# Patent

## Title
Dermatologically effective yeast extract

## Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a dermatologically active yeast extract, comprising the following steps: providing a preculture of the yeast cells, culturing the cells for at least fifteen minutes at a pH of 1.8-4, harvesting the cells and lysing the cells, and a yeast extract produced thereby and products comprising said yeast extract.

## Background
The invention relates to a method for producing a dermatologically active yeast extract, comprising the following steps: providing a preculture of the yeast cells, cultivating the cells for at least fifteen minutes at a pH of 1.8-4, harvesting the cells and lysing the cells, and a yeast extract produced thereby and products comprising said yeast extract.
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Among its many functions, for example for heat control and as a sensory organ, its barrier function, which prevents drying out of the skin—and thus ultimately of the whole body—is certainly the most important. At the same time the skin acts as a protective device against the penetration and absorption of substances from outside. This barrier function is provided by the epidermis, which—as the outermost layer—forms the actual protective cover against the environment. With about a tenth of the total thickness, it is also the thinnest layer of the skin. The epidermis is a layered tissue, in which the outer layer, the horny layer (stratum corneum), is the important part for the barrier function.
Cosmetic skin care is to be understood primarily as reinforcing or restoring the natural function of the skin as a barrier against environmental factors (e.g. dirt, chemicals, microorganisms) and against loss of endogenous substances (e.g. water, natural fats, electrolytes). If this function is disturbed, there may be increased absorption of toxic or allergenic substances or attack by microorganisms, and consequently toxic or allergic skin reactions.
The aim of skin care is also to make up for the loss of fats and water from the skin caused by daily washing. This is particularly important when the natural capacity for regeneration is inadequate. In addition, skin care products should protect against environmental factors, especially sun and wind, and should delay skin ageing.
Products for the care of tired, especially aged skin are known per se. They contain e.g. retinoids (vitamin A acid and/or derivatives thereof) or vitamin A and/or derivatives thereof. However, their action on structural damage is limited in its extent. Furthermore, in product development, adequately stabilizing the active substances against oxidative breakdown poses considerable difficulties. Moreover, the use of products containing vitamin A acid often causes severe erythematous skin irritation. Tired skin is also often accompanied by a tendency to be overweight and/or by so-called cellulite with which it is often associated. Consumers' body awareness has definitely increased in recent years. In addition to cleaning and caring applications, steps are also increasingly being taken for improving the body silhouette. Cellulite—a widespread phenomenon—occupies a central position in this. The visible picture of cellulite is due to an increase in layers of subcutaneous fat, weakness of the connective tissue and a decrease in perfusion conditions in the blood and lymphatic systems. The cause is therefore a partly constitutional weakening of the connective tissue with simultaneous development of enlarged fat cell compartments as a result of being overweight, unbalanced nutrition, and lack of movement. The development of cellulite can also be attributed to increased permeability of the walls of the capillaries, which allows the penetration of water into the connective tissues.
Against this background, there is an increasing demand for agents whose application on the skin brings about alleviation or at least slowing of the adverse effects described, i.e. in particular has a firming and strengthening effect on the skin. Against the background of consumers' uncertainty with respect to genetic engineering techniques, there is a particular demand for corresponding agents that can be regarded, according to strict yardsticks, as purely biological, especially those that can be produced without using genetic engineering techniques and/or corresponding organisms.
WO2010087503 describes the biotechnological use of Yarrowia for producing succinate, but does not teach the use of Yarrowia extracts for dermatologically active agents.
The problem to be solved by the invention is to provide new dermatologically active agents, application of which on the skin counteracts the aforesaid effects, and methods for producing said agents. Furthermore, one of the problems to be solved by the invention is to develop a dermatologically active agent that is purely biological according to strict criteria, i.e. in particular one that is produced without using genetic engineering techniques or genetically modified organisms. Another problem to be solved by the present invention is to develop a dermatologically active agent that can be produced from renewable raw materials.
These and other problems are solved by the object of the present application and especially also by the object of the appended independent claims, wherein embodiments follow from the subclaims
According to the invention, in a first aspect the problem is solved by a method for producing a dermatologically active yeast extract, comprising the following steps: a) providing a preculture of the yeast cells, c) culturing the cells for at least fifteen minutes at a pH from 1.8 to 4, d) harvesting the cells and e) lysing the cells.
In a first embodiment of the first aspect, the method further comprises step b) culturing the cells for at least one hour at a temperature from 34 to 39° C. and a pH>5.
In a second embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first embodiment, step e) is carried out using a water-based lysis agent.
In a third embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first and second embodiments, step b) is carried out first, and then step c).
In a fourth embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first to third embodiments, step c) is carried out at a temperature from 34 to 39° C.
In a fifth embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first to fourth embodiments, step b) takes 3 to 5 hours.
In a sixth embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first to fifth embodiments, step c) takes 45 to 75 minutes.
In a seventh embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first to sixth embodiments, steps b) and c) are carried out at a temperature from 36 to 38° C.
In an eighth embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first to seventh embodiments, step c) is carried out at a pH from 1.9 to 2.2.
In a ninth embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first to eighth embodiments, the yeast cell is a yeast cell from the group of genera that comprises Yarrowia, Saccharomyces and Pichia, and is preferably Yarrowia. 
In a tenth embodiment of the first aspect, which also represents an embodiment of the first to ninth embodiments, step b) is carried out for 3 to 5 hours at a temperature from 36 to 38° C. and step c) at a pH from 1.9 to 2.2 and a temperature from 36 to 38° C. and for 45 to 75 minutes, and the yeast cells used are yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia. 
According to the invention, in a second aspect the problem is solved with a yeast extract produced according to the first aspect or one of the embodiments of the first aspect.
According to the invention, in a third aspect, the problem is solved with a dermatologically active agent, which comprises a yeast extract from yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia or a yeast extract according to the second aspect of the present invention.
In a first embodiment of the third aspect of the present invention, the dermatologically active agent has skin and/or tissue finning action.
According to the invention, in a fourth aspect, the problem is solved with a food supplement that comprises a yeast extract according to the second aspect.
In a second embodiment of the third aspect, the dermatologically active agent comprises according to the third aspect or one of its embodiments or a food supplement according to the fourth aspect, wherein the proportion of protein in the yeast extract is 0.5 to 50 mg/l.
According to the invention, in a fifth aspect, the problem is solved with a method for cosmetic treatment of skin and/or hair, comprising topical application of the yeast extract according to the second aspect or a dermatologically active agent according to the third aspect or one of the embodiments of the third aspect.
According to the invention, in a sixth aspect, the problem is solved with a yeast extract according to the second aspect of the present invention for producing a medicinal product.
According to the invention, in a seventh aspect, the problem is solved with a yeast extract according to the second aspect of the present invention for producing a medicinal product against adiposity, diabetes, artherosclerosis, inflammatory diseases or cardiovascular diseases or for wound treatment.
According to the invention, in an eighth aspect, the problem is solved by using the yeast extract according to the second aspect of the present invention for in-vitro stimulation of the proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and/or adipocytes.
The present invention is based on the inventors' surprising finding that the use of alternative yeast strains and conditions permits the production of products that are dermatologically more active relative to conventional products. In particular the inventors found that yeast extracts based on strains of the genus Yarrowia surprisingly prove to be particularly effective. The inventors found, moreover, that the exposure of yeast cells generally and yeast cells of strains of the genus Yarrowia in particular to an environment with low pH is a suitable treatment for producing dermatologically active agents from said cells. Furthermore, the inventors of the present invention found that the dermatological efficacy of such agents can surprisingly be further improved by combining said exposure of said yeast cells to an environment with low pH with exposure to temperature stress, preferably in the order temperature stress and then pH stress. Finally, the inventors of the present invention found that the application of said yeast extracts on skin models, surprisingly, regulates the wnt-signal transduction pathway and the extracellular matrix of these cells and influences them in a manner that is advantageous for the physiology of the skin. Without wishing to be bound to a theory, the inventors of the present invention presume that the yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia release a dermatologically active extract because they have cell membrane proteins that interact particularly well with hydrophobic, high-fat substrates, and/or the cells comprise one or more hitherto unidentified factors that have a positive influence on the metabolism of skin cells.
The present invention comprises both extracts from Yarrowia cells, which have been stressed in every conceivable way, in particular by temperature, pH and oxidation stress. The invention further comprises yeast cells of any genus, stressed by extreme pH, preferably low pH. In a preferred embodiment they are cells of the genera Saccharomyces, Pichia and Yarrowia, and in a more preferred embodiment they are cells of the genus Yarrowia, especially of the strain Yarrowia lipolytica. 
It is known from the prior art that yeast cells grow in an acidic environment, i.e. at pH below 7. Nonetheless, there are also limits for yeast cells, and starting from a certain pH, stress reactions develop, which are connected with the acidic medium. In a preferred embodiment, the term “pH stress”, as used herein, means that the yeast cells are exposed to a pH that is below the pH that is optimum for their growth. In a more preferred embodiment this pH is in the range from 1.8 to 4. In an even more preferred embodiment the pH is in the range from 1.9 to 2.2. A person skilled in the art knows methods and protocols by which pH stress can be brought about, in the simplest case lowering of the nutrient medium by adding acid or harvesting the cells by centrifugation, followed by resuspension in a corresponding more acidic medium. The pH stress, especially in the form of step c) according to the first aspect of the invention, lasts in increasing order of preference, at least 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 or 180 minutes or lasts in increasing order of preference 20 to 180, 30 to 90, 45 to 75 or 50 to 70 minutes. During this time the pH is, in increasing order of preference, less than 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5 or 2.2 or is, in increasing order of preference, in the range from 1.8 to 5, 1.8 to 4, 1.9 to 3, 1.9 to 2.5, 1.9 to 2.2, 1.9 to 2.2, 2 to 2.8, 2 to 2.2 and most preferably it is 2.
In a preferred embodiment, the term “lysing” of cells, as used herein, means a method that is suitable for disrupting a cell, in the sense that its membrane becomes permeable and factors that are normally enclosed inside the cell can escape from the cell. A person skilled in the art knows suitable methods of lysis, for example using ultrasound or suitable commercially available equipment or suspension in low-salt buffers or distilled water.
The lysis of the yeast cells preferably takes place after the pH stress treatment using a water-based lysis agent. This term means, in a preferred embodiment, as used herein, that the lysis agent comprises mainly water as solvent. In another embodiment as hereunder it is understood that the solvent is something other than an alcohol. In another preferred embodiment the solvent is an alcohol, especially preferably propanediol. The yeast extract can be, in a respectively preferred embodiment, a total lysate or a solvent extract.
The inventors found, surprisingly, that the combination of temperature stress and pH stress has a particularly advantageous effect on the dermatological action of a yeast extract. In an especially preferred embodiment, the term “temperature stress”, as used herein, means the incubation of a yeast cell at a temperature that is above the optimum temperature for growth. In increasingly preferred embodiments this temperature is higher than 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 or 39° C. or is in the range from 34 to 42, 34 to 39, 35 to 38 or 36 to 38° C. In an especially preferred embodiment the temperature is 37° C. In an especially preferred embodiment the treatment of the yeast cell with a medium under pH stress is directly preceded by a treatment with temperature stress, i.e. the yeast cells are not given any opportunity to recover after the temperature stress. In other words step b) according to the first aspect of the present invention is followed immediately by step c), for example by adding acid to the medium in step b). In an especially preferred embodiment the stress-producing temperature in step c) is maintained, i.e. in step c) the yeast cell is exposed to a combination of temperature and pH stress. In another embodiment steps b) and c) can be in any order. In another preferred embodiment step c) takes place while step b) is still in progress; optionally steps b) and c) are initiated together.
In a preferred embodiment step b) is carried out for 3.5 to 4.5 hours at a temperature of 37° C. and step c) at a pH from 1.9 to 2.1 and a temperature from 36 to 38° C. and for 45 to 75 minutes, and the yeast cells used are yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia. In a preferred embodiment step b) is carried out for 2 to 6 hours at a temperature from 35 to 39° C. and step c) at a pH from 1.9 to 2.1 and a temperature from 36 to 38° C. and for 45 to 75 minutes, and the yeast cells used are yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia lipolytica. 
The duration of the temperature stress step b) must be such that the cell is forced to adjust to the altered conditions that are unfavourable for it, especially through altered expression of proteins, for example of factors that improve resistance to the increased temperature. In an especially preferred embodiment, step b) takes, according to the first aspect of the present invention, in increasing order of preference at least 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 or 4 hours or lasts for 2 to 10, 3 to 6, 3 to 5, 3.5 to 4.5 hours.
