DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR

BXiREAU OF STANDARDS

S. W. STRATTON, Director

THE INTERNATIONAL

METRIC SYSTEM

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRlNTiNG OFFICK

1906

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR

BUREAU or STANDARDS

S. W. STRATTON, Director

THE INTERNATIONAL

METRIC SYSTEM

OP

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1906

THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS

AND MEASURES.

INTRODUCTION.

The following was prepared to answer some of the more simple

questions addressed to the Bureau of Standards in regard to the

metric system of weights and measures and its use. The essential features of the system were embodied in a report

made to the French National Assembly by the Academy of Sciences

in 1 791. A number of other nations were invited to cooperate with

France in establishing the new system, and Holland, Denmark,

Switzerland, Spain, and several minor States were represented on

an international commission which met in Paris in 1799 to accept

the metric standards constructed under the direction of the French

Institute.

Although the metric system very soon attracted the favorable

attention of other nations, it was not until forty years later that its use became general in France. Since 1840, however, its use has

rapidly spread until at the present time it is either obligatory or permissive in every civilized country in the world. Its use was made " lawful throughout the United States " by act of Congress in

1866, and at the same time provision v/as made to supply every

State in the Union with a set of metric weights and measures. No organized effort had been made up to this time to supply the

different countries with authentic copies of the metric prototypes

which were preserved in the archives of France. In order to meet

the demand for accurate standards whose relation to one another

would be known with the highest precision, metric conventions were held in Paris in 1870 and 1872, which were attended by offi- cial delegates from about thirty countries. At these conferences

committees were appointed to investigate the best form and material

3
4 BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

for the proposed new standards. In 1875 a treaty was signed at Paris by seventeen of the principal nations of the world, the United

States being among the number, which provided for the permanent

organization of an International Bureau of Weights and Measures

under the direction of an International Committee. The most

important work of the International Committee was to provide for

the construction of a sufficient number of platinum-iridium meters

and kilograms to meet the demand of the interested nations. The

comparison of all these standards with one another and with the

original meter and kilogram was made at the International Bureau

which had been established near Paris on neutral territory ceded to the International Committee by the French Government.

This work was completed in 1889, and after selecting a certain

meter and a certain kilogram as the international prototypes, the

others were distributed by lot to the different countries. The international meter and kilogram have values identical with the original

meter and kilogram, are preserved in a special underground vault

at the International Bureau, and are accessible only to the Inter- national Committee. The United States secured two meters and

two kilograms, which are now preserved at the Bureau of Standards

at Washington and serve as the fundamental standards of length

and mass of the United States. It is the plan of the International

Committee to intercompare all the national meters and kilograms

with the international prototypes at regular intervals or whenever

considered necessary.

At the present time the International Bureau of Weights and

Measures is supported jointly by the following countries: The

United States, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, France, AustriaHungary, Belgium, Argentine Confederation, Spain, Italy, Mexico,

Peru, Portugal, Roumania, Servia, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland,

Venezuela, Japan, and Denmark.

The advantages claimed for the metric system are: (1) The decimal relation between the units.

(2) The extremely simple relation of the units of length, areaj

volume, and weight to one another.

(3) The uniform and self-defining names of units.

"The original meter and kilogram "of the Archives" were adopted as standard

in 1799.
INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. 5

SYNOPSIS OF THE SYSTEM.

The fundamental unit of the metric system is the METER—the

unit of length. From this the units of capacity (liter) and of

weight (gram) were derived. All other units are the decimal subdivisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply

related; e. g., for all practical purposes one cubic decimeter

equals one LITER and one LITER of water weighs one kilogram.

The metric tables are formed by combining the words "METER,"

"gram," and "liter" with the six numerical prefixes, as in the

following tables:

PREFIXES meaning units

mini- =

centi- =

one

one

thousandth

hundredth

1 lOOO

1 lOO

.001

.01 "meter" for length,

deci- = one tenth 1lO .1

Unit = one 1 " gram " for weight or

mass. deka- = ten lO

10

hecto- =

kUo- =

one onehundivd

thousand

lOO

1 lOOO

I

100

1000

"liter" for capacity.

UNITS OF LENGTH.

milli-meter = .001 meter,

centi-meter = .01 deci-meter = .1. METER" 1 deka-meter - 10

hecto-meter = 100

kilo-meter = 1,000

Where miles are used in England and the United States for

measuring distances, the kilometer (i,ooo meters) is used in metric

countries. The kilometer is about 5

furlongs. There are about

1,600 meters in a statute mile, 20 meters in a chain, and 5 meters

in a rod.

a One meter equals 39.37 inches exactly.
6 BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

The meter is used, for dry goods, merchandise, engineering construction, building, and other purposes where the yard and foot are

used. The meter is about a tenth longer than the yard.

