the amount of artillery FASCAM allocat

available for employment.

• Get the frequencies, call sign, and procedures neede

fires for the platoon. Most call for fires will be done b

a target or known point. See FM 5-34 for call-for-f

examples of call-for-fire procedures follow: 

– From your location, you will adjust fire by distan

the TRP to the target. Give the distance in meters 

you see it. If the target is to the left or right of the T

LEFT distance in meters or RIGHT distance in m

behind the TRP as you see it, call ADD distance in 

get is in front of the TRP, call DROP distance in me

– During breaching operations, you may have to ca

that the FSO or the FIST knows the location and 

smoked target. The call-for-fire procedures are simi

above.

• Determine if the maneuver commander plans to provi

tions for artillery assets and what the priority is for th

• Ensure that obstacles are synchronized with the indire
The platoon leader and sergeant should understand how AD 

the platoon and how the platoon can support AD units. The 

know where the AD umbrella is in relationship to his area of 

kind of support he can expect. The platoon can provide it

either passive or active. Passive AD measures are used to kee

ment undetected by enemy air assets. Active AD measure

enemy aircraft. The following are active AD measures:

• Using the football-field method for high-performan

meters in front of the aircraft).

• Using the football-field method for helicopters (aim 50 

helicopter).

• Aiming weapons slightly above the nose of aircraft tha

on.

• Firing all weapons at the reference point

• Ensuring that the AD-weapons control status is given. 

– Hold—weapons are fired only in self-defense or in 

order.

– Tight—weapons are fired only at aircraft positively 

– Free—weapons are fired at any aircraft not positively 

• Ensuring that AD warning conditions are given. Cond

– White—an air attack is not probable.

– Yellow—an air attack is probable.

– Red—an air attack is imminent or in progress.

• Determining if the maneuver commander plans to 

positions for AD assets and what the priority is for tho

• Ensuring that the platoon is able to receive AD early 

AD warning condition changes to red, the warning of 

craft and their direction is transmitted over comma

intelligence networks. The platoon leader should ensu

monitoring the appropriate networks.
Comb

The platoon’s CSS is determined by its supply requirements

and sergeant decide what CSS the platoon needs for an ope

request. Their request is forwarded to the 1SG of either their 

pany or supported maneuver unit, depending on their comma

tionships. For more information on command and suppo

Chapter 2. The platoon’s CSS is normally delivered in a sche

age (LOGPAC).

RESUPPLY OPERATIONS

A LOGPAC is a resupply element that is formed on the ba

requirements. Normally, it consists of a petroleum, oils, a

truck; an ammunition truck (Class IV/Class V supplies); an

carries rations, repair parts, and other requested items and 

LOGPACs are—

• Assembled in the BSA and then moved forward und

support-platoon leader to a logistics release point (LR

• Picked up by the 1SG at the LRP and moved forw

behind the company's position to feed, fuel, and resupp

• Returned by the 1SG to the LRP where the support

control of it and moves it back to the BSA.

LOGPACs are usually distributed by one of the following met

• Service-station method.

• Tailgate method.

• Modification of both. 

In the service-station method, the 1SG establishes the LO

located and secure site. Successively, each platoon moves 

Each squad or crew passes through the various stations befor

and returns to the work sites. Normally, the stations include 

fuel (POL), food, water, mail, administrative support, medics, 
6-2 Combat Service Support 

Are usually not as comprehensive as the servicestation LOGPA

they are more mobile and spend more time in transit. 

Figure 6-1. Service-station method
Com

The tailgate method takes more time for the 1SG but is 

of the platoon’s work effort. The platoon does not have to 

to the LOGPAC.

Platoons often get resupplied from the maneuver company’s/t

the service-station or tailgate method. For security reasons, 

mally provide LOGPACs to individual vehicles. Therefore, t

the platoon gets resupplied.

Even when being logistically supported by maneuver elem

times need engineer-specific resupply. Logistics-support res

mand and support relationships are shown in Table 6-1, page 

1SG,

medic

Food

Ammo

Fuel

APC

Minefield

LEGEND:

Figure 6-2. Tailgate method
6-4 Combat Service Support 

 SUPPLY CLASSES

Normally, there are 10 classes of supplies; however, during defensive 

Class IV/Class V supplies require special engineer considerations. S

classes require special considerations in resupplying the engineers. S

either be pushed or pulled through the system. Supplies are pushed b

requirements and pulled by the needs of the user via a request for resu

CLASS I

Class I consists of subsistence and gratuitous health and welfare item

toon allocates Class I supplies based on unit strength. Class I suppl

mally pushed. The following are the amounts of water required for a 

day for—

• Drinking - 6 gallons.

• Personal hygiene - 2.5 gallons.

• Food preparation - 1.0 gallon.

• Vehicle radiators - 25 percent of the radiator’s capacity.

CLASS II

Class II consists of such items as clothing, individual equipment, ten

tools, administrative and housekeeping supplies, chemical-defense and 

nation items, and wet- and cold-weather contingency items. The compa

Class II supplies based on need. It is normally pulled.

OPCON Supported unit Supported unit Parent unit Suppo

DS Parent unit Supported unit Parent unit Parent 

GS Parent unit Parent unit Parent unit Parent 
Com

pqqpq

heavily used. Additional fuel and package products, such as h

be maintained in the combat trains for this purpose. Forwar

sites should be a standard procedure. Class III supplies are u

CLASS IV

Class IV consists of construction materials, including all for

materials. These are items for which allowances are not pres

plies are pulled.

CLASS V

Class V consists of all types of ammunition, including rad

weapons, bombs, explosives, mines, fuzes, detonators, pyrote

ets, propellants, and other associated items. Engineers need 

supplies (for example, cratering charges and line charges), w

coordination with the Supply Officer (US Army) (S4) to ge

Class V system. Class V supplies are pulled.

CLASS VI

Class VI consists of all personal-demand items, such as candy

cameras (nonmilitary sales items). Sundry packs are also Cla

toon allocates Class VI supplies based on need. Class VI s

pulled.