The yeast extracts described in this application can be processed into dermatologically active care formulations, also designated synonymously and interchangeably as dermatological agent. In a preferred embodiment the term “dermatological agent”, as used herein, means an agent for the non-medical treatment of the skin. In a preferred embodiment the yeast cell is a yeast cell from the group comprising the genera Yarrowia, Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Torulaspora, Schizosaccharomyces, Debaromyces, Candida, Pichia, Aspergillus and Penicillium, even more preferably from the group comprising Yarrowia, Saccharomyces and Pichia. In an especially preferred embodiment the yeast cell is a yeast cell of the strain Yarrowia lipolytica. 
The care formulations according to the invention contain from 0.001 wt % to 20 wt %, preferably 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, especially preferably 0.05 wt % to 3, even more preferably 2 to 3 wt % of extract relative to the total weight of the care formulation.
The care formulations according to the invention can contain at least one additional component that is selected from the group comprising emollients, emulsifiers and surfactants, thickeners/viscosity controllers/stabilizers, UV-light protection filters, antioxidants and vitamins, hydrotropes (or polyols), solid materials and fillers, film formers, nacreous additives, deodorant and antiperspirant active substances, insect repellents, self-tanning agents, preservatives, conditioners, perfumes, colourants, biogenic active substances, care additives, overfatting agents and solvents.
As emollients, it is possible to use all cosmetic oils, especially mono- or diesters of linear and/or branched mono- and/or dicarboxylic acids with 2 to 44 carbon atoms with linear and/or branched saturated or unsaturated alcohols with 1 to 22 carbon atoms. The esterification products of aliphatic, bifunctional alcohols with 2 to 36 carbon atoms with monofunctional aliphatic carboxylic acids with 1 to 22 carbon atoms can also be used. Furthermore, long-chain aryl acid esters, e.g. esters of benzoic acid, e.g. benzoic acid esters of linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alcohols with 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or also benzoic acid isostearyl esters or benzoic acid octyldocecyl esters are suitable. Other monoesters possibly suitable as emollients and oil components are e.g. the methyl esters and isopropyl esters of fatty acids with 12 to 22 carbon atoms, e.g. methyl laurate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl erucate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl stearate, isopropyl oleate. Other suitable monoesters are e.g. n-butyl stearate, n-hexyl laurate, n-decyl oleate, isooctyl stearate, isononyl palmitate, isononyl isononanoate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate, 2-ethylhexyl laurate, 2-hexyldecyl stearate, 2-octyldodecyl palmitate, oleyl oleate, oleyl erucate, erucyl oleate and esters that are obtainable from technical aliphatic alcohol fractions and technical aliphatic carboxylic acid mixtures, e.g. esters from unsaturated fatty alcohols with 12 to 22 carbon atoms and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 12 to 22 carbon atoms such as can be obtained from animal and vegetable fats. However, naturally occurring monoester or wax-ester mixtures such as are present e.g. in jojoba oil or in sperm oil, are also suitable. Suitable dicarboxylic acid esters are e.g. di-n-butyl adipate, di-n-butyl sebacate, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-hexyldecyl)succinate, D-isotridecylacelaat. Suitable diol esters are e.g. ethylene glycol dioleate, ethylene glycol-diisotridecanoate, propylene glycol-di-(2-ethylhexanoate), butanediol-diisostearate, butanediol-dicaprylate/caprate and neopentyl glycol dicaprylate. Other fatty acid esters that can be used as emollients are e.g. C12-15 alkyl benzoate, dicaprylyl carbonate, diethylhexyl carbonate. Longer-chain triglycerides, i.e. triple esters of glycerol with three acid molecules, at least one of which is longer-chain, can also be used as emollients and oil components. For example, fatty acid triglycerides may be mentioned; as such, for example natural vegetable oils, e.g. olive oil, sunflower oil, soya oil, peanut oil, rape oil, almond oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, palm oil as well as the liquid fractions of coconut oil or palm kernel oil and animal oils e.g. shark-liver oil, cod-liver oil, whale oil, beef tallow and butterfat, waxes such as beeswax, carnauba wax, spermaceti, lanolin and neatsfoot oil, the liquid fractions of beef tallow or also synthetic triglycerides of caprylic-capric acid mixtures, triglycerides from technical oleic acid, triglycerides with isostearic acid, or from palmitic acid-oleic acid mixtures, can be used as emollients and oil components. Furthermore, it is also possible to use hydrocarbons, especially liquid paraffins and isoparaffins. Examples of hydrocarbons that can be used are paraffm oil, isohexadecane, polydecene, petroleum jelly, paraffinum perliquidum, squalane, ceresin. Furthermore, linear or branched fatty alcohols such as oleyl alcohol or octyldodecanol, and fatty alcohol ethers such as dicaprylyl ether, can also be used. Suitable silicone oils and waxes are e.g. polydimethylsiloxanes, cyclomethylsiloxanes, and aryl- or alkyl- or alkoxy-substituted polymethylsiloxanes or cyclomethylsiloxanes. Other oils that may be considered are for example Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols with 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 10 carbon atoms, esters of linear C6-C22 fatty acids with linear C6-C22 fatty alcohols, esters of branched C6-C13 carboxylic acids with linear C6-C22 fatty alcohols, esters of linear C6-C22 fatty acids with branched C8-C18 alcohols, especially 2-ethylhexanol or isononanol, esters of branched C6-C13 carboxylic acids with branched alcohols, especially 2-ethylhexanol or isononanol, esters of linear and/or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols (e.g. propylene glycol, dimeric diol or trimeric triol) and/or Guerbet alcohols, triglycerides based on C6-C10 fatty acids, liquid mono-/di-/triglyceride mixtures based on C6-C18 fatty acids, esters of C6-C22 fatty alcohols and/or Guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids, especially benzoic acid, vegetable oils, branched primary alcohols, substituted cyclohexanes, linear C6-C22 fatty alcohol carbonates, Guerbet carbonates, esters of benzoic acid with linear and/or branched C6-C22 alcohols (e.g. FinsolvTM TN), dialkyl ethers, ring-opening products of epoxidized fatty acid esters with polyols, silicone oils and/or aliphatic or naphthenic hydrocarbons.
Non-ionic, anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants can be used as emulsifiers or surfactants. Compounds from at least one of the following groups can be used as non-ionogenic emulsifiers or surfactants: addition products of 2 to 100 mol ethylene oxide and/or 0 to 5 mol propylene oxide on linear fatty alcohols with 8 to 22 carbon atoms, on fatty acids with 12 to 22 carbon atoms and on alkylphenols with 8 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, C12/18 fatty acid mono- and diesters of addition products of 1 to 100 mol ethylene oxide on glycerol, glycerol mono- and diesters and sorbitan mono- and diesters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 6 to 22 carbon atoms and ethylene oxide addition products thereof, alkyl mono- and oligoglycosides with 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue and ethylene oxide addition products thereof, addition products of 2 to 200 mol ethylene oxide on castor oil and/or hardened castor oil, partial esters based on linear, branched, unsaturated or saturated C6-C22 fatty acids, ricinoleic acid and 12-hydroxystearic acid and glycerol, polyglycerol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, sugar alcohols (e.g. sorbitol), alkyl glucosides (e.g. methylglucoside, butylglucoside, laurylglucoside) and polyglucosides (e.g. cellulose), mono-, di- and trialkylphosphates and mono-, di- and/or tri-PEG-alkylphosphates and salts thereof, polysiloxane-polyether copolymers (dimethicone copolyols), for example PEG/PPG-20/6 dimethicone, PEG/PPG-20/20 dimethicone, bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 dimethicone, PEG-12 or PEG-14 dimethicone, PEG/PPG-14/4 or 4/12 or 20/20 or 18/18 or 17/18 or 15/15, polysiloxane-polyalkyl polyether copolymers or corresponding derivatives, for example lauryl or cetyl dimethicone copolyols, especially cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 dimethicone (ABIL® EM 90 (Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH)), mixed esters of pentaerythritol, fatty acids, citric acid and fatty alcohol according to DE 11 65 574 and/or mixed esters of fatty acids with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, methyl glucose and polyols, for example glycerol or polyglycerol, citric acid esters e.g. glyceryl stearate citrate, glyceryl oleate citrate and dilauryl citrate.
Anionic emulsifiers or surfactants can contain water-solubilizing anionic groups, e.g. a carboxylate, sulphate, sulphonate or phosphate group and a lipophilic residue. Skin-compatible anionic surfactants are known by a person skilled in the art in large numbers and are commercially available. These can be alkyl sulphates or alkyl phosphates in the form of their alkali, ammonium or alkanolammonium salts, alkyl ether sulphates, alkyl ether carboxylates, acyl sarcosinates and sulphosuccinates and acyl glutamates in the form of their alkali or ammonium salts.
Cationic emulsifiers and surfactants can also be added. As these, it is possible to use in particular quaternary ammonium compounds, especially those provided with at least one linear and/or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain with 8 to 22 carbon atoms, for instance alkyl trimethylammonium halides, e.g. cetyl trimethylammonium chloride or bromide or behenyl trimethylammonium chloride, as well as dialkyl dimethylammonium halides, e.g. distearyl dimethylammonium chloride.
Furthermore, monoalkylamido quats e.g. palmitamidopropyl-trimethylammonium chloride or corresponding dialkylamido quats can be used.
Furthermore, quaternary ester compounds with good biodegradability can be used, for instance quaternized fatty acid esters based on mono-, di- or triethanolamine. Furthermore, alkylguanidinium salts can also be added as cationic emulsifiers.
Typical examples of mild, i.e. especially skin-compatible surfactants are fatty alcohol-polyglycol ether sulphates, monoglyceride sulphates, mono- and/or dialkyl sulphosuccinates, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, fatty acid glutamates, ether carboxylic acids, alkyl oligoglucosides, fatty acid glucamides, alkylamidobetaines and/or protein fatty acid condensates, the latter for example based on wheat proteins.
Furthermore, it is possible to use amphoteric surfactants, e.g. betaines, amphoacetates or amphopropionates, for example substances such as the N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonium glycinates, for example coconut alkyldimethylammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N-dimethylammonium glycinates, for example coconut acylaminopropyldimethylammonium glycinate, and 2-alkyl-3-carboxylmethyl-3-hydroxyethylimidazolines with in each case 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl or acyl group and coconut acylaminoethylhydroxyethylcarboxymethyl glycinate.
Among the amphoteric surfactants, it is possible to use those surface active compounds which, apart from a C8/18 alkyl or acyl group in the molecule, contain at least one free amino group and at least one —COOH— or —SO3H— group and are capable of forming internal salts. Examples of suitable amphoteric surfactants are N-alkylglycines, N-alkylpropionic acids, N-alkylaminobutyric acids, N-alkyliminodipropionic acids, N-hydroxyethyl-N-alkylamidopropyl glycines, N-alkyltaurines, N-alkylsarcosines, 2-alkylaminopropionic acids and alkylaminoacetic acids with in each case about 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Further examples of amphoteric surfactants are N-coconut alkylaminopropionate, coconut acylaminoethylaminopropionate and C12/18-acyl sarcosine.
Suitable thickeners are for example polysaccharides, especially xanthan gum, guar-guar, agar-agar, alginates and tyloses, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, also higher-molecular polyethylene glycol mono- and diesters of fatty acids, polyacrylates (e.g. CarbopoleTM or SynthaleneTM), polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, surfactants such as for example ethoxylated fatty acid glycerides, esters of fatty acids with polyols such as for example pentaerythritol or trimethyloipropane, fatty alcohol ethoxylates with narrower distribution of homologues or alkyl oligoglucosides and electrolytes such as common salt and ammonium chloride.
All thickening agents known by a person skilled in the art may come into consideration as thickeners for thickening oil phases. Waxes, such as hydrogenated castor wax, beeswax or microwax, should be mentioned in particular. Furthermore, it is also possible to use inorganic thickening agents, such as silica, alumina or sheet silicates (e.g. hectorite, Laponite, saponite). These inorganic oil phase thickeners can be hydrophobically modified. For thickening/stabilizing water-in-oil emulsions, it is possible in particular to use Aerosils, sheet silicates and/or metal salts of fatty acids, for example zinc stearate.
For example NaCl, low-molecular non-ionic surfactants, such as cocoamides DEA/MEA and laureth-3, or polymeric, high-molecular, associative, highly-ethoxylated fat derivatives, such as PEG-200 hydrogenated glyceryl palmate can be contained as viscosity controllers for aqueous surfactant systems.
As UV-light protection filters it is possible for example to use organic substances that are able to absorb ultraviolet rays and reemit the absorbed energy in the form of longer-wave radiation, e.g. heat. UVB filters can be oil-soluble or water-soluble. The following may be mentioned as examples of oil-soluble
UVB-light protection filters: 3-benzylidene camphor and derivatives thereof, e.g. 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor, 4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, for example 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester and 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid amyl ester, esters of cinnamic acid, for example 4-methoxycinnamic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, 4-methoxycinnamic acid isopentyl ester, 2-cyano-3-phenyl-cinnamic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester(octocrylene), esters of salicylic acid, for example salicylic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, salicylic acid-4-isopropylbenzyl ester, salicylic acid homomenthyl ester, derivatives of benzophenone, for example 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-methylbenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, esters of benzalmalonic acid, for example 4-methoxybenzalmalonic acid di-2-ethylhexyl ester, triazine derivatives, for example 2,4,6-trianilino-(p-carbo-2′-ethyl-1′-hexyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine and octyltriazone, propane-1,3-diones, for example 1-(4-tert.-butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl) propane-1,3-dione.
The following are possible as water-soluble UVB-light protection filters: 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid and alkali-metal, alkaline-earth, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium and glucammonium salts thereof, sulphonic acid derivatives of benzophenone, for example 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulphonic acid and salts thereof, sulphonic acid derivatives of 3-benzylidenecamphor, for example 4-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)benzenesulphonic acid and 2-methyl-5-(2-oxo-3-bornylidene)sulphonic acid and salts thereof.
Derivatives of benzoylmethane in particular may come into consideration as typical UVA-light protection filters, for example 1-(4′-tert.-butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione or 1-phenyl-3-(4′-isopropylphenyl)propane-1,3-dione. The UV-A and UV-B filters can of course also be used in mixtures.
