Mineral Deposit Models 

. ' ' 

u.s. GEOLOGICA'L 'SURVEY BULLETIN 1693 I 

• 

• 
AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with the last offerings, are given in the current-year 

issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey 

publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" Publications that are 

listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability 

List" are no longer available. 

Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated monthly, 

which is for sale in microfiche from U.S. Geological Survey Book and Open-File Report Sales, Box. 25425, Denver, CO 80225. 

Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. 

BY MAIL 

Books 

Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, 

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies of periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes, 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters), and some miscellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have 

gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are 

obtainable by mail from 

U.S. Geological Survey, Book and Open-File Report Sales 

Box 25425 

Denver, CO 80225 

Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes 

and Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained 

ONLY from 

Superintendent or Documents 

U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, DC 20402 

(Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent 

of Documents.) 

Maps 

For maps , address mail orders to 

U.S. Geological Survey, Map Sales 

Box 25286 

Denver, CO 80225 

Residents of Alaska may order maps from 

U.S. Geological Survey, Map Sales 

101 Twelrth Ave.- Box 12 

Fairbanks, AK 99701 

OVER THE COUNTER 

Books 

Books of the U.S. Geological Survey arc available over 

the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey offices, all 

of which arc authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents. 

ANCHORAGE, Alaska--4230 University Dr., Rm. 101 

ANCHORAGE, Alaska--605 West 4th Ave., Rm G-84 

DENVER, Colorado--Federal Bldg., Rm. 169, 1961 Stout 

St. 

LAKEWOOD, Colorado-- Federal Center, Bldg. 810 

MENLO PARK, California--Bldg. 3, Rm. 3128,345 Middlefield Rd. 

RESTON, Virginia--National Center, Rm. 1C402, 12201 

Sunrise Valley Dr. 

SALT LAKE CITY, Utah--Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105,125 

South State St. 

SAN FRANCISCO, California--Customhouse, Rm. 504, 

555 Battery St. 

SPOKANE, Washington--U.S. Courthouse, Rm. 678, 

West 920 Riverside Ave. 

WASHINGTON, D.C.--U.S. Department of the Interior 

Bldg., Rm. 2650, 1849 C St., NW. 

Maps 

Maps may be purchased over the counter at the U.S. 

Geological Survey offices where books arc sold (all addresses 

in above list) and at the following Geological Survey offices: 

ROLLA, Missouri--1400 Independence Rd. 

FAIRBANKS, Alaska--New Federal Buildmg, 101 

Twelfth Ave. 

• 

• 

• 
Mineral Deposit Models 

DENNIS P. COX and DON.ALD A. SINGER, Editors 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1693 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names 

in this publication is for descriptive purposes only 

and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government 

First printing 1986 

Second printing 1987 

Third printing 1992 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1992 

For sale by 

Book and Open-File Report Sales 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425 

Denver, CO 80225 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Mineral deposit models 

(U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693} 

Bibliography 

1. Ore Deposits. 2. Mines and mineral resources. I. Cox, Dennis P. 

II. Singer, Donald A. Ill. Series. 

QE75.B9 No. 1693 622 s 86-600250 

[TN263] 622'.1] 
PREFACE 

By Paul B. Barton 

Conceptual models that describe the essential 

characteristics of groups of similar deposits have a 

long and useful role in geology. The first models were 

undoubtedly empirical attempts to extend previous 

experiences into future success. An example might be 

the seeking of additional gold nuggets in a stream in 

which one nugget had already been found, and the 

extension of that model to include other streams as 

well. Emphasis within the U.S. Geological Survey on 

the synthesis of mineral deposit models (as contrasted 

with a long line of descriptive and genetic studies of 

specific ore deposits) began with the collation by R. L. 

Erickson ( 1982) of 48 models. The 85 descriptive 

deposit models and 60 grade-tonnage models presented 

here are the culmination of a process that began in 

1983 as part of the USGS-INGEOMINAS Cooperative 

Mineral Resource Assessment of Colombia (Hodges and 

others, 1984). Effective cooperation on this project 

required that U.S. and Colombian geologists agree on a 

classification of mineral deposits, and effective 

resource assessment of such a broad region required 

that grade-tonnage models be created for a large 

number of mineral deposit types. A concise one-page 

format for descriptive models was drawn up by Dennis 

Cox, Donald Singer, and Byron Berger, and Singer 

devised a graphical way of presenting grade and 

tonnage data. Sixty-five descriptive models (Cox, 

1983a and b) and 37 grade-tonnage models (Singer and 

Mosier, 1983a and b) were applied to the Colombian 

project. Because interest in these models ranged far 

beyond the Colombian activity, it was decided to 

enlarge the number of models and to include other 

aspects of mineral deposit modeling. Our colleagues in 

the Geological Survey of Canada have preceded this 

effort by publishing a superb compilation of models of 

deposits important in Canada (Eckstrand, 1984). Not 

surprisingly, our models converge quite well, and in 

several cases we have drawn freely from the Canadian 

publication. 

It is a well-known axiom in industry that any 

excuse for drilling may find ore; that is, successful 

exploration can be carried out even though it is 

founded upon an erroneous model. Examples include 

successful exploration based on supposed (but now 

proven erroneous) structural controls for volcanogenic 

massive sulfide deposits in eastern Canada and for 

carbonate-hosted zinc in east Tennessee. As the older 

ideas have been replaced, additional ore has been 

found with today's presumably more valid models. 

Although models have been with us for 

centuries, until recently they have been almost 

universally incomplete when descriptive and 

unreasonably speculative when genetic. What is new 

today is that, although we must admit that all are 

incomplete in some degree, models can be put to 

rigorous tests that screen out many of our heretofore 

sacred dogmas of mineral formation. Examples are 

legion, but to cite a few: (1) fluid-inclusion studies 

have shown conclusively that the classic Mississippi 

Valley-type ores cannot have originated from either 

syngenetic processes or unmodified surface waters; (2) 

epithermal base- and precious-metal ores have been 

proved (by stable-isotope studies) to have formed 

through the action of meteoric waters constituting 

fossil geothermal systems; and (3) field and laboratory 

investigations clearly show that volcanogenic massive 

sulfides are the products of syngenetic, submarine, 

exhalative processes, not epigenetic replacement of 

sedimentary or volcanic rocks. Economic geology has 

evolved quietly from an "occult art" to a respectable 

science as the speculative models have been put to 

definitive tests. 

Several fundamental problems that may have no 

immediate answers revolve around these questions: Is 

there a proper number of models? Must each deposit 

fit into one, and only one, pigeon-hole? Who decides 

(and when?) that a model is correct and reasonably 

complete? Is a model ever truly complete? How 

complete need a model be to be useful? 

In preparing this compilation we had to decide 

whether to discuss only those deposits for which the 

data were nearly complete and the interpretations 

concordant, or whether to extend coverage to include 

many deposits of uncertain affiliation, whose 

characteristics were still subjects for major debate. 

This compilation errs on the side of scientific 

optimism; it includes as many deposit types as 

possible, even at the risk of lumping or splitting types 

incorrectly. Nevertheless, quite a few types of 

deposits have not been incorporated. 

The organization of the models constitutes a 

classification of deposits. The arrangement used 

emphasizes easy access to the models by focusing on 

host-rock lithology and tectonic setting, the features 

most apparent to the geologist preparing a map. The 

system is nearly parallel to a genetic arrangement for 

syngenetic ores, but it diverges strongly for the 

epigenetic where it creates some strange 

juxtapositions of deposit types. Possible ambiguities 

are accommodated, at least in part, by using multiple 

entries in the master list in table 1. 

In considering ways to make the model 

compilation as useful as possible, we have become 

concerned about ways to enhance the ability of the 

relatively inexperienced geoscientist to find the 

model(s) applicable to his or her observations. 

Therefore, we have included extensive tables of 

attributes in which the appropriate models are 

identified. 

Our most important immediate goal is to 

provide assistance to those persons engaged in mineral 

resource assessment or exploration. An important 

III 
secondary goal is to upgrade the quality of our model 

compilation by encouraging (or provoking?) input from 

those whose experience has not yet been captured in 

the existing models. Another target is to identify 

specific research needs whose study is particularly 

pertinent to the advance of the science. We have 

chosen to err on the side of redundancy at the expense 

of neatness, believing that our collective 

understanding is still too incomplete to rule out some 

alternative interpretations. Thus we almost certainly 

IV 

have set up as separate models some types that will 

ultimately be blended into one, and there surely are 

groupings established here that will subsequently be 

divided. We also recognize that significant gaps in 

coverage still exist. Even at this stage the model 

compilation is still experimental in several aspects and 

continues to evolve. The product in hand can be useful 

today. We anticipate future editions, versions, and 

revisions, and we encourage suggestions for future 

improvements. 
CONTENTS 

Preface, by Paul B. Barton III 

Introduction, by Dennis P. Cox, Paul B. Barton, and Donald A. Singer 

Deposit models 

Deposits related to mafic and ultramafic intrusions in stable environments 

Descriptive model of Stillwater Ni-Cu, by Norman J Page 11 

2a Descriptive model of Bushv eld Cr, by Norman J Page 13 

2b Descriptive model of Merensky Reef PGE, by Norman J Page 14 

3 Descriptive model of Bushv eld Fe-Ti-V, by Norman J Page 15 

Deposits related to mafic-ultramafic rocks in unstable areas 

5a Descriptive model of Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE, by Norman J Page 16 

5b Descriptive model of Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE, by Nor·man J Page 17 

6a Descriptive model of komatiitic Ni-Cu, by Norman J Page 18 

Grade and tonnage model of komatiitic Ni-Cu, by Donald A. Singer, Norman J Page, and 

W. David Menzie 18 

6b Descriptive model of dunitic Ni-Cu, by Norman ,J Page 24 

Grade and tonnage model of dunitic Ni-Cu, by Donald A. Singer and Norman J Page 24 

7a Descriptive model of synorogenic-synv olcanic N:L-Cu, by Norman J Page 28 

Grade and tonnage model of synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu, by Donald A. Singer, 

Norman J Page, and W. David Menzie 28 

7b 

8a 

Descriptive model of anorthosite Ti, by Eric R .. Force 32 

Descriptive model of pediform chromite, by John P. Albers 34 

Grade and tonnage model of minor pediform chromite, by Donald A. Singer and 

Norman J Page 34 

8b Grade and tonnage model of major pediform chromite, by Donald A. Singer, Norman J Page, 

and Bruce R. Lipin 38 

Be Descriptive model of Limassol Forest Co-Ni, by Norman J Page 45 

Bd Descriptive model of serpentine-hosted asbestos, by Norman J Page 46 

Grade and tonnage model of serpentine-hosted asbestos, by Greta J. Orris 46 

9 Descriptive model of Alaskan PGE, by Norman J Page and Floyd Gray 49 

Deposits related to alkaline intrusions 

10 Descriptbe model of carbonatite deposits, by Donald A. Singer 51 

Grade and tonnage model of carbonatite deposits, by Donald A. Singer 52 

12 Descriptive model of diamond pipes, by Dennis P. Cox 54 

Deposits related to felsic phanerocrystalline intrusive rocks 

14a Descriptive model of W skarn deposits, by Denni.s P. Cox 55 

Grade and tonnage model of W skarn deposits, by w. David Menzie and Gail M. Jones 55 

14b Descriptive model of Sn skarn deposits, by Bruce L. Reed and Dennis P. Cox 58 

Grade and tonnage model of Sn skarn deposits, by w. David Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 58 

14c Descriptive model of replacement Sn, by Bruce L. Reed 61 

v 
VI 

Grade and tonnage model of replacement Sn, by w. Dav id Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 62 

15a Descriptive model of W veins, by Dennis P. Cox and William C. Bagby 64 

Grade and tonnage model of W veins, by Gail M. Jones and W. David Menzie 65 

15b Descriptive model of Sn veins, by Bruce L. Reed 67 

Grade and tonnage model of Sn veins, by w. David Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 67 

15c Descriptive model of Sn greisen deposits, by Bruce L. Reed 70 

Grade and tonnage model of Sn greisen deposits, by w. David Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 71 

Deposits related to felsic porphyroaphanitic intrusions 

16 Descriptive model of Climax Mo deposits, by Stephen D. Ludington 73 

Grade and tonnage model of Climax Mo deposits, by Donald A. Singer, Ted G. Theodore, and 

Dan L. Mosier 73 

17 Descriptive model of porphyry Cu, by Dennis P. Cox 76 

Grade and tonnage model of porphyry Cu, by Donald A. Singer, Dan L. Mosier, and 

Dennis P. Cox 11 

18a Descriptive model of porphyry Cu, skarn-related deposits, by Dennis P. Cox 82 

Grade and tonnage model of porphyry Cu, skarn-related deposits, by Donald A. Singer 82 

18b Descriptive model of Cu skarn deposits, by Dennis P. Cox and Ted G. Theodore 86 

Grade and tonnage model of Cu skarn deposits, by Gail M. Jones and W. David Menzie 86 

18c Descriptive model of Zn-Pb skarn deposits, by Dennis P. Cox 90 

Grade and tonnage model of Zn-Pb skarn deposits, by Dan L. Mosier 90 

18d Descriptive model of Fe skarn deposits, by Dennis P. Cox 94 

Grade and tonnage model of Fe skarn deposits, by Dan L. Mosier and W. David Menzie 94 

18e Descriptive model of carbonate-hosted asbestos, by Chester T. Wrucke Jr. and 

Andrew F. Shride 98 

19a Descriptive model of polymetallic replacement deposits, by Hal T. Morris 99 

Grade and tonnage model polymetallic replacement deposits, by Dan L. Mosier, 

Hal T. Morris, and Donald A. Singer 101 

19b Descriptive model of replacement Mn, by Dan L. Mosier 105 

Grade and tonnage model of replacement Mn, by Dan L. Mosier 105 

20a Descriptive model of porphyry Sn, by Bruce L. Reed 108 

20b Descriptive model of Sn-polymetallic veins, by Yukio Togashi 109 

20c Descriptive model of porphyry Cu-Au, by Dennis P. Cox 110 

Grade and tonnage model of porphyry Cu-Au, by Donald A. Singer and Dennis P. Cox 110 

21a Descriptive model of porphyry Cu-Mo, by Dennis P. Cox 115 

Grade and tonnage model of porphyry Cu-Mo, by Donald A. Singer, Dennis P. Cox, and 

Dan L. Mosier 116 

21b Descriptive model of porphyry Mo, low-F, by Ted G. Theodore 120 

Grade and tonnage model porphyry Mo, low-F, by W. David Menzie and Ted G. Theodore 120 

22a Descriptive model of volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb, by Dennis P. Cox 123 

22b Descriptive model of Au-Ag-Te veins, by Dennis P. Cox and William C. Bagby 124 

22c Descriptive model of polymetallic veins, by Dennis P. Cox 125 

Grade and tonnage model polymetallic veins, by James D. Bliss and Dennis P. Cox 125 
Deposits related to subaerial mafic extrusive rocks 

23 Descriptive model of basaltic Cu, by Dennis P. Cox 130 

Deposits related to marine mafic extrusive rocks 

24a Descriptive model of Cyprus massive sulfide, by Donald A. Singer 131 

Grade and tonnage model of Cyprus massive sulfide, by Donald A. Singer and 

Dan L. Mosier 131 

24b Descriptive model of Bess hi massive sulfide, by Dennis P. Cox 136 

Grade and tonnage model of Besshi massive sulfide, by Donald A. Singer 136 

24c Descriptive model of volcanogenic Mn, by Randolph A. Koski 139 

Grade and tonnage model of volcanogenic Mn, by Dan L. Mosier 139 

24d Descriptiv~ model of Blackbird Co-Cu, by Robert L. Earhart 142 

Deposits related to subaerial felsic to mafic extrusive rocks 

25a Descriptive model of hot-spring Au-Ag, by Byron R. Berger 143 

25b Descriptive model of Creede epithermal veins, by Dan L. Mosier, Takeo Sa to, Norman J Page, 

Donald A. Singer, and Byron R. Berger 145 

Grade and tonnage model of Creede epithermal VElins, by Dan L. Mosier, Takeo Sato, and 

Donald A. Singer 146 

25c Descriptive model of Comstock epithermal veins,, by Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, and 

Byron R. Berger 150 

Grade and tonnage model of Comstock epithermal veins, by Dan L. Mosier, Takeo Sato, and 

Donald A. Singer 151 

25d Descriptive model of Sado epithermal veins, by Dan L. Mosier, Byron R. Berger, and 

Donald A. Singer 154 

Grade and tonnage model of Sado epithermal veins, by Dan L. Mosier and Takeo Sa to 155 

25e Descriptive model of epithermal quartz-alunite Au, by Byron R. Berger 158 

Grade and tonnage model of epithermal quartz-alunite Au, by Dan L. Mosier and 

W. David Menzie 159 

25f Descriptive model of volcanogenic U, by William C. Bagby 162 

Grade and tonnage model of volcanogenic U, by Dan L. Mosier 162 

25g Descriptive model of epithermal Mn, by Dan L. Mosier 165 

Grade and tonnage model of epithermal Mn, by Dan L. Mosier 166 

25h Descriptive model of rhyolite-hosted Sn, by Bruce L. Reed, Wendell Duffield, 

Stephen D. Ludington, Charles H. Maxwell, and Donald H. Richter 168 

Grade and tonnage model rhyolite-hosted Sn, by Donald A. Singer and Dan L. Mosier 169 

25i Descriptive model of volcanic-hosted magnetite, by Dennis P. Cox 172 

Grade and tonnage model volcanic-hosted magnetite, by Dan L. Mosier 172 

26a Descriptive model of carbonate-hosted Au-Ag, by Byron R. Berger 175 

Grade and tonnage model carbonate-hosted Au-Ag, by William C. Bagby, W. David Menzie, 

Dan L. Mosier, and Donald A. Singer 175 

27a Descriptive model of hot-spring Hg, by James J. Rytuba 178 

Grade and tonnage model of hot-spring Hg by James J. Rytuba 178 

27b Descriptive model of Almaden Hg, by James J. Hytuba 180 

VII 
27c Descriptive model of silica-carbonate Hg, by James J. Rytuba 181 

Grade and tonnage model of silica-carbonate Hg, by James J. Rytuba and 

Simon M. Cargill 181 

27d Descriptive model of simple Sb deposits, by James D. Bliss and Greta J. Orris 183 

Grade and tonnage model of simple Sb deposits, by James D. Bliss and Greta J. Orris 184 

27e Grade and tonnage model of disseminated Sb deposits by James D. Bliss and 

Greta J. Orris 187 

Deposits related to marine felsic to mafic extrusive rocks 

28a Descriptive model of kuroko massive sulfide, by Donald A. Singer 189 

Grade and tonnage model kuroko massive sulfide, by Donald A. Singer and Dan L. Mosier 190 

28b Descriptive model of Algoma Fe, by William F. Cannon 198 

Deposits in clastic sedimentary rocks 

29a Descriptive model of quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U, by Dennis P. Cox 199 

29b Descriptive model of Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au, by Dennis P. Cox 200 

30a Descriptive model of sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn, by Joseph A. Briskey 201 

Grade and tonnage model of sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn, by Dan L. Mosier 202 

30b Descriptive model of sediment-hosted Cu, by Dennis P. Cox 205 

Grade and tonnage model of sediment-hosted Cu, by Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, and 

Dennis P. Cox 206 

30c Descriptive model of sandstone U, by Christine E. Turner-Peterson and 

Carroll A. Hodges 209 

31a Descriptive model of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb, by Joseph A. Briskey 211 

Grade and tonnage model of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb, by W. David Menzie and 

Dan L. Mosier 212 

31b Descriptive model of bedded barite, by Greta J. Orris 216 

Grade and tonnage model of bedded barite, by Greta J. Orris 216 

31c Descriptive model of emerald veins, by Dennis P. Cox 219 

Deposits in carbonate rocks 

32a 

32b 

Descriptive model of southeast Missouri Pb-Zn, 

Descriptive model of Appalachian Zn, by Joseph 

Grade and tonnage model of southeast Missouri 

Dan L. Mosier and Joseph A. Briskey 224 

by Joseph A. Briskey 

A. Briskey 222 

Pb-Zn and Appalachian 

220 

Zn deposits, by 

32c Descriptive model of Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn, by Dennis P. Cox and Lawrence R. Bernstein 227 

Chemical-sedimentary deposits 

34a Descriptive model of Superior Fe, by William F. Cannon 228 

Grade and tonnage model of Superior Fe and Algoma Fe deposits, by Dan L. Mosier and 

Donald A. Singer 228 

34b Descriptive model of sedimentary Mn, by William F. Cannon and Eric R. Force 231 

Grade and tonnage model of sedimentary Mn, by Dan L. Mosier 231 

34c Descriptive model of upwelling type phosphate deposits, by Dan L. Mosier 234 

VIII 
34d 

Grade and tonnage model of upwelling type phosphate deposits, by Dan L. Mosier 234 

Descriptive model of warm-current type phosphate deposits, by Dan L. Mosier 237 

Grade and tonnage model warm-current type phosphate deposits, by Dan L. Mosier 237 

Deposits related to regionally metamorphosed rocks 

36a Descriptive model of low-sulfide Au-quartz veins, by Byron R. Berger 239 

Grade and tonnage model low-sulfide Au-quartz veins, by James D. Bliss 239 

36b Descriptive model of Homestake Au, by Byron R. Berger 244 

Grade and tonnage model of Homestake Au, by Dan L. Mosier 245 

37a Descriptive model of unconformity U-Au, by Richard I. Grauch and Dan. L. Mosier 248 

Grade and tonnage model of unconformity U-Au, by Dan L. Mosier 249 

37b Descriptive model of gold on flat faults, by Bruce A. Bouley 251 

Deposits related to surficial processes and unconformities 

38a Descriptive model of lateritic Ni, by Donald A. Singer 252 

Grade and tonnage model lateritic Ni, by Donald A. Singer 252 

38b Descriptive mode 1 of laterite type bauxite deposits, by Sam H. Patterson 255 

Grade and tonnage model laterite type bauxite deposits, by Dan L. Mosier 255 

38c Descriptive model of karst type bauxite deposits, by Sam H. Patterson 258 

Grade and tonnage model karst type bauxite deposits, by Dan L. Mosier 258 

39a Descriptive model of placer Au-PGE, by Warren E. Yeend 261 

Grade and tonnage model of placer Au-PGE, by Greta J. Orris and James D. Bliss 261 

39b Descriptive model of placer PGE-Au, by Warren E. Yeend and Norman J Page 265 

Grade and tonnage model of placer PGE-Au, by Donald A. Singer and Norman J Page 265 

39c Descriptive model of shoreline placer Ti, by Eric R. Force 270 

Grade and tonnage model of shoreline placer Ti, by Emil D. Attanasi and 

John H. DeYoung, Jr. 270 

39d Descriptive model of diamond placers, by Dennis P. Cox 274 

39e Descriptive model of alluvial placer Sn, by Bruce L. Reed 275 

References 276 

Appendixes 

A. Locality abbreviations 291 

B. Summary statistics of grade-tonnage models, by Donald A. Singer 293 

C. Commodity geochemical index, by Paul B. Barton 303 

D. Mineralogical index, by Paul B. Barton 318 

E. Index of deposits 349 

IX 
FIGURE'S 

1. Tree diagram showing relationship of broad lithologic-tectonic environments to deposit models 2 

2. Flow sheet showing the evolution of model types 9 

3. Schematic growth patterns for the unrterstanding of some typical genetic model 10 

4. Comparison of the relative levels of understanding of some important model types 10 

5. Diagram of a typical mafic-ultramafic stratiform complex 12 

6. Cartoon cross-section of a typical komatiitic volcanic sedimentary sequence 19 

1. Tonnages of komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits 20 

8. Nickel and gold grades of komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits 21 

9. PGE grades of komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits 22 

10. Base metal grades among komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits 23 

11. Tonnages of dunitic Ni-Cu deposits 26 

12. Nickel grades of dunitic Ni-Cu deposits 26 

13. PGE grades of dunitic Ni-Cu deposits 27 

14. By-product grades of dunitic Ni-Cu deposits 27 

15. Tonnages of synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu deposits 29 

16. Nickel grades of synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu deposits 30 

17. Copper grades of synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu deposits 30 

18. By-product grades of synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu deposits 31 

19. Cartoon cross-section of anorthosite ferrodiorite intrusions 33 

20. Cartoon cross-section of pediform chromite deposits 40 

21. Tonnages of pediform chromite deposi a typical mafic-ultramafic stratiform complex 41 

22. Chromite grades of pediform chromite deposits from California and Oregon, U.S.A. 41 

23. PGE grades of pediform chromite deposits from California and Oregon, U.S.A. 42 

24. Tonnages of major pediform chromite deposits 43 

25. Chromite grades of major pediform chromite deposits 43 

26. PGE grades of major pediform chromite deposits; A, rhodium; B, iridium; C, ruthenium; 

D, palladium; E, platinum 44 

27. Tonnage of serpentine-hosted asbestos deposits 48 

28. Asbestos grade of serpentine-hosted asbestos deposits 48 

29. Generalized geologic map of a zoned ultramafic complex 50 

30. Tonnages of carbonatite deposits 52 

31. Grades of carbonatite deposits 53 

32. Tonnages of W skarn deposits 57 

33. Tungsten grades of W skarn deposits 57 

34. Cartoon cross section showing relationship between Sn skarn, replacement Sn and Sn vein 

deposits to granite intrusions 59 

35. Tonnages of Sn skarn deposits 60 

36. Tin grades of Sn skarn deposits 60 

37. Tonnages of replacement Sn deposits 63 

38. Tin grades of replacement Sn deposits 63 

39. Maps and sections of W-vein deposits illustrating mineral and alteration zoning 65 

40. Tonnages of W vein deposits 66 

41. Tungsten grades of W vein deposits 66 

42. Tonnages of Sn vein deposits 69 

43. Tin grades of Sn vein deposits 69 

44. Cartoon cross section of a Sn greisen 71 

45. Tonnages of Sn greisen deposits 72 

46. Tin grades of Sn greisen deposits 72 

47. Cartoon cross section of a Climax Mo deposit 74 

48. Tonnages of Climax Mo deposits 75 

49. Molybdenum grades of Climax Mo deposits 75 

50. Cartoon cross section of illustrating a generalized model for porphyry Cu deposits 79 

51. Tonnages of porphyry Cu deposits 80 

52. Copper grades of porphyry Cu deposits 80 

53. By-product grades of porphyry Cu deposits 81 

54. Tonnages of porphyry Cu-skarn-related deposits 84 

55. Copper grades of porphyry Cu-skarn-related deposits 84 

56. By-product grades of porphyry Cu-skarn-related deposits 85 

57. Cartoon cross section of a Cu skarn deposit 87 

58. Tonnages of Cu skarn deposits 88 

59. Copper grades of Cu skarn deposits 88 

60. Precious metal grades of Cu skarn deposits 89 

61. Tonnages of Zn-Pb skarn deposits 91 

62. Zinc grades of Zn-Pb skarn deposits 92 

X 
63. 

64. 

65. 

66. 

67. 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 

75. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

80. 

81. 

82. 

83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

89 

90. 

91. 

92. 

93. 

94. 

95. 

96. 

97. 

98. 

99. 

100. 

101 • 

102. 

103. 

104. 

105. 

106. 

107. 

108. 

109. 

110. 

111 • 

112. 

113. 

114. 

115. 

116. 

117. 

118. 

119. 

120. 

121. 

122. 

123. 

124. 

125. 

126. 

Lead grades of Zn-Pb skarn deposits 92 

Silver grades of Zn-Pb skarn deposits 93 

Metal grades of Zn-Pb skarn deposits 93 

Tonnages of Fe skarn deposits 97 

Iron grades of Fe skarn deposits 97 

Generalized map showing metal- and mineral-zoning in a polymetallic replacement deposits 100 

Tonnages of polymetallic replacement deposits 102 

Lead grades of polymetallic replacement deposits 102 

Zinc grades of polymetallic replacement deposits 103 

Copper grades of polymetallic replacement deposits 103 

Silver grades of polymetallic replacement deposits 104 

Gold grades of polymetallic replacement deposits 104 

Tonnages of replacement Mn deposits 106 

Manganese and copper grades of replacement Mn deposits 107 

Cartoon cross section of a porphyry Cu-Au deposit 111 

Tonnages of porphyry Cu-Au deposits 112 

Copper grades Qf porphyry Cu-Au deposits 112 

Gold grades of porphyry Cu-Au deposits 113 

By-product grades of porphyry Cu-Au deposits 114 

Cartoon cross section of a porphyry Cu-Mo deposit 116 

Tonnages of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits 117 

Copper grades of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits 117 

Molybdenum grades of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits 118 

Gold grades of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits 118 

Silver grades of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits 119 

Tonnages of porphyry Mo-low F deposits 122 

Molybdenum grades of porphyry Mo-low F deposits 122 

Tonnages of polymetallic vein deposits 127 

Silver grades of polymetallic vein deposits 12•7 

Gold grades of polymetallic vein deposits 128 

Lead grades of polymetallic vein deposits 128 

Zinc and copper grades of polymetallic vein deposits 129 

Generalized stratigraphic column through the Troodos ophiolite showing Cyprus massive sulfides 

and other deposit types and their associated rock types 133 

Cross section through the Kalavos district Cyprus showing relationship of massive sulfide 

deposits to faults and spreading axis 133 

Tonnages of Cyprus massive sulfide deposits 134 

Copper grades of Cyprus massive sulfide deposits 134 

By-product grades of Cyprus massive sulfide deposits 135 

Tonnages of Besshi massive sulfide deposits 137 

Copper grades of Besshi massive sulfide deposits 138 

By-product grades of Besshi massive sulfide deposits 138 

Tonnages of volcanogenic Mn deposits 141 

Metal grades of volcanogenic Mn deposits 141 

Cartoon cross-section of a hot-spring Au-Ag deposit 144 

Cartoon cross section of a typical Creede type epithermal vein deposit 146 

Tonnages of Creede epithermal vein deposits 1t~7 

Copper grades of Creede epithermal vein deposits 147 

Lead grades of Creede epithermal vein deposits 148 

Zinc grades of Creede epithermal vein deposits 148 

Silver grades of Creede epithermal vein deposits 149 

Gold grades of Creede epithermal vein deposits 149 

Tonnages of Comstock epithermal vein deposits 152 

Gold grades of Comstock epithermal vein deposits 152 

Silver grades of Comstock epithermal vein deposits 153 

By-product grades of Comstock epithermal vein deposits 153 

Tonnages of Sado epithermal vein deposits 156 

Gold grades of Sado epithermal vein deposits 156 

By-product of Sado epithermal vein deposits 157 

Tonnages of epithermal quartz-alunite vein deposits 160 

Gold grades of epithermal quartz-alunite vein deposits 160 

Silver grades of epithermal quartz-alunite vein deposits 161 

Copper grades of epithermal quartz-alunite vein deposits 161 

Tonnages of volcanogenic U deposits 164 

Uranium grade of volcanogenic U deposits 164 

Tonnages of epithermal Mn deposits 167 

XI 
127. 

128. 

129. 

130. 

131. 

132. 

133. 

134. 

135. 

136. 

137. 

138. 

139. 

140. 

141. 

142. 

143. 

144. 

145. 

146. 

147. 

148. 

149. 

150. 

151. 

152. 

153. 

154. 

155. 

156. 

157. 

158. 

159. 

160. 

161. 

162. 

163. 

164. 

165. 

166. 

167. 

168. 

169. 

170. 

171. 

172. 

173. 

174. 

175. 

176. 

177. 

178. 

179. 

180. 

181. 

182. 

183. 

184. 

185. 

186. 

187. 

188. 

189. 

190. 

191. 

192. 

XII 

Manganese grade of epithermal Mn deposits 167 

Cartoon cross section of a rhyolite-hosted Sn deposit 170 

Tonnages of rhyolite-hosted Sn deposits 171 

Tin grades of rhyolite-hosted Sn deposits 171 

Tonnages of volcanic-hosted magnetite deposits 173 

Iron grades of volcanic-hosted magnetite deposits 174 

Phosphorus grades of volcanic-hosted magnetite deposits 174 

Tonnages of carbonate-hosted Au-Ag deposits 177 

Precious metal grades of carbonate-hosted Au-Ag deposits 177 

Tonnages of hot-spring Bg deposits 179 

Mercury grades of hot-spring llg deposits 179 

Tonnages of silica-carbonate Hg deposits 182 

Mercury grades of silica-carbonate Hg deposits 182 

Tonnages of simple Sb deposits 185 

Antimony grades of simple Sb deposits 185 

Precious metal grades of simple Sb deposits 186 

Tonnages of disseminated simple Sb deposits 188 

Antimony grades of disseminated simple Sb deposits 188 

Cartoon cross section of a kuroko massive sulfide deposit 194 

Tonnages of kuroko massive sulfide deposits 195 

Copper grades of kuroko massive sulfide deposits 195 

Lead-zinc grades of kuroko massive sulfide deposits 196 

Precious metal grades of kuroko massive sulfide deposits 197 

Tonnages of sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits 203 

Lead grades of sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits 203 

Zinc grades sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits 204 

Silver grades sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits 204 

Tonnages of sediment-hosted Cu deposits 207 

Copper grades of sediment-hosted Cu deposits 207 

By-product grades of sediment-hosted Cu deposits 208 

Cartoon sections showing diagenetic and roll-front mineralization in sandstone U deposits 210 

Cartoon cross section showing mineral zoning in sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb deposits 213 

Tonnages of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb deposits 213 

Zinc grades of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb deposits 214 

Lead grades of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb deposits 214 

Silver grades of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb deposits 215 

Copper grades of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb deposits 215 

Tonnages of bedded barite deposits 218 

Barite grades of bedded barite deposits 218 

Cartoon cross section of a southeast Missouri Pb-Zn deposit 221 

Cartooncross section illustrating a typical Appalachian Zn deposit 223 

Tonnages of southeast Missouri Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits 225 

Zinc grades of southeast Missouri Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits 225 

Lead grades of southeast Missouri Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits 226 

Silver grades of southeast Missouri Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits 226 

Tonnages of Algoma Fe and Superior Fe deposits 229 

Iron grades of Algoma Fe and Superior Fe deposits 230 

Phosphorus grades of Algoma Fe and Superior Fe deposits 230 

Cartoon cross section showing relation of sedimentary facies to sedimentary Mn deposits 232 

Tonnages of sedimentary Mn deposits 233 

Metal grades of sedimentary Mn deposits 233 

Tonnages of upwelling type phosphate deposits 236 

P2o5 grades of upwelling type phosphate deposits 236 

Tonnages of warm-current type phosphate deposits 238 

P2o5 grades of warm-current type phosphate deposits 238 

Tonnages of low-sulfide Au-quartz vein deposits 242 

Precious metal grades of low-sulfide Au quartz vein deposits 243 

Tonnages of Homestake Au deposits 246 

Gold grades of Homestake Au deposits 247 

Silver grades of Homestake Au deposits 247 

Tonnages of unconformity U-Au deposits 250 

Uranium grades of unconformity U-Au deposits 250 

Tonnages of lateritic Ni deposits 254 

Metal grades of lateritic Ni deposits 254 

Tonnages of laterite type bauxite deposits 257 

Alumina grades of laterite type bauxite deposits 257 f
193. 

194. 

195. 

196. 

197. 

198. 

199. 

200. 

201. 

202. 

203. 

204. 

205. 

206. 

TABLES 

Tonnages of karst type bauxite deposits 260 

Alumina grades of karst type bauxite deposits 260 

Cartoon cross section showing three stages of heavy mineral concentrations typical of placer AuPGE deposits 263 

Tonnages of placer Au-PGE deposit 263 

Precious metal grades of placer Au-PGE deposits 264 

Tonnages of placer PGE-Au deposits 267 

Precious metal grades of placer PGE-Au deposits 268 

Other PGE grades of placer PGE-Au deposits 269 

Tonnages of shoreline placer Ti deposits 271 

Zro2 grades from zircon in shoreline placer Ti deposits 272 

Ti02 grades from ilmenite in shoreline placer Ti deposits 272 

Ti02 grades from rutile in shoreline placer Ti deposits 273 

Other metal grades of shoreline placer Ti deposits 273 

Matrix diagram showing deposit models and their geochemical signature 304 

1. Classification of deposit models by lithologic-tectonic environment 3 

2. Comparison of application of the five model subtypes by various users 10 

3. Types of hydrothermal alteration characteristic of porphyry copper and other deposit models 79 

XIII 

Mineral Deposit Models 

Dennis P. Cox and Donald A. Singer, Editors 

INTRODUCTION 

By Dennis P. Cox, Paul B. Barton, 

and Donald A. Singer 

The U.S. Geological Survey has a long and 

distinguished history· in assessing the mineral resources 

of the public domain, and that role remains active 

today in programs designed to assess the mineral 

resources of the lands administered by the U.S. Bureau 

of Land Management and Forest Service, the Alaska 

Mineral Resource Assessment Program, and the 

Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment 

Program. The Survey has thus an immediate and 

constantly recurring need to upgrade and maintain the 

capability of its staff to identify and assess areas 

favorable for mineral deposits. One major step toward 

fulfilling this need is the assembly of a comprehensive 

group of mineral deposit models that enable any 

geologist to compare his or her observations with the 

collective knowledge and experience of a much wider 

group of geoscientists. 

This report deals exclusively with nonfuel minerals 

(including uranium), for these show a commonality of 

geologic expressions that differ markedly from those 

of the areally much larger (and economically even 

more important) coal, oil, and gas deposits. 

CITATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

This report has been assembled through the 

generous efforts of many persons. The authors of the 

individual models and many of the other sections are 

indicated. We all would appreciate it if the individual 

authors could be cited whenever practical rather than 

simply refering to the whole compilation. 

Among the editors, Dennis Cox had the lead in 

solid ting the model authors and in assembling the 

brief models; Donald Singer played a similar role for 

all of the grade and tonnage models; and Paul Barton 

provided the attribute cross-indexes and carefully 

reviewed the overall package. The editors greatly 

appreciate the encouragement and suggestions from (in 

alphabetical order) Larry Bernstein, John H. DeYoung, 

Jr., Bob Earhart, Ralph Erickson, Fred Fisher, Bill 

Greenwood, Carroll Ann Hodges, Kate Johnson, Steve 

Ludington, Dick McCammon, Hal Morris, Rob 

Robinson, Don White, and many others. The editors 

were greatly helped by suggestions from geologists 

outside the USGS, particularly D. F. Sangster, R. V. 

Kirkham, and J. M. Franklin of the Geological Survey 

of Canada, and by Ryoichi Kouda, Takeo Sato, and 

Yukio Togashi of the Geological Survey of Japan. 

Among the many geologists from private industry who 

provided helpful information and suggestions were R. 

G. Blair, A. E. Soregaroli, E. I. Bloomstein, and G. E. 

McKelvey. 

SOME FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS 

A "mineral occurrence" is a concentration of a 

mineral (usually, but not necessarily, considered in 

terms of some commodity, such as copper, barite or 

gold) that is considered valuable by someone 

somewhere, or that is of scientific or technical 

interest. In rare instances (such as titanium in a 

rutile-bearing black sand), the commodity might not 

even be concentrated above its average crustal 

abundance. 

A "mineral deposit" is a mineral occurrence of 

sufficient size and grade that it might, under the most 

favorable of circumstances, be considered to have 

economic potential. 

An "ore deposit" is a mineral deposit that has 

been tested and is known to be of sufficient size, 

grade, and accessibility to be producible to yield a 

profit. On these days of controlled economies and 

integrated industries, the "profit" decision may be 

based on considerations that extend far beyond the 

mine itself, in some instances relating to the overall 

health of a national economy.) 

On one hand, the field observations usually 

begin with "mineral occurrences" (or with clues to 

their existence) and progress with further study to 

"mineral deposits" and only rarely to "ore deposits," 

but we must present information that helps us deal 

with all classes of "mineral occurrences," not just "ore 

deposits." On the other hand, in terms of accessible 

information our sample is strongly biased toward "ore 

deposits," for it is only in them that sufficient 

exposure is available to develop a real knowledge of 

the overall character of the mineralization process. 

Some mineral occurrences are, therefore, 

unrecognized mineral deposits, while others are simply 

mineralized localities where ore-forming processes 

were so weak or incomplete that a deposit was not 

formed. Thus we summarize the state of knowledge 

regarding ore deposit models, and we call them 

"mineral deposit models" with the hope that what we 

have learned about large and high-grade metal 

concentrations will help us sort out all mineral 

occurrences to identify their true character and, we 

hope, to recognize which have potential to constitute 

ore deposits. 

1 
The attributes or properties of a mineral 

occurrence are, of course, those features exhibited by 

the occurrence. When applied to a model, these terms 

refer to those features possessed by the class of 

deposits represented by the model. It is useful to 

consider attributes on at least two scales: the first 

deals with local features that may be observed directly 

in the field (mineralogy, zonal patterns, local chemical 

haloes, and so on); the second is those features 

concerning the regional geologic setting and which 

must be interpreted from the local studies or may be 

inferred from global tectonic considerations (for 

instance, that the rock sequence under study 

represents a deep-water, back-arc rift environment, or 

that the area is underlain by anomalously radioactive 

high-silica rhyolite and granite). Two of the most 

prominent attributes, the commodities/geochemical 

patterns and the mineralogy, are cross-indexed to 

model types in Appendixes C and D, respectively. 

To the greatest extent possible, models were 

constructed so as to be independent of site-specific 

attributes and therefore contain only those features 

which are transferable from one deposit to another. 

This goal is difficult to attain, because we do not 

always know which features are site specific. 

The term "model" in an earth-science context 

elicits a wide variety of mental images, ranging from 

the physical duplication of the form of a subject, as in 

a scale model of the workings of a mine, to a unifying 

concept that explains or describes a complex 

phenomenon. In this context we shall apply only the 

latter usage. Therefore, let us propose a working 

definition of "model" in the context of mineral 

deposits, the overriding purpose being to communicate 

information that helps mankind find and evaluate 

mineral deposits. A mineral deposit model is the 

systematically arranged information describing the 

essential attributes (properties) of a class of mineral 

deposits. The model may be empirical (descriptive), in 

which instance the various attributes are recognized as 

essential even though their relationships are unknown; 

or it may be theoretical (genetic), in which instance 

the attributes are interrelated through some 

fundamental concept. 

One factor favoring the genetic model over the 

simply descriptive is the sheer volume of descriptive 

information needed to represent the many features of 

complex deposits. If all such information were to be 

included, the number of models would escalate until it 

approached the total number of individual deposits 

considered. Thus we should no longer have models, but 

simply descriptions of individual deposits. Therefore, 

the compilers must use whatever sophisticated or 

rudimentary genetic concepts are at their disposal to 

distinguish the critical from the incidental attributes. 

It is commonly necessary to carry some possibly 

superficial attributes in order not to preclude some 

permissible but not necessarily favored, multiple 

working concepts. 

The following example illustrates the problem. 

One of the commonly accepted attributes of the model 

for the carbonate-hosted lead-zinc deposits of the 

Mississippi Valley type is the presence of secondary 

dolomite. But do we know that this is essential? 

Suppose a deposit were found in limestone; would we 

reject its assignment to the Mississippi Valley class? 

2 

Or could it be correct that the critical property is 

permeability and that the formation of dolomite either 

(1) enhances permeability (and thereby makes the 

ground more favorable), or (2) reflects pre-existing 

permeability that is exploited by both the dolomite and 

the ore? Perhaps the dolomite merely records a 

particular range of Ca/Mg ratio in the fluid which in 

turn is characteristic of the basinal brines that 

constitute the ore fluid. In any event, the dolomite is 

a powerful ore guide and belongs somewhere in the 

"final model." 

CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS USED IN THIS 

COMPILATION 

For the purpose at hand the clas_sification 

scheme has two requirements: (1) it must be open so 

that new types of deposits can be added in the future, 

and (2) the user must be able to find easily the 

appropriate models to apply to the rock and tectonic 

environments being investigated. 

Figure 1 maps out the four logic tre~s that 

constitute a broad lithotectonic classification; this 

system is similar to one developed by Page and others 

(1982c). The classification of deposits by the 

environment of formation of their host rocks is 

continued on a finer scale in table 1. This 

classification scheme is relatively straightforward for 

deposits formed essentially contemporaneously with 

their host rock. However, for epigenetic deposits a 

conflict arises between the lithotectonic environment 

of the formation of the host and the lithotectonic 

environment of the mineralization process. Therefore, 

for epigenetic deposits we have selected the most 

important aspect of the lithotectonic alternatives and 

classified the deposit accordingly. This procedure 

GEOLOGIC- TECTONIC ENVIRONMENT DEPOSIT MODELS 

Igneous 

Sediment~ry 

Region~! 

metamorphic 

Surficial 

{ 

St~ble ~rea ---1 to 4 

Unstable ~rea __ 5 to 10 

{ 

M~fic- ultr~m~fic 

!

Intrusive Alk~line ~nd b~sic 11 to 12 

{ 

Ph~nerocryst~lline-13 to 15 

Felsic 

Porphyro~ph~nitic-16 to 22 

{ 

M~fic 23 to 24 

Extrusive 

Felsic- m~fic 25 to 28 

{ ""''0 '"'" 29 to 31 

c~rbon~te rocks 32 

Chemic~ 1 sediments 33 to 35 

{ Met~vo lc~nic ~nd met~sediment~ry 36 

Met~pelite ~nd met~~renite 37 

{ Residu~l 38 

Depositiona 1 39 

Figure 1. Tree diagram showing relationship of broad 

geologic-tectonic environments to models. These 

deposit models are classified on a finer scale in table 

l. 
Table 1. Classification of deposit models by lithologic-tectonic environment 

(*indicates that model is not included in this bulletin] 

Deposit environment Model No. 

Mafic and ultramafic intrusions 

A. Tectonically stable area; stratiform complexes 

Stratiform deposits 

Basal zone 

Stillwater Ni-Cu ---------------------------------------1 

Intermediate zone 

Bushveld chromitite ------------------------------------2a 

Merensky Reef PGE --------------------------------------2b 

Upper zone 

Bushveld Fe-Ti-V ---------------------------------------3 

Pipe-like deposits 

Cu-Ni pipes ----------------------------------------------4a* 

PGE pipes ------------------------------------------------4b* 

B. Tectonically unstable area 

Intrusions same age as volcanic rocks 

Rift environment 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE ---------------------------------------5a 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE -------------------------------------5b 

Greenstone belt in which lowermost rocks of 

sequence contain ultramafic rocks 

Komatiitic Ni-Cu ---------------------------------------6a 

Dunitic Ni-Cu ------------------------------------------6b 

Intrusions emplaced during orogenesis 

Synorogenic in volcanic terrane 

Synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu --------------------------7a 

Synorogenic intrusions in non-volcanic terrane 

Anorthosite-Ti -----------------------------------------7b 

Ophiolites 

Pediform chromite --------------------------------------8a 

Major pediform chromite --------------------------------8b 

(Lateritic Ni) -----------------------------------------(38a) 

(Placer Au-PGE) ----------------------------------------(39a) 

Serpentine 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni --------------------------------8c 

Serpentine-hosted asbestos ---------------------------8d 

(Silica-carbonate Hg) --------------------------------(27c) 

(Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein) -------------------------(36a) 

Cross-cutting intrusions (concentrically zoned) 

Alaskan PGE --------------------------------------------9 

(Placer PGE-Au) ----------------------------------------(39b) 

C. Alkaline intrusions in stable areas 

Carbonatite ------------------------------------------------10 

Alkaline complexes ---------------------------------------11* 

Diamond pipes --------------------------------------------12 

Felsic i~trusions 

D. Mainly phanerocrystalline textures 

Pegmatitic 

Be-Li pegmatites -----------------------------------------13a* 

Sn-Nb-Ta pegmatites --------------------------------------13b* 

Granitic intrusions 

Wallrocks are calcareous 

W skarn ------------------------------------------------14a 

Sn skarn -----------------------------------------------14b 

Replacement Sn -----------------------------------------14c 

3 
Table 1. Classification of deposit models by lithologic-tectonic environment 

--Continued 

Deposit environment 

D. Mainly phanerocrystalline textures--Continued 

Granitic intrusions--Continued 

Other wallrocks 

Model No. 

W veins ------------------------------------------------15a 

Sn veins -----------------------------------------------15b 

Sn greisen ---------------------------------------------15c 

(Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein) ---------------------------(36a) 

(Homestake Au) -----------------------------------------(36b) 

Anorthosite intrusions 

(Anorthosite Ti) -----------------------------------------(7b) 

E. Porphyroaphanitic intrusions present 

High-silica granites and rhyolites 

Climax Mo ------------------------------------------------16 

(Fluorspar deposits) -------------------------------------(26b*) 

Other felsic and mafic rocks including alkalic 

Porphyry Cu ----------------------------------------------17 

Wallrocks are calcareous 

Deposits near contact 

Porphyry Cu, skarn-related ---------------------------18a 

Cu skarn ---------------------------------------------18b 

Zn-Pb skarn ------------------------------------------18c 

Fe skarn ---------------------------------------------18d 

Carbonate-hosted asbestos ----------------------------18e 

Deposits far from contact 

Polymetallic replacement -----------------------------19a 

Replacement Mn ---------------------------------------19b 

(Carbonate-hosted Au) --------------------------------(26a) 

Wallrocks are coeval volcanic rocks 

In granitic rocks in felsic volcanics 

Porphyry Sn ------------------------------------------20a 

Sn-polymetallic veins --------------------------------20b 

In calcalkalic or alkalic rocks 

Porphyry Cu-Au ---------------------------------------20c 

(Epithermal Mn) --------------------------------------(25g) 

Wallrocks are older igneous and sedimentary rocks 

Deposits within intrusions 

Porphyry Cu-Mo ---------------------------------------21a 

Porphyry Mo, low-F -----------------------------------21b 

Porphyry W -------------------------------------------21c* 

Deposits within wallrocks 

Volcanic hosted Cu-As-Sb -----------------------------22a 

Au-Ag-Te veins ---------------------------------------22b 

Polymetallic veins -----------------------------------22c 

(Epithermal quartz-alunite Au) -----------------------(25e) 

(Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein) -------------------------(36a) 

Extrusive rocks 

F. Mafic extrusive rocks 

Continental or rifted craton 

Basaltic Cu ----------------------------------------------23 

(Sediment-hosted Cu) -------------------------------------(30b) 

Marine, including ophiolite-related 

Cyprus massive sulfide -----------------------------------24a 

Besshi massive sulfide -----------------------------------24b 

Volcanogenic Mn ------------------------------------------24c 

Blackbird Co-Cu ------------------------------------------24d 

(Komatiitic Ni-Cu) ---------------------------------------(6a) 
1 

, 

Table 1. Classification of deposit models by lithologic-tectonic environment 

--Continued 

Deposit environment Model No. 

G. Felsic-mafic extrusive rocks 

Subaerial 

Deposits mainly within volcanic rocks 

Hot-spring Au-Ag ---------------------------------------25a 

Creede epithermal vein ---------------------------------25b 

Comstock epithermal vein -------------------------------25c 

Sado epithermal vein -----------------------------------25d 

Epithermal quartz-alunite Au ---------------------------25e 

Volcanogenic U -----------------------------------------25f 

Epithermal Mn ------------------------------------------25& 

Rhyolite-hosted Sn -------------------------------------25h 

Volcanic-hosted magnetite ------------------------------25i 

(Sn polymetallic veins) --------------------------------(20b) 

Deposits in older calcareous rocks 

Carbonate-hosted Au-Ag ----------------------------~----26a 

Fluorspar deposits -------------------------------------26b* 

Deposits in older clastic sedimentary rocks 

Hot-spring Hg ------------------------------------------27a 

Almaden Hg ---------------------------------------------27b 

Silica-carbonate Hg ------------------------------------27c 

Simple Sb ----------------------------------------------27d 

Marine 

Kuroko massive sulfide -----------------------------------28a 

Algoma Fe ------------------------------------------------28b 

(Volcanogenic Mn) ----------------------------------------(24c) 

(Volcanogenic U) -----------------------------------------(25f) 

(Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein) -----------------------------(36a) 

(Homestake Au) -------------------------------------------(36b) 

(Volcanogenic U) -----------------------------------------(25f) 

Sedimentary rocks 

H. Clastic sedimentary rocks 

I. 

Conglomerate and sedimentary breccia 

Quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U --------------------------29a 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au --------------------------------------29b 

(Sandstone U) --------------------------------------------(30c) 

(Basaltic Cu) --------------------------------------------(23) 

Sandstone 

Sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn -----------------------------------30a 

Sediment-hosted Cu ---------------------------------------30b 

Sandstone U ----------------------------------------------30c 

(Basaltic Cu) --------------------------------------------(23) 

(Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn) ---------------------------------------(32c) 

(Unconformity U-Au) --------------------------------------(37a) 

Shale-siltstone 

Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb -----------------------------31a 

Bedded barite --------------------------------------------31b 

Emerald veins --------------------------------------------31c 

(Basaltic Cu) --------------------------------------------(23) 

(Carbonate-hosted Au-Ag) ---------------------------------(26a) 

(Sediment-hosted Cu) -------------------------------------(30b) 

Carbonate rocks 

No associated igneous rocks 

Southeast Missouri Pb-Zn ---------------------------------32a 

Appalachian Zn -------------------------------------------32b 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn -----------------------------------------32c 

(Replacement Sn) -----------------------------------------(14c) 

5 
Table 1. Classification of deposit models by lithologic-tectonic environment 

--Continued 

Deposit environment Model No. 

I. Carbonate rocks--Continued 

No associated igneous rocks--Continued 

(Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb) ---------------------------(31a) 

(Karst bauxite) ------------------------------------------(38c) 

Igneous heat sources present 

(Polymetallic replacement) -------------------------------(19a) 

(Replacement Mn) -----------------------------------------(19b) 

(Carbonate-hosted Au-Ag) ---------------------------------(26a) 

(Fluorspar deposits) -------------------------------------(26b*) 

J. Chemical sediments 

Oceanic 

Mn nodules -----------------------------------------------33a* 

Mn crusts ------------------------------------------------33b* 

Shelf 

Superior Fe ----------------------------------------------34a 

Sedimentary Mn -------------------------------------------34b 

Phosphate, upwelling type --------------------------------34c 

Phosphate, warm-current type -----------------------------34d 

Restricted basin 

Marine evaporite -----------------------------------------35a* 

Playa evaporite ------------------------------------------35b* 

(Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb) ---------------------------(31a) 

(Sedimentary Mn) -----------------------------------------(34b) 

Regionally metamorphosed rocks 

K. Derived mainly from eugeosynclinal rocks 

Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein ---------------------------------36a 

Homestake Au -----------------------------------------------36b 

(Serpentine-hosted asbestos) -------------------------------(8d) 

(Gold on flat faults) --------------------------------------(37b) 

L. Derived mainly from pelitic and other sedimentary rocks 

Unconformity U-Au ------------------------------------------37a 

Gold on flat faults ----------------------------------------37b 

Surficial and unconformity-related 

M. Residual 

Lateritic Ni -----------------------------------------------38a 

Bauxite, laterite type -------------------------------------38b 

Bauxite, karst type ----------------------------------------38c 

(Unconformity U-Au) ----------------------------------------(37a) 

N. Depositional 

Placer Au-PGE ----------------------------------------------39a 

Placer PGE-Au ----------------------------------------------39b 

Shoreline placer Ti ----------------------------------------39c 

Diamond placers --------------------------------------------39d 

Stream placer Sn -------------------------------------------39e 

(Quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U) --------------------------(29a) 

inevitably introduces a substantial bias on the part of 

the classifier, thus we have followed a system of 

including, parenthetically, alternative classifications 

less favored by the compiler at the appropriate 

alternative points in the classification scheme. 

MODEL NAMES 

Each model has been assigned a name that is 

derived either from the special characteristics of the 

classes or from a type locality. The latter strategy 

6 
was employed to avoid excessively long descriptive 

names. The use of type names derived from specific 

deposits does produce confusion in some readers, 

however, who may feel, for example, that a deposit 

that does not look "exactly" like Comstock cannot be 

represented by a "Comstock epithermal vein" model. 

This confusion may be minimized by realizing that 

most models are blends of attributes from a large 

number of deposits and that the names are only 

conveniences, not constrictions. The contributors to 

this report and the literature in general are not 

without disagreements regarding nomenclature (as well 

as genetic aspects and some facets of the groupings 

made here), but provision for alternative names is 

made in the model format under the heading of 

approximate synonyms. 

DESCRIPTIVE MODELS 

Because every mineral deposit, like every 

fingerprint, is different from every other in some 

finite way, models have to progress beyond the purely 

descriptive in order to represent more than single 

deposits. Deposits sharing a relatively wide variety 

and large number of attributes come to be 

characterized as a "type," and a model representing 

that type can evolve. As noted above, generally 

accepted genetic interpretations play a significant role 

in establishing model classes. Here we shall emphasize 

the more descriptive aspects of the deposits because 

our goal is to provide a basis for interpreting geologic 

observations rather than to provide interpretations in 

search of examples. The attributes listed are intended 

to be guides for resource assessment and for 

exploration, both in the planning stage and in the 

interpretation of findings. 

The descriptive models have two parts. The 

first, the "Geological Environment," describes the 

environments in which the deposits are found; the 

second gives the identifying characteristics of the 

deposits. The headings "Rock Types" and "Textures" 

cover the favorable host rocks of deposits as well as 

source rocks believed to be responsible for 

hydrothermal fluids which may have introduced 

epigenetic deposits. "Age" refers to the age of the 

event responsible for the formation of the deposit. 

"Tectonic Setting" is concerned with major features or 

provinces (perhaps those that might be portrayed only 

at 1:1,000,000 or smaller scale), not ore control by 

structures that are local and often site-specific. 

"Associated Deposits" are listed as deposits whose 

presence might indicate suitable conditions for 

additional deposits of the type portrayed by the model. 

The second part of the model, the "Deposit 

Description," provides the identifying characteristics 

of the deposits themselves, particularly emphasizing 

aspects by which the deposits might be recognized 

through their geochemical and geophysical anomalies. 

In most cases the descriptions also contain data useful 

in project planning for mineral assessment or 

exploration; this aspect is especially important where 

limited financial and manpower resources must be 

allocated to the more significant tasks. 

GRADE-TONNAGE MODELS 

Estimated pre-mining tonnages and grades from 

over 3,900 well-explored, well-characterized deposits 

were used to construct 60 grade-tonnage models. 

Where several different estimates were available for a 

deposit, the estimated tonnages associated with the 

lowest cutoff grades were used. Grades not available 

(always for by-products) were treated as zero. Except 

for a few instances, the data base is so large as to 

preclude specific references. Several published 

compilations of data were particularly useful sources 

for multiple deposit types (Canada Department of 

Energy, Mines and Resources, 1980; DeYoung and 

others, 1984; Krauss and others, 1984; Laughlin, 1984; 

Menzie and Mosier, 1985; Mosier and others, 1983; 

Mosier and others, in press; Singer and others, 1980; 

Yamada and others, 1980). The U.S. Geological Survey 

has a great deal of data available in the Mineral 

Resources Data System. 

The grade-tonnage models are presented in 

graphical format to make it easy to compare deposit 

types and to display the data. All plots show either 

grade or tonnage on the horizontal axis, while the 

vertical axis is always the cumulative proportion of 

deposits. Plots of the same commodity or tonnages 

are presented on the same scale; a logarithmic scale is 

used for tonnage and most grades. Each dot represents 

an individual deposit (or, rarely, a district), cumulated 

in ascending grade or tonnage. Where a large number 

of deposits is plotted, individual digits represent the 

number of deposits. Smoothed curves are plotted 

through arrays of points, and intercepts for the 90th, 

50th, and lOth percentiles are constructed. For 

tonnages and most grades, the smoothed curves 

represent percentiles of a lognormal distribution that 

has the same mean and standard deviation as the 

observed data; exceptions are plots where only a small 

percentage of deposits had reported grades and grade 

plots that are presented on an arithmetic scale, such 

as iron or manganese, for which the smoothed curve 

was fit by eye. Summary statistics by deposit type are 

provided in Appendix B. The number of deposits in 

each type is indica ted at the upper right of each 

diagram. The deposits used to construct each model 

are listed with the model and cross-indexed to model 

types in Appendix E. Correlations among grades and 

between tonnage and each grade are indica ted only 

when significant at the 1 percent level. 

There are important limitations inherent in the 

data base used for all grade-tonnage models. 

Estimates of cutoff grades within individual deposit 

types can vary because of regional, national, or 

operator differences. All too commonly there is no 

mention of the actual cutoff grades or mining widths 

that are incorporated into published reserve figures; 

nevertheless, the grade-tonnage figures given do 

represent material that the company or the 

government believed might someday be economic ta 

mine. Stratiform deposits of large areal extent, such 

as phosphate or sedimentary manganese, are special 

problems because of differences in opinion and 

practice regarding how closely drilled they must be to 

"prove" ore tonnages and regarding the thicknesses and 

depths of what may be considered for eventual 

mining. Effects of another source of variation, mining 

'1 
methods, are recognized in some of the placer models; 

typically, however, mining methods are fairly 

consistent within a deposit type. In a few instances, 

irregular cumulative frequency plots reflect mixing of 

economic and scientific data sources, such as in the 

plot of gold in porphyry copper deposits. In spite of 

the current difficulty of quantifying variation of 

grades and tonnages with respect to changes in cutoff 

grades or mining methods, the models presented here 

are believed to account for the main source of 

variation in grades and tonnages of mineral deposits--

variation due to differences among types of deposits. 

The question of whether one counts deposits 

within a cluster of related deposits as individuals or as 

a total will probabJy never be resolved to everyone's 

satisfaction. Some geostatisticians would separate 

each ore body (and then argue about whether two 

operations on the same body should be counted 

separately), whereas some economic geologists would 

lump everything from a single district (and then argue 

about district boundaries). For the most part the 

entities summarized are individual deposits, but in 

some instances such data are mixed with data 

representing entire districts. Because of these 

inconsistencies, some care is necessary in comparing 

grade-tonnage models between deposit types or in 

comparing this summary with those prepared using 

alternative methods. 

Care is also warranted in interpreting the grade 

distributions for which data are missing; this concerns 

principally by-product grades. In some instances, such 

as the platinum-group element (PGE) contents in 

podiform chromite and the cobalt content of laterites, 

the fragmentary information given probably represents 

the entire class. In other instances, such as the lead 

content of Cyprus massive sulfide deposits, the missing 

grades probably represent values below the lowest 

reported grades. The grades derived from studies of 

trace elements in ores more probably represent the 

former situation rather than the latter. 

Deposits strongly suspected to be small or very 

low grade are seldom sampled well enough to be 

characterized in terms of grade and tonnage, thus the 

sample of many deposit classes is truncated by 

economics. Nonetheless, probably 4-0 percent of the 

deposits used in these models are, in fact, noneconomic today; and a perusal of the figures will 

discover examples of both small deposits and lowgrade deposits. 

Potential metal supply is domina ted by the very 

few largest tonnage deposits, as shown by Singer and 

DeYoung (1980), who also pointed out that inverse 

correlations between grade and tonnage are 

surprisingly rare. Thus the fact that a deposit is large 

does not necessarily mean that it will prove to be of 

low grade. This means that most low-grade deposits 

are not likely to have huge resources and also that the 

omission of a few low-grade or small tonnage deposits 

will not seriously degrade the predictions of potential 

national supplies for most commodities. In contrast, 

the missing low-grade and small deposits suggest that 

the grade-tonnage models represent a biased sample of 

the large number of low-grade or small-tonnage 

occurrences and prospects found by exploration. This 

fact must be considered in cases where the number of 

undiscovered deposits is estimated. In order for the 

8 

estimated number of deposits to be consistent with a 

grade-tonnage model, approximately half of the 

deposits estimated should have greater than the 

model's median tonnage or grade. Thus the probability 

that an untested prospect represents a significant 

deposit can too easily be overestimated. 

