REVISED, March 17, 1998

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

_____________________

No. 97-40135

_____________________

MELANIE SATTERFIELD,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

WAL-MART STORES, INC.,

Defendant-Appellant.

_________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Texas

_________________________________________________________________

February 25, 1998

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, GARWOOD, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:

This appeal turns on whether, under the Family and Medical

Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), 29 U.S.C. § 2601, et seq., Melanie

Satterfield, an “at-will” employee of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., gave

adequate notice of her need for leave, because of an unforeseeable

medical problem/condition (pain in side). Wal-Mart appeals a

judgment in favor of Satterfield. We REVERSE and RENDER.

I.

Satterfield was employed by Wal-Mart from late 1992 until mid1995, when Wal-Mart discharged her for excessive unexcused

absences. That October, she filed this action, claiming that WalMart violated the FMLA.
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A jury agreed with Satterfield. It awarded her $5,000 in

actual damages, but refused to assess liquidated damages. 

Post-trial, the district court denied Wal-Mart’s motion for

judgment as a matter of law (Wal-Mart had also so moved at the

close of both Satterfield’s case-in-chief and all the evidence) but

granted it for Satterfield, increasing the actual damages to

approximately $10,000 and awarding liquidated damages of

approximately $11,000. It also awarded attorney’s fees and costs

of approximately $29,000, and ordered Wal-Mart to reinstate

Satterfield.

II.

Wal-Mart maintains that it should have been granted judgment

as a matter of law on three independent bases, claiming that

Satterfield failed to prove: adequate notice for leave under the

Act; the requisite “serious health condition”, as defined by the

Act; and discrimination, because her excessive unexcused absences

are a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for her discharge.

Alternatively, it challenges the sufficiency of the evidence of

damages, the constitutionality of the increase in the actual

damages award, the award of liquidated damages, the reinstatement

order, and the attorney’s fee award. 

Because we conclude that, as a matter of law, Satterfield’s

notice of the need for FMLA leave was inadequate, we do not address

the other issues.
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A.

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 was enacted because

Congress found, inter alia, “inadequate job security for employees

who have serious health conditions that prevent them from working

for temporary periods”. 29 U.S.C. § 2601(a)(4). The purposes of

the Act include “balanc[ing] the demands of the workplace with the

needs of families” and “entitl[ing] employees to take reasonable

leave for medical reasons”. 29 U.S.C. § 2601(b)(1) & (2).

However, the FMLA seeks to accomplish these purposes “in a manner

that accommodates the legitimate interests of employers”. 29

U.S.C. § 2601(b)(3); see also 29 C.F.R. § 825.101(b) (“The

enactment of the FMLA was predicated on two fundamental concerns —

the needs of the American workforce, and the development of highperformance organizations.”).

The Act applies to private-sector employers of 50 or more

employees. 29 U.S.C. § 2611(4). And, an employee is “eligible”

for FMLA leave if she has worked for a covered employer for at

least 1,250 hours during the preceding 12 months. 29 U.S.C. §

2611(2). It is undisputed that Wal-Mart is a covered employer and

Satterfield, an eligible employee.

An eligible employee is entitled to 12 work-weeks of leave in

a 12-month period because of, inter alia, a “serious health

condition” that results in the employee’s inability to perform her

job requirements. 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a). At the conclusion of a

qualified leave period, the employee is entitled to reinstatement

to her former position, or to an equivalent one, with the same
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terms and benefits. 29 U.S.C. § 2614(a). The FMLA makes it

“unlawful for any employer to interfere with, restrain, or deny the

exercise of or the attempt to exercise, any right provided under”

the Act. 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a).

In determining whether an employee’s leave request qualifies

for FMLA protection, the employer must assess whether the request

is based on a “serious health condition”, and, for that purpose,

may request supporting medical documentation. 29 U.S.C. § 2613; 29

C.F.R. § 825.302(c). The Act defines a “serious health condition”

as “an illness, injury, impairment, or physical or mental condition

that involves[:] (A) inpatient care in a hospital, hospice, or

residential medical care facility; or (B) continuing treatment by

a health care provider.” 29 U.S.C. § 2611(11). 