In addition to the aforementioned soluble substances, for this purpose consideration may also be given to insoluble pigments, namely finely divided metal oxides or salts, for example titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, aluminium oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicates (talc), barium sulphate and zinc stearate. The particles should have an average diameter of less than 100 nm, e.g. between 5 and 50 nm and especially between 15 and 30 nm. They can have a spherical shape, but it is also possible to use particles that have an ellipsoidal shape or deviate in some other way from spherical. A relatively new class of light protection filters are micronized organic pigments, for example 2,2′-methylene-bis-{6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol} with a particle size of <200 nm, which can be obtained e.g. as 50% aqueous dispersion.
Further suitable UV-light protection filters can be found in the review by P. Finkel in SÖFW-Journal 122, 543 (1996). In addition to the two aforementioned groups of primary UV-light protection filters, it is also possible to use secondary sunscreen agents of the antioxidant type, which interrupt the photochemical reaction chain that is triggered when UV radiation penetrates into the skin.
Antioxidants and vitamins that can be used are e.g. superoxide dismutase, tocopherol (vitamin E), tocopherol sorbate, tocopherol acetate, other esters of tocopherol, dibutylhydroxytoluene and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their salts as well as derivatives thereof (e.g. magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl sorbate), ascorbyl esters of fatty acids, butylated hydroxybenzoic acid and salts thereof, peroxides e.g. hydrogen peroxide, perborates, thioglycolates, persulphate salts, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (TROLOX®), gallic acid and alkyl esters thereof, uric acid and salts and alkyl esters thereof, sorbic acid and salts thereof, lipoic acid, ferulic acid, amines (e.g. N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, amino-guanidines), sulphydryl compounds (e.g. glutathione), dihydroxyfumaric acid and salts thereof, glycine pidolate, arginine pilolate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, bioflavonoids, curcumin, lysine, L-methionine, proline, superoxide dismutase, silymarin, tea extract, grapefruit peel/kernel extract, melanin, rosemary extract, thioctic acid, resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, etc.
Ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or polyols for example can be used as hydrotropes for improving the flow behaviour and application properties. Polyols that may be considered here can have 2 to 15 carbon atoms and at least two hydroxyl groups. Typical examples comprise: glycerol alkylene glycols, for example ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol and polyethylene glycols with an average molecular weight from 100 to 1000 dalton, technical oligoglycerol mixtures with an intrinsic degree of condensation from 1.5 to 10 such as technical diglycerol mixtures with a diglycerol content from 40 to 50 wt %, methylol compounds, such as in particular trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol, lower alkyl glucosides, especially those with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue, for example methyl and butyl glucosides, sugar alcohols with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example sorbitol or mannitol, sugars with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example glucose or sucrose, amino sugars, for example glucamine
Solids that can be used are for example iron oxide pigments, titanium dioxide or zinc oxide particles and those additionally mentioned under “UV screening agents”. Furthermore, it is also possible to use particles that produce special sensory effects, such as nylon-12, boron nitride, polymer particles such as polyacrylate or polymethylacrylate particles or silicone elastomers. Fillers that can be used include starch and starch derivatives, such as tapioca starch, distarch phosphate, aluminium or sodium starch, octenyl succinate and pigments that have neither mainly UV filtering nor colouring action, for example Aerosile® (CAS No. 7631-86-9).
As film formers, e.g. for improving water resistance, it is possible for example to use: polyurethanes, dimethicones, copolyols, polyacrylates or PVP/VA copolymer (PVP=polyvinylpyrrolidone, VA=vinyl acetate). The following for example can be used as fat-soluble film formers: polymers based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymers, PVP/hexadecene copolymer or PVP/eicosene copolymer.
Glycol distearates or PEG-3 distearate for example can be used as nacreous additives.
Suitable deodorant active substances are for example odour masking agents such as the usual perfume constituents, odour absorbers, for example the sheet silicates described in the patent Offenlegungsschrift [publication of unexamined application] DE 40 09 347, of these in particular montmorillonite, kaolinite, ilite, beidelite, nontronite, saponite, ilectorite, bentonite, smectite, in addition for example zinc salts of ricinoleic acid. Germination inhibitors are also suitable to be incorporated. Germination-inhibiting substances are for example 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether (Irgasan), 1,6-di-(4-chlorophenylbiguanido)-hexane(chlorhexidine), 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbonilide, quaternary ammonium compounds, clove oil, mint oil, thyme oil, triethylcitrate, farnesol (3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol), ethylhexyl glyceryl ether, polyglyceryl-3 caprylate (TEGO® Cosmo P813, Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH), and the active agents described in the unexamined patent applications DE 198 55 934, DE 37 40 186, DE 39 38 140, DE 42 04 321, DE 42 29 707, DE 42 29 737, DE 42 38 081, DE 43 09 372, DE 43 24 219 and EP 666 732.
Astringents, for example basic aluminium chlorides such as aluminium chlorohydrate (“ACH”) and zirconium-aluminium-glycine salts (“ZAG”), can be used as antiperspirant active substances.
N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide, 1,2-pentanediol or Insect Repellent 3535 for example can be used as insect repellents.
Dihydroxyacetone and erythrulose for example can be used as self-tanning agents.
Mixtures of individual or several alkylparaben esters with phenoxyethanol for example can be used as preservatives. The alkylparaben esters can be methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben and/or butylparaben. Other alcohols, for example benzyl alcohol or ethanol, can also be used instead of phenoxyethanol. Furthermore, other usual preservatives can also be used, such as sorbic or benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, chloroacetamide, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, sodium hydroxymethyl glycinate, methyl isothiazoline, chloromethyl isothiazoline, ethylhexyl glycerol or caprylyl glycol.
For example organic quaternary compounds such as cetrimonium chloride, dicetyldimonium chloride, behentrimonium chloride, distearyldimonium chloride, behentrimonium methosulphate, distearoylethyldimonium chloride, palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hydroxypropylguar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, or quaternium-80 or also amine derivatives e.g. aminopropyldimethicones or stearamidopropyl dimethylamines can be used as conditioners.
Natural or synthetic fragrances or mixtures thereof can be used as perfumes. Natural fragrances are extracts of flowers (lily, lavender, rose, jasmine, neroli, ylang-ylang), stems and leaves (geranium, patchouli, petitgrain), fruits (anise, coriander, caraway, juniper), fruit peel (bergamot, lemon, orange), roots (mace, angelica, celery, cardamom, costus, iris, thyme), needles and branches (spruce, fir, pine, mountain pine), resins and balsams (galbanum, elemi, benzoin, myrrh, olibanum, opoponax). Furthermore, animal raw materials may come into consideration, for example civet and castoreum. Typical synthetic fragrance compounds are products of the type of the esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are e.g. benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethylmethylphenyl glycinate, allylcyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. The ethers include for example benzylethyl ether, the aldehydes include e.g. the linear alkanals with 8 to 18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxy acetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, the ketones include e.g. the ionones, α-isomethylionone and methyl-cedryl ketone, the alcohols include anethole, citronellol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, the hydrocarbons include mainly the terpenes and balsams. Mixtures of various fragrances can be used, which together produce an attractive perfume note. Essential oils of low volatility, which are generally used as flavour components, are also suitable as perfumes, e.g. sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, melissa oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil, labolanum oil and lavandin oil. Bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzylacetone, cyclamen aldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene Forte, Ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, lemon oil, mandarin orange oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavandin oil, clary sage oil, β-damascone, geranium oil bourbon, cyclohexyl salicylate, vertofix coeur, iso-E-super, Fixolide NP, evernyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romillate, irotyl and floramat can be used, alone or in mixtures.
Dyes that can be used are the substances that are suitable and permitted for cosmetic purposes, as listed for example in the publication “Kosmetische Färbemittel” [Cosmetic colourants] of the Dye Commission of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [German Research Association], Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1984, p. 81 to 106. These dyes are usually used in concentrations from 0.001 to 0.1 wt %, relative to the total mixture.
Biogenic active substances are for example tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocopherol palmitate, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, deoxyribonucleic acid, coenzyme Q10, retinol, AHA acids, amino acids, hyaluronic acid, alpha-hydroxy acids, isoflavones, polyglutamic acid, creatine (and creatine derivatives), guanidine (and guanidine derivatives), pseudoceramides, essential oils, peptides, protein hydrolysates, plant extracts, bisabolol, allantoin, panthenol, phytantriol, idebenone, liquorice extract, glycyrrhicidine and idebenone, scleroglucan, β-glucan, santalbin acid and vitamin complexes. Examples of plant extracts are chestnut extract, chamomile extract, rosemary extract, blackcurrant and redcurrant extract, birch extract, rose hip extract, algae extracts, green tea extract, aloe extract, ginseng extract, ginkgo extract, grapefruit extract, calendula extract, camphor, thyme extract, mangosteen extract, cystus extract, Terminalia arjuna extract, oats extract, oregano extract, raspberry extract, strawberry extract, etc.
The biogenic active substances can also include the so-called barrier lipids, for which we may mention for example ceramides, phytosphingosine and derivatives, sphingosine and derivatives, sphinganine and derivatives, pseudoceramides, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, cholesterol and derivatives, cholesteryl esters, free fatty acids, lanolin and derivatives, squalane, squalene and related substances.
The biogenic active substances also include, in the sense of the invention, anti-acne agents, e.g. benzyl peroxide, phytosphingosine and derivatives, nicotinamide hydroxybenzoate, nicotinaldehyde, retinoic acid and derivatives, salicylic acid and derivatives, citronellic acid etc. and anti-cellulite agents e.g. xanthine compounds such as caffeine, theophylline, theobromine and aminophylline, carnitine, carnosine, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, phytosphingosines, santalbin acid etc., as well as antidandruff agents, for example salicylic acid and derivatives, zinc pyrithione, selenium sulphide, sulphur, cyclopiroxolamine, bifonazole, climbazole, octopirox and actirox etc., as well as astringents e.g. alcohol, aluminium derivatives, gallic acid, pyridoxine salicylate, zinc salts e.g. zinc sulphate, acetate, chloride, lactate, zirconium hydrochlorides etc. Bleaching agents such as kojic acid, arbutin, vitamin C and derivatives, hydroquinone, turmeric oil, creatinine, sphingolipids, nicotinamide, etc. can also be included among the biogenic active substances.
For example ethoxylated glycerol fatty acid esters, for example PEG-7 glycerol cocoate, or cationic polymers, for example polyquaternium-7 or polyglycerol esters can be contained as care additives.
As overfatting agents it is possible to use substances such as for example lanolin and lecithin and polyethoxylated or acylated lanolin and lecithin derivatives, polyol fatty acid esters, monoglycerides and fatty acid alkanolamides, wherein the latter serve simultaneously as foam stabilizers.
For example aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or 1,3-propanediol, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, glycerol carbonate, esters of mono- or polycarboxylic acids such as ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, dimethyl adipate and diethyl adipate, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerol, glycerol carbonate or water can be used as solvents.
The care formulations according to the invention preferably have, as additional components, barrier lipids selected from the group containing ceramides, cholesterol, fatty acids.
Moreover, it is preferable for the care formulations according to the invention to contain, as additional components, lipid modulators, for example linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, gamma linolenic acid, phytosphingosine, salicyloyl phytosphingosine, short-chain and medium-chain ceramides (C1-C10), uronic acid, cholesterol sulphate, phytosterols, vitamin D, leukotrienes, farnesol, 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), preferably lipid modulators selected from the group containing creatine, nicotinamide, retinol, arjunolic acid.
Care formulations according to the invention can be used as skin care, facial care, head care, body care, intimate care, foot care, hair care, nail care, dental hygiene, lip care or oral hygiene products. Examples of hair care products are hair detergents, hair treatments, hair rinses, hair fluid, hair gel, hair tonic, hair wax, hair lacquer, hair spray, hair cream, hair mousse, hair balm, antidandruff shampoo. Examples of body care products are shower gel, cream bath, cream gel, shower oil, shower gel, washing gel, wash-peeling, cleansing lotion, face mask, face lotion, facial peeling, eye cream, night cream, cleansing mask, lotion pads, cleansing wipes, cleansing lotion, cleansing milk, cleansing gel, aftershave gel, aftershave balm, tanning milk, after-sun products, self-tanning agents, foot lotion, foot spray, body lotion, body gel, body spray, body milk, body peeling, body oil, body butter.
Examples of lip care products are lip balm, lip cream, lip-care sticks.
Care formulations according to the invention can be used in the form of an emulsion such as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O) or water-in-silicone (W/S) emulsions, multiple emulsions such as W/O/W and O/W/O emulsions, also called hydrodispersions or lipodispersions, a suspension, a solution, a cream, an ointment, a paste, a gel, an aerosol, a spray, a cleaning product, a makeup or sunscreen preparation or a face lotion or a stick, e.g. fat stick or water-containing stick.
The yeast extract produced according to the invention can also be used as food supplement for animals and/or humans. Said extract can be administered with the food.
A dermatologically active agent or a food supplement must contain a specified minimum amount of protein in the yeast extract. In a preferred embodiment the yeast extract contains in increasing order of preference at least 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 or 25 mg protein/mL or is in the range from 0.05 to 100, 0.1 to 80, 0.5 to 50 or 1 to 25 mg protein/mL.
The yeast extract produced according to the invention can be used in cosmetic treatments of the hair and/or skin. In a preferred embodiment the term “skin and/or hair”, as used herein, means any part of the human or animal body that is accessible for external use of a dermatological agent. In a preferred embodiment the term “cosmetic treatment”, as used herein, means the improvement of nonpathological manifestations, which in particular only improves the aesthetic impression. With a treatment of this kind it is possible for example to achieve skin firming, improved humidity of the skin, an even skin tone, or improvement of perspiration.
The inventors found, surprisingly, that the treatment of skin cells with the yeast extract produced according to the invention is suitable for treating diseases.