OTHER TYPES OF MODELS AND THEIR 

INTERRELATIONSHIPS 

The bulk of this report deals with descriptive 

mineral deposit models and their grade-tonnage 

counterparts, but there are other useful aspects which 

we wish to discuss even though we have not yet had 

the opportunity to develop or exploit them. They are 

the genetic, occurrence probability, and quantitative 

process models. 

Many authors prefer to keep a clear distinction 

between descriptive and genetic models, apparently 

feeling that the descriptive models somehow represent 

"pure truth" whereas the genetic constitute a less 

objective philosophical position (or at least make the 

investigator "skate on thin ice"). It is altogether 

desirable to avoid confusing interpretation with fact; 

but it is well to remember, for example, that each 

time a field geoscientist extrapolates geology across a 

covered area he or she adds an element of 

"interpretation" to a "factual" map, and that this 

interpretation is not necessarily any more "real" (or 

"unreal") than, for example, an isotope geologist's 

conclusion that a given oxygen and hydrogen isotopic 

signature extracted from fluid inclusions points to a 

meteoric origin for the fluid. The point is that the 

whole of our professional know ledge rests on a broad 

continuum of interpretations; many of them are so 

commonly accepted that they are no longer 

questioned, but many others still evoke challenges. 

Thus we suggest that a combination descriptivegenetic model is not inconsistent with professional 

practice. The model begins as a description, but 

various aspects of the model become genetic as they 

acquire satisfactory genetic explanations. Eventually 

much of the model becomes genetic, as has happened, 

for example, with the Cyprus-type massive sulfide 

deposits or the sandstone uranium deposits of the 

Colorado Plateau. 

As the attributes of a model become understood 

in a genetic sense, the descriptive model evolves to a 

genetic model: 

1. Genetic models are compilations of the 

properties of a group of related deposits 

in which the reasons for certain attributes 

being favorable are identified. 

Descriptive models evolve into genetic 

models, and as such they become far more 

flexible and powerful. 

We have presented the three model subtypes 

above as if they constituted a linear logical sequence 

leading toward the "final" model, but in fact there 

must be an iterative relationship among descriptive, 

genetic, and grade/tonnage models. The consequence 

of examining any of these three may be a reassessment 

of the groupings of deposits chosen to be represented 

by a model type and the redesignation of the attributes 

diagnostic for that type. 

With a dominantly genetic model in hand, two 

r 
more model types can be generated: 

2. Occurrence probability models are models 

that predict the probability of a deposit 

(of a size and grade indicated by the 

appropriate grade-tonnage models) 

occurring within a given area. As with the 

descriptive and genetic models, 

probability models that are tied to lithic 

or structural geologic entities (that is, 

they are genetic) are far more focused; in 

fact, it is probably impossible to generate 

a useful probability model before the 

establishment of a genetic model. 

Accurate probability models are very 

difficult to construct because although the 

technical community has very complete 

data on mineral producers (mines), the 

data on non-producing mineral deposits 

(prospects and mineral shows) are much 

less well documented, a point also covered 

in the discussion of grade-tonnage 

models. Even more importantly, data on 

barren areas are sparse. We must 

extrapolate from a very fragmentary base 

toward a completely unseen target. 

There is much to learn before the probability 

model can be made a dependable tool; yet the 

successful targeting of exploration programs by 

industry demonstrates that, at least on a qualitative 

basis, areas with better-than-average probabilities can 

be identified. It is worth noting, also, that mineral 

fuels are much more predictable and now can have 

realistic probability-of-occurrence values attached to 

specific volumes of sediments provided that the initial 

character and postdepositional histories of the 

sediments are well known. It is a distant but not 

unreasonable dream to anticipate that some day we 

shall approach that level of certainty for some types 

of nonfuel mineral deposits. 

3. Quantitative process models are models that 

describe quantitatively some process 

related to mineral deposit formation; they 

are offshoots of the genetic model. 

Examples would be models of heat or fluid 

flow around a cooling pluton; rates of 

crystal growth as functions of 

supersaturation, impurities, and 

temperature; or sequences and amounts of 

minerals deposited from evaporating 

seawater. 

All five of these model subtypes can be parts of the 

"final" model, and recycling of the model back to the 

original groupings stage helps refine the selection 

process. Figure 2 shows the flow of information that 

results in the generation of the models we have 

discussed. 

Table 2 compares the five model subtypes with 

five distinct types of uses for the information. Note 

that persons engaged in research guidance and 

especially exploration and development have broadranging needs, whereas those dealing with the 

availability of minerals or of land-use allocation have 

less use for genetic or quantitative process models. 

Overall there is a need for a comprehensive array of 

mineral deposit models to meet these individual 

objectives. 

Figure 2. Flow sheet showing evolution of model 

types. Individual model subtypes are discussed in 

text. It is essential that such a structure represents 

the repetitive cycling of information leading to 

continual refinement of groupings of deposits that 

represent each model type. 

MATURITY OF DESCRIPTIVE-GENETIC MODELS 

The rate at which we gain understanding and 

the current levels of genetic knowledge vary 

considerably from one deposit type to another, as 

figures 3 and 4 show. Such types as placers and 

evaporites are well known genetically and the 

problems in their exploration and utilization concern 

local site-specific geologic issues rather than mineral 

genesis or the degree of rna tura tion of the model. In 

contrast, others such as the Coeur d'Alene Ag-Pb-Zn 

veins, or the massive Zn-Mn-Fe oxide/silicate bodies 

at Franklin and Sterling Hill, or the Cu-U-Au at 

Olympic Dam, or the Cu-Zn-Pb-Ge ores of Kipushi and 

the Tsumeb pipe remairt genetic enigmas despite, in 

the instances of the first two, extensive research 

spanning many years. Still others, such as the 

diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes, are geologically 

well understood regarding their origin yet very poorly 

understood in terms of the reasons for their existing at 

any particular site. Our rate of acquisition of 

information is very irregular, as the schematic 

diagram in figure 3 shows. The several scarps between 

plateaus in the knowledge curve for the marine 

phosphate model might mark, successively, the 

recognition that the phosphate was a chemical 

precipitate, that it occurred on continental shelves 

where upwelling of deep marine waters occurred, and 

that the upwelling regions were related to wind and 

current patterns that were tied to the global 

configuration of the continents and ocean basins. A 

9 
Table 2. Comparison of application of the five model subtypes 

by various users 

[Level of use: Major, X; minor, X; minimal, X) 

Subtypes of models 

'+< <!) 0 00 <!) 

ell <II :>, ;:. p ;:. .u <II ·.-i 

Uses p •.-i •.-i u .u 0 .u ,..., p ell .u p.. u ·.-i <!) .u Ul ....... Ti •.-i ..0 ~ •.-i Ul 

<II ~ .u ell ~ .u <!) 

"d u <II ..0 ;:l p u ell Ul p 0 u ell 0 ~ <II <!) ~ u ;:l ~ 

0 A 0 p.. 0 CfP.. 

Exploration/development X X X X X 

Supply potential X X X X X 

Land use X X X X X 

Education X X X X X 

Research guidance X X X X X 

second example from the Mississippi Valley-type ores 

might involve scarps marking the recognition (from 

fluid-inclusion evidence) that the ores were deposited 

from warm (about 100 °C) highly saline solutions that 

could represent neither simple surface nor marine 

waters. A second scarp might be associated with the 

recognition that the deposits were integral parts of a 

regional hydrologic regime whose distribution and 

character was susceptible to interpretation. 

Figures 3 and 4 bring out another point: some 

aspects of any model always remain to be determined, 

thus we never acquire a "complete" model. Indeed, the 

approach to "complete" understanding is asymptotic, 

and a lot of additional effort to dear up the "last" 

uncertainty in a nearly perfect model is probably 

unwarranted. But, as the examples in figure 3 show, 

new ideas and new technologies can provide the 

impetus for new spurts in knowledge for heretofore 

incomplete models. 

Note that the horizontal axis in figure 3 is 

simply "years of effort" devoted to fundamental 

geologic investigation. The scale certainly needs to be 

exponential in order to fit the intensively studied and 

sparsely studied deposit types, but this figure is 

strictly schematic, there being no source of 

documentation for either coordinate. The figure also 

indicates that different deposit types may require 

different amounts of effort to achieve a similar level 

of genetic understanding. 

Figure 4 shows a hypothetical growth curve 

along which different types of deposits have been 

schematically arrayed. Because some deposits (such as 

volcanogenic massive sulfides) are so much more 

difficult to understand than others (gold placers), the 

horizontal axis has been "normalized" by plotting a 

ratio of effort done to effort needed thereby 

permitting a smooth, although admittedly subjective 

10 

COMPLETE PLACER GOLD 

CJ 

z 

0 PHOSPHORITE 

z 

oct: 

f-

(/) 

a: 

w 

0 

z 

:::> 

() 

i= 

w 

z 

w 

CJ MISSISSIPPI VALLEY Pb·Zn 

lL 

0 

..J 

w 

> w 

..J 

NIL 

PERSON· YEARS OF EFFORT (Schematic log scale) 

Figure 3. Schematic growth patterns for 

understanding of some typical genetic models. 

Individual curves discussed in text. 

and schematic, curve to be illustrated. As with figure 

3, there is no documentation to support this diagram, 

although the general concept meets with agreement 

among most contributors to this volume. 

COMPLETE .----------------------, 

NIL 

Plac~r Au, ~vaporit~s 

Lat~rit~s 

Magmatic sulfides 

Phosphorites 

Band~d iron-formation 

Vo lcanog~nic massive sulfid~s 

Porphyry Cu-Mo 

Epitherma 1 Au- Ag 

Sandstone U 

S~dimentary Mn 

Podiform chromit~ 

Mississippi Va !ley Pb -Zn 

S~dim~ntary exhalative Zn-Pb 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn 

Coeur d' A l~n~ } 

Franklin Furnace 

Olympic Dam 

Th~s~ ar~ so poorly und~rstood that 

th~y d~fy classification. Each deposit 

constitutes its own cless 

RATIO OF EFFORT EXPENDED TO EFFORT NEEDED 

Figure 4. Comparison of relative levels of 

understanding of some important model types. 

Vertical coordinate same as for figure 3; but because 

difficulty of acquiring the genetic information differs 

so widely among model types, the horizontal 

coordinate is "normalized" as noted in text. 
Model 1 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF STILLWATER Ni-Cu 

By Norman J Page 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Stratiform mafic-ultramafic Ni-Cu. 

DESCRIPTION Ni, Cu sulfides at base of large repetitively layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion. 

(see fig. 5). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication 1 (1969); Economic 

Geology, v. 77, no. 6 (1982) and v. 71, no. 7 (1976). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Layered intrusion contains norite, gabbro-norite, dunite, harzburgite, peridotite, 

pyroxenite, troctolite, anorthosite, and gabbro. 

Textures Cumulate textures; layers with gradational proportions of euhedral crystals; locally with 

poikilitic matrix. 

Age Range Generally Precambrian, but may be as young as Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Intruded into granitic gneiss or volcanic-sedimentary terrane. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Cratonal, mostly in Precambrian shield areas. 

Associated Deposit Types Bushveld Cr, Merensky Reef PGE, Bushveld Fe-Ti-U. PGE placers. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + pentlandite + cobalt sulfides, by-product platinum group 

metals ( PGE). 

Texture/Structure Locally massive; interstitial to silicates; disseminated. 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls Basins in basal contact of intrusion with rapidly varying lithologies. Sulfides may 

intrude fractures in footwall country rock. Ingress of sulfur through fractures in footwall may be 

important ore control. 

Weathering Gossan. 

Geochemical Signature Cu, Ni, PGE, Co. High Mg; low Na, K, and P. 

EXAMPLES 

Stillwater Complex, USMT (Page , 1977) 

11 
Model 1--Con. 

12 

Cumulus ferrogabbro 

to diorite 

Cumulus gabbro and 

gabbro-norite 

Cumulus anorthosite, 

troctolite, gabbro 

Cumulus no rite, anorthosite, minor troctolite 

-A.-A.-..:.: .0. 

-At: ..:.: 

..:.: ..:.: 

..:.: ..:.: 

..:.: .0.: 

..:.: ..:.: 

x-x-x-xr-o--o-o-o-

-o-o-o-

-o-o-oCumulus pyroxenite ---+_0 __ 0 __ 

-o-o-o- Cumulus harzburgite, -o-o- dunite, pyroxenite ---+-

-o-o-oCumulus pyroxenite, -o-oDiabase 

norite, gabbro-----+-

and no rite dikes ~ 

--_. - and sills 

Metased i menta ry rocks 

- .--

V- Ti magnetite layers 

( Bushveld Fe-Ti- V) 

PGE zone ( Merensky Reef PGE) 

Chromite layers can 

occur ( Bus hve 1 d C r) 

Massive and matrix 

disseminated Cu- Ni sulfides 

(Still'w'ater Cu- Ni) 

Fisure 5. Diagram of typical mafic-ultramafic stratiform complex, 500 to 

1,500 m thick, showing stratigraphic relations of rock units and mineral 

deposits. Deposit models shown in parentheses. 
Model 2a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF BUSHVELD Cr 

By Norman J Page 

SYNONYM Stratiform mafic-ultramafic Cr. 

DESCRIPTION Layered chromitite in lower intermediate zone of large repetitively layered maficultramafic intrusions (see fig. 5). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Intrusion may contain norite, gabbro-norite, dunite, harzburgite, peridotite, 

pyroxenite, troctolite, anorthosite, and gabbro. 

Textures Cumulate textures; layers with gradational proportions of euhedral crystals; locally with 

poikilitic matrix. 

Age Range Generally Precambrian, but may be as young as Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Intruded into granitic gneiss or into volcanic-sedimentary terrane. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Cratonal, mostly in Precambrian shield areas. 

Associated Deposit Types Stillwater-Ni-Cu, Merensky Reef PGE, and Bushveld Fe-Ti-V deposits. PGE 

placers. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chromite ± ilmenite ± magnetite ± pyrrhotite ± pentlandite ± chalcopyrite ± PGE minerals 

(dominantly laurite, cooperite, and braggite) . 

..,, Texture/Structure Massive to disseminated layers, cumulus texture. 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls May be in dunite, orthopyroxenite, or anorthosite. Thickness of chromite increases 

in basinal depressions in layering. 

Weathering Abundant blocks of chromitite in soil and alluvium. 

Geochemical Signature Cr, PGE. High Mg; low Na, K, P. 

EXAMPLES 

Bushveld Complex, SAFR 

Stillwater Complex, USMT 

Great Dyke, ZIMB 

(Cameron and Desborough, 1969) 

(Jackson, 1969) 

( Bichan, 1969) 

13 
Model 2b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF MERENSKY REEF PGE 

By Norman J Page 

SYNONYM Stratiform mafic-ultramafic PGE. 

DESCRIPTION Disseminated PGE-rich sulfides in olivine-rich rocks in anorthosite-gabbro zone of 

large layered intrusions (see fig. 5). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Norite, gabbro-norite, dunite, harzburgite, peridotite, pyroxenite, troctolite, 

anorthosite, and gabbro. 

Textures Cumulate textures; layers with gradational proportions of euhedral crystals; locally with 

poikilitic matrix. 

Age Range Generally Precambrian, but may be as young as Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Intruded into granitic gneiss or into volcanic-sedimentary terrane. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Cratonal, mostly in Precambrian shield areas. 

Associated Deposit Types Stillwater Ni-Cu, Bushveld Cr, and Bushveld Fe-Ti-V. PGE placers. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + pentlandite ± chromite ± graphite. PGE minerals are 

braggite, cooperite, kotulskite, vysotskite, sperrylite, moncheite, and alloys of platinum-group 

metals. 

Texture/Structure Clots of massive sulfide and disseminated grains. 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls In layers near first reappearance of olivine as a cumulate phase after thick 

accumulation of plagioclase pyroxene rocks. May be related to introduction of new magma. Locally 

associated with pipes of Fe-rich olivine. 

Weathering Difficult to see ore zone on weathered surface, exploration requires extensive sampling 

and chemical analysis. 

Geochemical Signature PGE, Cu, Ni, Cr, Ti. High Mg; low Na, K, P. 

EXAMPLES 

14 

Bushveld Complex, SAFR 

Stillwater Complex, USMT 

(Vermaak and Hendriks, 1976) 

(Todd and others, 1982) 
Model 3 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF BUSHVELD Fe-Ti-V 

By Norman J Page 

SYNONYM Stratiform mafic-ultramafic Fe-Ti-V. 

DESCRIPTION Layers of Ti-V-rich magnetite in upper parts of large repetitively layered maficultramafic intrusions (see fig. 5). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Norite, gabbro-norite, dunite, harzburgite, peridotite, pyroxenite, troctolite, 

anorthosite, and gabbro. 

Textures Cumulate textures; layers with gradational proportions of euhedral crystals; locally with 

poikilitic matrix. 

Age Range Generally Precambrian, but may be as young as Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Intruded into granitic gneiss or into volcanic-sedimentary terrane. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Cratonal, mostly in Precambrian shield areas. 

Associated Deposit Types Bushveld Cr, Stillwater Ni-Cu, and Merensky Reef PGE. PGE placers. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Vanadium-bearing magnetite ± ilmenite ± traces of sulfides. 

Texture/Structure Massive magnetite-ilmenite, cumulus textures. 

Ore Controls Layers near top of intrusion. Layers may be cut by pipes and veins rich in ilmenite. 

Weathering Blocks of magnetite in soil and alluvium. 

Geochemical Signature Fe, Ti, V. 

EXAMPLES 

Bushveld Complex, SAFR (Williams, 1969; Molyneux, 1969) 

15 
Model 5a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF DULUTH Cu-Ni-PGE 

By Norman J Page 

DESCRIPTION Sporadically distributed massive to disseminated sulfides associated with basal 

portion of large layered intrusions in rift environments. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Weiblen and Morey (1980). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Peridotite, harzburgite, pyroxenite, norite, augite, troctolite, anorthosite. 

Associated with pyritic shale, anhydrite, or recognizable source of sulfur to contaminate magma. 

Textures Cumulus textures, locally diabasic or ophitic textures. 

Age Range Precambrian to Tertiary(?). 

Depositional Environment Intruded during rifting into metasedimentary (slate, argillite, 

graywacke) and metavolcanic rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Rift environment. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrrhotite + pentlandite + chalcopyrite + cubanite ± PGE minerals ± graphite. 

Texture/Structure Disseminated, matrix, and massive sulfides. 

Alteration Locally sulfides may show evidence of hydrothermal remobilization. 

Ore Controls Zone of active syn-intrusion faulting forming basins, in basal part of intrusion; 

source of external sulfur; source of silicic material to contaminate magma. 

Geochemical Signature Ni/Cu approximately 1/3, Cu, Ni; PGE, Co, Ti; sulfur isotopes show nonmagmatic sulfur. 

EXAMPLES 

16 

Duluth Complex, USMN 

(Dunka Road deposits) 

(Weiblen and Morey, 1980; 

Bonnichsen, 1972; Ripley, 1981) 
--

Model 5b 

DESC~IPTIVE MODEL OF NORIL'SK Cu-Ni-PGE 

By Norman J Page 

DESCRIPTION Massive to disseminated sulfides in small shallow mafic to ultramafic intrusives with 

an external source of sulfur. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Flood basalts, picritic intrusive rocks, picritic gabbro, norite, olivine gabbro, 

dolerite, intrusive and volcanic breccias. Associated with evaporites or some external source of 

sulfur. 

Textures Ophitic, subophitic, gabbroic, cumulate. 

Age Range Paleozoic. 

Depositional Environment Magma has intruded through evaporites or pyritic shale, and formed sills 

in flood basalts during active faulting. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Rift environment. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrrhotite + pentlandite + chalcopyrite + cubanite + millerite + vallerite + pyrite + 

bornite + gersdorffite + sperrylite + PGE alloys + polarite + PGE tellurides, arsenides, and 

antimonides. 

Texture/Structure Lenses, layers of massive, matrix, and disseminated sulfide. 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls External source of sulfur; sulfides form persistent basal layers to intrusion and 

dike-like bodies into country rock; and form in fault-bounded depressions. 

Geochemical Signature Ni/Cu = 1.5 to 0.5, Co/Ni = 1/16; Pt/(Pd/Ni) = 1/500 

EXAMPLES 

Noril'sk, USSR (Krauss and Schmidt, 1979) 

17 
Model 6a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF KOMATIITIC Ni-Cu 

By Norman J Page 

DESCRIPTION Lenticular, irregular elongate to tabular, pipelike Ni-Cu sulfides associated with 

komatiitic volcanic extrusive rocks (see fig. 6). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Arndt and Nisbet (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Dunite, pyroxenite, peridotite, basalt, komatiites, komatiitic basalts. Rocks contain 

more than 15 percent and may approach 40 percent MgO. 

Textures Bladed olivine or pyroxene with skeletal appearance in random or parallel orientations; 

spinifex textures, fracture or joint patterns that resemble pillows. 

Age Range Archean or Proterozoic generally, but some may be Cretaceous or Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Mafic to felsic rock sequences with numerous volcanic events. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Greenstone belts. 

Associated Deposit Types Dunitic Ni. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrite + pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + pentlandite, by-product PGE. 

Texture/Structure Sulfide contents vary from base to top of deposit. Base contains massive 

sulfide grading into net-textured or matrix sulfide into disseminated sulfide. 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls In lowermost flows more than 10 m thick; in zones of increased spinifex development; 

and near feeder areas for the flows. Orebodies show evidence of active faulting at the time the 

flows were deposited and have thickening and thinning of flows along strike. Ore occurs in 

irregularities at bottom of flows. Unit contains greater than 1,000 ppm sulfur or is associated 

with sulfide-bearing chert and argillite. Shale or iron carbonate sequences occur below flows. 

Weathering Develop gossans, laterites. 

Geochemical Signature High Mg, Ni, Cu, Mg, PGE. Gossans contain 15 to 30 ppb Pd and 5 to 10 ppb 

Ir over known Ni-Cu deposits where Cu and Ni are leached out of the gossan. 

EXAMPLES 

Kambalda, AUWA 

Damba, ZIMB 

Langmuir, CNON 

(Gresham and Loftus-Hills, 1981) 

(Williams, 1979) 

(Green and Naldrett, 1981) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF KOMATIITIC Ni-Cu 

By Donald A. Singer, Norman J Page, and W. David Menzie 

COMMENTS Nickel grade is correlated with tonnage (r = -0.47) and with copper grade 

(r = 0.59, n = 21). Au, Ir, Pt, and Pd grades are based on reported analyses of samples from the 

deposits. See figs. 7-10. 

18 

~ 

I 
~') 

Model 6a--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Carnilya E. AUWA Munda AUWA 

Carnilya Hill AUWA Nepean AUWA 

Damba 

Epoch 

E. Scotia 

Hitura 

Hunters Road 

Kambalda 

Kotalahti 

Langmuir 1 

Langmuir 2 

Marbridge 

McWatters 

Miriam 

Mt. Edwards 

Mt. Windarra 

1000 m 

ZIMB Perseverance ZIMB 

ZIMB Rankin Inlet CNNT 

AUWA Red ross AUWA 

FNLD Scotia AUWA 

ZIMB Selukwe ZIMB 

AUWA Shang ani ZIMB 

FNLD Sothman Twp. CNON 

CNON Spargoville AUWA 

CNON S. Windarra AUWA 

CNQU Textmont CNON 

CNON Trojan ZIMB 

AUWA Wannaway AUWA 

AUWA Wigie 3 AUWA 

AUWA 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . Alluvium 

" Paleo faults " active during 

early phase of komatiite extrusion 

Feeder area 

EXPLANATION 

Graywacke and shale 

Banded iron-formation, 

chert, sulfide-rich sediments 

Komatiitic basalt 

Thin komatiite 1lows with 

spinifex texture 

Tholeiitic basalt 

Fi8Ure 6. Cartoon cross section of typical komatiitic volcanic sedimentary 

sequence showing ore controls of komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits. Modified from 

Marston and others (1981). 

19 
Model 6a--Con. 

KOMATIITE NICKEL-COPPER 

1.0 

n = 31 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0063 6300 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 7. Tonnages of komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits. 

20 
KOMATIITE NICKEL--COPPER 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fii5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 0.056 10 

A NICKEL GRADE IN PERCENT 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.00.01 100 

B\ GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 8. Nickel and gold grades of komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits. A, 

Nickel. B, Gold. 

Model 6a--Con. 

21 
Model 6a--Con. 

22 

KOMATIITIC NICKEL--COPPER 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

A. PALLADIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

(j) 

I- 0.3 U5 

0 

0.. 

w 

0 0.2 l.L 

0 

z 

0 0.1 i= 

a: 

0 

0.. 

0 

a: 0.0 

0.. 1,000 

B. IRIDIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

::t : : : : : : 05;~: I 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1,000 

c. PLATINUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

Figure 9. PGE grades of komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits. !, Palladium. 

~, Iridium. ~, Platinum. 
~'l 

"""'' 

~ 

KOMATIITIC NICKEL--COPPER 

Cf) 

I- 0.3 U5 

0 0 a.. 

UJ 

0 0.2 LL 

0 

z 

Q 0.1 Ia: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 0.0 a.. 0.01 1.0 

A. COBALT GRADE IN PERCENT 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

Cf) 

IU5 

0 0.6 a.. 

UJ 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

~ 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 10.0 

B~ COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 10. Base-metal grades among komatiitic Ni-Cu deposits. ~' 

Cobalt. !!_, Copper. 

Model 6a--Con. 

23 
Model 6b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF DUNITIC Ni-Cu 

By Norman J Page 

DESCRIPTION Disseminated sulfide mineralization in intrusive dunites. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Marston and others (1981); Ross and Travis (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Dunite, olivine peridotite in subconcordant lenses 500-1,000 m long, 50-100m thick. 

Textures Dunite; coarse-grained (2-20 mm) subequant olivine (Fo87 _9?) interlocked to give 

polygonal to mosaic texture; olivine peridotite; ovate olivine with lntercumulus pyroxene, sulfide 

and oxide minerals. 

Age Range Precambrian. 

Depositional Environment Intruded into contacts between clastic sedimentary and felsic volcanic 

rocks and mafic to ultramafic volcanic rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Greenstone belts. 

Associated Deposit Types Komatiitic Ni, synorogenic-synvolcanic-Ni talc-carbonate Ni-Au, layered 

sedimentary Ni. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy High grade (1-9 percent Ni): pyrrhotite+ pentlandite +magnetite+ pyrite+ 

chalcopyrite+ chromite. Low grade (0.4-1 percent Ni): the same minerals± millerite± 

heazlewoodite ± godlevskite ± polydymite ± vaesite ± awaruite ± bravoite ± cobaltite ± 

nickeliferous linnaeite ± cubanite ± Fe-Ni arsenides. 

Texture/Structure Lenticular shoots of massive, matrix, and breccia ores are fine to medium 

grained, also occurs as interstitial films. Ol~~~ne ~s commonly rounded when sulfide is present. 

Alteration Prograde and retrograde serpentinization after deposition; usually metamorphosed. 

Ore Controls Dunitic lenses close to major strike-slip faults and at high stratigraphic position 

in volcanic pile; most Ni-rich ores concentrated at one margin, perhaps at base of intrusion. 

Weathering Lateritic zones may be enriched in PGE. 

Geochemical Signature Ni, Cu, PGE, Cr, Co, Mg. Ni/Cu = 19-70+, Ni/Co:30-70. Massive sulfide ores 

6-9 percent Ni, disseminated ores up to 3 percent Ni. 

EXAMPLES 

Agnew (Perseverance), AUWA 

Mt. Keith, AUWA 

(Martin and Allchurch, 1975) 

(Burt and Sheppy, 1975) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF DUNITIC Ni-Cu 

By Donald A. Singer and Norman J Page 

COMMENTS Nickel grade is correlated with tonnage (r = -0.54) and 

copper grade (r = 0.84, n = 12). Ir, Pd, Au, and Co grades are based on reported analyses of 

samples from the deposits. See fig. 11-14. 

24 

~ 

I 
Model 6b--Con. 

'"') DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Agnew (Perserverance) AUWA Honeymoon Well AUWA 

Amax CNMN Manibridge CNMN 

Birch Tree CNMN Moak CNMN 

Black Swan AUWA Mt. Keith AUWA 

Bowden Lake CNMN Mystery Lake CNMN 

Bucko CNMN Pipe CNMN 

Discovery CNMN Six Mile AUWA 

Dumont CNQU Soab N. CNMN 

Forrestania Group AUWA Soab S. CNMN 

Geol. Reser. No. 34 CNMN Thompson CNMN 

Ham bone CNMN Weebo Bore AUWA 

25 
Model 6b--Con. 

Figure 11. Tonnages of dunitic Ni-Cu 

deposits. 

Cf) 

1-

(i) 

0 

c... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 

Cf) 

1-

(i) 

0 

c... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 

Figure 12. 

deposits. 

Nickel grades of dunitic Ni-Cu 

26 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.1 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

DUNITIC NICKEL--COPPER 

0 

MILLION TONNES 

DUNITIC NICKEL--COPPER 

0 

NICKEL GRADE IN PERCENT 

n = 22 

10 

, 

I 
~,, 

~ 

DUNITIC NICKEL--COPPER 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 0.3 

0.2 0 

0.1 

0.0 1 

A. IRIDIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

0.3 

0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

1000 

B. PALLADIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

DUNITIC NICKEL--COPPER 

0.3 

0 n = 22 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

0.0 0.01 100 

~ A. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

U5 

LJ ~: : : 

0 

: : : : : I Q 0.01 O.Q16 0.025 0.04 0.063 0.1 0.16 0.25 0.4 0.63 1.0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

0.3 

B. 

C. 

COBALT GRADE IN PERCENT 

0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 13. 

deposits. 

Model 6b--Con. 

PGE grades of dunitic Ni-Cu 

~' Iridium. ~' Palladium. 

Figure 14. By-product grades of dunitic 

Ni-Cu deposits. !_, Gold. ~' Cobalt • .£, 

Copper. 27 
Model 7a 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF SYNOROGENIC-SYNVOLCANIC Ni-Cu 

By Norman J Page 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYMS Gabbroid class (Ross and Travis, 1981), gabbroid associated (Marston and 

others, 1981). 

DESCRIPTION Massive lenses, matrix and disseminated sulfide in small to medium sized gabbroic 

intrusions in greenstone belts. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Norite, gabbro-norite, pyroxenite, peridotite, troctolite, and anorthosite forming 

layered or composite igneous complexes. 

Textures Phase and cryptic layering sometimes present, rocks usually cumulates. 

Age Range Archean to Tertiary, predominantly Archean and Proterozoic. 

Depositional Environment Intruded synvolcanically or during orogenic development of a metamorphic 

terrane containing volcanic and sedimentary rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Metamorphic belts, greenstone belts, mobile belts. 

Associated Deposit Types Komatiitic Ni-Cu, dunitic Ni-Cu, talc-carbonate Ni-Au (no model 

available). 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrrhotite + pentlandite + chalcopyrite ± pyrite ± Ti-magnetite ± Cr-magnetite ± 

graphite--by-product Co and PGE. 

Texture/Structure Predominantly disseminated sulfides; commonly highly deformed and metamorphosed 

so primary textures and mineralogy have been altered. Deformation about the same age as the 

deposit. 

Ore Control Sulfides commonly are in the more ultramafic parts of the complex and near the basal 

contacts of the intrusion. 

Weathering Lateritic. 

Geochemical Signature Ni, Cu, Co, PGE. 

EXAMPLES 

Sally Malay, AUWA 

Rana, NRWY 

Moxie pluton, USMA 

(Thornett, 1981) 

(Boyd and Mathiesen, 1979) 

(Thompson and Naldrett, 1984) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF SYNOROGENIC-SYNVOLCANIC Ni-Cu 

By Donald A. Singer, Norman J Page, and W. David Menzie 

COMMENTS Pd, Pt, Au, and Co grades are based on reported analyses of samples from the deposits. 

See figs. 15-18. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Bamble NRWY Funter Bay USAK 

Carr Boyd AUWA Gap USPA 

Empress ZIMB Giant Mascot CNBC 

Flaat NRWY Hosanger NRWY 

28 
Model 7a--Con. 

~') Kenbridge CNON Phoenix BOTS 

Kylmakoski FNLD Pikwe BOTS 

Lainijaur SWDN Renzy CNQU 

Lappuattnet SWDN Risliden SWDN 

Laukunkawges FNLD Selebi BOTS 

Lorraine CNQU Selebi N. BOTS 

Lynn Lake CNMN Selkirk BOTS 

Madziwa ZIMB Tekwane BOTS 

Makela FNLD Thierry CNON 

Mjodvattnet SWDN Vakkerlien NRWY 

Montcalm CNON Vammala FNLD 

Mt. Sholl AUWA Yakobi Island USAK 

SYNOROGENIC--SYNVOLCANIC NICKEL--COPPER 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

IU5 

0 0.6 11.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 ..,,_ z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

11.. 

0 

a: 

11.. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0063 6300 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 15. Tonnages of synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu deposits. 

29 
Model ?a--Con. 

Figure 16. Nickel grades of synorogenicsynvolcanic Ni-Cu deposits. 

Figure 17. Copper grades of synorogenicsynvolcanic Ni-Cu deposits. 

30 

(J) 

fUi 

0 

(L 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

(L 

0 

a: 

(L 

(J) 

fUi 

0 

(L 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

(L 

0 

a: 

(L 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

SYNOROGENIC--SYNVOLCANIC NICKEL--COPPER 

NICKEL GRADE IN PERCENT 

SYNOROGENIC--SYNVOLCANIC NICKEL--COPPER 

n = 32 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 
(/) 

1-

U) 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

SYNOROGENIC--SYNVOLCANIC NICKEL--COPPER 

::t t; : 0 : ; : : : ""'" I 0.01 0.016 0.025 0.04 0.063 0.1 0.16 0.25 0.4 0.63 1.0 

A. COBALT GRADE IN PERCENT 

:J ],; 0

: 0: : : : : : I 0.01 0.025 0.063 0.16 0.4 1.0 2.5 6.3 16 40 100 

B. GOLD GRADE IN PARTS PER MILLION 

i= 

~ ::t : : : : : or:~ : : I 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

c. PALLADIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

::t : : : to : 0 : : : : I 2 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

D. PLATINUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

Figure 18. By-product grades of synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu 

deposits. !_, Cobalt. ]!, Gold • .f, Palladium • .Q, Platinum. 

Model ?a--Con. 

31 
Model 7b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF ANORTHOSITE Ti 

By Eric R. Force 

DESCRIPTION Ilmenite (and rutile) deposits in granulite metamorphic terranes intruded by 

anorthosite-ferrodiorite-clan plutons. Two subsets (1 and 2) distinguished below (see fig. 19). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types (1) Andesine anorthosite massifs in granulite-facies country rocks (associated 

mineralization includes rutile if andesine is antiperthitic). 

(2) Ferrodiorite-type intrusive rocks (gabbro, charnockite, jutunite) generally 

younger than anorthosite, with associated ilmenite ± apatite mineralization. 

Textures Granulation in anorthosite, quartz platy and blue where present. 

Age Range Most, and perhaps all, between 900 and 1,500 m.y. in age. 

Depositional Environment Lower crust, intrusion under hot, dry conditions. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Not well known. 

Associated Deposit Types None known. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy: (1) Ilmenite ± rutile 

(2) Ilmenite ± apatite 

Deposit value is much greater if intergrown magnetite and ulvospinel are absent. 

Texture/Structure (1) Disseminations to veinlets along anorthosite margins, hosted by both impure 

anorthosite and adjacent country rock. 

(2) Both concordant layers within or at base of ferrodiorite-clan sheets, and veinlike massive bodies in underlying structural units (especially anorthosite). 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls (1) High-temperature metasomatism between Ti-Fe oxides-rich country rock, and 

anorthosite, coupled with unknown processes in anorthosite magma. Especially concentrated in 

swarms of anorthosite sills. 

(2) Immiscible Ti, P liquid in ferrodioritic magma, forming both cumulate-like 

bodies and fracture fillings. 

Weathering Residual enrichment may occur in weathering zone. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature (2) High Ti, P, and Zr. Magnetic anomalies. 

EXAMPLES 

( 1 ) 

(2) 

32 

Roseland, USVA 

Pluma Hidalgo, MXCO 

Roseland, USVA 

Sanford Lake, USNY 

Laramie Range, USWY 

(Herz and Force, 1984) 

(Paulson, 1964) 

(Herz and Force, 1984) 

(Gross, S. 0., 1968) 

(Eberle and Atkinson, 1983) 
F errodiorite 

EXPLANATION 

Massive ilmenite-apatite 

Granulite -facies country rock 

R, Disseminated rutile 

I, Disseminated ilmenite 

100 to 1000 m 

Andesine anorthosite 

Figure 19. Cartoon cross section of a typical anorthosite 

ferrodiorite intrusionshowing relation between different 

forms of Ti concentrations. 

Model 7b--Con. 

33 
Model 8a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF PODIFORM CHROMITE 

By John P. Albers 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Alpine type chromite (Thayer, 1964). 

DESCRIPTION Podlike masses of chromitite in ultramafic parts of ophiolite 

complexes (see fig. 20). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Dickey (1975). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Highly deformed dunite and harzburgite of ophiolite complexes; 

commonly serpentinized. 

Textures Nodular, orbicular, gneissic, cumulate, pull-apart; most relict 

textures are modified or destroyed by flowage at magmatic temperatures. 

Age Range Phanerozoic. 

Depositional Environment Lower part of oceanic lithosphere. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Magmatic cumulates in elongate magma pockets along spreading plate 

boundaries. Subsequently exposed in accreted terranes as part of ophiolite assemblage. 

Associated Deposit Types Limassol Forest Co-Ni-S-As. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chromite ± ferrichromite ± magnetite ± Ru-Os-Ir alloys ± laurite. 

Texture/Structure Massive coarse-grained to finely disseminated. 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls Restricted to dunite bodies in tectonized harzburgite or lower portions of ultramafic 

cumulate (see fig. 99). 

Weathering Highly resistant to weathering and oxidation. 

Geochemical Signature None recognized. 

EXAMPLES 

High Plateau, Del Norte Cty, USCA 

Coto Mine, Luzon, PLPN 

(Wells and others, 1946) 

(LeBlanc and Violette, 1983) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF MINOR PODIFORM CHROMITE 

By Donald A. Singer and Norman J Page 

DATA REFERENCES Singer and others (1980); Calkins and others (1978); Carlson and others (1985). 

COMMENTS All deposits in this grade-tonnage compilation are from California and Oregon. The two 

largest tonnage deposits are actually districts rather than individual deposits. The majority of 

the grades represent shipping grades. Grades less than 35 percent typically represent in-place 

"ore". The mixture of shipping grades and in-place grades may explain the significant negative 

correlation (r = -0.25) between grade and tonnage. Rh, Ir, Ru, Pd, and Pt grades are based on 

reported analyses of samples from the deposits. Unreported PGE grades are probably similar to 

those presented here. Rhodium is correlated with chromite (r = 0.35, 

n = 69), platinum (r= 0.69, n = 31), iridium (r = 0.47, n = 35), ruthenium (r = 0.56, n = 28). 

Ruthenium is correlated with palladium (r = 0.72, n = 21) and iridium (r = 0.59, n = 29). See 

figs. 21-23. ~ 

34 
DEPOSITS 

Name 

Ace of Spades 

Adobe Canyon Gp. 

Ajax 

Alice Mine 

Allan (Johnson) 

Alta Hill 

Althouse 

Alyce and Blue Jay 

American Asbestos 

Anti Axis 

Apex (Del Norte Co.) 

Apex (ElDorado Co.) 

Applegate 

Associated Chromite 

Babcock 

Baby foot 

Beat 

Big Bear 

Big Bend 

Big Chief 

Big Dipper (Robr) 

Big Four 

Big Pine Claim 

Big Yank No. 1 

Binder No. 1 

Black Bart (Great Western) 

Black Bart Claim (Avery) 

Black Bart Group 

Black Bear 

Black Beauty 

Black Boy 

Black Chrome 

Black Diamond 

Black Diamond (Grey Eagle 

Gp.) 

Black Hawk 

Black Otter 

Black Rock Chrome 

Black Streak 

Black Warrior 

Blue Brush 

Blue Creek Tunnel 

Blue Sky (Lucky Strike) 

Boiler Pit 

Bonanza 

Booker Lease 

Bowden Prospect 

Bowie Estate 

Bowser 

Bragdor 

Briggs Creek 

Brown Scratch 

Bunker 

Burned Cabin 

Butler Claims 

Butler, Estate Chrome, etc 

Buttercup Chrome 

Camden Mine 

Campbell 

Camptonville area 

Country 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

Name 

Castro Mine 

Cattle Springs 

Cavyell Horse C 

Cavyell Horse Mountain 

Cedar Creek 

Celebration 

Challange area 

Chambers 

Chicago 

Christian Place 

Chrome Camp 

Chrome Gulch 

Chrome Hill 

Chrome King (Josephine Co.) 

Chrome King (Jackson Co.) 

Chrome No. 3 

Chrome Ridge 

Clara H 

Clary and Langfor~ 

Cleopatra 

Clover Leaf 

Codd Prospect 

Coggins 

Collard Mine 

Commander 

Coon Mt. Nos. 1-3 

Copper Creek (Low Divide) 

Courtwright 

Courtwright (Daggett) 

Cow Creek Gp. 

Crouch 

Crown 

Cyclone Gap 

Cynthia 

Daisy (Aldelabron) 

Dark Star 

Darrington 

Deep Gorge Chrome 

Delare Prospect 

Detert 

Diamond 

Dickerson 

Dickey and Drisbach 

Dirty Face 

Doe Flat 

Don Pedro 

Dorriss 

Dozier 

Dry Creek 

Earl Smith 

Early Sunrise 

Edeline 

Eden 

Eggling and Williams 

El Primero 

Elder Claim 

Elder Creek 

Elder Creek Gp. 

Elk Creek Claim 

Elkhorn Chromite 

Country 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

Model Ba--Con. 

35 
Model Ba--Con. 

Ellingwood 

Ellis 

Esterly Chrome 

Esther and Phyllis 

Fairview 

Fiddler's Green 

Fields and Stoker 

Finan 

Forest Queen 

Foster 

Four Point 

Fourth of July 

French Hill 

Friday 

Gallagher 

Gardner Mine 

Gas Canyon 

Geach 

Gibsonville 

Gill (Gill Ranch) 

Gillan 

Gillis Prospect 

Glory Ho 

Golconda Fraction 

Gold Bug Claim 

Goncolda 

Gray Boy 

Gray Buck Gp. 

Green (Americus) 

Green Mine 

Green Ridge 

Green's Capco Leases 

Griffin Chromite 

Gunn Claims 

Half Chrome 

Hans cum 

Happy Go Lucky 

Harp and Sons Ranch 

Hawks Rest View 

Hayden and Hilt 

Helemar 

Hendricks No. 2 

High Dome 

High Plateau 

Hill-Top Chrome 

Hodge Ranch 

Hoff 

Holbrook and McGuire 

Holseman (and others) 

Holston (Vaughn) 

Horseshoe 

Horseshoe Chrome 

Houser & Burges 

Hudson (Fuller Claims) 

!-Wonder 

Illinois River 

Independence 

Irene Chromite 

Iron King 

Iron Mountain 

Jack Forth 

Jack Sprat Gp. 

Jackson 

36 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

Jim Bus 

Johns 

Josephine 

Josephine No. 4 

Judy (Hicks) 

Julian 

Kangaroo Court Mine 

Kingsley 

Kleinsorge Gp. 

Kremmel and Froelich 

Lacey 

Lambert 

Langley Chrome 

Lassie Peak 

Last Buck 

Last Chance (Coos) 

Last Chance (Josephine) 

Laton 

Letty 

Liberty 

Liberty Bond Claim 

Linda Marie 

Little Boy 

Little Castle Creek 

Little Hope 

Little Rock Mine 

Little Siberia 

Lone Gravel 

Long Ledge Gp. 

Lost Lee 

Lotty 

Lucky Boy 

Lucky Friday 

Lucky Girl 

Lucky Hunch 

Lucky L. & R. 

Lucky Nine Gp. 

Lucky Star 

Lucky Strike (Lake Co.) 

Lucky Strike (S.L.O. Co.) 

Lucky Strike (Curry Co.) 

Lucky Strike 

Mackay 

Madeira 

Madrid 

Manchester 

Maralls Capro Leases 

Marks & Tompson 

Mary Jane 

Mary Walker 

Maxwell 

Mayflower 

McCaleb's Sourdough 

McCarty 

McCormick 

McGuffy Creek Gp. 

McMurty 

Meeker (Sonoma Chrome) 

Merrifield 

Mighty Joe 

Milton 

Mockingbird 

Moffett Creek Gp. 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 
Mohawk Claim 

Moore 

Moscatelli 

Moscatelli No. 2 

Mountain View 

Mountain View Gp. 

MuNaly 

Mulcahy Prospect 

Mule Creek 

Mum and Alice June Claim 

Murphy 

Muzzleloader (Stevens 

No. 1) 

New Hope 

New Hope Claim 

Newman 

Nichelini Mine 

Nickel Mountain 

Nickel Ridge 

No. 5 

Noble Electric Co. 

Norcross 

North End, West End, 

Spotted Fawn 

North Fork Chrome 

North Star 

North Star (Red Mtn) 

Norway 

Oak Ridge 

Olive B. 

Olsen 

Onion Springs 

Oregon Chrome 

Oxford 

P . U. P • ( Zenith ) 

Paradise No. 1 

Paradise No. 2 

Park's Ranch 

Parker 

Parke son 

Pearsoll Peak 

Pee wan 

Peg Leg (Lambert) 

Pennington Butte 

Perconi Ranch 

Pillikin 

Pine Mountain Claim 

Pines 

Pleasant No. 1 & 2 

Poco Tiempo Quartz 

Pony Shoe 

Poodle Dog 

Porter Property 

Powers 

Prater 

Pyramid 

Queen of May 

Quigg 

Rainbow 

Rainy Day 

Rancherie 

Randall 

Rattlesnake Mountain 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

Ray (Tip Top) 

Ray Spring 

Red Ledge 

Red Mountain 

Red Slide Gp. 

Redskin 

Richards 

Richey, U.S. & S.J. 

Robt. E. 

Rock Creek 

Rock Wren Mine 

Rose Claim 

Rosie Claim 

Round Bottom 

Roupe 

Sad Sack 

Saddle Chrome 

Saint 

Sally Ann 

Salt Rock 

Saturday Anne 

Schmid 

Seiad Creek (Mt. View) 

September Morn 

Sexton Mountain 

Shade Chromite 

Shafer Lease 

Shamrock 

Shelly 

Sheppard Mine 

Shotgun Creek 

Silver Lease 

Simmons 

Simon 

Sims 

Six-Mile 

Skyline Mine 

Skyline No. 1 

Skyline No. 2 

Smith Geitsfield 

Snakehead (Jumbo) 

Snowy Ridge 

Snowy Ridge 

Snyder 

Sour Dough 

Sousa Ranch 

Southern Pacific Property 

Spot 

Spring Hill 

St. Patrick (Camp 8) 

Stafford 

Stark Bee 

State School 

Stevens-Miller 

Stewart 

Stone & Haskins 

Store Gulch 

Stray Dog 

Sullivan and Kahl 

Sunny slope 

Sunrise 

Sunset (Fresno Co.) 

Sunset (Placer Co.) 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

Model Sa--Con. 

37 
Model Sa--Con. 

Sunshine USCA Unknown Name USOR 

Sutro Mine USCA Valen Prospect USOR 

Suz~ Bell (Lucky Strike) USCA Valenti USCA 

Swayne USCA Victory No. 3 USCA 

Sweetwater USCA Violet USOR 

Tangle Blue Divide USCA Vogelgesang USCA 

Tennessee Chrome USOR Wait USCA 

Tennessee Pass USOR Waite USCA 

Thompson Gp. USOR Walker USCA 

Tomkin USCA War Bond USCA 

Toujours Gai USCA War Eagle-Miller USCA 

Trinidad USCA Ward USOR 

Twin Cedars USOR Ward and Lyons USCA 

Twin Valley USOR Washout USCA 

Unnamed USCA Welch Prospect USCA 

Uncle Sam USOR West Chrome USCA 

Unknown Name USOR Western Magnesite USCA 

Unknown Name USOR White Bear USCA 

Unknown Name USOR White Cedar USCA 

Unknown Name USOR White Feather USCA 

Unknown Name USOR White Pine Mine USCA 

Unknown Name USOR Wild Cat Claim USOR 

Unknown Name USOR Wilder (Fish Creek) USCA 

Unknown Name USOR Windy Point USOR 

Unknown Name USOR Wolf Creek USCA 

Unknown Name USOR Wolf Creek area USCA 

Unknown Name USOR Wonder USOR 

Unknown Name USOR Wonder Gp. USOR 

Unknown Name USOR Yellow Pine USCA 

Unknown Name USOR Young USOR 

Unknown Name USOR Young's Mine USOR 

Unknown Name USOR Zerfirg Ranch USCA 

Unknown Name USOR 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF MAJOR PODIFORM CHROMITE 

By Donald A. Singer, Norman J Page, and Bruce R. Lipin 

DATA REFERENCES Page and others (1979), Page and others (1982b), Page and others (1984). 

COMMENTS This model, number 8b, is provided as an alternative to the pediform chromite model, 

number 8a, based on California and Oregon deposits because of the significant difference in tonnage 

of the two groups. The two groups are geologically similar and share the same descriptive model. 

Rh, Ir, Ru, Pd, and Pt grades are based on reported analyses of samples from the deposits. 

Platinum grade is correlated with chromite grade (r = 0.76, n = 12) and iridium grade (r = 0.71, n 

= 8). Rhodium is correlated with iridium grade (r = 0.88, n = 7). See figs. 24-26. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Abdasht IRAN Bag in TRKY 

Aka rca TRKY Bagirsakdire TRKY 

Akcabuk TRKY Balcicakiri TRKY 

Akkoya TRKY Batikef TRKY 

Alice Louise NCAL Bati-N. Yarma TRKY 

Alpha NCAL Bati-Taban TRKY 

Altindag TRKY Bati- W. Yarma TRKY 

Amores CUBA Bellacoscia NCAL 

Andizlik TRKY Bellevue NCAL 

Anna Madeleine NCAL Bereket TRKY 

Asagi Zorkum TRKY Bezkere-Bulurlii TRKY 

Aventura CUBA Bicir-Cakir TRKY 

Avsar TRKY Bicir-Gul TRKY 

38 

, 
Bonsecours 

Bozkonus 

Bozotluk-No. 551 

Bugugan 

Buyiik Gurleyen 

Buyiik Karamanli 

Caledonia 

Camaguey 

Catak 

Catak-Koraalan 

Catolsinir I 

Catolsinir II 

Cenger 

Cenger-Adatepe 

Cenger-Demirk 

Cenger-Domuza 

Cezni 

Chagrin 

Child Harold 

Consolation 

Co san 

Co to 

Cromita 

Dagardi 

Dagkuplu 

Danacik 

Dcev 7 

Delta 

Demirli 

Dinagat 

Dogu Ezan 

Dogu Kef 

Domuzburnu II 

Do vis 

East Ore Body 

El Cid 

Eldirek 

Ermenis 

Fanrouche 

Findikli 

Findikli 11301 

Findikli #306-#307 

Findikli 11326 

General Gallieni 

Gerdag 

Golalan 

Gorunur 

Govniikbelen 

Gr2h 

Guillermina 

Gunlet-Uckopur 

Gunliik Basi 

Herpit Yayla 

Ikisulu-Gercek 

Jose 

Kagit Octu 

Kandira 

Kapin 

Karaculha 

Karageban 

Karani 

Karaninar 

Karasivri 

NCAL 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CUBA 

CUBA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

NCAL 

NCAL 

TRKY 

PLPN 

CUBA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

CUBA 

TRKY 

PLPN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

IRAN 

PLPN 

CUBA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

CUBA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CUBA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

Karatas-Kumocak 

Kartalkoyu 

Kavakcali 

Kavakdere 

Kazadere-Kandil 

Kefdag-East 

Kemikli Inbasi 

Kilic-Kafasi 1 

Kilic-Kafasi 2 

Kiranocak 

Koca 

Komek 

Koycegiz-Curukcu 

Koycegiz-Kurardi 

Koycegiz-Orta 

Kuldoden 

Kundikan-Keluskdere 

Kundikan-Kelusktepe 

Kurudere 

Kuyuluk Isletmesi 

Kuzkavak 

La Caridid 

Lagonoy 

La Victoria 

Lolita 

Marais Kiki 

Meululter 

Middle Ore Body 

Mirandag Koru 

Mirandag Mevki 

Morrachini 

Musa Danisman 

Narciso 

Ni Te Ocutes 

Ochanocagi 

Ofelia 

Orta Ezan 

Otmanlar-Harpuzlu 

Otmanlar-Mesebuku 

Panamana-An 

P. B. 

Pergini 

Potosi 

Ruff Claim No. 32 

Saka 

Salur 

Sarialan 

Sarikaya 

Says in 

Sekioren 

Shahin 

Sicankale 

Sirac 

Sofulu 

Sogham 

Sta. Cruz 

Stephane 

Suluiyeh 

Sulu 

Suluk 

Sutpinar 

Suzanne 

Tekneli 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CUBA 

PLPN 

CUBA 

CUBA 

NCAL 

TRKY 

PLPN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

TRKY 

CUBA 

CUBA 

TRKY 

CUBA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

PLPN 

NCAL 

TRKY 

CUBA 

PLPN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

IRAN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

IRAN 

PLPN 

NCAL 

IRAN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

TRKY 

Model 8b--Con. 

39 
Model 8b--Con. 

Tepebasi 

Terlik 

Tiebaghi 

Tilkim-Karanlik 

Togobomar 

To sin 

Toparlar-Alacik 

Tuzlakaya 

Uckopru 

Vieille Montagne 

Vieille Montagne 

40 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

TRKY 

PLPN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

2 NCAL 

10km 

West Ore Body PLPN 

Yanikara TRKY 

Yaprakli TRKY 

Yayca Boyna TRKY 

Yilmaz Ocagi TRKY 

Yukari Zorkum TRKY 

Yunus Yayla TRKY 

Yurtlak TRKY 

Zambales Ch PLPN 

Zirnparalik TRKY 

Marine sedimentary rocks 

Pillow lava 

Diabase dikes 

Massive diorite and gabbro 

Cumulates 

Transition zone 

Pediform chromite deposits 

Tectonized peridotite 

Figure 20. Cartoon cross section of a typical ophiolite sequence 

showing locations of pediform chromite deposits. From Dickey 

( 1975). 
~) 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

u; 

0 0.6 a. 

w 

0 

~ 0.5 

z 

0 

;::: 

a: 0.4 0 

a. 

0 

a: 

a. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

...,,, 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

u; 

0 0.6 a. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

;::: 

a: 0.4 0 

a. 

0 

a: 

a. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

PODIFORM CHROMITE 

MILLION TONNES 

PODIFORM CHROMITE 

. 

32 

CHROMITE GRADE IN PERCENT Cr 2

0 3 

Model Ba--Con. 

n = 435 

0.1 0.4 

Figure 21. Tonnages of podiform chromite 

deposits from California and Oregon, 

U.S.A. Individual digits represent number 

of deposits. 

100 

Figure 22. Chromite grades of podiform 

chromite deposits from California and 

Oregon, U.S.A. Individual digits represent 

number of deposits. 

41 
Model Ba--Con. 

42 

~ 

U5 

0 

n. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

(( 

0 

n. 

0 

(( 

n. 

PODIFORM CHROMITE 

n= 435 

0.1 

0.0 L-1 ----~~--1.-~~8:---~-!.....:1:32-.!..___;~63----:~--:±:---r~-~1000 

A. RHODIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

::t : : :1:: I I' 1: " " : " : : I 1 2 4 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

B. IRIDIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

::t : : : : 1 2 4 8 16 

C. RUTHENIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

:J 1 2 4 8 ; : ' I : .,: 

16 

, : : : : : 

32 63 130 250 500 

l 

1000 

D. PALLADIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

0.2 I I I I I I I I I 

0.1 ~ 13 

1 - 1211 

"• I I I I • 1 111! 1 

_I 11 11 I 1 I I 0.0 12 1 

16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

E. PLATINUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

Figure 23. PGE grades of pediform chromite deposits from California 

and Oregon, U.S.A. A, Rhodium. B, Iridium. C, Ruthenium. D, 

Palladium. .[, Platinum. Individual digits represent number of 

deposits. 
~') 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

Iu; 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

c: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

c: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

~,, 

I 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

Iu; 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

c: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

c: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

MAJOR PODIFORM CHROMITE 

MILLION TONNES 

MAJOR PODIFORM CHROMITE 

CHROMITE GRADE IN PERCENT Cr .p 3 

Model 8b--Con. 

400 

Figure 24. Tonnages of major pediform 

chromite deposits. Individual digits 

represent number of deposits. 

100 

Figure 25. Chromite grades of major 

pediform chromite deposits. Individual 

digits represent number of deposits. 

43 
Model 8b--Con. 

44 

MAJOR PODIFORM CHROMITE 

01 I :r:,,;,,: : : : :"-"' I 0.0 1 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

A. RHODIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

:: t 

1 2 4 8 

: : : : 16 32 : '' ' : : 

63 130 

: 250 : : 500 1 

1000 

B. IRIDIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

(f) 

1-

U5 

02 t 0 

: : : : : : 1 

a.. 

w 

0 

IJ... 

0 

z 

0 

0.1 

,, i= I ,,~ 1 

a: 0.0 0 1 2 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 a.. 

0 

a: C. RUTHENIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION a.. 

:: t 

0.0 r: : : : : I I I I 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

D. PALLADIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

:J : r;,,,,: ,: : : : : I 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

E. PLATINUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

Figure 26. PGE grades of major pediform chromite deposits. A, 

Rhodium. B, Iridium. c, Ruthenium. D, Palladium. ~' Platinum. 

Individual-digits represent number of deposits. 
Model Be 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF LIMASSOL FOREST Co-Ni 

By Norman J Page 

DESCRIPTION Irregular veins, pods and lenses associated with serpentinized peridotite and dunite 

or nearby country rocks. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Highly serpentinized dunite, harzburgite, pyroxenite; quartz-carbonate rocks. 

Textures Sheared. 

Age Range Paleozoic and Mesozoic. 

Depositional Environment Faults, fractures associated with serpentinized ultramafic rocks of an 

ophiolite. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Unstable, accreted terranes, near plate boundaries. 

Associated Deposit Types Podiform chromite, Ni-laterite, Co-Ni-Cu ophiolite sulfide. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy: Pyrrhotite + pyrite ± pentlandite ± chalcopyrite ± vallerite ± loellingite ± niccolite 

± maucherite ± skutterudite ± gersdorffite ± cobaltite ± magnetite ± chromite ± mackinawite ± 

pararammelsbergite. 

Texture/Structure Irregular vein and fracture fillings. 

Alteration Serpentinization and quartz-carbonate. 

Ore Controls Serpentinized ultramafic rock, possible external source of arsenic (see fig. 99). 

Geochemical Signature As, Co, Ni 

EXAMPLES 

Bou Azzer, MRCO 

Limmasol Forest, CYPS 

(LeBlanc, 1981; LeBlanc and Bilaud, 

1982) 

(Panayiotou, 1980) 

45 
Model 8d 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SERPENTINE-HOSTED ASBESTOS 

By Norman J Page 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Quebec Type (Shride, 1973). 

DESCRIPTION Chrysotile asbestos developed in stockworks in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Serpentinites, dunite, harzburgite, pyroxenite. 

Textures Highly fractured and veined, serpentinized ultramafic rocks. 

Age Range Paleozoic to Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Usually part of an ophiolite sequence. Later deformation and igneous 

intrusion may be important. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Unstable accreted oceanic terranes. 

Associated Deposit Types Pediform chromite. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chrysotile asbestos ~ magnetite ~brucite ~ talc ~ tremolite-actinolite. 

Texture/Structure Stockworks of veins in serpentinized ultramafic rocks. 

Alteration None associated with ore, but silica-carbonate, talc may be developed. 

Ore Controls Two periods of serpentinization, an earlier pervasive one and a later period near the ~ 

end of intense deformation accompanied by hydrothermal activity perhaps as a function of intrusion 

of acidic, igneous rocks highly dependent upon major faulting, and fracture development. 

Geochemical signature None. 

EXAMPLES: 

Thetford-Black Lake, CNQU (Riordon, 1957) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF SERPENTINE-HOSTED ASBESTOS 

By Greta J. Orris 

COMMENTS Long and short fibers are combined. Some literature did not specify if reported 

production was tons of fiber or tons of ore. In these cases, production was assumed to be tons of 

ore which may have led to underestimation of some deposit tonnages. See Figs. 27, 28. 

46 

~ 

I 
Model 8d--Con. 

~,, DEPOSITS 

~ Name Country Name Country 

Abitibi CNQU Lafayette CNQU 

Advocate CNNF Lake Asbestos CNQU 

Asbestos Hill CNQU Las Brisas CLBA 

Asbestos Island CNQU Lili CNQU 

Belvidere USVT McAdam CNQU 

Black Lake CNQU Midlothian CNON 

British Canadian CNQU Moladezhnoye URRS 

Caley CNYT Munro CNON 

Carey/East Broughton CNQU National CNQU 

Cana Brava BRZL Nicolet Asbestos CNQU 

Cassiar Mine CNBC Normandie/Penhale CNQU 

Clinton Creek CNYT Pontbriand CNQU 

Continental CNQU Qala-el-Nahl? SUDN 

Courvan Mine CNQU Reeves CNON 

Cranbourne CNQU Rex CNYT 

Daffodil CNON Roberge Lake CNQU 

Eagle USAK St. Adrien Mtn. CNQU 

Gilmont CNQU St. Cyr CNQU 

Golden Age CNQU Santiago Papalo MXCO 

Havelock Mine SWAZ Shihmien CINA 

Jefferson Lake USCA Steele Brook CNQU 

Jeffrey Lake CNQU Thetford Group CNQU 

Kin lock SAFR Windsor CNQU 

Kolubara-Azbest YUGO Woods reef Mine AUNS 

Kudu Asbestos Mine ZIMB Zindani GREC 

47 
Model 8d--Con. 

Figure 27. Tonnages of serpentine-hosted 

asbestos deposits. 

(f) 

fUi 

0 

Q_ 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 

(f) 

fUi 

0 

Q_ 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 

Figure 28. Asbestos grades of serpentinehosted asbestos deposits. 

48 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0016 0.0063 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 1.0 

SERPENTINE--HOSTED ASBESTOS 

0 0 n = 50 

0 

0.025 1600 

MILLION TONNES 

S~RPENTINE--HOSTED ASBESTOS 

100 

ASBESTOS GRADE IN PERCENT FIBER 
Model 9 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF ALASKAN PGE 

By Norman J Page and Floyd Gray 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYMS Zoned ultramafic Cr-Pt; Kachkanar-type (Cabri and Naldrett, 1984). 

DESCRIPTION Crosscutting ultramafic to felsic intrusive rocks with approximately concentric zoning 

of rock types containing chromite, platinum, and Ti-V-magnetite (see fig. 29). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Dunite, wehrlite, harzburgite, pyroxenite, magnetite-hornblende pyroxenite, twopyroxene gabbros, hornblende gabbro, hornblende clinopyroxenite, hornblende-magnetite 

clinopyroxenite, olivine gabbro, norite. Post-orogenic tonalite and diorite are commonly spatially 

related. Orthopyroxene-bearing rocks absent in Klamath Mountains. 