One of the regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Labor

(approximately two months before Satterfield’s discharge) defines

a “serious health condition” as

an illness, injury, impairment, or physical or

mental condition that involves:

(1) Inpatient care (i.e., an overnight

stay) in a hospital, hospice, or residential

medical care facility, including any period of

incapacity (for purposes of this section,

defined to mean inability to work, attend

school or perform other regular daily

activities due to the serious health

condition, treatment therefor, or recovery

therefrom), or any subsequent treatment in

connection with such inpatient care; or 

(2) Continuing treatment by a health

care provider....

29 C.F.R. § 825.114(a) (emphasis in original).
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The regulation goes on to state that “continuing treatment by

a health care provider” includes, in pertinent part:

(i) A period of incapacity (i.e.,

inability to work, attend school or perform

other regular daily activities due to the

serious health condition, treatment therefor,

or recovery therefrom) of more than three

consecutive calendar days, and any subsequent

treatment or period of incapacity relating to

the same condition, that also involves:

(A) Treatment two or more times by a

health care provider, by a nurse or

physician’s assistant under direct supervision

of a health care provider, or by a provider of

health care services (e.g., physical

therapist) under orders of, or on referral by,

a health care provider; or

(B) Treatment by a health care provider

on at least one occasion which results in a

regimen of continuing treatment under the

supervision of the health care provider.

29 C.F.R. § 825.114(a)(2)(i) (emphasis in original).

When the need for FMLA leave is foreseeable, an employee must

provide her employer with no less than 30 days advance notice.

(The type notice considered “advance” notice is a subissue here, as

discussed in Part II. C.) If, however, leave is for the birth of

a child or the placement of a child with the employee for adoption

or foster care and must begin in less than 30 days, “the employee

shall provide such notice as is practicable.” 29 U.S.C. §

2612(e)(1)&(2)(B); see also 29 C.F.R. § 825.302.

On the other hand, the Act is silent as to notice requirements

when, as in this case, the need for leave is unforeseeable. But,

the regulations address this question:

(a) When the approximate timing of the

need for leave is not foreseeable, an employee
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should give notice to the employer of the need

for FMLA leave as soon as practicable under

the facts and circumstances of the particular

case. It is expected that an employee will

give notice to the employer within no more

than one or two working days of learning of

the need for leave, except in extraordinary

circumstances where such notice is not

feasible. In the case of a medical emergency

requiring leave because of an employee’s own

serious health condition or to care for a

family member with a serious health condition,

written advance notice pursuant to an

employer’s internal rules and procedures may

not be required when FMLA leave is involved.

(b) The employee should provide notice to

the employer either in person or by telephone,

telegraph, facsimile (“fax”) machine or other

electronic means. Notice may be given by the

employee’s spokesperson (e.g., spouse, adult

family member or other responsible party) if

the employee is unable to do so personally.

The employee need not expressly assert rights

under the FMLA or even mention the FMLA, but

may only state that leave is needed. The

employer will be expected to obtain any

additional required information through

informal means. The employee or spokesperson

will be expected to provide more information

when it can readily be accomplished as a

practical matter, taking into consideration

the exigencies of the situation.

29 C.F.R. § 825.303 (emphasis added).

Our court has considered notice requirements for unforeseeable

leave only once, in Manuel v. Westlake Polymers Corp., 66 F.3d 758

(5th Cir. 1995). In that case, pursuant to the employer’s “no

fault” attendance policy, the employee was warned in February,

July, and September 1992 that her absenteeism could result in

severe disciplinary action, including termination. Id. at 760. At

the end of December 1992, the employee had missed 14 days of work
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in the preceding three months, and was warned again that continued

absenteeism could result in suspension or termination. Id.

In October 1993, the employee received permission from her

supervisor to miss work on a Friday for removal of an ingrown

toenail; her doctor had advised her that she could return to work

the following Monday. Id. Complications developed after the

procedure, and the employee contacted her supervisor on the

following Monday and told him that she could not return to work

because of her toe. Id. Keeping in constant contact with her

employer, she missed work for more than a month. Id. After the

employee returned to work, she was suspended for four days and

issued a final warning for unsatisfactory attendance, which stated

that her employment would be terminated unless she reported to work

as scheduled. Id. Less than two months later, the employee went

home from work after becoming ill. She returned three days later,

but was fired because of her persistent absenteeism, including due

to the toenail removal. Id. 

At the time of discharge, unlike in Satterfield’s case, the

final regulations had not been adopted. The district court granted

summary judgment for the employer, holding that the employee’s

notice of her extended absence due to the toenail was insufficient

to trigger protection under the FMLA because the employee did not

expressly refer to the Act when requesting leave. Id. at 761.