The present invention is further illustrated with the following figures and nonlimiting examples, from which further features, embodiments, aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen.
FIG. 1 shows the growth of yeast cells of the genera Yarrowia, Pichia and Saccharomyces over time at pH 2.
FIG. 2 shows two representative sets with chip data, as obtained using the protocol described. The data there were obtained by analysis of the markers of human fibroblasts, which were treated with extract from Yarrowia cells, which were cultured normally at pH 5.4 (FIG. 2a) or were exposed to stress at pH 2 (FIG. 2b).



EXAMPLE 1
Growth of Various Yeast Strains Under Stress by Exposure to Medium with Low pH
In order to investigate whether it is possible to stress yeast strains by exposure to medium with low pH, and to investigate which yeast strains possibly display suitable or advantageous growth properties at low pH, the growth of one representative from each of three genera, namely Saccharomyces, Pichia and Yarrowia, was investigated at pH=2.
A preculture of the respective yeast strain to be investigated is cultured overnight in standard medium (per litre: 33 g glucose monohydrate, 0.88 g magnesium sulphate×7H2O, 0.2 g calcium chloride×2H2O, 4.83 ammonium chloride, 0.06 g sodium chloride, 1 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.059 g myo-inositol, 20 g MOPS, 0.3 mL trace element solution (per kg: 100 g 8M H2SO4, 50 g of citric acid monohydrate, 48 g FeSO4×7H2O, 16.7 g ZnSO4×7H2O, 2.5 g CuSO4×5H2O, 1.88 g MnSO4×H2O, 2 g H3BO3, 2 g NaMoO4×2H2O, 0.5 g KI) and 0.3 mL vitamin solution (per litre: 5 g nicotinic acid, 5 g calcium-D-pantothenic acid, 5 g thiamine, 3.33 p-aminobenzoate, 0.5 g pyridoxine, 0.0167 biotin), the pH of which was adjusted to 2 with sulphuric acid. The optical density is monitored continuously by spectrophotometry.
The results of the test are shown in FIG. 1. It can be seen that all the strains used show detectable growth in these conditions, but the representative of the genus Yarrowia at pH=2 under the same conditions shows faster growth than the comparative genera, and also reaches a higher optical density.
EXAMPLE 2
Comparative Characterization of the Action of Yeast Cells that were Stressed Either by Increased Temperature, Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide or Exposure to Medium with Low pH, Using Chip Arrays, on Human Fibroblasts
It was investigated whether stress by exposure to medium with low pH exerts the same effect on yeast cells as stress through increased temperature or treatment with hydrogen peroxide and whether differently stressed yeast cells or their extracts differ. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected as the model organism.
Production of the Yeast Extract
The preculture is set up as described above and adjusted to a pH of 5.4. The medium is inoculated in the shaking flask without baffles with addition of antifoaming agent. The temperature is 30° C. and the speed is 180 rpm (amplitude: 2.5 cm). The optical density is determined beforehand, it is measured continuously, and at OD>35 the respective stress situation is created, i.e. by increasing the temperature to 37° C., by adding sulphuric acid up to the desired pH or by adding hydrogen peroxide.
Then the cells are harvested by centrifugation and frozen or lysed by aqueous lysis. For this, the extract is suspended and treated by means of a high-pressure homogenizer. The suspension is filtered off or centrifuged and the aqueous solution is taken as the end product.
Test Principle and Execution of the Experiments with Chip Arrays:
In these tests, the effect of yeast extract on the behaviour of human dermal fibroblasts is investigated, which are a recognized model for human skin. For this purpose, after the extract treatment the cells are lysed, their RNA is isolated, and the DNA obtained by reverse transcription is investigated by means of a chip for regulation of the expression of dermatologically relevant markers. Markers whose upregulation or downregulation indicates a positive effect on the morphology and physiology of the skin, especially markers of the Wnt-pathway and of the ECM, are used exclusively. The Wnt genes code for a large family of secreted proteins. To date, 19 Wnt proteins have been identified in humans. Both the various subgroups of the Wnts in individual species, and Wnts in comparison between different species sometimes show very large homologies. In humans, for example, the individual Wnt proteins show agreement from 27 to 83% (Miller, 2001). The central molecule of the canonical Wnt signal cascade is β-catenin (βCat), whose stability is regulated by the Wnt proteins. Investigations of embryonic and postnatal skin have shown that Wnt proteins play an essential role in hair follicle development. In particular, the proteins Wnt10a, Wnt10b and Wnt5a are specifically expressed in early stages of hair follicle development (Reddy et al., 2001).
Most of the known communication mechanisms are found in the skin. By the Wnt-pathway, basal cells keep the stem cell character preferentially. As cells age, there is accumulation of cellular and molecular damage, causing reduced regenerative capacity of tissues and organs. This reduced regenerative capacity is partly influenced by the change in self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential of tissue-specific adult stem cells from the fat tissue. It is known that the WNT signal pathway, a known signal pathway that regulates the self-renewal potential and the differentiation potential of many stem cells, therefore has an effect on the growth of stem cells. In addition, with Wnt and β-catenin expression, epidermal proliferation, differentiation and migration is increased and therefore wound healing is accelerated.
The physical properties of the connective tissue and the associated skin-firming are determined inter alia by the extracellular matrix, so that the cells are influenced in their differentiation, migration and proliferation. The matrix is formed by the cells located within it (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, lipoblasts, osteoblasts and chondroblasts). The extracellular matrix is made up of macromolecules, which consist of glycosaminoglycans and fibrous proteins. Interaction of the lymphatic system, of the extracellular matrix and excessive fat-accumulation are involved in skin-firming. The total body fat is determined by the equilibrium between de-novo differentiation, growth and apoptosis (autolysis) of the adipocytes. Adipocyte differentiation is a complex process, which begins at birth and continues throughout life.
A complete list of the markers used is shown in Table 1.