CLASS VII

Class VII consists of major end items, such as launch

machine shops, vehicles, and organizational tool sets. Cl

demand driven.

CLASS VIII

Class VIII consists of medical material, including repair par

equipment. Class VIII supplies are normally pulled.
6-6 Combat Service Support 

p

the engineers. The platoon generates requests for repair parts by accu

pleting DA Form 2404. When the maintenance contact team gets 

determines what repair parts are needed and the level of repair. The 

may bring the repair parts with them or the crew/operator may get the

LOGPAC. Class V supplies are pulled.

CLASS X

Class X consists of materials to support nonmilitary programs, such as 

and economic development. Class V supplies are pulled.

SPECIAL CLASS IV/CLASS V SUPPLIES

These classes of supplies form the majority of the materials with whic

construct the obstacles and fortifications required for the defense.

There are two types of Class IV/Class V loads: mission and basic. M

consist of those materials required for a specific mission (for example

fix minefield). Basic loads consist of those materials that the platoon ca

tect itself. The basic load can be used for missions to save time; howeve

replenished from the materials in the mission load. Basic loads are pul

sion loads are pushed.

Mission loads are a TF responsibility regardless of the command and s

tionships specified for engineers. The quantity of Class IV/Class 

(mines) normally stretches or exceeds the transportation assets of the 

ized standard loads help solve the planning and distribution problem

Class V supply points should be selected by their proximity to major ob

Class IV/Class V resupply for the defense is one of the most demandi

operations the TF must carry out and requires all the assets that c

available. A total cooperative effort by the TF, including engineers, is 

the defense is to be adequately resourced.

In the offense, TF planners anticipate Class IV/Class V mission load

hasty defense on the objective. Prepackaging in the BSA speeds mo

ward when it is needed. In addition to the Class V supplies that come f
Com

qpgqpp

unit's maintenance sections lower than the brigade level exc

neer battalion. It may be unrealistic to expect the maneuv

logistics support. The platoon may have to coordinate for ma

from its parent unit. When the engineers are providing logis

also provide organizational maintenance support. 

Doctrinally, recovery is the responsibility of the owning unit. 

ally impossible for engineers working in the TF area to recov

In the defense, the TF will have to provide recovery suppor

unit maintenance collection point (UMCP) located near t

repairs cannot be made at the UMCP and the time and situa

neer’s maintenance-support team (MST) can come forward a

vehicle. The TF could provide additional recovery back to the 

engineer battalion maintenance officer (BMO) or technician m

BSA has direct-support (DS) mechanics capable of repairing e

In the offense, the TF recovers the vehicle to the main s

Depending on the situation, the TF either turns vehicle reco

neers or recovery assets take the vehicle to the BSA. It mu

SOP or order which MST has recovery responsibility for the e

priority the TF commander places on the engineer assets de

they are recovered in.

Engineer companies should have maintenance contact teams 

engineer heavy equipment to routinely visit work sites. T

repairman and armorer can accompany this contact team to 

lems and provide support before the mission is jeopardized. 

MEDICAL SUPPORT

Medical support and evacuation must be coordinated for ea

mally come from the nearest company/team (see Table 6-2

toon’s aidman or combat lifesavers should be required to coo

medics and ensure that the medical requirements of the pla

and met. In the event of a mass casualty incident, the plato

nate a platoon vehicle as a litter vehicle. 
6-8 Combat Service Support 

The platoon leader must—

• Understand the TF’s evacuation and medical support plans.

• Understand the engineer company’s evacuation and medical sup

• Know the locations of the—

– Battalion aid station. 

– Jump aid station.

– Personnel transfer points.

– Casualty collection points.

Mission loads 

are supplied by 

the supported 

unit.

equipment.

Company/team

(attached)

Company/team 

LOGPAC

Basic loads are 

resupplied from 

the LOGPAC.

Mission loads 

are supplied by 

the supported 

unit.

Company/team Company/team 

MST performs 

maintenance on 

common equipment.

Engineer MST 

performs maintenance on 

engineerspecific equipment.

C

TF

(attached)

TF support platoonBasic loads are 

resupplied from 

the LOGPAC.

Mission loads 

are supplied by 

the supported 

unit.

TF medical 

platoon

TF maintenance 

platoon performs 

maintenance on 

common equipment.

Engineer MST 

performs maintenance on 

engineerspecific equipment.

T

to
Com

The platoon leader uses the C2 processes to ensure that his 

its missions. This chapter provides the TTP needed to comm

platoon and make sound tactical decisions.

COMMAND AND SUPPORT RELATION

Command relationships can be operational control (OPCON) 

relationships can be DS or general support (GS). Both suppor

ties must clearly understand what each of these mean (see 

The following should be considered when using command a

ships:

• When OPCON is used, the maneuver element—

– Commands and controls the platoon. 

– Has the authority to place squads OPCON to co

though it is not considered advisable to do so with a 

Additionally, the TF cannot attach them to the com

• When attached is used, the maneuver element—

– Commands and controls the platoon except for lim

the attachment order.

– Has responsibility for the platoon's logistics suppor

transfer and promotion.

• When DS is used—

– The platoon receives its missions from the maneuve

– The engineer company and the engineer battalion s

the platoon.

– The platoon works on the tasks that the maneuver 

– The TF does not have the authority to split the p

squads to companies/teams. 

– Logistics support for the platoon comes from engine
 7-2 Command and Control 

y g

must be understood at the start of any C2 discussion. Even though th

determine requirements and use the material, supplying it remains a T

bility regardless of the command or support relationship (see FM 5-100

COMMUNICATIONS

Engineers must operate on the following frequency modulated network

• TF.

• Platoon internal.

• Engineer company.

• Maneuver company/team.

Engineers have a two-net capability to support their communication re

In the DS or GS relationship, the engineer platoon should operate the fi

on the engineer command network. The second network, the platoo

network, should be used to control the platoon’s assets. In the attached 

relationship, the engineer platoon should operate the first network on t

command network or supported maneuver company/team command ne

on the task organization. The platoon leader uses his platoon’s interna

enter other networks for coordination and situation reporting. Before 

leader leaves his platoon’s internal network, he must first hand over c

network to the platoon sergeant to control the platoon’s assets. 

