COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judg es Coleman, Frank and Senior Judge Hodges Argued at Salem, Virginia

PATRICK J. MANNIX, S/K/A PATRICK J. MANNIX, SR. OPINION BY v. Record Nos. 27 97-98-3 and JUDGE SAM W. COLEMAN III 2798-98-3 JANUARY 4, 2000
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY Nicholas E. Pers in, Judge Designate Randall B. Campbell for appellant. Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Assistan t Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Patrick J. Mannix was convicted in a jury trial of disorderly conduct, in violation of Code § 18.2-415(A), and obstruction of justice, in violation of Code § 18.2-460. On appeal, Mannix argues (1) the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that a person has a right to resist an unlawful ejection from a public meeting, (2) the trial court erred in limiting his cross-examination regarding the Washington County Board of Supervisors Chairman's knowledge of parliamentary procedures for limiting or terminating a citizen's comments during a public meeting, and (3) the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. For the following reasons, we affirm the convictions.- 2 - I. BACKGROUND The Washington County Board of Supervisors conducted a public hearing to solicit comments from citizens regarding an annexation agreement with the City of Bristol. Patrick J. Mannix requested to speak during the "citizens' comments" portion of the meeting. Mannix took the podium and began questioning the county attorney regarding the legality of the notice and advertising for the meeting. After Mannix posed several argumentative questions, the board's chairman instructed Mannix to confine his remarks to the annexation agreement. Instead of complying with the purpose of the meeting, Mannix became argumentative and accusatory with the chairman. The chairman ruled Mannix "out of order" and directed him to take his seat. After Mannix ignored the chairman's repeated orders to be seated, the chairman instructed two uniformed deputies from the Washington County Sheriff's Department to remove Mannix from the meeting. Mannix was informed that he was not under arrest, but that he was "out of order" and was being ejected from the meeting. Mannix refused to leave, stating repeatedly that if he was not under arrest, he would not leave. The deputies forcibly removed Mannix from the room. The deputies had difficulty restraining Mannix, who was struggling and resisting their attempt to remove him from the room. Mannix was arrested for- 3 - disorderly conduct and obstruction of justice. Both deputies testified that they sustained minor injuries.
II. ANALYSIS A. Jury Instruction Mannix argues that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that if he was being unlawfully ejected from the public meeting, he was entitled to use reasonable force in resisting the unlawful ejection. Mannix's proffered instruction stated, "[i]f you find that the Defendant used reasonable force to resist his unlawful ejection from a public meeting, then you will find the defendant not guilty of the offense of Obstruction of Justice." The trial court refused the instruction, stating that the instruction improperly assumed and informed the jury that the ejection from the meeting was unlawful. Mannix neither objected to the court's explanation nor offered an amended instruction. "A reviewing cour t's responsibi lity in revi ewing jury instructions is 'to see that the law has been clearly stated and that the instructions cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.'" Darnell v. Commonwealth , 6 Va. App. 48 5, 488, 370 S.E.2d 717, 719 (1988) (quoting Swisher v. Swisher , 223 Va. 499, 503, 290 S.E.2d 856, 858 (1982)). The trial court did not err by ruling that the prof fered jury instructio n was an incorrect statement of law becaus e it presupposed that Mannix's ejection- 4 - from the meeting was unlawful. The trial court did not err in refusing to give an instruction th at contained an erroneous statement of the law. See Woodard v. Commonwealth , 19 Va. App. 24, 28-29, 448 S.E.2d 328, 330-31 (1994). Furthermore, "[t]he court is not required to give an instruction sua sponte ." Manetta v. Commonwealth , 231 Va. 123, 127- 28 n.2, 340 S.E.2d 828, 830 n.2 (1986). Although it may be reversible erro r for a tria l court to fail to properly inst ruct the jury on the basic elemen ts of the charged crimin al offense, see Campbell v. Commonwealth , 14 Va. App. 988, 992, 421 S.E.2d 652, 654-55 (1992) ( en banc ), aff'd in part , 246 Va. 174, 431 S. E.2d 648 (1993), the trial court has no duty sua sponte to correct or re-wri te a party' s erroneous instruction wh ich does not address the el ements of th e offense, the burden of proof, or the presumption of innocence. See Whaley