TABLE 1







List of the markers taken into account for the chip experiments:










Gene ID
Gene symbol
Description of the gene
Chromosome













9
NAT1
N-acetyltransferase 1 (arylamine N-
8p23.1-p21.3




acetyltransferase)


10
NAT2
N-acetyltransferase 2 (arylamine N-
8p22




acetyltransferase)


30
ACAA1
acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1
3p23-p22


33
ACADL
acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, long chain
2q34-q35


34
ACADM
acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12
1p31




straight chain


51
ACOX1
acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1, palmitoyl
17q24-q25


90
ACVR1
activin A receptor, type I
2q23-q24


91
ACVR1B
activin A receptor, type IB
12q13


92
ACVR2A
activin A receptor, type IIA
2q22.3


93
ACVR2B
activin A receptor, type IIB
3p22


94
ACVRL1
activin A receptor type II-like 1
12q11-q14


154
ADRB2
adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface
5q31-q32


176
ACAN
aggrecan
15q26.1


268
AMH
anti-Mullerian hormone
19p13.3


269
AMHR2
anti-Mullerian hormone receptor, type II
12q13


324
APC
adenomatous polyposis coli
5q21-q22


325
APCS
amyloid P component, serum
1q21-q23


335
APOA1
apolipoprotein A-I
11q23-q24


336
APOA2
apolipoprotein A-II
1q21-q23


345
APOC3
apolipoprotein C-III
11q23.1-q23.2


364
AQP7
aquaporin 7
9p13


387
RHOA
ras homolog gene family, member A
3p21.3


595
CCND1
cyclin D1
11q13


633
BGN
biglycan
Xq28


650
BMP2
bone morphogenetic protein 2
20p12


652
BMP4
bone morphogenetic protein 4
14q22-q23


653
BMP5
bone morphogenetic protein 5
6p12.1


654
BMP6
bone morphogenetic protein 6
6p24-p23


655
BMP7
bone morphogenetic protein 7
20q13


656
BMP8B
bone morphogenetic protein 8b
1p35-p32


657
BMPR1A
bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA
10q22.3


658
BMPR1B
bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB
4q22-q24


659
BMPR2
bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II
2q33-q34




(serine/threonine kinase)


815
CAMK2A
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
5q33.1




alpha


816
CAMK2B
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
22q12




beta


817
CAMK2D
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
4q26




delta


818
CAMK2G
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
10q22




gamma


894
CCND2
cyclin D2
12p13


896
CCND3
cyclin D3
6p21


948
CD36
CD36 molecule (thrombospondin receptor)
7q11.2


960
CD44
CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)
11p13


961
CD47
CD47 molecule
3q13.1-q13.2


1030
CDKN2B
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (p15,
9p21




inhibits CDK4)


1101
CHAD
chondroadherin
17q21.33


1277
COL1A1
collagen, type I, alpha 1
17q21.33


1278
COL1A2
collagen, type I, alpha 2
7q22.1


1280
COL2A1
collagen, type II, alpha 1
12q13.11


1281
COL3A1
collagen, type III, alpha 1
2q31


1282
COL4A1
collagen, type IV, alpha 1
13q34


1284
COL4A2
collagen, type IV, alpha 2
13q34


1286
COL4A4
collagen, type IV, alpha 4
2q35-q37


1288
COL4A6
collagen, type IV, alpha 6
Xq22


1289
COL5A1
collagen, type V, alpha 1
9q34.2-q34.3


1290
COL5A2
collagen, type V, alpha 2
2q14-q32


1291
COL6A1
collagen, type VI, alpha 1
21q22.3


1292
COL6A2
collagen, type VI, alpha 2
21q22.3


1293
COL6A3
collagen, type VI, alpha 3
2q37


1301
COL11A1
collagen, type XI, alpha 1
1p21


1311
COMP
cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
19p13.1


1374
CPT1A
carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver)
11q13.1-q13.2


1375
CPT1B
carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (muscle)
22q13.33


1376
CPT2
carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
1p32


1387
CREBBP
CREB binding protein
16p13.3


1452
CSNK1A1
casein kinase 1, alpha 1
5q32


1454
CSNK1E
casein kinase 1, epsilon
22q13.1


1457
CSNK2A1
casein kinase 2, alpha 1 polypeptide
20p13


1459
CSNK2A2
casein kinase 2, alpha prime polypeptide
16q21


1460
CSNK2B
casein kinase 2, beta polypeptide
6p21-p12


1462
VCAN
versican
5q14.3


1474
CST6
cystatin E/M
11q13


1487
CTBP1
C-terminal binding protein 1
4p16


1488
CTBP2
C-terminal binding protein 2
10q26.13


1499
CTNNB1
catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1,
3p21




88 kDa


1509
CTSD
cathepsin D
11p15.5


1512
CTSH
cathepsin H
15q24-q25


1520
CTSS
cathepsin S
1q21


1522
CTSZ
cathepsin Z
20q13


1544
CYP1A2
cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A,
15q24.1




polypeptide 2


1548
CYP2A6
cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A,
19q13.2




polypeptide 6


1549
CYP2A7
cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A,
19q13.2




polypeptide 7


1553
CYP2A13
cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily A,
19q13.2




polypeptide 13


1579
CYP4A11
cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A,
1p33




polypeptide 11


1581
CYP7A1
cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily A,
8q11-q12




polypeptide 1


1582
CYP8B1
cytochrome P450, family 8, subfamily B,
3p22-p21.3




polypeptide 1


1593
CYP27A1
cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily A,
2q33-qter




polypeptide 1


1605
DAG1
dystroglycan 1 (dystrophin-associated
3p21




glycoprotein 1)


1622
DBI
diazepam binding inhibitor (GABA receptor
2q12-q21




modulator, acyl-Coenzyme A binding protein)


1634
DCN
decorin
12q21.33


1634
DCN
decorin
12q21.33


1805
DPT
dermatopontin
1q12-q23


1855
DVL1
dishevelled, dsh homolog 1 (Drosophila)
1p36


1856
DVL2
dishevelled, dsh homolog 2 (Drosophila)
17p13.2


1857
DVL3
dishevelled, dsh homolog 3 (Drosophila)
3q27


1874
E2F4
E2F transcription factor 4, p107/p130-binding
16q21-q22


1875
E2F5
E2F transcription factor 5, p130-binding
8q21.2


1962
EHHADH
enoyl-Coenzyme A, hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl
3q26.3-q28




Coenzyme A dehydrogenase


2006
ELN
elastin
7q11.23


2033
EP300
E1A binding protein p300
22q13.2


2033
EP300
E1A binding protein p300
22q13.2


2131
EXT1
exostoses (multiple) 1
8q24.11-q24.13


2132
EXT2
exostoses (multiple) 2
11p12-p11


2134
EXTL1
exostoses (multiple)-like 1
1p36.1


2135
EXTL2
exostoses (multiple)-like 2
1p21


2137
EXTL3
exostoses (multiple)-like 3
8p21


2167
FABP4
fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte
8q21


2168
FABP1
fatty acid binding protein 1, liver
2p11


2169
FABP2
fatty acid binding protein 2, intestinal
4q28-q31


2170
FABP3
fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart
1p33-p32




(mammary-derived growth inhibitor)


2171
FABP5
fatty acid binding protein 5 (psoriasisassociated)
8q21.13


2172
FABP6
fatty acid binding protein 6, ileal
5q33.3-q34


2173
FABP7
fatty acid binding protein 7, brain
6q22-q23


2180
ACSL1
acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1
4q34-q35


2181
ACSL3
acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3
2q34-q35


2182
ACSL4
acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4
Xq22.3-q23


2331
FMOD
fibromodulin
1q32


2335
FN1
fibronectin 1
2q34


2530
FUT8
fucosyltransferase 8 (alpha (1,6)
14q24.3




fucosyltransferase)


2535
FZD2
frizzled homolog 2 (Drosophila)
17q21.1


2683
B4GALT1
UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4-
9p13




galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1


2710
GK
glycerol kinase
Xp21.3


2712
GK2
glycerol kinase 2
4q13


2713
GK3P
glycerol kinase 3 pseudogene
4q32.1


2811
GP1BA
glycoprotein Ib (platelet), alpha polypeptide
17pter-p12


2812
GP1BB
glycoprotein Ib (platelet), beta polypeptide
22q11.21q11.23


2814
GP5
glycoprotein V (platelet)
3q29


2815
GP9
glycoprotein IX (platelet)
3q21.3


2817
GPC1
glypican 1
2q35-q37


2932
GSK3B
glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
3q13.3


3026
HABP2
hyaluronan binding protein 2
10q25.3


3036
HAS1
hyaluronan synthase 1
19q13.4


3037
HAS2
hyaluronan synthase 2
8q24.12


3038
HAS3
hyaluronan synthase 3
16q22.1


3158
HMGCS2
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A
1p13-p12




synthase 2 (mitochondrial)


3161
HMMR
hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor
5q33.2-qter




(RHAMM)


3339
HSPG2
heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2
1p36.1-p34


3339
HSPG2
heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2
1p36.1-p34


3340
NDST1
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan
5q33.1




glucosaminyl) 1


3371
TNC
tenascin C
9q33


3381
IBSP
integrin-binding sialoprotein
4q21-q25


3383
ICAM1
intercellular adhesion molecule 1
19p13.3-p13.2


3397
ID1
inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative
20q11




helix-loop-helix protein


3398
ID2
inhibitor of DNA binding 2, dominant negative
2p25




helix-loop-helix protein


3399
ID3
inhibitor of DNA binding 3, dominant negative
1p36.13-p36.12




helix-loop-helix protein


3400
ID4
inhibitor of DNA binding 4, dominant negative
6p22-p21




helix-loop-helix protein


3458
IFNG
interferon, gamma
12q14


3569
IL6
interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)
7p21


3611
ILK
integrin-linked kinase
11p15.5-p15.4


3624
INHBA
inhibin, beta A
7p15-p13


3625
INHBB
inhibin, beta B
2cen-q13


3626
INHBC
inhibin, beta C
12q13.1


3655
ITGA6
integrin, alpha 6
2q31.1


3672
ITGA1
integrin, alpha 1
5q11.2


3673
ITGA2
integrin, alpha 2 (CD49B, alpha 2 subunit of
5q23-q31




VLA-2 receptor)


3674
ITGA2B
integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein IIb of
17q21.32




IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41)


3675
ITGA3
integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha 3 subunit
17q21.33




of VLA-3 receptor)


3676
ITGA4
integrin, alpha 4 (antigen CD49D, alpha 4 subunit
2q31.3




of VLA-4 receptor)


3678
ITGA5
integrin, alpha 5 (fibronectin receptor, alpha
12q11-q13




polypeptide)


3679
ITGA7
integrin, alpha 7
12q13


3680
ITGA9
integrin, alpha 9
3p21.3


3685
ITGAV
integrin, alpha V (vitronectin receptor, alpha
2q31-q32




polypeptide, antigen CD51)


3688
ITGB1
integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta
10p11.2




polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2,




MSK12)


3690
ITGB3
integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen
17q21.32




CD61)


3691
ITGB4
integrin, beta 4
17q25


3693
ITGB5
integrin, beta 5
3q21.2


3694
ITGB6
integrin, beta 6
2q24.2


3695
ITGB7
integrin, beta 7
12q13.13


3696
ITGB8
integrin, beta 8
7p15.3


3725
JUN
jun oncogene
1p32-p31


3908
LAMA2
laminin, alpha 2
6q22-q23


3909
LAMA3
laminin, alpha 3
18q11.2


3910
LAMA4
laminin, alpha 4
6q21


3911
LAMA5
laminin, alpha 5
20q13.2-q13.3


3912
LAMB1
laminin, beta 1
7q22


3913
LAMB2
laminin, beta 2 (laminin S)
3p21


3914
LAMB3
laminin, beta 3
1q32


3915
LAMC1
laminin, gamma 1 (formerly LAMB2)
1q31


3918
LAMC2
laminin, gamma 2
1q25-q31


4023
LPL
lipoprotein lipase
8p22


4040
LRP6
low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6
12p11-p13


4041
LRP5
low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5
11q13.4


4052
LTBP1
latent transforming growth factor beta binding
2p22-p21




protein 1


4053
LTBP2
latent transforming growth factor beta binding
14q24




protein 2


4054
LTBP3
latent transforming growth factor beta binding
11q12




protein 3


4060
LUM
lumican
12q21.3-q22


4086
SMAD1
SMAD family member 1
4q31


4087
SMAD2
SMAD family member 2
18q21.1


4088
SMAD3
SMAD family member 3
15q22.33


4089
SMAD4
SMAD family member 4
18q21.1


4089
SMAD4
SMAD family member 4
18q21.1


4090
SMAD5
SMAD family member 5
5q31


4091
SMAD6
SMAD family member 6
15q21-q22


4092
SMAD7
SMAD family member 7
18q21.1


4093
SMAD9
SMAD family member 9
13q12-q14


4146
MATN1
matrilin 1, cartilage matrix protein
1p35


4147
MATN2
matrilin 2
8q22


4148
MATN3
matrilin 3
2p24-p23


4166
CHST6
carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O)
16q22




sulfotransferase 6


4199
ME1
malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic
6q12


4237
MFAP2
microfibrillar-associated protein 2
1p36.1-p35


4312
MMP1
matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial
11q22.3




collagenase)