The platoon submits the following reports:

• Routine reports:

– Commander's situation report (SITREP)—identifies change

tactical situation.

– Sensitive-items report—gives the results of a serial-number 

sensitive items.

– Supply-status report—informs the commander and staff of a 

unit’s supply status.

– Personnel-status report—is used to maintain the accountabi

tus of assigned and attached personnel and generate r

replacements. 
Co

pp

a point/area target.

– Countermobility report—gives the status of all obst

– Mobility report—gives the status and conditio

bypasses, crossing sites, air lines of communicat

ground lines of communication. It also includes st

upgrade/downgrade of previously reported trafficab

– Survivability report—provides the detailed status 

ability level (for example, the number, type, and pr

turret) of positions).

– Class IV/Class V special report—is used to keep tra

classes of supplies. For example, a platoon establis

keeps track of the types and quantities of mine

amounts issued.

– Flash SITREP—is used to notify the next higher H

unit becomes decisively engaged or has critical sh

mission accomplishment.

– NBC report—is used to report NBC events.

– Shelling report (SHELREP)—provides informatio

fire.

– Enemy prisoner of war (EPW) report—is used to 

captured.

– SCATMINE report—is used to notify affected unit

of SCATMINEs.

– Meaconing, intrusion, jamming, and interference (

to notify the Intelligence Officer (US Army) (S2) w

radio signals is hindered, confused, or distorted by a

when instructions are received from a station that 

– Splash report—is used to report downed friendly ai

– Casualty report—identifies battle and nonbattle ca

unit and alerts medical-treatment facilities of incom

– Casualty-feeder report and witness-statement rep

eyewitness information on a casualty. They are use

alties and provide administrative information for u

awards.
 7-4 Command and Control 

tion. During the preparation of the battle, the staff engineer ensures t

and equipment are in the correct location and on time for linkups and 

He then executes the engineer mission to support the operation. The pl

lowest level engineer unit that can still effectively accomplish indepen

The platoon usually operates under the control of an engineer company

can be attached to a maneuver company/team.

The platoon leader must keep both the engineer company and maneuv

team commanders informed on critical tasks. He must continuously f

update tactical and technical information upward and laterally by a

means.

In heavy forces, the TF normally receives an engineer company in supp

company commander is the TF engineer. In light forces and in some s

tions in heavy forces, the TF only receives an engineer platoon, and 

leader is the TF engineer. When the platoon leader is acting as the TF 

should consider the following information:

• Orders should include when and where the TOC is to be establi

TOC is to be moved before the platoon arrives, this should also b

• Orders should identify an assembly area where the platoon can 

dated. 

• The entire platoon must not go to the TOC.

PLATOON LEADER’S RESPONSIBILITIES

Once the platoon leader arrives at the TOC, he should—

• Check in with the S3 or company commander and report the p

tus and location and any problems. 

• Provide the status of equipment and the number of soldiers to 

tions noncommissioned officer (NCO).

• Obtain the TF’s and the team’s signal operation instructions 

enter the maneuver force’s network.
Co

SOP.

• Provide the status of obstacles being constructed.

• Check on format requirements for the periodic report. 

to see that TOC personnel are familiar with the re

know how to post them to their charts or overlays.

• Determine if a specific individual at the TOC has b

expediter or overwatcher for engineers in the sector re

• Provide any terrain, route, or other information acqu

naissance unit or personnel enroute to the S2 or compa

• Obtain such information as the current enemy situati

data, and terrain details, to include topographic pro

company/team commander.

• Provide any priority intelligence requirements (PIR) o

ments (IR) needed for upcoming operations to the S2 o

mander.

• Stop at the combat trains and coordinate for classes of 

when joining the maneuver force.

• Obtain frequencies and call signs for the administra

control stations (NCSs).

• Provide a platoon roster and identify any critical shor

(US Army) (S1) or operations sergeant.

• Review the TF SOP for reporting and evacuating casu

• Coordinate with the S4 or company/team 1SG and 

logistics status. The channel used for operational log

varies based on the command and support relationship

NOTE: The platoon leader should remember th

lem arises which will prevent the accomplish

mission or if normal channels are not working 

and logistics become an operational issue, th

mander should be apprised of the problem.
 7-6 Command and Control 

MANEUVER FORCE’S CONTROL

Normally, the platoon is kept under the engineer company’s control an

the battalion/TF commander. A major consideration in planning fo

engineers is to maintain platoon integrity, keeping the entire platoo

platoon leader’s control. When maneuver forces are moving on two a

mechanized offensive operations, the platoon will not place a part of th

each axis. During the planning process, the engineer planner must wei

effort and determine which axis is critical to the mission and requir

assets. Placing an engineer NCO with the scout platoon when it is 

reconnaissance can help provide more specific information on the obsta

scouts find. Obstacle breaching can thus be preplanned. See Appendix 

formations, movement techniques, and hand-and-arm signals and App

checklists. 

ENGINEER ATTACHMENTS

If the platoon has been augmented with AVLBs, they normally come in 

is for both maintenance and tactical reasons. The AVLBs should be 

the element that needs a gap-crossing capability. In the deliberate att

can be integrated individually into attack formations. Employmen

allows the squad leader to control them. If the AVLBs are not im

required, they should be returned to the company’s control. Curbs on 

must be removed if M1 tanks with rollers are to cross the AVLB, and 

dog bone must be raised. If a CEV is attached to the platoon, it norm

with the platoon.

Heavy equipment and wheeled vehicles should move with the platoon o

cal road marches over good roads. During a movement to contact or o

terrain, METT-T determines where and what heavy equipment move

mation.
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Han

The platoon uses a variety of mounted and dismounted form

techniques to maneuver on the battlefield. This appendix giv

of the basic formations, movement techniques, and hand-and

toon leader could use. It is not designed to be all encompassin

tion on these topics, see FMs 7-8, 5-34, and 71-1.