The centimeter and millimeter are used instead of the inch and its fractions in machine construction and similar work. The centimeter, as its name shows, is the hundredth of a meter. It is used

in cabinet work, in expressing sizes of paper, books, and many cases where the inch is used. The centimeter is about two-fifths of an

inch and the millimeter about one twenty-fifth of an inch. The

millimeter is divided for finer work into tenths, hundredths, and

thousandths.

iiiijiiii iiiijiiti iiii|iiii iiii|iiiimii|iiii iiii|iiii iiiijiiii iiiijiiii

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 cm.

Illllllll iiiiiiiii ULI Mil iiilLill II mi|i|i

O 1 2 3 4 in.

Iihlililihlili ihlilililililihlilililililili ilihlilililili

Fig. 1. Comparison Scale: 10 Centimeters and 4 Inches. (Actual Size.)

If a number of distances in millimeters, meters, and kilometers are

to be added, reduction is unnecessary. They are added as dollars,

dimes, and cents are now added. For example, " 1,050.25 meters "

is not read " i kilometer, 5 dekameters, 2 decimeters, and 5 centimeters," but " one thousand and fifty meters, twenty-five centimeters," just as " $1,050.25 " is read "pne thousand and fifty dollars,

twenty-five cents." AREA.

The table of areas is formed by squaring the length measures,

as in our common system. For land measure 10 meters square is called an "are" (meaning "area"). The side of one are is about 2,2) fi^^- HECTARE is 100 meters square, and, as its name

indicates, is 100 ares, or about acres. An acre is about 0.4
INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. 7

hectare. A standard United States quarter section contains almost

exactly 64 hectares. A square kilo7neter contains 100 hectares.

For smaller measures of surface the square meter is used. The

square meter is about 20 per cent larger than the square yard. For

still smaller surfaces the square centimeter is used. A square inch

contains about 6^ square centimeters.

VOLUME.

The cubic measures are the cubes of the linear units. The cubic

(sometimes called the stere., meaning "solid") is the unit of

ONE CUBIC

DECIMETER

ONE LITER

UNIT OF CAPACITY

ONE KILOGRAM

OF WATER

i .

Fig. 2. Cubic Decimeter. (Actual Size.)
8 BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

volume. A cubic meter of water weighs a metric ton and is equal

to I kiloliter. The cubic meter is used in place of the cubic yard

and is about 30 per cent larger. This is used for "cuts and fills" in grading land, measuring timber, expressing contents of tanks and

reservoirs, flow of rivers, dimensions of stone, tonnage of ships, and

other places where the cubic yard and foot are used. The thousandth

part of the cubic meter (i cubic decimeter) is called the WTER. (See

table of capacity units.)

For very small volumes the cubic centimeter (cc or cm^) is used.

This volume of water weighs augram, which is the unit of weight or mass. There are about 16 cubic centimeters in a cubic inch. The

cubic centimeter is the unit of volume used by chemists as well as in pharmacy, medicine, surgery, and other technical work. One

thousand cubic centimeters make i liter. UNITS OF CAPACITY.

milli-liter = .001 liter centi-liter = • .01 "

deci-liter = .1 "

LITER'' = 1 «

deka-liter = 10 "

hecto-liter = 100 "

kilo-liter = 1,000 " The hectoliter (100 liters) serves the same purposes as the United

States bushel (2,150.42 cubic inches), and is equal to about 3

bushels, or a barrel. A peck is about 9 liters. The liter is used for meas- urements commonly given in the gallon^ the liquid and dry quarts^ a liter being 5 per cent larger than our liquid quart and 10 per cent

smaller than the dry quart. A liter of water weighs exactly a

kilogram^ i. e., 1,000 grams. A thousand liters of water weigh I metric ton. UNITS OF WEIGHT (OR MASS).

milli-gram = 0.001 gram

centi-gram = .01 deci-gram = .1 GRAM = 1 deka-gram = 10 "

hecto-gram = 100 "

kilo-gram 1,000 "

«One liter equals 1.05668 liquid quarts or 0.9081 dry quarts. J'One kilogram equals 2.204622 avoirdupois pounds.
LITER

Pig. 3 COMPARISON OF THE DRY QUART, UTEW.