v. Commonwealth , 214 Va. 353, 355-56, 200 S.E.2d 556, 558 (1973). B. Evidentiary Issue Mannix next argues that the trial court erred in refusing to permit defense counsel to question the board chairman regarding his familiarity with parliamentary procedures under Robert's Rules of Order to limit or terminate debate on an issue. He argues that the question was relevant because it related to the "legality" of the chairman's conduct, his ruling that Mannix was out of order, and whether Mannix had the right- 5 - to resist ejection. Mannix also argues that the evidence was probative of his "state of mind." "'The admissib ility of evidence is within the broad discretion of th e trial court, and a ruling will not be disturbed on appeal in the ab sence of an abuse of discretion.'" Brown v. Commonwealth , 21 Va. App. 552, 555, 466 S.E.2d 116, 117 (1996) (quoting Crews v. Commonwealth , 18 Va. App. 115, 118, 442 S.E.2d 407, 409 (1994)). "E vidence which te nds to cast an y light upon the subject of the inqu iry is relevant." Cash v. Co mmonwealth , 5 Va. App. 506, 510, 364 S.E.2d 769, 77 1 (1988). "Relevant evidence which has th e tendency to add force and effect to a party's defense is admissible, unle ss excluded by a specific rule or policy cons ideration." Evans v. Commonwealth , 14 Va. App. 118, 122, 415 S.E.2d 85 1, 853-54 (1992). Assuming the chairman failed to adhere to an acceptable or an applicable set of rules of procedure, Mannix was not entitled to be disorderly and to disrupt the meeting from proceeding in an orderly fashion. Thus, the chairman's knowledge of the rules of parliamentary procedure was not relevant to whether Mannix was lawfully ejected from the meeting. Regardless of the board chairman's adherence to acceptable parliamentary procedures, when Mannix insisted on speaking to issues other than those for which the public hearing was called, and in interrogating the county attorney, the board chairman had the right to rule him- 6 - out of order, direct that he be seated, and have him forcibly ejected when he resisted and refused to desist. See City of Madison Joint School Dist. No. 8 v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Comm'n , 429 U.S. 167, 175 n.8 (1976) (recognizing that a governing body may confine a public meeting to a specified subject matter); see also Scroggins v. City of Topeka, Kansas , 2 F.Supp.2d 1362, 1372-73 (D.C. Kan. 1998) (collecting cases). Accordingly, Mannix's forcible ejection from the meeting under the circumstances was not illegal, and the chairman's knowledge of parliamentary procedure could not affect that holding. C. Sufficiency On review of a chal lenge to the sufficie ncy of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, th e prevailing party, and grant to it all reasonable inferences fairly de ducible ther efrom. See Commonwealth v. Jenkins , 255 Va. 516, 521, 499 S.E.2d 263, 265 (1998). We review the evidence that tends to support and uphold the conviction, and we will affirm the conviction unless it is plainly wrong or lacks evidentiary support. See id. at 520, 499 S.E.2d at 265. Intent may be sh own by the circumst ances, including a person's conduct and statements. See Nobles v. Commonwealth , 218 Va. 548, 551, 238 S.E. 2d 808, 810 (1977); Hancock v. Commonwealth , 12 Va. App. 774, 78 2, 407 S.E.2d 301, 306 (1991). "[T]he reasonable inferences to be drawn from proven facts are within the- 7 - province of the tr ier of fact." Fleming v. Commonwealth , 13 Va. App. 349, 353, 412 S. E.2d 180, 183 (1991). A fact finder may generally infe r, moreover, that a person intends his deliberate

acts. See id. 1. Disorderly Conduct Mannix argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for disorderly conduct. He argues, citing Ford v. City of Newport News , 23 Va. App. 137, 474 S.E.2d 848 (1996), that neither his verbal exchanges with the county attorney and the board chairman, no matter how inappropriate, nor his refusal to leave the podium and be seated rise to the level of disorderly conduct. Furthermore, he argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he had the specific intent required under the statute to support the conviction. Section 18.2-415 provides that: 1 [a] person is guilty of disorderly conduct if, with the intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he:

1 Section 18.2-415(B) provides that a person who "[w]illfully . . . disrupts a meeting of the governing body of any political subdivision of this Commonwealth or a division or agency thereof . . ." shall be guilty of disorderly conduct if the disruption "(i) prevents or interferes with the orderly conduct of the meeting . . . ." Although Mannix's conduct appears to fit squarely within this provision, the jury was not instructed on this subsection. Therefore, the applicability of that provision is not before us.- 8 - A. In any . . . public building, . . . or public place engages in conduct having a direct tendency to cause acts of violence by the person or persons at whom, individually, such conduct is directed[.] Mannix's reliance on Ford is misplaced. In Ford , police officers were pa trolling an area known for drug activity and prostitution. The of ficers approached th e defendant, who was pushing a bicycle in a small park. When on e of the officers asked the defendant to approa ch him, the de fendant became "loud, angry, and uncooperat ive." The defend ant used offensiv e language and threw his arms into the air. The defendant was arrested for disorderly conduct. On appeal, we reve rsed the defendant's conviction for disorder ly conduct, finding th at the officer had no reason to believ e the defendant's conduct, no matt er how offensive or rude, would provok e a violent resp onse from th e person or persons at whom the co nduct was di rected. See 23 Va. App. at 144, 474 S.E.2d at 851. Further, we found in Ford no evidence to support a reasonab le belief that the de fendant's conduct would cause a reasonable officer to respond wi th physical force. See id. Rather, the of ficers, who had no reason to suspect him of criminal activity, co uld simply have walk ed away from the defendant when he was unwilling to talk with them and continued their investigative patrol. Here, however, the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth proves that Mannix disregarded the- 9 - board chairman's instructions to refrain from questioning the county attorney and to confine his comments to the annexation agreement. After being warned numerous times, Mannix persisted in the inappropriate questioning. The board chairman declared Mannix out of order and instructed him repeatedly to take his seat. The board chairman could not disregard Mannix's conduct. The fact finder could infer from Mannix's refusal to leave the podium when instructed to do so by the presiding officer that he intended to cause a public inconvenience or annoyance at the hearing. The meeting had been disrupted. The chairman was unable to solicit comments from other citizens while Mannix remained at the podium. In order to proceed with business, the board chairman deemed it necessary to have Mannix forcibly removed from the meeting. The fact finder could infer from these circumstances that Mannix was aware his conduct would cause the presiding officer to respond with physical force. The board chairman declared Mannix out of order, directed the deputies to come forward, and advised Mannix that if he did not take his seat he would be forcibly removed from the premises. Unlike the police officer in Ford , the board chairman could not disregard Mannix's conduct and continue the meeting with Mannix remaining at the podium. He had to be removed. Under these circumstances, the evidence was sufficient to support Mannix's conviction for disorderly conduct.- 10 - 2. Obstruction of Justice Mannix, relying on Brown v. Commonwealth , 27 Va. App. 111, 497 S.E.2d 527 (1998), argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for obstruction of justice because he was legally permitted to use reasonable force to resist the unlawful ejection. By analogy, Mannix argues that if one is permitted to use reasonable force to resist an unlawful arrest, one is also permitted to use reasonable force to resist an unlawful ejection from a public meeting. Assuming, without deciding, that a similar principle to that articulated in Brown applies to an unlawful ejection from a public meeting, Mannix failed to show that he was unlawfully ejected from the meeting. Nothing in the record indicates that the board chairman acted outside of his authority in limiting and subsequently terminating Mannix's comments. Although citizens may be given the privilege to speak during a public meeting, the right to do so is not unlimited. Rather, the chairman of a public meeting has a legitimate interest in conducting the meeting in an orderly and effective manner. Furthermore, the board chairman's knowledge or lack of knowledge of parliamentary procedure was not relevant to whether Mannix's ejection was lawful. Regardless of the chairman's knowledge of parliamentary procedure, the board chairman had the right to have Mannix forcibly removed from the public hearing when he- 11 - refused to address the call of the meeting and refused to be seated after his time elapsed. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction for obstruction of justice. In summary, we find that the trial court did not err in refusing to give Ma nnix's proffered jury instructio n and in limiting his examinat ion of the board chai rman and that the evidence was sufficie nt to support the conviction s. We, therefore, affirm. Affirmed.