MOUNTED MOVEMENT TECHNIQU

The mounted engineer platoon must be proficient in moving w

counterpart. In the following paragraphs, formations, movem

actions taken during movement for the mounted engineer pla

WEDGE

The engineer platoon almost always maneuvers as part of a

tion. Normally, this will either be the parent engineer com

company/team. Figure A-1, page A-2, shows the formation th

likely to use. The platoon wedge provides the most defensib

easiest C2. Ordinarily, the platoon follows a maneuver platoo

a maneuver company/team. The platoon might lead if it is 

company formation. In either case, the wedge is the best form

contact is likely.

The platoon frequently receives assets from the assault and 

toon. These could include the AVLB, CEV, or armored veh

clearing line charge (AVLM). These additional vehicles can 

ity of the platoon. Figure A-2, page A-2, shows the techniqu

AVLB, CEV, and AVLM are tethered to individual engineer 

leader has the responsibility of commanding and controlling a

This improves the C2 of the platoon and provides each A&O 

element as it moves across the battlefield.

Figure A-3, page A-3, shows a simple wedge formation. Note w

in the platoon are. The wedge formation uses the wingman 

sergeant and leader are both in APCs and each has a wingm
A-2 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Reinforced engineer platoon moving with

the breach force

APC

AVLM

AVLB

APC

APC

APC

with plow

M1 tank

with plow

M1

tan

Figure A-1. Engineer platoon with the breach force

APC

APC

APC

APC

AVLM

AVLB

CEV

Figure A-2. Modified mounted wedge formation
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Han

also simplifies C2 and movement. It has the added benefi

experienced leader in the platoon, the platoon sergeant, forw

It also places the platoon sergeant where he can easily take 

the platoon leader.

COLUMN

Figure A-4, page A-4, depicts a column formation. This for

enemy contact in not expected. This formation maximizes C

formation. Normally, the platoon transitions from the col

enemy contact becomes more likely.

LINE

Figure A-5, page A-4, shows the platoon in a line formatio

designed to maximize the forward firepower of the platoon. T

from the wedge to the line as enemy contact becomes eminen

do not generally use this formation. However, if the platoon i

dismounted threat while another platoon maneuvers, this for

Figure A-3. Mounted wedge formatio
A-4 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Platoon

leader

Platoon

sergeant

50-100 m

50-100 m

50-100 m between APCs

Figure A-4. Mounted column formation

Platoon leader

Platoon sergeant

2d squad

3d squad

1st squad

50-100 m

Figure A-5. Mounted line formation
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Han

V

The V-formation is a variation of the wedge. It is used when 

threat of command-detonated mines or explosives. The formatio

page A-6, would be used during a route-clearance operation. 

to secure the flanks of the road while two squads clear the r

also identifies command-detonated-mine firing wires or a

enemy can attack the element on the route. It is not generally 

significant enemy threat.

1st squa

Platoon leader

Platoon sergeant

2d squad

3d squad

50-100 m

Figure A-6. Mounted echelon formatio
A-6 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

DISMOUNTED MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES

The dismounted engineer platoon must be proficient in moving with it

counterpart. In the following paragraphs, formations, movement tech

actions taken during movement for the dismounted engineer squad and 

discussed.

SQUAD FORMATIONS

The squad formation is built from the fire-team wedge (see Figure A-8)

val between soldiers in the wedge formation is normally 10 meters. 

expands and contracts depending on the terrain. When rough terrain, 

ity, or other factors make control of the formation difficult, the squad us

ified wedge. In this formation, the normal interval between soldiers is 

that all team members can still see their team leader and each team lea

their squad leader. The sides of the wedge can contract to the poin

wedge resembles a single file. When moving in less rugged terrain, whe

easier, soldiers expand the formation or resume their original positions

50-100 m

Platoon leader

Platoon sergeant

2d squad

3d squad

Figure A-7. Mounted V-formation
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Han

PLATOON FORMATIONS

Platoon formations are built from multiple squad formation

include the platoon column, line, V, and wedge. The platoon l

formation based on his METT-T analysis. Table A-1, page A-8

of each formation and its use.

Radio-telephone 

operator

Platoon leader

Platoon sergeant

Squad leader 

Radio-telephone 

operator

NOTE: Unlabeled positions are dismounted soldiers.

10 m 10 m Fire-team

wedge

Squ

form

Squad leader

Radio-telephone 

operator

Figure A-8. Dismounted-platoon wedge for
A-8 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Column When the platoon performs 

primary movement formations

Good for 

maneuver 

(fire and 

movement)

Provides 

good dispersion laterally 

and in depth

Allows limited 

firepower to 

the front and 

rear, high volume to the 

flank

G

Line When the 

enemy situation is 

unknown and 

the leader 

wants all soldiers forward 

for maximum 

firepower to 

the front

Difficult Is minimal Allows maximum firepower to the 

front, little to 

the flanks and 

rear

S

V When the 

enemy situation is vague, 

but contact is 

expected from 

the front

Difficult Provides two 

squads up 

front for 

immediate 

firepower and 

one squad to 

the rear for 

movement 

upon contact 

from the flank

Allows an 

immediate 

heavy volume of firepower to the 

front or flanks

S

Wedge When the 

enemy situation is vague, 

but contact is 

not expected

Difficult but 

better than 

the platoon V 

and platoon 

line

Enables the 

leader to 

make contact 

with the 

smallest element and still 

have two 

squads to 

maneuver

Provides a 

heavy volume of firepower to the 

front or flanks

S

fa

t

File When visibility is poor due 

to terrain or 

light

Easiest Is the most 

difficult formation from 

which to 

maneuver

Allows immediate fires to 

the flanks; 

prevents 

focused fires 

to the front 

and rear

F
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Han

The column formation is the platoon's primary movement form

page A-10). It provides good dispersion both laterally and in 

control. The lead squad is the base squad for fire control. 

Line

The line formation allows the delivery of maximum fire to the 

the flanks (see Figure A-10, page A-11). This formation is ha

not lend itself well to rapid movement. It is the basic plato

during an attack. 

V

The V-formation has two squads up front to provide a heavy 

tact (see Figure A-11, page A-12). It also has one squad in th

overwatch or trail the other squads. This formation is hard 

ment is slow.