LIQUID QUART. (ACTUAL SIZE.)
lO BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

Measurements commonly expressed in gross tons or short tons are

stated in metric tons (i,ooo kilograms). The metric ton comes

between our long and short tons and serves the purpose of both.

FiQ.4, RELATrvE Size of 2-Pound and 1-Kiloqram (Brass) Weights. (Actual Size,) The kilogram and "half kilo" serve for everyday trade, the latter being lo per cent larger than the pound. The kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds. The gram and its multiples and divisions are

Fig. 5. Relative Size of Avoirdupois Ounce, 30-Gram, AND Troy Ounce ( Brass) Weights. (Actual Size. )

Fig. 6. Relative Size of Gram and Scruple

(Brass) Weights.

(Actual Size.)

used for the same purposes as ounces, penn5^weights, drams, scruples,

and grains. For foreign postage, 30 grams is the legal equivalent of

the avoirdupois ounce.
STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM IN

THE UNITED STATES.

"The Congress shall have power to * * * fix the standard

of weights and measures." (Constitution of the United States.)

THE METRIC SYSTEM LEGALIZED.

" It shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system." (Revised

Statutes of the United States, sec. 3569, 1866.)

THE METRIC STANDARDS ADOPTED AS FUNDAMENTAL.

" The office of weights and measures * * * in the future

regard the international prototype meter and kilogram as fundamental standards, in accordance with the act of July 28, 1866."

(Order approved by the Secretar}^ of the Treasury, April 5, 1893.)

FOREIGN POSTAL RATES BASED ON METRIC WEIGHTS.

" The Postmaster-General shall furnish to the post-offices exchanging mails with foreign countries, and to such other offices as he may

deem expedient, postal balances denominated in grams of the metric

system, fifteen grams of which shall be the equivalent for postal

purposes, of one-half ounce avoirdupois, and so on in progression."

(Revised Statutes of the United States, sec. 3880.)

METRIC WEIGHTS USED IN THE COINAGE.

"The weight of the half-dollar shall be twelve grams and one-half

of a gram; the quarter-dollar and the dime shall be, respectively,

one-half and one-fifth of the weight of said half-dollar." (Revised

Statutes of the United States, sec. 3513.)

CONGRESS PROVIDES METRIC STANDARDS FOR THE STATES OF THE

UNION.

^^Be it resolved by the Senate and House ofRepresentatives of the

United States ofAmerica in Congress assembled^ That the Secretary

of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to furnish

to each State, to be delivered to the governor thereof, one set of the

II
12 BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

standard weights and measures of the metric system for the use of the States, respectively." (Joint resolution of Congress approved

July 27, 1866.)

UNITED STATES JOINS IN ESTABLISHING INTERNATIONAL BUREAU.

"The high contracting parties engage to establish and maintain,

at their common expense, a scientific and permanent international

bureau'' of weights and measures, the location of which shall be at Paris." (Extract from convention of 1875, signed for the United

States by the United States ambassador to France.)

CONGRESS ADOPTS THE METRIC UNITS FOR ELECTRICAL MEASURES.

It was enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives that

the international electrical units based on the metric system "shall

be the legal units of electrical measure in the United States." (Revised Statutes of the United vStates, Supplement, vol. 2, chap.

131, 1894.)

METRIC SYSTEM REQUIRED IN THE MEDICAL WORK OF THE NAVY

DEPARTMENT.

"The metric system of weights and measures shall hereafter be

employed in the Medical Department of the Navy." (Order approved

by the Secretary of the Navy, April 15, 1878.)

METRIC SYSTEM REQUIRED IN MEDICAL WORK OF WAR DEPARTMENT.

"All requisitions, invoices, receipts and returns, pertaining to medical supplies will be in accordance with the metric system of weights and measures. After the 30th day of June, 1894, the use of

this system in writing official prescriptions is desired; on and after the ist day of January, 1895, such use is hereby ordered." (Order

approved by Secretary of War April 13, 1894.)

METRIC SYSTEM MADE OBLIGATORY IN PORTO RICO.

" I. The use of the metrical system of weights and measures and

its nomenclature are obligatory.

"2. Its use is enforced in all transactions, sales, contracts. * * *

" 3. Wholesale and retail mercantile establishments shall sell their

goods to the public conformably to the metric system." (Proclamation of military governor, March 18, 1899, Department of Porto

Rico.)

o This bureau has the custody of the international standards of the metric system,

to which all metric prototypes of the world are referred for verification. It was

established and is maintained jointly by all the principal governments of the world.
INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. 13

METRIC SYSTEM MADE THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

" The metrical system of weights and measures as authorized by

sections 3569 and 3570 of the Revised Statutes of the United States

and at present in use in the Philippine Islands shall be continued."