Textures Cumulus textures, poikilitic, mush flow textures, lineated fabrics, layered. 

Age Range Precambrian to late Mesozoic, most Paleozoic and Mesozoic. 

Depositional Environment Deposits occur in layered ultramafic and mafic rocks that intrude into 

granodiorite, island arc or ophiolite terranes. Evidence indicates shallow levels of emplacement. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Unstable tectonic areas. 

Associated Deposit Types PGE placer deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Assemblage 1: chromite + Pt-Fe alloys+ Os-Ir alloys+ platinum-iridium± pentlandite 

± pyrrhotite ± native gold ± PGE arsenides. Assemblage 2: Ti-V magnetite ± Pt-Fe alloys ± Os-Ir 

-- alloys ± cooperite ± bornite ± chalcopyrite. 

Texture/Structure Assemblage 1: clots, pods, schlieren, wisps of chromite in dunite, 

clinopyroxenite, harzburgite. Assemblage 2: magnetite segregations, layers in wehrlite, 

pyroxenite, gabbro (see fig. 29). 

Alteration None: post-mineralization serpentinization. 

Ore Controls Appear to be restricted to specific rock types by magmatic processes. 

Weathering Mechanical weathering produces placers; chemical weathering could produce laterites. 

Geochemical Signature Cr, PGE, Ti, V, Cu, Ni, S, As. Assemblage 2 ores in Klamath Mountains are 

low in Cr and Ni. 

EXAMPLES 

Urals, USSR 

Duke Island, USAK 

Guseva-Gora, USSR 

Tin Cup Peak, USOR 

(Duparc and Tikonovitch, 1920) 

(Irvine, 1974) 

(Razin, 1976) 

(Page and others, 1982a) 

49 
Model 9--Con. 

50 

0 1 kilometer 

Fault 

EXPLANATION 

Hornblende 

-- py roxene gabbro 

Younger layered and 

massive dunite 1 

wehr lite 1 and p lagioc lase c linopy roxenite 

Older layered augiteolivine cumulates 

containinQ lalJ ers of 

Ti-V magnetite with 

PGE anomalies 

D 

Metasedimentary and 

metavolcanic rocks 

Figure 29. Generalized geologic map of zoned ultramafic complex at Lower Coon 

Mountain, Calif. (from Gray and Page, 1985). V-rich magnetite layers and 

anomalous PGE concentrations typical of Alaskan Cr-Pt deposits are associated with 

plutons of this type. 
Model 10 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF CARBONATITE DEPOSITS 

By Donald A. Singer 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Apatite-magnetite and rare earths in carbonatites. 

DESCRIPTION Apatite-magnetite and rare-earth deposits and combinations of these in zoned complexes 

consisting of central plug of carbonatite or syenite breccia surrounded by ring dikes and cone 

sheets of alternating rock types. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Tuttle and Gittins (1966). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Apatite-magnetite deposits tend to be in sovite (calcitic carbonatite); REtypes tend 

to occur in ankerite carbonatite; most deposits have both. In general pyroxenite, nepheline and 

feldspathic pyroxenite, carbonatite, fenite, ijolite, dunite, picrite-porphyrites, gneiss and 

alkalic fenitized gneiss, and locally alkaline volcanics rocks. 

Textures Hypidiomorphic-granular, poikiloblastic. Breccias abundant. Carbonatites show intrusive 

relations. Wallrocks fenitized. 

Age Range Almost all known carbonatite complexes are intrusive into Precambrian shields, however, 

the carbonatites themselves may be much younger. 

Depositional Environment Multiple stages of igneous, deuteric and metasomatic crystallization in 

carbonatite magma. 

Tectonic Setting(s) 

African rift system. 

Continental shields. Spatially related to fault lineaments such as East 

Locally related to alkaline volcanism. 

Associated Deposit Types None. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy 

niocalite. 

chlorites 

ilmenite, 

spinel, ± 

rutile, ± 

Apatite-magnetite-type: apatite, magnetite, pyrochlore ± columbite ± perovskite ± 

RE-type: barite, strontianite ± siderite ± rhodochrosite ± ankerite ± bastnaesite ± 

± parisite ± monagite ± breunnerite. General: calcite, dolomite, fluorite, pyrrhotite, 

molybdenite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, pyroxene, biotite, phlogopite, amphibole, 

galena, ± hematite, ± quartz, ± forsterite, ± serpentine, ± zircon ± sphene, ± anatase, ± 

brookite, ± fersmite. 

Texture/Structure Disseminated and banded. 

Alteration Fenitization (widespread alkali metasomatism of quartzo-feldspathic rock; mostly 

alkalic feldspar with some aegerine and subordinate alkali-hornblende and accessory sphene and 

apatite) near contact of carbonatite intrusion. Locally, chloritization. 

Ore Controls Commonly restricted to carbonatite dikes, sills, breccias, sheets, veins, and large 

masses, but may occur in other rocks associated with the complex rocks. 

Weathering May result in goethite-rich soil enriched in P, Nb, and RE. 

Geochemical Signature Radiometric anomalies, magnetic anomalies, high gravity anomalies, Th, U, 

Ti, Zn, Nb, Y, Ce, Mo, Cu, V, P, Mn, S, La, Sm, Pb, Zr, Ba, Eu. High values of Be, B, Li, Sn, Ta, 

Hf, and Ware rare. 

EXAMPLES 

Oka, CNQU 

Iron Hill, USCO 

St. Honore, CNQU 

Gem Park, USCO 

Mountain Pass, USCA 

(Gold and others, 1966) 

(Temple and Grogan, 1965) 

(Dawson, 1974) 

(Parker and Sharp, 1970) 

(Olson and others, 1954) 

51 
Model 10--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF CARBONATITE DEPOSITS 

By Donald A. Singer 

COMMENTS Locally these carbonatite complexes may contain economically interesting grades of 

uranium, thorium, titanium, iron, copper, vermiculite, zirconium or phosphorus; frequently, these 

other commodities are in different zones than the niobium-rich parts of the complex. See figs. 30, 

31. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Araxa 

Bingo 

Dominion Gulf 

Catalao 

Iron Hill 

James Bay 

Lues he 

Mbeya 

Martison Lake 

Manitou Island 

52 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

iii 

0 0.6 Cl.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

Cl.. 

0 

a: 

Cl.. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

Country 

BRZL 

ZIRE 

CNON 

BRZL 

us co 

CNON 

ZIRE 

TNZN 

CNON 

CNON 

0.0016 0.0063 0.025 0.1 

Name 

Mountain Pass 

Mrima Hill 

Nemogos (Lackner Lake) 

Oka CNQU 

Salitre 

Serra Negra 

S0ve 

Sukulu 

St. Honore (Soquem) 

Tap ira 

CARBONATITE 

0 

0.4 1.6 6.3 25 

MILLION TONNES 

100 

Country 

USCA 

KNYA 

CNON 

BRZL 

BRZL 

NRWY 

UGND 

CNQU 

BRZL 

n = 20 

400 1600 

Figure 30. Tonnages of carbonatite deposits. 

, 

I 
CARBONATITE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fen 0.6 0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 0.4 0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.032 0.056 0.1 0.18 0.32 0.56 1.0 1.8 3.2 5.6 10 

A. NIOBIUM GRADE IN PERCENT Nb p 5 

0.3 

0 

B. RARE--EARTH OXIDE GRADE IN PERCENT RE2 0 5 

Figure 31. Grades of carbonatite deposits. ~' Niobium. ~' Rareearth oxides. 

Model 10--Con. 

53 
Model 12 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF DIAMOND PIPES 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Diamonds in kimberlite diatremes and other alkaline mafic rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Orlov (1973), Dawson (1980), Gold (1984). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Kimberlite diatremes. Olivine lamproite (K-rich Mg-lamprophyre) and leucite lamproite. 

Textures Pipes: porphyritic igneous texture. Breccias with inclusions of many rocks from mantle, 

basement and overlying sequences. Lapilli tuff locally fills upper levels of diatreme. 

Age Range Most productive pipes are 80-100, 250, and 1,000-1,100 m.y. in age. 

Depositional Environment Pipes intruded from mantle source under high pressure but with rapid 

quenching. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Most pipes intrude cratonal areas, stable since Early Proterozoic. Some 

intrude folded cover rocks that overlie deformed cratonal margins. Pipes are not correlated with 

orogenic events but occur in areas of epeirogenic warping or doming and along major basement 

fracture zones. Some pipes occur at intersections of regional zones of weakness visible in LANDSAT 

or SLAR. 

Associated Deposit Types Diamond placers. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Diamond, bert or carbonado (polycrystalline generally dark colored), ballas 

(spherulitic polycrystalline), and amorphous carbonado. 

Texture/Structure Diamonds are sparsely disseminated as phenocrysts or xenocrysts in breccia. 

M1ned k1mberl1tes yield from 0.1 to 0.6 ppm diamond. 

Alteration Serpentinization resulting in "blue clay" zones. Silicification and carbonate 

alteration of country rock near pipe; rarely, alkalic metasomatism forming K-feldspar and Naamphiboles. 

Ore Controls Diamond distribution is irregular and restricted to kimberlite or lamproite pipes and 

upward-flaring crater zones. Productive pipes are rare and, at present, can only be identified by 

their diamond content. 

Weathering Pipes weather rapidly to form topographic depressions. 

Geochemical Signature Cr, Ti, Mn, Ni, Co, PGE, Ba. Anomalous Ni, Nb, and heavy minerals pyrope, 

garnet, phlogopite, and Mg-ilmenite indicate nearby pipes. Lamproite pipes lack ilmenite. 

EXAMPLES 

54 

African deposits 

Western Australia deposits 

Wyoming-Colorado 

(Sutherland, 1982) 

(Atkinson and others 1984) 

(Lincoln, 1983) 
~,, 

~ 

Model 14a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF W SKARN DEPOSITS 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Scheelite in calc-silicate contact metasomatic rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Einaudi and Burt (1982), Einaudi and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Tonalite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite; limestone. 

Textures Granitic, granoblastic. 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Contacts and roof pendants of batholith and 

thermal aureoles of apical zones of stocks that intrude carbonate rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Orogenic belts. Syn-late orogenic. 

Associated Deposit Types Sn-W skarns, Zn skarns. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Scheelite ± molybdenite ± pyrrhotite ± sphalerite ± chalcopyrite ± bornite ± 

arsenopyrite ± pyrite ±magnetite ± traces of wolframite, fluorite, cassiterite, and native 

bismuth. 

Alteration Diopside-hedenbergite + grossular-andradite. Late stage spessartine + almandine. 

Outer barren wollastonite zone. Inner zone of massive quartz may be present. 

Ore Controls Carbonate rocks in thermal aureoles of intrusions. 

Geochemical Signature W, Mo, Zn, Cu, Sn, Bi, Be, As. 

EXAMPLES 

Pine Creek, USCA 

MacTung, CNBC 

Strawberry, USCA 

(Newberry , 1982) 

(Dick and Hodgson, 1982) 

(Nokleberg, 1981) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF W SKARN DEPOSITS 

By W. David Menzie and Gail M. Jones 

COMMENTS All mines associated with the contact zone of a particular intrusive with a favorable 

host rock were combined to form a single deposit. In the absence of detailed geologic information, 

mines within 10 km of each other were combined. See figs. 32, 33. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Bailey CNYT Lost Creek USMT 

Brejui BRZL Lucky Mike CNBC 

Cab CNYT Mac tung CNNT 

Calvert (Red Button) USMT Maykhura URTD 

Can tung CNNT Milford area USUT 

Dublin Gulch (GSZ) CNYT Nevada-Massachusetts USNV 

Emerald-Dodger CNBC Nevada-Scheelite USNV 

Iron Mountain USNM Osgood Range USNV 

King Island AUTS Pine Creek USCA 

55 
Model 14a--Con. 

Quixaba 

Ray Gulch 

Sang Dong 

Stormy Group 

Tern Piute district 

56 

BRZL 

CNYT 

SKOR 

CNYT 

USNV 

Tyrny-Auz 

Uludag 

Victory 

Yellow Pine district 

Ysxjoberg 

URRS 

TRKY 

CNBC 

USID 

SWDN 

, 

I 
~', 

~ 

en 

IU5 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

...,, 

en 

IU5 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0063 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

o.o 0.032 

TUNGSTEN SKARN 

MILLION TONNES 

TUNGSTEN SKARN 

TUNGSTEN GRADE IN PERCENT W0 3 

Model 14a--Con. 

6300 

Figure 32. Tonnages of W skarn deposits. 

Figure 33. Tungsten grades of W skarn 

deposits. 

57 
Model 14b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF Sn SKARN DEPOSITS 

By Bruce L. Reed and Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Tin, tungsten, beryllium minerals in skarns, veins, stockworks 

and greisens near granite-limestone contacts (see fig. 34). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Einaudi and Burt (1982), Einaudi and others (1981), Scherba (1970). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Leucocratic biotite and(or) muscovite granite, specialized phase or end members common, 

felsic dikes, carbonate rocks. 

Textures Plutonic textures most common (granitic, seriate, fine-grained granitic). Also 

porphyritic-aphanitic; skarn is granoblastic to hornfelsic, banded skarn common. 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Epizonal(?) intrusive complexes in carbonate terrane. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Granite emplacement generally late (post orogenic). 

Associated Deposit Types W skarn, Sn greisen, an~ quartz-cassiterite-sulfide veins; at increasing 

distances from intrusive-carbonate contact Sn replacement and fissure lodes may develop (as at 

Renison Bell). 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cassiterite ± minor scheelite ± sphalerite + chalcopyrite ± pyrrhotite ± magnetite ± 

pyrite ± arsenopyrite ± fluorite in skarn. Much Sn may-be in silicate minerals and be 

metallurgically unavailable. 

Texture/Structure Granoblastic skarn, wrigglite [chaotic laminar pattern of alternating light 

(fluorite) and dark (magnetite) lamellae], stockworks, breccia. 

Alteration Greisenization (quartz-muscovite-topaz ± tourmaline, fluorite, cassiterite, sulfides) 

near granite margins and in cusps. Topaz tourmaline greisens. Idocrase + Mn-grossular-andradite ± 

So-andradite ± malayaite in skarn. Late-stage amphibole + mica + chlorite and mica + tourmaline + 

fluorite. 

Ore Controls Mineralized skarns may or may not develop at intrusive contact with carbonate rocks; 

major skarn development up to 300 m from intrusion controlled by intrusion-related fractures; 

cross-cutting veins and felsic dikes. 

Weathering Erosion of lodes may lead to deposition of tin placer deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Sn, W, F, Be, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Li, Rb, Cs, Re, B. Specialized granites 

characteristically have Si02 > 73 percent, K2o > 4 percent and are depleted in CaO, Ti02 , MgO, and 

total Fe. They are enriched in Sn, F, Rb, Li, Be, W, Mo, Pb, B, Nb, Cs, U, Th, Hf, Ta, and most 

REE. They are depleted in Ni, Cu, Cr, Co, V, Sc, Sr, La, and Ba. 

EXAMPLES 

Lost River, USAK 

Moina, AUTS 

(Dobson, 1982) 

(Kwak and Askins, 1981) 

(Scherba, 1970) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF Sn SKARN DEPOSITS 

By W. David Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 

COMMENTS Normally a grade-tonnage model would not be built with so few deposits. However, this 

model is presented because tin skarn deposits are significantly different than replacement deposits 

58 
Model 14b--Con. 

in grades, tonnages, and other characteristics. Because of the small number of deposits plotted, 

the cumulative plot of discrete data points differes from the continuous lognormal curve. If the 

deposits had been plotted in descending order, the points would fall on the other side of the 

curve. Potential by-products from these deposits include tungsten, fluorite, beryllium, zinc, and 

gold. See figs. 35, 36. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Gilliam 

Lost River 

Moina 

Pinnacles 

Country 

AUQL 

USAK 

AUTS 

AUQL 

Sn replacement, cassiterite + 

sulfides (Renison Bell) 

Sn-rich skarn may occur here 

Greisen 

Specialized leucogranite 

Sn veins and stockwork 

Sn skarn, ca lcsilicate 

rock ± cassitente 

(Lost River) 

Clastic 

Sedimentary 

rock 

Carbonate 

rock 

500 m 

Figure 34. Cartoon cross section showing relation between Sn skarn, 

replacement Sn and Sn vein deposits, and granite intrusions. 

59 
Model 14b--Con. 

TIN SKARN 

1.0 

n = 4 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

IU5 

0 0.6 0.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

0.. 

0 

a: 

0.. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

of Sn skarn deposits. Figure 35. Tonnages 0.0 0.0004 400 

MILLION TONNES 

TIN SKARN 

1.0 

n = 4 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

~ U5 

0 0.6 0.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

0.. 

0 

a: 

0.. 

0.3 

0 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 36. Tin grades of Sn skarn o.o 0.032 10 

deposits. TIN GRADE IN PERCENT 

60 
Model 14c 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF REPLACEMENT Sn 

By Bruce L. Reed 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Exhalative Sn (Plimer, 1980; Hutchinson, 1979). 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound cassiterite-sulfide (chiefly pyrrhotite) replacement of carbonate rocks 

and associated fissure lodes related to underlying granitoid complexes (see fig. 34). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Patterson and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Carbonate rocks (limestone or dolomite); granite, monzogranite, quartz porphyry dikes 

generally present; quartz-tourmaline rock; chert, pelitic and iron-rich sediments, and volcanic 

rocks may be present. 

Textures Plutonic (equigranular, seriate, porphyritic). 

Age Range Paleozoic and Mesozoic most common; other ages possible. 

Depositional Environment Epizonal granitic complexes in terranes containing carbonate rocks. 

Note: the epigenetic replacement classification for these deposits has been questioned and an 

alternative exhalative synsedimentary origin followed by postdepositional metamorphic reworking 

hypothesis proposed (Hutchinson, 1979, 1982; Plimer, 1980; Lehmann and Schneider, 1981). 

Tectonic Setting(s) Late orogenic to postorogenic passive emplacement of high-level granitoids in 

foldbelts containing carbonate rocks; alternatively, tin and associated metals were derived from 

submarine exhalative processes with subsequent reequilibration of sulfide and silicate minerals. 

Associated Deposit Types Greisen-style mineralization, quartz-tourmaline-cassiterite veins, Sn-WMo stockworks, Sn-W skarn deposits close to intrusions. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrrhotite + arsenopyrite + cassiterite + chalcopyrite (may be major) + ilmenite + 

fluorite; minor: pyrite, sphalerite, galena, stannite, tetrahdedrite, magnetite; late veins: 

sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite + pyrite + fluorite. 

Texture/Structure Vein stockwork ores, and massive ores with laminations following bedding in 

host rock, locally cut by stockwork veins, pyrrhotite may be recrystallized. 

Alteration Greisenization <± cassiterite) near granite margins; sideritic alteration of dolomite 

near sulfide bodies; tourmalization of clastic sediments; proximity to intrusions may produce 

contact aureoles in host rocks. 

Ore Controls Replacement of favorable carbonate units; fault-controlled fissure lodes common. 

Isolated replacement orebodies may lie above granitoid cupolas; faults provide channels for 

mineralizing fluids. 

Geochemical Signature Sn, As, Cu, B, W, F, Li, Pb, Zn, Rb. 

EXAMPLES 

Renison Bell, AUTS 

Cleveland, AUTS 

Mt. Bischoff, AUTS 

Changpo-Tongkeng, CINA 

(Patterson and others, 1981) 

(Collins, 1981) 

(Groves and others, 1972) 

(Liang and others, 1984) 

61 
Model 14c--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF REPLACEMENT Sn 

By W. David Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 

COMMENTS This model is built with deposits from Tasmania. Deposits of this type also occur in the 

Dachang and Geijui ore fields of the Peoples Republic of China. Potential by-products from this 

type of deposit include zinc, lead, and copper. See figs. 37, 38. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Cleveland 

Mount Bischoff 

Queen Hill 

Razorback 

Renison Bell 

St. Dizier 

62 

Country 

AUTS 

AUTS 

AUTS 

AUTS 

AUTS 

AUTS 
Model 14c--Con. 

TIN REPlACEMENT 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0004 400 

MILLION TONNES Figure 37. Tonnages of Sn replacement 

deposits. 

~'~~ TIN REPlACEMENT 

1.0 

n = 6 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 (/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 10 

..,,, TIN GRADE IN PERCENT Figure 38. Tin grades of Sn replacement 

deposits. 

63 
Model 15a 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF W VEINS 

By Dennis P. Cox and William C. Bagby 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Quartz-wolframite veins (Kelly and Rye, 1979). 

DESCRIPTION Wolframite, molybdenite, and minor base-metal sulfides in quartz veins (see fig. 39). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Monzogranite to granite stocks intruding sandstone, shale, and metamorphic equivalents. 

Textures Phanerocrystalline igneous rocks, minor pegmatitic bodies, and porphyroaphanitic dikes. 

Age Range Paleozoic to late Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Tensional fractures in epizonal granitic plutons and their wallrocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Belts of granitic plutons derived from remelting of continental crust. 

Country rocks are metamorphosed to greenschist facies. 

Associated Deposit Types Sn-W veins, pegmatites. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Wolframite, molybdenite, bismuthinite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, bornite, 

chalcopyrite, scheelite, cassiterite, beryl, fluorite; also at Pasto Bueno, tetrahedritetennantite, sphalerite, galena, and minor enargite. 

Texture/Structure Massive quartz veins with minor vugs, parallel walls, local breccia. 

Alteration Deepest zones, pervasive albitization; higher pervasive to vein-selvage pink K-feldspar 

replacement with minor disseminated REE minerals; upper zones, vein selvages of dark-gray muscovite 

or zinnwaldite (greisen). Chloritization. Widespread tourmaline alteration at Isla de Pinos. 

Ore Controls Swarms of parallel veins cutting granitic rocks or sedimentary rocks near igneous 

contacts. 

Weathering Wolframite persists in soils and stream sediments. Stolzite and tungstite may be 

weathering products. 

Geochemical Signature W, Mo, Sn, Bi, As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Be, F. 

EXAMPLES 

64 

Pasto Bueno, PERU 

Xihuashan, GINA 

Isla de Pinos, CUBA 

Hamme District, USNC 

Round Mountain, USNV 

Chicote Grande, BLVA 

(Landis and Rye, 1974) 

(Hsu, 1943; Giuliani, 1985; and 

personal visit) 

(Page and McAllister, 1944) 

(Foose and others, 1980) 

(Shawe and others, 1984) 

(Personal visit) 
Model 15a--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF W VEINS 

By Gail M. Jones and W. David Menzie 

COMMENTS Data are for vein systems rather than for individual veins or mines. Some data are based 

on past production only. Xihuashan is the sole deposit from the Peoples Republic of China. See 

figs. 40, 41 • 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Car rock Fell 

Chi cote Grande 

Grey River 

Hamme District 

Isla de Pinos 

Josefina 

Kami 

Los Condores 

Country 

GRBR 

BLVA 

CNNF 

USNC 

CUBA 

AGTN 

BLVA 

AGTN 

Maps of 

alteration zoning 

Propy litic ------+-

Sericite - pyrite -----'t-~,­

Quartz - tourmaline _ __,.__~·.:_ .--

Name Country 

Montredon FRNC 

Needle Hill HONG 

Oakleigh Creek AUTS 

Panasqueria PORT 

Pasta Bueno PERU 

San Martin AGTN 

Storeys Creek AUTS 

Xihuashan CINA 

Cross section of ,'$.'-~-, Granite contact individua 1 vein . . 

.< ~;',Upper level 

Wolframite ~,,~. ,: 

M~~2z_n~-~-i~-g-: __ L___j_1_k_m_(~-(_@) 

A----------------------~=--=~ 

Greisen ____: +!: h; 

K feldspar :'~; :ff;Middle level 

Albite "\. lj!~··~lll 

~ ~;, lower levels 

8------------~~---------

Granite p-100 m 

l....umu 

Figure 39. Maps and sections of W vein deposits illustrating mineral and 

alteration zoning. !, Chicote Grande deposit, Bolivia. ~, Xihuashan, China. 

65 
Model 15a--Con. 

Figure 40. Tonnages of W vein deposits. 

Figure 41. Tungsten grades of W vein 

deposits. 

66 

~ U5 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

Cl 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

~ 0.4 

.a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

~ U5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

Cl 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

~ 0.4 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0

"

0

0.032 

TUNGSTEN VEIN 

n =16 

MILLION TONNES 

TUNGSTEN VEIN 

10.0 

TUNGSTEN GRADE IN PERCENT W03 
Model 15b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF Sn VEINS 

By Bruce L. Reed 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Cornish type lodes. 

DESCRIPTION Simple to complex quartz-cassiterite ± wolframite and base-metal sulfide fissure 

fillings or replacement lodes in ore near felsic plutonic rocks (see fig. 34). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Hosking (1974), Taylor (1979). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Close spatial relation to multiphase granitoids; specialized biotite and(or) muscovite 

leucogranite common; pelitic sediments generally present. 

Textures Common plutonic textures. 

Age Range Paleozoic and Mesozoic most common; may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Mesozonal to hypabyssal plutons; extrusive rocks generally absent; dikes 

and dike swarms common. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Foldbelts and accreted margins with late orogenic to postorogenic granitoids 

which may, in part, be anatectic; regional fractures common. 

Associated Deposit Types Sn greisen, Sn skarn, and replacement Sn deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Extremely varied; cassiterite ± wolframite, arsenopyrite, molybdenite, hematite, 

scheelite, beryl, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, stannite, bismuthinite; although variations and 

overlaps are ubiquitous, many deposits show an inner zone of cassiterite ± wolframite fringed with 

Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag sulfide minerals. 

Texture/Structure Variable; brecciated bands, filled fissures, replacement, open cavities. 

Alteration Sericitization (greisen development) ± tourmalization common adjacent to veins and 

granite contacts; silicification, chloritization, hematization. An idealized zonal relation might 

consist of quartz-tourmaline-topaz, quartz-tourmaline-sericite, quartz-sericite-chlorite, quartzchlorite, chlorite. 

Ore Controls Economic concentrations of tin tend to occur within or above the apices of granitic 

cusps and ridges; localized controls include variations in vein structure, lithologic and 

structural changes, vein intersections, dikes, and cross-faults. 

Weathering Cassiterite in stream gravels, placer tin deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Sn, As, W, B are good pathfinder elements; elements characteristic of 

specialized granites (F, Rb, Be, Nb, Cs, U, Mo, REE, see model 14b). 

EXAMPLES 

Cornwall, GRBR 

Herberton, AUQL 

(Hosking, 1969) 

(Blake, 1972) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF Sn VEINS 

By W. David Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 

COMMENTS The grade-tonnage model for this deposit type is built with data from 43 deposits, or in 

some cases, districts. The imprecise definition of what constitutes a deposit has arisen here 

because many lodes were mined by a number of operators during the second half of the n~neteenth 

century. Data for most deposits and districts consist of past production, although for some 

67 
Model 15b--Con. 

deposits, especially those still operating, reserves are included. Of the 43 deposits in the 

model, 27 are from Australia. These include most of the small tonnage deposits. This is thought 

to be an artifact of data reporting. For example, if data were available for many of the small 

deposits in Cornwall, the deposits would undoubtedly fall within the low tonnage part of the 

curve. See figs. 42, 43. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Aberfoyle AUTS Kelapa Kampit INDO 

Adventure Creek AUQL Killifreth GRBR 

Bakerville AUQL Krupka CZCL 

Basset GRBR Levant GRBR 

Bloodwood Creek AUQL Maran boy AUNT 

Brownsville AUQL Maw chi BRMA 

Carn Brea-Tincroft GRBR Mount Nolan Dist. AUQL 

Carocoles BLVA Mount Paynter AUNS 

Conrad Lodes AUNW Mount Wellington GRBR 

Coolgarra Dist. AUQL Mowbray Creek AUQL 

Dargo Range Dist. AUQL Nount Wells AUNS 

Dulcoath GRBR Nymbool Dist. AUQL 

Emu Creek AUQL Ottery Lode AUNS 

Emu Dist. AUQL Pahang MLYS 

Geevor GRBR Royal George AUTS 

Gleneindale Dist. AUQL Silver Valley AUQL 

Grenville GRBR South Crofty GRBR 

Gundie AUNW Stannary Hills AUQL 

Gurrumba Dist. AUQL Watsonville AUQL 

Hales Siding AUQL Wheal Jane GRBR 

Herberton AUQL Wheal Kitty-Penhalls GRGB 

Irvine Bank AUQL 

68 
Model 15b--Con. 

TIN VEIN 

·~ 1.0 

0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 CL 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

CL 

0 

a: 

CL 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 100 400 

MILLION TONNES Figure 42. Tonnages of Sn vein deposits. 

~,, 

~ TIN VEIN 

1.0 

0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 CL 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

CL 

0 

a: 

CL 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 10 

TIN GRADE IN PERCENT Figure 43. Tin grades of Sn vein deposits. 

69 
Model 15c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF Sn GREISEN DEPOSITS 

By Bruce L. Reed 

DESCRIPTION Disseminated cassiterite, and cassiterite-bearing veinlets, stockworks, lenses, pipes, 

and breccia in greisenized granite (see fig. 44). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Scherba (1970), Taylor (1979), Reed (1982), Tischendorf (1977). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Specialized biotite and(or) muscovite leucogranite (S-type); distinctive accessory 

minerals include topaz, fluorite, tourmaline, and beryl. Tin greisens are generally post-magmatic 

and associated with late fractionated melt. 

Textures Common plutonic rock textures, miarolitic cavities may be common; generally nonfoliated; 

equigranular textures may be more evolved (Hudson and Arth, 1983); aplitic and porphyritic textures 

common. 

Age Range May be any age; tin mineralization temporally related to later stages of granitoid 

emplacement. 

Depositional Environment Mesozonal plutonic to deep volcanic environment. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Foldbelts of thick sediments ± volcanic rocks deposited on stable cratonic 

shield; accreted margins; granitoids generally postdate major folding. 

Associated Deposit Types Quartz-cassiterite sulfide lodes, quartz-cassiterite ± molybdenite 

stockworks, late complex tin-silver-sulfide veins. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy General zonal development of cassiterite + molybdenite, cassiterite + molybdenite 

+ arsenopyrite + beryl, wolframite + beryl + arsenopyrite + bismuthinite, Cu-Pb-Zn sulfide 

minerals + sulphostannates, quartz veins ± fluorite, calcite, pyrite. 

Texture/Structure Exceedingly varied, the most common being disseminated cassiterite in massive 

greisen, and quartz veinlets and stockworks (in cupolas or in overlying wallrocks); less common are 

pipes, lenses, and tectonic breccia. 

Alteration Incipient greisen (granite): muscovite± chlorite, tourmaline, and fluorite. 

Greisenized granite: quartz-muscovite-topaz-fluorite, ± tourmaline (original texture of granites 

retained). Massive greisen: quartz-muscovite-topaz ± fluorite ±tourmaline (typically no original 

texture preserved). Tourmaline can be ubiquitous as disseminations, concentrated or diffuse clots, 

or late fracture fillings. Greisen may form in any wallrock environment, typical assemblages 

developed in aluminosilicates. 

Ore Controls Greisen lodes located in or near cupolas and ridges developed on the roof or along 

margins of granitoids; faults and fractures may be important ore controls. 

Weathering Granite may be "reddened" close to greisen veins. Although massive greisen may not be 

economic as lodes, rich placer deposits form by weathering and erosion. 

Geochemical Signature Cassiterite, topaz, and tourmaline in streams that drain exposed tin-rich 

greisens. Specialized granites may have high contents of SiO (>73 percent) and K20 (>4 percent), 

and are depleted in CaO, Ti02, MgO, and total FeO. They are enriched in Sn, F, Rb, Li, Be, W, Mo, 

Pb, B, Nb, Cs, U, Th, Hf, Ta, and most REE, and impoverished in Ni, Cu, Cr, Co, V, Sc, Sr, La, and 

Ba. 

EXAMPLES 

10 

Lost River, USAK 

Anchor Mine, AUTS 

Erzgebirge, CZCL 

(Dobson, 1982; Sainsbury, 1964) 

(Groves and Taylor, 1973) 

(Janecka and Stemprok, 1967) 
GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF Sn GREISEN DEPOSITS 

By W. David Menzie and Bruce L. Reed 

COMMENTS See figs. 45, 46. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Altenberg 

Anchor 

Archer 

Cinovec 

Cista 

Meta 1 zoning 

in veins: 

Ag Pb Zn -~-I 

Sn,Mo,Bi 

Precursor 

granites 

Country 

GRME 

AUTS 

AUTS 

CZCL 

CZCL 

400 m 

Name Country 

Coal Creek USAK 

E. Kempville CNNS 

Hub CZCL 

Potosi BRZL 

Prebuz CZCL 

Barren fracture 

Rock alteration 

Figpre 44. Cartoon cross section of a Sn greisen. 

Model 15c--Con. 

71 
Model 15c--Con. 

TIN GREISEN 

1.0 

n = 10 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(j) 

1-

u; 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

45. Tonnages of Sn greisen Figure 0.0 0.0004 0.0016 400 

deposits. 

MILLION TONNES 

TIN GREISEN 

1.0 

n = 10 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

~ u; 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 46. Tin grades of Sn greisen O.O 0.032 10 

deposits. TIN GRADE IN PERCENT 

72 
Model 16 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF CLIMAX Mo DEPOSITS 

By Stephen D. Ludington 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Granite molybdenite (Mutschler and others, 1981). 

DESCRIPTION Stockwork of quartz and molybdenite associated with fluorite in 

granite porphyry (see fig. 47). 

GENERAL REFERENCE White and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Granite-rhyolite with>75 percent Si02• Rb, Y, Nb are high, Ba, Sr, Zr low. Stocks 

with radial dikes; small breccias common. 

Textures Porphyry with fine- to medium-grained aplitic groundmass. 

Age Range Examples are mainly mid-Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Multistage hypabyssal intrusions. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Mainly extensional zones in cratons. May be related to subduction, but found 

far from continental margins in areas of thick crust, and late in the cycles. 

Associated Deposit Types Ag-base-metal veins, fluorspar deposits. On the basis of similar 

geochemistry of associated rhyolite magmas, rhyolite-hosted Sn deposits may be a surface 

expression. Porphyry tungsten deposits, as at Mount Pleasant, Canada, may be W-rich Climax 

systems. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy: Molybdenite + quartz ± fluorite ± K-feldspar ± pyrite ± wolframite ± cassiterite ± 

topaz. 

Texture/Structure Predominantly in veinlets and fractures; minor disseminations. 

Alteration Intense quartz and quartz + K-feldspar veining in ore zone. Upper phyllic and 

propylitic zones. Halo of rhodochrosite, rhodonite, spessartine garnet. 

ore body. 

Minor greisen veins below 

Ore Controls Stockwork ore zone draped over small, <1 km2 stocks. Multiple phases of intrusion 

and mineralization are highly favorable. 

Weathering Yellow ferrimolybdite stains. 

Geochemical Signature Mo, Sn, Wand Rb anomalies close above ore zones. Pb, Zn, F, and U 

anomalies in wall rocks up to a few kilometers distant. Cu anomaly external to Mount Emmons 

deposit. In panned concentrates, Sn, W, Mo, and F may be important. 

EXAMPLES 

Redwell Basin, Winfield, Middle Mtn. 

Climax, Henderson, 

and Mt. Emmons, USCO 

Pine Grove, USUT 

Mount Hope, USNV 

Big Ben, USMT 

(White and others, 1981) 

(Abbott and Williams, 1981) 

(Westra, 1982b) 

(Wi tkind, 1973) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF CLIMAX Mo DEPOSITS 

By Donald A. Singer, Ted G. Theodore, and Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS See figs. 48, 49. 

73 
Model 16 --Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Big Ben 

Climax 

Henderson 

Malmbjerg 

Mount Emmons 

Country 

USMT 

us co 

us co 

GRLD 

usco 

Name 

Mount Hope 

Pine Grove 

Questa-Goat Hill 

Red well 

Alteration: ~~: : : :··.: : l: : : : /: 