File

The file formation gives maximum control to leaders and is 

movement (see Figure A-12, page A-13).

Traveling

The dismounted engineer platoon supporting a maneuver T

part of one of the larger maneuver elements. When breach

forward with the lead company, the engineer platoon travels 

toon for security (see Figure A-13, page A-14). If each maneu

breaching capability, the dismounted engineer platoon can b

sized elements, where each squad travels with a maneuver c

the platoon HQ travels with either the battalion tactical ope

main effort for C2.
A-10 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Team leader

Machine gunner

Platoon leader

Radio-telephone operator

Team leader

Squad leader

Radio-telephone operator

Team leader

Machine gunner

Platoon sergeant

Team leader

Squad leader

Radio-telephone operator

Team leader

Machine gunner

NOTE: Unlabeled positions are dismounted soldiers.

Ce

sq

s

Figure A-9. Dismounted column formation
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand

Team leader Team leader Team leader Team leader Team leader 

Machine gunner Machine gunner M

g

Squad leader Squad leader Squad leader Radio- telephone operator Radio- telephone operator 

Platoon sergeant Platoon leader 

Flank 

squad

Flank 

squad

Center 

squad
A-12 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Squad leader Squad leader

Squad leader

Radio-telephone operator Radio-telephone operator

Radio-telephone 

operator

Platoon leader

Platoon sergeant

Radio-telephone operator

NOTE: Unlabeled positions are dismounted soldiers.

Figure A-11. Dismounted V-formation
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand

Platoon leader

q

Radio-telephone 

operator

Radio-telephone 

operator

Flank

security team

Flank

security te

Team leader

Squad leader

Radio-telephone 

operator

Platoon sergeant

Team leader

Squad leader

Radio-telephone 

operator

Figure A-12. Dismounted file formatio
A-14 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

HAND-AND-ARM SIGNALS

During many operations, the platoon has to use hand-and-arm signals 

ures A-14 and A-15, pages A-15 through A-20, show many of the comm

and-arm signals used when the platoon is mounted or dismounted. Th

are normally used when either radio listening silence is in effect o

needed.

NOTE: The engineer platoon traveling with a TF could travel as part of the lead

infantry company to provide immediate breaching capability, or the platoon could be broken down into squad-sized elements to travel with each

maneuver company.

Figure A-13. Dismounted traveling formation
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand

Start engine or prepare to move

Move forward, move out, increase speed, or double-ti

Stop or stop engines

Figure A-14. Hand-and-arm signals
A-16 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Move in reverse

Slow down

Turn left or right

Left 

Blink

Figure A-14. Hand-and-arm signals (continued)
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand

I am 

Disregard previous

command

I do not understand

A

Close the distance between vehicles and sto

Figure A-14. Hand-and-arm signals (cont
A-18 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Stop Assemble

Cover our move

Enemy is in sight Commence firing

Cease firing

Figure A-14. Hand-and-arm signals (continued)
Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand

Move outEnem

Form a line

Green

flag

Figure A-14. Hand-and-arm signals (cont
A-20 Basic Formations, Movement Techniques, and Hand-and-Arm Signals

Echelon

right

(left)

Wedge

Line

Column

Figure A-15. Mounted movement formations and hand-and-arm 
This appendix gives several checklists that the platoon and 

useful. These checklists are not all encompassing and shoul

local SOPs, not replace them. Where units do not have sta

these may be helpful in developing local unit SOPs.

LOCAL SECURITY AND JOB-SIT

 SECURITY CHECKLISTS

When the platoon halts, the platoon leader establishes and 

rity. He assigns each squad a sector of the perimeter to ensur

to cover all gaps by observation and fire. The platoon leade

squad leaders designate OP personnel. OPs communicate w

mand post and warn the platoon of the approaching enemy 

Frequently, the platoon will be in a tactical halt while waitin

start.

When the platoon is halted, the platoon leader establishes 

include—

• Positioning crew-served weapons, protective obsta

alarms.

• Constructing individual and crew-served fighting posi

an extended period.

• Setting up wire communications between the squads a

mand post. Radio silence should be maintained at the 

• Coordinating with adjacent units.

• Preparing range cards.

• Clearing fields of fire.

• Distributing ammunition, rations, water, supplies, and 

• Conducting PMCS on weapons, vehicles, and equipme

• Inspecting the platoon’s members and equipment.
B-2 Checklists

Job-site-security actions are similar to those actions that are taken at a 

ever, job-site security is specifically designed to ensure that the platoo

work without being harassed.

Typically, the platoon will use this checklist when constructing obstac

fortifications. Before moving to the job site, the platoon leader informs 

the warning signals, code words, and pyrotechnics signals to be used. U

at the job site, the platoon—

• Occupies a job-site overwatch position.

• Dispatches reconnaissance/minesweeping/NBC teams to clear th

• Establishes local security.

• Establishes escape routes; identifies possible enemy avenues o

and places OPs, chemical alarms, and crew-served- and antita

positions to cover enemy avenues of approach.

• Divides the job site into defensible sectors and assigns them to t

• Establishes communications with the engineer company.

• Starts work.

PRECOMBAT CHECKLISTS

Each individual should have—

• Load-bearing equipment.

• A chemical protective mask with an M256 chemical-detection 

decontamination kit, a waterproof bag for the mask, M8 chemic

paper, and three chemical-antidote injectors.

• A kevlar helmet with a cover and a band.

• An individual weapon with magazines and the zero posted in th

and a cleaning kit.

• A ruck sack and duffle bags packed with military clothing a

allowance (TA)-50 equipment.
• His unit’s SOP.

• FMs 5-34 and 5-10 in their uniform cargo pockets.

• FMs 20-32, 90-13-1, and 90-7 in their ruck sack.

• Other FMs, as required or needed.

• A watch and a solar-powered calculator.

• A notebook, pens, and pencils.

• Binoculars.

• Night-vision goggles.

• Casualty cards.

• A laminated range card.

• DA Forms 1355 and 1355-1-R.