But, our court held that the district court erred by so

interpreting the FMLA, and remanded for consideration of whether

the employee gave sufficient notice to her employer of the need for
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FMLA leave. In regard to that issue, our court “decline[d] to

announce any categorical rules for the content of the notice by an

employee”, id. at 764, but stated, consistent with the final

regulations, quoted supra, which had been adopted after the

employee’s discharge: 

What is practicable, both in terms of the

timing of the notice and its content, will

depend upon the facts and circumstances of

each individual case. The critical question

is whether the information imparted to the

employer is sufficient to reasonably apprise

it of the employee’s request to take time off

for a serious health condition.

Id. (emphasis added).

In Hopson v. Quitman County Hosp. & Nursing Home, Inc., 126

F.3d 635 (5th Cir. 1997), our court, addressing the notice

requirements for foreseeable — not unforeseeable — leave, including

whether a “change in circumstances” must be medically-related,

stated that, “in a case where the court is asked to apply the

standards of a relatively recent statute to undisputed facts, it is

our opinion that the adequacy of Hopson’s notice is a fact issue.”

Id. at 640 (emphasis added) (citing Manuel).

What constitutes a “change in circumstances,”

whether a plaintiff’s notice is given “as soon

as practicable”, and whether the employee has

made a reasonable effort to schedule her

treatment so as not to disrupt unduly the

operations of the employer requires an inquiry

into the particular facts and circumstances of

each case. Such determinations are questions

of fact and are better left to the jury with

its traditional function of assessing human

behavior and expectations.

Id. (emphasis added).
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Concerning the adequacy of notice of a need for foreseeable

FMLA leave, this passage could be read to foreclose judgment as a

matter of law (or summary judgment, for which the standard is, of

course, the same, see FED. R. CIV. P. 50, advisory committee note,

1991 amendment, and 56), and, instead, always require a jury

determination. But, needless to say, for unforeseeable leave, as

in the case at hand, the questions are not totally the same (and

arguably less complex and less subjective). In any event, we do

not read the passage so broadly. 

Obviously, the court meant that, even based on the undisputed

evidence in that case, rational triers of fact could nevertheless

differ on whether the advance notice was adequate. Cf. Little v.

Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075-76 n.14 (5th Cir. 1994) (en

banc) (noting that dicta that summary judgment is generally not

appropriate in certain types of cases “is essentially empty chatter

... inasmuch as we have never reversed a district court’s entry of

summary judgment solely because it involved a particular class of

allegations”, and rejecting “any suggestion that the

appropriateness of summary judgment can be determined by such case

classification”). In this regard, and as discussed infra, other

circuits have granted summary judgment for the employer on the

question of adequacy of notice for unforeseeable FMLA leave.

Moreover, although it apparently was not an issue in Manuel, which

also involved an appeal from a summary judgment, we note,

nevertheless, that our court gave no indication that summary
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judgment was not an available means for resolving FMLA-notice

questions.

Accordingly, to determine whether the district court erred by

denying judgment as a matter of law on the notice-adequacy, we must

view the evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to

Satterfield and determine whether a rational juror could conclude,

pursuant to the test established by Manuel, 66 F.3d at 764, that

the information Satterfield gave Wal-Mart was “sufficient to

reasonably apprise it of [Satterfield’s] request to take time off

for a serious health condition.” See FED. R. CIV. P. 50; Boeing Co.

v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365, 374-75 (5th Cir. 1969) (en banc),

overruled on other grounds, Gautreaux v. Scurlock Marine, Inc., 107

F.3d 331 (5th Cir. 1997) (en banc); see also Bellows v. Amoco Oil

Co., 118 F.3d 268, 273 (5th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___,

118 S. Ct. 739 (1998).

B.

It goes without saying that the FMLA makes incredible inroads

on an at-will employment relationship, such as Satterfield’s with

Wal-Mart. For example, as stated in the earlier-quoted pertinent

regulation, “[i]n a case of a medical emergency requiring leave

because of an employee’s own serious health condition ... written

advance notice pursuant to an employer’s internal rules and

procedures may not be required when FMLA leave is involved.” 29

C.F.R. § 825.303(a) (emphasis added). This notwithstanding,

Satterfield’s employment history and her knowledge, as well as

utilization, of Wal-Mart’s rules and procedures concerning leave
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and absenteeism provide a backdrop for determining whether she gave

sufficient FMLA-notice.