4313
MMP2
matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa
16q13-q21




gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV collagenase)


4314
MMP3
matrix metallopeptidase 3 (stromelysin 1,
11q22.3




progelatinase)


4316
MMP7
matrix metallopeptidase 7 (matrilysin, uterine)
11q21-q22


4316
MMP7
matrix metallopeptidase 7 (matrilysin, uterine)
11q21-q22


4319
MMP10
matrix metallopeptidase 10 (stromelysin 2)
11q22.3


4320
MMP11
matrix metallopeptidase 11 (stromelysin 3)
22q11.2


4321
MMP12
matrix metallopeptidase 12 (macrophage elastase)
11q22.3


4322
MMP13
matrix metallopeptidase 13 (collagenase 3)
11q22.3


4323
MMP14
matrix metallopeptidase 14 (membraneinserted)
14q11-q12


4324
MMP15
matrix metallopeptidase 15 (membraneinserted)
16q13-q21


4609
MYC
v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog
8q24.21




(avian)


4772
NFATC1
nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic,
18q23




calcineurin-dependent 1


4773
NFATC2
nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic,
20q13.2-q13.3




calcineurin-dependent 2


4775
NFATC3
nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic,
16q22.2




calcineurin-dependent 3


4776
NFATC4
nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic,
14q11.2




calcineurin-dependent 4


4838
NODAL
nodal homolog (mouse)
10q22.1


4973
OLR1
oxidized low density lipoprotein (lectin-like)
12p13.2-p12.3




receptor 1


4982
TNFRSF11B
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,
8q24




member 11b


5054
SERPINE1
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin,
7q21.3-q22




plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1


5055
SERPINB2
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin),
18q21.3




member 2


5105
PCK1
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble)
20q13.31


5106
PCK2
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2
14q12




(mitochondrial)


5170
PDPK1
3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1
16p13.3


5308
PITX2
paired-like homeodomain 2
4q25-q27


5327
PLAT
plasminogen activator, tissue
8p12


5330
PLCB2
phospholipase C, beta 2
15q15


5331
PLCB3
phospholipase C, beta 3
11q13




(phosphatidylinositolspecific)


5332
PLCB4
phospholipase C, beta 4
20p12


5346
PLIN
perilipin
15q26


5360
PLTP
phospholipid transfer protein
20q12-q13.1


5465
PPARA
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
22q12-q13.1


5467
PPARD
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
6p21.2-p21.1


5468
PPARG
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
3p25


5515
PPP2CA
protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), catalytic
5q31.1




subunit, alpha isoform


5516
PPP2CB
protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), catalytic
8p12




subunit, beta isoform


5518
PPP2R1A
protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), regulatory
19q13.33




subunit A, alpha isoform


5519
PPP2R1B
protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), regulatory
11q23.2




subunit A, beta isoform


5525
PPP2R5A
protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B′,
1q32.2-q32.3




alpha isoform


5526
PPP2R5B
protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B′, beta
11q12-q13




isoform


5527
PPP2R5C
protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B′,
14q32




gamma isoform


5528
PPP2R5D
protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B′, delta
6p21.1




isoform


5529
PPP2R5E
protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B′,
14q23.1




epsilon isoform


5530
PPP3CA
protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), catalytic
4q21-q24




subunit, alpha isoform


5532
PPP3CB
protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), catalytic
10q21-q22




subunit, beta isoform


5533
PPP3CC
protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), catalytic
8p21.3




subunit, gamma isoform


5534
PPP3R1
protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), regulatory
2p15




subunit B, alpha isoform


5535
PPP3R2
protein phosphatase 3 (formerly 2B), regulatory
9q31.1




subunit B, beta isoform


5566
PRKACA
protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha
19p13.1


5567
PRKACB
protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta
1p36.1


5568
PRKACG
protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic,
9q13




gamma


5578
PRKCA
protein kinase C, alpha
17q22-q23.2


5579
PRKCB
protein kinase C, beta
16p11.2


5582
PRKCG
protein kinase C, gamma
19q13.4


5594
MAPK1
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
22q11.2


5595
MAPK3
mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
16p11.2


5599
MAPK8
mitogen-activated protein kinase 8
10q11.22


5601
MAPK9
mitogen-activated protein kinase 9
5q35


5602
MAPK10
mitogen-activated protein kinase 10
4q22.1-q23


5613
PRKX
protein kinase, X-linked
Xp22.3


5616
PRKY
protein kinase, Y-linked
Yp11.2


5649
RELN
reelin
7q22


5663
PSEN1
presenilin 1
14q24.3


5879
RAC1
ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho
7p22




family, small GTP binding protein Rac1)


5880
RAC2
ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (rho
22q13.1




family, small GTP binding protein Rac2)


5881
RAC3
ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (rho
17q25.3




family, small GTP binding protein Rac3)


5933
RBL1
retinoblastoma-like 1 (p107)
20q11.2


5934
RBL2
retinoblastoma-like 2 (p130)
16q12.2


5950
RBP4
retinol binding protein 4, plasma
10q23-q24


6093
ROCK1
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein
18q11.1




kinase 1


6198
RPS6KB1
ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70 kDa, polypeptide 1
17q23.1


6199
RPS6KB2
ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70 kDa, polypeptide 2
11q13.1


6256
RXRA
retinoid X receptor, alpha
9q34.3


6257
RXRB
retinoid X receptor, beta
6p21.3


6258
RXRG
retinoid X receptor, gamma
1q22-q23


6319
SCD
stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase)
10q24.31


6342
SCP2
sterol carrier protein 2
1p32


6382
SDC1
syndecan 1
2p24.1


6383
SDC2
syndecan 2
8q22-q23


6385
SDC4
syndecan 4
20q12


6422
SFRP1
secreted frizzled-related protein 1
8p12-p11.1


6423
SFRP2
secreted frizzled-related protein 2
4q31.3


6424
SFRP4
secreted frizzled-related protein 4
7p14.1


6425
SFRP5
secreted frizzled-related protein 5
10q24.1


6477
SIAH1
seven in absentia homolog 1 (Drosophila)
16q12


6482
ST3GAL1
ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3sialyltransferase 1
8q24.22


6483
ST3GAL2
ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3sialyltransferase 2
16q22.1


6487
ST3GAL3
ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3sialyltransferase 3
1p34.1


6500
SKP1
S-phase kinase-associated protein 1
5q31


6667
SP1
Sp1 transcription factor
12q13.1


6696
SPP1
secreted phosphoprotein 1
4q21-q25


6885
MAP3K7
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7
6q16.1-q16.3


6907
TBL1X
transducin (beta)-like 1X-linked
Xp22.3


6932
TCF7
transcription factor 7 (T-cell specific, HMG-box)
5q31.1


6934
TCF7L2
transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific,
10q25.3




HMG-box)


7027
TFDP1
transcription factor Dp-1
13q34


7040
TGFB1
transforming growth factor, beta 1
19q13.2


7042
TGFB2
transforming growth factor, beta 2
1q41


7043
TGFB3
transforming growth factor, beta 3
14q24


7044
LEFTY2
left-right determination factor 2
1q42.1


7046
TGFBR1
transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1
9q22


7048
TGFBR2
transforming growth factor, beta receptor II
3p22




(70/80 kDa)


7057
THBS1
thrombospondin 1
15q15


7058
THBS2
thrombospondin 2
6q27


7059
THBS3
thrombospondin 3
1q21


7060
THBS4
thrombospondin 4
5q13


7076
TIMP1
TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1
Xp11.3-p11.23


7077
TIMP2
TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2
17q25


7124
TNF
tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member
6p21.3




2)


7143
TNR
tenascin R (restrictin, janusin)
1q24


7146
TNXA
tenascin XA pseudogene
6p21.3


7148
TNXB
tenascin XB
6p21.3


7157
TP53
tumor protein p53
17p13.1


7316
UBC
ubiquitin C
12q24.3


7350
UCP1
uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton
4q28-q31




carrier)


7448
VTN
vitronectin
17q11


7450
VWF
von Willebrand factor
12p13.3


7471
WNT1
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
12q13




member 1


7472
WNT2
wingless-type MMTV integration site family
7q31.2




member 2


7473
WNT3
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
17q21




member 3


7474
WNT5A
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
3p21-p14




member 5A


7475
WNT6
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
2q35




member 6


7476
WNT7A
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
3p25




member 7A


7477
WNT7B
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
22q13




member 7B


7478
WNT8A
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
5q31




member 8A


7479
WNT8B
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
10q24




member 8B


7480
WNT10B
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
12q13




member 10B


7481
WNT11
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
11q13.5




member 11


7482
WNT2B
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
1p13




member 2B


7483
WNT9A
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
1q42




member 9A


7484
WNT9B
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
17q21




member 9B


7498
XDH
xanthine dehydrogenase
2p23.1


7839
LSL
Leptin, serum levels of
2p21


7855
FZD5
frizzled homolog 5 (Drosophila)
2q33-q34


7976
FZD3
frizzled homolog 3 (Drosophila)
8p21


8061
FOSL1
FOS-like antigen 1
11q13


8200
GDF5
growth differentiation factor 5
20q11.2


8215
DVL1L1
dishevelled, dsh homolog 1 (Drosophila)-like 1
22q11.21


8309
ACOX2
acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 2, branched chain
3p14.3


8310
ACOX3
acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 3, pristanoyl
4p15.3


8312
AXIN1
axin 1
16p13.3


8313
AXIN2
axin 2
17q23-q24


8321
FZD1
frizzled homolog 1 (Drosophila)
7q21


8322
FZD4
frizzled homolog 4 (Drosophila)
11q14.2


8323
FZD6
frizzled homolog 6 (Drosophila)
8q22.3-q23.1


8324
FZD7
frizzled homolog 7 (Drosophila)
2q33


8325
FZD8
frizzled homolog 8 (Drosophila)
10p11.21


8326
FZD9
frizzled homolog 9 (Drosophila)
7q11.23


8425
LTBP4
latent transforming growth factor beta binding
19q13.1-q13.2




protein 4


8454
CUL1
cullin 1
7q36.1


8509
NDST2
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan
10q22




glucosaminyl) 2


8515
ITGA10
integrin, alpha 10
1q21


8516
ITGA8
integrin, alpha 8
10p13


8534
CHST1
carbohydrate (keratan sulfate Gal-6)
11p11.2-p11.1




sulfotransferase 1


8607
RUVBL1
RuvB-like 1 (E. coli)
3q21


8646
CHRD
chordin
3q27


8649
MAPKSP1
MAPK scaffold protein 1
4q23


8702
B4GALT4
UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4-
3q13.3




galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4


8703
B4GALT3
UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4-
1q21-q23




galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 3


8704
B4GALT2
UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4-
1p34-p33




galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 2


8759
ADAM1
ADAM metallopeptidase domain 1 (pseudogene)
12q24.13


8785
MATN4
matrilin 4
20q13.1-q13.2


8945
BTRC
beta-transducin repeat containing
10q24.32


9241
NOG
noggin
17q21-q22


9348
NDST3
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan
4q26




glucosaminyl) 3


9350
CER1
cerberus 1, cysteine knot superfamily, homolog
9p23-p22




(Xenopus laevis)