(Act No. 230, September 17, 1901, sec. 9, Philippine Tariff.)

METRIC SYSTEM REQUIRED IN UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH AND

MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE.

" Officers shall, for all official, medical, and pharmacal purposes,

make use of the metric system of weights and measures. In expressing quantities by weight the terms of ' gram ' and ' centigram,' and

in expressing quantity by measure the term ' cubic-centimeter,' only

shall be employed." (Regulation promulgated by the President

November 21, 1902.)
14 BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

COMPARISON OF METRIC AND CUSTOMARY UNITS FROM 1 TO 10. LENGTH.

Inches. Milli- meters. Inches Centi- meters. Feet. Meters. U. S. yards. Meters. U.S.

miles. Kilo- meters.

0- 03937 1 0- 3937 1 1 0. 304801 1 — 0. 914402 0. 62137 = 1

0. 07S74 2 0. 7874 2 2 0.609601 I. 09361

— 1 1 = I- 60935

0. 1 181

= 3 1 = 2.54001 3 = 0. 914402 2 = 1.828804 1.24274 = 2^

0. 15748 4 I. 1811 3 3. 2S083 2 XS7222 2 I . 864 I

— 3

0. 19685 5 1-5748 4 4 I. 219202 3 2. 743205 2 = 3.21869

0. 23622 6 1.96S5 5 5 I. 524003 3-280833 3 2.48548 = 4

o- 27559 7 2 5.08001 6 1.828804 4 3. 657607 3 = 4.82804

0. 31496 8 2. 3622 6 6.56167 2 4. 374444 4 3. 10685 = S

0- 35433 9 2- 7559 7 7 2. 133604 5 4.572009 3. 72822 = 6

1 25. 4001 3 7. 62002 8 2.43S405 5. 468056 5 4 = 6.43739 2 50. 8ooi 3.1496 8 9 2- 743205 6 5.486411 4- 34959 = 7

3 76. 2002 3-5433 9 9- 84250 3 6. 561667 6 4.97096 = 8

4 101.6002 4 10. 16002 13- 12333 4 7 6. 400813 5 = 8. 04674 S 127.0003 5 12. 70003 l6. 40417 5 7.655278 7 5-59233 = 9

6 152. 4003 6 15. 24003 19. 68500 6 8 7-315215 6 = 9.6560S 7 177. S004 7 17. 78004 22. 96583 7 8. 748889 8 7 = 11.26543 8 203. 2004 8 20.32004 26. 24667 8 9 8. 229616 8 = 12. 87478 9 22S. 6005 9 22. 86005 29- 52750 9 9.S42500 9 9 = 14.48412 AREA.

Square Square

milli- Square Square

centi- Square Square Square Square Square Square

inches. meters.

inches. meters.feet. meters. yards. meters. miles. meters.

0.00155 1 0.1550 = 1 1 = 0.09290 I 0.8361 0. 3861 1

0. 00310 2 0.3100 = 2 2 = 0.18581 1. i960 1 0. 7722 2

0. 00465 3 0.4650 = 3 3 = 0.27S71 2 1.6723 1 2.5900

0. 00620 4 0.6200 = 4 4 = 0.37161 2. 3920 2 1-1583 3

0.00775 5 0.7750 = 5 5 = 0.46452 3 2.5084 1.5444 4

0.00930 6 0.9300 = 6 6 = 0.55742 3-5880 3 1-9305 5

0.01085 7 1 = 6.452 7 = 0.65032 4 3- 3445 2 5. 1800

0. 01240 8 1.0850 = 7 8 ^ 0.74323 4-7839 4 2.3166 6

0.01395 9 1. 2400 = 8 9 = 0.83613 S 4. 1807 2. 7027 7

1 645. 16 1.3950 = 9 10. 764 = 1 5-9799 5 3 7.7700 2 I, 290. 33 2 12.903 21.528 = 2 5.0168 3.0888 8

3 1,935-49 3 = 19- 355 32. 292 = 3 7 5-8529 3.4749 9

4 2, 580. 65 4 = 25. 807 43. 055 = 4 7- 1759 6 4 10. 3600 5 3. 225.81 5 32. 258 53-819 = S 8 6.6890 5 12.9500 6 3, 870. 98 6 38. 710 64- 583 - 6 8- 3719 7 6 15-5400 7 4, 516. 14 7 45- 161 75- 347 = 7 9 7- 5252 7 18. 1300 8 5. 161.30 8 = 51.613 86. Ill = 8 9-5679 8 8 20. 7200 9 5, 806. 46 9 = 58.065 96.S75 = 9 10. 7639 9 23. 3100 VOL_U M E. AREA—cont'd.

Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic cen- Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic

inches, millimeters. inches. timeters. feet meters. yards. meters. Acres. Hectares.

0. 000061 1 0.0610 = 1 1 = 0.02832 1 0. 7646 1 0. 4047

0. 000122 2 0. 1220 = 2 2 = 0.05663 1-3079 t 2 0.8094

0.000183 3 0. 1831 = 3 3 = 0.08495 2 I. 5291 2.471 1

0. 000244 4 0. 2441 = 4 4 = 0. 11327 2.6159 2 3 1. 2141

0. 000305 5 0.3051 = S 5 = 0.14159 3 2. 2937 4 1. 6187

0. 000366 6 0.3661 = 6 6 = 0. 16990 3- 923S 3 4.942 2

0. 000427 7 0.4272 = 7 7 = 0. 19822 4 3- 0582 5 2.0234

0. 0004S8 8 0.48S2 = 8 8 = 0.22654 S 3. 8228 6 2.4281 0.000549 9 0.5492 = 9 9 = 0.25485 5-2318 4 7 2.8328

1 16, 387.

1 = 16. 3872 35- 314 6 4.5874 7-413 3

2 32, 774- 3 2 = 32. 7743 70. 629 = 2 6-5397 5 8 3- 2375 3 49. 161.

3 = 49- 1615 105. 943 = 3 7 5-3519 9 3.6423 4 65,548.6 4 65. 5486 141.258 = 4 7- 8477 6 9.884 4

5 81,935.8 5 = 81.9358 176. 572 = 5 8 6. 1165 12.355 5

6 98, 323- 6 = 98.3230 211.887 = 6 9 6.8830 14. 826 6

7 114, 710.7 = 114. 7101 247. 201 = 7 9- 1556 7 17. 297 7

8 131,097-3 8 = 131.0973 282.516 = 8 10. 4635 8 19.768 8

9 147, -184. 5 9 = 147-4845 317-830 = 9 "-,'715 ^ i 22. 239 9
INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM. 1

5

COMPARISON OF METRIC AND CUSTOMARY UNITS FROM 1 TO 10—Cont'd. CAPACITY.

Milliliters. (cc \

U. S. liquid ounces

Milliliters, fee 1

U. S. d t'" I- ' c

caries' drams.

U. S. apothecaries' scruples.

Milliliters, (cc.)

U. S. liquid quarts.

Liters. U. S. liquid gallons.

Iviters.

I = 0.03381 1 = 0.2705 0.81 15 1 1 = 0.94636 0. 26417 2 0.06763 2 = 0.5410 1 I. 2322 I. 05668 = 1 0.52834 2 3 ---- 0. 10144 3 = 0.81 15 I. 6231 2 2 = 1.89272 0. 79251 3 4 = 0.13526 3-6967 = 1 2 2. 4645 2. "336 = 2 1 3- 78543 S = 0. 16907 4 = 1.0820 2.4346 3 3 = 2.83908 1.05668 4

6 = 0.20288 5 = 1-3525 3 3- 6967 3- 17005 = 3 1.32085 5

7 = 0. 23670 6 = 1. 6231 3- 2461 4 4 = 3-78543 1.58502 6

8 = 0. 27051 7 = 1.8936 4 4 9290 4- 22673 = 4 I. 84919 7 9 = 0.30432 7-3934 = 2 4- 0577 5 5 = 4-73179 2 7-57087

29- 574 = 1 8 = 2. 1641 4. 8692 6 5 28341 = 5 2. II 336 8

59- 147 = 2 9 = 2.4346 5 6 l3l2 6 = 5-67815 2-37753 9

88. 721 = 3 II. 0901 = 3 5-6807 7 6 34009 = 6 3 11-35630

118.295 = 4 14. 7869 = 4 6 7 3934 7 = 6.62451 4 15- 14174

147. 869 = 5 18. 4836 = 5 6.4923 8 7 39677 = 7 5 18.92717

177.442 = 6 22. 1803 = 6 7 8 6257 8 = 7-57088 6 22. 71261 207.016 = 7 25. 8770 = 7 7-3038 9

8579

8 45345 = 8 7 26. 49804

236. 590 = 8 29-5737 = 8 8 9 9 = 8.51723 8 30. 28348

266. 163 = 9 33- 2704 = 9 9 II 0901 9 51014 = 9 9 34.06891

U.S. dry

quarts.