At the commencement of her employment with Wal-Mart in

December 1992, Satterfield received an Associate’s Handbook and

Associate’s Benefit Book. She also signed an acknowledgment,

stating that she had received a copy of Wal-Mart’s policies and

procedures and understood that her employment was “on an ‘at-will’

basis” and that Wal-Mart had the right to “terminate the employment

relationship with or without good cause and without prior notice”.

The Benefit Book explains how employees can maintain insurance

benefits following termination. It also describes the procedures

applicable to the different types of leaves of absence available,

including medical leave. It states that, if an employee has

advance notice that leave will be required, she should submit a

Request for Leave at least 30 days prior to the day leave is to

begin “or as soon as practical after the associate learns of the

need for leave”; and that, for unexpected leave, employees “are

required to notify their supervisor as soon as practical but not

later than three days after the commencement of the leave”.

Even though these procedures pre-dated the FMLA, they are,

most interestingly, quite similar to the FMLA and implementing

regulations. In fact, it may well be that Wal-Mart was trying to

track the FMLA, then in the works, but not signed into law until

early 1993. A version of the FMLA was passed in 1990, H.R. 770,

101st Cong., 1st Sess. (1989), but was vetoed by President Bush on

29 June 1990. S. REP. NO. 68, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. 67-68 (1991).
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The House of Representatives failed to override the veto on 25 July

1990. H.R. REP. NO. 135, 102d Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 1, at 18

(1991). Another version was passed in 1992, S. 5, 102d Cong., 1st

Sess. (1991); H.R. 2, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. (1991). It was also

vetoed by President Bush. A&P S. DOC. 102-26 (22 Sept. 1992). The

Senate overrode the veto, 138 CONG. REC. S14841-03 (24 Sept. 1992),

but the House did not, 138 CONG. REC. H9930-03 (30 Sept. 1992). In

short, the FMLA did not become law until approximately three months

after Satterfield began working for Wal-Mart.

Satterfield’s personnel file confirms that she was quite

familiar with Wal-Mart’s policies for leaves of absence. In

February 1993, pursuant to Wal-Mart’s leave request policy, she

requested, and received, medical leave when she had her gallbladder

removed; and, in August 1994, she requested, and received, a leave

of absence from 22 August through 5 September, in order to locate

a new babysitter for her son. 

Satterfield’s attendance record, included in her personnel

file, contains the notation “NS” (“no show”) for 28 and 29 May and

3 June, 1995. It is undisputed that these absences were unrelated

to the alleged “serious health condition” at issue. 

On Friday, 16 June, Satterfield did not report for scheduled

work. She testified that, when she awoke that morning, she was

having a lot of pain in her right side, which worsened after she

remained standing for a long time; that she did not know the cause

or probable duration of the pain; and that, because her job as a

cashier required her to stand, she did not think she was going to
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be able to work that day. Lacking a telephone, she asked her

mother to deliver a note to Wal-Mart management. According to

Satterfield, the note stated that she “was having a lot of pain and

... wouldn’t make it in to work that day, and could [she] make up

that day on one of [her] days off”. (On cross-examination,

Satterfield testified that the note also specified that the pain

was in her “side”.) In addition, the note stated that her mother

could pick up Satterfield’s paycheck.

Satterfield’s mother, Jean Grimes, who read the note,

testified that it stated “that [Satterfield] was sick and that

could I please pick up her check and that could she make up her

hours whenever -- on her scheduled off days”. Grimes also

testified that she told the store manager, Mark Neighbors, on 16

June that Satterfield was sick, but that she did not know “what was

wrong with that girl” because, “[i]f somebody is having pain in

that particular area of the body, if it’s not appendicitis, then I

have no idea what it is”; however, she could not recall whether

Neighbors said anything to her during that conversation that

indicated he thought Satterfield was sick that day.

Satterfield testified further that, later that day (16 June),

she was still having “some pain” and thought she needed to see a

doctor; and that, later that afternoon, just before her doctor’s

office closed, she drove to a convenience store a few blocks from

her home and telephoned for an appointment, but the doctor was

unable to see her until the following Tuesday, 20 June. 
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On direct examination, Satterfield testified that she did not

recall whether she was scheduled to work on 17-19 June, but that

she was not able to work on any of those days because she was

“having a lot of pain”. On cross-examination, upon being shown the

17-20 June work schedule, Satterfield acknowledged that she was

scheduled to work each of those days. She also admitted that, by

the afternoon of 16 June, when she scheduled her doctor’s

appointment, she recognized the possibility that she was not going

to be able to work 17-20 June. 