Country 

USNV 

USUT 

USNM 

us co 

Mineralization: 

~~~~::~iic :~~~~JI~III:II~i~ii ..... ·:-- ...... / .... /_./_: ~~~;~i~~:~id·-

Quartz- sericite ~ ~ ~ ~: :.: · · .. · 

Potassic 

Pervasive silicic 

Intrusive porphyry 

complex 

Molybdenite ore shell 

with fluorite and 

huebnerite 

200 to 500 m 

Figure 47. Cartoon cross section of Climax Mo deposit showing relationship of 

ore and alteration zoning to porphyry intrusions from Mutschler and others 

(1981). Cartoon represents a region about 1 km wide. 

14 
Model 16--Con. 

MOLYBDENUM PORPHYRY--CLIMAX 

~') 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

~ u; 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.1 100000 

Figure 48. Tonnages of Climax Mo deposits. 

MILLION TONNES 

...,,, 

MOLYBDENUM PORPHYRY--CLIMAX 

1.0 

n = 9 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

CJ) 

Iu; 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 0 0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 0 i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.001 1.0 

MOLYBDENUM GRADE IN PERCENT Mo Figure 49. Molybdenum grades of Climax Mo 

..,,, deposits • 

75 
Model 17 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION This generalized illodel includes various subtypes all of which contain chalcopyrite in 

stockwork veinlets in hydrothermally altered porphry and adjacent country rock (see fig. 50). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Titley (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Tonalite to monzogranite or syenitic porphyry intruding granitic, volcanic, calcareous 

sedimentary, and other rocks. 

Textures Porphyry has closely spaced phenocrysts and microaplitic quartz-feldspar groundmass. 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic and Cenozoic, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment High-level intrusive rocks contemporaneous with abundant dikes, breccia 

pipes, faults. Also cupolas of batholiths. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Rift zones contemporaneous with Andean or island-arc volcanism along 

convergent plate boundaries. Uplift and erosion to expose subvolcanic rocks. 

Associated Deposit Types Base-metal skarn, epithermal veins, polymetallic replacement, volcanic 

hosted massive replacement. See also: Porphyry Cu-skarn related, porphyry Cu-Mo, and porphyry CuAu. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy: Chalcopyrite +pyrite ±molybdenite; chalcopyrite +magnetite ±bornite ±Au; 

assemblages may be superposed. Quartz + K-feldspar + biotite + anhydrite; quartz + sericite + clay 

minerals. Late veins of enargite, tetrahedrite, galena, sphalerite, and barite in some deposits. 

Texture/Structure Stockwork veinlets and disseminated sulfide grains. 

Alteration From bottom, innermost zones outward: sodic-calcic, potassic, phyllic, and argillic to 

propylitic. High-alumina alteration in upper part of some deposits. See table 3. Propylitic or 

phyllic alteration may overprint early potassic assemblage. 

Ore Controls Stockwork veins in porphyry, along porphyry contact, and in favorable country rocks 

such as carbonate rocks, mafic igneous rocks, and older granitic plutons. 

Weathering Green and blue Cu carbonates and silicates in weathered outcrops, or where leaching is 

intense, barren outcrops remain after Cu is leached, transported downward, and deposited as 

secondary sulfides at water table or paleowater table. Fractures in leached outcrops are coated 

with hematitic limonite having bright red streak. Deposits of secondary sulfides contain 

chalcocite and other cu2s minerals replacing pyrite and chalcopyrite. Residual soils overlying 

deposits may contain anomalous amounts of rutile. 

Geochemical Signature: Cu + Mo +Au+ Ag + W + B + Sr center, Pb, Zn, Au, As, Sb, Se, Te, Mn, Co, 

Ba, and Rb outer. Locally Bi and Sn form most-distal anomalies. High S in all zones. Some 

deposits have weak U anomalies. 

EXAMPLES 

76 

Bingham, USUT 

San Manuel, USAZ 

El Salvador, CILE 

(Lanier and others, 1978) 

(Lowell and Guilbert, 1970) 

(Gustafson and Hunt, 1975) 
Model 17--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu 

By Donald A. Singer, Dan L. Mosier, and Dennis P. Cox 

COMMENTS All porphyry copper deposits with available grades and tonnages were included in these 

plots in order to provide a model for cases where it is not possible to use the gold-rich or 

molybdenum-rich models. Parts of the porphyry copper deposits which could be considered skarn 

were included in these data. Gold grade is correlated with tonnage (r = -0.49, n = 81) and with 

molybdenum grade (r = -0.45, n = 55). See figs. 51-53. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Afton CNBC Copper Cities USAZ 

Ajax CNBC Copper Creek USAZ 

Ajo USAZ Copper Flat USNM 

Am CNBC Copper Mountain CNBC 

Amacan PLPN Cordon PLPN 

Andacolla CILE Cuajone PERU 

Ann CNBC Cubuagan PLPN 

Ann Mason USNV Dexing CINA 

Arie PPNG Dizon PLPN 

Atlas Carmen PLPN Dorothy CNBC 

Atlas Frank PLPN Dos Pobres USAZ 

Atlas Lutopan PLPN Eagle CNBC 

Axe CNBC El Abra CILE 

Aya Aya PLPN El Area MXCO 

Bagdad USAZ El Pachon AGTN 

Basay PLPN El Salvador CILE 

Bear USNV El Sol dado CILE 

Bell Copper CNBC El Teniente CILE 

Berg CNBC Elatsite BULG 

Bethlehem CNBC Ely USNV 

Big Onion CNBC Escondida CILE 

Bingham USUT Esperanza CILE 

Bisbee USAZ Exotica CILE 

Bluebird USAZ Fish Lake CNBC 

Bond Creek USAK Florence USAZ 

Boneng Lobo PLPN Frieda River PPNG 

Bozshchaku URRS Galaxy CNBC 

Brenda CNBC Galore Creek CNBC 

Brenmac USWA Gambier Island CNBC 

Butilad PLPN Gaspe CNQU 

Butte USMT Gibraltar CNBC 

Campanamah AGTN Glacier Peak USWA 

Cananea MXCO Granisle CNBC 

Canariaco PERU Hale-Mayabo PLPN 

Cariboo Bell CNBC Heddleston USMT 

Carpenter USAZ Helvetia USAZ 

Cash CNYT Highmont CNBC 

Casino CNYT Hinobaan PLPN 

Castle Dome USAZ Huckleberry CNBC 

Catface CNBC Ingerbelle CNBC 

Catheart USMN Inguaran MXCO 

Cerro Blanco CILE Ino-Capaya PLPN 

Cerro Colorado CILE Inspiration USAZ 

Cerro Colorado PANA Iron Mask CNBC 

Cerro Verde PERU Island Copper CNBC 

Chaucha ECDR Ithaca Peak USAZ 

Chuquicamata CILE June CNBC 

Coalstoun AUQL Kadzharan URAM 

Copper Basin USAZ Kalama ton PLPN 

77 
Model 17--Con. 

Kalamazoo-San Manuel 

Kalmakyr 

Kennon 

King-King 

Kirwin 

Kounrad 

Krain 

Kwanika 

La Alumbrera 

La Caridad 

La Florida 

La Verde 

Lakeshore 

Lights Creek 

Lornex 

Lorraine 

Los Bronces 

Los Pelambres 

Los Pilares 

Lumbay 

Luna-Bash 

MacArthur 

Maggie 

Majdanpek 

Mamut 

Mantos Blancos 

Mapula 

Marcopper 

Margaret 

Marian 

Mazama 

Metcalf 

Michiquillay 

Middle Fork 

Mineral Butte 

Misty 

Mocha 

Mocoa 

Moniwa 

Morenci 

Morococha 

Morrison 

Mountain Mines 

Mount Canninda 

Namosi East 

Namosi West 

North Fork 

Ok 

Ok Tedi 

Orange Hill 

Pampa Norte 

Pang una 

Paramillos 

Parks 

Pashpap 

78 

USAZ 

URUZ 

PLPN 

PLPN 

USWY 

URKZ 

CNBC 

CNBC 

AGTN 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

USAZ 

USCA 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CILE 

CILE 

MXCO 

PLPN 

PLPN 

USNV 

CNBC 

YUGO 

MDGS 

CILE 

PLPN 

PLPN 

USWA 

PLPN 

USWA 

USAZ 

PERU 

USWA 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CILE 

CLBA 

BRMA 

USAZ 

PERU 

CNBC 

PLPN 

AUQL 

FIJI 

FIJI 

USWA 

CNBC 

PPNG 

USAK 

CILE 

PPNG 

AGTN 

AUNS 

PERU 

Petaquilla 

Philippine 

Pima-Mission 

Plurhinaler 

Poison Mountain 

Potrerillos 

Primer 

Quebrada Blanca 

Quelleveco 

Ray 

Recsk 

Red Chris 

Red Mountain 

Rio Blanco 

Rio Vivi 

Sacaton (E-W) 

Safford (KCC) 

Saindak East 

Saindak North 

Saindak South 

Samar 

San Antonio 

San Fabian 

San Juan 

San Xavier 

Sanchez 

Santa Rita 

Santo Nino 

Santo Tomas 

Santo Tomas 

Sar Cheshmeh 

Schaft Creek 

Sierra Gorda 

Silver Bell 

Sipalay 

Star Mt.-Fubilan 

Star Mt.-Futik 

Star Mt.-Nong River 

Star Mt.-Olgal 

Sugarloaf Hill 

Tagpura 

Tanama 

Tawi-Tawi 

Taysan 

Toledo 

Toquepala 

Trojan 

Twin Buttes 

Tyrone 

Valley Copper 

Vekol 

Washington 

Yandera 

Yeoval 

Yerington 

PANA 

PLPN 

USAZ 

THLD 

CNBC 

CILE 

CNBC 

CILE 

PERU 

USAZ 

HUNG 

CNBC 

USAZ 

CILE 

PTRC 

USAZ 

USAZ 

PKTN 

PKTN 

PKTN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

USAZ 

USAZ 

USAZ 

USNM 

PLPN 

MXCO 

PLPN 

IRAN 

CNBC 

CILE 

USAZ 

PLPN 

PPNG 

PPNG 

PPNG 

PPNG 

CNBC 

PLPN 

PTRC 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PERU 

CNBC 

USAZ 

USNM 

CNBC 

USAZ 

MXCO 

PPNG 

AUNS 

USNV 
Model 17 --Con. 

Alteration: Propylitic Potassic ± late 

phy llic overprint 

Propylitic 

Mineralization : 

1 to 4 km 

Figure 50. Cartoon cross section illustrating generalized model for porphyry 

Cu deposits showing relation of ore minerals, alteration zoning, supergene 

enrichment and associated skarn, replacement, and vein deposits. 

Table 3. Types of hydrothermal alteration characteristic of porphyry copper and other 

deposit models 

Type of alteration 

and synonyms 

Potassic 

alteration 

(K-silicate) 

Sodic-calcic 

alteration 

(albitic) 

Phyllic 

alteration 

(quartz-sericite) 

Propylitic 

alteration 

Argillic 

alteration 

High alumina 

(alsic, advanced 

argillic) 

Original mineral replaced by 

plagioclase------- K-feldspar 

hornblende-------- fine-grained 

biotite + 

rutile + pyrite 

or magnetite. 

Anhydrite 

K-feldspar-------- oligoclase or albite 

biotite----------- actinolite + 

sphene 

plagioclase------- sericite 

hornblende and 

biotite----------- sericite + 

chlorite + 

rutile + pyrite 

plagioclase------- albite or oligoclase 

+ epidote or 

calcite 

hornblende 

and biotite------- chlorite + rutile + 

magnetite or pyrite 

plagioclase------- clay + sericite 

mafic minerals---- clay + sericite 

+ chlorite + 

pyrite 

All original and earlier hydrothermal 

minerals converted to pyrophyllite, 

alunite, andalusite, corundum, and 

diaspore with variable amounts of clay 

and sericite. 

Appearance 

Rocks look fresh 

but may have pinkish 

K-feldspar veinlets. 

and black biotite 

veinlets and clusters 

of fine biotite after 

mafic phenocrysts. 

Rocks are hard and 

dull white. Biotite 

is absent. Veinlets of 

actinolite, epidote, and 

hematite have hard, 

white alteration haloes. 

Rocks are soft and 

dull to lustrous white. 

Pyrite veinlets have 

distinct, soft translucent 

gray, sericite haloes. 

Tourmaline rosettes may be 

present. 

Rocks are hard and dull 

greenish gray. Veinlets 

of pyrite or chlorite and 

epidote lack prominent 

alteration haloes. 

Rocks are soft and white. 

Tongue will stick to clayaltered minerals. 

Rocks are light colored 

and moderately soft. 

79 
Model 17 --Con. 

Figure 51 . Tonnages of porphyry Cu 

deposits. Individual digits represent 

number of deposits. 

(/) 

IUi 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

Figure 52. Copper grades of porphyry Cu 

deposits. Individual digits represent 

number of deposits. 

80 

(/) 

IUi 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

O.O 0.025 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

PORPHYRY COPPER 

25000 

MILLION TONNES 

PORPHYRY COPPER 

10.0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 
PORPHYRY COPPER 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 4000 

A. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.4 

(/) 

1-

u; 0.3 0 

a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 0.2 0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 0.1 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.0 O.Q1 100 

B. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.001 0.032 1.0 

C. MOLYBDENUM GRADE IN PERCENT Mo 

Figure 53. By-product grades of porphyry Cu deposits. ~' Silver. 

~' Gold. ~' Molybdenum. Individual digits represent number of 

deposits. 

Model 17 --Con. 

81 
Model 18a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu, SKARN-RELATED DEPOSITS 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Chalcopyrite in stockwork veinlets in hydrothermally altered intrusives and in skarn 

with extensive retrograde alteration (see fig. 50). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Einaudi and others (1981), p. 341-354. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Tonalite to monzogranite intruding carbonate rocks or calcareous clastic rocks. 

Textures Porphyry has microaplitic groundmass. 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic and Tertiary, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Epizonal intrusion of granitic stocks into carbonate rocks. Intense 

fracturing. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Andean-type volcanism and intrusion superimposed on older continental shelf 

carbonate terrane. 

Associated Deposit Types Skarn copper, replacement Pb-Zn-Ag. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chalcopyrite + pyrite + magnetite in inner garnet pyroxene zone; bornite + 

chalcopyrite + sphalerite + tennantite in outer wollastonite zone. Scheelite and traces of 

molybdenite and galena may-be present. Hematite or pyrrhotite may be predominant. 

Texture/Structure Fine granular calc-silicates and quartz sulfide veinlets. 

Alteration Potassic alteration in pluton is associated with andradite and diopside in calcareous 

rocks. Farther from contact are zones of wollastonite or tremolite with minor garnet, idocrase, 

and clinopyroxene. These grade outward to marble. Phyllic alteration in pluton is associated with 

retrograde actinolite, chlorite, and clay in skarn. 

Ore Controls Intense stockwork veining in igneous and skarn rocks contains most of the copper 

minerals. Cu commonly accompanies retrograde alteration. 

Weathering Cu carbonates, silicates, Fe-rich gossan. 

Geochemical Signature Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, W, Bi, Sn, As, Sb. 

EXAMPLES 

Ruth,(Ely), USNV 

Gaspe, CNQU 

Christmas, USAZ 

Silver Bell, USAZ 

(Westra, 1982a) 

(Allcock, 1982) 

(Koski and Cook, 1982) 

(Graybeal, 1982) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu, SKARN-RELATED DEPOSITS 

By Donald A. Singer 

DATA REFERENCES Einaudi and others (1981), Einaudi (1981). 

COMMENTS Skarn copper deposits associated with porphyry copper deposits are included in this 

model. Tonnages and grades attributable to skarn were estimated for some deposits from estimated 

proportions of skarn provided by Einaudi and others (1981) and Einaudi (1981). See figs. 54-56. 

82 
Model 18a--Con. 

""''' DEPOSITS 

~ Name Countrl Name Country 

Cananea (Capote) MXCO Gold Coast PPNG 

Carr Fork USUT Lakeshore USAZ 

Christmas USAZ Lyon USNV 

Continental USNM Pima-Mission USAZ 

Copper Basin (Battle Mt. D.) USNV Potrerillos CILE 

Copper Canyon USNV Recsk HUNG 

Craigmont CNBC Santa Rita USNM 

Ely USNV Silver Bell USAZ 

Gaspe (Needle Mountain) CNQU Twin Buttes USAZ 

83 
Model 18a--Con. 

PORPHYRY COPPER--SKARN--RELATED 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 54. Tonnages of porphyry Cu-skarn- o.o ~,.., 06,.,.--L---:-L-----..JL....-_....,..~,-__ ~-~~--!~-~;::--~~~6300 related deposits. 

Figure 55. Copper grades of porphyry Cuskarn-related deposits. 

84 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

MILLION TONNES 

PORPHYRY COPPER--SKARN--RELATED 

10.0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 
(f) 

1-

U) 

0 

c... 

w 

Cl 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.00.4 

A. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 O.Q1 

B. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.001 

C. 

Figure 56. 

deposits. 

PORPHYRY COPPER--SKARN--RELATED 

4000 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

100 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0 

1.0 

MOLYBDENUM GRADE IN PERCENT Mo 

By-product grades of porphyry Cu-skarn-related 

!_, Silver • .!!_, Gold • .£, Molybdenum. 

Model 18a--Con. 

85 
Model 18b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF Cu SKARN DEPOSITS 

By Dennis P. Cox and Ted G. Theodore 

DESCRIPTION Chalcopyrite in calc-silicate contact metasomatic rocks (see fig. 57). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Einaudi and Burt (1982), Einaudi and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Tonalite to monzogranite intruding carbonate rocks or calcareous clastic 

rocks. 

Textures Granitic texture, porphyry, granoblastic to hornfelsic in sedimentary rocks. 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Miogeosynclinal sequences intruded by felsic plutons. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental margin late orogenic magmatism. 

Associated Deposit Types Porphyry Cu, zinc skarn, polymetallic replacement, Fe skarn. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chalcopyrite + pyrite ± hematite ± magnetite ± bornite ± pyrrhotite. Also molybdenite, 

bismuthinite, sphalerite, galena, cosalite, arsenopyrite, enargite, tennantite, loellingite, 

cobaltite, and tetrahedrite may be present. Au and Ag may be important products. 

Texture/Structure Coarse granoblastic with interstitial sulfides. Bladed pyroxenes are common. 

Alteration Diopside + andradite center; wollastonite + tremolite outer zone; marble peripheral 

zone. Igneous rocks may be altered to epidote +pyroxene +garnet (endoskarn). Retrograde 

alteration to actinolite, chlorite, and clays may be present. 

Ore Controls Irregular or tabular ore bodies in carbonate rocks and calcareous rocks near igneous 

contacts or in xenoliths in igneous stocks. Breccia pipe, cutting skarn at Victoria, is host for 

ore. Associated igneous rocks are commonly barren. 

Weathering Cu carbonates, silicates, Fe-rich gossan. Calc-silicate minerals in stream pebbles are 

a good guide to covered deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Rock analyses may show Cu-Au-Ag-rich inner zones grading outward to Au-Ag 

zones with high Au:Ag ratio and outer Pb-Zn-Ag zone. Co-As-Sb-Bi may form anomalies in some skarn 

deposits. Magnetic anomalies. 

EXAMPLES 

Mason Valley, USNV 

Victoria, USNV 

Copper Canyon, USNV 

Carr Fork, USUT 

(Harris and Einaudi, 1982) 

(Atkinson and others, 1982) 

(Blake and others, 1979) 

(Atkinson and Einaudi, 1978) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF Cu SKARN DEPOSITS 

By Gail M. Jones and W. David Menzie 

COMMENTS Data used in this model were restricted to copper skarns associated with barren stocks as 

recommended by Einaudi and others (1981). Some of the data are from districts. See figs. 58-60 

86 
"""'' 

~ 

Model 18b--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country 

Agordo-Brosso ITLY 

Arctic Chief CNYT 

B. C. CNBC 

Benson Lake CNBC 

Best Chance CNYT 

Black Cub CNYT 

Blue Grouse CNBC 

Bluestone USNV 

Caledonia CNBC 

Cassius HAT! 

Casting USNV 

Cerro de Cobre CLBA 

Chalcobamba PERU 

Coast Copper CNBC 

Cobriza PERU 

Concepcion Del Oro MXCO 

Copper Queen CNBC 

Cornell CNBC 

Cowley Creek CNYT 

Douglas Hill USNV 

Gem CNYT 

Hiragane JAPN 

Hope CNBC 

!ide JAPN 

Indian Chief CNBC 

Kamaishi JAPN 

Kedbeg Copper URRS 

Keewenaw CNYT 

Kodiak Cub CNYT 

Lily (!keno) CNBC 

Little Chief CNYT 

Lucky Four CNBC 

Name Country 

Loei-Chiengkarn THLD 

Ludwig USNV 

Mackey USID 

Malko Trnova BULG 

Marble Bay CNBC 

Mason Valley-Malachite USNV 

McConnell USNV 

Me me HAT! 

Mina El Sapo CLBA 

Mina Vieja CLBA 

Mother Lode-Sunset CNBC 

Obira JAPN 

Oregon CNBC 

Oro Denoro (Ema) CNBC 

Phoenix CNBC 

Queen Victoria (Swift) CNBC 

Rosita NCRG 

San Pedro USNM 

Sasca Montana RMNA 

Sasagatani JAPN 

Snowshoe USNM 

Strandzha BULG 

Tasu-Wesfrob CNBC 

Tintaya PERU 

Traversella ITLY 

Tsumo JAPN 

Vananda CNBC 

War Eagle CNYT 

Western Nevada USNV 

Wexford CNBC 

Yreka CNBC 

Zip CNBC 

EXPLANATION 

R~plac~m~nt 

-bodi~s 

of chalcopyrite, 

pyrite, py rrhotitl!, 

and magnetite 

Pyrox~n~-epidote alt~ration (endoskarn) 

or potassic and/or phyllic alteration ± 

disseminated chalcopyrite- molybd~nit~ 

Ton a lite 

~ 

~ or granodiorite 

pluton 

Figure 57. Cartoon cross section of Cu 

skarn deposit showing relationship between 

contact metamorphic zones, ore bodies, and 

igneous intrusion. 

Shale Limestone Calcareous 

sandstone 

L.:.._:_:_j 

~ 

Sandstone 

Boundary of min~ral zone in thermal aureol~ 

87 
Model 18b--Con. 

~ U5 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

t= 

~ 0.4 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 58. Tonnages of Cu skarn deposits. 

Figure 59. Copper grades of Cu skarn 

deposits. 

88 

0.0 0.0004 

~ 

U5 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

t= 

~ 0.4 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

COPPER SKARN 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

, 

COPPER SKARN I 

10.0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 
~ U5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

t= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

COPPER SKARN 

0.3 

0 n = 64 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 4000 

A. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.3 

0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

B. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 60. Precious-metal grades of Cu skarn deposits. !, 

Silver. !!_, Gold. 

Model 18b--Con. 

89 
Model 18c 

DESCIUPTIVE HODEL OF Zn-Pb SKAIII DEPOSITS 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Sphalerite and galena in calc-silicate rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Einaudi and Burt (1982); Einaudi and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Granodiorite to granite, diorite to syenite. Carbonate rocks, calcareous clastic 

rocks. 

Textures Granitic to porphyritic; granoblastic to hornfelsic. 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Miogeoclinal sequences intruded by generally small bodies of igneous 

rock. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental margin, late-orogenic magmatism. 

Associated Deposit Types Copper skarn. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Sphalerite + galena ± pyrrhotite ± pyrite ± magnetite ± chalcopyrite * bornite * 

arsenopyrite ± scheelite ± bismuthinite ± stannite ± fluorite. Gold and silver do aot form 

minerals. 

Texture/Structure Granoblastic, sulfides massive to interstitial. 

Alteration Mn-hedenbergite ± andradite ± grossular ± spessartine ± bustamite ± rhodonite. Late 

stage Mn-actinolite ± ilvaite ± chlorite ± dannemorite ± rhodochrosite. 

Ore Controls Carbonate rocks especially at shale-limestone contacts. Deposit may be hundreds of 

meters from intrusive. 

Weathering Gossan with strong Mn oxide stains. 

Geochemical Signature Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, Co, Au, Ag, As, W, Sn, F, possibly Be. 

Magnetic anomalies. 

EXAMPLES 

Ban Ban, AUQU (Ashley, 1980) 

Hanover-Fierro district, USNM (Hernon and Jones, 1968) 

GRADE OD TOitRAGE HODEL OF Zn-Ptt SO.III DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Zinc grade is correlated with lead grade (r = 0.66, n = 30) and with copper (r = 0.61, n 

= 17). See figs. 61-65. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Countrl 

Aguilar AGTN El Mochito HNDR 

Ammeberg SWDN Falun SWDN 

Aravaipa USAZ Garpenberg Norra SWDN 

Black Hawk USNM Garpenberg Odal SWDN 

Dolores MXCO Groundhog USNM 

90 
Model 18c--Con. 

Kalvbacken SWDN Shuikoushan CINA 

Kennecott USNM Stoll berg SWDN 

Lang ban SWDN Svardsio SWDN 

McDame Belle CNBC Tetyukhe URRS 

Meat Cove CNNS Tienpaoshan CINA 

Mount Hundere CNYT Uchucchacua PERU 

Nyseter NRWY Ulchin SKOR 

Parroquio-Magistral MXCO Washington Camp USAZ 

Rajabasa INDS Yanchiachangtze CINA 

Ryllshyttan SWDN Yeonhwa I SKOR 

Sala SWDN Yeonhwa II SKOR 

Saxberget SWDN Zip CNBC 

ZINC--LEAD SKARN 

1.0 

0 n = 34 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

en 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 a... 

LU 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 400 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 61. Tonnages of Zn-Pb skarn deposits. 

91 
Model 18c--Con. 

ZINC--LEAD SKARN 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

ii5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 62. Zinc grades of Zn-Pb skarn 

deposits. 0.0 0.01 100 

~NC GRADE ~PERCENT 

ZINC--LEAD SKARN 

1.0 

n = 34 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

ii5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 63. Lead grades of Zn-Pb skarn 

deposits. 0.0 0.01 100 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 

92 
1.0 

~', 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fen 

0 0.6 0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 

~,, 

~ 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

A. 

0.5 

(/) 

f- 0.4 U5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 0.3 

0 

z 

0 

i= 0.2 a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 0.1 0... 

0.0 

0.032 

B. 

~') 

ZINC--LEAD SKARN 

0 

0 

0 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

ZINC--LEAD SKARN 

0 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 18c--Con. 

n = 34 

Figure 64. Silver grades of Zn-Pb skarn 

deposits. 

n = 34 

100 

10.0 

Figure 65. 

deposits. 

Metal grades of Zn-Pb skarn 

!_, Gold. _!!, Copper. 

93 
Model 18d 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF Fe SKARN DEPOSITS 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Magnetite in calc-silicate contact metasomatic rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Einaudi and Burt (1982), Einaudi and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Gabbro, diorite, diabase, syenite, tonalite, granodiorite, granite, and coeval volcanic 

rocks. Limestone and calcareous sedimentary rocks. 

Textures Granitic texture in intrusive rocks; granoblastic to hornfelsic textures in sedimentary 

rocks. 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic and Tertiary, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Contacts of intrusion and carbonate rocks or 

calcareous clastic rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Miogeosynclinal sequences intruded by felsic to mafic plutons. Oceanic island 

arc, Andean volcanic arc, and rifted continental margin. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Magnetite ± chalcopyrite ± Co-pyrite ± pyrite ± pyrrhotite. Rarely cassiterite in Fe 

skarns in Sn-granite terranes. 

Texture/Structure Granoblastic with interstitial ore minerals. 

Alteration Diopside-hedenbergite + grossular-andradite + epidote. Late stage amphibole ± chlorite 

± ilvaite. 

Ore Controls Carbonate rocks, calcareous rocks, igneous contacts and fracture zones near 

contacts. Fe skarn ores can also form in gabbroic host rocks near felsic plutons. 

Weathering Magnetite generally crops out or forms abundant float. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature Fe, Cu, Co, Au, possibly Sn. Strong magnetic anomaly. 

EXAMPLES 

Shinyama, JAPN 

Cornwall, USPA 

Iron Springs, USUT 

(Uchida and Iiyama, 1982) 

(Lapham, 1968) 

(Mackin, 1968) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF Fe SKARN DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier and W. David Menzie 

COMMENTS Some of the data represent districts. See figs. 66-67. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name 

Adaevka central URRS Alagada 

Adaevka north URRS Aleshinka 

Adaevka south URRS Argonaut 

Agalteca HNDR As van 

Ain Mokra ALGR Auerbach 

Ain Oudrer ALGR Ayazmant 

Akatani JAPN Baghain 

94 

Country 

PORT 

URRS 

CNBC 

TRKY 

URUR 

TRKY 

IRAN 

, 

! 
Baisoara 

Beck 

Beni Douala 

Benkala 

Bessemer 

Bizmisen-Akusagi 

Blairton 

Bolsherechensk 

Bulacan 

Bryn or 

Calabogie 

Camiglia 

Capacmarca 

Capitan 

Carmen 

Cave Canyon 

Cehegin 

Chichibu 

Childs Mine 

Colquemarca 

Copper Flat 

Cuchillo-Negro 

Daiquiri 

Dammer Nissar 

Dannemora 

Dayton 

Divrigi 

Dun gun 

Dzama 

Eagle Mountain 

El Pedroso 

El Sol y La Luna 

El Volcan-Piedra !man 

Eltay 

Estyunin 

Fierro-Hannover 

Gallinas 

Giresun 

Gora Magnitnaya 

Gora Vysokaya 

Hatillo 

Hierro Indio 

Huacravilca 

Hualpai 

Huancabamba 

Hull 

Imanccasa 

I no 

Iron Duke 

Iron Hat 

Iron Mike 

Iron Mountain (Colfax Co.) 

Iron Mountain (Sierra Co.) 

Iron Springs 

Jed way 

Jerez de los Caballeros 

Jib 

Jicarilla 

Jones Camp 

Juncos 

Kachar 

Kalkan 

Kambaikhin central 

RMNA 

USCA 

ALGR 

URRS 

CNON 

TRKY 

CNON 

URRS 

PLPN 

CNBC 

CNON 

ITLY 

PERU 

USNM 

CILE 

USCA 

SPAN 

JAPN 

CNON 

PERU 

USNM 

USNM 

CUBA 

PKTN 

SWDN 

USNV 

TRKY 

MDGS 

URRS 

USCA 

SPAN 

MXCO 

MXCO 

URRS 

URRS 

USNM 

USNM 

TRKY 

URRS 

URRS 

DMRP 

AGTN 

PERU 

CNBC 

PERU 

CNQU 

PERU 

JAPN 

CNBC 

USCA 

CNBC 

USNM 

USNM 

USUT 

CNBC 

SPAN 

CNBC 

USNM 

USNM 

CNBC 

URRS 

TRKY 

URRS 

Kambaikhin east 

Kambaikhin north 

Karamadazi 

Kaunisvaara-Masugnsbyn 

Kesikkopru 

Kozyrevka 

Kroumovo 

Kruglogorsk 

Kurzhunkul 

La Carmen 

La Laguna 

La Paloma 

La Piedra !man 

Las Animas Cerro Prieto 

Las Truchas 

Larap-Calambayungan 

Lava Bed 

Lebyazhka 

Livitaca-Velille 

Lomonosov 

Maanshan 

Mac 

Mar bella 

Marmora ton 

Martinovo 

Maslovo 

Mati 

Mogpog 

Monte Carmelo 

Munesada 

Nimpkish 

Novo Maslovo 

Novo Peschansk 

Ocna de Fier 

Old Dad Mountains 

Orogrande 

Osokino-Aleksandrovsk 

Pambuhan Sur 

Pampachiri 

Paracale 

Pena Colorada 

Perda Niedda 

Persberg 

Peschansk 

Picila 

Piddig 

Plagia 

Pokrovsk 

Rankin 

Recibimiento 

Ron doni 

Rose 

Rudna Glava 

Sabana Grande 

Samli 

San Carlos 

San Juan de Chacna 

San Leone 

San kyo 

Santa Lucia 

Santa Rita 

Sarbay 

Senor de Huarquisa 

URRS 

URRS 

TRKY 

SWDN 

TRKY 

URRS 

URRS 

URRS 

URRS 

MXCO 

DMRP 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

PLPN 

USCA 

URRS 

PERU 

URRS 

HONG 

CNBC 

SPAN 

CNON 

BULG 

URRS 

PLPN 

PLPN 

NCRG 

JAPN 

CNBC 

URRS 

URRS 

RMNA 

USCA 

USNM 

URRS 

PLPN 

PERU 

PLPN 

MXCO 

ITLY 

SWDN 

URRS 

MXCO 

PLPN 

GREC 

URRS 

CNON 

MXCO 

PERU 

CNBC 

YUGO 

DMRP 

TRKY 

MXCO 

PERU 

ITLY 

JAPN 

PERU 

USNM 

URRS 

PERU 

Model 18d--Con. 

95 
Model 18d--Con. 

Severnoe I URRS Tepustete MXCO Severnoe II URRS Texada CNBC Severnoe III URRS Tovarnica YUGO Shagyrkul URRS Tsaitsukou CINA Shasta-California USCA Val Di Peio ITLY Shinyama JAPN Valuev URRS Silver Lakes USCA Vorontsovka URRS Sorka URRS Vulcan USCA Sosva URRS Vyhne CZCL South Sarbay URRS Wagasennin JAPN Takanokura JAPN Yellow Jacket USNM Tapairihua PERU Zanitza MXCO Techa URRS Zarikan IRAN Tecolote USNM Zeballos CNBC 

96 
1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

Cf) 

tU) 0.6 0 

c... 

w 

0 

LL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 

0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0063 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

Cf) 

tU) 0.6 0 

c... 

w 

0 

LL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 

0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

IRON SKARN 

MILLION TONNES 

IRON SKARN 

IRON GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 18d--Con. 

6300 

Figure 66 • Tonnages of Fe skarn 

deposits. Individual digits represent 

number of deposits. 

100 

Figure 67. Iron grades of Fe skarn 

deposits. Individual digits represent 

number of deposits. 

97 
Model 18e 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF CARBONATE-HOSTED ASBESTOS 

By Chester T. Wrucke and Andrew F. Shride 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Arizona type (Shride, 1973). 

DESCRIPTION Long-staple chrysotile asbestos in veins developed in tabular layers of serpentine 

that replaced silicated limestone adjacent to diabase sheets, sills, and dikes. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Shride (1969). 

GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Serpentine, diabase, silicated limestone, cherty dolomite. 

Textures Original bedding details of cherty dolomite preserved in fine-grained metamorphic 

limestone that includes nodular silicate masses partly to wholly replaced by serpentine. 

Age Range Middle Proterozoic in Arizona, but may be of any age. 

Depositional Environment Contact metamorphic aureole associated with injection of diabase magma 

into cherty dolomite. 

Tectonic Setting Probably rifted or partly rifted continental terrane, as suggested by regionally 

voluminous alkalic olivine tholeiite diabase in nearshore marine and terrestrial strata. 

Associated Deposit Types Contact-metamorphic magnetite. Talc deposits exist widely in similar 

physical settings. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chrysotile asbestos, dense serpentine, magnetite, and calcite. 

Texture/Structure Sharp-walled gash fracture and ribbon veins of cross-fiber chrysotile and 

calcite with occasional veins of dense chrysotile in massive serpentine. Veins mostly less than 

0.3 em wide but commonly 2-8 and rarely up to 25 em. 

Alteration Tremolite, diopside, and talc formed during prograde metamorphism were largely replaced 

by massive serpentine during retrograde metamorphism. Vein minerals were emplaced during late 

hydrothermal stage. 

Ore Controls Favorable stratigraphic zones proximate (within 10 m) to diabase. Open folds formed 

on emplacement of the diabase were favorable sites for small-scale bedding and thrust faults which 

were repeatedly opened during metamorphism and mineralization. 

EXAMPLES 

98 

Gila County, USAZ, Cuddappah district, INDA 

southwestern USMT, Barberton-Caroline District, SAFR 

Hopeh Province, CINA, near Kanye, BOTS (Sinclair, 1955) 
Model 19a 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT DEPOSITS 

By Hal T. Morris 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Manto deposits, many authors. 

DESCRIPTION Hydrothermal, epigenetic, Ag, Pb, Zn, Cu minerals in massive lenses, pipes and veins 

in limestone, dolomite, or other soluble rock near igneous intrusions (see fig. 68). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Jensen and Bateman (1981), p. 134-146. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Sedimentary rocks, chiefly limestone, dolomite, and 

shale, commonly overlain by volcanic rocks and intruded by porphyritic, calc-alkaline plutons. 

Textures The textures of the replaced sedimentary rocks are not important; associated plutons 

typically are porphyritic. 

Age Range Not important, but many are late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic. 

Depositional Environment Carbonate host rocks that commonly occur in broad sedimentary basins, 

such as epicratonic miogeosynclines. Replacement by solutions emanating from volcanic centers and 

epizonal plutons. Calderas may be favorable. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Most deposits occur in mobile belts that have undergone moderate deformation 

and have been intruded by small plutons. 

Associated Deposit Types Base metal skarns, and porphyry copper deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Zonal sequence outward: enargite + sphalerite + argentite + tetrahedrite + digenite ± 

chalcopyrite, rare bismuthinite; galena + sphalerite + argentite ± tetrahedrite ± proustite ± 

pyrargyrite, rare jamesonite, jordanite, bournonite, stephanite, and polybasite; outermost 

sphalerite + rhodochrosite (see fig. 68). Widespread quartz, pyrite, marcasite, barite. Locally, 

rare gold, sylvanite, and calaverite. 

Texture/Structure Ranges from massive to highly vuggy and porous. 

Alteration Limestone wallrocks are dolomitized and silicified (to form jasperoid); shale and 

igneous rocks are chloritized and commonly are argillized; where syngenetic iron oxide minerals are 

present, rocks are pyritized. Jasperoid near ore is coarser grained and contains traces of barite 

and pyrite. 

Ore Controls Tabular, podlike and pipelike ore bodies are localized by 

faults or vertical beds; ribbonlike or blanketlike ore bodies are localized 

by bedding-plane faults, by susceptible beds, or by preexisting solution channels, caverns, or cave 

rubble. 

Weathering Commonly oxidized to ochreous masses containing cerrusite, anglesite, hemimorphite, and 

cerargyrite. 

Geochemical Signature On a district-wide basis ore deposits commonly are 

zoned outward from a copper-rich central area through a wide lead-silver zone, to a zinc- and 

manganese-rich fringe. Locally Au, As, Sb, and Bi. Jasperoid related to ore can often be 

recognized by high Ba and trace Ag content. 

Examples 

East Tintic district, USUT 

Eureka district, USNV 

Manto deposit, MXCO 

(Morris and Lovering, 1979) 

(Nolan, 1962) 

(Prescott, 1926) 

99 
Model 19a--Con. 

N 

r 

Zn 

EXPLANATION 

m 

Replacement ore body 

D 

Paleozoic carbonate rocks 

r::::::l 

~ 

Monzonite of Tertiary age 

Cu-----

Northern limit of important 

copper ore bodies 

Zn------

Southern limit of important 

zinc ore bodies 

i 

.~ 

-tV 

~ 

c 

N 

..0 

Q.. f 

0 0\ ... ctV,.o 

Glo,_ 

~ 0. ~< 01 

c 

'iii 

tV 

Gl 

~ 

(,) 

Gl 

Ci 

1km 

Metals Dominant miner a logy 

Ore Gangue 

Zn-Mn Sphalerite + Fine-grained 

rhodochrosite pyritic 

jasperoid 

Galena+ Fine-grained 

sphalerite jasperoid with 

Pb-Ag + argent1te + barite crystals 

Ag su ltosa lts and quartz-

:t tetr ahedrite lined vugs 

Enargite- Mediumfamatinite + grained jas- Cu-Au tennantitetetr ahedrite + peroid and 

coarse crystals sphalerite + of quartz and 

argentite+ barite digenite 

Figure 68. Generalized map showing metal and mineral zoning in polymetallic replacement deposits 

in the Main Tintic district, Utah. Modified from Morris (1968). 

100 
~', 

Model 19a--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier, HalT. Morris, and Donald A. Singer 

COMMENTS Carbonate-hosted replacement and transitional vein and other replacement deposits are 

included. Only districts with combined production and reserves of at least 100,000 tonnes are 

used. Tonnages for many districts, particularly in the U.S. are biased because only production 

data were available. The break in slope in the zinc grade plot at about 1 percent may be related 

to early difficulties of processing zinc oxides, and the consequent underreporting of zinc grades 

where estimates were based on production. Lead grade is correlated with silver (r = 0.55, n = 

45). See figs. 69-74. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

American Fork USUT Nakatatsu JAPN 

Atacocha PERU Mitate JAPN 

Bell USNV Naica MXCO 

Big Cottonwood-L.C. USUT New Calumet CNQU 

Blue Bell CNBC Olympias Chalkidiki GREC 

Bolkardag TRKY Ophir USUT 

Bristol (Jack Rabbit) USNV Park City USUT 

Cerro Gordo USCA Plomosas MXCO 

Chalchihuites MXCO Rush Valley USUT 

Charcas MXCO San Francisco USUT 

Cortez USNV Santa Eulalia MXCO 

Darwin USCA Santander PERU 

Dr ina YUGO Saua-Toranica YUGO 

East Tintic USUT Silva-Aysen CILE 

El Porvenir (Milpo) PERU Sombre rete MXCO 

Eureka USNV Spruce Mountain USNV 

Hunnan CINA Star USUT 

La Encantada MXCO Sumadisa YUGO 

La Reforma MXCO Tecopa USCA 

Lampazos MXCO Tin tic USUT 

Laurium GREC Tombstone USAZ 

Liaoning CINA Trepca-Kopaonik YUGO 

Lone Mountain USNV Velardepa MXCO 

Magdalena USNM White Pine USNV 

Maria Christina CILE Yellow Pine USNV 

Mazapil MXCO Zimapan MXCO 

101 
Model 19a--Con. 

en 

fU5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

Figure 69. Tonnages of polymetallic replacement deposits. 

en 

fU5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

Figure 70. Lead grades of polymetallic replacement deposits. 

102 

POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT 

n =52 

0 0 0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

100 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 
POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT 

Model 19a--Con. 

~', 1.0 

0 n = 52 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

(i) 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 71. Zinc grades of polymetallic replacement deposits. 

POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT 

1.0 

n =52 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1- 0 (i) 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 10 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

~,, 

~ 

Figure 72. Copper grades of polymetallic replacement deposits. 

103 
Model 19a--Con. 

POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT 

1.0 

0.9 

0 

0 

0.8 

0.7 

~ 

Ui 

0 0.6 c.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

c.. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

oo 0 0 a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 73. Silver grades of polymetallic replacement deposits. 

POLYMETALLIC REPLACEMENT 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 0 1- 0 

Ui 

0 0.6 c.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 0.063 6.3 

Figure 74 • Gold grades of polymetallic replacement deposits. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

104 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

n =52 

0 

4000 

n =52 

100 

, 

I 
...,,, 

~ 

Model 19b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF REPLACEMENT Mn 

By Dan L. Mosier 

DESCRIPTION Manganese oxide minerals occur in epigenetic veins or cavity fillings in limestone, 

dolomite, or marble, which may be associated with intrusive complexes. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Limestone, dolomite, marble, and associated sedimentary rocks; granite and granodiorite 

plutons. 

Age Range Mainly Paleozoic to Tertiary, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Miogeosynclinal sequences intruded by small plutons. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Orogenic belts, late orogenic magmatism. 

Associated Deposit Types Polymetallic vein, polymetallic replacement, skarn Cu, skarn Zn, porphyry 

copper. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Rhodochrosite ± rhodonite + calcite + quartz ± barite ± fluorite ± jasper ± 

manganocalcite ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± galena ± sphalerite. 

Texture/Structure Tabular veins, irregular open space fillings, lenticular pods, pipes, chimneys. 

Ore Controls Fracture permeability in carbonate rocks. May be near intrusive contact. 

Weathering Mn oxide minerals: psilomelane, pyrolusite, and wad form in the weathered zone and 

make up the richest parts of most deposits. Limonite and kaolinite. 

Geochemical Signature Mn, Fe, P, Cu, Ag, Au, Pb, Zn. 

EXAMPLES 

Lake Valley, USNM 

Philipsburg, USMT 

Lammereck, ASTR 

(Farnham, 1961) 

(Prinz, 1963) 

(Lechner and Plochinger, 1956) 

GRADE AND TONRAGE HODEL OF REPLACEMENT Mn 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Copper grades are only available for some of the low tonnage deposits. See figs. 75-76. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Countrl 

Atlas USAZ Golden Gate USAZ 

Bear Mountain USNM Hendricks-Twilight USAZ 

Birchfield USNM Kahal de Brezina ALGR 

Blinman AUSA Kingston USNM 

Brachy FRNC Lake Valley USNM 

Chloride Flat USNM Lamme reck ASTR 

Crown King USAZ Las Ambollas FRNC 

Cynthia GREC Las Cabesses FRNC 

Danville-Hanchette USAZ Lone Mountain USNM 

Detroit USUT Los Volcanes MXCO 

Dinamita MXCO Mammoth USAZ 

Djebel El Aziza TUNS Mercedes CUBA 

Essex and Steptoe USNV Philipsburg USMT 

105 
Model 19b--Con. 

Poludnig-Hermagor ASTR Thuburnic TUNS 

Oregon USAZ Ulukoy TRKY 

Saligny FRNC Veitsch ASTR 

San Carlos MXCO Vorderen Strubberges ASTR 

Sattelberges ASTR Waterloo USAZ 

Summit-No. 4 USAZ 

REPLACEMENT MANGANESE 

1.0 

n = 37 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 0.3 

0 

0.2 

0.1 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 75. Tonnages of replacement Mn deposits. 

106 
Model 19b--Con. 

REPLACEMENT MANGANESE 

1.0 

n = 37 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

en 

IU5 

0 0.6 c.. 

w 

0 

IL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 100 

A. MANGANESE GRADE IN PERCENT 

::t : : : : :r;: 0 ? : : I 0.032 0.056 0.1 0.18 0.32 0.56 1.0 1.8 3.2 5.6 10.0 

B. COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 76. Manganese and copper grades of replacement Mn deposits. 

10'1 
Model 20a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Sn 

By Bruce L. Reed 

APPRQXIMATE_~~~~!~ Subvolcanic tin (Grant and others, 1977). 

DESCRIPTION Subvolcanic intrusive complexes containing disseminated, veinlet- and brecciacontrolled fine-grained cassiterite in quartz porphyry and adjacent rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Grant and others (1980). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Intermediate to acid quartz porphyry stocks (quartz-latite, dacite, rhyodacite) and 

cogenetic calc-alkaline pyroclastics and lavas (quartz-latite to rhyodacite). 

Textures Intrusions most closely associated with mineralization are strongly altered and 

brecciated quartz porphyry. 

Age Range May be any age. Classic Bolivian porphyry tin deposits are Miocene. Subvolcanic W-MoSn deposits at Mount Pleasant, New Brunswick, are late Carboniferous. 

Depositional Environment Subvolcanic stocks emplaced 1 to 3 km beneath or within vents of 

terrestrial strato-volcanoes. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Paleozoic foldbelt cut by subduction-generated high-level stocks and cogenetic 

volcanic rocks. 

Associated Deposit Types Sn veins and Sn polymetallic veins. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cassiterite and quartz accompanied by sulfide minerals (chiefly pyrite) but including 

pyrrhotite, stannite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite; late veins commonly carry complex 

sulfostannates and Ag minerals. 

Texture/Structure Disseminations, veinlets, and f2actures in igneous breccia and adjacent 

wallrock; stocks commonly funnel-shaped and 1-2 km . 

Alteration Pervasive alteration and porphyry tin mineralization predates tin-silver veins; 

concentric zoning grades from a central quartz-tourmaline core (minor disseminated cassiterite), 

outward to sericite-tourmaline, sericite (closely related to disseminated cassiterite), and 

propylitic alteration; argillic alteration present in upper parts of some systems. 

Ore Controls Porphyry mineralization is breccia controlled and centered on stocks emplaced in the 

inner, deeper regions of volcanoes; close relation between disseminated cassiterite and sericitic 

alteration; late fracture- controlled quartz-cassiterite and quartz-cassiterite-sulfide veins occur 

within or near the margins of intrusive centers. 

Weathering Surface iron staining variable (pyrite); supergene enrichment unlikely; cassiterite may 

be concentrated in nearby placer deposits. 

Geochemical Signature: Sn + B center; Sn, Ag, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Cu, Ba in outer zone. 

EXAMPLES 

------ Chorolque, BLVA (Grant and others, 1980) 

Catavi (Salvadora stock, 

Llallagua), BLVA (Sillitoe and others, 1975) 

108 
Model 20b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF Sn-POLYHETALLIC VEINS 

by Yukio Togashi (Geological Survey of Japan) 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYMS Polymetallic xenothermal (Imai and others, 1978), Bolivian subvolcanic 

multistage. 

DESCRIPTION Multistage Cu-Zn-Sn-Ag-bearing veins associated with felsic ignimbrites and 

subvolcanic intrusions. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Nakamura and Hunahashi (1970), Grant and others (1977). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Rhyolitic tuff, welded tuff and tuff breccia. Rhyolitic to basaltic dikes. Sandstone, 

slate, chert, and basic tuff. 

Textures Welded and airfall tuff. Porphyritic-aphanitic intrusives. 

Age Range Late Cretaceous to Miocene in Japan, Miocene in Bolivia, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Fissures in and around felsic ignimbrite. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental margin. Syn-late orogenic. 

Associated Deposit Types Polymetallic replacement, epithermal Ag veins, porphyry Sn. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cassiterite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, galena, scheelite, 

wolframite, arsenopyrite, native bismuth, bismuthinite, argentite, native gold, magnetite, 

molybdenite, and complex sulfosalt minerals including teallite, frankeite, cylindrite, and 

stannite. 

Texture/Structure Multistage composite veins with Sn, Cu, Zn, and Ag minerals occurring in the 

same vein. 

Alteration Minor quartz-chlorite-sericite alteration close to veins. Tourmaline, fluorite, or 

siderite may be present. 

Ore Controls Veins, breccia veins, and breccia pipes. Metal zoning sequence is Sn + W to Cu + Sn, 

Cu + Zn, Pb + Zn, Pb + Ag, Au + Ag from center to periphery, or from depths to shallow levels. 

Zones are commonly superimposed or "telescoped" to produce complex veins. 

Weathering Limonitization. Cassiterite in soils and gossans. 

Geochemical Signature Cu, Zn, Sn, Pb, W, Au, Ag, Bi, As. 

EXAMPLES 

Ashio, Akenobe, Ikuno, Kishu, JAPN 

Potosi, BLVA 

(Nakamura, 1970) 

(Turneaure, 1971) 

109 
Model 20c 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu-Au 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Stockwork veinlets of chalcopyrite, bornite, and magnetite in porphyritic intrusions 

and coeval volcanic rocks. Ratio of Au (ppm) to Mo (percent) is greater than 30 (see fig. 77). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Sillitoe (1979), Cox and Singer (in press). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ---·~--

Rock Types Tonalite to monzogranite; dacite, andesite flows and tuffs coeval with intrusive 

rocks. Also syenite, monzonite, and coeval high-K, low-Ti volcanic rocks (shoshonites). 

Textures Intrusive rocks are porphyritic with fine- to medium-grained aplitic 

groundmass. 

Age Range Cretaceous to Quaternary. 

Depositional Environment In porphyry intruding coeval volcanic rocks. Both involved and in largescale breccia. Porphyry bodies may be dikes. Evidence for volcanic center; 1-2 km depth of 

emplacement. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Island-arc volcanic setting, especially waning stage of volcanic cycle. Also 

continental margin rift-related volcanism. 

Associated Deposit Types Porphyry Cu-Mo; gold placers. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chalcopyrite ± bornite; traces of native gold, electrum, sylvanite, and hessite. 

Quartz + K-feldspar + biotite + magnetite + chlorite + actinolite ~anhydrite. Pyrite + sericite~ 

clay minerals ~calcite may occur in late-stage veinlets. 

Texture/Structure Veinlets and disseminations. 

Alteration Quartz ±magnetite ±biotite (chlorite) ± K-feldspar ±actinolite, ±anhydrite in 

interior of system. Outer propylitic zone. Late quartz + pyrite + white mica ± clay may overprint 

early feldspar-stable alteration. 

Ore Controls Veinlets and fractures of quartz, sulfides, K-feldspar magnetite, biotite, or 

chlorite are closely spaced. Ore zone has a bell shape centered on the volcanic-intrusive 

center. Highest grade ore is commonly at the level at which the stock divides into branches. 

Weathering Surface iron staining may be weak or absent if pyrite content is 

low in protore. Copper silicates and carbonates. Residual soils contain anomalous amounts of 

rutile. 

Geochemical Signature Central Cu, Au, Ag; peripheral Mo. Peripheral Pb, Zn, Mn anomalies may be 

present if late sericite pyrite alteration is strong. Au (ppm):Mo (percent) 30 in ore zone. Au 

enriched in residual soil over ore body. System may have magnetic high over intrusion surrounded 

by magnetic low over pyrite halo. 

EXAMPLES 

Dos Pobres, USAZ 

Copper Mountain, CNBC 

Tanama, PTRC 

COMMENTS See figs. 78-81. 

110 

(Langton and Williams, 1982) 

(Fahrni and others, 1976) 

(Cox, 1985) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu-Au 

By Donald A. Singer and Dennis P. Cox 
Model 20c--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Afton 

Amacan 

Atlas Lutopan 

Basay 

Bell Copper 

Boneng Lobo 

Cariboo Bell 

Copper Mountain 

Cubuagan 

Dizon 

Dos Pobres 

Fish Lake 

Frieda River 

Galore Creek 

Hinobaan 

Inger belle 

Kennon 

La Alumbrera 

Lorraine 

Lumbay 

Country 

CNBC 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

CNBC 

PLPN 

CNBC 

CNBC 

PLPN 

PLPN 

USAZ 

CNBC 

PPNG 

CNBC 

PLPN 

CNBC 

PLPN 

AGTN 

CNBC 

PLPN 

A 1\er ation : Propy litic I Phy llic 

Mineralization : Molybdenite + 

pyrite 

Name 

Mamut 

Mapula 

Marcopper 

Marian 

Mountain Mines 

Ok Tedi 

Panguana 

Red Chris 

Rio Vivi 

Saindak South 

San Antonio 

San Fabian 

Santo Nino 

Santo Tomas 

Star Mt.-Fubilan 

Star Mt.-Futik 

Tanama 

Tawi-Tawi 

Taysan 

Toledo 

Potassic ± proPY litic overprint 

Magnetite +chalcopyrite +bornite 

Phyllic I Propylitic 

Molybdenite + 

pyrite 

Country 

MDGS 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PPNG 

PPNG 

CNBC 

PTRC 

PKTN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PPNG 

PPNG 

PTRC 

PLPN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

L-----~~~~~~~~~~~~+Sg~o~lid~~~~~~;:~===Cucarbonatesand 

Figure 77. Cartoon cross section of porphyry Cu-Au deposit. Modified from 

Langton and Williams (1982). 

111 
Model 20c--Con. 

Figure 78. Tonnages of porphyry Cu-Au 

deposits. 

(f) 

fif) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

(f) 

fif) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

Figure 79. Copper grades of porphyry Cu-A u 

deposits. 

112 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.1 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

PORPHYRY COPPER--GOLD 

0 n = 40 

0.4 

MILLION TONNES 

PORPHYRY COPPER--GOLD 

10.0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 
1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

Iu; 

0 0.6 D... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

D... 

0 

a: 

D... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

PORPHYRY COPPER--GOLD 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 80. Gold grades of porphyry Cu-Au 

deposits. 

Model 20c--Con. 

100 

113 
Model 20c--Con. 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 (/) 

1-

(i) 

0 

0.. 

w 0.4 

0 

lL 

0 

z 0.3 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

0.. 0.2 0 

a: 

0.. 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 

A. 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0

·8.oo1 

B. 

114 

PORPHYRY COPPER--GOLD 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

MOLYBDENUM GRADE IN PERCENT Mo 

Figure 81. By-product grades of porphyry 

Cu-Au deposits. !_, Silver. ~' Molybdenum. 

4000 

1.0 
--

Model 21a 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu-Ho 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Stockwork veinlets of quartz, chalcopyrite, and molybdenite in or near a porphyritic 

intrusion. Ratio of Au (in ppm) to Mo (in percent) less than 3 (See fig. 82). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Titley (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Tonalite to monzogranite stocks and breccia pipes intrusive into batholithic, volcanic, 

or sedimentary rocks. 

Textures Intrusions contemporaneous with ore commonly are porphyries with fine- to medium-grained 

aplitic groundmass. Porphyry texture may be restricted to small dikes in some deposits (Brenda). 

Age Range Mainly Mesozoic to Tertiary, but can be any age. 

Depositional Environment High-level intrusive porphyry contemporaneous with abundant dikes, 

faults, and breccia pipes. Cupolas of batholiths. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Numerous faults in subduction-related volcanic plutonic arcs. Mainly along 

continental margins but also in oceanic convergent plate boundaries. 

Associated Deposit Types Cu, Zn, or Fe skarns may be rich in gold, gold + base-metal sulfosalts in 

veins, gold placers. Volcanic-hosted massive replacement and polymetallic replacement. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chalcopyrite + pyrite + molybdenite. Peripheral vein or replacement deposits with 

chalcopyrite + sphalerite + galena ± gold. Outermost zone may have veins of Cu-Ag-Sb-sulfides, 

barite, and gold. 

Texture/Structure Veinlets and disseminations or massive replacement of favorable country 

rocks. 

Alteration Quartz + K-feldspar + biotite (chlorite) ± anhydrite (potassic alteration) grading 

outward to propylitic. Late white mica + clay (phyllic) alteration may form capping or outer zone 

or may affect the entire deposit. High-alumina alteration assemblages may be present in upper 

levels of the system (see table 3). 

Ore Controls Ore grade is, in general, positively correlated with spacing of veinlets and 

mineralized fractures. Country rocks favorable for mineralization are calcareous sediments; 

diabase, tonalite, or diorite. 

Weathering Intense leaching of surface; wide areas of iron oxide stain. Fractures coated with 

hematitic limonite. Supergene copper as chalcocite may form blanket below leached zone. Residual 

soils may contain anomalous amounts of rutile. 

Geochemical Signature 

and Rb in outer zone. 

(ppm): Mo (percent)~3. 

EXAMPLES 

Brenda, CNBC 

Cu + Mo + Ag ± W + B + Sr center; Pb, Zn, Au, As, Sb, Se, Te, Mn, Co, Ba, 

Locally Bi and Sn-form distal anomalies. High S in all zones. Ratio of Au 

Magnetic low. 

Sierrita Esperanza, USAZ 

(Soregaroli and Whitford, 1976) 

(West and Aiken, 1982) 

115 
Model 21a--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Cu-Mo 

By Donald A. Singer, Dennis P. Cox, and Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS These deposits are a subset of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits for which a Cu, Mo and Au grade 

were available. See figs. 83-87. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Berg 

Bethlehem 

Brenda 

Gambier Island 

Gaspe 

Gibraltar 

Highmont 

Huckleberry 

Country Name Countrl 

CNBC Inspiration USNM 

CNBC Lorn ex CNBC 

CNBC Morenci USAZ 

CNBC Ray USAZ 

CNQU Sierrita-Esperanza USAZ 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

Alteration: Propylitic 

Mineralization : Pyrite 

Tyrone 

Twin Buttes 

Valley Copper 

Potassic+ late phyllic 

overprint 

Chalcopyrite + pyrite 

+molybdenite 

USNM 

USAZ 

CNBC 

Propyl;t;c 

Pyrite 

:::~x~x~x~x~x~x~x~x~x~x~x~x~xxx 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

Figure 82. Cartoon cross section of porphyry Cu-Mo deposit showing 

relationship between mineral- and 'alteration-zoning and igneous intrusion. 

116 
~ i.i5 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 0... 

lU 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

~ 0.4 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

~ i.i5 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 0... 

lU 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

~ 0.4 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

PORPHYRY COPPER--MOLYBDENUM 

MILLION TONNES 

PORPHYRY COPPER--MOLYBDENUM 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 21 a--Con. 

Figure 83. Tonnages of porphyry Cu-Mo 

deposits. 

10.0 

Figure 84. Copper grades of porphyry Cu-Mo 

deposits. 

117 
Model 21a--Con. 

Figure 85. Molybdenum grades of porphyry 

Cu-Mo deposits. 

Figure 86. Gold grades of porphyry Cu-Mo 

deposits. 

118 

(/) 

1-

u; 

0 

a_ 

w 

0 

u. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

f( 

0 

a: 

a_ 

(/) 

1-

u; 

0 

a_ 

w 

0 

u. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a_ 

0 

a: 

a_ 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0

"

0

o.001 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0

·8.ooo1 

PORPHYRY COPPER--MOLYBDENUM 

0.002 

MOLYBDENUM GRADE IN PERCENT Mo 

PORPHYRY COPPER--MOLYBDENUM 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

n = 16 

1.0 

1.0 

, 

I 
Model 21 a--Con. 

PORPHYRY COPPER--MOLYBDENUM 

1.0 

0 n = 16 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

~ U5 

0 0.6 c.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c.. ..,,, 0 

a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.063 630 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 87. Silver grades of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits. 

119 
Model 21b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Mo, LOW-F 

By Ted G. Theodore 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Calc-alkaline Mo stockwork (Westra and Keith, 1981). 

DESCRIPTION Stockwork of quartz-molybdenite veinlets in felsic porphyry and in its nearby country 

rock. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Westra and Keith (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Tonalite, granodiorite, and monzogranite. 

Textures Porphyry, fine aplitic groundmass. 

Age Range Mesozoic and Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Orogenic belt with calcalkaline intrusive rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Numerous faults. 

Associated Deposit Types Porphyry Cu-Mo, Cu skarn, volcanic hosted Cu-As-Sb. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Molybdenite + pyrite + scheelite + chalcopyrite + argentian tetrahedrite. Quartz + Kfeldspar + biotite ~ calcite ~ white mica and-clays. 

Texture/Structure Disseminated and in veinlets and fractures. 

Alteration Potassic outward to propylitic. Phyllic and argillic overprint (see table 3). 

Ore Controls Stockwork in felsic porphyry and in surrounding country rock. 

Weathering Yellow ferrimolybdite after molybdenite. Secondary copper enrichment may form copper 

ores in some deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Zoning outward and upward from Mo + Cu ± W to Cu + Au to Zn + Pb, + Au, + 

Ag. F may be present but in amounts less than 1,000 ppm. 

EXAMPLES 

Buckingham, USNV 

USSR deposits 

COMMENTS See figs. 88, 89. 

(Blake and others, 1979) 

(Pavlova and Rundquist, 1980) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF PORPHYRY Mo, LOW-F 

By W. David Menzie and Ted G. Theodore 

DATA REFERENCE Theodore and Menzie (1983). 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Anduramba 

Adanac (Ruby Creek) 

Ajax (Dak River) 

B. C. Moly 

Bell Molybdenum 

120 

Country 

AUQL 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

Name 

Boss Mountain 

Boswell River 

Buckingham 

Cannivan Gulch 

Carmi 

Country 

CNBC 

CNYT 

USNV 

USMT 

CNBC 
Model 21b--Con. 

Creston MXCO Pitman (JB) CNBC 

Endako CNBC Quartz Hill USAK 

Gem CNBC Red Bird CNBC 

Glacier Gulch CNBC Red Mountain CNYT 

Hall USNV Serb Creek CNBC 

Haskin Mountain CNBC Setting Net Lake CNON 

Karen CNBC Storie CNBC 

Lucky Ship CNBC Sunshine Creek CNBC 

Machkatica YUGO Thompson Creek USID 

Mount Thomlinson CNBC Trout Lake CNBC 

Mount Tolman USWA UV Industries USNV 

Pine Nut USNV 

121 
Model 21 b--Con. 

Figure 88. Tonnages of porphyry Mo-l ow F 

deposits. 

Figure 89. Molybdenum grades of porphyry 

Mo-l ow F deposits. 

122 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

t= 

0: 

0 

0... 

0 

0: 

0... 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

t= 

0: 

0 

0... 

0 

0: 

0... 

PORPHYRY MOLYBDENUM--LOW FLUORINE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.1 100,000 

MILLION TONNES 

PORPHYRY MOLYBDENUM--LOW FLUORINE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.001 1.0 

MOLYBDENUM GRADE IN PERCENT Mo 
Model 22a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF VOLCANIC-HOSTED Cu-As-Sb 

By Dennis P. Cox 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Enargite massive sulfide (Sillitoe, 1983) 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound to pipelike massive copper sulfosalt deposits in volcanic flows, breccias, 

and tuffs near porphyry systems. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Sillitoe (1983), Ashley (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Andesite, dacite, flows, breccias, and tuffs. 

Textures Fine grained, porphyritic, brecciated. 

Age Range Mainly Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Volcanic terrane, uppermost levels of intrusive systems. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental margins and island arcs. 

Associated Deposit Types Porphyry Cu-Mo, porphyry Mo low-F. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy All contain pyrite. In addition, enargite + luzonite + tennantite (Lepanto), enargite 

+ covellite +chalcocite+ bornite+ chalcopyrite (Bor), enargite + luzonite + tetrahedrite 

(Resck), tetrahedrite +sphalerite+ chalcopyrite+ arsenopyrite (Sam Goosly). Most contain a few 

parts per million Au; Sam Goosly is Ag-rich. 

Texture/Structure Massive ore, breccia filling, replacement of clasts by sulfides. 

Alteration Chalcedony plus high-alumina assemblages containing alunite, pyrophyllite, diaspore, 

dickite, andalusite. Dumortierite, tourmaline, barite, and scorzalite may be present. 

Ore Controls Tuff-breccias or breccia pipes are the channelways for ore solutions originating from 

younger porphyry copper systems. Known deposits are separated from typical porphyry type 

mineralization by 500 to 700 m. 

Geochemical Signature As, Sb, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, ±minor Sn (Lepanto), and W (Sam Goosly). 

EXAMPLES 

Lepanto, PLPN 

Recsk, HUNG; Bor, YUGO 

Sam Goosly (Equity Silver), CNBC 

(Gonzales, 1956) 

(Sillitoe, 1983) 

(Cyr and others, 1984) 

123 
Model 22b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF Au-Ag-Te VEINS 

By Dennis P. Cox and William C. Bagby 

DESCRIPTION Gold telluride minerals and fluorite in veins and breccia bodies related to hypabyssal 

or extrusive alkalic rocks. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Syenite, monzonite, or diorite; phonolite, monchiquite, and vogesite. Silicaundersaturated low-Ti basalts (shoshonites). 

Textures Porphyro-aphanitic. Volcanic breccias and lapilli tuff. 

Age Range Mainly Cretaceous and Tertiary, but could be any age. 

Depositional Environment Volcanic centers, caldera rims, and caldera-fill breccias. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Disrupted Precambrian craton with thin Phanerozoic cover. Also late 

shoshonitic stage of volcanism in island arcs. 

Associated Deposit Types Polymetallic veins, polymetallic replacement deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Calaverite, sylvanite, hessite, coloradoite, fine-grained pyrite, galena, sphalerite, 

tetrahedrite, and stibnite in veins of smokey quartz, calcite, purple fluorite, barite, celestite, 

roscoelite (V-mica), and adularia. Fluorite absent in Fiji deposit. 

Texture/Structure Veins mainly carbonates and quartz. Ore minerals in clusters and locally in vug 

linings. Breccia-filling textures in some deposits. 

Alteration Propylitic, dominated by carbonates (particularly dolomite) and pyrite. Sericite 

introduced in wallrocks. Silicification is rare. 

Ore Controls Rich breccia ores in central zone of caldera. Veins on steep radial fractures and on 

faults gently inclined toward caldera. Veins may follow porphyry dikes. Replacement ore bodies 

may form where veins cut limestone, organic-rich argillaceous limestone being especially favorable. 

Weathering Tellurides easily destroyed by weathering. Resulting "flour" gold may not be retained 

in placer deposits. Some tellurium redeposited as green oxides (emmonsite). Supergene enrichment, 