^"'^'^s. U. S. pecks. Liters. Dekaliters. U. S. pecks. U. S. bushels. Hectoliters.

U. S. bushels per acre.Hectoliters per

hectare.

0.9081 = 1 0.11351 1 0.8810 1 1 = 0.35239 1 = 0.87078

1 = I. 1012 0. 22702 2 1 I. 1351 2 = 0.70479 I 14840 = 1 1.8162 = 2 0- 34053 3 1.7620 2 2. 83774 = 1 2 = I- 74156 2 = 2. 2025 0.45404 4 2 2 2702 3 = I. 05718 2 29680 = 2

2. 7242 = 3 0. 56755 5 2.6429 3 4 = 1-40957 3 = 2.61233 3 = 3- 3037 0.68106 6 3 3 4053 5

67548 = I. 76196 3- 44519 = 3

3-6323 = 4 0. 79457 7 3- 5239 4 5 = 2 4 = 3-48311 4 = 4 4049 0.90808 8 4 4 5404 6 = 2. I 1436 4 59359 = 4

4-5404 = 5 1 8.80982 4-4049 5 7 = 2.46675 S = 4-35389 5 = 5 5061 1. 02157 9 5 5 6755 8 = 2.81914 5 74199 = 5

5-4485 = 6 2 17. 61964 5- 2859 6 8 51323 = 3 6 = 5-22467 6 = 6 6074 3 26. 42946 6 5 8106 9 = 3-17154 6 89039 = 6

6-3565 = 7 4 35- 23928 6. 1669 7 II .•W097 = 4 7 = 6.09545 7 = 7 7086 5 44.04910 7 7 9457 14 18871 =. S 8 = 6.96622

7. 2646 = 8 6 52. 85892 7.0479 8 17 02645 = 6 8 03879 = 7

8 = 8 8098 7 61.66874 7. 9288 9 19 86420 = 7 9 = 7.83700

8. 1727 = 9 8 70.47856 8 9 0808 22 70194 = 8 9 18719 = 8 9 = 9 91 10 9 79- 28838 9 10 2159 25 53968 = 9 10 33558 = 9 WEIGHT (OR MASS).

Grains. Grams.

Avoirdupois ounces. Grams. Troy

ounces. Grams.

Avoirdupois pounds.

Kilo- grams. Troy

pounds.

Kilo- grams.

1 0. 06480 0. 03527 = 1 0.03215 1 1 = 0. 45359 1 37324 2 0. 12960 0. 07055 = 2 0. 06430 2 2 0.90718 2 74648 3 0. 19440 0. 10582 3 0. 09645 3 2. 20462 = 2.67923 1 4 0. 25920 . 141 10 = 4 0. 12860 4 3 = 1.36078 3 1 "973

5 0. 32399 0. 17637 = 5 0. 16075 5 4 I- 81437 4 I 49297 6 0.38879 0. 2:164 = 6 0. 19290 6 4. 40924 = 2 S I 86621 7 0.45359 0. 24692 = 7 0. 22506 7 5 = 2. 26796 5- 35846 2

8 0. 51839 0. 28219 = 8 0. 25721 8 6 2. 72155 6 2 23945 9 0. 58319 0. 31747 = 9 0. 28936 9 6.61387 = 3 7 2 61269

15-4324 1 1 28.3495 1 31. 10348 7 = 3- 17515 8 2 98593 30.8647 2 2 56.6991 2 62. 20696 8 = 3. 62874 8. 03769 3

46. 2971 3 3 = 85.0486 3 93-31044 8. 81849 = 4 9 3 35918 61.7294 4 4 113-3981 4 124. 41392 9 = 4- 08233 10. 71691 4

77. 1618 5 5 141. 7476 5 155. 51740 II. 02311 = 5 13- 39614 5

92-5941 6 6 170. 0972 6 186.62088 13. 22773 = 6 16-07537 6

108.0265 7 7 198. 4467 7 217. 72437 15- 43236 = 7 18.75460 7

123.4589 8 8 226. 7962 8 248.82785 17.63698 = 8 21-43383 8

138. 8912 9 9 255- 1457 9 279-93133 19. 84160 = 9 24. I 1306 9 o