All vehicles should have—

• Material, tied down and loaded according to the load p

• Fuel tanks, full.

• Preventive maintenance checks and services (PMCS

patched.

• Packaged POL products, stowed.

• Water and extra fuel cans, full.

• Meals, ready-to-eat (MREs), stored.

• Basic-issue items (BIIs) and additional authorized list 

ried, cleaned, and stowed.

• Spare parts and tires or track blocks, stowed.

• First-aid kits, inspected and stowed.

• A vehicle log book, the vehicle’s TM, and DA Forms 24
B-4 Checklists

prepared for use.

UNIFORM-, DUFFLE-BAG-,

AND RUCK-SACK-PACKING CHECKLISTS

A field uniform should include—

• A kevlar helmet with a cover and a band.

• A fragmentation vest.

• A pistol belt with ammunition pouches.

• A canteen with a cover and a cup, on the right hip.

• Ear plugs.

• A flashlight, on the right suspender strap (optional).

• A holster with a lanyard (if armed with a pistol), on the right sid

tol belt.

• A bayonet, on the left side of the pistol belt.

• A compass, on the left side of the pistol belt.

• An M17A1 protective mask, on the left hip, and an M25 mask un

arm.

• A battle dress uniform (BDU) with black boots.

• A field jacket.

• A chemical-decontamination kit connected to the protective mas

• A nerve-agent antidote.

• A first-aid pouch, on the left suspender strap.

One duffle bag should contain—

• Three sets of BDUs.

• Three pairs of underwear.
• One pair of boots with shoe polish, a brush, and a sew

The additional duffle bag should contain—

• Five tent pegs (10 for officers).

• Three tent poles (6 for officers).

• One tent rope (2 for officers).

• One sleeping bag.

• One pair of trouser suspenders.

• Two pairs of coveralls.

• One field jacket with a liner.

• One shelter half (2 for officers).

• One wool blanket.

• One pair of field pants.

• One pair of field pants with a liner.

• One cold-weather mask.

• One pair of extreme cold-weather boots.

The ruck sack should contain—

• Wet-weather pants and a parka.

• Overshoes.

• A weapons cleaning kit.

• Rations.

• A waterproof bag.

• A mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) suit wit

• Cold-weather mittens, winter use only.

• A parka with a liner and a hood, winter use only.
B-6 Checklists

• A T-shirt.

• Two pairs of wool socks.

• A BDU hat.

• An entrenching tool.
Breac

FM 90-13-1 and Chapter 3 provide doctrinal overviews for 

tenets, and breaching theory. The following case studies ar

the platoon with instructive examples of dismounted and 

Either case study could be applied to many different field app

ple, the dismounted case study could be used to examine cove

breaching, or deliberate breaching by light engineers. Likew

study could apply to both deliberate and in-stride breaching

are not designed to be prescriptive. They are designed to i

process that the platoon leader must go through to successful

All breaching operations follow a similar pattern. They differ 

breaching, the—

• Platoon leader determines the obstacle location and its 

• Platoon leader selects the breach site and lane location

• Platoon leader orders the breach to start, if the pla

reduction force.

• Squad prepares to breach, if the platoon is the backup 

• Squad breaches the obstacle.

• Squad marks the lane.

• Platoon leader reports the lane location to the compan

DISMOUNTED CASE STUDY

The company commander orders the dismounted platoon lead

him to breach an obstacle. The company is assaulting an e

platoon leader moves to a location where he can see the obs

that it is a concertina fence and antitank minefield. He orde

conduct reconnaissance and ascertain the best lane location

reports the locations and marks them with orange tape. The s

that there are no antipersonnel mines in the minefield. The 

this to the platoon leader (see Figure C-1, page C-2).
C-2 Breaching Case Studies

The platoon leader then orders the forward squad to remain at the 

guides. He orders his second squad to come forward with two Bangalo

first squad guides the second squad to the lane locations. Both squads 

lanes in the concertina using the Bangalores and then move through th

placing charges to destroy antitank mines in the proposed lanes. The s

to safety and initiate the explosives destroying the mines. Both squ

security while the third squad comes forward to mark the lanes an

infantry company through the breach. The platoon leader keeps the th

reserve in case one of the squads fail or require additional help. How

scenario that was not necessary. The platoon leader observes the lanes 

their completion to the infantry company commander who then starts 

The platoon leader then switches to the engineer company frequency a

company commander a situation report in reference to the lanes.

1 – The platoon leader determines the obstacle location and its compositio

2 – The platoon leader selects the breach site and lane locations.

3 – The squad breaches the concertina fence using cutters or Bangalores.

4 – The squad breaches the minefield using hand-emplaced explosives.

5 – The squad marks the lanes for the assault force.

6 – The platoon leader reports to the company commander that the lane is 

LEGEND:

AT mines

Breached mines

Detonation cord

Bangalore

Concertina wire

Figure C-1. Dismounted case study
Breac

platoon widens and marks the lanes. The A&O platoon lead

recognition signals and initially orients the TF on the breached 

1 –The platoon leader determines the obstacle location and it

2 – The platoon leader selects the breach site and lane locations

3 – The tank crew breaches the obstacle with the tank plows.

4 – The platoon leader orders the AVLM forward to breach with th

enemy destroys a tank plow.

5 – The squad marks the lanes for the assault force.

6 – The platoon leader reports to the company commander that 

Figure C-2. Mounted case study
C-4 Breaching Case Studies

between them.

The engineer company commander orders the tank platoon to breach 

based on the engineer platoon leaders’ reconnaissance. He orders the e

toon to be prepared to back up the tank platoon. The northern tank eq

a mine plow is destroyed by direct fire as it starts to breach. The engin

leader observes this and orders his AVLM forward to breach with th

The AVLM and the other tank plow successfully breach the obstacle.