depositing native Au, occurs in some deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Au, Ag, Te, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb, Hg, F, Ba, PGE. 

EXAMPLES 

124 

Cripple Creek, USCO 

Gold Hill, USCO 

LaPlata district, USCO 

Zortman-Landusky (Little Rockies district), USMT 

North Mocassin-Warm Springs district), USMT 

Emperor mine, Tavua, FIJI 

(Loughlin and Koschman, 1935; 

Lindgren and Ransome, 1906) 

(Kelly and Goddard, 1969) 

(Eckel, 1949) 

(Corry, 1933) 

(Blixt, 1933) 

(Colley, 1976) 
Model 22c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF POLYMETALLIC VEINS 

By Dennis P. Cox 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Felsic intrusion-associated Ag-Pb-Zn veins (Sangster, 1984). 

DESCRIPTION Quartz-carbonate veins with Au and Ag associated with base metal sulfides related to 

hypabyssal intrusions in sedimentary and metamorphic terranes. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Calcalkaline to alkaline, diorite to granodiorite, monzonite to monzogranite in small 

intrusions and dike swarms in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Subvolcanic intrusions, necks, 

dikes, plugs of andesite to rhyolite composition. 

Textures Fine- to medium-grained equigranular, and porphyroaphanitic. 

Age Range Most are Mesozoic and Cenozoic, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Near-surface fractures and breccias within thermal aureol of clusters of 

small intrusions. In some cases peripheral to porphyry systems. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental margin and island arc volcanic-plutonic belts. Especially zones 

of local domal uplift. 

Associated Deposit Types Porphyry Cu-Mo, porphyry Mo low-F, polymetallic replacement. Placer Au. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Native Au and electrum with pyrite + sphalerite ± chalcopyrite ± galena ± arsenopyrite 

± tetrahedrite-tennantite ± Ag sulfosalts ± argentite ± hematite in veins of quartz + chlorite + 

calcite ± dolomite ± ankerite ± siderite ± rhodochrosite ± barite ± fluorite ± chalcedony ± 

adularia. 

Texture/Structure Complex, multiphase veins with comb structure, crustification, and colloform 

textures. Textures may vary from vuggy to compact within mineralized system. 

Alteration Generally wide propylitic zones and narrow sericitic and argillic zones. 

Silicification of carbonate rocks to form jasperoid. 

Ore Controls Areas of high permeability: intrusive contacts, fault intersections, and breccia 

veins and pipes. Replacement ore bodies may form where structures intersect carbonate rocks. 

Weathering Minor gossans and Mn-oxide stains. Zn and Pb carbonates and Pb sulfate. Abundant 

quartz chips in soil. Placer gold concentrations in soils and stream sediments. Supergene 

enrichment produces high-grade native and horn silver ores in veins where calcite is not abundant. 

Geochemical Signature Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Au, Ag, Mn, Ba. Anomalies zoned from Cu-Au outward to ZnPb-Ag to Mn at periphery. 

EXAMPLES 

St. Anthony (Mammoth), USAZ 

Wallapai District, USAZ 

Marysville District, USMT 

Misima I. , PPNG 

Slocan District, CNBC 

(Creasey, 1950) 

(Thomas, 1949) 

(Knopf, 1913) 

(Williamson and Rogerson, 1983) 

(Cairnes, 1934) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF POLYMETALLIC VEINS 

By James D. Bliss and Dennis P. Cox 

COMMENTS The data used to generate grade and tonnage models for polymetallic veins reflect 

considerable complexity in the geology and economic conditions under which deposits are produced or 

evaluated. This model represents a first attempt to resolve these complexities. Four important 

125 
Model 22c--Con. 

factors may affect the adequacy of this model. 

1. Zinc grades are subject to considerable uncertainty because smelters have in the past 

penalized producers for ore containing zinc which in turn caused mine operators to avoid zincbearing ore in their mining and milling. Zinc grades are likely underestimated. Irregular 

behavior in the zinc-grade model may be due to these factors. 

2. Polymetallic veins of two types appear to exist--a base-metal polymetallic vein worked 

primarily for a base metal or metals and silver and a gold-silver polymetallic vein with copper, 

lead, and zinc production likely in less than half the deposits. Grade and tonnage models are 

presented for the base-metal polymetallic veins. Grade and tonnge models are not presented for the 

gold-silver polymetallic veins because preliminary data are inadequate. In our data, districts in 

which both types occur generally have six times as many base-metal polymetallic veins as goldsilver polymetallic veins. 

3. The Slocan Mining District, British Columbia, Canada, contributed nearly 60 percent of the 

deposit data for the base-metal polymetallic veins, and this may bias the models in ways not 

identified. 

4. Deposits are defined as all workings within 1 km of each other and having a mlnlmum of 100 

tonnes of ore. A few deposits are for districts with workings of unknown spacing. See figs. 90-

94. 

Name 

Albert Lea Group 

Altoona-Elkhor-Mercury 

Amazon 

Antoine 

Arlington 

Badger 

Baltic and Revenue 

Baltimore 

Bell 

Bell and California 

Bell Boy-Niles-Towsley 

Big Four 

Bosum 

Bullion 

C.O.D. 

California-Hartney-Marion 

Carnation-Jennie Lind 

Central Cerbat District 

Champion-New London 

Chlorite District 

Comstock 

Cork-Province 

Dardanelles 

Defiance 

Eva May 

Fisher Maiden Group 

Flint-Martin 

Galena Farm and vicinity 

Gray Eagle 

Idaho-Alamo Group 

Idaho-Alamo-Silver Bell 

Ivanhoe-Canadian 

Keno Hill-Galena Hill 

King Solomon 

Leadsmith 

Legal Tender 

Little Nell 

Liverpool 

Majestic-Sapphire 

126 

Country 

USAZ 

CNBC 

USMT 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USAZ 

us co 

USMT 

CNBC 

usco 

USMT 

USMT 

CNBC 

us co 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USAZ 

USAZ 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USAZ 

USMT 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USMT 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNYT 

USMT 

CNBC 

USMT 

USMT 

USMT 

CNBC 

Name 

Mammoth-St. Anthony 

Marietta 

Mineral Park 

Minniehaha 

Molly Gibson 

Monitor 

Montezuma 

Mountain Chief and vicinity 

Mountain Con 

Noonday 

North Cerbat (Golconda) 

Northern Bell-Jackson 

Payne Group 

Pennsylvania 

Queen Bess and vicinity 

Rambler-Cariboo 

Rio 

Robert Emmet 

Santiago-CommonwealthCentennial 

Scraton-Pontiac-Sunset 

Silversmith-RichmondRuth-Hope 

Slocan-Sovereign 

Soho 

Standard and vicinity 

Stockton 

Sunshine-Corinth 

Surprise-Noble Five and 

vicinity 

Treasure Hill 

Tybo 

Union 

Utica 

Vancouver Group 

Von Roi-Hewitt-A.U. 

Wellington 

Wintrop 

Wonderful-Elkhorn 

Country 

USAZ 

USMT 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CNBC 

usco 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USMT 

us co 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USAZ 

USNV 

USNV 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNBC 
...,,, 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

IU5 

0 0.6 

Q_ 

w 

0 

LL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 

0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

...,,, 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

IU5 0.6 0 

Q_ 

w 

0 

LL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 

0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

~') 

POLYMETALLIC VEIN 

MILLION TONNES 

POLYMETALLIC VEIN 

2.5 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Model 22c--Con. 

100 

Figure 90. Tonnages of polymetallic vein 

deposits • 

0 

0 

25,000 

Figure 91. Silver grades of polyrnetall ic 

vein deposits. 

127 
Model 22c--Con. 
(f) 

IU5 

0 

D... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

D... 

0 

a: 

D... 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

A. 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

B. 

POLYMETALLIC VEIN 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 94. Zinc and copper grades of 

polymetallic vein deposits. ~' Zinc. 

Copper. ~' 

Model 22c--Con. 

100 

0 

10.0 

129 
Model 23 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF BASALTIC Cu 

By Dennis P. Cox 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Volcanic redbed Cu (Kirkham, 1984). 

DESCRIPTION A diverse group including disseminated native copper and copper sulfides in the upper 

parts of thick sequences of subaerial basalt, and copper sulfides in overlying sedimentary beds. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Kirkham (1984). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Subaerial to shallow marine basalt flows, breccias and tuffs, red-bed sandstone, 

tuffaceous sandstone, conglomerate. Younger tidal facies limestone and black shale. 

Textures Amygdules, flow-top breccias in lava. Laminated algal carbonate rocks. Sediments with 

high original porosity. 

Age Range Proterozoic, Triassic and Jurassic, and Tertiary deposits known. 

Depositional Environment Copper-rich (100-200 ppm) basalt interlayered with red clastic beds and 

overlain by mixed shallow marine and continental deposits formed near paleo-equator. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Intracontinental rift, continental margin rift. Regional low-grade 

metamorphism may mobilize copper in some districts. Deposits are characteristic of the Triassic 

part of Wrangellia terrane in Alaska. 

Associated Deposit Types Sediment-hosted copper. Volcanogenic Mn at Boleo, Mexico. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Native copper, native silver in flows and coarse clastic beds. Chalcocite and other 

cu2s minerals and locally bornite and chalcopyrite are concentrated in overlying shale and 

carbonate rocks. Fine-grained pyrite is common but not abundant with copper sulfide minerals. 

Texture/Structure Flow-top breccia and amygdule fillings in basalt. Fine grains in matrix and 

along shaley parting in clastics. Massive replacement of carbonates at Kennicott. Finely varved 

chalcopyrite sediment at Denali. 

Alteration Calcite-zeolite + epidote + K-feldspar. Red coloration due to fine hematite. 

Ore Controls Flow-top breccias, amygdules, fractures in basalt; organic shale, limestone in 

overlying sequence. Limestone is tidal, algal, with stromatolite fossils. Synsedimentary faulting 

may be important. 

Weathering Widely dispersed copper nuggets in streams draining basalts. 

Geochemical Signature Cu-Ag-Zn-Cd. Co at Boleo, Mexico. Cu:Zn ratio is very high. Au 

anomalously low. 

EXAMPLES 

130 

Keweenaw, USMI 

Calumet, USMI 

Kennicott, USAK 

Denali, USAK 

Boleo, MXCO 

Buena Esperanza, CILE 

Redstone, CNNT 

Sustut, CNBC 

(White, 1968) 

(Ensign and others, 1968) 

(Bateman and McLaughlin, 1920) 

(Seraphim, 1975) 

(Wilson, 1955) 

(Ruiz, 1965) 

(Ruelle, 1982) 

(Harper, 1977) 
Model 24a 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF CYPRUS MASSIVE SULFIDE 

By Donald A. Singer 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Cupreous pyrite. 

DESCRIPTION Massive pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite in pillow basalts (see figs. 95, 96). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Franklin, and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Ophiolite assemblage: tectonized dunite and harzburgite, gabbro, sheeted diabase 

dikes, pillow basalts, and fine-grained metasedimentary rocks such as chert and phyllite (fig. 95). 

Textures Diabase dikes, pillow basalts, and in some cases brecciated basalt. 

Age Range Archean(?) to Tertiary--majority are Ordovician or Cretaceous. 

Depositional Environment Submarine hot spring along axial grabens in oceanic or back-arc spreading 

ridges. Hot springs related to submarine volcanoes producing seamounts (fig. 96). 

Tectonic Setting(s) Ophiolites. May be adjacent to steep normal faults. 

Associated Deposit Types Mn and Fe-rich cherts regionally. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Massive: pyrite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite + marcasite + pyrrhotite. Stringer 

(stockwork): pyrite+ pyrrhotite, minor chalcopyrite and sphalerite-(cobalt, gold, and silver 

present in minor amounts). 

Texture/Structure Massive sulfides (>60 percent sulfides) with underlying 

sulfide stockwork or stringer zone. Sulfides brecciated and recemented. Rarely preserved fossil 

worm tubes. 

Alteration Stringer zone--feldspar destruction, abundant quartz and chalcedony, abundant chlorite, 

some illite and calcite. Some deposits overlain by ochre (Mn-poor, Fe-rich bedded sediment 

containing goethite, maghemite, and quartz). 

Ore Controls Pillow basalt or mafic volcanic breccia, diabase dikes below; 

ores rarely localized in sediments above pillows. May be local faulting. 

Weathering Massive limonite gossans. Gold in stream sediments. 

Geochemical Signature General loss of Ca and Na and introduction and redistribution of Mn and Fe 

in the stringer zone. 

EXAMPLES 

Cyprus deposits, CYPS 

Oxec, GUAT 

York Harbour, CNNF 

Turner-Albright, USOR 

(Constantinou and Govett, 1973) 

(Petersen and Zantop, 1980) 

(Duke and Hutchinson, 1974) 

(Koski and Derkey, 1981) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF CYPRUS MASSIVE SULFIDE 

By Donald A. Singer and Dan L. Mosier 

DATA REFERENCE Mosier and others (1983). 

COMMENTS Massive sulfide deposits from Mosier and others (1983) which had only mafic or ultramafic 

rocks immediately above through 500 m below, and had either pillow basalt or diabase dikes in the 

sequence were included in these plots. See figs. 97-99. 

131 
Model 24a--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Aarja OMAN Lasail OMAN 

Agrokipia CYPS Limni CYPS 

Ambelikou CYPS Little Bay CNNF 

Ana Yatak-Ergani TRKY Lokken NRWY 

Apliki CYPS Lorraine PLPN 

Arinteiro SPAN Mathiati North CYPS 

Barna SPAN Mavrovouni CYPS 

Barlo PLPN Mousoulos-Kalavasos CYPS 

Bayda OMAN Ny Sulitjelma NRWY 

Betts Cove CNNF Oxec GUAT 

Big Mike USNV Peravasa CYPS 

Bonanza CNBC Platies CYPS 

Bongbongan PLPN Rendall-Jackson CNNF 

Carawison PLPN Rua Cove USAK 

Carmel PLPN Sha CYPS 

Colchester CNNF Siirt Madenkoy TRKY 

Fornas SPAN Skorovass NRWY 

Hand Camp CNNF Skouriotissa CYPS 

Huntingdon CNQU Svano NRWY 

Kapedhes CYPS Tilt Cove CNNF 

Kokkinoyia CYPS Troulli CYPS 

Kokkinopezoula CYPS Turner-Albright USOR 

Kure (Asikoy) TRKY Whalesback-Little Deer CNNF 

Kure (Bakibaba) TRKY York Harbour CNNF 

Kynousa CYPS 

132 
...,,, 

MINERAL 

DEPOSITS 

Cyprus massivtsulfides 

Stockwork zontFracture-filling (F e-Cu) 

sulfide mineralization 

L imasso 1 For est Co-Ni 

Podiform chromite 

Serpentine-hosted 

asbestos 

ROCK TYPES Model 

Marint- st-dimt-ntary rocks 

Umbt-r 

Uppt-r pillow lava 

OchrtLower pillow lava 

Basal lava 

Diabase (sheeted intrusive 

complex) 

Plagiogr anite 

Gabbro 

Ultramafic rocks 

Figure 95. Generalized stratigraphic column through the Troodos ophiolite 

showing Cyprus massive sulfides and other deposit types and their asssociated 

rock types. Modified from Constantinou(1980). 

<J Direction of spreading 

Sea water 

Figure 96. Cross section through the Kalavos district, Cyprus, showing 

relationship of massive sulfide deposits to faults and alteration zones. 

Section is drawn normal to the spreading axis and represents a time period 

prior to deposition of a thick sequence of pillow lavas and sedimentary 

rocks. Modified from Adamides (1980). 

24a--Con. 

133 
Model 24a--Con. 

Figure 97. Tonnages of Cyprus massive 

sulfide deposits. 

~ U5 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

~ 0.4 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

(/) 

fU5 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 

~ 0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 98. Copper grades of Cyprus massive 

sulfide deposits. 

0.0 0.032 

134 

CYPRUS MASSIVE SULFIDE 

0 

0 

MILLION TONNES 

CYPRUS MASSIVE SULFIDE 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

n = 49 

400 

10.0 
CYPRUS MASSIVE SULFIDE 

A. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.3 

0.2 

(fJ 

1-

(/) 0.1 0 

0... 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 B. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE i= 

a: :: f': : : I 0 

: : : : : : 0... 

0 0 a: 0 0... 

0.01 

C. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

D. 

Figure 99. 

!_, Silver. 

0.025 0.063 0.16 0.4 1.0 2.5 6.3 16 40 100 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 

100 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

By-product grades of Cyprus massive sulfide deposits. 

~' Gold • .£, Lead • .Q., Zinc. 

Model 24a--Con. 

135 
Model 24b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF BESSHI MASSIVE SULFIDE 

By Dennis P. Cox 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Besshi type, Kieslager. 

DESCRIPTION Thin, sheetlike bodies of massive to well-laminated pyrite, pyrrhotite, and 

chalcopyrite within thinly laminated clastic sediments and mafic tuffs. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Klau and Large (1980), Fox (1984). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Clastic terrigenous sedimentary rocks and tholeiitic to andesitic tuff and breccia. 

Locally, black shale, oxide-facies iron formation, and red chert. 

Textures Thinly laminated clastic rocks. All known examples are in strongly deformed metamorphic 

terrane. Rocks are quartzose and mafic schist. 

Age Range Mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic. 

Depositional Environment Uncertain. Possibly deposition by submarine hot springs related to 

basaltic volcanism. Ores may be localized within permeable sediments and fractured volcanic rocks 

in anoxic marine basins. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Uncertain. Possibly rifted basin in island arc or back arc. Possibly 

spreading ridge underlying terrigenous sediment at continental slope. 

Associated Deposit Types None known. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrite + pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite ± magnetite ± valleriite ± galena ± 

bornite ± tetrahedrite ± cobaltite ± cubanite ± stannite ± molybdenite. Quartz, carbonate, albite, 

white mica, chlorite, amphibole, and tourmaline. 

Texture/Structure Fine-grained, massive to thinly laminated ore with colloform and framboidal 

pyrite. Breccia or stringer ore. Cross-cutting veins contain chalcopyrite, pyrite, calcite or 

galena, sphalerite, calcite. 

Alteration Difficult to recognize because of metamorphism. Chloritization of adjacent rocks is 

noted in some deposits. 

Ore Controls Uncertain. Deposits are thin, but laterally extensive and tend to cluster in en 

echelon pattern. 

Weathering Gossan. 

Geochemical Signature Cu, Zn, Co, Ag, Ni, Cr, Co/Ni >1.0, Au up to 4 ppm, Ag up to 60 ppm. 

EXAMPLES 

Besshi, JAPN 

Motoyasu, JAPN 

Kieslager, ASTR 

Raul, PERU 

(Kanehira and Tatsumi, 1970) 

(Yui, 1983) 

(Derkman and Klemm, 1977) 

(Ripley and Ohmoto, 1977) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF BESSHI MASSIVE SULFIDE 

By Donald A. Singer 

DATA REFERENCE Yamada and others (1980). 

COMMENTS Only deposits from Japan containing more than 10,000 tonnes are included. See figs. 100- ~ 102. 

136 
~~ DEPOSITS 

~ Name 

Akinokawa (Onishi) 

Asakawa 

Besshi 

Choja 

Chushiro 

Ehime 

Higashiyame 

Hirabaya 

Hirota 

Hitachi 

!made & Ouchi 

Imori 

!yo 

Izushi 

Kamegamori 

Kanayama 

Kotsu 

Kune 

Machimi 

Makimine, Hibira 

Minawa 

Miyawa 

(/) 

1-

u; 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

Countr:t 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

Name 

Motoyasu 

Nakayama 

Nanogawa 

Naruyasu 

Nii 

Nishinokawa 

Noji 

Nonowaki 

Okuki 

Omine 

Ryuo 

Sazare 

Shiiba, Takaragi 

Shimokawa 

Shimokawa (Kouchi) 

Shinga 

Shirataki 

Takaura 

Terano 

Yanahara 

Yoshimoto 

Yuryo 

BESSHI MASSIVE SULFIDE 

MILLION TONNES 

Country 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

400 

Fi8ure 100. Tonnages of Besshi massive sulfide deposits. 

Model 24b--Con. 

137 
Model 24b--Con. 

Figure 101. Copper grades of Besshi 

massive sulfide deposits. 

Figure 102. By-product grades of Besshi 

massive sulfide deposits. !, Silver. ~, 

Gold. _g_, Zinc. 

138 

en 

1-

U5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

en 

1-

U5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

a.. 

BESSHI MASSIVE SULFIDE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 10.0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

BESSHI MASSIVE SULFIDE 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 1.0 4000 

A. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

B. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

::t : : : to :

0

0 : : : : I 0.01 0.025 0.063 0.16 0.4 1.0 2.5 6.3 16 40 100 

C. ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 
Model 24c 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF VOLCANOGENIC Hn 

By Randolph A. Koski 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Volcanogenic-sedimentary (Roy, 1981) 

DESCRIPTION Lenses and stratiform bodies of manganese oxide, carbonate, and silicate in volcanicsedimentary sequences. Genesis related to volcanic (volcanogenic) processes. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Roy (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Chert, shale, graywacke, tuff, basalt; chert, jasper, basalt (ophiolite); basalt, 

andesite, rhyolite (island-arc); basalt, limestone; conglomerate, sandstone, tuff, gypsum. 

Age Range Cambrian to Pliocene. 

Depositional Environment Sea-floor hot spring, generally deep water; some shallow water marine; 

some may be enclosed basin. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Oceanic ridge, marginal basin, island arc, young rifted basin; all can be 

considered eugeosynclinal. 

Associated Deposit Types Kuroko massive sulfide deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Rhodochrosite, Mn-calcite, braunite, hausmannite, bementite, neotocite, alleghenyite, 

spessartine, rhodonite, Mn-opal, manganite, pyrolusite, coronadite, cryptomelane, hollandite, 

todorokite, amorphous Mno2• 

Texture/Structure Fine-grained massive crystalline aggregates, botryoidal, colloform in bedded and 

lensoid masses. 

Alteration Spilitic or greenschist-facies alteration of associated mafic lavas, silicification, 

hematitization. 

Ore Controls Sufficient structure and porosity to permit subsea-floor hydrothermal circulation and 

sea-floor venting; redox boundary at seafloor-seawater interface around hot spring; supergene 

enrichment to upgrade Mn content. 

Weathering Strong development of secondary Mn oxides (todorokite, birnessite, pyrolusite, 

amorphous Mn02) at the surface and along fractures. 

Geochemical Signature Although Mn is only moderately mobile and relatively abundant in most rocks, 

Mn minerals may incorporate many other trace elements such as Zn, Pb, Cu, and Ba. 

Examples 

Olympic Peninsula, USWA (Park, 1942, 1946; Sorem and Gunn, 

1967) 

Franciscan type, USCA, USOR (Taliaferro and Hudson, 1943; Crerar 

and others, 1982; Snyder 1978; Kuypers 

and Denyer, 1979) 

COMMENTS 

grade (r 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF VOLCANOGENIC Hn 

By Dan L. Mosier 

Tonnage is correlated with manganese grade (r = -0.32) and with phosphorus 

= -0.94, n = 8). See figs. 103-104. 

139 
Model 24c--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Abuhemsin (Abiulya) 

Abundancia 

Akcakilise Topkirazlar 

Akoluuk 

Akseki Gokceovacik 

Antonio 

Augusto Luis and others 

Avispa 

Black Diablo 

Blue Jay 

Boston Group 

Briseida Group and others 

Buckeye 

Bueycito 

Buritirama 

Cadiz 

Castillode Palanco 

Cavdarli-Komurluk 

Cayirli Koy 

Charco Redondo-Casualidad 

Crescent 

Cubenas 

Cubuklu Koyu 

Cummings 

Curiol-Playa Real-Pavones 

Danisment 

Dassoumble 

Djebel Guettara 

Durnovskoe 

El Cuervo 

Esperancita 

Estrella-Sopresa 

Fabian 

Faucogney 

Foster Mountain 

Glib en Nam 

Gloria-Elvira-Polaris 

Gocek Koyu 

Gran Piedra 

Guanaba Group 

Gunbasi (Akcakese) 

Hyatt No. 1 

Idikel 

Jo7 

Jutinicu 

Komurluk Koyunun 

140 

Country 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CUBA 

CUBA 

CUBA 

USNV 

USCA 

CUBA 

CUBA 

USCA 

CUBA 

BRZL 

CUBA 

SPAN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CUBA 

USWA 

CUBA 

TRKY 

USCA 

CORI 

TRKY 

IVCO 

ALGR 

URRS 

SPAN 

CUBA 

CUBA 

USCA 

FRNC 

USCA 

MRCO 

CUBA 

TRKY 

CUBA 

CUBA 

TRKY 

PANA 

MRCO 

NCAL 

CUBA 

TRKY 

Name 

Korucular 

La Calanesa 

Ladd 

Lagnokaha 

Las bela 

La Unica 

Laverton-Mt. Lucky 

Liberty 

Lucia (Generosa) 

Lucifer 

Magdalena 

Manacas Group 

Manuel 

Montenegro-Adriana 

Mrima 

Pirki 

Piskala 

Ponupo 

Ponupo de Manacal 

Pozo Prieto 

Progreso 

Quarzazate 

Quinto 

Raymond 

Rhiw 

Sabanilla 

Santa Rosa 

Sapalskoe 

Sereno 

Sigua 

Soloviejo 

South Thomas 

Taratana 

Taritipan 

Thatcher Creek 

Thomas 

Tiere 

Tiouine 

Tokoro 

Topkirozlar 

Toscana (Cerchiara) 

Tutunculer 

Valle de Maganeso 

Welch 

Woody Woody 

Yeya 

Country 

TRKY 

SPAN 

USCA 

UVOL 

PKTN 

CUBA 

AUWA 

USCA 

CUBA 

MXCO 

CUBA 

CUBA 

CUBA 

CUBA 

KNYA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CUBA 

CUBA 

CUBA 

CUBA 

MRCO 

CUBA 

NCAL 

GRBR 

CUBA 

CUBA 

URRS 

BRZL 

CUBA 

SPAN 

USCA 

CUBA 

INDS 

USCA 

USCA 

UVOL 

MRCO 

JAPN 

TRKY 

ITLY 

TRKY 

CUBA 

USCA 

AUWA 

CUBA 
CJ) 

1-

(j) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

CJ) 

1-

(j) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

VOLCANOGENIC MANGANESE 

Model 24c--Con. 

400 

Figure 103. Tonnages of volcanogenic Mn 

MILLION TONNES deposits. 

VOLCANOGENIC MANGANESE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 100 

A. MANGANESE GRADE IN PERCENT 

:J :§ ~ 0 

. 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.079 

S 

0.16 

: : : 0.32 0.63 

0 

1.3 

: : : 

2.5 5 10 

I ~~:~o~~~;. B. PHOSPHORUS GRADE IN PERCENT 

Metal grades of volcanogenic 

_!, Manganese. ~' Phosphorus • 

141 
Model 24d 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF BLACKBIRD Co-Cu 

By Robert L. Earhart 

DESCRIPTION Massive and disseminated pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, cobaltite, chalcopyrite, 

and magnetite in stratabound lenses, stringers, and in quartz-tourmaline breccia pipes. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Bennett (1977), Hughes (1983). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Fine-grained metasedimentary rocks (argillite, siltite, and quartzite), mafic metatuff, 

and magnetite-pyrite iron formation. Metasedimentary rocks may have large volcanic rock component. 

Textures Fine-grained, thin-bedded turbidite sequences, graded beds, mafic dikes. 

Age Range The Blackbird example is Proterozoic, but deposits could be of any age. 

Depositional Environment Marine turbidite deposition with basaltic pyroclastic activity and 

submarine hot springs. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Failed rift along continental margin. 

Similar or Associated Deposit Types Besshi-type massive sulfide (?). 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cobaltite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, and magnetite. Gold and 

silver are locally present in tourmaline breccia pipes. Breccias contain pyrite-arsenopyritepyrrhotite and minor chalcopyrite-cobaltite. 

Texture/Structure Fine to fairly coarse sulfides and sulfarsenides in lenses and stringers, 

locally with cataclastic texture along shear zones. Pyrite locally has colloform structure. 

Alteration Silicification and intense chloritization. 

Ore Controls Ore commonly occupies disrupted beds, regional distribution of ore closely follows 

distribution of mafic tuff and (or) iron-formation. Lenses may form at several stratigraphic 

horizons separated by barren metasedimentary rocks. Relationship between stratabound and breccia 

pipe mineralization is not understood. 

Weathering Forms prominent gossans where sulfide and sulfarsenide-rich rocks crop out. 

Geochemical Signature Enriched in Fe, As, B, Co, Cu, Au, Ag, Mn. May be depleted in Ca, Na. 

Rare-earth and trace-element distribution poorly known. 

EXAMPLES Blackbird, USID (Bennett, 1977) 

142 
Model 25a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF HOT-SPRING Au-Ag 

By Byron R. Berger 

DESCRIPTION Fine-grained silica and quartz in silicified breccia with gold, pyrite, and Sb and As 

sulfides (see fig. 105). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Berger (1985). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Rhyolite. 

Textures Porphyritic, brecciated. 

Age Range Mainly Tertiary and Quaternary. 

Depositional Environment Subaerial rhyolitic volcanic centers, rhyolite domes, and shallow parts 

of related geothermal systems. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Through-going fracture systems related to volcanism above subduction zones, 

rifted continental margins. Leaky transform faults. 

Associated Deposit Types Epithermal quartz veins, hot-spring Hg, placer Au. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Native gold + pyrite + stibnite + realgar; or arsenopyrite ± sphalerite ± chalcopyrite 

± fluorite; or native gold + Ag-selenide or tellurides + pyrite. 

Texture/Structure Crustified banded veins, stockworks, breccias (cemented with silica or 

uncemented). Sulfides may be very fine grained and disseminated in silicified rock. 

Alteration Top of bottom of system: chalcedonic sinter, massive silicification, stockworks and 

veins of quartz + adularia and breccia cemented with quartz, quartz + chlorite. Veins generally 

chalcedonic, some opal. Some deposits have alunite and pyrophyllite. Ammonium feldspar 

(buddingtonite) may be present. 

Ore Controls Through-going fracture systems, brecciated cores of intrusive domes; cemented 

breccias important carrier of ore. 

Weathering Bleached country rock, yellow limonites with jarosite and fine-grained alunite, 

hematite, goethite. 

Geochemical Signature Au + As + Sb + Hg + Tl higher in system, increasing Ag with depth, 

decreasing As + Sb + Tl + Hg with depth. Locally, NH4 , w. 

EXAMPLES 

McLaughlin, USCA 

Round Mountain, USNV 

Delamar, USID 

(Averitt, 1945 and Becker, 1888) 

(Tingley and Berger, 1985) 

(Lindgren, 1900) 

143 
Model 25a--Con. 

144 

100 to 

500 m 

Opalized rock or porous, 

vuggy silica : Native S, 

cinnabar. 

Pervasive silicification: 

dispersed As, Sb, Au, Ag, Tl. 

Stockwork veins : Au, Ag, As, 

Tl, Sb, in quartz, chalcedony 

Acid leaching: Kaolinite, alunite 

silica, jarosite. 

---=:::;;:::::::~:=:~~~;:::==- H1.1 drotherma 1 brecciation : Au, 

Aq , As , Sb , Tl sulfides and 

quartz. 

Quartz-sulfide-adularia veins : 

1 to 2 km Quartz-sulfide-chlorite 

veins: Cu, Pb, Zn, (Au, Ag) 

Au, Ag, As, (Cu, Pb, Zn). 

l 

Figure 105. Cartoon cross section of hotspring Au-Ag deposit. 
Model 25b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEINS 

By Dan L. Mosier, Takeo Sato, Norman J Page, Donald A. Singer, 

and Byron R. Berger 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Epithermal gold (quartz-adularia) alkali-chloride-type, polymetallic veins 

(see fig. 106). 

DESCRIPTION Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, sulfosalts, + tellurides +gold in quartz-carbonate 

veins hosted by felsic to intermediate volcanics. Older miogeosynclinal evaporites or rocks with 

trapped seawater are associated with these deposits. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Buchanan (1980), Boyle (1979). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Host rocks are andesite, dacite, quartz latite, rhyodacite, rhyolite, and associated 

sedimentary rocks. Mineralization related to calc-alkaline or bimodal volcanism. 

Textures Porphyritic. 

Age Range Mainly Tertiary (most are 29-4 m.y.). 

Depositional Environment Bimodal and calc-alkaline volcanism. Deposits related to sources of 

saline fluids in prevolcanic basement such as evaporites or rocks with entrapped seawater. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Through-going fractures systems; major normal faults, fractures related to 

doming, ring fracture zones, joints associated with calderas. Underlying or nearby older rocks of 

continental shelf with evaporite basins, or island arcs that are rapidly uplifted. 

Associated Deposit Types Placer gold, epithermal quartz alunite Au, polymetallic replacement. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Galena + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + copper sulfosalts + silver sulfosalts ± gold ± 

tellurides ± bornite ± arsenopyrite. Gangue minerals are quartz + chlorite ± calcite + pyrite + 

rhodochrosite + barite ± fluorite ± siderite ± ankerite ± sericite ± adularia ± kaolinite. 

Specularite and alunite may be present. 

Texture/Structure Banded veins, open space filling, lamellar quartz, stockworks, colloform 

textures. 

Alteration Top to bottom: quartz ± kaolinite + montmorillonite ± zeolites ± barite ± calcite; 

quartz + illite; quartz + adularia ± illite; quartz + chlorite; presence of adularia is variable. 

Ore Controls Through-going or anastomosing fracture systems. High-grade shoots where vein changes 

strike or dip and at intersections of veins. Hanging-wall fractures are particularly favorable. 

Weathering Bleached country rock, goethite, jarosite, alunite--supergene processes often important 

factor in increasing grade of deposit. 

Geochemical Signature Higher in system Au + As + Sb + Hg; Au + Ag + Pb + Zn + Cu; Ag + Pb + Zn, Cu 

+ Pb + Zn. Base metals generally higher grade in deposits with silver. W + Bi may be present. 

EXAMPLES 

Creede, USCO 

Pachuca, MXCO 

Toyoha, JAPN 

(Steven and Eaton, 1975; 

Barton and others, 1977) 

(Geyne and others, 1963) 

(Yajima and Ohta, 1979) 

145 
Model 25b--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEINS 

By Dan L. Mosier, Takeo Sato, and Donald A. Singer 

COMMENTS Gold grade is correlated with zinc grade (r = -0.52, n = 22). See figs. 107-112. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Animas 

Bonanza 

Casapalca 

Chavin 

Coco Mina 

Col qui 

Creede 

El Tigre 

Eureka 

Hosokura 

Kata 

Lake City 

Los Mantiales 

Madrigal 

Country 

us co 

us co 

PERU 

PERU 

NCGA 

PERU 

usco 

MXCO 

us co 

JAPN 

PERU 

us co 

AGTN 

PERU 

Name 

Nogal 

Oe 

Ogane 

Ophir 

Pachuca-Real del Monte 

Red Mountain 

Rio Pallanga 

Sai 

Sneffels 

Telluride 

Toyoha 

Uruachic 

Yatani 

Former surface 

!... 

Gl 

) 

1 

Country 

USNM 

JAPN 

JAPN 

us co 

MXCO 

us co 

PERU 

JAPN 

us co 

us co 

JAPN 

MXCO 

JAPN 

Barren quartz+ calcite 

± fluorite ± barite 

Quartz+ 

kaolinite 

+alunite 

sulfarsenides + 

sulfantimonides 

+Ag- and basemetal sulfides 

Quartz + adularia 

+ illite + Ag- and 

base-meta 1 sulfides 

Pre-"higher leve 1" 

quartz + illite ± 

kaolinite+ sulfide 

capping 

0 

-I Base of Au- Ag ---- - Early quartz + Ag- and baseFigure 106. Cartoon cross section of typical Creedetype epithermal vein deposit. 

146 

metal sulfides 

+adularia 

_Vein 

structure 

200m 
1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

fUi 

0 0.6 0.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

0.. 

0 

a: 

0.. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 0 

(f) 

fUi 

0 0.6 0.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

0.. 

0 

a: 

0.. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEIN 

MILLION TONNES 

CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEIN 

0 

0 

0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 25b--Con. 

n = 27 

Figure 107. Tonnages of Creede epithermal 

vein deposits. 

n = 27 

10.0 

Figure 108. Copper grades of Creede 

epithermal vein deposits. 

147 
Model 25b--Con. 

Figure 109. Lead grades of Creede 

epithermal vein deposits. 

Figure 110. Zinc grades of Creede 

epithermal vein deposits. 

148 

(j) 

1-

u; 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 a... 

UJ 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

t= 

a: 0.4 

~ 0 

a: 

a... 

~ u; 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 a... 

UJ 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

t= 

gs 0.4 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEIN 

n = 27 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 

CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEIN 

0 n = 27 0 

0.01 100 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 
""''' 

~ 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

IU) 

0 0.6 0... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

IU) 

0 0.6 0... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEIN 

0 

0.4 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

CREEDE EPITHERMAL VEIN 

0.01 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Model 25b--Con. 

4000 

Figure 111 • Silver grades of Creede 

epithermal vein deposits. 

100 

Figure 112. Gold grades of Creede 

epithermal vein deposits. 

149 
Model 25c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF COMSTOCK EPITHERMAL VEINS 

By Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, and Byron R. Berger 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Epithermal gold (quartz-adularia) alkali-chloride type. 

DESCRIPTION Gold, electrum, silver sulfosalts, and argentite in vuggy quartz-adularia veins hosted 

by felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks that overlie predominantly clastic sedimentary rocks, and 

their metamorphic equivalents (see fig. 106). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Buchanan (1980), Boyle (1979). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Host rocks are andesite, dacite, quartz latite, rhyodacite, rhyolite; and associated 

sedimentary rocks. Mineralization related to calc-alkaline or bimodal volcanism. 

Textures Porphyritic. 

Age Range Mainly Tertiary (most are 40-3.7 m.y.). 

Depositional Environment Calc-alkaline and bimodal volcanism and associated intrusive activity 

over basement rocks composed of clastic sedimentary rocks and their metamorphic equivalents. 

Volcanic-related geothermal syst~ms lack access to saline fluids from basement sources. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Through-going fracture systems, major normal faults, fractures related to 

doming, ring fracture zones, joints. 

Associated Deposit Types Placer gold and epithermal quartz-alunite Au. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Argentite + gold or electrum ± silver sulfosalts ± naumannite. Galena, sphalerite, 

chalcopyrite, tellurides, hematite, and arsenopyrite are moderate to sparse. Gangue minerals are 

quartz + pyrite ± adularia ± calcite ± sericite ± chlorite. Barite, fluorite, rhodochrosite, 

kaolinite, and montmorillonite are moderate to sparse. Ore minerals constitute only a few percent 

of vein. 

Texture/Structure Banded veins, open space filling, lamellar quartz, stockwork. 

Alteration From top to bottom of system: quartz + kaolinite + montmorillonite ± zeolite ± barite 

± calcite; quartz + illite; quartz + adularia ± illite; quartz + chlorite; presence of adularia is 

variable. 

Ore Controls Through-going anastomosing fracture systems, centers of intrusive activity. Hanging 

wall more favorable. 

Weathering Bleached country rock, limonite, jarosite, goethite, alunite, hematite, argillization 

with kaolinite. 

Geochemical Signature Higher in system Au + As + Sb + Hg or Au + As + Cu; Au + Ag + Pb + Cu; also 

Te and W. 

EXAMPLES 

150 

Comstock, USNV 

Guanajuato, MXCO 

(Becker, 1882) 

(Buchanan, 1980; 

Wandke and Martinez, 1928) 
Model 25c--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF COMSTOCK EPITHERMAL VEIHS 

By Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, and Byron R. Berger 

COMMENTS See figs. 113-116. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Aurora USNV Ohguchi JAPN 

Bodie USCA Ohito JAPN 

Bovard USNV Olinghouse USNV 

Calico USCA Orient USWA 

Calistoga USCA Patterson USCA 

Comstock USNV Republic USWA 

Divide USNV Rosario HNDR 

Dolores MXCO Sand Springs USNV 

El Rincon MXCO Searchlight USNV 

Fairview USNV Seikoshi JAPN 

Fuke JAPN Seven Trough USNV 

Gold Mountain USUT Sheep Tank USAZ 

Guanacevi MXCO Silver City USNV 

Guanajuato MXCO Taio JAPN 

Hostotipaquilla MXCO Tayoltita MXCO 

Katherine USAZ Toi JAPN 

Kushikino-Arakawa JAPN Tonopah USNV 

Mochikoshi JAPN Tuscarora USAZ 

Mogollon USNM Weaver USAZ 

Nawaji JAPN Yugashima JAPN 

Oatman USAZ 

151 
Model 25c--Con. 

Figure 113. Tonnages of Comstock 

epithermal vein deposits. 

Figure 114. Gold grades of Comstock 

epithermal vein deposits. 

152 

(/) 

IU5 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

(/) 

IU5 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

COMSTOCK EPITHERMAL VEIN 

0 

MILLION TONNES 

COMSTOCK EPITHERMAL VEIN 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0 

0 

400 

100 
~ u; 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

~ u; 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

u. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

~ 0 

a: 

a.. 

COMSTOCK EPITHERMAL VEIN 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

COMSTOCK EPITHERMAL VEIN 

:J 

0 :t: 0 

0: 0 : : : : : 0.032 0.056 0.1 0.18 0.32 0.56 1.0 1.8 3.2 

A COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

0 

n = 41 

I 

5.6 

Model 25c--Con. 

4000 

Figure 115. Silver grades of Comstock 

epithermal vein deposits. 

I 

10.0 

:J f : 0

: :0 : : : : : I 0.01 0.025 0.063 0.16 0.4 1.0 2.5 6.3 16 40 1 00 

B. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 . 0.01 

c. 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 

100 

Figure 116. By-product grades of Comstock 

epithermal vein deposits. !_, Copper. _!!, 

Zinc. .f., Lead. 

153 
Model 25d 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SADO EPITHERMAL VEINS 

By Dan L. Mosier, Bruce R. Berger, and Donald A. Singer 

DESCRIPTION Gold, chalcopyrite, sulfosalts, and argentite in vuggy veins hosted by felsic to 

intermediate volcanic rocks that overlie older volcanic sequences or igneous intrusions (see fig. 

106). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Boyle (1979). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Host rocks are andesite, dacite, quartz latite, rhyodacite, rhyolite, and associated 

sedimentary rocks. Mineralization related to calc-alkaline or bimodal volcanism. 

Textures Porphyritic. 

Age Range Mainly Tertiary (most are 38-5 m.y.). 

Depositional Environment Calc-alkaline and bimodal volcanism and associated intrusive activity 

over basement rocks composed of thick, older volcanic sequences or igneous intrusives 

(batholiths). Volcanic-related geothermal systems lack access to saline fluids from basement 

sources. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Through-going fracture systems, major normal faults, fractures related to 

doming, ring fracture zones, joints. 

Associated Deposit Types Placer gold and quartz-alunite Au. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Gold ± argentite + electrum + chalcopyrite. Sulfosalts and tellurides are moderate, 

galena and sphalerite are sparse. Gangue minerals are quartz ± pyrite ± adularia ± calcite. 

Chalcedony, adularia, kaolinite, rhodochrosite, chlorite, sericite, and barite are moderate to 

sparse. 

Texture/Structure Banded veins, open space filling, lamellar quartz, stockwork, breccia pipes. 

Alteration Silicification zoned by quartz + kaolinite + montmorillonite ± alunite; may have 

pervasive propylitic alteration of chlorite + calcite. 

Ore Controls Through-going fracture systems; major normal faults, fractures related to doming, 

ring fractures, joints. 

Weathering Bleached country rock, limonite, hematite, goethite, jarosite, alunite; argillization 

with kaolinite. 

Geochemical ~ignature: Au+ Ag; Au + Ag + Cu. 

EXAMPLES 

Takeno, JAPN (Soeda and Watanabe, 1981) 

154 
Model 25d--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF SADO EPITHERMAL VEINS 

By Dan L. Mosier and Takeo Sato 

COMMENTS The two lowest gold grades were not plotted because it is suspected that their reported 

grades are in error. See figs. 117-119. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Bajo JAPN La Libertad MXCO 

Ben ten JAPN Mamuro JAPN 

Bruner USNV Mizobe JAPN 

Chitose JAPN Nagamatsu JAPN 

Guadalupe and Calvo MXCO Sa do JAPN 

Hayden Hill USCA Sanei JAPN 

High Grade USCA Takahata JAPN 

Innai JAPN Takatama JAPN 

Kawasaki JAPN Takeno JAPN 

Koyama JAPN Winters USCA 

155 
Model 25d--Con. 

Figure 117. Tonnages of Sado epithermal 

vein deposits. 

(J) 

~ 

U5 

0 

11.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

11.. 

0 

a: 

11.. 

(J) 

~ 

U5 

0 

11.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

11.. 

0 

a: 

11.. 

Figure 118. Gold grades of Sado epithermal 

vein deposits. 

156 

SADO EPITHERMAL VEIN 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 400 

MILLION TONNES 

SADO EPITHERMAL VEIN 

1.0 

n = 20 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 
SADO EPITHERMAL VEIN 

1.0 

0 n = 20 

C.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

f-

(/) 

0 0.6 0.... 

ill 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

0.... 

0 

a: 

0.... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 4000 

A. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.3 0 

0 

0.2 0 

0.1 

0.0 0.018 10.0 

B. COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 119. By-product grades of Sado epithermal vein deposits. !, 

Silver. ~' 'Copper. 

Model 25d--Con. 

157 
Model 25e 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF EPITHERMAL QUARTZ-ALUNITE Au 

By Byron R. Berger 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Acid-sulfate, or enargite gold (Ashley, 1982). 

~SCRJPTION Gold, pyrite, and enargite in vuggy veins and breccias in zones of high-alumina 

alteration related to felsic volcanism. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Ashley (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Volcanic: dacite, quartz latite, rhyodacite, rhyolite. Hypabyssal intrusions or 

domes. 

Textures Porphyritic. 

Age Range Generally Tertiary, but can be any age. 

Depositional Environment Within the volcanic edifice, ring fracture zones of calderas, or areas of 

igneous activity with sedimentary evaporites in basement. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Through-going fracture systems: keystone graben structures, ring fracture 

zones, normal faults, fractures related to doming, joint sets. 

Associated Deposit Types Porphyry copper, polymetallic replacement, volcanic hosted Cu-As-Sb. 

Pyrophyllite, hydrothermal clay, and alunite deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Native gold + enargite + pyrite + silver-bearing sulfosalts ± chalcopyrite ± bornite ± 

precious-metal tellurides ± galena ± sphalerite ± huebnerite. May have hypogene oxidation phase 

with chalcocite + covellite ± luzonite with late-stage native sulfur. 

Texture/Structure Veins, breccia pipes, pods, dikes; replacement veins often porous, and vuggy, 

with comb structure, and crustified banding. 

Alteration Highest temperature assemblage: quartz + alunite + pyrophyllite may be early stage 

with pervasive alteration of host rock and veins of these minerals; this zone may contain corundum, 

diaspore, andalusite, or zunyite. Zoned around quartz-alunite is quartz +alunite +kaolinite + 

montmorillonite; pervasive propylitic alteration (chlorite + calcite) depends on extent of early 

alunitization. Ammonium-bearing clays may be present. 

Ore Controls Through-going fractures, centers of intrusive activity. Upper and peripheral parts 

of porphyry copper systems. 

Weathering Abundant yellow limonite, jarosite, goethite, white argillization with kaolinite, finegrained white alunite veins, hematite. 

Geochemical Signature Higher in system: Au + As + Cu; increasing base metals at depth. Also Te 

and (at El Indio) W. 

EXAMPLES 

158 

Goldfield, USNV 

Kasuga mine, JAPN 

El Indio, CILE 

Summitville, USCO 

Iwata, JAPN 

(Ransome, 1909) 

(Taneda and Mukaiyama, 1970) 

(Walthier and others, 1982) 

(Perkins and Nieman, 1983) 

(Saito and Sato, 1978) 
GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF EPITHERMAL QUARTZ-ALUNITE Au 

COMMENTS See figs. 120-123. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Chinkuashih 

El Indio 

Goldfield 

Iwato 

Kasuga 

Masonic 

Mohave 

Stedman 

By Dan L. Mosier and W. David Menzie 

Country 

TIWN 

CILE 

USNV 

JAPN 

JAPN 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

Model 25e--Con. 

159 
Model 25e--Con. 

(f) 

IU5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

Figure 120. Tonnages of epithermal quartzalunite vein deposits. 

Figure 121. Gold grades of epithermal 

quartz-alunite vein deposits. 

160 

(f) 

IU5 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

EPITHERMAL QUARTZ--ALUNITE VEIN 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

EPITHERMAL QUARTZ--ALUNITE VEIN 

100 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 
1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(j) 

I-

(fj 

0 0.6 (L 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

(L 

0 

a: 

(L 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(j) 

I-

(fj 

0 0.6 (L 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

(L 

0 

a: 

(L 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

~') 

EPITHERMAL QUARTZ--ALUNITE VEIN 

n ~ 8 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

EPITHERMAL QUARTZ--ALUNITE VEIN 

n ~ 8 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 25e--Con. 

4000 

10.0 

Figure 122. Silver grades of epithermal 

quartz-alunite vein deposits. 

Figure 123. Copper grades of epithermal 

quartz-alunite vein deposits. 

161 
Model 25f 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF VOLCANOGENIC U 

By William C. Bagby 

DESCRIPTION Uranium mineralization in epithermal veins composed of quartz, fluorite, and iron, 

arsenic, and molybdenum sulfides. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Nash (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types High-silica alkali rhyolite and potash trachytes. Peralkaline and peraluminous 

rhyolite host ore. 

Textures Porphyritic to aphyric vesicular flows and shallow intrusive rocks. 

Age Range Precambrian to Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Subaerial to subaqueous volcanic complexes. Near-surface environment, 

association with shallow intrusive rocks is important. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental rifts and associated calderas. 

Associated Deposit Types Roll-front uranium in volcaniclastic sediments. Fluorite deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Coffinite, uraninite, brannerite are most common uranium minerals. Other minerals 

include pyrite, realgar/orpiment, leucoxene, molybdenite, fluorite, quartz, adularia, and barite. 

Gold is present in some deposits. Deposits associated with alkaline complexes may contain 

bastnaesite. 

Texture/Structure Open-space filling in breccias. Uraninite commonly encapsulated in silica. 

Alteration Kaolinite, montmorillonite, and alunite are common. Silicification, accompanied by 

adularia;-affects wallrocks spatially most closely associated with ore. 

Ore Controls Through-going fractures and breccias formed along the margins of shallow 

intrusives. Vugs in surface flows are of minor importance. 

Weathering 

minerals. 

Near-surface oxidation produces jordisite and a variety of secondary uranium 

Supergene uranium enrichment is generally not important. 

Geochemical Signature Li and Hg are zoned away from the ore. High anomalous As, Sb, F, Mo ± W 

occur near and with the ore. Mo is deep, Hg is shallow. REE may be highly anomalous. Anomalously 

radioactive. 

EXAMPLES 

Marysvale, USUT 

Aurora prospect, USOR 

Rexspar, CNBC 

(Kerr and others, 1957) 

(Roper and Wallace, 1981) 

(Joubin and James, 1956) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF VOLCANOGENIC U 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Only deposits with reported sizes greater than 1,000 tonnes are included. See figs. 124, 

125. 

162 
Model 25f--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Aurora USOR Los Puertos MXCO 

Ben Lomond AUQL Lucky Lass USOR 

Bretz USOR Macusani PERU 

Btwkhorn USNV Moonlight USNV 

Coteje BLVA Nopal III MXCO 

El Mezquite MXCO Novazza ITLY 

El Nopal (Nopal I) MXCO Osamu Utsumi BRZL 

Henry district USUT Petersen Mtn. USCA 

La Bajada USNM Rex spar CNBC 

Laguna Colorado AGTN White King USOR 

Laguna del Cuervo MXCO 

163 
Model 25f --Con. 

Figure 124. Tonnages of volcanogenic U 

deposits. 

(/) 

1-

Ui 

0 

D... 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

D... 

0 

a: 

a.. 

(/) 

1-

Ui 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

D... 

0 

a: 

D... 

Figure 125. Uranium grades of volcanogenic 

U deposits. 

164 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

VOLCANOGENIC URANIUM 

0 n = 21 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

VOLCANOGENIC URANIUM 

0 n = 21 

10.0 

URANIUM GRADE IN PERCENT U 308 
Model 25g 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF EPITHERMAL Mn 

By Dan L. Mosier 

DESCRIPTION Manganese mineralization in epithermal veins filling faults and fractures in subaerial 

volcanic rocks. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Flows, tuffs, breccias, and agglomerates of rhyolitic, dacitic, andesitic or basaltic 

composition. 

Age Range Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Volcanic centers. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Through-going fracture systems. 

Associated Deposit Types Epithermal gold-silver. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Rhodochrosite, manganocalcite, calcite, quartz, chalcedony, barite, zeolites. 

Texture/Structure Veins, bunches, stringers, nodular masses, disseminations. 

Alteration Kaolinitization. 

Ore Controls Through-going faults and fractures; brecciated volcanic rocks. 

Weathering Oxidization zone contains abundant manganese oxides, psilomelane, pyrolusite, braunite, 

wad, manganite, cryptomelane, hollandite, coronadite, and Fe oxides. 

Geochemical Signature Mn, Fe, P(Pb, Ag, Au, Cu). At Talamantes W is important. 

EXAMPLES 

Talamantes, MXCO 

Gloryana, USNM 

Sardegna, ITLY 

(Rocha and Wilson, 1948) 

(Farnham, 1961) 

(Burckhardt and Falini, 1956) 

165 
Model 25g--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF EPITHERMAL Mn 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS See figs. 126-127. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Abra Negra 

Armour Group 

Atenguillo 

Black Crow-San Juan 

California Group 

Casa de Janos 

Casas Grandes 

Ciudad Obregon 

Cliff Roy 

Estacion Llanos 

Glory ana 

Griffith 

Hatton 

J.M. Meadows Group 

JVB Claim 

Karangnunggal 

Karatas 

Kliripan 

Lajas 

La Leona 

La Noria 

Las Varas-La Vaca 

Los Borregos 

Los Volcanes 

M and M Group 

Manganese Chief 

Manganese Development 

Matamoros 

Mezcala 

Montosa 

166 

Country 

MXCO 

USAZ 

MXCO 

USNM 

USAZ 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

USNM 

MXCO 

USNM 

USNM 

USAZ 

USAZ 

USNM 

INDS 

TRKY 

INDS 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

USNM 

USNM 

USAZ 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

Name 

Murguia 

Nacozari 

Niggerhead 

Oviachic 1&2 

Phillips Lease 

Pito Real 

Red Hill-Red Hill Ext. 

St. Pietro 

San Bernardo 

San Miguel El Alto 

Santa Ana 

Sardegna 

Satevo 

Selimiye 

Shag Rock 

Sierra de El Alto 

Sierra de Enmedio 

Sierra Los Organos 

So to 

Talamantes 

Terrenates 

Thurston & Hardy 

Topock 

Turfullar 

U.S. Group 

Viterbo-Roma 

West Niggerhead 

Yahualica 

Zacate-Cerro Chino 

Country 

MXCO 

MXCO 

USNM 

MXCO 

USNM 

MXCO 

USNM 

ITLY 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

ITLY 

MXCO 

TRKY 

CNBC 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

USAZ 

USAZ 

TRKY 

USAZ 

ITLY 

USNM 

MXCO 

MXCO 
~,, 

~ 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

r-

(fj 

0 0.6 Q_ 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

r-

(fj 

0 0.6 Q_ 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 

0.3 

02 

0.1 

0.0 

EPITHERMAL MANGANESE 

0 

0 

00 

MILLION TONNES 

EPITHERMAL MANGANESE 

MANGANESE GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 25g--Con. 

n = 59 

400 

Figure 126. Tonnages of epithermal Mn 

deposits. 

100 

Figure 127. Manganese grades of epithermal 

Mn deposits. 

167 
Model 25h 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF RHYOLITE-HOSTED Sn 

By Bruce L. Reed, Wendell Duffield, Stephen D. Ludington, Charles H. Maxwell, 

and Donald H. Richter 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Mexican-type. 

DESCRIPTION Cassiterite and wood tin in discontinuous veinlets in rhyolite flow-dome complexes and 

derivative placers (see fig. 128). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Lee-Moreno (1980), Huspeni and others (1984). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Alkali-feldspar rhyolite with Si02 >75 percent; includes topaz rhyolites of Burt and 

others (1982) and Christiansen and others (1983). Distinctive accessory minerals may include 

topaz, fluorite, bixbyite, pseudobrookite, and beryl. Petrochemical signature similar to Climax 

Mo. 

Textures Crystal-poor (5 percent) to crystal-rich (50 percent) rhyolite with quartz and sanidine 

phenocrysts; rare fayalite, biotite, or hornblende may be present. 

Age Range Tertiary; chiefly Oligocene and Miocene. 

Depositional Environment Rhyolite flow-dome complexes and related pyroclastic and epiclastic 

rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Silicic volcanic fields, generally in areas of thick continental crust. 

Associated Deposit Types None are known, but based on geochemical similarity of associated magmas, 

these may be a surface expression of Climax Mo. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cassiterite (including wood tin) plus hematite (characteristically specularite) ± 

cristobalite, fluorite, tridymite, opal, chalcedony, beudantite, mimetite, adularia, durangite, and 

zeolite minerals. 

Texture/Structure Most commonly as 0.1- to 10-cm-wide discontinuous veins and veinlets whose other 

dimensions seldom exceed 75 m. These veins and veinlets may be clustered in zones of somewhat 

greater dimension. Cassiterite also occurs as disseminations in the matrix of rhyolite flows or 

fault breccias. These two types of deposits are part of a continuum. 

Alteration May be absent; tin may or may not occur in large areas of vapor-phase alteration 

(tridymite, sanidine, hematite,± pseudobrookite); alteration directly associated with 

mineralization may include cristobalite, fluorite, smectite, kaolinite, and other clay minerals. 

Ore Controls Deposits are generally in the fractured and brecciated outer parts of flow-dome 

complexes where permeability is high. 

Weathering Weathering is generally minor, but a translucent red-orange clay mineral (smectite) is 

present in most deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Dispersion of associated elements (Sn, Fe, Be, Li, F, As, Sb, Pb, Zn, Bi, 

REE) in rock is minimal. Best exploration guide is presence of high concentrations of tin (>1,000 

ppm) in pan concentrate samples. Cassiterite in stream sediments is usually restricted to within 

2-3 km of tin deposits. 

Examples 

168 

Black Range, USNM 

Mexico deposits 

(Fries, 1940; Lufkin, 1972) 

(Foshag and Fries, 1942; Smith and others, 

1950; Ypma and Simons, 1969; Pan, 1974; 

Lee-Moreno, 1980) 
Model 25h--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF RHYOLITE-HOSTED Sn 

By Donald A. Singer and Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS See figs. 129-130. 

DATA REFERENCES Bracho (1960, 1961). 

COMMENTS Grade and tonnage estimates were based on reserves. Tonnage is significantly correlated 

with tin grades (r = 0.36). 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Arguilillas 

Amigos 

Arrieros lf2 

Arrieros #3 

Arrieros /f4 

Arroyo Durango 

Castrita 

Catas de las Vacas 

Catas el Durango 

Cerro Blanco 

Cerro Grande 

Cerro Prieto, 

La Quemada , La 

Colocion 

Chavarria 

Cordon Estaneros 

Don Teodoro 

El Abra 

El Atascadero 

El Baluarte 

El Barroso 

El Borrego /11 

El Borrego #2 

El Calabrote 

El Capulin 

El Coloradillo 

El Corral 

El Cristal 

El Dorado 

El Duraznillo 

El Durazno ( El 

Aguila) 

El Durazno (Juan Aldama) 

El Encino 

El Gotera 

El Huacal 

El Indio, El 

Plieto, Tadeo, 

San Antonio 

El Ladrillo 

El Marney 

El Naranjo, Buena 

Suerte 

El Noladero 

El Nopal (Juan Aldama) 

El Nopal (La Ochoa) 

El Penasco 

El Perdido 

Country 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

Name 

El Picacho 

El Pleito 

El Polvillo 

El Profesor 

El Romadizo 

El Santo Nino 

El Socavon /14 

El Soc a von f/5 

El Socavon #6 

El Soc a von 111 

El Socavon 118 

El Tarango 

El Venado 

El Zanzon 

Galvan 

Gavilancillos 

Grupos 1 & 2-Vendo W 

Grupos 3 & 4 

Guadalupe 

Hierbaniz 

La Chapeteada 

La Chililla 

La Chinche 

La Chorrera 

La Cinta Corrida 

La Cocona 

La Desparramada 

La Escondida 

La Esperanza (El Aguila) 

La Esperanza (La Ochoa) 

La Esperanza (Los Angeles) 

La Estrella 

La Guera 

La Hormiga 

La Huacalona 

La Leona 

La Loba 

La Liendre 

La Mula 

La Polvosa 

La Puntilla 

Las Aguilas 

Las Amarillas 

Las Calaveras 

Las Flores 

Las Fundiciones 

Las Marias 

Las Pegazones 

Country 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

169 
Model 25h--Con. 

Las Perlitas 

Las Tablas 

La Triste 

La Venadita 

La Vi bora 

La Victoria 

La Vieja-El Agua 

Leoncitos 

Loreto 

Los Angeles 

Los Arrieros 

Los Caballos 

Los Campamentos //1 

Los Campamentos 112 

Los Campamentos 113 

Los Cuatillos 

Los Garcia 

Los Lobes 

Los Pinacates 

Manga de Lopez 

Manzanillas 

Metal Negro 

MXCO Min a del Aire 

MXCO Min a Dura 

MXCO Palo Colorado 

MXCO Panchillo 

MXCO Plan de Tecolotes 

MXCO Potrero del Molino 

MXCO San Francisco 

MXCO San Humberto 

MXCO San Juan era 

MXCO San Rafael 

MXCO San Ruperto 

MXCO Santa Efigenia 

MXCO Santa Gertrud is 

MXCO Santa Leon or 

MXCO Santa Lucia 

MXCO Socorro-Guadalupe 

MXCO Sombreretillo 

MXCO So to 

MXCO Tecolotes 

MXCO Tolano 

MXCO Veta Blanca 

MXCO 

Alluvium and colluvium 

Epiclastic and pyroclastic rocks 

Flows and breccia } 

P 1 t

. k Flow I dome complex yroc as 1c roc s 

I {\':.·.·.:I Vein, disseminated, and placer tin mineralization: 

1 Veins in flow-banded rhyolite 

2 Veins and disseminations in dome breccias 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

3 Veins in epiclastic and pyroclastic rocks that are both contemporaneous with 

and younger than the flow-dome complex 

4 Veins and disseminations in older pyroclastic rocks of the flow-dome complex 

5 Residual placers 

6 Alluvia 1 placers 

Figure 128. Cartoon cross section of rhyolite-hosted Sn deposit showing 

relationship of cassiterite concentrations to rhyolite dome. 

170 
1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 D... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

D... 

0 

a: 

D... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.000025 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 D... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

D... 

0 

a: 

D... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

RHYOLITE--HOSTED TIN 

MILLION TONNES 

RHYOLITE--HOSTED TIN 

TIN GRADE IN PERCENT 

25 

10.0 

Model 25h--Con. 

Figure 129. Tonnages of rhyolite-hosted Sn 

deposits. Individual digits represent 

number of deposits. 

Figure 130. Tin grades of rhyolite-hosted 

Sn deposits. Individual digits represent 

number of deposits. 

171 
Model 25i 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF VOLCANIC-HOSTED MAGNETITE 

By Dennis P. Cox 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Porphyrite iron, Kiruna iron. 

DESCRIPTION Massive concordant and discordant magnetite ore bodies in intermediate to alkalic 

volcanic rocks with actinolite or diopside alteration. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Andesitic to trachytic flows and subvolcanic intrusions, also at Kiruna, quartz 

porphyry, syenite porphyry, monzonite, and diorite. 

Textures Porphyroaphanitic to fine- to medium-grained equigranular. Flows may be amygdaloidal. 

Age Range Mesozoic to Holocene in circum-Pacific area. In Sweden and Missouri, 1,300-1,500 m.y. 

Depositional Environment Continental volcanic rocks and clastic sediments intruded by subvolcanic 

intermediate plutons. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental margin, subduction-related volcanic terrane. Especially with 

high-K volcanic rocks, possibly related to waning stages of volcanism. 

Associated Deposit Types Sedimentary Fe in associated clastic rocks, apatite-magnetite deposits, 

hematite in quartz-sericite alteration, possible disseminated Au. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Magnetite +apatite. Rarely pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, and covellite. Ti is in 

sphene. 

Texture/Structure Fine, granoblastic, skarn type textures. 

Alteration Actinolite or diopside, andradite, biotite, quartz, albite, andesine, K-feldspar, sodic 

scapolite, epidote; carbonates, and locally, tourmaline, sphene, chlorite, barite, fluorite, 

kaolin, or sericite. 

Ore Controls Magnetite in massive replacement, breccia filling and stockwork veins. Orebodies may 

be stratabound, concordant to intrusive contacts or in cross-cutting veins. Possibly related to 

cupolas of deeper plutons. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature Fe, P, V, and minor Ba, F, Bi, Cu, Co; strong magnetic 

anomalies. 

EXAMPLES 

Kirunavaara, Sweden 

El Romeral, Chile 

Middle-Lower Yangtze Valley, 

CINA 

(Frietsch 1982, 1978) 

(Bookstrom, 1977) 

(Research Group of 

Porphyrite Iron Ore, 1977) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF VOLCANIC-HOSTED MAGNETITE 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Only deposits with abundant apatite are included. See figs. 131-133. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Arnold Hill 

Benson 

172 

Country 

USNY 

USNY 

Name 

Cerro de Mercado 

Chador-Malu 

Country 

MXCO 

IRAN 
Model 25i--Con. 

'"'", Chahehgaz IRAN Los Vasitos MXCO 

~ Choghart IRAN Luossauaara SWDN 

Ekstromberg SWDN Malmberget SWDN 

El Algarrobo CILE Minarets USCA 

El Dorado CILE Mineville-Port Henry USNY 

El Encino MXCO Modarelli USNV 

EL Romeral CILE Nakerivaara SWDN 

Granges berg SWDN Northern Anomaly IRAN 

Gruvberget SWDN Painirova SWDN 

Guadalupe & Solis MXCO Pea Ridge USMO 

Hercules MXCO Ringwood USNJ 

Idkerberget SWDN Saghand IRAN 

Infiernillo CILE Savage River AUTS 

Joinville BRZL Se Chakhum IRAN 

Kiirunavaara SWDN Sterling Lake USNY 

La Grulla MXCO Tjarrojakka SWDN 

La Perla-La Negra MXCO Unnamed MXCO 