Nevertheless, Satterfield testified that, after scheduling

that appointment, she did not telephone Wal-Mart from the

convenience store on 16 June to notify her supervisor of the status

of her condition, or the scheduled appointment, or that she might

be out for another four days; in fact, she did not contact Wal-Mart

until 28 June. But, she testified that her mother informed WalMart every day that she would miss work. At odds with this motheradvised-every-day testimony is the mother’s (Grimes’) testimony

that Neighbors informed her on 16 June that he had decided to fire

Satterfield, but that she did not so advise Satterfield.

Satterfield saw her physician on 20 June; he prescribed

antibiotics and pain pills. According to Satterfield, her

physician also then gave her a written medical excuse, and her

mother took it to Wal-Mart; her mother also testified that she

delivered a medical excuse to Wal-Mart for Satterfield on 20 June.

However, Satterfield’s personnel file does not contain a medical

excuse dated 20 June. And, on cross-examination, Satterfield
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admitted that, after seeing her doctor, she once again did not

contact Wal-Mart.

Satterfield next saw her doctor at the emergency room late on

27 June; she testified that, at that time, he told her that she

would need surgery. However, neither the doctor’s, nor emergency

room’s, records contain any notations on that date about surgery.

Satterfield testified that the doctor gave her a medical

excuse, which her mother took to Wal-Mart. The doctor’s excuse,

which was introduced into evidence, is dated 28 June 1995, and

states that Satterfield had been under the doctor’s care “from 6-

20-95 [four days after Wal-Mart’s decision to discharge her] to

date”, and “is able to return to work on: indefinite”.

Following the 27 June emergency room treatment, Satterfield

testified that, on 28 June, she went to the hospital for surgery,

but was then informed that her health insurance had been canceled.

Because she could not pay for the surgery, it was not then

performed. That same day, after becoming aware of the insurance

cancellation, Satterfield contacted Wal-Mart’s store manager,

Neighbors, about her condition and the status of her insurance, and

learned that she had been fired.

Several weeks later, in August 1995, Satterfield wrote a

letter to Wal-Mart’s district manager, Terry Farr, stating that she

had spoken with an attorney, who said she should have been covered

by the FMLA, and that she was fired for being sick. Satterfield

testified that she did not receive a response from Wal-Mart. 
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Satterfield was treated at the emergency room again on 4 and

10 July and 16 September 1995, and 18 February 1996. But, she did

not revisit her doctor in his office until 1 April 1996. On 3

April, after qualifying for Medicaid, she had surgery. She

testified that the pain did not bother her after the surgery.

(Satterfield’s physician did not testify at trial.) In May 1996,

she began working part-time for Dairy Queen.

Neighbors, the Wal-Mart store manager, testified that, on 16

June (Friday), Satterfield’s mother, who was employed at the same

Wal-Mart store, delivered a note to him from Satterfield, which

only stated: “Please allow my mother to pick up my check”. He

testified that, upon receipt of the note, he asked Grimes, “Where

is Melanie? Why isn’t she coming to work?”; and that Grimes

responded, “I don’t know what’s wrong with that girl”. Neighbors,

however, did not keep the note. 

Neighbors testified further that, because Satterfield’s 16

June absence was her fourth failure to report for work in three

weeks, he decided to discharge her, in accordance with Wal-Mart’s

policy, which allows termination for excessive absences. He

testified that, in making that decision, he took into account the

unexcused absences on 28 and 29 May and 3 June; and that he would

not have terminated Satterfield only for missing work on 16 June.

Wal-Mart’s records reflect that Satterfield’s employment was

officially terminated on Monday, 19 June. Satterfield’s exit

interview form, signed by Neighbors, states in the “Explanation of
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Termination” section: “Unreported Absence - didn’t call in or show

5/28/95, 5/29/95, 6/3/95, 6/16/95".

In addition, Neighbors testified that he told Satterfield’s

mother on 19 June (as stated, Grimes testified that this

conversation occurred instead on 16 June) that he had decided to

discharge Satterfield because of her excessive unexcused absences;

according to Neighbors, Grimes did not tell him that Satterfield’s

absence was the result of illness.