9370
ADIPOQ
adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing
3q27


9372
ZFYVE9
zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 9
1p32.3


9394
HS6ST1
heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1
2q21


9415
FADS2
fatty acid desaturase 2
11q12-q13.1


9435
CHST2
carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine-6-O)
3q24




sulfotransferase 2


9469
CHST3
carbohydrate (chondroitin 6) sulfotransferase 3
10q22.1


9475
ROCK2
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein
2p24




kinase 2


9653
HS2ST1
heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1
1p31.1-p22.1


9672
SDC3
syndecan 3
1pter-p22.3


9765
ZFYVE16
zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 16
5q14


9899
SV2B
synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B
15q26.1


9900
SV2A
synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A
1q21.2


9953
HS3ST3B1
heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-
17p12-p11.2




Osulfotransferase 3B1


9955
HS3ST3A1
heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-
17p12-p11.2




Osulfotransferase 3A1


9956
HS3ST2
heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-
16p12




Osulfotransferase 2


9957
HS3ST1
heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-
4p16




Osulfotransferase 1


9978
RBX1
ring-box 1
22q13.2


10023
FRAT1
frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell
10q24.1




lymphomas


10062
NR1H3
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3
11p11.2


10090
UST
uronyl-2-sulfotransferase
6q25.1


10135
NAMPT
nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
7q22.2


10164
CHST4
carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O)
16q22.3




sulfotransferase 4


10297
APC2
adenomatosis polyposis coli 2
19p13.3


10319
LAMC3
laminin, gamma 3
9q31-q34


10468
FST
follistatin
5q11.2


10580
SORBS1
sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1
10q23.3-q24.1


10637
LEFTY1
left-right determination factor 1
1q42.1


10678
B3GNT2
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-
2p15




Nacetylglucosaminyltransferase 2


10725
NFAT5
nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5,
16q22.1




tonicityresponsive


10998
SLC27A5
solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter),
19q13.43




member 5


10999
SLC27A4
solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter),
9q34.11




member 4


11001
SLC27A2
solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter),
15q21.2




member 2


11041
B3GNT1
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-
11q13.1




Nacetylglucosaminyltransferase 1


11197
WIF1
WNT inhibitory factor 1
12q14.3


11211
FZD10
frizzled homolog 10 (Drosophila)
12q24.33


11285
B4GALT7
xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase,
5q35.2-q35.3




polypeptide 7 (galactosyltransferase I)


22798
LAMB4
laminin, beta 4
7q22-q31.2


22801
ITGA11
integrin, alpha 11
15q23


22856
CHSY1
chondroitin sulfate synthase 1
15q26.3


22927
HABP4
hyaluronan binding protein 4
9q22.3-q31


22943
DKK1
dickkopf homolog 1 (Xenopus laevis)
10q11.2


22987
SV2C
synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C
5q13.3


23002
DAAM1
dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 1
14q23.1


23236
PLCB1
phospholipase C, beta 1
20p12




(phosphoinositidespecific)


23291
FBXW11
F-box and WD repeat domain containing 11
5q35.1


23305
ACSL6
acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6
5q31


23401
FRAT2
frequently rearranged in advanced T-cell
10q24.1




lymphomas 2


23500
DAAM2
dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 2
6p21.2


26035
GLCE
glucuronic acid epimerase
15q23


26229
B3GAT3
beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3
11q12.3




(glucuronosyltransferase I)


27087
B3GAT1
beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1
11q25




(glucuronosyltransferase P)


27101
CACYBP
calcyclin binding protein
1q24-q25


27121
DKK4
dickkopf homolog 4 (Xenopus laevis)
8p11.2-p11.1


27123
DKK2
dickkopf homolog 2 (Xenopus laevis)
4q25


28965
SLC27A6
solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter),
5q23.3




member 6


29940
DSE
dermatan sulfate epimerase
6q22


50509
COL5A3
collagen, type V, alpha 3
19p13.2


50515
CHST11
carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 11
12q


51129
ANGPTL4
angiopoietin-like 4
19p13.3


51176
LEF1
lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1
4q23-q25


51206
GP6
glycoprotein VI (platelet)
19q13.4


51384
WNT16
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
7q31




member 16


51701
NLK
nemo-like kinase
17q11.2


51703
ACSL5
acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5
10q25.1-q25.2


54361
WNT4
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
1p36.23-p35.1




member 4


55454
CSGALNACT2
chondroitin sulfate
10q11.21




Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2


55501
CHST12
carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 12
7p22


55790
CSGALNACT1
chondroitin sulfate
8p21.3




Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1


56548
CHST7
carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine 6-O)
Xp11.23




sulfotransferase 7


56729
RETN
resistin
19p13.2


56998
CTNNBIP1
catenin, beta interacting protein 1
1p36.22


57154
SMURF1
SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
7q22.1


57216
VANGL2
vang-like 2 (van gogh, Drosophila)
1q22-q23


57680
CHD8
chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8
14q11.2


58496
LY6G5B
lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus G5B
6p21.3


59343
SENP2
SUMO1/sentrin/SMT3 specific peptidase 2
3q27.2


63923
TNN
tenascin N
1q23-q24


64131
XYLT1
xylosyltransferase I
16p12.3


64132
XYLT2
xylosyltransferase II
17q21.3-q22


64321
SOX17
SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 17
8q11.23


64579
NDST4
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan
4q25-q26




glucosaminyl) 4


64750
SMURF2
SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2
17q22-q23


64840
PORCN
porcupine homolog (Drosophila)
Xp11.23


79586
CHPF
chondroitin polymerizing factor
2q35


79718
TBL1XR1
transducin (beta)-like 1 X-linked receptor 1
3q26.32


79966
SCD5
stearoyl-CoA desaturase 5
4q21.22


80070
ADAMTS20
ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin
12q12




type 1 motif, 20


80319
CXXC4
CXXC finger 4
4q22-q24


80326
WNT10A
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
2q35




member 10A


81029
WNT5B
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
12p13.3




member 5B


81839
VANGL1
vang-like 1 (van gogh, Drosophila)
1p11-p13.1


83439
TCF7L1
transcription factor 7-like 1 (T-cell specific,
2p11.2




HMG-box)


83729
INHBE
inhibin, beta E
12q13.3


85407
NKD1
naked cuticle homolog 1 (Drosophila)
16q12


85409
NKD2
naked cuticle homolog 2 (Drosophila)
5p15.3


89780
WNT3A
wingless-type MMTV integration site family,
1q42




member 3A


90161
HS6ST2
heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2
Xq26.2


90665
TBL1Y
transducin (beta)-like 1Y-linked
Yp11.2


93010
B3GNT7
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-
2q37.1




Nacetylglucosaminyltransferase 7


113189
CHST14
carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-0)
15q15.1




sulfotransferase 14


116519
APOA5
apolipoprotein A-V
11q23


122011
CSNK1A1L
casein kinase 1, alpha 1-like
13q13.3


126129
CPT1C
carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C
19q13.33


126792
B3GALT6
UDP-Gal:betaGal beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase
1p36.33




polypeptide 6


130399
ACVR1C
activin A receptor, type IC
2q24.1


135152
B3GAT2
beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 2
6q13




(glucuronosyltransferase S)