Leveaniemi SWDN 

VOLCANIC--HOSTED MAGNETITE 

1.0 

0 n = 39 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 Cl.. 

w 

0 

u_ 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

0: 0.4 0 

Cl.. 

0 

0: 

Cl.. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

0.0 0.0063 6300 

MILLION TONNES 

Figpre 131. Tonnages of volcanic-hosted magnetite deposits. 

173 
Model 25i--Con. 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 

o.._ 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

CC 

0 

o.._ 

0 

CC 

o.._ 

Figure 132. Iron grades of volcanic-hosted 

magnetite deposits. 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 

o.._ 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

CC 

0 

o.._ 

0 

CC 

o.._ 

Figure 133. Phosphorus grades of volcanichosted magnetite deposits. 

174 

VOLCANIC--HOSTED MAGNETITE 

1.0 

n = 39 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 100 

IRON GRADE IN PERCENT 

VOLCANIC--HOSTED MAGNETITE 

1.0 

n = 39 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 10.0 

PHOSPHORUS GRADE IN PERCENT 
Model 26a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF CARBONATE-HOSTED Au-Ag 

By Byron R. Berger 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Carlin-type or invisible gold. 

DESCRIPTION Very fine grained gold and sulfides disseminated in carbonaceous calcareous rocks and 

associated jasperoids. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Tooker (1985). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Host rocks: thin-bedded silty or argillaceous carbonaceous limestone or dolomite, 

commonly with carbonaceous shale. Intrusive rocks: felsic dikes. 

Textures Dikes are generally porphyritic. 

Age Range Mainly Tertiary, but can be any age. 

Depositional Environment Best host rocks formed as carbonate turbidites in somewhat anoxic 

environments. Deposits formed where these are intruded by igneous rocks under nonmarine 

conditions. 

Tectonic Setting(s) High-angle normal fault zones related to continental margin rifting. 

Associated Deposit Types W-Mo skarn, porphyry Mo, placer Au, stibnite-barite veins. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Native gold (very fine grained) + pyrite + realgar + orpiment ± arsenopyrite ± cinnabar 

± fluorite ± barite ± stibnite. Quartz, calcite, carbonaceous matter. 

Texture/Structure Silica replacement of carbonate. Generally less than 1 percent fine-grained 

sulfides. 

Alteration Unoxidized ore: jasperoid + quartz + illite +kaolinite + calcite. Abundant amorphous 

carbon locally appears to be introduced. Hypogene oxidized ore: kaolinite + montmorillonite + 

illite + jarosite + alunite. Ammonium clays may be present. 

Ore Controls Selective replacement of carbonaceous carbonate rocks adjacent to and along highangle faults, or regional thrust faults or bedding. 

Weathering Light-red, gray, and (or) tan oxides, light-brown to reddish-brown iron-oxide-stained 

jasperoid. 

Geochemical Signature: Au+ As + Hg + W ± Mo; As+ Hg + Sb + Tl ± F (this stage superimposed on 

preceding); NH3 important in some deposits. 

EXAMPLES 

Carlin, USNV 

Getchell, USNV 

Mercur, USUT 

(Radtke and others, 1980) 

(Joralemon, 1951) 

(Gilluly, 1932) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF CARBONATE-HOSTED Au-Ag 

By William C. Bagby, W. David Menzie, Dan L. Mosier, and Donald A. Singer 

COMMENTS See figs. 134-135 

175 
Model 26a--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Alligator Ridge USNV Jerritt Canyon USNV 

Atlanta USNV Maggie Creek USNV 

Blue Star USNV Mercur USUT 

Carlin USNV Northumberland USNV 

Cortez USNV Pinson USNV 

Dee USNV Preble USNV 

Emigrant Springs /11 USNV Rain USNV 

Emigrant Springs 112 USNV Relief Canyon USNV 

Florida Canyon USNV Roberts Mtns. Dist. USNV 

Getchell USNV Santa Fe USNV 

Giltedge USMT Standard USNV 

Gold Bar USNV Toiyabe USNV 

Gold Acres USNV Tolman USID 

Gold Quarry USNV Tonkin Springs USNV 

Horse Canyon USNV Windfall USNV 

176 
(/) 

fU5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

(/) 

fU5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

CARBONATE--HOSTED GOLD--SILVER 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

0.0 0.0004 400 

MILLION TONNES 

CARBONATE--HOSTED GOLD--SILVER 

1.0 

n ~ 35 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

o.o 0.001 100 

A. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

::t : : ~s= 0 :0 0 : : : 1 

0.4 1.0 2.5 6.3 16 40 100 250 630 1600 4000 

B. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Model 26a--Con. 

Figure 134. Tonnages of carbonate-hosted 

Au-Ag deposits. 

Figure 135. Precious-metal grades of 

carbonate-hosted Au-Ag deposits. ~' 

Gold. ~, Silver. 

177 
Model 27a 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF HOT-SPRING Hg 

By James J. Rytuba 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Sulphur Bank type of White (1981) or sulfurous type of Bailey and Phoenix 

(1944). 

DESCRIPTION Cinnabar and pyrite disseminated in siliceous sinter superjacent to graywacke, shale, 

andesite, and basalt flows and diabase dikes. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Siliceous sinter, andesite-basalt flows, diabase dikes, andesitic tuffs, and tuff 

breccia. 

Age Range Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Near paleo ground-water table in areas of fossil hot-spring system. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental margin rifting associated with small volume mafic to intermediate 

volcanism. 

Associated Deposit Types Hot-spring Au. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cinnabar + native Hg + minor marcasite. 

Texture/Structure Disseminated and coatings on fractures in hot-spring sinter. 

Alteration Above paleo ground-water table, kaolinite-alunite-Fe oxides, native sulfur; below paleo 

ground-water table, pyrite, zeolites, potassium feldspar, chlorite, and quartz. Opal deposited at 

the paleo water table. 

Ore Controls Paleo ground-water table within hot-spring systems developed along high-angle faults. 

Geochemical Signature Hg + As + Sb + Au. 

EXAMPLES 

Sulfur bank, USCA (White and Roberson, 1962) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF HOT-SPRING Hg 

By James J. Rytuba 

COMMENTS See figs. 136, 137. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

B and B USNV Idaho Almaden USID 

Baldwin USNV Mahattan USCA 

Bretz USOR McDermitt USNV 

Butte USNV Nevada Sulphur co. USNV 

Coleman USNV Opalite USOR 

Cordero USNV Rim Rock and Homestake USNV 

F and L Mine USNV Silver Cloud USNV 

Glass Butte USOR Steamboat Springs USNV 

Gold banks USNV Sulphur Bank USCA 

Governor USNV Walibu USCA 

178 
Model 27a--Con. 

HOT--SPRING MERCURY 

~') 1.0 

0 n = 20 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU5 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

0.46 

0.0 

0.000025 0.0004 0.0016 0.0063 0.025 0.1 0.4 1.6 6.3 25 

MILLION TONNES Figure 136. Tonnages of hot-spring Hg 

deposits. 

HOT--SPRING MERCURY 

1.0 

0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU5 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

a: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 0.056 0.1 0.18 0.56 1.0 10.0 

MERCURY GRADE IN PERCENT Figure 137. Mercury grades of hot-spring • 

Hg deposits. 

179 
Model 27b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF ALMADEN Hg 

By James J. Rytuba 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Almaden type. 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound disseminated cinnabar and native mercury in volcaniclastic sedimentary 

rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Saupe (1973). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Unmetamorphosed shale, graywacke, calcareous graywacke, andesitic lava and tuff, 

andesite dikes. Volcanic vent breccia. 

Age Range Almaden is Silurian, but deposits may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Permeable sedimentary rocks, andesite dikes possibly near volcanic 

center. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Volcanic centers along major deep-seated fault zone. Absence of regional 

metamorphism or plutonism following mineralization. 

Associated Deposit Types Stibnite veins. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cinnabar ± native mercury + pyrite + calcite + quartz. 

Texture/Structure Disseminated. 

Ore Controls Mineralized zone follows major fault, highest grade ore in calcareous graywacke. 

Geochemical Signature Hg, As, Sb. 

EXAMPLES 

180 

Almaden, SPAN 

Santa Barbara, PERU 

Nueva Esperanza, CLBA 

(Saupe, 1973) 

(Berry and Singewald, 1922) 

(Lozano and others, 1977) 
Model 27c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SILICA-CARBONATE Hg 

By James J. Rytuba 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM New Almaden type. 

DESCRIPTION Cinnabar at contact of serpentine and siltstone-graywacke above subduction-related 

thrust. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Bailey (1964). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Serpentine, siltstone-graywacke. 

Age Range Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Serpentinized intrusive rocks (sills and dikes) into siltstone, and 

graywacke and siltstone, fractures in altered serpentine. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Deposits occur in accreted terrane above subduction-related thrust fault. 

Associated Deposit Types Stibnite veins. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cinnabar, native Hg, other minor sulfides: pyrite, stibnite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, 

galena, and bornite. 

Texture/Structure Replacement and minor veins. 

Alteration Replacement of serpentine by quartz and dolomite and minor hydrocarbons to form 

"silica-carbonate" rock. 

Ore Controls Contact of serpentine with siltstone especially where contact forms antiform. Ore 

primarily in silica-carbonate rock. 

Geochemical Signature Unknown, probably Hg + Sb + Cu + Zn. 

EXAMPLES 

New Almaden, USCA (Bailey, 1964) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF SILICA-CARBONATE Hg 

By James J. Rytuba and Simon M. Cargil! 

COMMENTS (See figs. 138, 139) 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Abbott USCA Helen USCA 

Aetna USCA Keystone USCA 

Bella Oak USCA Knoxville USCA 

Chicago USCA La Joya USCA 

Contact USCA La Libertad USCA 

Corona USCA Lion Den USCA 

Culver Bear USCA Mirabel USCA 

Dewey's USCA Mt. Diablo USCA 

Esperanza USCA New Almaden USCA 

Great Eastern-Mt. Jackson USCA Patriquin USCA 

Harrison USCA Polar Star USCA 

181 
Model 27c--Con. 

Red Elephant USCA Socrates USCA 

Red Rick USCA Twin Peaks USCA 

Reed USCA Wall Street USCA 

SILICA--CARBONATE MERCURY 

1.0 

0 n = 28 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU5 

0 0.6 Q_ 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 138. 0.0 Tonnages of silica-carbonate 0.0004 400 

Hg deposits. 

MILLION TONNES 

SILICA--CARBONATE MERCURY 

1.0 

n = 28 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU5 

0 0.6 Q_ 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

Q_ 

0 

a: 

Q_ 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 139. Mercury grades of silica- o.o 0.032 10.0 

carbonate Hg deposits. /" 

MERCURY GRADE IN PERCENT 

182 
Model 27d 

,DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF SIMPLE Sb DEPOSITS 

By James D. Bliss and Greta J. Orris 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Deposits of quartz-stibnite ore (Smirnov and others, 1983). 

DESCRIPTION Stibnite veins, pods, and disseminations in or adjacent to brecciated or sheared fault 

zones. 

GENERAL REFERENCES White (1962), Miller (1973). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types One or more of the following lithologies is found associated with over half of the 

deposits: limestone, shale (commonly calcareous), sandstone, and quartzite. Deposits are also 

found with a wide variety of other lithologies including slate, rhyolitic flows and tuffs, 

argillite, granodiorite, granite, phyllite, siltstone, quartz mica and chloritic schists, gneiss, 

quartz porphyry, chert, diabase, conglomerate, andesite, gabbro, diorite, and basalt. 

Textures Not diagnostic. 

Age Range Known deposits are Paleozoic to Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Faults and shear zones. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Any orogenic area. 

Associated Deposit Types Stibnite-bearing veins, pods, and disseminations containing base metal 

sulfides + cinnabar + silver +gold + scheelite that are mined primarily for lead, gold, silver, 

zinc, or tungsten; low-sulfide Au-quartz veins; epithermal gold and gold-silver deposits; hotsprings gold; carbonate-hosted gold; tin-tungsten veins; hot-springs and disseminated mercury, 

gold-silver placers; infrequently with polymetallic veins and tungsten skarns. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Stibnite + quartz ± pyrite ± calcite; minor other sulfides frequently less than 1 

percent of deposit and included ± arsenopyrite ± sphalerite ± tetrahedrite ± chalcopyrite ± 

scheelite ± free gold; minor minerals only occasionally found include native antimony, marcasite, 

calaverite, berthierite, argentite, pyrargyrite, chalcocite, wolframite, richardite, galena, 

jamesonite; at least a third (and possibly more) of the deposits contain gold or silver. Uncommon 

gangue minerals include chalcedony, opal (usually identified to be S-cristobalite by X-ray), 

siderite, fluorite, barite, and graphite. 

Texture/Structure Vein deposits contain stibnite in pods, lenses, kidney forms, pockets (locally); 

may be massive or occur as streaks, grains, and bladed aggregates in sheared or brecciated zones 

with quartz and calcite. Disseminated deposits contain streaks or grains of stibnite in host rock 

with or without stibnite vein deposits. 

Alteration Silicification, sericitization, and argillization; minor chloritization; 

serpentinization when deposit in mafic, ultramafic rocks. 

Ore Controls Fissures and shear zones with breccia usually associated with faults; some 

replacement in surrounding lithologies; infrequent open-space filling in porous sediments and 

replacement in limestone. Deposition occurs at shallow to intermediate depth. 

Weathering Yellow to reddish kermesite and white cerrantite or stibiconite (Sb oxides) may be 

useful in exploration; residual soils directly above deposits are enriched in antimony. 

Geochemical Signature Sb ± Fe ± As ± Au ± Ag; Hg ± W ± Pb ± Zn may be useful in specific cases. 

EXAMPLES 

Amphoe Phra Saeng, THLD 

Caracota, BLVA 

(Gardner, 1967) 

(U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Data System) 

183 
Model 27d--Con. 

Coimadai Antimony Mine, AUVT 

Last Chance, USNV 

(Fisher, 1952) 

(Lawrence, 1963) 

Lake George, CNNB (Scratch and others, 1984) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF SIMPLE Sb DEPOSITS 

By James D. Bliss and Greta J. Orris 

COMMENTS Grade and tonnage have been modeled separately for vein-dominated and disseminated simple 

antimony deposits. The vein-dominated deposits' grades and tonnages in this model reflect handsorting of the ore. A grade-tonnage model for deposits containing disseminated antimony, number 

27e, follows this model. At least 15 percent of the simple antimony veins are accompanied by 

disseminated antimony mineralization. See figs. 140-142. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Amphoe Phra Saeong THLD Gribble USNV 

Antimonial USNV Happy Return USNV 

Antimony Canyon USUT Hard Luck USNV 

Antimony King I USNV Hermada USID 

Antimony King II USNV Hollywood USNV 

Antimony Lode USNV Hoyt USNV 

Antimony Mines USMT Huai Nai Khao THLD 

Antimony Ridge USID I.H.X. USNV 

Apex Antimony USNV Ichinokawa JAPN 

Black Warrior USNV Idaho USID 

Bloody Canyon USNV Jay Bird USOR 

Blue Dick USNV Jerritt Canyon USNV 

Blue Jay USOR Johnson-Heizer USNV 

Blue Nose USNV Last Chance USNV 

Blue Ribbon USNV Lithia USNV 

Bradley USNV Lofthouse USNV 

Bray-Beulah USNV Lowry USNV 

Burns Basin USNV Lucky Knock USWA 

Cervantite USNV Merrimac USNV 

Choates USNV Milton Canyon USNV 

Cia Minera Norcro HNDR Mizpah USNV 

Coasano USAK Mugi JAPN 

Coeur d'Alene USID Neardie AUQL 

Coimadai AUVT Nevada King USNV 

Conyarigi TRKY Nieves MXCO 

Coster field AUVT Ore Drag USNV 

Cottonwood USNV Page USNV 

Darwin USNV Panther USNV 

Desert USCA Prunty USNV 

Doi Pha Khan THLD Scrafford USAK 

Donatelli USNV Snowdrift USNV 

Drumm USNV St. George AUQL 

Dry Canyon USNV Stewart May USAR 

Eaton USNV Stibnite USAK 

Elalmis TRKY Sutherland USNV 

Electric USNV Thompson Falls USMT 

Enterprise USNV Upper Bellingen AUNS 

Four-of-July USID Volcanic Peak USNV 

Fujinokawa JAPN W.P. USNV 

Green Antimony USNV Wall Canyon USNV 

Grey Eagle USOR 

184 
Model 27d--Con. 

SIMPLE ANTIMONY 

1.0 

n = 81 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fus 

0 0.6 Cl. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 0 

a: 

Cl. 

0 ~ Cl. 

0.3 ~ 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

0.0016 0.0063 0.025 0.1 0.4 

MILLION TONNES Figure 140.· Tonnages of simple Sb 

deposits. 

SIMPLE ANTIMONY 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fus 

0 0.6 Cl. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

Cl. 

0 

a: 

Cl. 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 1.0 25 40 63 100 

ANTIMONY GRADE IN PERCENT Figure 141. Antimony grades of simple Sb 

deposits. 

185 
Model 27d--Con. 

186 

SIMPLE ANTIMONY 

1.0 

n = 81 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

0: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

0: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 4000 

A. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

B. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 142. Precious-metal grades of simple Sb deposits. ~' 

Silver. .!!, Gold. 
Model 27e 

GRADE ABD TONNAGE HODEL OF DISSEMINATED Sb DEPOSITS 

By James D. Bliss and Greta J. Orris 

COMMENTS Disseminated simple antimony deposits, model 27e, is presented as an alternative to model 

27d because of major differences in grade between the two groups. The two groups are similar 

geologically and share the same descriptive model. See figs. 143, 144. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Buyuk Yenice TRKY La Cruz MXCO 

Camlica Koyee TRKY Lake George CNNB 

Caracota BLVA Madeni TRKY 

Dagardi TRKY Mitchell River AUQL 

Demirkapi USNV Montezuma USNV 

Derekoy TRKY Orendere TRKY 

Dudas USNV Quien-Sabe USCA 

Emirli TRKY San Emigdio USCA 

Eskdale AUQL Tasdibi TRKY 

Espiritu Santo BLVA West Gore CNNS 

Goynuk TRKY Wildrose Canyon USCA 

Kucuk Yenice TRKY 

187 
Model 27 e--Con. 

Figure 143. Tonnages of disseminated 

simple Sb deposits. 

Figure 144. Antimony grades of 

disseminated simple Sb deposits. 

188 

(/) 

f-

(/) 

0 

0.... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

0.... 

0 

a: 

0.... 

(/) 

f-

(/) 

0 

0.... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

0.... 

0 

a: 

0.... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 1.0 

DISSEMINATED SIMPLE ANTIMONY 

0 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

DISSEMINATED SIMPLE ANTIMONY 

0 n = 23 

ANTIMONY GRADE IN PERCENT 
Model 28a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF KUROKO MASSIVE SULFIDE 

By Donald A. Singer 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM 

type. 

Noranda type, volcanogenic massive sulfide, felsic to intermediate volcanic 

DESCRIPTION Copper- and zinc-bearing massive sulfide deposits in marine 

volcanic rocks of intermediate to felsic composition (see fig. 145). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Ishihara (1974), Franklin and others (1981), Hutchinson and others (1982), 

Ohmoto and Skinner (1983). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Marine rhyolite, dacite, and subordinate basalt and associated sediments, principally 

organic-rich mudstone or shale. Pyritic, siliceous shale. Some basalt. 

Textures Flows, tuffs, pyroclastics, breccias, bedded sediment, and in some cases felsic domes. 

Age Range Archean through Cenozoic. 

Depositional Environment Hot springs related to marine volcanism, probably with anoxic marine 

conditions. Lead-rich deposits associated with abundant fine-grained volcanogenic sediments. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Island arc. Local extensional tectonic activity, faults, or fractures. 

Archean greenstone belt. 

Associated Deposit Types Epithermal quartz-adularia veins in Japan are regionally associated but 

younger than kuroko deposits. Volcanogenic Mn, Algoma Fe. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Upper stratiform massive zone (black ore)--pyrite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite ± 

pyrrhotite ± galena ± barite ± tetrahedrite - tennantite ± bornite; lower stratiform massive zone 

(yellow ore)--pyrite + chalcopyrite ± sphalerite ± pyrrhotite ± magnetite; stringer (stockwork) 

zone--pyrite+ chalcopyrite (gold and silver). Gahnite in metamorphosed deposits. 

Gypsum/anhydrite present in some deposits. 

Texture/Structure Massive (>60 percent sulfides); in some cases, an underlying zone of ore 

stockwork, stringers or disseminated sulfides or sulfide-matrix breccia. Also slumped and 

redeposited ore with graded bedding. 

Alteration Adjacent to and blanketing massive sulfide in some deposits--

zeolites, montmorillonite (and chlorite?); stringer (stockwork) zone--silica, 

chlorite, and sericite; below stringer--chlorite and albite. Cordierite and anthophyllite in 

footwall of metamorphosed deposits, graphitic schist in hanging wall. 

Ore Controls Toward the more felsic top of volcanic or volcanic-sedimentary sequence. Near center 

of felsic volcanism. May be locally brecciated or have felsic dome nearby. Pyritic siliceous rock 

(exhalite) may mark horizon at which deposits occur. Proximity to deposits may be indicated by 

sulfide clasts in volcanic breccias. Some deposits may be gravity-transported and deposited in 

paleo depressions in the seafloor. In Japan, best deposits have mudstone in hanging wall. 

Weathering Yellow, red, and brown gossans. Gahnite in stream sediments near some deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Gossan may be high in Pb and typically Au is present. Adjacent to depositenriched in Mg and Zn, depleted in Na. Within deposits--Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba, As, Ag, Au, Se, Sn, Bi, 

Fe. 

189 
Model 28a--Con. 

EXAMPLES 

Kidd Creek, CNON 

Mt. Lyell, AUTS 

Brittania, CNBC 

Buchans, CNNF 

(Walker and others, 1975) 

(Corbett, 1981) 

(Payne and others, 1980) 

(Swanson and others, 1981) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF KUROKO MASSIVE SULFIDE 

By Donald A. Singer and Dan L. Mosier 

DATA REFERENCE Mosier and others (1983). 

COMMENTS Includes all deposits listed by Mosier and others (1983) that are associated with felsic 

or intermediate volcanic rocks. Tonnage is correlated with copper grade (r = -0.17) and with gold 

grade (r = -0.19, n = 238). Zinc grade is correlated with lead grade (r = 0.55, n = 184) and with 

silver grade (r = 0.52, n = 249). Lead grade is correlated with silver (r = 0.55, n = 153) and 

with gold grade (r = 0.34, n = 124). Gold and silver grades are correlated (r = 0.39, n = 227). 

See figs. 146-149. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Abeshiro (Sakura) 

Adak-Lindskold 

Afterthought 

Aijala 

Akarsen 

Akkoy 

Akulla Vastra 

Albert 

Aldermac 

Allard River 

Almagrera-Lapilla 

Amulet A 

Amulet F 

Anayatak-Cakmakkaya 

Anderson Lake 

Angelo 

Anne 

Antler 

Arctic 

Armstrong (A) 

As Safra 

Asen-east 

Asen-west 

Ash Shizm 

Austin Brook 

Avoca 

Aznacollar 

Bagacay 

Bailadores 

Balaklala 

Bald Mountain 

Bandgan 

Barrett 

Barrington Lake 

Barvallee-Mogador 

Baskoy 

Bathurst-Norsemines 

Bawd in 

Beatson 

Bedford Hill 

190 

Country 

JAPN 

SWDN 

USCA 

FNLD 

TRKY 

TRKY 

SWDN 

CNQU 

CNQU 

CNQU 

SPAN 

CNQU 

CNQU 

TRKY 

CNMN 

AUWA 

NRWY 

USAZ 

USAK 

CNNB 

SAAR 

SWDN 

SWDN 

SAAR 

CNNB 

IRLD 

SPAN 

PLPN 

VNZL 

USCA 

USME 

PKTN 

USME 

CNMN 

CNQU 

TRKY 

CNNT 

BRMA 

USAK 

CNQU 

Name 

Bell Allard 

Bell Channel 

Bidjovagge (A) 

Bidjovagge (B) 

Bidjovagge (C) 

Bidjovagge (D) 

Big Bend 

Big Hill 

Binghampton 

Birch Lake 

Bjorkasen 

Bjurfors 

Bjurliden 

Bjurtrask 

Blue Ledge 

Blue Moon 

Bodennec 

Boliden 

Bossmo 

Britannia 

Bruce 

Brunswick No. 12 

Brunswich No. 6 

Buchans (LS-Roth.) 

Buchans (McLean) 

Buchans (OB-Orient.) 

Bully Hill-Rising St. 

Bursi 

Campanario 

Canadian Jamieson 

Canoe Landing 

Captain 

Captains Flat 

Caribou 

Carpio 

Castillo Buitron 

Castro Verde 

cc 

Centennial 

Chestatee 

Country 

CNQU 

CNQU 

NRWY 

NRWY 

NRWY 

NRWY 

USCA 

USME 

USAZ 

CNSK 

NRWY 

SWDN 

SWDN 

SWDN 

USCA 

USCA 

FRNC 

SWDN 

NRWY 

CNBC 

USAZ 

CNNB 

CNNB 

CNNF 

CNNF 

CNNF 

USCA 

NRWY 

SPAN 

CNON 

CNNB 

CNNB 

AUNS 

CNNB 

SPAN 

SPAN 

PORT 

CNBC 

CNMN 

USGA 
Model 28a--Con. 

Chester CNNB ~,, Gjersvik NRWY 

~ Chisel Lake CNMN Golden Grove AUWA 

Clinton CNQU Goodenough CNMN 

Conception SPAN Gray Eagle USCA 

Conigo CNQU Green Coast CNON 

Copper Crown CNBC Greens Creek USAK 

Copper George AUWA Gullbridge CNNF 

Copper Hill USCA Hac an TRKY 

Corbet CNQU Half Mile Lake (SG) CNMN 

Coronation CNSK Halliwell CNQU 

Crandon USWI Hanaoka (Doy.-Tsut.) JAPN 

Cronin CNBC Hanaoka (Mats.-Sha.) JAPN 

Cueva de la Mora SPAN Hanawa (Aket.-Osak.) JAPN 

Cupra D'Estrie CNQU Hanson Lake CNSK 

Cuprus CNMN Harkey TRKY 

Davis USMA Heath Steele (A-C-D) CNNB 

Deer Isle USME Heath Steele (B) CNNB 

Delbridge CNQU Heath Steele (E-F) CNNB 

Despina CNQU Hercules AUTN 

Detour CNQU Herrerias SPAN 

Devils Elbow CNNB Hersjo NRWY 

Dicks tone CNMN High Lake CNNT 

Don Jon CNMN Hixbar PLPN 

Double Ed CNBC Hoidal NRWY 

Dumagami CNQU Hood River CNNT 

Dumont Bourlamque CNQU Horne-Quemont CNQU 

Dunraine CNQU Hunter CNQU 

Duthie CNBC HW CNBC 

Dyce Siding CNMN Hyers Island CNMN 

Early Bird USCA Iron Dyke USOR 

East Sullivan CNQU Iron King USAZ 

Ego CNON Iron Mountain USCA 

Embury Lake CNMN Irsahan TRKY 

Emerson USME Iso-Magusi-New Insco CNQU 

Empire Le Tac CNQU Israil TRKY 

Errington CNON Iwami east JAPN 

Estacao CNON Iwami west JAPN 

Eulaminna AUWA Izok Lake CNNT 

Eustis CNQU Jabal Sayid SAAR 

F Group CNON Jakobsbakken NRWY 

Farewell Lake CNMN Jameland CNON 

Filon Sur-Esperanza SPAN Jerome USAZ 

Fjeldgruve NRWY Joanne CNMN 

FL & DH CNMN Joliet CNQU 

Flambeau USWI Josselin CNQU 

Flexar CNSK Joutel CNQU 

Flin Flon CNMN Kalkanli TRKY 

Fonnfjell NRWY Kam Kotia CNON 

Fox CNMN Kamitkita (Kominosawa) JAPN 

Freddie Wells AUNS Kankberg SWDN 

Freta is PORT Kedtrask SWDN 

Frotet Lake CNQU Kelly-Desmond CNQU 

Fukazawa JAPN Key Anacon CNNB 

Furuhaugen NRWY Keystone USCA 

Furutobe-Ainai JAPN Ketstone-Union USCA 

Gamle Folldal NRWY Khans Creek AUNS 

Garon Lake CNQU Khnaiguiyah SAAR 

Gaviao PORT Kidd Creek CNON 

Gelvenakko SWDN Killingdal NRWY 

George Copper CNBC Kimheden SWDN 

Ghost Lake CNMN Kittelgruvan SWDN 

Giken-Charlotta NRWY Kizilkaya TRKY 

Girilambone AUNS Koff Zone CNMN 

191 
Model 28a--Con. 

Koprubasi 

Kosaka (Motoyama) 

Kosaka (Uch.-Uwa.) 

Kostere 

Kristine berg 

Kunitomi (3-4-6) 

Kunitomi (7-8) 

Kunitomi (1-5-1N-Fud.) 

Kurosawa 

Kutcho Creek 

Kutlular 

Kuvarshan 

La Joya 

La Torrera 

La Zarza 

Lagunazo 

Lahanos 

Lake Dufault 

Lancha 

Langdal 

Langsele 

Lenora-Twin J 

Levi 

Lingwick 

Lomero Poyatos 

Lost Lake 

Lou sal 

Louvem 

Lyndhurst 

Lynx 

Lyon Lake 

MacBride Lake 

Madenkoy 

Malaiba 

Mamie 

Mammoth 

Mandy 

Mankayan 

Marcos 

Mattabi 

Mattagami Lake 

McMaster 

Metsamonttu 

Mic Mac 

Milan 

Millen bach 

Mob run 

Mofjell 

Moinho 

Mokoman Lake 

Moleon Lake 

Monpas 

Mons Cupri 

Mordey 

Mos 

Moskogaissa 

Moulton Hill 

Mount Bulga 

Mount Chalmers 

Mount Lyell 

Mount Morgan 

Mount Mulcahy 

Murgul 

192 

TRKY 

JAPN 

JAPN 

TRKY 

SWDN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

CNBC 

TRKY 

TRKY 

SPAN 

SPAN 

SPAN 

SPAN 

SPAN 

CNQU 

SPAN 

SWDN 

SWDN 

CNBC 

SWDN 

CNQU 

SPAN 

CNMN 

PORT 

CNQU 

CNQU 

CNQU 

CNON 

CNMN 

TRKY 

PLPN 

CNBC 

USCA 

CNMN 

PLPN 

PLPN 

CNON 

CNQU 

CNNB 

FNLD 

CNQU 

USNH 

CNQU 

CNQU 

NRWY 

PORT 

CNSK 

CNQU 

CNQU 

AUWA 

CNON 

NRWY 

NRWY 

CNQU 

AUNS 

AUQL 

AUTS 

AUQL 

AUWA 

TRKY 

Murray Brook 

Myra Falls-Lynx 

Nasliden 

Nepisiguit 

New Bay Pond 

New Hosco 

Newton 

Nine Mile Brook 

Nordre Gjetryggen 

Norita 

Normetal 

North Boundary 

North Keystone 

North Star 

Northair 

Nuqrah 

Old Waite 

Orange Point 

Or chan 

Orijarvi 

Osbourne Lake 

Oshio 

Ostra Hogkulla 

Pabineau River 

Paronen 

Parys Mountain 

Pater 

Paymogo 

Pecos 

Pelican 

Penn 

Penobscot 

Perrunal 

Phelps Dodge 

Pilleys Island 

Pine Bay 

Pi ray 

Point Leamington 

Poirier 

Port Aux Moines 

Pot Lake 

Price 

Pyhasalmi 

Que River 

Radiore E 

Rail Lake 

Rakkejaur 

Rambler-Ming 

Ramsey 

Ravliden 

Ravlidmyran 

Rosebery-Read 

Red Wing 

Reed Lake 

Renstrom 

Rieppe 

Rio Tinto 

Rocky Turn 

Rod 

Rodhammeren 

Rodkleiv 

Roman era 

Romerito 

CNNB 

CNBC 

SWDN 

CNNB 

CNNF 

CNQU 

USCA 

CNNB 

NRWY 

CNQU 

CNQU 

CNNB 

USCA 

CNMN 

CNBC 

SAAR 

CNQU 

USAK 

CNQU 

FNLD 

CNMN 

JAPN 

SWDN 

CNNB 

FNLD 

GRBR 

CNON 

SPAN 

USNM 

USWI 

USCA 

USME 

SPAN 

CNQU 

CNNF 

CNMN 

PLPN 

CNNF 

CNQU 

FRCN 

CNMN 

CNBC 

FNLD 

AUTS 

CNQU 

CNMN 

SWDN 

CNNF 

CNSK 

SWDN 

SWDN 

AUTS 

CNBC 

CNMN 

SWDN 

NRWY 

SPAN 

CNNB 

CNMN 

NRWY 

NRWY 

SPAN 

SPAN 
Model 28a--Con. 

~,, Rostvangen NRWY Teahan CNNB 

~ Rudtjebacken SWDN Tedi CNBC 

Ruttan CNMN Terra Nova CNNF 

Sabetjok NRWY Teutonic Bore AUWA 

Sagmo NRWY Texas CNNB 

Sain Bel FRNC Third Portage CNNB 

San Antonio SPAN Tjokkola SWDN 

San Domingos PORT Tomogonops CNNB 

San Guillermo-Sierra SPAN Trininty CNQU 

San Mateo PLPN Trout Bay CNON 

San Pedro SPAN Tsuchihata (Hatabira) JAPN 

San Platen SPAN Tsuchihata (Honniozaw.) JAPN 

San Telmo SPAN Tsuchihata (Shiratsuc.) JAPN 

Santa Rosa SPAN Tsuchihata (Uenono-Ok.) JAPN 

Schist Lake CNMN Tsuchihata (Washinosu) JAPN 

Selco-Scott CNQU Tulk's Pond CNNF 

Shasta King USCA Tulsequah CNBC 

Shuns by CNON Tunc a TRKY 

Sierrecilla SPAN Tverrfjellet NRWY 

Silver Queen CNBC Uchi CNON 

Skaide NRWY Udden SWDN 

Solbec CNQU Undu FIJI 

So tiel SPAN Vaddas NRWY 

Sourdough Bay CNMN Vamp CNMN 

South Dufault CNQU Vauze CNQU 

South Rusty Hill CNQU Vermillion CNON 

Spenceville USCA Vigsnes NRWY 

Spruce Point CNMN Viscaria SWDN 

Stall Lake CNMN Waden Bay CNSK 

Stekenjokk SWDN Waite East CNQU 

Stirling CNNS Wallaroo AUWA 

Stowell USCA Wedge CNNB 

Stralak CNON Weedon CNQU 

Stratmat CNNB Weiss TRKY 

Sturgeon Lake CNON Westarm CNMN 

Suffield CNQU Whim Creek AUWA 

Sulat PLPN White Lake CNMN 

Sun CNMN Whundo AUWA 

Sunshine CNBC Wildcat PLPN 

Susu Lake CNNT Willecho CNON 

Sutro USCA Wim CNMN 

Tache Lake CNQU Windy CNBC 

Taisho (Nishimata) JAPN Woodlawn AUQL 

Takijug Lake CNNT Yava CNNT 

Taknar I IRAN Yoichi JAPN 

Taknar II IRAN Yokota (Motoyama-Hama.) JAPN 

Tapley USME Yoshino (Hisaka) JAPN 

Tashiro JAPN Yoshino (Main) JAPN 

Taslica TRKY z CNMN 

193 
Model 28a--Con. 

194 

.., "" "" .., .., .., .., VV¥VVYVVVYVVV 

.., y .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., 

.., .., "" "" .., .., .., .., .., .., "" .., ., .., 

:::::::::::::: :~~~~}~: .. :~~~:::::::: :=:: ~~t~~~ru~~~~~ :":":": ":":":" :sreccia filling and ~:~:0-: .. ~~~~~~(fi~ ~ ~ """"" """ """" "" •vein stockwork of'"""""" 

":": ": ":":":":'quartz pyrite ch~l: ":" :"l~;~~~~~r.:. 

"":::::::::::::copy rite and g~ ld,: ": .. ":::" .. ..,.., .., "'..,..,..,.., ..,..,..,..,""'"" ... ..,.., ¥¥¥¥ .., ""..,..,..,..,..,..,.,..,..,..,.,..,..,..,.,..,.,..,.., ..., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., "' .., .., .., '¥ .., .., .., .., "" .., .., 

..,.., .., .., ..,..,..,..,..., """""""".., .,....,..., ..,..,..,.., VV¥ 'Ill'.., VYVV VVVVV "'VVV ¥VV 

.., .., .., .., .., "" .., "" .., .., .., .., "" .., .., ., ..., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ... .., 

VVVVVVVVVVY¥VV¥VVVVVVVVVVVV¥VVVVVVV¥¥VVVVVVVVVVVY 

¥..,VYVVV¥¥VV¥¥VVVVVV¥VVVVVVVV¥VVVVVYVVVVVVVVVVVVV¥ 

VV¥¥VVV¥VVVYVV¥VV¥VVVVVVVVVVV..,VVVVVVYV¥VVV¥¥VVY¥V 

..,..,..,""..,""..,"",""..,""..,..,..,""..,"'v""vvv""..,"".,""..., ... ..,""..,""..,""..,""..,"",..""..,•..,•..,"'v..,v""..,"".,""..,""..,""..,""..,""v""v""..,"".,"'..,v..,vvvvvvvv¥v""v""v..,v""v"'v"'v"' VVV¥VYVVVYV¥VVVV¥VVV¥¥V¥VVV¥VVVVV¥VVVV¥¥¥VV¥VVYV¥ 

VVYVVVVVVVVVVVVYVVVVV¥¥VVVVV¥'¥'¥'¥¥'¥'¥¥'¥¥¥¥'¥¥¥¥'¥'¥'¥¥'¥ 

~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~::= = = = ==·= ..... · ....... · ·=· ==:=::~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~ ~~~~~I~ 

• 

EXPLANATION 

Mudstone or tuff 

Chert, felsite+ pyrite 

± zeolites ± clay ± carbonates 

±hematite 

Barite 

Black ore : pyrite + sphalerite 

±chalcopyrite± galena± barite ± pyrrhotite ± quartz 

Yellow ore: pyrite+ chalcopyrite 

quartz ± sphalerite ± magnetite 

Altered volcanic rocks 

Unaltered marine felsic to 

intermediate volcanic rocks 

~ f f f f ~ Subvo lcanic felsic intrusion 

Figure 145. Cartoon cross section of kuroko massive sulfide deposit. Modified 

from Frankl in and others ( 1981) • 
""''' 

~ 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(J) 

Ien 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

l= 

0: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

0: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(J) 

Ien 

0 0.6 c... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

l= 

0: 0.4 0 

c... 

0 

0: 

c... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

KUROKO MASSIVE SULFIDE 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

KUROKO MASSIVE SULFIDE 

10.0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 28a--Con. 

Figure 146. Tonnages of kuroko massive 

sulfide deposits. Individual digits 

represent number of deposits. 

Figure 147. Copper grades of kuroko 

massive sulfide deposits. Individual 

digits represent number of deposits. 

195 
Model 28a--Con. 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

A. 

0.7 

(/) 

IU5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

B. 

Figure 148. 

!_, Lead. J!., 

196 

KUROKO MASSIVE SULFIDE 

n = 432 

100 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 

100 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

Lead-zinc grades of kuroko massive sulfide deposits. 

Zinc. Individual digits represent number of deposits. 
KUROKO MASSIVE SULFIDE 

0.6 

0.5 

(/) 

fU5 

0 0.4 a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.3 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 0.2 a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

A. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.7 

0.6 (/) 

fU5 

0 

a.. 0.5 w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 0.4 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 03 

0 

a: 

a.. 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 4000 

B. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 149. Precious-metal grades of kuroko massive sulfide 

deposits. A, Gold. ~' Silver. Individual digits represent number 

of deposits-:-

Model 28a--Con. 

197 
Model 28b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF ALGOMA Fe 

By William F. Cannon 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Volcanogenic iron-formation. 

DESCRIPTION Beds of banded iron-rich rock typically in volcanic-sedimentary sequences formed in 

tectonically active oceanic regions. (The grade-tonnage model for Algoma Fe is included under 

Superior Fe). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Goodwin (1973). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Mafic to felsic submarine volcanic rocks and deep-water clastic and volcaniclastic 

sediments. 

Textures Pillowed greenstones, intermediate to felsic tuffs and agglomerates, poorly sorted 

clastic sediments. 

Age Range Mostly Archean. 

Depositional Environment Volcano-sedimentary basins (greenstone belts of Precambrian shields) 

generally with rapid turbidite sedimentation and thick volcanic accumulations. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Tectonically active submarine volcanic belts, most commonly preserved in 

Precambrian shields. 

Associated Deposit Types Kuroko massive sulfides and Homestake Au deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Magnetite, hematite, siderite. Interlayered fine-grained quartz. 

Texture/Structure Banded on centimeter scale with chert beds interlayered with Fe-rich beds. 

Alteration No syngenetic alteration, but commonly metamorphosed to varying degrees and weathered. 

Ore Controls Local controls within general volcano-sedimentary setting are not well established. 

Sub-basin with low sediment and volcanic input is probably key factor. 

Weathering Conversion of iron minerals to Fe-hydroxides; leaching of silica. Intense weathering 

can form high-grade supergene ores. 

Geophysical Signature Magnetic anomalies. 

Examples 

Vermillion iron-formation, USMN James (1983) 

198 
Model 29a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF QUARTZ PEBBLE CONGLOMERATE Au-U 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Placer Au, U, and PGE in ancient conglomerate. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Pretorius (1981), Minter (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Oligomictic mature conglomerate beds in thick sequence of less mature conglomerate and 

sandstone deposited on Archean granite-greenstone. Basal volcanic rocks locally. Thick 

sedimentary sequences underlying Superior type iron-formation. 

Textures Well-rounded, well-packed pebbles of vein quartz, chert and pyrite. Bimodal clast-size 

distribution with well-sorted pebbles and well-sorted matrix. Matrix is quartz, mica, chlorite, 

pyrite, and fuchsite. Granite clasts are absent. 

Age Range Major deposits are Archean to Early Proterozoic (3,100-2,200 m.y.), Tarkwa is 1,900 m.y. 

Depositional Environment Very thick onlapping sedimentary deposits in elongate epicontinental 

basins or half-grabens. Middle and basal reaches of alluvial fans deposited on steeper side of 

basins. Reducing atmosphere believed to be necessary to preserve detrital pyrite and uraninite. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Slow subsidence of Archean craton. Later moderate uplift and erosion to 

remove Phanerozoic strata and retain Early Proterozoic rocks. 

Associated Deposit Types Recent gold placer deposits. Low-sulfide gold quartz veins and Homestake 

Au in basement rocks. Superior Fe in overlying sequences. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Quartz, gold, pyrite, uraninite, brannerite, zircon, chromite, monazite, leucoxene, 

osmium-iridium alloys, isoferro platinum and sperrylite. By-product Ag. Middle Proterozoic 

(Tarkwa) and Phanerozoic occurrences have only traces of pyrite and no uraninite. 

Texture/Structure Pyrite may occur as rounded grains, and concentrically layered concretions. 

Gold is in small angular grains, 0.005 to 0.1 mm in diameter. 

Ore Controls Braided stream channels in broad unconformity surfaces in alluvial fans. Troughcross bedding, current- or wave-winnowed bedding surfaces. Gold concentrated at base of mature 

conglomerate beds deposited on an erosion surface. Carbonaceous layers resembling algal mats 

deposited at low-energy base of fan contain U and fine Au. 

Weathering Residual gold in weathering zone. 

Geochemical Signature Au, U, PGE; anomalous radioactivity. 

EXAMPLES 

Witwatersrand, SAFR 

Elliot Lake, CNON 

Jacobina, BRZL 

Tarkwa, GHNA 

(Pretorius, 1981; Feather, 1976) 

(Roscoe, 1969) 

(Gross, W., 1968; Cox, 1967) 

( Sestini, 1973) 

199 
Model 29b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF OLYMPIC DAM Cu-U-Au 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Hematite, bornite, and other minerals in sedimentary breccia filling grabens in 

granitic basement. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Roberts and Hudson (1983). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Proterozoic alkali granite with red K-feldspar, brecciated and forming clasts in 

matrix-rich breccia. Felsic volcanic breccia and tuff. Hematite iron-formation. 

Textures Granophyric intergrowth in granite. Breccias grade from clast-supported in interior of 

basin to matrix-supported in central iron-rich part. 

Age Range The only example is 1,500 m.y. old. 

Depositional Environment Proterozoic granite basement broken by a deep, narrow graben filled by 

rapidly deposited breccia, iron-formation, and minor felsic volcanic rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Narrow graben transcurrent to broad arch. Local gravity high caused by dense 

iron-formation. Trace of graben can be detected in post-ore cover rocks as photo lineaments. 

Associated Deposit Types Sediment-hosted copper deposits, iron-formation. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Stratabound hematite + bornite + chalcopyrite; transgressive hematite + chalcocite + 

bornite with fluorite, barite, and minor carrollite, cobaltite, native silver, coffinite, 

brannerite, bastnaesite, and florencite. 

Texture/Structure Ore minerals in breccia matrix and in veins. Pisolitic siderite-fluoritechlorite in stratabound ore. 

Alteration Hematite-chlorite and sericite-quartz, also carbonates, fluorite, barite, rutile, and 

rare anhydrite, tourmaline, and magnetite. Intense chlorite alteration of granite below ore 

bodies. K-feldspar replaced by chlorite. 

Ore Controls Stratiform ore in matrix polymictic-breccia containing clasts of granite, pisolitic 

rock, hematite, and sulfides. Transgressive ore in fractures parallel to long axis of graben. 

Weathering Type example not exposed. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature Cu + U + Co + Au + Ag + light REE + F + Ba. Dispersion 

pattern not known. Cu associated with hematite. Co associated with lower pyrite-rich zone. U-REE 

associated with Cu but Cu not always with U-REE. Au highest in late chalcocite ore. Pb, Zn very 

low. 

Radioactivity would be detectable if exposed or shallow. Magnetic high of unknown origin. 

EXAMPLES 

Olympic Dam, AUSA (Roberts and Hudson, 1983) 

200 
Model 30a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SANDSTONE-HOSTED Pb-Zn 

By Joseph A. Briskey 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound to stratiform galena and sphalerite in multiple, thin, sheetlike ore 

bodies in arenaceous sedimentary rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Bj0rlykke and Sangster (1981), Briskey (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Continental, terrigenous, and marine quartzitic and arkosic sandstone, conglomerate, 

grit, and siltstone. Local evaporates. 

Textures Bedding, crossbedding, paleochannels, liquification structures, and intraformational 

slump breccias. Quartz and subordinate calcite cement. 

Age Range Proterozoic to Cretaceous host rocks. 

Depositional Environment Host rocks deposited in combined continental and marine environments 

including piedmont, fluvial, lagoonal-lacustrine, lagoonal-deltaic, lagoonal-beach, and tidal 

channel-sand bar environments. Commonly succeeded by marine transgressions. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Deep weathering and regional peneplanation during stable tectonic conditions, 

accompanied by marine platform or piedmont sedimentation associated with at least some orogenic 

uplift. Sialic basement, mainly "granites" or granitic gneisses. 

Associated Deposit Types Sediment-hosted Cu. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Fine- to medium-crystalline galena with sporadic smaller amounts of sphalerite, pyrite, 

barite, and fluorite. Minor chalcopyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, 

chalcocite, freibergite, bournonite, jamesonite, bornite, linnaeite, bravoite, and millerite. 

Quartz and calcite are usual gangue minerals, and organic debris occurs in some deposits. 

Texture/Structure Clots of galena 0.5 to several centimeters in diameter; disseminations 0.1-1 mm 

in diameter; locally massive. Ore and gangue minerals are intergranular. Galena bands locally 

highlight crossbedding, and other sedimentary structures in sandstone. Laisvall has crosscutting 

curvilinear features resembling roll fronts. 

Alteration "Sericite" (white mica?) reported in some deposits; but may only be recrystallized 

sedimentary illite. 

Ore Controls Intergranular porosity. Ore may be massive where localized by porous sedimentary 

structures (above), impermeable barriers, faults, joints, and fractures. Within or immediately 

above paleochannels, or less commonly, paleoridges. 

Weathering Surface oxidation of galena to cerussite, minor anglesite and pyromorphite, 

chalcopyrite to malachite, azurite, covellite, and chalcocite and (or) sphalerite to smithsonite, 

hemimorphite, hydrozincite, and goslarite. 

Geochemical Signature: Anomalous amounts of Pb and Zn in host rocks and derivative soils; Ba, F, 

and Ag are enriched in lowermost parts of some deposits. Zinc tends to increase upward in the 

deposits. Sialic basement may contain anomalous lead concentrations. Background in sandstone: Pb 

= 7 ppm; Zn = 16 ppm. 

EXAMPLES 

Laisvall, SWDN 

Vassbo and Guttusjo, SWDN 

Largentiere, FRNC 

Zeida-Bou Mia, MRCO 

Bou-Sellam, MRCO 

(Rickard and others, 1979) 

(Christofferson and others, 1979) 

(Samama, 1976; Michaud, 1980) 

(Schmitt and Thiry, 1977) 

(Caia, 1976) 

201 
Model 30a--Con. 

Yava (Salmon R.), CNNS 

George Lake, CNSK 

Mechernich-Maubach, GRMY 

(Hornbrook, 1967; Scott, 1980a, b) 

(Karup-M0ller and Brummer, 1970; 

Sangster and Kirkham, 1974) 

(Bj0rlykke and Sangster, 1981) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF SANDSTONE-HOSTED Pb-Zn 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Silver grades tend to be reported for the larger deposits only. See figs. 150-153 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Belokany-Laura URRS Mechernich GRMY 

Bou Mia MRCO Oberpfalz GRMY 

Boylen CNQU Osen NRWY 

George Lake CNSK Sagliden SWDN 

Guttusjon SWDN Shertingdal NRWY 

Laisvall SWDN Smithfield CNNS 

Largentiere FRNC Tregioivo ITLY 

Lovstrand SWDN Vassbo SWDN 

Maiva SWDN Yava (Silvermine) CNNS 

Maubach GRMY Zeida MRCO 

202 
1.0 

(/) 

ICi5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u_ 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

(( 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

(( 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

0.7 

(/) 

ICi5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u_ 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

(( 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

(( 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 O.Q1 

SANDSTONE--HOSTED LEAD--ZINC 

0 

MILLION TONNES 

SANDSTONE--HOSTED LEAD--ZINC 

0 n = 20 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 30a--Con. 

400 

Figure 150. Tonnages of sandstone-hosted 

Pb-Zn deposits. 

100 

Figure 151. Lead grades of sandstonehosted Pb-Zn deposits. 

203 
Hodel 30a--Con. 

SANDSTONE--HOSTED LEAD--ZINC 

1.0 

n = 20 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 0 

(/) 

1- 0 

U5 

0 0.6 c.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Figure 152. 0.0 Zinc grades of sandstone- 0.01 100 

hosted Pb-Zn deposits. 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

SANDSTONE--HOSTED LEAD--ZINC 

1.0 

n = 20 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 c.. 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 0 0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 0 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 630 1600 4000 

Figure 153. Silver grades of sandstonehosted Pb-Zn deposits. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

204 
Model 30b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF SEDIMENT-HOSTED Cu 

By Dennis P. Cox 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Sandstone Cu, includes Cu-shale (Lindsey, 1982). 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound, disseminated copper sulfides in reduced beds of red-bed sequences. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Tourtelot and Vine (1976), Gustafson and Williams (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Red-bed sequence containing green or gray shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Thinly 

laminated carbonate and evaporite beds. Local channel conglomerate. Some deposits in thinly 

laminated silty dolomite. 

Textures Algal mat structures, mudcracks, crossbedding and scour-and-fill structures. Fossil wood 

in channels. 

Age Range Middle Proterozoic and Permian and early Mesozoic. Other Phanerozoic ages possible. 

Depositional Environment Epicontinental shallow-marine basin near paleo-equator. Sabkhas. High 

evaporation rate. Sediments highly permeable. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Intracontinental rift or aulacogen--failed arm of triple junction of plate 

spreading. Passive continental margin. Major growth faults. 

Associated Deposit Types Halite, sylvite, gypsum, anhydrite. Sandstone uranium, basalt copper, 

and Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Chalcocite and other cu2s minerals + pyrite ± bornite ± native silver. Cu2s 

replacement of early fine-grained pyrite is common. Deposits may be zoned with centers of 

chalcocite ± bornite, rims of chalcopyrite, and peripheral galena + sphalerite. Some deposits 

contain carrollite and Co-pyrite and Ge minerals. 

Texture/Structure Fine disseminated, stratabound, locally stratiform. Framboidal or colloform 

pyrite. Cu minerals replace pyrite and cluster around carbonaceous clots or fragments. 

Alteration Green, white, or gray (reduced) color in red beds. Regionally metamorphosed red beds 

may have purple color. 

Ore Controls Reducing low-pH environment such as fossil wood, algal mat. Abundant biogenic 

sulfur. Pyritic sediments. Petroleum in paleoaquifers. High permeability of footwall sediments 

is critical. Boundaries between oxidized and reduced sediments. 

Weathering Surface exposures may be completely leached. Secondary chalcocite enrichment down dip 

is common. 

Geochemical Signature Cu, Ag, Pb, Zn (Mo, V, U) (Co, Ge). Au is low. Weak radioactivity in some 

deposits. 

EXAMPLES 

Kupferschiefer, GRMY 

White Pine, USMI 

Western Montana (Belt), USMT 

Kamoto, ZIRE 

(Wedepohl, 1971) 

(Brown, 1971) 

(Harrison 1972, 1982) 

(Bartholome and others, 1976) 

205 
Model 30b--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF SEDIMENT-HOSTED Cu 

By Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, and Dennis P. Cox 

COMMENTS Tonnages are probably underestimated for deposits in Zambia and Zaire due to poor 

reporting. The extent to which mineralization exists between mines in Zambia and Zaire is not 

considered. Estimates for the deposits in Russia probably represent districts. See figs. 154-156 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Alaska ZIMB Mangum USOK 

Baluba ZMBA Mansfeld GRMY 

Big Horn (Yarrow Ck) CNAL Matchless NAMB 

Burra AUSA Matchless West NAMB 

Bwana Mkubwa ZMBA Mokambo ZMBA 

Cattle Grid AUSA Mt. Gunson AUSA 

Chacarilla BLVA Mt. Oxide AUQL 

Chambiashi ZMBA Mufulira ZMBA 

Chibuluma ZMBA Musoshi ZIRE 

Chibuluma West ZMBA Musonoi ZIRE 

Chingola-Nchanga ZMBA Nacimiento USNM 

Chongwe ZMBA Norah ZIMB 

Corocoro BLVA Oamite NAMB 

Creta USOK Pintada-Stauber USNM 

Crowell Area USTX Presque Isle USMI 

Dikulume-Mashamba ZIRE Roan Antelope 

Dzhezhkazgan (Luanshya) ZMBA 

(Magakyan) URRS Rokana (Nkana) ZMBA 

Gwai River ZIMB Ruwe (Mutoshi) ZIRE 

Kalengwa ZMBA Shackleton ZIMB 

Kalushi (Kalulushi) ZMBA Silverside ZIMB 

Kamoto ZIRE Snowstorm USMT 

Kanmantoo AUSA Spar Lake (Troy) USMT 

Kansanshi ZMBA Tenke-Fungurume ZIRE 

Kapunda AUSA Tshinsenda 

Kilembe UGND (Kinsenda) ZIRE 

Konkola (Bancroft) ZMBA Udokan URRS 

Lena URRS White Pine USMI 

Lubin (LegnicaGlogow) PLND 

Lumwana ZMBA 

Mammoth (Gunpowder) AUQL 

Mangula (Miriam) ZIMB 

206 
1.0 

(/) 

1-

u; 0.6 0 

0.. 

UJ 

0 

lL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 

0 

0.. 

0 

a: 

0.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0016 

1.0 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

u; 0.6 0 

0.. 

UJ 

0 

lL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 

0 

0.. 

0 

a: 

0.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

SEDIMENT--HOSTED COPPER 

MILLION TONNES 

SEDIMENT--HOSTED COPPER 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 30b--Con. 

Figure 154. Tonnages of sediment-hosted Cu 

deposits. 

Figure 155. Copper grades of sedimenthosted Cu deposits. 

207 
Model 30b--Con. 

208 

SEDIMENT--HOSTED COPPER 

1.0 

n =57 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

en 

0 0.6 0... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 0.4 0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 100 4000 

A. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

::t : : : : : S:g :

0 0: I . O.D1 O.D16 0.025 0.04 0.063 0.1 0.16 0.25 0.4 0.63 1.0 

B. COBALT GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 156. By-product grades of sediment-hosted Cu deposits. !, 

silver. ]_, Cobalt. 
Model 30c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SANDSTONE U 

By Christine E. Turner-Peterson and Carroll A. Hodges 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYMS Tabular U ore, roll front U. 

DESCRIPTION Microcrystalline uranium oxides and silicates deposited during diagenesis in localized 

reduced environments within fine- to medium-grained sandstone beds; some uranium oxides also 

deposited during redistribution by ground water at interface between oxidized and reduced ground 

(see fig. 157) • 

GENERAL REFERENCE Turner-Peterson and Fishman (1986), Granger and Warren (1969). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Host rocks are feldspathic or tuffaceous sandstone. Pyroclastic material is felsic in 

composition. Mudstone or shale commonly above and/or below sandstones hosting diagenetic ores (see 

fig. 157A). 

Textures Permeable--medium to coarse grained; highly permeable at time of mineralization, 

subsequently restricted by cementation and alteration. 

Age Range Most deposits are Devonian and younger. Secondary roll-front deposits mainly Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Continental-basin margins, fluvial channels, braided stream deposits, 

stable coastal plain. Contemporaneous felsic volcanism or eroding felsic plutons are sources of 

U. In tabular ore, source rocks for ore-related fluids are commonly in overlying or underlying 

mud-flat facies sediments. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Stable platform or foreland-interior basin, shelf margin; adjacent major 

uplifts provide favorable topographic conditions. 

Associated Deposit Types Sediment-hosted V may be intimately associated with U. Sediment-hosted 

Cu may be in similar host rocks and may contain U. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Uraninite, coffinite, pyrite in organic-rich horizons. Chlorite common. 

Texture/Structure Stratabound deposits. Tabular U--intimately admixed with pore-filling humin in 

tabular lenses suspended within reduced sandstone (fig. 157A). Replacement of wood and other 

carbonaceous material. Roll front U--in crescentic lens that cuts across bedding, at interface 

between oxidized and reduced ground (fig. 157B). 

Alteration Tabular--Humic acid mineralizing fluids leach iron from detrital magnetite-ilmenite 

leaving relict Ti02 minerals in diagenetic ores. Roll front--Oxidized iron minerals in rock updip, 

reduced iron minerals in rock downdip from redox interface. 

Ore Controls Permeability. Tabular--Humin or carbonaceous material the main concentrator of U. 

Roll front--S species, "sour" gas, FeS2 . Bedding sequences with low dips; felsic plutons or felsic 

tuffaceous sediments adjacent to or above host rock are favorable source for U. Regional redox 

interface marks locus of ore deposition. 

Weathering Oxidation of primary uraninite or coffinite to a variety of minerals, notably yellow 

carnotite as bloom in V-rich ores. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature U, V, Mo, Se, locally Cu, Ag. Anomalous radioactivity from 

daughter products of U. Low magnetic susceptibility in and near tabular ores. 

EXAMPLES 

Colorado Plateau 

Grants, USNM 

Texas Gulf Coast 

USWY 

(Fischer, 1974) 

(Turner-Peterson and Fishman, 1986) 

(Reynolds and Goldhaber, 1983) 

(Granger and Warren, 1969) 

209 
Model 30c--Con. 

210 

A 2 to 10 km 

Diagenetic U ore lenses may 

be present here 1 but are 

not essential to form a 

ro 11- fron deposit 

--~~--~~~~~Oxidized rocks: 

Reduced rocks : diagenetic pyrite 1 

marcasite 1 and 

organic materia 1 

diagenetic hematite 

and limonite 

20 to 100m 

Figure 157. Cartoon sections showing: ~' Diagenetic mineralization 

(from Turner-Peterson and Fishman, 1986); B, roll-front 

mineralization in sandstone U deposits (from Nash and others, 1981). 
Model 31a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SEDIMENTARY EXHALATIVE Zn-Pb 

By Joseph A. Briskey 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYMS Shale-hosted Zn-Pb; sediment-hosted massive sulfide Zn-Pb. 

DESCRIPTION Stratiform basinal accumulations of sulfide and sulfate minerals interbedded with 

euxinic marine sediments form sheet- or lens-like tabular ore bodies up to a few tens of meters 

thick, and may be distributed through a stratigraphic interval over 1,000 m (see fig. 158). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Large (1980, 1981, 1983). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Euxinic marine sedimentary rocks including: black (dark) shale, siltstone, sandstone, 

chert, dolostone, micritic limestone, and turbidites. Local evaporitic sections in contemporaneous 

shelf facies. Volcanic rocks, commonly of bimodal composition, are present locally in the 

sedimentary basin. Tuffites are the most common. Slump breccias, fan conglomerates, and similar 

deposits, as well as facies and thickness changes, are commonly associated with synsedimentary 

faults. 

Textures Contrasting sedimentary thicknesses and facies changes across hinge zones. Slump 

breccias and conglomerates near synsedimentary faults. 

Age Range Known deposits are Middle Proterozoic (1,700-1,400 m.y.); Cambrian to Carboniferous 

(530-300 m.y.). 

Depositional Environment Marine epicratonic embayments and intracratonic basins, with smaller 

local restricted basins (second- and third-order basins). 

Tectonic Setting(s) Epicratonic embayments and intracratonic basins are associated with hinge 

zones controlled by synsedimentary faults, typically forming half-grabens. Within these grabens 

(first-order basins), penecontemporaneous vertical tectonism forms smaller basins (second-order 

basins) and asso~iat5d rises. Smaller third-order basins (tens of kilometers) within the secondorder basins (10 -10 km) are the morphological traps from the stratiform sulfides. 

Associated Deposit Types Bedded barite deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, sporadic barite and chalcopyrite, and minor to 

trace amounts of marcasite, arsenopyrite, bismuthinite, molybdenite, enargite, millerite, 

freibergite, cobaltite, cassiterite, valleriite, and melnikovite. 

Texture/Structure Finely crystalline and disseminated, monomineralic sulfide laminae are 

typical. Metamorphosed examples are coarsely crystalline and massive. 

Alteration Stockwork and disseminated sulfide and alteration (silicification, tourmalization, 

carbonate depletion, albitization, chloritization, dolomitization) minerals possibly representing 

the feeder zone of these deposits commonly present beneath or adjacent to the stratiform 

deposits. Some deposits have no reported alteration. Celsian, Ba-muscovite, and ammonium clay 

minerals may be present. 

Ore Controls Within larger fault-controlled basins, small local basins form the morphological 

traps that contain the stratiform sulfide and sulfate minerals. The faults are synsedimentary and 

serve as feeders for the stratiform deposits. Euxinic facies. 

Weathering Surface oxidation may form large gossans containing abundant carbonates, sulfates, and 

silicates of lead, zinc, and copper. 

Geochemical Signature Metal zoning includes lateral Cu-Pb-Zn-Ba sequence extending outward from 

feeder zone; or a vertical Cu-Zn-Pb-Ba sequence extending upward. NH3 anomalies may be present. 

Exhalative chert interbedded with stratiform sulfide and sulfate minerals; peripheral hematite211 
Model 31a--Con. 

chert formations. Local (within 2 km) Zn, Pb, and Mn haloes. Highest expected background in black 

shales: Pb = 500 ppm; Zn = 1,300 ppm; Cu = 750 ppm; Ba = 1,300 ppm; in carbonates: Pb = 9 ppm; Zn 

= 20; Cu = 4 pmm; Ba = 10. 

EXAMPLES 

Sullivan mine, CNBC 

Meggen mine, GRMY 

Navan, Silvermines, Tynagh, IRLD 

(Hamilton and others, 1982) 

(Krebs, 1981) 

(Boyce and others, 1983; 

Taylor, 1984) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF SEDIMENTARY EXHALATIVE Zn-Pb 

By W. David Menzie and Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Deposits in this model include most commonly identified deposits of this type. 

Nevertheless, examination of the distribution of silver grade suggests the presence of two 

subtypes. Lead grades are significantly correlated with silver grades (r = 0.77, n = 39). See 

figs. 159-163. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Balmat USNY McArthur AUNT 

Baroi INDA Meggen GRMY 

Big Syncline SAFR Mineral King CNBC 

Black Mtn. SAFR Mount Isa AUQL 

Broken Hill SAFR Navan IRLD 

Broken Hill AUNT Rajpura-Daiba INDA 

Cirque CNBC Rammelsberg GRMY 

Dugald River AUQL Rampura-Agucha INDA 

Duncan Lake CNBC Red Dog USAK 

Dy CNYT Reeves MacDonald CNBC 

Faro CNYT Rosh Pinah NAMB 

Fx CNBC Silvermines IRLD 

Grum CNYT Squirrel Hills AUQL 

HB CNBC Sullivan CNBC 

Hilton AUQL Swim Lake CNYT 

Home stake CNBC Tom CNYT 

Howards Pass CNYT Tynagh IRLD 

Jersey Emerald CNBC Vangorda CNYT 

King Fissure CNBC Woodcutters AUNT 

Lady Loretta AUQL Wigwam CNBC 

MacMillan CNYT Zawar INDA 

Matt Berry CNYT Zawarmala INDA 

212 

r' 

~ 
(j) 

1-

U) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

..,,, 

~ 

Synsedimentary 

fault 

Chalcopyrite - pyrrhotite 

\ ~ I Sphal1erite-galena /Pyrite LBarite 

HematiteMn oxides 

Model 31 a--Con. 

Strat_iform ~re~ beanng fac1es ~ ... :~......=:--~··· 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

:::~::p:::::' py ri\ •, py rrho til• !J~il!' ~ ~ j~' · 

1 

~ 0 150m 

Altered sedimentary rocks : silicification; 

tourmaline, albite, dolomite, chlorite 

lntr aformationa 1 slumping or breccia 

Tuffaceous beds 

Black shale, siltstone, sandstone, chert, 

dolostone, micritic limestone 

SEDIMENTARY EXHALATIVE ZINC--LEAD 

Figure 158. Cartoon cross section showing 

mineral zoning in sedimentary exhalative 

Zn-Pb deposits (modified from Large, 1980). 

0 

0.0004 400 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 159. Tonnages of sedimentary 

exhalative Zn-Pb deposits. 

213 
Model 31 a--Con. 

Figure 160. Zinc grades of sedimentary 

exhalative Zn-Pb deposits. 

Figure 161. Lead grades of sedimentary 

exhalative Zn-Pb deposits. 

214 

~ U5 

0 

c.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 

(f) 

IU5 

0 

c.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 

SEDIMENTARY EXHALATIVE ZINC--LEAD 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

SEDIMENTARY EXHALATIVE ZINC--LEAD 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 
~-, 

~ 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fCii 

0 0.6 0.... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

~ 

0: 0.4 0 

0.... 

0 

0: 

0.... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.4 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fCii 

0 0.6 0.... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

~ 

0: 0.4 0 

0.... 

0 

0: 

0.... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

SEDIMENTARY EXHALATIVE ZINC--LEAD 

0 

0 

0 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

SEDIMENTARY EXHALATIVE ZINC--LEAD 

0 

0 

COPPER GRADE IN PERCENT 

n = 45 

n = 45 

Model 31a--Con. 

4000 

10 

Figure 162. Silver grades of sedimentary 

exhalative Zn-Pb deposits. 

Figure 163. Copper grades of sedimentary 

exhalative Zn-Pb deposits. 

215 
Model 31b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF BEDDED BARITE 

By Greta J. Orris 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Stratiform barite. 

DESCRIPTION Stratiform deposits of barite interbedded with dark-colored cherty and calcareous 

sedimentary rocks. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Generally dark-colored chert, shale, mudstone, limestone or dolostone •. Also with 

quartzite, argillite, and greenstone. 

Age Range Proterozoic and Paleozoic. 

Depositional Environment Epicratonic marine basins or embayments (often with smaller local 

restricted basins). 

Tectonic Setting(s) Some deposits associated with hinge zones controlled by synsedimentary faults. 

Associated Deposit Types Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (see fig. 158). 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Barite ± minor witherite ± minor pyrite, galena, or sphalerite. Barite typically 

contains several percent organic matter plus some H2s in fluid inclusions. 

Texture/Structure Stratiform, commonly lensoid to poddy; ore laminated to massive with associated 

layers of barite nodules or rosettes; barite may exhibit primary sedimentary features. Small 

country rock inclusions may show partial replacement by barite. 

Alteration Secondary barite veining; weak to moderate sericitization has been reported in or near 

some deposits in Nevada. 

Ore Controls Deposits are localized in second- and third-order basins. 

Weathering Indistinct, generally resembling limestone or dolostone; occasionally weathered-out 

rosettes or nodules. 

Geochemical Signature Ba; where peripheral to sediment-hosted Zn-Pb, may have lateral (Cu)-Pb-ZnBa zoning or regional manganese haloes. High organic C content. 

EXAMPLES 

Meggen, GRMY 

Magnet Cove, USAR 

Northumberland, USNV 

(Krebs, 1981) 

(Scull, 1958) 

(Shawe and others, 1969) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF BEDDED BARITE 

By Greta J. Orris 

COMMENTS See figs. 164-165. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Ballynoe 

Barite Mtn. 

Barite (Mouse) 

Barite Valley 

Baw Hin Khao 

216 

Country 

IRLD 

CNYT 

CNYT 

SAFR 

THLD 

Name 

Brookfield 

Castle Island 

Cathy (Walt) 

Cirque Barite 

Greys tone 

Country 

CNNS 

USAK 

CNYT 

CNBC 

USNV 
Model 31 b--Con. 

""''' Gurranda AUNS Mountain Springs USNV 

~ Kemp field AUNS Nimiuktuk USAK 

Khuzdar PKTN Rammelsberg Barite GRMY 

Magnet Cove USAR Snake Mountain USNV 

Mangampetta N. INDA Tea CNYT 

Mangampetta s. INDA Uribe USWA 