Resolving the factual variances in favor of Satterfield, as we

must, the evidence establishes that the only information

Satterfield imparted to Wal-Mart prior to its discharge decision

was a note delivered to Wal-Mart by her mother on 16 June, advising

that she was “was having a lot of pain in her side”, and would not

be able to work that day, but would like to make it up on one of

her days off; and her mother’s statement to Neighbors that

Satterfield was “sick”. As hereinafter discussed, we conclude

that, pursuant to the Manuel test, 66 F. 3d at 764, no rational

trier of fact could conclude that this was “sufficient to

reasonably apprise [Wal-Mart] of [Satterfield’s] request to take

time off for a serious health condition” within the meaning of the

FMLA. 

“While an employer’s duty to inquire may be predicated on

statements made by the employee, the employer is not required to be

clairvoyant.” Johnson v. Primerica, 1996 WL 34148, at *5 (S.D.N.Y.

1996). Although Satterfield was able to telephone her doctor’s

office on the afternoon of 16 June and schedule an appointment, she
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made no attempt to then contact Wal-Mart to advise of both the

status of her condition and that appointment for the following

Tuesday, 20 June. Indeed, she did not contact Wal-Mart until 28

June.

The 28 June doctor’s excuse Satterfield provided Wal-Mart

stated that she had been under the doctor’s care since 20 June,

after Wal-Mart had discharged her, and that it was indefinite as to

when she could return to work; but, it did not state that the

condition for which she was being treated necessitated her absence

from work on 16 June. As explained, Satterfield and her mother

testified that they also provided Wal-Mart an excuse dated 20 June.

But, there is no evidence regarding its contents. 

Obviously, “[w]hat is practicable, both in terms of the timing

of the notice and its content, will depend upon the facts and

circumstances of each individual case.” Manuel, 66 F.3d at 764

(emphasis added); see 29 C.F.R. § 825.303. Other very relevant

facts and circumstances at hand include: (1) Satterfield knew how

to obtain similar leave from Wal-Mart, because she had requested,

and received, leave pursuant to its policies in 1993 and 1994; and

(2) in the three weeks preceding 16 June 1995, she had three

unexcused absences. 

Considering all of these facts and circumstances, no rational

trier of fact could conclude that the meager information

Satterfield imparted to Wal-Mart on 16 June was sufficient to

require Wal-Mart to seek additional information about her

condition, and whether it qualified for FMLA protection. See Cehrs
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v. Northeast Ohio Alzheimer Research Center, 959 F. Supp. 441, 449

n.9 (N.D. Ohio 1997) (“While notice to the employer may be informal

and need not invoke the FMLA by name, the employer, at a minimum,

must receive information sufficient to make it evident that the

leave requested is qualifying leave under the FMLA.”); Reich v.

Midwest Plastic Engineering, Inc., 1995 WL 514851, at *3 (W.D.

Mich. 1995) (“at a minimum, an employee must inform her employer of

her condition with sufficient detail to make it evident that the

requested leave is protected as FMLA-qualifying leave”).

It is well to remember that the FMLA is designed only to

protect employees when there is a “serious health condition”, and

only in a manner that “accommodates the legitimate interests of

employers”. 29 U.S.C. § 2601(a)(4), (b)(3). Requiring an employer

to undertake to investigate whether FMLA-leave is appropriate each

time an employee, who has been absent without excuse three times in

the preceding three weeks, informs the employer that she will not

be at work “that day” because she is “having a lot of pain in her

side” or is “sick”, is quite inconsistent with the purposes of the

FMLA, because it is not necessary for the protection of employees

who suffer from “serious health conditions”, and would be unduly

burdensome for employers, to say the least. See Price v. City of

Fort Wayne, 117 F.3d 1022, 1023 (7th Cir. 1997) (“The goal [of the

FMLA] was not to supplant employer-established sick leave and

personal leave policies, but to provide leave for more uncommon

and, presumably, time-consuming events such as having or adopting
- 20 -

a child or suffering from what is termed a ‘serious health

condition’.”).

The same is true of the information provided after 16 June.

It was either too little, or too late, or both. No rational trier

of fact could conclude otherwise.