144165
PRICKLE1
prickle homolog 1 (Drosophila)
12q12


151449
GDF7
growth differentiation factor 7
2p24.1


166012
CHST13
carbohydrate (chondroitin 4) sulfotransferase 13
3q21.3


166336
PRICKLE2
prickle homolog 2 (Drosophila)
3p14.1


222537
HS3ST5
heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-
6q22.31




Osulfotransferase 5


266722
HS6ST3
heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 3
13q32.1


283106
CSNK2A1P
casein kinase 2, alpha 1 polypeptide pseudogene
11p15.3


284217
LAMA1
laminin, alpha 1
18p11.31


284541
CYP4A22
cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily A,
1p33




polypeptide 22


337876
CHSY3
chondroitin sulfate synthase 3
5q23.3


353500
BMP8A
bone morphogenetic protein 8a
1p34.2


375790
AGRN
agrin
1p36.33


376497
SLC27A1
solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter),
19p13.11




member 1


392255
GDF6
growth differentiation factor 6
8q22.1


642956
FABP5L9
fatty acid binding protein 5-like 9
15q25.3


728641
FABP5L7
fatty acid binding protein 5-like 7
11q12.1


728729
FABP5L8
fatty acid binding protein 5-like 8
15q25.2


729163
FABP5L2
fatty acid binding protein 5-like 2
13q14.3









Human Primary Cells
Human dermal fibroblasts or human subcutaneous preadipocytes in the form of in vitro cell culture systems are used as biological test systems. Both cell types are commercially available (the company Lifeline or the company CellApplications).
Human dermal fibroblasts are as a rule obtained from the dermis of neonatal donors (phimoses) or from the skin of adult donors. They are always noninfectious donor materials, which were isolated by the respective supplier from the in vivo tissue dressing and were expanded singly in a corresponding cell culture medium. Cryopreserved human dermal fibroblasts can, after seeding in suitable cell culture media, go through up to 16 doubling cycles without impairment of their typical physiology and morphology. Human dermal fibroblasts occur in all connective tissue structures and are a well-characterized in vitro test system. They release extracellular matrix proteins in vitro and are suitable in in vitro research in particular also for investigating fibroblast growth, investigation of the differentiation of fibroblasts and also in particular for investigating collagen metabolism in the context of wound healing. It has been shown in various ways that human dermal fibroblasts are suitable for the population of in vitro reconstituted, three-dimensional dermis equivalents and in vitro reconstituted human skin models.
Human preadipocytes (HPAd) are usually obtained from human fat tissue of noninfectious donors. Whereas human adipocytes are not suitable for cryopreservation and therefore also not for possible reseeding after extraction of the cells from the donor tissue, after corresponding extraction, human preadipocytes can be cryopreserved very well and can undergo in vitro cultivation. However, they cannot be passaged more often than twice. After that, they differentiate into human adipocytes. Human preadipocytes are characterized by a morphology that closely resembles the morphology of human dermal fibroblasts. Human adipocytes that were obtained by in vitro differentiation from human preadipocytes can be used as an in vitro test system for investigating insulin-stimulated glucose transport, for characterizing hormone-controlled lipolysis and for investigating gene expression in fat tissues. The HPAd/HAd system is an extremely well characterized in vitro test system for investigating the causes of adiposity and type II diabetes.
Contacting the Human Cells with Yeast Extract
Human prim. fibroblasts were expanded in medium 199 (Souto L R, Rehder J, Vassallo J, Cintra M L, Kraemer M H, Puzzi M B (2006) Sao Paulo Med J. 124(2), 71-6. Model for human skin reconstructed in vitro composed of associated dermis and epidermis; E. Pinney, K. Liu, B. Sheeman and J. Mansbridge (2001): Human three-dimensional fibroblast cultures express angiogenic activity. J Cell Physiol 183, 74-82) up to 75% subconfluence with 10% FCS (fetal calf serum) and 2% penicillin (Pen)/streptomycin (Strep). After cell harvesting, the cells were integrated into the extracellular collagen matrix (ECM) and were cultured in the presence of M199 medium with 5% FCS and 2% Pen/Strep. Exposure with the active substance (yeast extract) took place 4-5 days after seeding the cells in the ECM for a period of 24-48 h. Cell viability was monitored during cultivation using the standard MTT test (Mosmann, Tim “Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays”. Journal of Immunological Methods 65 (1-2): 55-63). Normal cell culture conditions (5% CO2; 37° C., max. humidity) were selected.
Human preadipocytes were expanded in normal cell culture conditions and using a special growth medium (supplier: Cell Applications) up to 60-75% subconfluence. Differentiation of the cells to adipocytes was inhibited. After harvesting the cells and reseeding in 6-well plates (>10 000 cells/cm2), the cells were cultured for 24-48 h in the presence of the growth medium and were then differentiated using a special differentiation medium (supplier: Cell Applications). Differentiation took place for a period of 10-14 days in the presence of the yeast extract (“repeated dose” continuously every 5-7 days).
The cells in co-culture were in each case expanded as described above. 48 h after integration of the fibroblasts into the ECM (as described above), the hum. preadipocytes were applied on the collagen matrix. The whole construct was cultured in normal cell culture conditions and using the (pre)adipocyte growth medium for a further 48 h. Then differentiation of the preadipocytes took place in the presence of the active substance using the differentiation medium. The cell viability of both cell types was once again monitored with the standard MTT test. Release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined quantitatively to assess the integrity of the cell membranes.
Human epidermal keratinocytes were expanded in Medium 154 from Cascade Biologics (Invitrogen Company). After reaching 70-80% subconfluence, the cells were harvested and were submerged-cultured in the presence of the medium described above on a polycarbonate membrane (<0.4 μM pore size) for a period of >48 h. The medium was additionally supplemented with FCS, and a BSA (bovine serum albumin) : fatty acid complex and vitamin E; L-serine and L-carnitine. Then there was shift of the cells to the air/medium boundary layer and transfer to a serum-free differentiation medium with increased Ca2+ ion concentration with addition of vitamin C. The cells were cultured starting from the 7th day up to the 14th day of this airlift culture in the presence of the active substance (“repeated dose” continuously, daily). Normal cell culture conditions were also selected in this case.
Isolation of the RNA from the Fibroblasts
The total RNA is isolated from the fibroblasts using the RNeasy Mini Kit. For the analysis, the frozen fibroblasts are homogenized with a 5 mm steel ball, 300 μL RLT buffer and with 10 μl/mL beta mercaptoethanol in the Tissuelyser for 3 min at 16 000 Hz. The samples are centrifuged briefly, to bring down the foam in the Eppendorf cap. After addition of 590 μL RNase-free water and 10 μL protease K, the solution is digested for 10 min at 55° C. in the thermo-shaker. The supernatant of approx. 900 μL is put in a new Eppendorf cap and 450 μL of 96% ethanol is added. 700 μL is withdrawn, transferred to an RNeasy Mini Spin Column and centrifuged at 10 000 rev/min for 15 s at room temperature; the liquid can be discarded. Repeat this step with the liquid that remains. Then 700 μL of buffer RW1 is put in the RNeasy Mini Spin Column and centrifuged at 10 000 rev/min for 15 s at room temperature; the liquid can be discarded. The RNeasy Mini Spin Columns are put on a new tube (2.2 mL), 500 μL buffer RPE is added and centrifuged again for 15 s at 10 000 rev/min; the liquid is discarded. Now 500 μL of buffer RPE is added, and it is centrifuged at 10 000 rev/min at room temperature for 2 min; the liquid is discarded. The RNeasy Mini Spin Columns are put on a new tube (2.2 mL) and centrifuged at room temperature for 1 min at 13 000 rev/min until dry. The RNeasy Mini Spin Columns are put on an Eppendorf cap (1.5 mL) and 30 μL of RNase-free water is put directly on the membrane. Then it is centrifuged at 10 000 rev/min for 1 min. For measurement, 3 μL of RNA solution is investigated on the bioanalyser. The remaining solution is divided up (5 μL portions) and stored in the freezer at −80° C.
Isolation of the RNA from the Adipocytes
The total RNA is isolated from the adipocytes using the RNeasy Mini Kit. For this, the differentiation/exposure medium is removed quantitatively from the adipocytes by decanting. For lysis of the cells and release of the cytosolic RNA, the adipocytes are incubated in the 6-well cell culture plates for a period of 2 min at RT in the presence of a buffer containing guanidinium hydrochloride (V=600 μL; Qiagen buffer RLT). For complete disruption of the cells, the cell suspension is sheared by means of a 1 mL disposable syringe and a disposable injection cannula (0.60×30 mm; 23 G×11⁄4). The cell-free extract is transferred quantitatively to a 2-mL reaction vessel. The total RNA is precipitated by adding one volume of ethanol (70%). Then 700 μL of the precipitated lysate is transferred to an RNeasy Mini Column and centrifuged at >8000×g for 15 s. The total RNA binds to the column material. The flow-through is discarded. The same procedure is followed with the remaining volume of the lysate. Then 700 μL of a washing buffer (Qiagen buffer RW1) is added and it is centrifuged at ≧8000×g for 15 s. Once again, the flow-through is discarded. Then the columns are washed twice with 500 μL of an ethanol-containing buffer (Qiagen buffer RPE). The first washing operation takes place by centrifugation for a period of 15 s at ≧8000×g (the flow-through is discarded) and the second washing operation takes place for a period of 2 min at >8000×g (the flow-through is again discarded). For complete drying of the column material, the extraction columns are transferred to new collecting vessels and centrifuged for a period of 1 min at 8000×g. The extraction columns are then transferred to 1.5-mL reaction vessels and the total RNA bound to the columns is rehydrated by adding 50 μL water (RNase-free). Final elution of the total RNA then takes place by another centrifugation step (1 min at >8000 x g). For measurement, 90 μL water is added to 10 μL RNA solution and the absorption is measured at a wavelength of 260 nm. An absorption (A260) of 1.00 corresponds to a concentration of 50 μg/mL of double-stranded DNA, 33 μg/mL of short, single-stranded DNA or 40 μg/mL RNA. The remaining 40 μL of solution is divided up (10 μL portions) and stored in the freezer at −80° C.
Chip Technology
The isolated mRNA is investigated by biochip. For this biochip, 500 biomarkers (see Table 1) were selected and their specific pathway was investigated. The biochip was developed by the company Febit Biomed GmbH in Heidelberg. Five different samples were produced for each biomarker and six technical replicas for each sample, so that there are 30 replicas for each biomarker. The Geniom biochip was synthesized with the Geniom One Instrument using the standard kit for oligonucleotide syntheses. The light-activated in-situ oligonucleotide synthesis is connected with a digital Micromirror unit to the Geniom One Instrument on an activated three-dimensional reaction carrier on a glass-silicon-glass sandwich. The quality of the mRNA is investigated with an Agilent 2100 bioanalyser using the RNA 6000 Nano Kit.
An example of two representative sets with chip data, obtained using the protocol described, is shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b. The data there were obtained by analysis of the markers of human fibroblasts that were treated with extract from Yarrowia cells that had been cultured normally at pH 5.4 (FIG. 2a) or had been exposed to stress at pH 2 (FIG. 2b).
The results of the tests are summarized in Table 2.







TABLE 2







Regulation of dermatologically relevant fibroblast markers after


treatment with extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures,


which had been-stressed by increased temperature, treatment


with hydrogen peroxide or exposure to medium with low pH.












Total





number of




induced or
Number of strongly



Stress
repressed
induced or repressed


Yeast strain
condition
markers
markers (≧2)













Saccharomyces cerevisiae
T
273
1


Saccharomyces cerevisiae
pH
32
14


Saccharomyces cerevisiae
H2O2
292
3









The different expression profiles of the cells treated with the extracts of variously stressed yeasts show that the yeast extracts have different properties and they are therefore different and distinguishable products.
EXAMPLE 3
Comparative Investigation of the Action of Extracts of pH-Stressed Cells of Different Yeast Genera on Human Fibroblasts
The extent to which the cells of different yeast genera are suitable for producing dermatologically especially effective extracts was investigated.
The test conditions corresponded to those stated in example 2 for the production of extracts of pH-stressed cells, apart from the fact that extracts not only from one strain, but from Pichia CBS1991, Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were contacted with human fibroblasts and their effects were compared.







TABLE 3







Regulation of dermatologically relevant fibroblast markers after


treatment with extracts of cultures of different yeast strains, which


had been stressed by exposure to medium with low pH.













Number of induced





or repressed


Yeast strain
pH
Type of regulation
markers













Yarrowia lipolytica
2
Induced
148 




Repressed
65



5.4
Induced
—




Repressed
—


Saccharomyces
2
Induced
31


cerevisiae

Repressed
 1



5.4
Induced
—




Repressed
—


Pichia CBS1991
3
Induced
—




Repressed
—



5.4
Induced
—




Repressed
—









The results summarized in Table 3 show that the pH-stressed yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia have a particularly advantageous effect on the skin, in that in contact with human fibroblasts they regulate a particularly large number of skin markers positively.
EXAMPLE 4
Comparison of the Effect of Different Stress Conditions on Yeast Cells of the Genus Yarrowia with Respect to their Dermatological Efficacy After Processing to Extracts and Application on Human Fibroblasts
After identifying yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia as a biotechnologically and dermatologically especially advantageous source of yeast extracts for skin applications, various stress conditions and combinations thereof were compared, with the following results, in order to find an especially advantageous method of production for these yeast extracts.
The extracts were in each case produced using a water-based and alcohol-based solvent, so as to be able to compare the respective effects.







TABLE 4







Regulation of dermatologically relevant fibroblast markers after


treatment with extracts of Yarrowia cultures, which had been


stressed under various stress conditions and combinations thereof.















Number of




Water (w) or

induced or



Stress
propanediol
Type of
repressed


Test #
condition(s)
(p) lysis
regulation
markers














1
—
w
Induced
22


2

w
Repressed
1


3
—
p
Induced
8


4

p
Repressed
—


5
37° C.
w
Induced
125


6

w
Repressed
119


7
37° C.
p
Induced
2


8

p
Repressed
1


9
pH 2 at 37° C.
w
Induced
30


10

w
Repressed
6


11
pH 2 at 37° C.
p
Induced
1


12

p
Repressed
—


13
pH 2 → 37° C.
w
Induced
110


14

w
Repressed
93


15
pH 2 → 37° C.
p
Induced
4


16

p
Repressed
1


17
37° C. → pH 2
w
Induced
154


18

w
Repressed
118


19
37° C. → pH 2
p
Induced
3


20

p
Repressed
1









The results summarized in Table 4 show, firstly, that lysis of the cells using an aqueous solution is preferable to lysis using an alcoholic solution, as in the first case a much higher number of dermatologically relevant fibroblast markers is induced or repressed in a dermatologically advantageous direction.
Furthermore, it can be seen that the combination of stress factors of exposure to medium with low pH followed by temperature increase brings about the highest positive regulation of dermatologically relevant markers and is therefore preferable to other stress conditions or combinations thereof.

## Claims

1. A method of producing a dermatologically active yeast extract, said method comprising:
providing a preculture of yeast cells selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Saccharomyces, and Pichia yeast cells;
subjecting the preculture of yeast cells to an initial culturing step, wherein said initial culturing step is performed for at least 1 hour at a temperature of 34-39° C. and at a pH>5;
culturing the yeast cells for at least fifteen minutes and at a pH of 1.8-4;
harvesting the yeast cells; and
lysing the yeast cells, wherein said lysis provides said yeast extract.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said lysing is carried out using a water-based lysis agent.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said culturing step is carried out at a temperature of 34-39° C.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said initial culturing step lasts 3-5 hours.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said culturing step lasts 45-75 minutes.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said initial culturing step and said culturing step are carried out at a temperature of 36-38° C.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said culturing step is carried out at a pH of 1.9-2.2.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said initial culturing step is carried out for 3-5 hours at a temperature of 36-38° C., said culturing step is carried out at a pH of 1.9-2.2, at a temperature of 36-38° C. and for 45-75 minutes and the yeast cells are yeast cells of the genus Yarrowia.