Meggen Barite GRMY Weedaroo AUSA 

Mel Barite CNYT 

217 
Model 31b--Con. 

Figure 164. Tonnages of bedded barite 

deposits. 

(f) 

1-

Ui 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

(f) 

1-

Ui 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

Figure 165. Barite grades of bedded barite 

deposits. 

218 

BEDDED BARITE 

1.0 

0 n = 25 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 400 

MILLION TONNES 

BEDDED BARITE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

BARITE GRADE IN PERCENT 
Model 31c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF EMERALD VEINS 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Emerald in plagioclase-dolomite veins in black shale. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Sinkankas (1981), p. 338-358, 407-435. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Black shale, claystone, siltstone, locally calcareous. Minor sandstone, limestone, 

conglomerate, and evaporites. Locally coarse dolomite breccia filled by carbonates and oligoclase. 

Textures Diabasic dikes present but not prominent. 

Age Range Cretaceous and Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Thick epicontinental anoxic marine shale. Evaporites may have provided 

saline solutions. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Major faults. Minor intrusions may have provided heat sources for fluid 

circulation. 

Associated Deposit Types May be associated with Pb-Zn deposits on a regional scale. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

dineralogy 

+ quartz. 

Emerald + greenish beryl + oligoclase + dolomite + calcite + pyrite + fluorite + rutile 

Apatite, parisite, and REE dolomite reported from Muzo. 

Texture/Structure Crustified banding, vuggy, coarsely crystalline. 

Alteration Shale altered to black hornfels, fossils replaced by oligoclase. Dolomitization. 

Ore Controls Major fault at intersections of minor cross faults, sharp-walled veins, and tabular 

breccia bodies. Veins locally confined to sedimentary strata that- overlie or underlie ferruginous 

beds. 

Weathering Plagioclase weathers to pockets of kaolinite. 

Geochemical Signature 

of mineralized areas. 

In veins: high Be, Na, Mg; low Li, Ba, K, Mo, Pb relative to shale outside 

At Muzo, REE in veins, Cu in underlying beds. 

EXAMPLES 

Gachala district, CLBA 

Muzo district, CLBA 

(Escovar, 1979) 

(Sinkankas, 1981) 

219 
Model 32a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SOUTHEAST MISSOURI Pb-Zn 

By Joseph A. Briskey 

SYNONYMS Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn; Mississippi Valley type. 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound, carbonate-hosted deposits of galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite in 

rocks having primary and secondary porosity, commonly related to reefs on paleotopographic highs 

(see fig. 166). (For grade-tonnage model see Appalachian Zn deposit model.) 

GENERAL REFERENCES Snyder and Gerdemann (1968), Thacker and Anderson (1977). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Dolomite; locally ore bodies also occur in sandstone, conglomerate, and calcareous 

shales. 

Textures Calcarenites are most common lithology. Tidalites, stromatolite finger reefs, reef 

breccias, slump breccias; oolites, crossbedding, micrites. 

Age Range Known deposits are in Cambrian to Lower Ordovician strata. 

Depositional Environment Host rocks are shallow-water marine carbonates, with prominent facies 

control by reefs growing on flanks of paleotopographic basement highs. Deposits commonly occur at 

margins of clastic basins. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Stable cratonic platform. 

Associated Deposit Types Precambrian volcanic-hosted magnetite; Ba-Pb deposits occur higher in the 

Cambrian section. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite. Minor siegenite, bornite, 

tennantite, barite, bravoite, digenite, covellite, arsenopyrite, fletcherite, adularia, pyrrhotite, 

magnetite, millerite, polydymite, vaesite, djurleite, chalcocite, anilite, and enargite in order of 

abundance. Dolomite and minor quartz. 

Texture/Structure Early fine-grained replacement; main stage coarse-grained replacement and vuggy 

or colloform open space filling. Hypogene leaching of galena is common. 

Alteration Regional dolomitization; latter brown, ferroan, and bitumen-rich dolomite; extensive 

carbonate dissolution and development of residual shale; mixed-layer illite-chlorite altered to 2M 

muscovite; dickite and kaolinite in vugs; very minor adularia. 

Ore Controls Open-space filling and replacement, most commonly at the interface between gray and 

tan dolomite, but also in traps at any interface between permeable and impermeable units. Any 

porous units may host ore: sandstone pinchouts; dissolution collapse breccias; faults; permeable 

reefs; slump, reef, and fault breccias; coarsely crystalline dolostone. 

Geochemical Signature Regional anomalous amounts of Pb, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ag, Co, and Ni in insoluble 

residues. Zoning is roughly Cu C± Ni ± Co)-Pb-Zn-iron sulfide going up section; ores contain about 

30 ppm Ag; inconsistent lateral separation of metal zones. Background for carbonates: Pb = 9 ppm; 

Zn = 20; Cu = 4. 

EXAMPLES 

Viburnum subdistrict, USMO (Economic Geology 1977; Heyl, 1982) 

220 
Fore reef Reef 

EXPLANATION 

~ Preferred locations 

~ of ore bodies 

Shale 

Coarsely crystalline 

dolostone 

Reef and reef-front 

breccia 

Beck reef 

D Dolostone 

r:s:l 

~ 

Conglomerate 

Sandstone 

Igneous basement 

Figure 166. Cartoon cross section of a southeast 

Missouri Pb-Zn deposit (modified from Evans, 

1977). 

Model 32a--Con. 

221 
Model 32b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF APPALACHIAN Zn 

By Joseph A. Briskey 

SYNONYMS Carbonate-hosted Zn; Mississippi Valley type. 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound deposits of sphalerite and minor galena in primary and secondary voids in 

favorable beds or horizons in thick platform dolostone and limestone (see fig. 167). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Hoagland (1976). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Dolostone and limestone. 

Textures Subtidal, intratidal, and supratidal textures with high porosity are common, especially 

in the dolostones; limestones are commonly micritic, some with birdseye textures. 

Age Range Appalachian deposits occur in rocks of Cambrian to Middle Ordovician age. Other 

deposits are in rocks as old as Proterozoic and as young as Triassic. 

Depositional Environment Shallow-water, tidal and subtidal marine environments. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Stable continental shelf. 

Associated Deposit Types Stratabound carbonate-hosted deposits of barite-fluorite-sphalerite. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Sphalerite, with variable but subordinate pyrite and minor marcasite, and with minor 

barite, fluorite, gypsum, and anhydrite. Galena is usually absent or rare, but may be abundant 

locally. 

Texture/Structure Mainly open space filling of coarse to medium crystalline sphalerite and pinkish 

dolomite. Sphalerite commonly displays banding. Locally, fine sphalerite in finely varved 

dolomite composes the breccia matrix. 

Alteration Extensive finely crystalline dolostone occurs regionally and coarse crystalline 

dolomite is more common nearer to ore bodies. Silicification is typically closely associated with 

ore bodies. Extensive limestone dissolution and development of residual shale. 

Ore Controls Ore occurs within dissolution collapse breccias that occur (1) throughout readily 

soluble limestone beds, or (2) in paleo-aquifer solution channels controlled by fractures or folds 

in limestone. Breccias commonly have domal cross sections above limestone aquifers that have been 

thinned by solution. 

Weathering Zinc silicate and carbonate ores form in the zone of weathering and oxidation. 

Geochemical Signature Readily detectable zinc anomalies in residual soils and in stream 

sediments. Primary zinc haloes in carbonate rocks near ore are not large enough to assist in 

exploration. Background in carbonate rocks: Zn = 20 ppm; Pb = 9 ppm. 

EXAMPLES 

Mascot-Jefferson City district, USTN 

Copper Ridge district, USTN 

222 

(Crawford and Hoagland, 

1968; McCormick and others, 

1971; Fulweiler and 

McDougal, 1971) 

(Hill and others, 1971) 
~ 

~ 

Preferred locations of higher grade ore; sphalerite in 

breccia matrix and in coarsely crystalline dolomitized 

limestone 

Collapse breccia composed of clasts of dolostone 

and dolomitized limestone 

Coarsely crystalline do lomitized 

lim~stone 

Dark-gray to black do lost one, 

light-gray do lost one 

~Limestone 

Figure 167. Cartoon cross section showing relationship 

of zinc ore to collapse breccia and dolomitized limestone 

in the Mascott-Jefferson City district, Tennessee. 

Modified from Armstrong and Lawrence (1983). 

Model 32b--Con. 

223 
Models 32a and 32b 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF SOUTHEAST MISSOURI Pb-Zn AND APPALACHIAN Zn DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier and Joseph A. Briskey 

COMMENTS The models for stratabound carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, and for stratabound 

carbonate-hosted Zn deposits, are treated as end members that, in a general way, define a larger 

class of geologically complex stratabound carbonate-hosted deposits containing variable proportions 

of Pb or Zn. Grade-tonnage estimates were made for districts only, because of difficulties in 

defining the limits of an individual deposit within these typically large regionally mineralized 

systems. Numerous small districts containing less than about a million tonnes of ore are not 

included in this compilation, mainly because of the paucity of reliable data about reserves and 

past production, but also because they are outside the scope of this investigation. Lead grade is 

correlated with silver grade (r = 0.87, n = 10). See figs. 168-171. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Alpine-Lafatsch 

Austinville 

Central Missouri 

Central Tennessee 

East Tennessee 

Friedensville 

Gayna R.-Godlin L. 

Kentucky-Illinois 

Metalline 

Monarch-Kicking Horse 

224 

Country 

ASTR-ITLY-YUGO 

USVA 

USMO 

USTN 

USTN 

USPA 

CNNT 

USKN 

USWA 

CNBC 

Name 

Nanisivik 

Newfoundland Zinc 

North Arkansas-Ozark 

Pine Point 

Polaris-Eclipse 

Robb Lake 

Southeast Missouri 

Tri State 

Upper Mississippi Valley 

Upper Silesia 

Country 

CNNT 

CNNF 

USAR 

CNNT 

CNNT 

CNBC 

USMO 

USMO-USOK 

USWI 

PLND 
~,, 

~ 1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

IU5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

IU5 

0 0.6 a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0016 

0.01 

Models 32a and 32b--Con. 

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LEAD--ZINC AND APPALACHIAN ZINC 

0 n = 20 

MILLION TONNES 

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LEAD--ZINC AND APPALACHIAN ZINC 

ZINC GRADE IN PERCENT 

Figure 168. Tonnages of southeast Missouri 

Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits. 

100 

Figure 169. Zinc grades of southeast 

Missouri Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits. 

225 
Models 32a and 32b--Con. 

(/) 

1--

Ui 

0 

D... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

D... 

0 

a: 

D... 

Figure 170. Lead grades of southeast 

Missouri Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits. 

(/) 

1--

en 

0 

D... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

D... 

0 

a: 

D... 

Figure 171. Silver grades of southeast 

Missouri Pb-Zn and Appalachian Zn deposits. 

226 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LEAD--ZINC AND APPALACHIAN ZINC 

n = 20 

0 

100 

LEAD GRADE IN PERCENT 

SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LEAD--ZINC AND APPALACHIAN ZINC 

n = 20 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 
Model 32c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF KIPUSHI Cu-Pb-Zn 

By Dennis P. Cox and Lawrence R. Bernstein 

DESCRIPTION Massive base-metal sulfides and As-sulfosalts in dolomite breccias characterized by 

minor Co, Ge, Ga, U, and V. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Dolomite, shale. No rocks of unequivocal igneous or1g1n are related to ore 

formation. [The pseudoaplite at Tsumeb is herein assumed to be a metasedimentary rock following H. 

D. LeRoex (1955, unpublished report).] 

Textures Fine-grained massive and carbonaceous, laminated, stromatolitic dolomites. 

Age Range Unknown; host rocks are Proterozoic in Africa, Devonian in Alaska, Pennsylvanian in 

Utah. 

Depositional Environment High fluid flow along tabular or pipe-like fault- or karst (?)-breccia 

zones. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental platform or shelf terrane with continental or passive margin 

rifting. Ore formation at Tsumeb and Ruby Creek predates folding. 

Associated Deposit Types Sedimentary copper, U-veins, barite veins. Sedimentary exhalative Pb-Zn 

may be a lateral facies. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Ruby Creek: pyrite, bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, carrollite, sphalerite, 

tennantite. Tsumeb: galena, sphalerite, bornite, tennantite, enargite. Kipushi: sphalerite, 

bornite, chalcopyrite, carrollite, chalcocite, tennantite, pyrite. Less abundant minerals in these 

deposits are linnaeite, Co-pyrite, germanite, renierite, gallite, tungstenite, molybdenite, and 

native Bi. Bituminuous matter in vugs. At Apex mine, marcasite. 

Texture/Structure Massive replacement, breccia filling, or stockwork. Replacement textures of 

pyrite after marcasite at Ruby Creek and Apex. 

Alteration Dolomitization, sideritization, and silicification may be related to mineralization. 

Early pyrite or arsenopyrite as breccia filling or dissemination. 

Ore Controls Abundant diagenetic pyrite or other source of S acts as precipitant of base metals in 

zones of high porosity and fluid flow. Bitumens indicate reducing environment at site of ore 

deposition. 

Weathering Malachite-azurite, black Co-oxide, or pink Co-arsenate. Oxidation at Tsumeb has 

produced large crystals of many rare minerals. Oxidized Ge-Ga ore at Apex consists of iron oxides 

and jarosite; Ge and Ga minerals are not observed. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Co, Ag, Ge, Ga, Mo, W, Sn, Bi, U and V. 

Metal ratios: high Cu/Fe and locally high Cu/S in interior zones; high Co/Ni, As/Sb and Ag/Au. 

May be weakly radioactive. 

EXAMPLES 

Ruby Creek, ASAK 

Tsumeb, NAMB 

Kipushi, ZIRE 

Apex Mine, USUT 

(Runnels, 1969) 

(Sohnge, 1961); Wilson (1977) 

(Intiomale and Oosterbosch, 1974) 

(Bernstein, 1986) 

227 
Model 34a 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF SUPERIOR Fe 

By William F. Cannon 

DESCRIPTION Banded iron-rich sedimentary rock, generally of great lateral extent, typically 

layered on centimeter scale with siliceous (chert) beds interlayered with iron-rich beds. 

GENERAL REFERENCE James (1954). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Commonly interlayered with quartzite, shale, dolomite. 

Textures Iron-formations and host rocks commonly contain sedimentary textures typical of shallowwater deposition in tectonically stable regions. 

Age Range Mostly Early Proterozoic (2.0±0.2 b.y.). Less commonly Middle and Late Proterozoic. 

Depositional Environment Stable, shallow-water marine environment, commonly on stable continental 

shelf or intracratonic basin. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Now commonly preserved in forelands of Proterozoic orogenic belts. 

Associated Deposit Types Sedimentary manganese deposits may occur stratigraphically near or be 

interbedded with iron-formations. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Hematite, magnetite, siderite, fine-grained quartz. 

Texture/Structure Nearly always banded at centimeter scale; very fine grained where not 

metamorphosed. 

Alteration None related to ore deposition. Commonly metamorphosed to varying degrees or weathered 

and enriched by supergene processes. 

Ore Controls No primary controls of local importance. Supergene ores may be localized by 

irregularities in present or paleo erosion surface. 

Weathering Alteration of original iron mineral to Fe-hydroxides and hematite. Silica partly to 

totally leached. End product of weathering is high-grade supergene ore. 

Geophysical Signature Magnetic anomalies. 

EXAMPLES 

Mesabi Range, USMN (James, 1983) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF SUPERIOR Fe AND ALGOMA Fe DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier and Donald A. Singer 

COMMENTS Archean and Proterozoic deposits (Algoma and Superior types) are both included because 

they are not significantly different in tonnage or grades. See figs. 172-174 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Altamira-Frontera VNZL Bellary INDA 

Amapa BRZL Bicholim INDA 

An-shan CINA Burnt Hill-Knob Lake CNQU 

Bahia BRZL Cerro Bolivar VNZL 

Bailadila INDA Chityal and others INDA 

228 

~ 

I 
Model 34a--Con. 

Cuyuna USMN Moose Mountain CNON ~,, 

Dhalli-Rajhara INDA Mount Gibson AUWA ~ El Pao VNZL Mount Gould AUWA 

Fiske fjord NRWY Mount Hale AUWA 

Fort Apache USAZ Mount Philip AUQL 

Fort Gourand MAUR Musan NKOR 

Gogebic USMN Mutum BLVA 

Gorumahisani and others INDA Noamundi-Joda-Gua etc. INDA 

Goula is CNON Norberg SWDN 

Guntur INDA Pa-pan-ling CINA 

I sua GRLD Pen-chi-hu CINA 

Iron Monarch-Iron Knob AUSA Piacoa VNZL 

Jussaari FNLD Porkonen FNLD 

Kanjamalai and others INDA Rowghat INDA 

Kemmangundi and others INDA Sangalwara INDA 

Koolyanobbing AUWA Santa Barbara VNZL 

Krivoi-Rog URRS Serria do Carajas BRZL 

Kudremukh and others INDA Sirigao INDA 

Kung-changling CINA Ssu-chia-ying GINA 

Kusalpur INDA Stripa-Striberg SWDN 

Labrador Quebec CNQU Sydvananger NRWY 

Lohara and others INDA Tallering Peak AUWA 

Los Castillos VNZL Thabazimbi SAFR 

Maria Luisa VNZL Tonkolili SRLN 

Marquette USMN Vermilion USMN 

Mato Grosso BRZL Vestpolltind NRWY 

Menominee USMN Weld Range-Wilgie Mia AUWA 

Mesabi USMN 

Minas Gerais BRZL 

ALGOMA AND SUPERIOR IRON 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

U) 0.6 0 

0... 

w 

0 

LL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

0: 0.4 0 

0... 

0 

0: 

0... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

8 0.0 0.1 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 172. Tonnages of Algoma Fe and Superior Fe deposits. 

229 
Model 34a--Con. 

(J) 

Ien 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

Ll.. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

Figure 173. Iron grades of Algoma Fe and 

Superior Fe deposits. 

(J) 

Ien 

0 

0... 

w 

0 

Ll.. 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

0... 

0 

a: 

0... 

Figure 174. Phosphorus grades of Algoma Fe 

and Superior Fe deposits. 

230 

ALGOMA AND SUPERIOR IRON 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 100 

IRON GRADE IN PERCENT 

ALGOMA AND SUPERIOR IRON 

1.0 

n = 66 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 10 

PHOSPHORUS GRADE IN PERCENT 
Model 34b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF SEDIMENTARY Hn 

By William F. Cannon and Eric R. Force 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Bathtub-ring Mn. 

DESCRIPTION Shallow marine (non-volcanogenic) sedimentary Mn deposits formed around rims of anoxic 

basins during transgression (see fig. 175). 

GENERAL REFERENCE Cannon and Force (1983). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Shallow marine sediments, most commonly carbonates, clay, and glauconitic sand, 

commonly with shellbeds, in transgressive sequences associated with anoxic basins. 

Age Range Mostly in "anoxic events," narrow time periods within the early Paleozoic, Jurassic, and 

mid-Cretaceous, but may be in rocks of any age associated with anoxic basins. 

Depositional Environment Shallow (50-300 m) marine, commonly in sheltered sites around paleoislands. Most deposits overlie oxidized substrates, but basinward, carbonate deposits may be in 

chemically reduced settings. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Stable cratonic interior basin or margin. 

Associated Deposit Types Locally, sedimentary phosporites, sediment-hosted Cu. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy A variety of Mn carbonates (mostly basinward) and oxides (mostly landward). 

Texture/Structure Commonly as oolites, pisolites, laminae, and shell replacements. 

Alteration Supergene alteration to high-grade ore is common. 

Ore Controls Oxidation-reduction interface (involves age, paleobasin reconstruction, paleodepth of 

site) and lack of clastic dilution. 

Weathering Mn carbonates may weather to brown, nondescript rock. Black secondary oxides are 

common. 

Geochemical Signature None known. 

EXAMPLES 

Molango (Jurassic), MXCO 

Nikopol (Oligocene), USSR 

Groote Eyland (Cretaceous), AUTN 

(Tavera and Alexandri, 1972) 

(Sapozhnikov, 1970) 

(Frakes and Bolton, 1984) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF SEDIMENTARY Hn 

By Dan L. Mosier 

DATA REFERENCES Most data from DeYoung and others (1984). 

COMMENTS Because available grade and tonnage estimates represent mines from, in some cases, very 

extensive deposits and because the numbers are calculated at differing cutoff grades, the endowment 

of these deposits is undoubtedly much larger than indicated in these figures. See figs. 176-177. 

231 
Model 34b--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country 

Akviran TRKY 

Andhra Pradesh INDA 

Ansongo MALI 

Azul-Carajas BRZL 

Bolske-Tokmak URRS 

Chiatura URRS 

Chiwefwe ZIMB 

Groote Eylandt AUNT 

Gujarat INDA 

Horseshoe AUWA 

Hsiangtan CINA 

Imini MRCO 

Istranca TRKY 

Kalahari SAFR 

Kamenskoe URRS 

Kaochiao CINA 

Madhya Pradesh INDA 

Manuel Killigrews CNNF 

Mn carbonate 

Sea level 

Oxic 

Name 

Matese-Ciociaria 

Molango 

Morro da Mina 

Naniango 

Nikolaevskoe 

Nikopol 

Nizne-Udinskaja 

Otjosondu 

Ravens thorpe 

Seiba 

Shimoga (Karnatoka) 

Timna 

Uracum 

Urkut 

Usinsk 

Varna 

Wafangtzu 

Older rocks 

100 to 200m 

2 to 10 km 

Country 

ITLY 

MXCO 

BRZL 

UVOL 

URRS 

URRS 

URRS 

SAFR 

AUWA 

URRS 

INDA 

ISRL 

BRZL 

HUNG 

URRS 

BULG 

CINA 

Sandstone and 

conglomerate 

Figure 175. Cartoon cross section showing relation of sedimentary facies to 

sedimentary Mn deposits. 

232 
1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU) 

0 0.6 a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0063 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU) 

0 0.6 a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

A. 

0.3 

0.2 

..... 0.1 

0.0 0.01 

B. 

0 

SEDIMENTARY MANGANESE 

MILLION TONNES 

SEDIMENTARY MANGANESE 

MANGANESE GRADE IN PERCENT 

Model 34b--Con. 

6300 

100 

Figure 176. Tonnages of sedimentary Mn 

deposits. 

Figure 177. Metal grades of sedimentary Mn 

'1-b:---------------~ deposits. !_, Manganese. ~' Phosphorus. 

233 10 

PHOSPHORUS GRADE IN PERCENT 
Model 34c 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF UPWELLING TYPE PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier 

DESCRIPTION Phosphorite sediments form a major stratigraphic unit within a sequence of marine 

sediments in upwelling areas in basins with good connection to the open sea. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Slansky (1980), Sheldon (1964). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Phosphorite, marl, shale, chert, limestone, dolomite, and volcanic materials. 

Age Range Precambrian through Miocene. 

Depositional Environment Marine sedimentary basins with good connection to the open sea and 

upwelling, areas highly productive of plankton. Deposition occurs mostly in warm latitudes, mostly 

between the 40th parallels. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Intra-plate shelf, platform, miogeosynclines, and eugeosynclines. 

Associated Deposit Types Sedimentary manganese. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Apatite + fluorapatite + dolomite + calcite + quartz + clays (montmorillonite or 

illite) ± halite ± gypsum ± iron oxides ± siderite ± pyrite ± carnotite. 

Texture/Structure Pellets, nodules, phosphatized shell and bone material. 

Alteration None related to ore. 

Ore Controls Basins, or parts of basins, favorable for the accumulation of organic rich sediments 

and for their evolution into phosphorites. Individual beds may be a meter thick or more and may 

extend over hundreds of square kilometers. 

Weathering Limonite and goethite. 

Geochemical Signature P, N, F, C, and U. Anomalously radioactive. 

EXAMPLES 

Southeast, USID 

Meskala, MRCO 

Stra Quertane, TUNS 

(Gulbrandsen and Krier, 1980) 

(British Sulphur Corp. Ltd., 1980) 

(British Sulphur Corp. Ltd., 1980) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF UPWELLING TYPE PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS See figs. 178-179. 

DATA REFERENCE Krauss and others (1984). 

234 
Model 34c--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Abu Tartur EGPT Mdilla TUNS 

Akashat IRAQ Meskala MRCO 

Aktyubinsk URRS Metalaoui TUNS 

Al-Hasa/Oatrana JRDN Montana USMT 

Arad ISRL Moulares TUNS 

Beersheva ISRL Mrata TUNS 

Bu Craa MRCO Mzaita ALGR 

Brooks Range USAK Nahal-Zin ISRL 

Chilisai URRS New Cuyama USCA 

Djebel Onk ALGR Oronta ISRL 

D-Tree AUQL Oulad-Abdoun MRCO 

Duchess AUQL Patos de Minas BRZL 

Eastern A&B SYRA Qusseir EGPT 

El Hamrawein EGPT Redeyef TUNS 

Ganntour MRCO Ruseifa JRDN 

Hahotoe TOGO Safagar EGPT 

Haikou CINA San Juan de la Costa MXCO 

Hubsugul MNGL Sechura PERU 

Idfu-Qena EGPT Sehib TUNS 

Kalaa Khasba TUNS S.E. Idaho USID 

Kara Tau URRS Shediyah JRDN 

Khneifiss SYRA Sherrin Creek AUQL 

Kondonakasi ANGL Stra Quertane TUNS 

Kun Ming CINA Taiba SNGL 

Lady Annie AUQL Thamar-Kotra INDA 

Lee Creek USNC Thies SNGL 

Le Kouif ALGR Uinta Mtns USUT 

Lily Creek AUQL Vernal USUT 

Makhtesh USRL Warm Springs USMT 

Mazidagi TRKY Wyoming USWY 

235 
Model 34c--Con. 

Figure 178. Tonnages of upwelling-type 

phosphate deposits. 

(J) 

IU5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

c: 

0 

a.. 

0 

c: 

a.. 

(J) 

IU5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

c: 

0 

a.. 

0 

c: 

a.. 

Figure 179. P2o5 grades of upwelling-type 

phosphate deposits. 

236 

PHOSPHATE, UPWELLING TYPE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.1 

MILLION TONNES 

PHOSPHATE, UPWELLING TYPE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

PHOSPHATE GRADE IN PERCENT P 2 0 5 
Model 34d 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF WARM-CURRENT TYPE PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier 

DESCRIPTION Phosphorites formed in warm currents along the eastern coasts of continents; consist 

of phosphatic limestone or sandstone. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Cathcart and Gulbrandsen (1973), Sheldon (1964). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Phosphatic limestone and sandstone; chert and diatomaceous material may be present. 

Age Range Early Cretaceous through Pliocene. 

Depositional Environment Basins of structural lows on the flanks of rising domes, at the mouths of 

rivers and estuaries. Deposition occurs in warm latitudes, mostly between the 40th parallels. 

Deposits are formed by dynamic upwelling or by the cool countercurrent associated with warm density 

current. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Continental shelf; may be associated with eugeosynclinal rocks. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Fluorapatite + quartz + dolomite + montmorillonite + kaolinite + calcite ± wavellite ± 

crandallite ± illite ± clinoptilolite ± palygorskite ± smectite ± collophane. 

Texture/Structure Phosphatic pellets and fossil fragments with a carbonate matrix. 

Ore Controls Stratigraphic phosphatic horizons within embayments and estuarine environments in 

proximity to the open sea. Basins on flanks of structural highs (domes, arches, anticlines) are 

important controls for phosphate deposition. 

Weathering Goethite. 

Geochemical Signature P, C, U, N, F. Anomalously radioactive. 

EXAMPLES 

Paulista, BRZL 

East, north, and south 

Florida, USFL 

Offshore Savannah, USGA 

(British Sulphur Corp. Ltd. 

1980) 

(Zellars-Williams Inc., 1978) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE HODEL OF WARM-CURRENT TYPE PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier 

DATA REFERENCE Krauss and others, (1984). 

COMMENTS About half of the deposits are actually districts. Grades have been adjusted to reflect 

in-place grades rather than commonly reported concentrate grades. See figs. 180-181. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Big Four USFL Haynsworth USFL 

Bonny Lake USFL Kingsford USFL 

Clear Springs USFL Lonesome USFL 

East Florida USFL Noralyn-Phosphoria USFL 

Fort Green USFL North Florida USFL 

Hard Rock USFL North Carolina USNC 

237 
Model 34d--Con. 

Northeast Florida 

Offshore Savannah 

Paulista 

USFL 

USGA 

BRZL 

(f) 

1-

U5 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

0: 

0 

a... 

0 

0: 

a... 

Figure 180. Tonnages of warm-current type 

phosphate deposits. 

Figure 181. P2o5 grades of warm-current 

type phosphate deposits. 

238 

(f) 

1-

U5 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

0: 

0 

a... 

0 

0: 

a... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Rockland 

Savannah River 

South Florida 

USFL 

USGA 

USFL 

PHOSPHATE, WARM--CURRENT TYPE 

0.0 0.025 

1.0 I 

0.9 -

0.8 -

0.7 1-

0.6 t0.5 f0.4 f0.3 f0.2 r0.1 t0.0 J 

10 

I'"' 

\ 0 

~ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

;> 

IC 

20 

I 24 

20 

MILLION TONNES 

PHOSPHATE, WARM--CURRENT TYPE 

I I r -1 I 

0 

~ 0 

I I I I 30 40 50 60 70 

PHOSPHATE GRADE IN PERCENT P20 5 

0 

25,000 

I I 

n = 18 

-

-

-

-

-

-

I I 

80 90 100 
Model 36a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF LOW-SULFIDE Au-QUARTZ VEINS 

By Byron R. Berger 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYMS Mesothermal quartz veins, Mother Lode veins. 

DESCRIPTION Gold in massive persistent quartz veins mainly in regionally metamorphosed volcanic 

rocks and volcanic sediments. 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Greenstone belts; oceanic metasediments: regionally metamorphosed volcanic rocks, 

graywacke, chert, shale, and quartzite. Alpine gabbro and serpentine. Late granitic batholiths. 

Age Range Precambrian to Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Continental margin mobile belts, accreted margins. Veins are generally 

post-metamorphic and locally cut granitic rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Fault and joint systems produced by regional compression. 

Associated Deposit Types Placer Au-PGE, kuroko massive sulfide, Homestake gold. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Quartz + native gold + pyrite + galena + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + arsenopyrite ± 

pyrrhotite. Locally tellurides ± scheelite ± bismuth ± tetrahedrite ± stibnite ± molybdenite ± 

fluorite. Productive quartz is grayish or bluish in many instances because of fine-grained 

sulfides. Carbonates of Ca, Mg, and Fe abundant. 

Texture/Structure Saddle reefs, ribbon quartz, open-space filling textures commonly destroyed by 

vein deformation. 

Alteration Quartz + siderite and (or) ankerite + albite in veins with halo of carbonate 

alteration. Chromian mica + dolomite and talc + siderite in areas of ultramafic rocks. Sericite 

and disseminated arsenopyrite + rutile in granitic rocks. 

Ore Controls Veins are persistent along regional high-angle faults, joint sets. Best deposits 

overall in areas with greenstone. High-grade ore shoots locally at metasediment-serpentine 

contacts. Disseminated ore bodies where veins cut granitic rocks. 

Weathering Abundant quartz chips in soil. Gold may be recovered from soil by panning. 

Geochemical Signature Arsenic best pathfinder in general; Ag, Pb, Zn, Cu. 

EXAMPLES 

Grass Valley, USCA 

Mother Lode, USCA 

Ballarat Goldfield, 

Victoria, AUVT 

(Lindgren, 1896) 

(Knopf, 1929) 

Goldfields of Nova Scotia, CNNS 

(Baragwanath, 1953) 

(Malcolm, 1929) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF LOW-SULFIDE Au-QUARTZ VEINS 

By James D. Bliss 

COMMENTS All mines within 1.6 km were combined and only deposits containing more than 99 tonnes 

are included. Gold grade is correlated with tonnage (r = -0.30) and with silver grade (r = 0.45, n 

= 39). See figs. 182-183. 

239 
Model 36a--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Al 

Achilles 

Alabama Shoot 

Alex Hill-Mad Kiss 

Alice 

Alleghany East 

Alleghany West 

Alto 

Amador City 

American Bar 

Ample 

Angels-Carson 

Argo 

Argus Hill 

Ashland 

Atlas 

Bagby 

Bagby Valley 

Ballarat 

Barrandum 

Bear Valley 

Bear Valley South 

Beaver Dam 

Belden 

Bendigo 

Bendigo 

Berry Creek 

Bethanga 

Big Oak Flat 

Birthday-William Fancy 

Black Bear 

Black Boy 

Blackstone 

Blockhouse 

Blue Lead 

Blue Mountain 

Bonanza 

Bondurant 

Braden 

Bralorne-Pioneer 

Broken Hills 

Brookfield 

Buller-Mokihinui 

Caledonia 

Canyon Creek-East Fork 

Caribou 

Caribou-Aurum 

Carleton 

Carol in 

Cassilis 

Central 

Central Rawdon 

Chewton 

Chichagof 

Cleary Hill 

Clunes Goldfield 

Coarsegold 

Cobol 

Cochrane Hill 

240 

Country 

AUVT 

NZLD 

AUVT 

GUYN 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNBC 

USCA 

USCA 

AUVT 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

AUVT 

NZLD 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USAK 

USCA 

NZLD 

USCA 

USOR 

CNBC 

USCA 

CNNS 

NZLD 

AUVT 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNBC 

CNNS 

CNBC 

AUVT 

USCA 

CNNS 

AUVT 

USAK 

USAK 

AUVT 

USCA 

USAK 

CNNS 

Name 

Colfax 

Colombo 

Comet 

Confidence 

Coulterville 

Coulterville South 

Country Harbour 

Cove District 

Cow Bay 

Cox, Bolyan & Loberg 

Cranberry Hill 

Dales ford 

Damascus 

Defender 

Delta 

Demarest 

Dinero 

Dominion Consolidated 

Dorothea 

Eagle Bluff-River Bend 

Eagle Shawmut 

Early-Sweetwater 

East Rawdon 

Eclipse No. 

Ecum Secum 

El Dorado 

El Portal 

Eliza-Schraeder 

Empire-Lone Star 

Enterprise 

Esmeralda 

Ester Dome SE 

Experimental 

Felicianna 

Fifteen-mile Brook 

Fifteen-mile Stream 

Fifty-five 

Fine Gold 

Finney 

Five Pines 

Forbestown 

Ford 

Forest Hill 

Four Hells Mine 

Fourth Crossing 

Francis Ormand 

Franklin 

French 

French Gulch 

Fryer's Creek 

Gabriels Gully 

Galice North 

Gabretta 

Gabrinus 

Gem 

Gem Olive 

German Bar 

Giant King 

Gibralter 

Country 

USCA 

USCA 

USAK 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

CNNS 

USAK 

CNNS 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

NZLD 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USAK 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

AUVT 

NZLD 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 
Gladstone 

Glencoe-Woodhouse 

Globe-Ralston 

Gold Bug 

Gold Point 

Gold Reef 

Gold River 

Gold Chariot 

Golden Eagle 

Golden Jubilee 

Golden-El Dorado 

Goldenville 

Grand Victory 

Granite Hill 

Granite King 

Grant 

Grass Valley 

Green Excelsior 

Greenback 

Gwynne 

Hall Creek 

Ham & Birney 

Harriet 

Harrigan Cove 

Hathaway 

Hazel 

Hedley Camp 

Henry Ford 

Herman 

Hi-Yu 

Hillgrove 

Hirst-Chichagof 

Homes take-McCarty 

Hornitos 

Horseshoe I 

Hunter Valley 

Iconoclast 

Indian Path Mine 

Invincible Lode 

Isaac's Harbour 

Jabal Guyan 

Jamestown 

Joe Walker 

Jubilee 

Jubilee-New Jubilee 

Julian-Banner 

K.C. 

Kelsey 

Kelsey North 

Kemptville 

Killag 

Kinsley 

Kinsley North 

Kotchkar Mines 

Lake Catcha 

Lamphear 

Lawrence town 

Leipsigate 

Leviathan 

Liberty 

Little Squaw 

Locarno 

Loch Fyne 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USAK 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

CNBC 

USCA 

CNBC 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

CNBC 

USAK 

USCA 

USAK 

AUNS 

USAK 

USAK 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

NZLD 

CNNS 

SAAR 

USCA 

USCA 

NZLD 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

USSR 

CNNS 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNNS 

AUVT 

USCA 

USAK 

USCA 

AUVT 

Lone Mary 

Long Tunnel 

Lord Nelson 

Lucky Bart 

Lucky Shot-War Baby 

Lyell Goldfield 

Mabel 

Malden North 

Mammoth 

Mariners 

Mariposa 

Maude & Yellow Girl 

Midas 

Mikado 

Miller Lake 

Minto 

Mizpah 

Mohawk-Dome View 

Mokelumne 

Mol ega 

Montaque 

Moore's Flat 

Moose River 

Moosehead 

Moose land 

Mormon Bar 

Morning Star 

Morris Ravine 

Mount Bullion 

Mount Gaines 

Mount Pleasant 

Mount Shasta 

Mount Uniacke 

Mount Vernon 

Mountain King 

Nalden South 

Nashville 

National 

new Bendigo 

New Era-Rowe 

Nimrod 

North Murphy 

North Star 

Nuggetty 

O'Connors 

Old Diggings 

Oldham 

Ophir 

Oregon Bell 

Oriential 

Oro Grande-Buena Vista 

Oturehua Field 

Ovens 

Oya 

Paloma-Gwin 

Paparoa Range 

Patrick 

Penryn 

Phoenix 

Pipestem 

Placerville 

Pleasant River 

Porto Rico 

USCA 

AUVT 

AUVT 

USOR 

USAK 

NZLD 

USAK 

AUVT 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

USAK 

CNNS 

CNBC 

USAK 

USAK 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNNS 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNNS 

CNNS 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

AUVT 

AUVT 

AUVT 

USCA 

USAK 

AUVT 

AUVT 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

USOR 

AUVT 

USCA 

NZLD 

CNNS 

JAPN 

USCA 

NZLD 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNBC 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNBC 

Model 36a--Con. 

241 
Model 36a--Con. 

Pyramid 

R.R. Flat South 

Rainbow 

Rainbow 

Ranch 

Ravenswood 

Reefton Goldfield 

Reicher Trost 

Renfrew 

Rich 

Rich Gulch 

Rich Gulch (Virgilia) 

Rindge No. 1 

Robert E 

Robertson 

Rose of Denmark 

Rosethistle & Shamrock 

Royal Mountain King 

Ryan 

Ryan Group 

S. Branch Stweiacke 

Sailor's Gully 

Salmon River 

Salsigne 

Sambas 

Sandford 

Scott Bar 

Seal Harbour 

Second Relief 

Sesson Mine 

Sheep Ranch 

Shenandoah Mine 

Sliger 

Soo 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

NZLD 

NZLD 

PLND 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

AUVT 

AUVT 

USCA 

USCA 

USAK 

CNNS 

AUVT 

CNNS 

FRNC 

AUVT 

USAK 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNBC 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USAK 

Figure 182. Tonnages of low-sulfide Auquartz vein deposits. 

242 

(.f) 

r--

U5 

0 

(L 

UJ 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

(L 

0 

a: 

(L 

Soulsbyville 

South Uniacke 

Spring Gully 

Stone.wall 

Sultan 

Surf Inlet 

Sutter Creek 

Sylvanite 

Tangier 

Taylor 

Tipperary Mine 

Toombou 

Treadwell Mines 

Truscott 

Uncle Sam 

Upper Seal Harbour 

Valley View 

Vogler's Cove 

Ward 

Warrington 

Washington 

Wattle Gully 

Waverley 

Wayside 

West Gore 

West Jacksonville 

Westland 

Whiteburn 

Whitlock East 

Whitlock West 

Wilshire-Bishop 

Wine Harbour 

Yankee Hill 

Zeila 

USCA 

CNNS 

AUVT 

USCA 

AUVT 

CNBC 

USCA 

USOR 

CNNS 

USCA 

NZLD 

AUVT 

USAK 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

CNNS 

CNBC 

USCA 

USCA 

AUVT 

CNNS 

CNBC 

CNNS 

USCA 

NZLD 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

USCA 

LOW--SULFIDE GOLD--QUARTZ VEIN 

1.0 

'l!l, 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0001 

MILLION TONNES 

100 
LOW--SULFIDE GOLD--QUARTZ VEIN 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 a... 

UJ 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

A. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

::t ·::r.l:., ... :., : : : : : I 0.4 1.0 2.5 6.3 16 40 1 00 250 630 1600 4000 

B. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 183. Precious-metal grades of low-sulfide Au-quartz vein 

deposits. !_, Gold. _!!, Silver. 

Model 36a--Con. 

243 
Model 36b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF HOMESTAKE Au 

By Byron R. Berger 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYMS Volcanogenic gold, iron-formation-hosted Au, Archean lode gold. 

DESCRIPTION Stratabound to stratiform gold deposits in iron-rich chemical sediments in Archean 

metavolcanic terrane. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Ridler (1970), Hutchinson (1976), Philips and others (1984), Fripp (1976), 

Colvine and others (1984). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Regionally metamorphosed mafic and felsic metavolcanic rocks, komatiites, and 

volcaniclastic sediments interlayered with banded iron-formation. Intruded by felsic plutonic 

rocks and locally by quartz porphyry, and syenite porphyry. 

Age Range Mainly Archean. 

Depositional Environment Controversial: submarine hot-spring activity related to volcanism, or 

later hydrothermal activity related to intrusive rocks. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Archean greenstone belts. Commonly near regional division or "break" between 

predominantly metavolcanic and predominantly metasedimentary rocks. Greenschist-facies 

metamorphism. 

Associated Deposit Types Kuroko massive sulfide deposits, Algoma Fe, low-sulfide gold-quartz 

veins. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Native gold + pyrite + pyrrhotite ± arsenopyrite ± magnetite ± sphalerite ± 

chalcopyrite. May contain minor tetrahedrite + scheelite + wolframite + molybdenite ± fluorite ± 

stibnite. Realgar at Hemlo deposit. Some deposits show zoning from proximal pyrrhotite ± 

magnetite to distal arsenopyrite. 

Texture/Structure Narrow thinly laminated beds, veins, or lenses, overlying stringers 

(stockworks). 

Alteration Host rocks contain quartz + siderite and (or) ankerite + tourmaline + chlorite + 

magnetite in mafic volcanic terranes. Chromian mica and chlorite particularly around veins and 

stockworks. Banded oxide-facies iron-formation replaced by pyrite or pyrrhotite. 

Ore Controls Bedded ores in Fe-rich siliceous or carbonate-rich chemical sediments with vein and 

stockworks in feeder zones to these sediments, often interlayered with flow rocks. Beds may be cut 

by condordant or sharply discordant quartz-carbonate veins with gold. 

Weathering Gossans from oxide and carbonate iron-formation. 

Geochemical Signature Au + Fe + As + B + Sb (+ platinum-group metals in mafic volcanic 

terranes). Bi, Hg, and minor Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Mo. 

EXAMPLES 

244 

Homestake, USSD 

Passagem, BRZL 

Dome Mine, CNON 

Agnico Eagle, CNQB 

Vubachikwe, ZIMB 

(Rye and Rye, 1974) 

(Fleisher and Routhier, 1973) 

(Fryer and others, 1979) 

(Barnett and others, 1982) 

(Fripp, 1976) 
Model 36b--Con. 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF HOMESTAKE Au 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Deposits were combined when they occur within 1.6 km of 

each other. Grades and tonnages were not found to be significantly different for deposits 

associated with different host rocks. See figs. 184-186 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Agassiz 

Albino 

Ankerite-Aunor-Delnite 

Arrowhead 

Ashley 

Bankfield-Tombill 

Barbara-Surprise 

Barber-Larder 

Barberton 

Barry Hollinger 

Bellevue 

Bidgood-Moffatt-Hall 

Big Bell 

Black Range-Oroya 

Bob 

Bonnievale 

Bouscadillac and others 

Broulan and others 

Buffalo Red Lake 

Bur banks 

Calder-Bousquet 

Campbell Red Lake-Dickenson 

Carshaw-Tommy Burns 

Cathroy Larder 

Central Manitoba 

Central Patricia 

Cheminis-Fernland-Omega 

Chesterville 

Connemara 

Coolgardie 

Copperhead 

Cosmopolitan 

Cullaton Lake 

Davidson 

Day Dawn-Main Line 

De Santis 

Dome-Paymaster-Preston 

Edna May 

Emu-Great Eastern 

Fraser's 

Fuller-Tisdale 

Geita 

Gimlet-Slippery 

Gladstome-Sand Queen 

God's Lake 

Gold Eagle-McKenzie 

Gold Hawk 

Gold Hill 

Golden Ridge 

Gongo Socco 

Country 

CNMN 

CNON 

CNON 

CNQU 

CNON 

CNON 

AUWA 

CNON 

SAFR 

CNON 

AUWA 

CNON 

AUWA 

AUWA 

ZIMB 

AUWA 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

AUWA 

CNQU 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNMN 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

ZIMB 

AUWA 

AUWA 

AUWA 

CNNT 

CNON 

AUWA 

CNON 

CNON 

AUWA 

AUWA 

AUWA 

CNON 

TNZN 

AUWA 

AUWA 

CNMN 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

AUWA 

BRZL 

Name 

Gurney 

Hard Rock-McLeod-Cockshutt 

Hasaga-Howey 

Hollinger and others 

Homes take 

Hutti 

Ida H. 

Island Lake 

Jason 

Jerome 

Kerr Addison 

Kiabakari 

Kilo-Moto 

Kolar 

Laguerre 

Lance field 

Lapa Cadillac 

Leitch-Sand River 

Lingman 

Little Long Lac 

Madsen 

Magnet Cons. 

Marble Bar 

Hartin-Bird 

Matachewan Cons. & others 

Matona-Stairs 

McFinley 

McMarmac 

McWatters 

Henzies 

Hinto-Tyranite 

Harris-Kirkland 

Morro Velho 

Mt. Magnet 

Mt. Morgans 

Nay bob 

Nobles Nob 

Norseman-Dundas 

Orpit 

Paddy's Flat 

Palmer's Find 

Pas sag em 

Pickle Crow 

Queens ton 

Raposos 

Red Crest 

Red Lake Gold Shore 

Ross 

Rouyn Merger 

San shaw 

Country 

CNMN 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

USSD 

INDA 

AUWA 

CNMN 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

TNZN 

CNGO 

INDA 

CNON 

AUWA 

CNQU 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

AUWA 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNQU 

AUWA 

CNON 

CNON 

BRZL 

AUWA 

AUWA 

CNON 

AUWA 

AUWA 

CNON 

AUWA 

AUWA 

BRZL 

CNON 

CNON 

BRZL 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNQU 

CNON 

245 
Model 36b--Con. 

Shamva-Cymric Gp. 

Son of Gwalia 

Stadacona 

Starratt-Olsen 

Talmora Longlac 

Thompson Bousquet 

Timoni 

Triton 

246 

(/) 

1-

(j) 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0 0.6 0... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

t= 

~ 0.4 

0... 

0 

0: 

0... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

ZIMB 

AUWA 

CNQU 

CNON 

CNON 

CNQU 

AUWA 

AUWA 

Uchi 

Upper Beaver 

Upper Canada 

Wasa Lake 

White Feather 

Wilmar and others 

Wiluna-Moonlight 

Youanmi 

HOMESTAKE GOLD 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 18-. Tonnages of Homestake Au deposits. 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

CNQU 

AUWA 

CNON 

AUWA 

AUWA 

400 
1.0 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 CL 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

II 0.4 0 

CL 

0 

II 

CL 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

1.0 

0.7 

(/) 

1-

U5 

0 0.6 CL 

w 

0 

lL 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

II 0.4 0 

CL 

0 

II 

CL 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.16 

HOMESTAKE GOLD 

GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

HOMESTAKE GOLD 

n = 116 

SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

100 

Hodel 36b--Con. 

Figure 185. Gold grades of Homes take Au 

deposits. 

Figure 186. Silver grades of Homes take Au 

deposits. 

247 
Model 37a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF UNCONFORMITY U-Au 

By Richard I. Grauch and Dan L. Mosier 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Veinlike type U (Dahlkamp and Adams, 1981). 

DESCRIPTION Uranium mineralization occurs as fracture- and breccia-filling in metapelites, 

metapsammites and quartz arenites located below, above, or across an unconformity separating Early 

and Middle Proterozoic rocks. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Nash and others (1981). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Regionally metamorphosed carbonaceous pelites, psammites, carbonate rocks. Younger 

unmetamorphosed quartz arenites. 

Textures Metamorphic foliation and later brecciation. 

Age Range In rocks of Early and Middle Proterozoic age (1,800-1,200 m.y.), affected by 

Proterozoic regional metamorphism. 

Depositional Environment Host rocks are sedimentary shelf deposits and overlying continental 

sandstone. Deposits result from complex processes including regional metamorphism, weathering and 

supergene enrichment related to Proterozoic unconformity, and later remobilization and enrichment 

beneath cover of younger strata. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Intracratonic sedimentary basins on the flanks of Archean domes. Tectonically 

stable since Middle Proterozoic. 

Associated Deposit Types Gold- and nickel-rich uranium deposits may occur but are poorly 

understood and no models are available. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Pitchblende + uraninite ± coffinite ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± galena ± sphalerite ± 

arsenopyrite ± niccolite. Chlorite + quartz + calcite + dolomite + hematite + siderite + 

sericite. Locally late quartz-chlorite veins contain native gold or silver, uraninite, galena, and 

tellurides of Bi, Ni, Pb and Pd. Latest quartz-calcite veins contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, and 

bituminous matter. 

Texture/Structure Breccia filling, veins, and disseminations. Coarse euhedral uraninite and fine 

colloform pitchblende. Latest quartz-calcite veins show open-space fillings, colloform texture. 

Alteration Multistage chloritization is dominant. Local sericitization, dolomitization, 

hematitization, kaolinitization. Incipient and vuggy vein-type silicification occur throughout the 

alteration envelope. Alteration envelope is variably enriched in Mg, P, REE, and a variety of 

metals. Alkali elements are depleted. 

Ore Controls Fracture porosity controlled ore distribution in the metamorphites and to a limited 

extent in the overlying quartz arenite. The unconformity acted as a major disruption in the flow 

of ore-forming fluids but did not necessarily act as a locus of ore formation. 

Weathering Secondary U minerals uranyl-phosphate, metatorbernite, autunite, uranophane, gummite, 

sklodowskite. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature Increase in U, Mg, P and locally in Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, As; 

decrease in Si02 . Locally Au, associated with Ag, Te, Ni, Pd, Re, Mo, Hg, REE, Y and Rb. 

Anomalous radioactivity. Graphitic schists in some deposits are strong electromagnetic conductors. 

EXAMPLES 

248 

Rabbit Lake, CNSK 

Cluff Lake, CNSK 

(Hoeve and Sibbald, 1978) 

(Laine, 1985) 
Model 37a--Con. 

Key Lake, CNSK 

Jabiluka, AUNT 

Ranger, AUNT 

(Dahlkamp, 1978) 

(Binns and others, 1980, Grauch, 1984) 

(Eupene, 1979) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF UNCONFORMITY U-Au 

By Dan L. Mosier 

COMMENTS Deposits are defined by a separation of 100 m stratigraphically and along strike. 

Sufficient number of Au grades were not available to construct a plot. See figs. 187, 188. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Cluff Lake-Claude 

Cluff Lake D 

Cluff Lake N 

Cluff Lake OP 

Cluff Lake R 

Cluff Bay A 

Cluff Bay B 

Dawn Lake 

Dyson's (Rum Jungle) 

El Sherana 

El Sherana West 

Fond-du-Lac 

Jabiluka I 

Jabiluka II 

Key Lake (Deilmann) 

Key Lake (Gaertner) 

Koolpin Creek 

Koongarra 

Country 

CNSK 

CNSK 

CNSK 

CNSK 

CNSK 

CNSK 

CNSK 

CNSK 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

CNON 

AUNT 

AUNT 

CNSK 

CNSK 

AUNT 

AUNT 

Name 

McClean Lake 

Maurice Bay 

Midwest Lake 

Mount Burton (Rum Jungle) 

Mount Finch (Rum Jungle) 

Nabarlek 

Palette 

Rabbit Lake 

Ranger No. 1 

Ranger No. 3 

Rockhole-Teages 

Rum Jungle Creek South 

Scinto 5 

Skull 

Sleisbeck 

Stewart Island 

West Bear 

White's (Rum Jungle) 

Country 

CNSK 

CNSK 

CNSK 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

CNSK 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

AUNT 

CNSK 

CNSK 

AUNT 

249 
Model 37a--Con. 

C/) 

1-

u; 

0 

a_ 

w 

0 

u_ 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

a_ 

0 

a: 

a_ 

Figure 187. Tonnages of unconformity U-Au 

deposits. 

C/) 

1-

(/) 

0 

a_ 

w 

0 

u_ 

0 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

a_ 

0 

a: 

a_ 

Figure 188. Uranium grades of unconformity 

U-Au deposits. 

250 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

·~.0004 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

UNCONFORMITY URANIUM--GOLD 

0 

0 n = 36 

400 

MILLION TONNES 

UNCONFORMITY URANIUM--GOLD 

0 n = 36 

0 

URANIUM GRADE IN PERCENT U 308 
Model 37b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF GOLD ON FLAT FAULTS 

By Bruce A. Bouley* 

DESCRIPTION Disseminated gold in breccia along low-angle faults 

GENERAL REFERENCE Wilkins (1984). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Breccia derived from granitic rocks, gneiss, schist, mylonite and unmetamorphosed 

sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Rhyolitic dikes and plugs. 

Textures Chaotic jumble of rock and vein material. 

Age Range Unknown. Examples in southern California and southwestern Arizona are mainly Mesozoic 

and Tertiary. 

Depositional Environment Permeable zones: source of heat and fluids unknown. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Low-angle faults in crystalline and volcanic terrane. Including detachment 

faults related to some metamorphic core complexes and thrust faults related to earlier compressives 

regimes. 

Associated Deposit Types Epithermal quartz adularia veins in hanging-wall rocks of some districts. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Gold, hematite, chalcopyrite, minor bornite, barite, and fluorite. 

Texture/Structure Micrometer-size gold and specular hematite in stockwork veining and brecciated 

rock. 

Alteration Hematite, quartz, and chlorite. Silicification. Carbonate minerals. 

Ore Controls Intensely brecciated zones along low-angle faults. Steep normal faults in hanging 

wall. Sheeted veins. 

Weathering Most ore is in oxidized zone because of lower cost of recovery. Mn oxides. 

Geochemical Signature Au, Cu, Fe, F, Ba. Very low level anomalies in Ag, As, Hg, and W. 

EXAMPLES: 

Picacho, USCA 

Copper Penny and Swansea, USAZ 

(Van Nort and Harris, 1984) 

(Wilkins and Heidrick, 1982) 

*Present address: Callahan Mining Corp., 6245 North 24th 

Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016. 

251 
Model 38a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF LATERITIC Ni 

By Donald A. Singer 

DESCRIPTION Nickel-rich, in situ lateritic weathering products developed from dunites and 

peridotites. Ni-rich iron oxides are most common. Some deposits are predominantly Ni silicates. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Evans and others (1979). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Ultramafic rocks, particularily peridotite, dunite, and serpentinized peridotite. 

Age Range Precambrian to Tertiary source rocks, typically Cenozoic weathering. 

Depositional Environment Relatively high rates of chemical weathering (warm-humid climates) and 

relatively low rates of physical erosion. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Convergent margins where ophiolites have been emplaced. Uplift is required to 

expose ultramafics to weathering. 

Associated Deposit Types Pediform chromite, PGE placers, serpentine-hosted asbestos. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Garnierite, poorly defined hydrous silicates, quartz, and goethite. Goethite commonly 

contains much Ni. 

Texture/Structure Red-brown pisolitic soils, silica-rich boxworks. 

Alteration Zoned--from top: (1) Red, yellow, and brown limonitic soils; (2) saprolites--

continuous transition from soft saprolite below limonite zone, hard saprolite and saprolitized 

peridotite, to fresh peridotite. Boxwork of chalcedony and garnierite occurs near bedrockweathered rock. 

Ore Controls Upper limonite zone containing 0.5-2 percent Ni in iron-oxides; lower saprolite and 

boxwork zone typically contains 2-4 percent Ni in hydrous silicates. The oxide and silicate ores 

are end members and most mineralization contains some of both. 

Weathering The profile from red-brown pisolitic soil down to saprolite represents the products of 

chemically weathered ultramafic rocks. 

Geochemical Signature Enriched in Ni, Co, Cr; depleted in MgO relative to fresh peridotite (less 

than 40 percent MgO). 

EXAMPLES 

Poro, NCAL 

Cerro Matoso, CLBA 

Nickel Mountain, USOR 

Greenvale, AUQL 

(Troly and others, 1979) 

(Gomez and others, 1979) 

(Chace and others, 1969) 

(Burger, 1979) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF LATERITIC Ni 

By Donald A. Singer 

COMMENTS Higher grades are typically associated with the silicate type. Numerous low-grade (less 

than 1 percent Ni) and low-tonnage deposits are not included. Nickel grade is correlated with 

tonnage (r = -0.31). See figs. 189, 190. 

252 
Model 38a--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Ambatory MDGS Moa Bay CUBA 

Analumay MDGS Moorsom PLPN 

Barro Alto BRZL Moramanga MDGS 

Berong PLPN Morro de Engenho BRZL 

Bhimatangar INDA Mwaytung BRMA 

Blue Ridge PLPN Nepoui NCAL 

Br. Solomon Is. SLMN New Frontier PLPN 

Buka PLPN Niquelandia BRZL 

Cabo Rojo PTRC Nonoc PLPN 

Cerro Matoso CLBA Obi INDS 

Claude Hills AUSA Ora Banda AUWA 

Cyclops INDS Orsk URRS 

Dinagat Is. PLPN Pujada Pen. PLPN 

Euboea GREG Pomalea INDS 

Exmibal GUAT Poro NCAL 

Falconbridge DMRP Po urn NCAL 

Gag Is. INDS Pratapolis BRZL 

Golesh Mt. YUGO Prony NCAL 

Go los YUGO Ramona-Lorna CUBA 

Goro NCAL Riddle USOR 

Greenvale AUQL Rio Tuba PLPN 

Hagios Ioannis GREG Sablayon PLPN 

Halmahera INDS Sao Joaodo Piaui BRZL 

I pan erne BRZL Santa Cruz PLPN 

Jacupuenga BRZL Saruabi INDA 

Kaliapani INDA S.E. Kalimantan INDS 

Kansa INDA Sidamo ETHP 

Kauadarci YUGO Simlipal INDA 

Laguney PLPN Soroako INDS 

Lake Joanina GREG Sukinda INDA 

Leviso R. CUBA Suriagao PLPN 

Lorna de Hierro VNZL Taco Bay CUBA 

Long Point PLPN Thlo NCAL 

Marlborough AUQL Tiebaghi NCAL 

Masinloc PLPN Wingelinna-Daisy AUWA 

Mayari CUBA 

253 
Model 38a--Con. 

Figure 189. Tonnages of lateritic Ni 

deposits. 

Figure 190. 

Ni deposits. 

254 

Metal grades of lateritic 

!_, Nickel. ~' Cobalt. 

(/) 

1-

(i) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

l.L 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

(/) 

1-

(i) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

l.L 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0063 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.032 

A. 

LATERITIC NICKEL 

MILLION TONNES 

LATERITIC NICKEL 

8 

8 

NICKEL GRADE IN PERCENT 

6300 

10.0 

:J : : : 0 S:o :go 0 : : : : I 0.01 0.016 0.025 0.04 0.063 0.1 0.16 0.25 0.4 0.63 1.0 

B. CO SALT GRADE IN PERCENT 
Model 38b 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF LATERITE TYPE BAUXITE DEPOSITS 

By Sam H. Patterson 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Aluminum ore (Patterson, 1967). 

DESCRIPTION Weathered residual material in subsoil formed on any rock containing aluminum. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Patterson (1984). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Weathered rock formed on aluminous silicate rocks. 

Textures Pisolitic, massive, nodular, earthy. 

Age Range Mainly Cenozoic, one Cretaceous deposit known. 

Depositional Environment Surficial weathering on well-drained plateaus in region with warm to hot 

and wet climates. Locally deposits in poorly drained areas low in Fe due to its removal by organic 

complexing. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Typically occurs on plateaus in tectonically stable areas. 

Associated Deposit Types Overlain by thin "A" horizon soil, underlain by saprolite (parent rock in 

intermediate stages of weathering). 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Mainly gibbsite and mixture of gibbsite and boehmite; gangue minerals hematite, 

goethite, anatase, locally quartz. 

Texture/Structure Pisolitic, massive, earthy, nodular. 

Alteration Aluminous rocks are altered by weathering to bauxite. 

Ore Controls Thoroughly weathered rock, commonly erosional boundaries of old plateau remnants. 

Weathering Intensive weathering required to form bauxite. Bauxite continues to form in present 

weathering environment in most deposits. 

Geochemical Signature: Al, Ga. 

EXAMPLES 

Australia, Brazil, Guinea 

examples are reviewed in Patterson (1967) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF LATERITE TYPE BAUXITE DEPOSITS 

By Dan L. Mosier 

REFERENCES Patterson (1967) and numerous other papers. 

COMMENTS A district has been defined as a deposit or a group of deposits in which 

each deposit is not separated by more than 20 km from an adjacent deposit. Using 

this rule, most district names in the published literature have been retained; 

however, some previously regarded districts have been divided into two or more 

districts, which therefore are named after the largest deposit in that district or a 

local place name. See figs. 191, 192. 

255 
Model 38b--Con. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Affoh 

Almeiri.m 

A lumen 

Analavory 

Anantagiri 

Asafo 

Aurukum 

Awaso 

Ayekoye 

Bihar 

Bakhuis Mountains 

Balea-Sitaouma 

Bamboutos 

Bangam 

Barao de Cocais-Caete 

Barra do Pirai 

Bhavnagar 

Bilaspur 

Bintan Island 

Blue MountainsOko Mountains 

Boe 

Born Repouso-Cambui 

Boolarra 

Caldas 

Cape Bougainville 

Caroline Islands 

Cataguases 

Champagne (Oakwood) 

Chintapalli-Gurtedu 

Chittering 

Croker Island 

D'Analamaitso 

D'Ankazobe 

Dabola 

Debele (Kindia) 

Del Park-Huntly 

Descoberto 

Divinolandia de Minas 

East Maui 

Emma ville 

Fenoarivo 

Fongo Tongo 

Fria-Kimbo 

Gam be 

Gove 

Hampton 

Iles de Los 

Intendencia de Arauca 

Irituia 

Itanhandu-Resende 

Jamirapat-Khuria 

Jamnagar (Saurashtra) 

Jarrahdale 

Kalahandi-Koraput 

Kauai 

Kaw Mountains 

Kerikeri 

Kheda (Kaira) 

256 

Country 

GHNA 

BRZL 

MZMB 

MDGS 

INDA 

GHNA 

AUQL 

GHNA 

GNEA 

INDA 

SRNM 

MALI 

CMRN 

CMRN 

BRZL 

BRZL 

INDA 

INDA 

INDS 

GUYN 

GNBS 

BRZL 

AUVT 

BRZL 

AUWA 

CARL 

BRZL 

AUNS 

INDA 

AUWA 

AUNT 

MDGS 

MDGS 

GNEA 

GNEA 

AUWA 

BRZL 

BRZL 

USHI 

AUNS 

MDGS 

CMRN 

GNEA 

BRZL 

AUNT 

AUQL 

GNEA 

CLBA 

BRZL 

BRZL 

INDA 

INDA 

AUWA 

INDA 

USHI 

FRGN 

NZLD 

INDA 

Name 

Khushab (Sargohda) 

Kibi 

Kolaba-Ratnagiri 

Kolhapur 

Koro Plateau 

Kutch 

Los Pijiguaos 

Maikala Range 

Mainpat 

Manantenina 

Manus Island 

Marangaka 

Marchinbar Island 

Mariana 

Mazagao 

Mimoso do Sul 

Minim-Martap 

Mitchell Plateau 

Mlanje Mountain 

Moengo 

Mogi das Cruzes 

Mokanji Hills 

Monghyr 

Moss Vale 

Mount Ejuanema-Nsisreso 

Mount Saddleback 

Myalla 

Nassau Mountains 

Nhamunda 

Nilgiri Hills 

North Weipa 

Northern Ireland 

Nuria 

NW Group 

Nyinahin 

Ourem 

Ouse 

Palni Hills 

Paragominas 

Paranam 

Parish 

Pocos de Caldas-Aguas 

de Prata 

Ramunia-Telok Ramunia 

Ranchi-Palamau 

St. Leonards 

Salem Hills 

Saline-Pulaski 

Sambalpur 

Sangaredi 

Santa Barbara 

Sao Domingos do Capim 

Sao Paulo 

Shevaroy Hills 

South Weipa 

Tamborine Mountain 

Tougue 

Trombetas 

Turtle Head 

Country 

PKTN 

GHNA 

INDA 

INDA 

CHAD 

INDA 

VNZL 

INDA 

INDA 

MDGS 

PPNG 

MDGS 

AUNT 

BRZL 

BRZL 

BRZL 

CMRN 

AUWA 

MLWI 

SRNM 

BRZL 

SRLN 

INDA 

AUNS 

AUNS 

AUWA 

AUNT 

SRNM 

BRZL 

INDA 

AUQL 

IRLD 

VNZL 

GUYN 

GHNA 

BRZL 

AUTS 

INDA 

BRZL 

SRNM 

AUNS 

BRZL 

MLYS 

INDA 

AUTS 

USOR 

USAR 

INDA 

GNEA 

BRZL 

BRZL 

BRZL 

INDA 

AUQL 

AUQL 

GNEA 

BRZL 

AUQL 
Upata 

Valle del General 

Weipa-Andoom-Pera Head 

(/) 

Ien 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

I.J... 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

(/) 

Ien 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

I.J... 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.025 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

VNZL 

COR! 

AUQL 

BAUXITE, LATERITE TYPE 

MILLION TONNES 

BAUXITE , LATERITE TYPE 

ALUMINA GRADE IN PERCENT AI p 3 

Model 38b--Con. 

Wenlock River 

West Maui 

Weza 

AUQL 

USHI 

SAFR 

n = 122 

Figure 191. Tonnages of laterite-type 

bauxite deposits. Individual digits 

represent number of deposits. 

Figure 192. Alumina grades of laterite100 type bauxite deposits. Individual digits 

represent number of deposits. 

257 
Model 38c 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF KARST TYPE BAUXITE DEPOSITS 

By Sam H. Patterson 

APPROXIMATE SYNONYM Aluminum ore (Bardossy, 1982). 

DESCRIPTION Weathered residual and transported materials. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Bardossy (1982). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Residual and transported material on carbonate rocks. Transported material may be 

felsic volcanic ash from a distant source or any aluminous sediments washed into the basin of 

deposition. 

Textures Pisolitic, nodular, massive, earthy. 

Age Range Paleozoic to Cenozoic. 

Depositional Environment Surficial weathering mainly in wet tropical area. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Stable land areas allowing time for weathering and protected from erosion. 

Associated Deposit Types Limestone, dolomite, and shale; some are associated with minor coal and 

are low in Fe due to organic complexing and removal of Fe during formation. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Mainly gibbsite in Quaternary deposits in tropical areas. Gibbsite and boehmite mixed 

in older Cenozoic deposits, boehmite in Mesozoic deposits and in Paleozoic deposits; gangue 

minerals hematite, goethite, anatase, kaolin minerals, minor quartz. 

Texture/Structure Pisolitic, massive, nodular. 

Alteration Formation of bauxite is itself a form of alteration of aluminous sediments. 

Ore Controls Deposits tend to be concentrated in depressions on karst surfaces. 

Weathering Intense weathering required to form bauxite. Bauxite continues to form in the present 

weathering environment in most deposits. 

Geochemical Signature Al, Ga. 

EXAMPLE European and Jamaican examples are reviewed in Bardossy (1982). 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF KARST TYPE BAUXITE DEPOSITS 

COMMENTS See figs. 193, 194. 

DEPOSITS 

Name 

Abruzzi 

Aceitillar 

Adana-Saimbeyli 

Akeski 

BeceiteFuendesplada 

Bulbula 

258 

Country 

ITLY 

DMRP 

TRKY 

TRKY 

SPAN 

IRAN 

By Dan L. Mosier 

Name 

Camarasa-Oliana 

Campania 

Clarendon Plateau 

Drnis-Obrovac 

Fenyoto 

Gant 

Halimba 

Country 

SPAN 

ITLY 

JMCA 

YUGO 

HUNG 

HUNG 

HUNG 
Model 38c--Con. 

Imotski-Mostar YUGO Padurea Craiului RMNA 

Islahiye TRKY Parnassus-Helikon GREC 

Iszkaszentgyorgy HUNG Pay as TRKY 

Jajce YUGO Punch INDA 

LangSen VTNM Roche lois Plat. HATI 

Maggotty JMCA San Giovanni 

Manchester Plat. JMCA Rotondo ITLY 

Megara-Eleusis GREC Seydisehr TRKY 

Muzaffarabad PKTN Sohodol-Cimpeni RMNA 

Nagyegyhaza HUNG Spinazzola ITLY 

N.C. Puerto Rico PTRC St. Ann Plateau JMCA 