Even though each case obviously turns on its own particular

facts and circumstances, we find it instructive, nevertheless, to

consider other decisions regarding the adequacy of notice for

unforeseeable leave. In Carter v. Ford Motor Co., 121 F.3d 1146

(8th Cir. 1997), the court affirmed a summary judgment for the

employer, Ford. (As noted supra, this is an example of the summary

judgment procedure being appropriate, as it must be under the

applicable Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, so long as those Rules

are satisfied, for FMLA notice-adequacy questions.)

On 16 February 1994, the plaintiff’s wife, who was also a Ford

employee, telephoned the labor relations office at the plant and

stated that she was sick and that she and her husband “were going

to be ‘out’ because of family problems”. Id. at 1147. Two days

later, the plaintiff (husband) was diagnosed as suffering from

anxiety and depression, and his doctor concluded that he was

totally disabled. Id. On 21 February, the plaintiff called the

labor relations office and stated that he would be “out sick”. Id.

In response to inquiries, the plaintiff stated that the problem

“was personal” and that “he did not know” when he would return to

work. Id. On 25 February, the plaintiff called the labor

relations office again and stated that he was still sick, but he
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did not request medical leave at that time. Id. That same day,

the plaintiff received a letter “instructing him to report for work

or provide a reason justifying his continued absence within five

days”; the letter also warned that failure to comply would result

in termination. Id.

On 28 February, the plaintiff went to the Ford plant and

requested sick leave; he was given a form for his attending

physician to complete as soon as possible to explain the need for

such leave. Id. Although his physician completed the form on 2

March, the plaintiff did not then return it, allegedly based on the

labor relations representative’s assurance that there was no hurry.

Id. The plaintiff also claimed that his wife telephoned the labor

relations office on 2 March to advise that she would soon deliver

the document completed by her husband’s physician, but that she did

not do so because the representative allegedly told her that her

husband had already been fired. Id. Ford discharged the plaintiff

on 3 March, for failure to provide medical documentation of the

need for leave. Id. at 1148.

As stated, the Eighth Circuit affirmed the summary judgment

for the employer, stating that, even assuming the employee had a

“serious health condition” within the meaning of the FMLA (which

the court considered “doubtful”), the employee did not give Ford

adequate or timely notice of his need to take leave because of such

condition. Id. at 1148-49. The notice given to Wal-Mart by

Satterfield, that she was “having a lot of pain in her side” and

would not be at work on 16 June, is even less informative than
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Carter’s statements to Ford that he was “sick” and did not know

when he would be able to return to work. Moreover, Satterfield had

a history of unexcused absences — three in the three weeks

preceding 16 June. And, again, subsequent notice was either too

little, or too late, or both.

Again, consistent with granting summary judgment for noticeadequacy questions, such judgment for the employer was affirmed by

the Eleventh Circuit in Gay v. Gilman Paper Co., 125 F.3d 1432

(11th Cir. 1997). Gay had been warned on five occasions because of

tardiness or absenteeism. Id. at 1433. She worked on 18 June

1994, and was scheduled to return four days later, on 22 June. Id.

However, on 20 June, she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for

treatment for a nervous breakdown. Id. On 22 June, her husband

informed her supervisor by telephone that she was in the hospital

“having some tests run”. Id. In his deposition, Gay’s husband

admitted that he had lied to Gay’s supervisor about her whereabouts

and condition, and had instructed his sons not to give the employer

any information about her condition or location. Id. The

plaintiff did not contact her employer regarding her condition or

her absence from work during the following week. Id. at 1433-34.

On 28 June, she was fired for “extended failure to report off, or

explain absences”. Id. at 1434.

The Eleventh Circuit rejected Gay’s contentions that her

husband’s assertion that she was in the hospital for tests was

sufficient to put her employer on notice that her condition was

potentially FMLA-qualifying and was, therefore, sufficient to shift
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the burden to the employer to make further inquiry as to whether

Gay’s absence qualified for FMLA protection. Id. at 1434-35. 

[N]ot only was there a dearth of information

provided, but the information that was

provided was false. Gay’s husband informed

her supervisor that Gay was having some tests

run on the first day of her absence from work.

When questioned by Gay’s supervisor about his

wife’s condition, Gay’s husband deliberately

withheld information concerning the true

nature of her condition and instructed his

sons to do the same. Under these

circumstances, the burden to request further

information never shifted to [the employer]

because [the employer] could not reasonably be

expected to conclude that Gay’s absence might

have qualified for treatment under the FMLA.