The platoon leader orders two squads forward to mark each lane. Th

widen the lanes, per the initial plan, with hand-emplaced explosiv

assault force passes through. The platoon leader keeps one squad in r

the AVLM, to counter any enemy attempts to close the lanes with artille

mines. He reports to the engineer company commander that the lanes 
& and

+ plus

# number

% percent

1SG first sergeant

1st first

2d second

3d third

A&O assault and obstacle

AA axis of advance

AAR after-action review

ABF attack by fire

AC hydrogen cyanide

ACE armored combat earthmover, M9

AD air defense

ADA air-defense artillery

ADAM area denial artillery munition

AHD antihandling device

ALL additional authorized list

ammo ammunition
Glossary-2

aslt assault

AT antitank

AT-3, AT-5, AT-8 antitank missiles

ATD antitank ditch

attn attention

AVLB armored vehicle-launched bridge

AVLM armored vehicle-launched MICLIC

BDU battle dress uniform

BII basic-issue items

BMO battalion maintenance officer

BMP Soviet tracked amphibious infantry combat vehicle

BMP-1, BMP-2 Soviet infantry fighting vehicles

BOS Battlefield Operating Systems

BSA brigade support area

BT blade team

C

2

command and control

CA combined arms

CAM chemical agent monitor

CATK counterattack

CDR commander
CSS combat service support

cu cubic

DA Department of the Army

decon decontaminate/decontamination

DP dispersing point

DS direct support

DSA division support area

EA engagement area

EPW enemy prisoner of war

FASCAM family of scatterable mines

FEBA forward edge of the battle area

FIST fire-support team

FLOT forward line of own troops

FM field manual

FMFM fleet Marine force manual

FS fire support

FSO fire-support officer

ft foot (feet)
Glossary-4

HD distilled mustard

HDP hull-down position

HEMTT heavy expanded mobility tactical truck

HL mustard lewisite

HMMWV high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle

HQ headquarters

hr hour(s)

IOE irregular outer edge

IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield

IR intelligence requirements

km kilometer(s)

lb pound(s)

LD line of departure

LOGPAC logistical package

LRA local reproduction authorized

LRP logistics release point

m meter(s)
mm millimeter(s)

MOPMS Modular Pack Mine System

MOPP mission-oriented protective posture

MP military police

MRB motorized rifle battalion

MRC motorized rifle company

MRE meal, ready-to-eat

MRP motorized rifle platoon

MSR main supply route

MST maintenance support team

N no

NA not applicable

NAI named area of interest

NBC nuclear, biological, chemical

NCO noncommissioned officer

NCS net control station

No number

NP nonpersistent

OBSTINTEL obstacle intelligence

OCOKA observation and fields of fire, cover and co

key terrain, and avenues of approach
Glossary-6

ORP objective rally point

oz ounce(s)

P persistent

PCC precombat check

PCI precombat inspection

PDM pursuit-deterrent munition

PIR priority intelligence requirements

PL phase line

PLD probable line of deployment

PLL prescribed load list

plt platoon

PMCS preventive maintenance checks and services

POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants

psn position

R&S reconnaissance and surveillance

RAAM remote antiarmor mine

recon reconnaissance

reqd required

S&P stake and platform

S1 Adjutant (US Army)
SEE small emplacement excavator

SHELREP shelling report

SITREP situation report

SOI signal operation instructions

SOP standing operating procedure

SOSR suppress, obscure, secure, reduce

SPOTREP spot report

T/C/S tasks, conditions, and standards

T72/80 Soviet tank

TA table of allowance

TC tank commander

TCP traffic-control post

TDP turret-down position

TF task force

TLP troop-leading procedures

TOC tactical operations center

TRP target reference point

TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures

UMCP unit maintenance collection point

US United States
Glossary-8

WO warning order

WP white phosphorous

wt weight

XO executive officer

Y yes
SOURCES USED

These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publicati

Army Publications

FM 3-4. NBC Protection (FMFM 11-9). 29 May 1992.

FM 3-5. NBC Decontamination (FMFM 11-10). 17 November 

FM 5-34. Engineer Field Data. 14 September 1987.

FM 5-100. Engineer Combat Operations. 22 November 1988.

FM 5-103. Survivability. 10 June 1985.

FM 7-8. Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad. 22 April 1992.

FM 20-32. Mine/Countermine Operations. 30 September 199

FM 71-100. Division Operations. 16 June 1990.

FM 90-7. Combined Arms Obstacle Integration. 29 Septembe

FM 90-13-1. Combined Arms Breaching Operations. 28 Febru

FM 21-60. Visual Signals. 30 September 1987.

DOCUMENTS NEEDED

These documents must be available to the intended users of t

Department of the Army Forms

DA Form 1155. Witness Statement on Individual. 1 June 196

DA Form 1156. Casualty Feeder Report. 1 June 1966.

DA Form 1355. Minefield Record. March 1987.
Reference-2
ACE. See armored combat earthmover,

M9 (ACE).

AD. See Battlefield Operating Systems

(BOS), air defense (AD).

ADAM. See area denial artillery munition (ADAM).

AD measures, 5-1

antitank ditch (ATD), 3-9, 3-24, 3-25, 

6-2

APC. See armored personnel carrier

(APC).

area denial artillery munition (ADAM),

3-12, 3-15, 3-18, 3-22

armored combat earthmover, M9

(ACE), 3-23 through 3-25, 6-2, 6-6

armored personnel carrier (APC), 6-2,

6-3, A-1, A-2, A-4

armored vehicle-launched bridge

(AVLB), 2-2, 2-3, 6-2, 7-6, A-1, A-2,

A-4

armored vehicle-launched MICLIC

(AVLM), A-1, A-2

ATD. See antitank ditch (ATD).

AVLB. See armored vehicle-launched

bridge (AVLB).

AVLM. See armored vehicle-launched

MICLIC (AVLM).

Battlefield Opera

iv, 3-1, 7-4

air defense (A

combat servic

2-3, 6-1, 6-2

command and 

2-10, 3-1, 3

7-1, 7-2, A-

fire support (F

intelligence, i

2-6, 5-1, 7-

maneuver, iv, 

through 2-1

3-6, 3-9, 3-

3-25, 4-1, 5

through 7-

A-14

mobility, iv, 2

7-3

survivability, i

3-23, 3-24, 

 7-3

BOS. See Battlefie

(BOS).

breaching fundam

obscure, 3-1, 3

reduce, 3-1, 3-

secure, 3-1 thr

suppress, 3-1, 

breaching operatio
Index-2

C-2 through C-4

breach force, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-10, A2, C-3

support force, 3-2 through 3-4

C2. See Battlefield Operating Systems

(BOS), command and control (C2).