125 F.3d at 1436.

Although Satterfield did not give Wal-Mart false information

about her condition, she withheld: (1) the status of her condition

on the afternoon of 16 June; (2) the fact that she had scheduled a

doctor’s appointment for 20 June; and (3) her expectation that her

condition would not improve prior to that appointment. In the

light of her previous use of Wal-Mart’s leave policy, and her three

unexcused absences during the preceding three weeks, Wal-Mart could

not reasonably be expected to conclude that Satterfield’s absence

on 16 June might have qualified for FMLA protection.

The inadequacy of Satterfield’s notice to Wal-Mart is even

more apparent when compared to that provided by the employee in

Brannon v. OshKosh B’Gosh, Inc., 897 F. Supp. 1028 (M.D. Tenn.

1995). There, the employee informed her employer in advance that

her three-year-old daughter was ill and that she might have to miss

work if her daughter’s condition did not improve; notified her
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supervisor by telephone that her daughter was too sick for her to

come to work each workday that she was at home caring for her

daughter; and submitted a medical note to her employer requesting

that her absences from work be excused on the basis of her

daughter’s illness. 897 F. Supp. at 1032-33. The court concluded

that the employer was sufficiently aware that the plaintiff’s

absence may have qualified under the FMLA and thus was obligated to

inquire as to whether her absences were excusable. Id. at 1039. 

Obviously, Brannon’s advance notice and continuous contact

with her supervisor were far more detailed than the vague

information Satterfield imparted to Wal-Mart. Moreover, unlike

Satterfield, Brannon did not have a history of failing to report

for work without contacting her employer. See also Price v. City

of Fort Wayne, 117 F.3d at 1025 (employee who filled out employerprovided leave request form, indicated that cause was medical need,

and attached doctor’s note requiring her to take the time off

provided sufficient information to put employer on notice of

possible FMLA leave situation).

C.

The FMLA regulations require covered employers to post on

their premises, in conspicuous places, a notice explaining the

provisions of the Act and the procedures for filing complaints of

violations. 29 C.F.R. § 825.300(a). Along that line, 

[a]n employer that willfully violates the

posting requirement may be assessed a civil

money penalty by the Wage and Hour Division

not to exceed $100 for each separate offense.

Furthermore, an employer that fails to post

the required notice cannot take any adverse
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action against an employee, including denying

FMLA leave, for failing to furnish the

employer with advance notice of a need to take

FMLA leave.

29 C.F.R. § 825.300(b) (emphasis added).

As she did in response to Wal-Mart’s motion for judgment as a

matter of law at the close of all the evidence, Satterfield

contends that, because Wal-Mart did not present evidence that it

posted the required notice, it was prohibited from firing her, even

if she failed to give notice of her need for FMLA leave. We

disagree. 

In the first place, nothing in the regulations places the

burden of proving compliance with § 825.300(a) on the employer. In

any event, § 825.300(b) by its own terms, applies only in

situations where the employee is required to provide “advance”

notice of a need for FMLA leave. As discussed supra, such advance

notice is required only when the need for FMLA leave is

foreseeable; it is not required when, as in this case, the need is

unforeseeable. 

On the other hand, as also discussed supra, when the need for

leave is unforeseeable, an employee is not required to give advance

notice. Indeed, on occasion, the employee would not be able to

give notice in advance. The employee can, instead, give notice

after absence from work, provided it is given “as soon as

practicable under the facts and circumstances of the particular

case”. 29 C.F.R. § 825.303(a) (“It is expected that an employee

will give notice to the employer within no more than one or two 
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working days of learning of the need for leave, except in

extraordinary circumstances where such notice is not feasible.”).

Again, case law supports our conclusion. See Gay v. Gilman

Paper Co., 125 F.3d at 1436 n.6 (emphasis added) (rejecting

employee’s contention that, even if notice provided was

insufficient, employer should be estopped from challenging

sufficiency of her notice because it failed to comply with posting

requirements, because those requirements “do not address the notice

required in the case of an employee’s unforeseeable need for FMLA

leave”); see also Reich v. Midwest Plastic Engineering, Inc., 66

Empl. Prac. Dec. ¶ 43,701, 1995 WL 478884, at *7 (W.D. Mich. 1995)

(employer’s alleged failure to post notices “would have been

relevant only if [employee] had been required to provide advance

notice of her intent to take leave”). 

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is REVERSED, and

judgment is RENDERED in favor of Wal-Mart.

REVERSED and RENDERED