CATK. See counterattack (CATK).

CEV. See combat engineer vehicle

(CEV).

combat engineer vehicle (CEV), 3-24, 6-2,

7-6, A-1, A-2, A-4

command and support relationships,

6-1, 6-3, 6-4, 6-6, 6-8, 7-1, 7-5

attached, 6-4, 6-8, 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-6,

C-1

direct support (DS), 6-4, 6-7, 6-8, 

7-1, 7-2

general support (GS), 6-4, 6-8, 7-1,

7-2

operational control (OPCON), 6-4,

6-8, 7-1, 7-2

commander's intent, 2-3, 2-5, 2-9, 3-14

counterattack (CATK), 2-3, 3-14

CSS. See Battlefield Operating Systems

(BOS), combat service support

(CSS).

direct-fire integration, 3-16

FEBA. See forward edge 

area (FEBA).

fire-support team (FIST), 2

FIST. See fire-support team 

Flipper, 2-4, 3-12, 3-15, 3-2

3-22

Flipper tactics, techniques

dures (TTP), 3-19

FLOT. See forward line o

(FLOT).

forward edge of the battle a

1-2, 1-3

forward line of own troops 

1-3

FS. See Battlefield Operat

(BOS), fire support (FS

GEMSS. See Ground-Emp

Scattering System (GE

Ground-Emplaced Mine-Sca

tem (GEMSS), 3-15

hand-and-arm signals, 

through A-20

hand-emplaced minefield 

(HEMMS), 3-7

HEMMS. See hand-emp

field marking set (HEM
intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB), 2-1, 2-2

IPB. See intelligence preparation of

the battlefield (IPB).

lane markers

entrance-funnel markers, 3-6

entrance markers, 3-6, 3-9

exit markers, 3-6, 3-9

far-recognition markers, 3-6, 3-8

final-approach marker, 3-6, 3-8, 3-9

guide, 3-6

handrail markers, 3-6, 3-8, 3-9

traffic-control post (TCP), 3-6

lane-marking devices, 3-6, 3-7

lane-marking patterns, 3-6, 3-9

full, 3-8

initial, 3-6, 3-8

intermediate, 3-8

logistical package (LOGPAC), 6-1, 6-3,

6-6 through 6-8

logistics release point (LRP), 6-1

LOGPAC. See logistical package

(LOGPAC).

LRP. See logistics release point (LRP).

METT-T. See mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available

(METT-T).

through 3-18, 

Flipper fix and 

Flipper turn a

MOPMS disru

Volcano disrup

Volcano turn a

mines

conventional, 

scatterable, 2-3

mission, enemy, 

time available 

7-6, A-7

mission-specific dri

Modular Pack Min

2-4, 3-12, 3-15

MOPMS. See Mod

tem (MOPMS)

mounted movem

formations, A-

motorized rifle bat

MRB. See motor

(MRB).

MRC. See motor

(MRC).

NBC. See nuclear

(NBC).

nuclear, biologic

3-26, 3-28, 7-3
Index-4

disrupt, 3-11 through 3-13, 3-17

through 3-20, 3-22

fix, 3-11 through 3-13, 3-17 through

3-20, 3-22, 6-6

turn, 3-2, 3-11 through 3-13, 3-16,

3-19, 3-21, 3-22

obstacle intelligence (OBSTINTEL),

2-6

obstacles, 1-2, 2-3, 2-6, 2-7, 2-11, 3-1, 3-3,

3-9 through 3-12, 3-14 through 3-21,

3-23, 4-1, 6-6, 7-3, 7-5, 7-6, B-1, B-2

protective, 1-2, 3-3, 3-11, B-1

situational, 2-6, 2-11, 3-9, 3-12

tactical, 1-2, 3-3, 3-8, 3-11

OBSTINTEL. See obstacle intelligence (OBSTINTEL).

OP. See observation post (OP).

operation order (OPORD), 2-9, 2-10, 7-6

operation plan (OPLAN), 2-10

operations security (OPSEC), 2-3, B-1

OPLAN. See operation plan (OPLAN).

OPORD. See operation order (OPORD).

OPSEC. See operations security

(OPSEC).

ORP. See objective rally point (ORP).

PCC. See precombat check (PCI).

PCI. See precombat inspection (PCI).

(ADAM), 3-22

Flipper, 3-22

mine dump, 3-23

remote antiarmor mi

3-22

Volcano, 3-22

POL. See petroleum, oils

cants (POL).

precombat check (PCC), 2-5

precombat inspection (PCI), 

2-11

priority intelligence req

(PIR), 7-5

RAAM. See remote anti

(RAAM).

recon techniques, 1-4

area recon, 1-4

inverted heart techn

z-technique, 1-4

point recon, 1-4

route recon, 1-4

secure route, 1-4

unsecure route, 1-4

rehearsal techniques, 2-8, 2

back brief, 2-8 through 

full-scale, 2-8 through 

rock drill, 2-8 through 

walk through, 2-8 throu
SCATMINE. See mines, scatterable.

scheme of maneuver, 2-5, 2-6, 2-9, 2-10

service-station method, 6-1, 6-2

tactical operations center (TOC), 2-3,

4-1, 7-4, 7-5

tactics, techniques, and procedures

(TTP), 3-1, 3-19, 7-1

tailgate method, 6-1 through 6-3

TRP. See targe

(TRP).

TTP. See tactics, 

cedures (TTP)

unmasking proced

Volcano, 2-4, 3-12

3-22

warning order (W
 DE

Genera

 

Official:

 MILTON H. HAMILTON

Administrative Assistant to the

 Secretary of the Army

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance 

12-11E, requirements for FM 5-10, Combat Engineer Platoon (Q
Mobility/Surv
Mobility/Surv
Mobility/Surv