N.E. Alabama USAL Unterlaussa ASTR 

Niksicka Zupa YUGO Vlasenica YUGO 

N.W. Georgia USGA Zonguldak TRKY 

Nyirad HUNG 

259 
Model 38c--Con. 

BAUXITE, KARST TYPE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

f--

en 

0 0.6 a... 

w 

0 

u_ 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

~ 

a: 0.4 0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0016 1600 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 193. Tonnages of karst-type bauxite deposits. 

BAUXITE, KARST TYPE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

f--

U) 

0 0.6 c.. 

w 

0 

u_ 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

~ 

a: 0.4 0 

c.. 

0 

a: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 100 

ALUMINA GRADE IN PERCENT AI p 3 

Figure 194. Alumina grades of karst-type bauxite deposits. 

260 
Model 39a 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF PLACER Au-PGE 

By Warren E. Yeend 

DESCRIPTION Elemental gold and platinum-group alloys in grains and (rarely) nuggets in gravel, 

sand, silt, and clay, and their consolidated equivalents, in alluvial, beach, eolian, and (rarely) 

glacial deposits (see fig. 195). 

GENERAL REFERENCES Boyle (1979), Wells (1973), Lindgren (1911). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Alluvial gravel and conglomerate with white quartz clasts. Sand and sandstone of 

secondary importance. 

Textures Coarse clastic. 

Age Range Cenozoic. Older deposits may have been formed but their preservation is unlikely. 

Depositional Environment High-energy alluvial where gradients flatten and river velocities lessen, 

as at the inside of meanders, below rapids and falls, beneath boulders, and in vegetation mats. 

Winnowing action of surf caused Au concentrations in raised, present, and submerged beaches. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Tertiary conglomerates along major fault zones, shield areas where erosion has 

proceeded for a long time producing multicycle sediments; high-level terrace gravels. 

Associated Deposit Types Black sands (magnetite, ilmenite, chromite); yellow sands (zircon, 

monazite). Au placers commonly derive from various Au vein-type deposits as well as porphyry 

copper, Cu skarn, and polymetallic replacement deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Au, platinum-iron alloys, osmium-iridium alloys; gold commonly with attached quartz, 

magnetite, or ilmenite. 

Texture/Structure Flattened, rounded edges, flaky, flour gold extremely fine grained flakes; very 

rarely equidimensional nuggets. 

Ore Controls Highest Au values at base of gravel deposits in various gold "traps" such as natural 

riffles in floor of river or stream, fractured bedrock, slate, schist, phyllite, dikes, bedding 

planes, all structures trending transverse to direction of water flow. Au concentrations also 

occur within gravel deposits above clay layers that constrain the downward migration of Au 

particles. 

Geochemical Signature Anomalous high amounts of Ag, As, Hg, Sb, Cu, Fe, S, and heavy minerals 

magnetite, chromite, ilmenite, hematite, pyrite, zircon, garnet, rutile. Au nuggets have 

decreasing Ag content with distance from source. 

EXAMPLES 

Sierra Nevada, USCA 

Victoria, AUVT 

(Lindgren, 1911; Yeend, 1974) 

(Knight, 1975) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF PLACER Au-PGE 

By Greta J. Orris and James D. Bliss 

REFERENCE Orris and Bliss (1985). 

COMMENTS Placers used for this model are predominantly Quaternary in age and alluvial in nature. 

Many of the placer deposits contain a mix of depositional environments and energy level--deposits 

along minor tributaries have been worked with deposits downstream on a higher order stream, bench 

(or terrace) gravels have been mined with more recent deposits on valley floor. Some of the 

placers included in this model were formed by complex glacial-fluvial processes. Deposits not 

261 
Model 39a--Con. 

included in this model are those primarily cataloged as desert placers, pre-Tertiary or Tertiary 

age placers, beach placers, eolian placers, residual placers, eluvial placers, and gravel-plain 

deposits. These types, however, may be minor components of those deposits selected to be 

included. In most cases, the grade and tonnage figures are for districts or for placer operations 

within one mile (1.6 km) of one another. For some placers, early production figures were missing 

due to poor records of early gold rush work. In most cases, reserve figures (if a reserve is 

known) are not available. Some tonnage figures were estimated from approximate size of workings. 

Some grades were based on very limited information and in some cases extrapolated from information 

on manpower figures, type of equipment used, and estimates of the total contained gold produced. 

Cutoff grades are dependent on the mining methods used to exploit placers. Methods of placer 

mining included in this model are as diverse as the depositional environment. These methods 

include panning, sluicing, hydraulic mining, and dredging. Draglines were used to mine some 

placers. Cut-off grades are also dependent on the value of gold during the period, or periods, of 

operation. 

Some placer deposits were excluded due to grade or tonnage figures not compatible with the 

majority of placers found in the model. Placers exploited through drift mining exhibit grades that 

are too large and tonnages that are too small to be included in this model. Similarly, the large 

regional placers formed at the junction of mountainous areas and an adjacent plain or valley were 

excluded because they can be mined with large-volume dredges which are economic at grades not 

viable under other conditions. Both grades and tonnages of these placers are incompatible with 

this model. 

Placer sizes were initially recorded in terms of cubic meters and the grades recorded as grams 

per cubic meter. In order to conform to other deposit models herein, deposit volume and grades 

have been converted to metric tons and grams per metric ton using 2.0 metric tons per cubic meter--

the average density of wet sand and gravel. Gold grade is correlated with tonnage (r = -0.35) and 

with silver grade (r = 0.66, n = 16). See figs. 196, 197. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Adelong Creek AUNS Humbug Creek USOR 

Alma (Mills) Placer us co Hundred Dollar Gulch USID 

Araluen Valley AUNS Iowa Gulch us co 

Bannack USMT Jembaicumbene Creek AUNS 

Big Badja River AUNS Jordan Creek USID 

Blue River us co Lamb Creek USID 

Boulder River USMT Llano de Oro USOR 

Bullrun Placer USOR Lowe Placer us co 

Buxton Creek CNBC Lower Beaver Creek us co 

Camanche USCA Lowland Creek USMT 

Cobweb Diggings AUNS Lynx Creek USAZ 

Copper Basin USAZ Missouri Creek us co 

Corduroy Creek USID Mitchell Creek USMT 

Crooked Creek USID Nugget Creek (South Fork) USID 

Cullengoral AUNS Ophir USMT 

Deep Gravel USOR Pactolus us co 

Dixie Placer USOR Picuris USNM 

El Dorado USMT Pioneer USMT 

Elkhorn Creek USMT Prickly Pear Creek USMT 

Elliston USMT Rio Challana BLVA 

Fall Creek USID Rio Chimate BLVA 

Foots Creek USOR Rio Tuichi (upper reach) BLVA 

Forest Creek USOR Rio Yolosano BLVA 

French Gulch us co Rio Yuyo BLVA 

George Prezel USID Sand Creek USID 

Georgia Gulch us co Schissler Creek USID 

Gold Run (Summit Co.) us co Snowstorm area us co 

Gold Run (Boulder Co.) us co Sterling Creek USOR 

Golden Rule USID Sumpter Bar USOR 

Green River USUT Swan River us co 

Horse Praire USMT T93-R77W Placer us co 

262 
Vermilion River 

Wellington 

USMT 

AUNS 

Younger rocks or 

sediments 

Wombat Creek 

Tertiary sand(stone) 

or gravel (conglomerate) 

produced by first period 

of 

Metamorphic rocks containing 

gold - quartz veins 

Gold at base of terrace grave 1 

and streambed grave 1 

1 to 5 km 

AUNS 

Figure 195. Cartoon cross section showing three stages of heavy mineral 

concentrations typical of placer Au-PGE deposits. 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

f-

(fi 0.6 0 

a.. 

w 

0 

u.. 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 

PLACER GOLD--PGE 

8 

Cb 0 

MILLION TONNES 

8 

CD 

'b 

CD 

8 

n = 65 

0 

400 

Figure 196. Tonnages of placer Au-PGE deposits. Individual digits 

represent number of deposits. 

Model 39a--Con. 

263 
Model 39a--Con. 

264 

PLACER GOLD--PGE 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(fJ 

fU5 

0 0.6 Q_ 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

cc 0.4 0 

Q_ 

0 

cc 

Q_ 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 100 

A. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

0.3 

0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.004 40 

B. SILVER GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 197. Precious-metal grades of placer Au-PGE deposits. !, 

Geld. _!!, Silver. 
Model 39b 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF PLACER PGE-Au 

By Warren E. Yeend and Norman J Page 

DESCRIPTION Platinum-group alloys and elemental gold in grains and (rarely) nuggets in gravel, 

sand, silt, and clay, and their consolidated equivalents, in alluvial, beach, eolian, and (rarely) 

glacial deposits derived from ultramafic sources. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Boyle (1979), Wells (1973), Lindgren (1911), Mertie (1969). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Alluvial gravel and conglomerate and heavy minerals indicative of ultramafic sources 

and low-grade metamorphic terrane. Sand and sandstone of secondary importance. 

Textures Coarse to fine clastic. 

Age Range Tertiary to Holocene. Older deposits may have been formed but their preservation is 

unlikely. 

Depositional Environment Marine (near shore), rivers and streams (medium to low gradient), desert 

(eolian) sand dunes, in-situ weathering. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Paleozoic to Mesozoic accreted terranes, Tertiary conglomerates along major 

fault zones; low terrace deposits; high-level terrace gravels. 

Associated Deposit Types Alaskan PGE deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Platinum-iron alloys (isoferroplatinum with rarer ferroanplatinum, tetraferroplatinum, 

and tulameenite), platinum-iridium, gold, osmium-iridium alloys; magnetite, chromite, or ilmenite. 

Texture/Structure Flattened, rounded edges, flaky, flour-sized alloys and gold; very rarely 

equidimensional nuggets. 

Ore Controls Highest Au values at base of gravel deposits or on argillaceous to clayey beds within 

gravel sequence; metal alloys concentrated in "traps" such as natural riffles in floor of river or 

stream, fractured bedrock, slate, schist, phyllite, dikes, bedding planes, and in structures 

trending transverse to direction of water flow. For PGE, predominantly zoned "Alaskan" type 

ultramafic complexes and minor ophiolites as source rocks; streams or rivers usually head in 

regions of ultramafic rocks. 

Geochemical Signature Anomalously high amounts of Ag, As, Hg, Sb, Cu, Fe, S, Cr. 

EXAMPLES 

Urals, USSR 

Goodnews Bay District, USAK 

Choco, CLBA 

Tulameen District, CNBC 

(Duparc and Tikonovitch, 1920; 

Mertie, 1969) 

(Mertie, 1969) 

(Mertie, 1969) 

(O'Neill and Gunning, 1934) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF PLACER PGE-Au 

By Donald A. Singer and Norman J Page 

DATA REFERENCE Calkins and others, 1978. 

COMMENTS All deposits used for the model are from the Urals of USSR. The platinum grade plot 

suggests three populations. Many of the deposits with grades less then 1,000 ppb Pt were probably 

mined by dredges, whereas the majority of deposits were mined by conventional placering methods. 

Some of the very high grades may represent reporting errors such as grades for a high-grade portion 

of a deposit being reported as representative of the total deposit. Probably because of the 

265 
Model 39b--Con. 

effects of combining deposits mined by two technologies, tonnage is correlated with platinum grade 

(r = -0.42) and with gold grade (r = -0.54, n = 23). Platinum grade is correlated with gold grade 

(r = 0.58, n = 23), with osmium grade (r = 0.89, n = 21), with iridium grade (r = 0.98, n = 10), 

and with palladium grade (r = 0.99, n = 13). Osmium grade is correlated with iridium grade 

(r=0.97, n=9) and with palladium grade (r = 0.89, n = 12). Iridium grade is correlated with 

palladium grade (r = 0.97, n = 9). Other correlations were not significant with the available 

number of samples. See figs. 198-200. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Aleksandrovskii Log URRS Malaia Prostokischenka URRS 

Alexii-Olginsky Log URRS Malaia Sosnowka URRS 

Anianowsky Lojok URRS Malomalsky-Priisk URRS 

Arkhangelskii Log URRS Malot Pokap URRS 

Besimianni Log URRS Martian R. URRS 

Bielgorsky Log URRS Melnitschnaia URRS 

Bobrowka River URRS Molitchowka URRS 

Bolshaya Choumika R. URRS Morphine-Log URRS 

Bolshaya Kamenouchka URRS Niasman R. URRS 

Bolshaya Ossokina R. URRS Nikolai-Tschoudotworsky URRS 

Bolshaya Prostokischenka URRS Novoi-Log URRS 

Bolshaya Sosnovka URRS Obodranny-Lojok USSR 

Bolshoi Pokap R. URRS Panowka URRS 

Bolshoi Sakciam URRS Patchek URRS 

Boyandinskaia URRS Pestchanka R. URRS 

Ejowka URRS Phedinan R.-Triok URRS 

Gloubokia 1 URRS Podbornaia URRS 

Gloubokia 2 URRS Podmoskowoi-Log URRS 

Illinsky Log URRS Popowsky-Lojok URRS 

Ivov R. URRS Popretschne-Log URRS 

Jerusalimsky-Priisk URRS Roublewik R. URRS 

Jourawlik R. URRS Sirkov Log URRS 

Judinsky-Lojok URRS Small unnamed-Weressowy URRS 

Kamenka URRS Solovyevskii Log URRS 

Kamenka R. URRS Soukhoi Log URRS 

Kisslaia-Peruonatchainik URRS Srednia-Prostokischenka URRS 

Kitlim, Severniy R. URRS Stepanoff-Log URRS 

Korobowsky Lojok URRS Syssim R. URRS 

Kossia R. URRS Tilai R. URRS 

Kossoi-Log URRS Toura R. URRS 

Kossorgskii Log URRS Trudny-Log URRS 

Krutoi Log URRS Tsauch R. URRS 

Lobwa R. URRS Tschachewitaia URRS 

Log No. 1-Propretschnoi URRS Tschch R. URRS 

Log No. 2-Suftlii Bor URRS Unnamed creek-B. Sosnowka URRS 

Log No. 3-Suftlii Bor URRS Verkho-Tourie URRS 

Log No. 6-Suftlii Bor URRS Wyssim R. URRS 

Log No. 7-Suftlii Bor URRS Yermakof-Log URRS 

Logwinska URRS Zaetzeff, R. URRS 

Lojok at Bisserskaya URRS Zemlianoi-Mostik Log URRS 

Lojok No. 1&2 Omoutnaia URRS 

Main Valley of Kisslaia URRS 

Malaia Koswa R. URRS 

266 

/ 

I 
Model 39b--Con. 

PLACER PLATINUM--GOLD 

1.0 

n = 83 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

1-

U5 0.6 0 

c.. 

w 

0 

lL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

0: 0.4 

0 

c.. 

0 

0: 

c.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0004 1.6 6.3 100 400 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 198. Tonnages of placer PGE-Au deposits. 

267 
Model 39b--Con. 

268 

PLACER PLATINUM--GOLD 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

IU5 0.6 0 

a.. 

w 

0 

lL 0.5 0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 0.4 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 32 32000 

A. PLATINUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

0.3 0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.00025 

B. GOLD GRADE IN GRAMS PER TONNE 

Figure 199. Precious-metal grades of placer PGE-Au deposits. !_, 

Platinum • .!!_, Gold. 
(j) 

fU5 

0 

a.. 

w 

0 

lL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a.. 

0 

a: 

a.. 

PLACER PLATINUM--GOLD 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 1000 

A. OSMIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

0.2 

t : 

ro 

: 

0:0 :0 ; 0 : : I 

0.1 

0.0 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1000 

B. IRIDIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

::t 1: ; 0 0

: ; : 0 : : : : I 1 2 4 8 16 32 63 130 250 500 1 000 

C. PALLADIUM GRADE IN PARTS PER BILLION 

Figure 200. Other PGE grades of placer PGE-Au deposits. !, 

Osmium. .!!, Iridium. .£, Palladium. 

Model 39b--Con. 

269 
Model 39c 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF SHORELINE PLACER Ti 

By Eric R. Force 

DESCRIPTION Ilmenite and other heavy minerals concentrated by beach processes and enriched by 

weathering. 

GENERAL REFERENCE Force (1976). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Well-sorted medium- to fine-grained sand in dune, beach, and inlet deposits commonly 

overlying shallow marine deposits. 

Age Range Commonly Miocene to Holocene, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Stable coastal region receiving sediment from deeply weathered 

metamorphic terranes of sillimanite or higher grade. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Margin of craton. Crustal stablity during deposition and preservation of 

deposits. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Altered (low Fe) ilmenite ± rutile ± zircon. Trace of monazite, magnetite, and 

pyroxene; amphibole rare or absent. Quartz greatly exceeds feldspar. 

Texture/Structure Elongate "shoestring" ore bodies parallel to coastal dunes and beaches. 

Ore Controls High-grade metamorphic source; stable coastline with efficient sorting and winnowing; 

weathering of beach deposits. 

Weathering Leaching of Fe from ilmenite and destruction of labile heavy minerals results in 

residual enrichment of deposits. 

Geochemical and Geophysical Signature High Ti, Zr, REE, Th and U. Gamma radiometric anomalies 

resulting from monazite content. Induced-polarization anomalies from ilmenite. 

EXAMPLES 

Green Cove Springs, USFL 

Trail Ridge, USFL 

Lakehurst, USNJ 

Eneabba, AUWA 

(Pirkle and others, 1974) 

(Pirkle and Yoho, 1970) 

(Markiewicz, 1969) 

(Lissiman and Oxenford, 1973) 

GRADE AND TONNAGE MODEL OF SHORELINE PLACER Ti 

By Emil D. Attanasi and John H. DeYoung, Jr. 

COMMENTS Grade and tonnage estimates represent mining units rather than individual lenses. Grades 

are represented as percent Ti02 from rutile, ilmenite, leucoxene, percent Zr02 from zircon, and 

percent rare-earth oxides from monazite. Zircon is correlated with rutile (r = 0.49, n =50), 

ilmenite (r = 0.58, n = 52), leucoxene (r = 0.55, n = 24), and monazite (r = 0.55, n = 29). 

Ilmenite is correlated with leucoxene (r = 0.66, n = 24) and with monazite (r = 0.66, n = 29). See 

figs. 201-205. 

DEPOSITS 

Name Country Name Country 

Agnes Waters AUQL Boulougne-Folkston USFL 

Barrytown NZLD Bridge Hill Ridge AUNS 

Birchfield NZLD Brunswick-Altamaha USGA 

Bothaville- Camara tuba BRZL 

Wolmaransstad SAFR Capel Shoreline AUWA 

2W 
Model 39c--Con. 

..,,, Carolina SAFR Munbinea Shoreland AUWA 

Charleston-B ussc Munmorah AUNS 

Charleston-C ussc Muriwai NZLD 

Charles ton-I ussc N.L. Industries 

Charleston-K ussc (Aurora) USNC 

Charleston-L ussc N. Stradbroke Island AUQL 

Charleston-N ussc Natchez Trace State 

Cumberland Island USGA Park USTN 

Curtis Island AUQL North Camden (KeerEast Rosetta EGPT McGee) USTN 

Eneabba Shoreline AUWA Oak Grove (Ethyl) USTN 

Evans Head-Wooli area AUNS Orissa (Chatrapur) INDA 

Fraser Island AUQL Poerua River NZLD 

Gingin Shoreline AUWA Pulmoddai SRIL 

Gladstone Mainland AUQL Quilon (Chavara) INDA 

Green Cove Springs USFL Richards Bay SAFR 

Highland-Trail Ridge USFL Ross NZLD 

Hilton Head Island ussc Scott River AUWA 

Hokitika North NZLD Ship Island USMS 

Hokitika South NZLD Silica Mine USTN 

Inskip Point (Cooloola Stockton Bight AUNS 

area) AUQL Tuncurry-Tomago area AUNS 

Jacksonville Area USFL Waiho River NZLD 

Karamea NZLD Waroona Shoreline AUWA 

Lakehurst (Glidden) USNJ Westport NZLD 

Manavalakurichi INDA Yoganup Shoreline AUWA 

Manchester (Asarco) USNJ Yulee USFL 

Moreton Island AUQL 

SHORELINE PLACER TITANIUM 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(/) 

fU5 

0 0.6 CL 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

i= 

II 0.4 0 

CL 

0 

II 

CL 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.0063 6300 

MILLION TONNES 

Figure 201. Tonnages of shoreline placer Ti deposits. 

271 
Model 39c--Con. 

Fi!ure 202. Zr02 grades from zircon in 

shoreline placer Ti deposits. 

Figure 203. Ti02 grades from ilmenite in 

shoreline placer Ti deposits. 

272 

(f) 

f-

(i) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

(f) 

f-

(i) 

0 

a... 

w 

0 

LL 

0 

z 

0 

i= 

a: 

0 

a... 

0 

a: 

a... 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

1.0 

0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 0.01 

SHORELINE PLACER TITANIUM 

n = 61 

0 0 

0.025 100 

Zr02 GRADE FROM ZIRCON IN PERCENT 

SHORELINE PLACER TITANIUM 

100 

Ti0 2 GRADE FROM ILMENITE IN PERCENT 
1.0 

...,,.., 

t 0.9 

0.8 

0.7 

(f) 

Iu; 

0 0.6 Cl... 

w 

0 

u.. 

0 0.5 

z 

0 

f= 

a: 0.4 0 

Cl... 

0 

a: 

Cl... 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.5 (f) 

Iu; 

0 

Cl... 

w 0.4 

0 

u.. 

0 

z 0.3 

0 

f= 

a: 

0 

Cl... 0.2 0 

a: 

Cl... 

0.1 

0.0 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0 

0.01 

oo 

0.004 

A. 

0.01 

B. 

SHORELINE PLACER TITANIUM 

n = 61 

TiO 2 GRADE FROM RUTILE IN PERCENT 

SHORELINE PLACER TITANIUM 

n = 61 

RARE--EARTH--OXIDE GRADE FROM MONAZITE IN PERCENT 

Ti02 GRADE FROM LEUCOXENE IN PERCENT 

Model 39c--Con. 

100 

Figure 204. Ti02 grades from rutile in 

shoreline placer Ti deposits. 

40 

100 

Figure 205. Other metal grades of 

shoreline placer Ti deposits. ~' REE oxide 

from monazite. ~' Ti02 from leucoxene. 

273 
Model 39d 

DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF DIAMOND PLACERS 

By Dennis P. Cox 

DESCRIPTION Diamonds in alluvial and beach sediments and in sandstone and conglomerate. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Orlov (1973), Lampietti and Sutherland (1978). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Sand and gravel alluvial and beach deposits. Conglomerate beds may contain 

paleoplacers. 

Textures Coarse clastic. 

Age Range Tertiary and Quaternary. 

Depositional Environment Streams draining areas of kimberlite pipes or diamond concentrations in 

sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Alluvial diamond deposits may be 1,000 km from source. It is 

possible that some diamonds may have been derived from Archean greenstone belts. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Stable craton. 

Associated Deposit Types Diamond pipes. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Diamond, bort or carbonado (polycrystalline, generally dark colored), ballas 

(spherulitic, polycrystalline and amorphous carbonado). 

Texture/Structure Diamonds derived from ancient placers in sedimentary rock commonly retain sand 

grains cemented to grooves or indentations in the crystal. 

Ore Controls Diamonds are concentrated in low-energy parts of stream systems with other heavy 

minerals. Diamonds decrease in size and increase in quality (fewer polycrystalline types) with 

distance from their source. 

Geochemical Signature Cr, Ti, Mn, Ni, Co, PGE, Ba. Anomalous Ni and Nb together with the heavy 

minerals pyrope, Mg-ilmenite, and phlogopite indicate nearby kimberlite pipes. 

EXAMPLES 

274 

African deposits 

Venezuelan deposits 

(Sutherland, 1982) 

(Fairbairn, 1971; Reid and 

Bisque, 1975) 
Model 39e 

DESCRIPTIVE HODEL OF ALLUVIAL PLACER Sn 

By Bruce L. Reed 

DESCRIPTION Cassiterite and associated heavy minerals in silt- to cobble-size nuggets concentrated 

by the hydraulics of running water in modern and fossil streambeds. 

GENERAL REFERENCES Hosking (1974), Taylor (1979), Sainsbury and Reed (1973). 

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 

Rock Types Alluvial sand, gravel, and conglomerate indicative of rock types that host lode tin 

deposits. 

Textures Fine to very coarse clastic. 

Age Range Commonly late Tertiary to Holocene, but may be any age. 

Depositional Environment Generally moderate to high-level alluvial, where stream gradients lie 

within the critical range for deposition of cassiterite (for instance, where stream velocity is 

sufficient to result in good gravity separation but not enough so the channel is swept clean). 

Stream placers may occur as offshore placers where they occupy submerged valleys or strandlines. 

Tectonic Setting(s) Alluvial deposits derived from Paleozoic to Cenozoic accreted terranes or 

stable cratonic foldbelts that contain highly evolved granitoid plutons or their extrusive 

equivalents (see Model 14b, geochemical signature). Tectonic stability during deposition and 

preservation of alluvial deposits. 

Associated Deposit Types Alluvial gravels may contain by-product ilmenite, zircon, monazite, and, 

where derived from cassiterite-bearing pegmatites, columbite-tantalite. Economic placers are 

generally within a few (<8) kilometers of the primary sources. Any type of cassiterite-bearing tin 

deposit may be a source. The size and grade of the exposed source frequently has little relation 

to that of the adjacent alluvial deposit. 

DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION 

Mineralogy Cassiterite; varying amounts of magnetite, ilmenite, zircon, monazite, allanite, 

xenotime, tourmaline, columbite, garnet, rutile, and topaz may be common heavy resistates. 

Texture/Structure Cassiterite becomes progressively coarser as the source is approached; euhedral 

crystals indicate close proximity to primary source. Where a marine shoreline intersects or 

transgresses a stream valley containing alluvial cassiterite the shoreline placers normally have a 

large length-to-width ratio. 

Ore Controls Cassiterite tends to concentrate at the base of stream gravels and in traps such as 

natural riffles, potholes, and bedrock structures transverse to the direction of water flow. The 

richest placers lie virtually over the primary source. Streams that flow parallel to the margin of 

a tin-bearing granite are particularly favorable for placer tin accumulation. 

Geochemical Signature Anomalously high amounts of Sn, As, B, F, W, Be, W, Cu, Pb, Zn. Panned 

concentrate samples are the most reliable method for detection of alluvial cassiterite. 

EXAMPLES 

Southeast Asian tin fields (Hosking, 1974) 

(Newell, 1971) 

(Simatupang and others, 1974) 

(Westerveld, 1937 
REFERENCES 

Abbott, J. T., and Williams, S. A., 1981, The Pine 

Grove molybdenum system, southern Wah Wah 

Mountains, Beaver County, Utah [abs.] : 

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and 

Petroleum Engineers, 101 st Meeting, February 

22-26, 1981 Program, p. 21. 

Adamides, N. G., 1980, The form and environment of 

formation of the Kalavos ore deposits, Cyprus, in 

Panayiotou, A., ed., Ophiolites, Proceedings 

International Ophiolite Symposium, Nicosia, 

Cyprus, 1979: Cyprus Geological Survey 

Department, p. 117-128. 

Allcock, J. B., 1982, Skarn and porphyry mineralization 

at Mines Gaspe, Murdochville, Quebec: 

Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 971-999. 

Armstrong, C. H., and Lawrence, W. F., 1983, Geology 

of U.S. Steel zinc mine, in Tennessee zinc 

deposits fieldtr ip guidebook: Virginia Technical 

Institute, Department of Geological Sciences 

Guidebook, no. 9, p. 63-72. 

Arndt, N. T., and Nisbet, E. G., 1982, Komatiites: 

London, George Allen and Unwin, 526 p. 

Ashley, P. M., 1980, Geology of the Ban Ban Zinc 

deposit, a sulfide bearing skarn deposit, 

southeast Queensland, Australia: Economic 

Geology, v. 75, p. 15-29. 

Ashley, R. P. 1982, Occurrence model for enargitegold deposits, in Erickson, R. L., ed., 

Characteristics of mineral deposit occurrences: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-795, 

p. 126-129. 

Atkinson, W. J., Hughes, F. B., and Smith, C. B., 1984-, 

A review of kimberlitic rocks of Western 

Australia, in Kornprobst, J., ed., Kimberlites and 

related rocks (Developments in Petrology Vol. 

11 A): Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 19 5-224-. 

Atkinson, W. W ., Jr., and Einaudi, M. T ., 1978, Skarn 

formation and mineralization in the contact 

aureole at Carr Fork, Bingham, Utah: Economic 

Geology, v. 73, p. 1326-1365. 

Atkinson, W. W., Jr., Kaczmarowski, J. H. and 

Erickson, A. J., Jr., 1982, Geology of the skarn 

breccia orebody Victoria Mine, Elko County 

Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 899-918. 

Averitt, P., 194-5, Quicksilver deposits of the Knoxville 

district, Napa, Yolo, and Lake Counties, 

California: California Journal of Mines and 

Geology, v. 4-1, no. 2, p. 65-89. 

Bailey, E. H., and Phoenix, D. A., 194-4-, Quicksilver 

deposits of Nevada: University of Nevada 

Bulletin, v. 38, no. 5, 206 p. 

Bailey, Edgar, 1964-, Geology and quicksilver deposits 

of the New Almaden district, California: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 360, 206 p. 

Baragwanath, W ., 1953, Ballarat Goldfield, in Edwards, 

A. B., ed., Geology of Australian ore deposits: 

Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress, 5th, 

Melbourne, Australia, Australasian Institute of 

Mining and Metallurgy, v. 1, p. 986-1002. 

Bardossy, Gyorgy, 1982, Karst bauxites, bauxite 

deposits on carbonate rocks, in Developments in 

economic geology 14-: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 4-4-1 

P· 

276 

Barnett, E. S. Hutchinson, R. W., Adamcik, Anton, and 

Barnett, R., 1982, Geology of the Agnico-Eagle 

gold deposit, Quebec, in Hutchinson, R. W., 

Spence, C. D., and Franklin, J. M., eds., 

Precambrian sulfide deposits, H.S. Robinson 

memorial volume: Geological Association of 

Canada Special Paper 25, p. 4-03-4-26. 

Bartholome, P ., Evrard, P ., Katekesha, F., Lopez-Ruiz, 

J. and Ngongo, M. 1976, Diagenetic ore-forming 

processes at Kamoto, Katanga, Republic of 

Congo, in Amstutz G. C., and Bernard, A. J., 

eds., Ores in sediments: New York, SpringerVerlag, p. 21-4-2. 

Barton, P. B., Jr., Bethke, P. M., and Roedder, E., 

1977, Environment of ore deposition in the 

Creede mining district, San Juan Mountains, 

Colorado, Part III. Progress toward the 

interpretation of the chemistry of the oreforming fluid for the OH vein: Economic 

Geology, v. 71, p. 1-24-. 

Bateman A. M., and Mclaughlin D. H., 1920, Geology 

and ore deposits of Kennecott, Alaska: 

Economic Geology, v. 15, p. 1-80. 

Becker, G., 1888, Quicksilver deposits of the Pacific 

slope: U.S. Geological Survey Monograph 13. 

-----1882, Geology of the Comstock Lode and the 

Washoe District: U.S. Geological Survey 

Monograph 3, 4-22 p. 

Bennett, E. H., 1977, Reconnaissance geology and 

geochemistry of the Blackbird Mountain-Panther 

Creek region, Lemhi County, Idaho: Idaho 

Bureau of Mines and Geology Pamphlet 167, 108 

P· 

Berger, B. R., 1985, Geologic-geochemical features of 

hot-spring precious metal deposits, in Tooker, E. 

W. ed., Geologic characteristics of sediment- and 

volcanic-hosted disseminated gold deposits--

Search for an occurrence model: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 164-6, p. 4-7-54-. 

Bernstein, Lawrence R., 1986, Geology and mineralogy 

of the Apex germanium-gallium mine, 

Washington County, Utah: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1577, 9 p. 

Berry, E. W., and Singewald, J. T., 1922, The geology 

and paleontology of the Huancavelica mercury 

district: Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University 

Studies in Geology, no. 2, 101 p. 

Bichan, R., 1969, Chromite seams in the Hantley 

Complex of the Great Dike of Rhodesia, in 

Wilson, H. D. B., Magmatic ore deposits: 

Economic Geology Monograph 4-, p. 95-113. 

Binns, R. A., Ayers, D. E., Wilmshurst, J. R., and 

Ramsden, A. R., 1980, Petrology and 

geochemistry of alteration associated with 

uranium mineralization at Jabiluka, Northern 

Territory, Australia, in Ferguson, John, and 

Goleby, A. B., eds., Uranium in the Pine Creek 

geosyncline: Vienna, International Atomic 

Energy Agency, p. 4-17-4-38. 

Bj6rlykke, A., and Sangster, D. F., 1981, An overview 

of sandstone lead deposits and their relationship 

to red-bed copper and carbonate-hosted leadzinc deposits, in Skinner, B. J., ed., Economic 

Geology Seventy-fifth Anniversary Volume: 

Economic Geology Publishing Company, p. 179-

213. 
Blake, D. H., 1972, Regional and economic geology of 

the Herberton-Mount Garnet area, Herberton 

Tinfield, North Queensland: Australia Bureau of 

Mineral Resources Bulletin 124, 265 p. 

Blake, D. W., Theodore, T. G., Batchelder, J. N., and 

Kretschmer, E. L., 1979, Structural relations of 

igneous rocks and mineralization in the Battle 

Mountain mining district, Lander County, 

Nevada, in Ridge, J. D., ed., Papers on mineral 

deposits of western North America: Nevada 

Bureau of Mines Geological Report 33, p 87-99. 

Blixt, J. E., 1933, Geology and gold deposits of the 

North Moccasin Mountains, Fergus County, 

Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology 

Memoir 8, 25 p. 

Bonnichsen, B., 1972, Sulfide minerals in the Duluth 

Complex, in Sims, P. K., and Morey, G. B., eds., 

Geology of Minnesota: A centennial volume: St. 

Paul, Minn., Minnesota Geological Survey, p. 

388-393. 

Bookstrom, A. A., 1977, The magnetite deposits of El 

Romeral, Chile: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 

1101-1130. 

Boyce, A. J., Anderson, R., and Russell, M. J., 1983, 

Rapid subsidence and early Carboniferous basemetal mineralization in Ireland: Institution of 

Mining and Metallurgy Transactions, Section B, 

v. 92, p. B55-B66. 

Boyd, R., and Mathiesen, C. 0., 1979, The nickel 

mineralization of the Rana Mafic Intrusion, 

Nordland, Norway: The Canadian Mineralogist, 

v. 17, p. 287-298. 

Boyle, R. W., 1979, The geochemistry of gold and its 

deposits: Geological Survey Canada Bulletin 280, 

584 p. 

Bracho, F. V ., 1960, Yacimientos de estano en la Sierra 

de Chapultepec, Zac., la Ochoa, Dgo. y Cosio, 

Ags.: Mexico Consejo de Recursos Naturales no 

Renovables, Bull. 48, 116 p. 

-----1961, Yacimientos de estano en la Ochoa, Dgo. y 

Juan Aldama, Zac.: Mexico Consejo de Recursos 

Naturales no Renovables, Bull. 60, 87 p. 

Briskey, J. A., 1982, Summary of the general geologic 

characteristics of sandstone-hosted lead-zinc 

deposits, in Erickson, R. L., ed., Characteristics 

of mineral deposit occurrences: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 82-795, p. 183-185. 

British Sulphur Corporation Ltd., 1980, World survey of 

phosphate deposits: London, 4th edition, 1980, 

238 p. 

Brown, A. C., 1971, Zoning in the White Pine copper 

deposit, Ontonagan County, Michigan: Economic 

Geology, v. 66, p. 543-573. 

Buchanan, L. J ., 1980, Ore controls of vertically 

stacked deposits, Guanajuato, Mexico: American 

Institute of Mining Engineers, Preprint 80-82, 26 

P· 

Burckhardt, C. E., and Falini, Filippo, 1956, Memoria 

suigiacimenti Italiani di Manganese, in Reyna, J. 

G., ed., Symposium sobre yacimientos de 

Manganese: International Geology Congress 

20th, v. 5, p. 221-272. 

Burger, P. A., 1979, The Greenvale nickel laterite 

orebody, in Evans and others, eds., International 

Laterites- Symposium, New Orleans, 1979: 

Society of Mining Engineers, AIME, p. 24-37. 

Burt, D. R. L., and Sheppy, N. R., 197 5, Mount Keith 

nickel sulfide deposit, in Knight, C. L., ed., 

Economic geology of Australia and Papua New 

Guinea, I. Metals: Melbourne, Australasian 

Institute of Mining Metallurgy Monograph 5, 

p. 159-168. 

Cabri, L. J., and Naldrett, A. J., 1984, The nature and 

distribution and concentration of platinum-group 

elements in various geological environments: 

Proceedings of the 27th International Geological 

Congress, v. 10, p. 17-46. 

Caia, J ., 1976, Paleogeographical and sedimentological 

controls of copper lead and zinc mineralizations 

in the Lower Cretaceous sandstones of Africa: 

Economic Geology, v. 71, p. 409-422. 

Cairnes, C. E., 1934, Slocan Mining Camp, British 

Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 

173, 137 p. 

Calkins, J. L., Keefer, E. K., Ofsharick, R. A., Mason, 

G. T., Tracy, Patricia, and Aikins, Mary, 1978, 

Description of CRIB, the GIPSY retrieval 

mechanism and the interface to the General 

Electric Mark III Service: U.S. Geological Survey 

Circular 755-AK, 49 p. 

Cameron, E. N., and Desborough, G. A., 1969, 

Occurrence and characteristics of chromite 

deposits--Eastern Bushveld Complex, in Wilson, 

H. D. B., ed., Magmatic ore deposits: Economic 

Geology Monograph 4, p. 95-113. 

Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 

1980, Canadian mineral deposits not being mined 

in 1980: Mineral Policy Sector Internal Report 

MRI 80/7, 294 p. 

Cannon, W. F., and Force, E. R., 1983, Potential for 

high-grade shallow-marine manganese deposits in 

North America: New York, American Institute 

of Mining Engineers, Cameron Volume on 

Unconventional Mineral Deposits, p. 17 5-190. 

Carlson, C. A., Wilson, S. A., Carlson, R. R., Bradley, 

L., Cornell, J., Gent, C., Gass, W., Groeneboer, 

H., Haffty, J., Haubert, A., Love, A., McDade, J. 

M., Moore, R., Riley, L., Moring, B. C., Singer, 

D. A., and Page, N. J, 1985, Analyses for 

platinum-group elements in samples from 

pediform chromite deposits, California and 

Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 85-442, 15 p. 

Cathcart, J. B., and Gulbrandsen, R. A., 1973, 

Phosphate deposits, in Brobst, D. A., and Pratt, 

W. P., eds., United States mineral resources: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 

515-525. 

Chace, F. M., Cumberlidge, J. T., Cameron, W. L., and 

Von Nort, S. D., 1969, Applied geology at the 

Nickel Mountain mine, Riddle Canyon: Economic 

Geology, v. 64, no. 1, p. 1-16. 

Chrisofferson, H. C., Wallin, B., Selkman, S., and 

Richard, D. T ., 1979, Mineralization controls in 

the sandstone lead-zinc deposits of Vassbo, 

Sweden: Economic Geology, v. 74, p 1239-1249. 

Colley, Howard, 1976, Mineral deposits of Fiji 

(metallic deposits): Fiji Mineral Resources 

Division Memoir 1, 123 p. 

Collins, P. L. F., 1981, The geology and genesis of the 

Cleveland tin deposit, western Tasmania: 

Economic Geology, v. 72, no. 2, p. 365-392. 

277 
Colvine, A. C., Andres, A. J., Cherry, M. E., Durocher, 

M. E., Fyon, A. J., Lavigue, M. J., Jr., 

MacDonald, A. J., Soussan, Marmont, Poulsen, K. 

H., and Troup, D. G., 1984, An integrated model 

for the origin of Archean lode gold deposits: 

Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 

5524, 85 p. 

Constantinou,G., 1980, Metallogenesis associated with 

Troodos ophiolite, in Panayiotou, A., ed., 

Ophiolites, Proceedings International Ophiolite 

Symposium, Nicosia, Cyprus, 1979: Cyprus 

Geological Survey Department, p. 663-674. 

Constantinou, George, and Govett, G. J. S., 1973, 

Geology, geochemistry, and genesis of Cyprus 

sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 6, 

p. 843-858. 

Corbett, K. D., 1981, Stratigraphy and mineralization 

in the M t. Read volcanics, Western Tasmania: 

Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 209-230. 

Corry, A. V., 1933, Some gold deposits of Broadwater, 

Beaverhead, Phillips and Fergus Counties, 

Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology 

Memoir 10, 45 p. 

Cox, D. P ., 1967, Regional environment ot the 

Jacobina auriferous conglomerate, Brazil: 

Economic Geology, v. 62, p. 773-780. 

-----1985, Geology of the Tanama and Helecho 

porphyry copper deposits and their vicinity, 

Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 1327, 59 p. 

Cox, D. P ., ed., 1983a, U.S. Geological SurveyINGEOMINAS mineral resource assessment of 

Colombia; Ore deposit models: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 83-423, 64 p. 

-----1983b, U.S. Geological Survey-INGEOMINAS 

mineral resource assessment of Colombia; 

Additional ore deposit models: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-file Report 83-901, 37 p. 

Cox, D. P ., and Singer, D. A., in press, Distribution of 

gold in porphyry copper deposits, in Shawe, D. 

R., ed., Gold in the United States: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper. 

Crawford, Johnson, and Hoagland, A. D., 1968, The 

Mascott-Jefferson City zinc district, Tennessee, 

in Ridge, J. D., ed., Ore deposits of the United 

States 1933-1967: New York, American Institute 

of Mining Engineers, p. 242-256. 

Creasey, S. C., 1950, Geology of the St. Anthony 

(Mammoth) area, Pinal County, Arizona, Chapter 

VI in Arizona zinc and lead deposits: Arizona 

Bureau of Mines Bulletin 156, p. 63-84. 

Crerar, D. A., Namson, Jay, Chyi, M. S., Williams, 

Loretta, and Feigenson, M. D., 1982, 

Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan 

Assemblage: I. General Geology, ancient and 

modern analogues, and implications for 

hydrothermal convection at oceanic spreading 

centers: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 519-540. 

Cyr, J. B., Pease, R. P., and Schroeter, T. G., 1984, 

Geology and mineralization at Equity Silver 

mine: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 947-968. 

Dahlkamp, Franz J., 1978, Geologic appraisal of the 

Key Lake U-Ni deposits, northern 

Saskatchewan: Economic Geology, v. 73, p. 

1430-1449. 

278 

Dahlkamp, F. J., and Adams, S. S., 1981, Geology and 

recognition criteria for veinlike uranium deposits 

of the Lower to Middle Proterozoic unconformity 

and strata-related types: U.S. Department of 

Energy, National Resource Evaluation GJBX5(81), 253 p. 

Dawson, J. B., 1980, Kimberlites and their xenoliths: 

New York, Springer-Verlag, 252 p. 

Dawson, K. R., 1974, Niobium (Columbium) and 

Tantalium in Canada: Geological Survey of 

Canada, Economic Geology Report No. 29, 157 p. 

Derkman, K., and Klemm, D. D., 1977, Strata-bound 

kies-ore deposits in ophiolitic rocks of the 

"Tauernfenster" (eastern Alps, Austria/Italy), in 

Klemm, D. D., and Schneider, H. J., eds., Time 

and stratabound ore deposits: New York, 

Springer-Verlag, p. 305-313. 

DeYoung, J. H., Jr., Sutphin, D. W., and Cannon, W. F., 

1984, International strategic minerals 

inventory; Summary report--Manganese: U.S. 

Geological Survey Circular 930-A, 22 p. 

Dick, L. A., and Hodgson, C. T., 1982, The MacTung 

W-Cu (Zn) contact metasomatic and related 

deposits of the northeastern Canadian 

Cordillera: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 845-867. 

Dickey, J. S., Jr., 1975, A hypothesis of origin for 

pediform chromite deposits: Geochimica et 

Cosmochimica Acta, v. 39, p. 1061-1074. 

Dobson, D. C., 1982, Geology and alteration of the 

Lost River tin-tungsten-fluorine deposit, 

Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 1033-1052. 

Duke, M. A., and Hutchinson, R. W., 1974, Geological 

relationships between massive sulfide bodies and 

ophiolitic volcanic rocks near York Harbour, 

Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth 

Science, v. 11, p. 53-69. 

Duparc, L., and Tikonovitch, M., 1920, Le platine et 

les gites platiniferes de l'Oural et du monde: 

Geneva, Sonor, 542 p. 

Eargle, D. H., Dickinson, K. A., and Davis, B. 0., 1975, 

South Texas uranium deposits: Bulletin of the 

American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 

v. 59, p. 766-779. 

Eberle, M. C., and Atkinson, W. W., 1983, Results of 

mapping at Iron Mountain, Laramie anorthosite 

complex, Wyoming: Geological Society of 

America Abstract with Program, v. 15, no. 6, p. 

565. 

Eckel, E. B., 1949, Geology and ore deposits of the La 

Plata district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 219, 179 p. 

Eckstrand, 0. R., ed., 1984, Canadian mineral deposit 

types, a geological synopsis: Geological Survey 

of Canada, Economic Geology Report 36, 86 p. 

Economic Geology, 1977, An issue devoted to the 

Viburnum trend, southeast Missouri: Economic 

Geology, v. 72, p. 337-490. 

Einaudi, M. T ., 1981, Skarns associated with porphyry 

plutons. I. Description of deposits, southwestern 

North America, II. General features and origin, 

in Titley, S. R., ed., Advances in geology of the 

porphyry copper deposits of southwestern North 

America: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 

p. 139-183. 

Einaudi, M. T ., and Burt, D. M., 1982, Introduction--

terminology, classification, and composition of 
skarn deposits: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 74-5-

7 54-. 

Einaudi, M. T ., Meinert, L. D., and Newberry, R. S., 

1981, Skarn deposits: in Skinner, B. J., ed., 

Economic Geology, Seventy-fifth Anniversary 

Volume: Economic Geology Publishing Company, 

p. 317-391. 

Ensign, C. 0., Jr., White, W. S., Wright, J. C., Patrick, 

J. L., Leone, J. L., Hathaway D. J., Trammell, J. 

W., Fritts, J. J., and Wright, T. L., 1968, Ccpper 

deposits in the Nonesuch Shale, White Pine, 

Michigan, in Ore deposits of the United States 

(Graton Sales Volume), v. 1: American Institute 

of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum 

Engineers, p. 4-60-4-88. 

Erickson, R. L., compiler, 1982, Characteristics of 

mineral deposit occurrences: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 82-795, 24-8 p. 

Escovar, Ricardo, 1979, Geologia y geoquimica de las 

minas de esmeraldas de Gachala, Cundimarca: 

Ingeominas, Boletin Geologia, v. 22, p. 119-153. 

Eupene, G. S., 1980, Stratigraphic, structural and 

temporal control of mineralization in the 

Alligator Rivers uranium province, Northern 

Territory, in Ridge, J. D., ed., Proceedings of the 

Fifth Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium: Stuttgart, 

E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 

34-8-376. 

Evans, D. J. I., Shoemaker, R. S., and Veltman, H., 

eds., 1979, International Laterite Symposium, 

New Or leans, 1979: Society of Mining Engineers, 

AIME, 688 p. 

Evans, L. L., 1977, Geology of the Brushy Creek mine, 

Viburnum trend, southeast Missouri: Economic 

Geology, v. 77, p. 381-390. 

Fahrni, K. C., McCauley, T. N., and Preto, V. A., 1976, 

Copper Mountain and Ingerbelle, in Sutherland 

Brown, A., ed., Porphyry deposits of the 

Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Institute Mining 

and Metallurgy Special Paper 15, p. 368-375. 

Fairbairn, W. C., 1971, Diamonds in Venezuela: Mining 

Magazine, v. 125, p. 34-9-353. 

Farnham, L. L., 1961, Manganese deposits of New 

Mexico: U.S. Bureau of Mines Information 

Circular 8030, 176 p. 

Feather, C. E., 1976, Mineralogy of platinum-group 

minerals in the Witwatersrand, South Africa: 

Economic Geology, v. 71, p. 1399-14-28. 

Ferguson, H. G., 1921, The Round Mountain district, 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 725, p. 

383-4-06. 

Fischer, R. P ., 197 4, Exploration guides to new 

uranium districts and belts: Economic Geology, 

v. 69, p. 362-376. 

Fisher, N. H., 1952, The Coimadai antimony mine, in 

Edwards, A. B., ed., Geology of Autralian ore 

deposits: Melbourne, Australian Institute of 

Mining and Metallurgy, p. 1101-1103. 

Fleischer, Ronald, and Routhier, Pierre, 1973, The 

"consanguineous" origin of a tourmaline-bearing 

gold deposit: Passagem de Mariana (Brazil): 

Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 11-22. 

Foose, M.P., Slack, J. F., and Casadevall, Tom, 1980, 

Textural and structural evidence for a 

predeforma tion hydrothermal ongm of the 

Tungsten Queen deposit, Hamme district, North 

Carolina: Economic Geology, v. 75, p. 515-522. 

Force, E. R., 1976, Metamorphic source rocks of 

titanium placer deposits--A geochemical cycle: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 959B, 

16 p. 

Foshag, W., and Fries, C., 194-2, Tin deposits of the 

Republic of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 935-C, p. 99-176. 

Fox, J. S., 1984-, Besshi-type volcanogenic sulfide 

deposits--A review: Canadian Institute Mining 

and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 77, no. 864-, p. 57-68. 

Frakes, L. A., and Bolton, B. R., 1984-, Origin of 

manganese giants: Sea level change and anoxicoxic history: Geology, v. 12, p. 83-86. 

Franklin, J. M., Sangster, D. M., and Lydon, J. W., 

1981, Volcanic-associated massive sulfide 

deposits, in Skinner, B. J., ed., Economic Geology 

Seventy-fifth Anniversary Volume: Economic 

Geology Publishing Company, p. 4-85-627. 

Fries, C., 194-0, Tin deposits of the Black Range, 

Catron and Sierra Counties, New Mexico--A 

preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 931-L, p. 279-294-. 

Frietsch, Rudyard, 1978, On the magmatic origin of 

iron ores of the Kiruna type: Economic Geology, 

v. 73, p. 4-78-4-85. 

-----1982, On the chemical composition of the ore 

breccia at Luossavaara, Northern Sweden: 

Mineralium Deposita, v. 17, p. 239-24-3. 

Fripp, R. E. P ., 1976, Stratabound gold deposits in 

Archean banded iron-formation, Rhodesia: 

Economic Geology, v. 71, p. 58-75. 

Fryer, B. J., Kerrich, R., Hutchinson, R. W., Pierce, M. 

G., and Rogers, D. S., 1979: Archean preciousmetal hydrothermal systems, Dome Mine, Abitibi 

greenstone belt. I. Patterns of alteration and 

metal distribution: Canadian Journal of Earth 

Science, v. 16, p. 4-21-4-39. 

Fulweiler, R. E., and McDougal, S. E., 1971, Beddedore structures, Jefferson City mine, Jefferson 

City, Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, 

p. 763-769. 

Gardner, L. S., 1967, Antimony deposits of Thailand: 

Thailand Department of Mineral Resources 

Report of Investigation No. 14-, 4-6 p. 

Geyne, A. R., Fries, C., Jr., Segerstrom, K., Black, R. 

F., and Wilson, I. F., 1963, Geology and mineral 

deposits of the Pachuca-Real del Monte district, 

state of Hidalgo, Mexico: Consejo de Recursos 

Naturales No Renovables Pubicacion 5E, 203 p. 

Gilluly, J., 1932, Geology and ore deposits of the 

Stockton and Fairfield quadrangles, Utah: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 173, 171 p. 

Gold, D. P ., 1984-, A diamond exploration philosophy 

for the 1980's: Earth and Mineral Science, v. 53, 

p. 37-42. 

Gold, D. P., Valee, M., and Charetti, J. P., 1966, 

Economic geology and geophysics of the Oka 

alkaline complex, Quebec: Canadian Institute 

Mining and Metallurgy Transactions, v. 70, p. 

24-5-258. 

Gomez, R., Ogryzlo, C. T., and Dor, A. A., 1979, The 

Cerro Matosa Nickel Project, in Evans and 

others, eds., International Laterite Symposium: 

New Orleans, 1979: Society of Mining Engineers, 

AIME, p. 4-12-4-58. 

279 
Gonzales, A., 1956, Geology of the Lepanto Copper 

mine, Mankayan, Mountain Province, in Kinkel, 

A. R., Jr., and others, eds., Copper deposits of 

the Philippines: Philippines Bureau of Mines 

Special Projects Series, Publication 16, p. 17-50. 

Goodwin, A. M., 1973, Archean iron-formations and 

tectonic basins in the Canadian Shield: 

Economic Geology, v. 68, p. 915-933. 

Granger, H. C., and Warren, C. G., 196'9, Unstable 

sulfur compounds and the origin of roll-type 

uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 64, p. 

160-171. 

Grant, J. N., Halls, C., Avila, W., and Avila, G., 1977, 

Igneous systems and the evolution of 

hydrothermal systems in some sub-volcanic tin 

deposits of Bolivia, in Volcanic process in 

orogenesis: Geological Society of London, 

Special Paper Publication 7, p. 117-126. 

Grant, J. N., Halls, C., Sheppard, F. M. S., and Avila, 

W ., 1980, Evaluation of the porphyry tin deposits 

of Bolivia, in Ishihara, S., and Takenouchi, S., 

eds., Granitic magmatism and related 

mineralization: Mining Geology Special Issue, 

no. 8, The Society of Mining Geologists of Japan, 

247 p. 

Grauch, R. I., 1984, Mineralogy and petrology of gold 

occurrences within the Jabiluka deposit, 

Northern Territory, Australia: 27th International 

Geological Congress, Abstracts v. 9, pt. 1, p. 27-

28. 

Gray, F., and Page, N. J, 1985, Geologic map of the 

Lower Coon Mountain Pluton, Del Norte County, 

California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 83-148. 

Graybeal, F. T ., 1982, Geology of the El Tiro area, 

Silver Bell mining district, Pima County, 

Arizona, in Titley, S. R., ed., Advances in 

geology of the porphyry copper deposits, 

southwestern North America: Tucson, University 

of Arizona Press, p. 487-506. 

Green, A. H., and Naldrett, A. J ., 1981, The Langmuir 

volcanic peridotite-associated nickel deposits: 

Canadian equivalents of the western Australia 

occurrences: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 1503-

1523. 

Gresham, J. J., and Loftus-Hills, G. D., 1981, The 

Geology of the Rambalda Nickel Field, Western 

Australia: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 1373-

1417. 

Gross, S. 0., 1968, Titaniferous ores of the Sanford 

Lake district, New York, in Ore deposits of the 

United States v. 1: New York, American 

Institute of Mining Engineers, p. 140-153. 

Gross, W ., 1968, Evidence for a modified placer origin 

for auriferous conglomerate, Canavieras mine, 

Jacobina, Brazil: Economic Geology, v. 63, p. 

271-276. 

Groves, D. I., Martin, E. L., Murchie, H., and 

Wellington, H. K., 1972, A century of tin mining 

at Mount Bischoff, 1871-1971: Tasmania 

Geological Survey Bulletin 54, 310 p. 

Groves, D. I., and Taylor, R. G., 1973, Greisenization 

and mineralization at Anchor tin mine, northeast 

Tasmania: Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 

Transactions, v. 82, sec. B, p. Bl35-146. 

280 

Giuliani, G., 1985, Le gisement de tungstene de 

Xihuashan (Sud Jiangxi, Chine): Relations 

granites, alterations deuteriques-hydrothermales, 

mineralisations: Mineralium Deposita, v. 20, p. 

107-115. 

Gulbrandsen, R. A., and Krier, D. J., 1980, Large and 

rich phosphorus resources in the Phosphoria 

Formation in the Soda Springs area, southeastern 

Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1496, 25 

P· 

Gustafson, L. B., and Hunt, J. P., 1975, The porphyry 

copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile: Economic 

Geology, v. 70, p. 857-912. 

Gustafson, L. B., and Williams, Neil, 1981, Sedimenthosted stratiform deposits of copper, lead and 

zinc, in Skinner, B. J., ed., Economic Geology 

Seventy-fifth Anniversary Volume: Economic 

Geology Publishing Company, p. 139-178. 

Hamilton, J. M., Bishop, D. T ., Morris, H. C., and 

Owens, 0. E., 1982, Geology of the Sullivan 

orebody, Kimberly, B. C., Canada, in Hutchinson, 

R. W ., Spence, C. D., and Franklin, J. M., eds., 

Precambrian sulfide deposits, H. S. Robinson 

Memorial Volume: Geological Association of 

Canada Special Paper 25, p. 597-666. 

Harper, G., 1977, Geology of the Sustut copper deposit 

in B. C.: Canadian Institute of Mining and 

Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 97, no. 777, p. 97-104. 

Harris, N. B., and Einaudi, M. T ., 1982, Skarn deposits 

in the Yerington district, Nevada: Metasomatic 

skarn evolution near Ludwig: Economic Geology, 

v. 77, p. 877-898. 

Harrison, J. E., 1972, Precambrian Belt basin of 

northwestern United States: Its geometry, 

sedimentation, and copper occurrences: 

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 

1215-1240. 

-----1982, Belt stratabound copper, in Erickson, R. L., 

ed. Characteristics of mineral deposit 

occurrences:_ U.S.- Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 82-795, p. 102-103. 

Hernon, R. M., and Jones, W. R., 1968, Ore deposits of 

the central mining district, New Mexico, in 

Ridge, J. D., ed., Ore deposits of the United 

States, 1933-1967 (Graton-Sales volume): New 

York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgy 

and Petroleum Engineering, p. 1212-1237. 

Herz, N., and Force, E. R., 1984, Rock suites in 

Grenvillian terrane of the Roseland district, 

Virginia: Geological Society of America Special 

Paper 194, p. 187-214. 

Heyl, A. V., 1982, Mineral deposit occurrence model 

for the Viburnum trend subregion of the 

southeast Missouri base metal and barite district, 

in Erickson, R. L., ed., Characteristics of 

mineral deposit occurrences: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 82-795, p. 158-171. 

Hill, W. T., Morris, R. G., and Hagegeorge, C. G., 

1971, Ore controls and related sedimentary 

features at the Flat Gap mine, Treadway, 

Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, p. 748-757. 

Hilpert, L. S., 1969, Uranium resources of 

northwestern New Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 603, 166 p. 

Hoagland, A. D., 1976, Appalachian zinc-lead deposits, 

in Wolf, K. H., ed., Handbook of stratabound and 
stratiform ore deposits, vol. 6: Amsterdam, 

Elsevier, p. 495-534. 

Hodges, C. A., Cox, D. P., Singer, D. A., Case, J. E., 

Berger, B. R., and Albers, J. P ., 1984, U.S. 

Geological Survey-Ingeominas mineral resource 

assessment of Colombia: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 84-345, 193 p. 

Hoeve, Jan, and Sibbald, Thomas I. I., 1978, On the 

genesis of the Rabbit Lake and other 

unconformity-type uranium deposits in northern 

Saskatchewan, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 

73, p. 1450-1473. 

Hornbrook, E. H. W., 1967, A pilot project at the 

Silvermine lead deposit, Cape Breton Island, 

Nova Scotia, in Progress report on 

biogeochemical research at the Geological 

Survey of Canada, 1963-1966: Geological Survey 

of Canada Paper 67-73, pt. 1, p. 65-94. 

Hosking, K. F. G., 1969, The nature of primary tin ores 

of the south-west of England, in A Second 

Technical Conference on Tin:- Bangkok, 

International Tin Council, v. 3, p. 1157-1243. 

-----1974, The search for deposits from which tin can 

be profitably recovered now and in the 

foreseeable future: Fourth World Tin 

Conference, Kuala Lumpur; London, 

International Tin Council, v. 1, p. 21-83. 

Hughes, G. J ., Jr., 1983, Basinal setting of the 

Blackbird district cobalt deposits, Lemhi County, 

Idaho, in The genesis of Rocky Mountain ore 

deposits: Changes with time and tectonics: 

Denver Region Exploration Geologists Society 

Proceedings, p. 21-28. 

Huspeni, J. R., Kesler, S. E., Ruiz, Joaquin, Zane, 

Tuta, Sutter, J. F., and Jones, L. M., 1984, 

Petrology and geochemistry of rhyolites 

associated with tin mineralization in northern 

Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 87-105. 

Hutchinson, R. W ., 1976, Lode gold deposits: The case 

for volcanogenic derivation, in Pacific Northwest 

Minerals and Metals Conference, Portland, 

Oregon, 1975, Proceedings: Salem, Oregon 

Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, p. 

64-105. 

-----1979, Evidence of exhalative origin for Tasmanian 

tin deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining 

Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 72, no. 808, p. 90-104. 

-----1982, Geologic setting and genesis of cassiteritesulphide mineralization at Renison Bell, western 

Tasmania--A discussion: Economic Geology, v. 

77, p. 199-206. 

Hutchinson, R. W., Spence, C. D., and Franklin, J. M., 

eds., 1982, Precambrian sulfide deposits, H.S. 

Robinson Memorial Volume: Geological 

Association of Canada Special Paper 25, 791 p. 

Hsu, K. C., 1943, Tungsten deposits of southern 

Kiangsi, China: Economic Geology, v. 38, p. 431-

474. 

Imai, Hideki, Lee, M. S., Takenouchi, S., Fujiki, Y., 

lida, K., Sakimoto, T ., and Tsukagoshi, S., 1978, 

Geologic structure and mineralization of 

polymetallic xenothermal vein-type deposits in 

Japan, in Imai, Hideki, ed., Geological studies of 

mineral deposits in Japan and East Asia: Tokyo 

University Press, p. 86-122. 

Intiomale, M. M., and Oosterbosch, R., 1974, Geologie 

et geochimie du gisement de Kipushi, Zaire, in 

Bartholome, Paul, ed., Gisements stratiformes et 

provinces cupriferes: Liege, Societe Geologique 

de Belgique, p. 123-164. 

Isachsen, Y. W ., and Evensen, C. G., 1956, Geology of 

uranium deposits of the Shinarump and Chinle 

Formations on the Colorado Plateau: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 300, p. 

263-280. 

Ishihara, S., ed., 1974, Geology of the kuroko 

deposits: Society of Mining Geologists of Japan, 

Special Issue 6, 473 p. 

Irvine, T. N., 1974, Petrology of the Duke Island 

ultramafic complex, southeastern Alaska: 

Geological Society of America Memoir 138, 240 

P· 

Jackson, E. D., 1969, Chemical variation in coexisting 

chromite and olivine in chromite zones of the 

Stillwater Complex, in Wilson, H. D. B., ed., 

Magmatic ore deposits: Economic Geology 

Monograph 4, p. 41-71. 

James, H. L., 19 54, Sedimentary facies of iron 

formation: Economic Geology, v. 49, p. 235-293. 

-----1983, Distribution of banded iron-formation in 

space and time, in Trendall, A. F., and Morris, R. 

C., eds., Iron formation; Facts and problems: 

Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 471-490. 

Janecka, J., and Stemprok, M., 1967, Endogenous tin 

mineralization in the Bohemian massif, in A 

technical conference on tin: London, 

International Tin Council, v. 1, p. 245-266. 

Jensen, M. L., and Bateman, A. M., 1981, Economic 

mineral deposits, 3rd ed.: New York, John Wiley 

& Sons, 593 p. 

Joralemon, P., 1951, The occurrence of gold at the 

Getchell mine, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 

46, p. 267-310. 

Joubin, F., and James, D. G., 1956, Rexspar uranium 

deposits: Canadian Mining Journal, v. 77, p. 50-

60. 

Kanehira, K., and Tatsumi, T ., 1970, Bedded 

cupriferous iron sulfide deposits in Japan, A 

review, in Tatsumi T., ed., Volcanism and ore 

genesis: Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, p. 51-

76. 

Karup-Moller, S., and Brummer, J. J., 1970, The 

George Lake zinc deposits, Wollaston Lake area, 

northeastern Saskatchewan: Economic Geology, 

v. 65, p. 862-874. 

Kelly, W. C., and Goddard, E. N., 1969, Telluride ores 

of Boulder County, Colorado: Geological Society 

of America Memoir 109, 237 p. 

Kelly, W. C., and Rye, R. 0., 1979, Geologic, fluid 

inclusion and stable isotope studies of the tintungsten deposits of Panasqueira, Portugal: 

Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 1721-1822. 

Kerr, P. F., Brophy, G. P., Dahl, H. M., Green, J., and 

Woolard, L. E., 1957, Marysvale, Utah, uranium 

area; geology, volcanic relations, and 

hydrothermal alteration: Geological Society of 

America Special Paper 64, 212 p. 

Kirkham, R. V., 1984, Volcanic redbed copper, in 

Eckstrand, 0. R., ed., Canadian mineral deposit 

types: A geological synopsis: Geological Survey 

of Canada Report 36, p. 37. 

281 
Klau, W ., and Large, D. E., 1980, Submarine exhalative 

Cu-Pb-Zn deposits: A discussion of their 

classification and metallogenesis: Geologisches 

Jahrbuch, sec. D, no. 40, p. 13-58. 

Knight, C. L., ed., 197 5, Economic geology of 

Australia and Papua New Guinea: The 

Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 

1126 p. 

Knopf, Adolf, 1913, Ore deposits of the Helena mining 

region, Montana, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

527, 143 p. 

-----1929, The Mother Lode system of California: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 73, 226 p. 

Koski, R. A., and Cook, D. S., 1982, Geology of the 

Christmas porphyry copper deposit, in Titley, S. 

R., ed. Advances in geology of the porphyry 

copper deposits, southwestern North America: 

Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 353-374. 

Koski, R. A., and Derkey, R. E., 1981, Massive sulfide 

deposits in ocean-crust and island-arc terranes in 

southwestern Oregon: Oregon Geology, v. 43, no. 

9, p. 119-125. 

Krauss, V ., and Schmidt, H., 1979, 

Rohstoffwirtshaftliche Landerberichte XXII. 

UdSSR. Nickel Kobalt Platin Metalle: Hannover, 

Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und 

Rohstoff, 184 p. 

Krauss, U. H., Saam, H. G., and Schmidt, H. W., 1984, 

International strategic minerals inventory: 

Summary report--Phosphate: U.S. Geological 

Survey Circular 930-C, 41 p. 

Krebs, Wolfgang, 1981, The geology of the Meggen ore 

deposit, in Wolf, K. H., ed., Handbook of stratabound and stratiform ore deposits, Part III: 

Amsterdam , Elsevier, 509-549. 

Kwak, T. A. P., and Askins, P. W., 1981, Geology and 

genesis of the F-Sn-W-(Be-Zn) skarn (wrigglite) 

at Moina, Tasmania: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 

439-467. 

Kuypers, E. P ., and Denyer, P ., 1979, Volcanic 

exhalative manganese deposits of the Nicoya 

ophiolite complex, Costa Rica: Economic 

Geology, v. 74, p. 672-678. 

Laine, R., ed., 1985, Carswell structure uranium 

deposits: Geologic Society of Canada Special 

Paper 29. 

Lampietti, F. M. J., and Sutherland, D. G., 1978, 

Prospecting for diamonds, some current 

aspects: Mining Magazine, v. 132, p. 117-123. 

Landis, Gary P ., and Rye, R. 0., 1974, Geologic fluid 

inclusion and stable isotope studies of the Pasto 

Bueno tungsten-base metal ore deposit, northern 

Peru: Economic Geology, v. 69, p. 1025-1059. 

Langton, J. M., and Williams, S. A., 1982, Structural, 

petrological, and mineralogical controls for the 

Dos Pobres ore body, in Titley, S. R., ed., 

Advances in geology of the porphyry copper 

deposits, southwestern North America: Tucson, 

University of Arizona Press, p. 335-352. 

Lanier, George, John, E. C., Swensen, A. J., Reid, 

Julia, Bard, C. E., Caddy, S. W., and Wilson J. C., 

1978, General geology of the Bingham mine, 

Bingham Canyon, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 

73, p. 1228-1241. 

Lapham, D. M., 1968, Triassic magnetite and diabase 

of Cornwall, Pennsylvania, in Ridge, J. D., ed., 

282 

Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-1967 

(Graton-Sales volume): New York, American 

Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum 

Engineers, p. 1212-1237. 

Large, D. E., 1980, Geologic parameters associated 

with sediment-hosted, submarine exhalative PbZn deposits: An empirical model for mineral 

exploration, in Stratiform Cu-Pb-Zn deposits: 

Geologisches Jahrbuch, series D, vol. 40, p. 59-

129. 

1981, Sediment-hosted submarine exhalative 

lead-zinc deposits--A review of their geological 

characteristics and genesis, in Wolf, K. H., ed., 

Handbook of strata-bound and stratiform ore 

deposits: Amsterdam, Elsevier, v. 9, p. 469-508. 

1983, Sediment-hosted massive sulfide lead-zinc 

deposits: An empirical model, in Sangster, D. F., 

ed., Sediment-hosted stratiform lead-zinc 

deposits: Mineralogical Association of Canada 

Short Course Handbook, v. 8, p. 1-30. 

Laughlin, W. H., 1984, Canadian reserves as of January 

1, 1983: Gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, nickel, 

molybdenum: Energy, Mines and Resources 

Canada, Mineral Bulletin MR20 1, 33 p. 

Lawrence, E. F., 1963, Antimony deposits of Nevada: 

Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 61, 

248 p. 

Leblanc, M., 1981, Ophiolites Precambriennes et gites 

arsenides de cobalt (Bou Azzer, Maroc): Notes 

et Memoires, v. 280, 306 pp. 

Leblanc, M., and Bilaud, P ., 1982, Cobalt arsenide ore 

bodies related to an Upper Proterozoic 

ophiolite: Bou Azzer (Morocco): Economic 

Geology, v. 77, p 162-175. 

Leblanc, Marc, and Violette, J. F., 1983, Distribution 

of aluminum-rich chromite pods in ophiolite 

peridotites: Economic Geology, v. 78, p. 293-

301. 

Lechner, K., and Plochinger, B., 1956, Die 

manganerzlagerstatten Osterreichs, in Reyna, J. 

G., ed., Symposium sobre yacimiento de 

manganeso: International Geological Congress, 

20th, Mexico, v. 5, p. 299-313. 

Lee-Moreno, J. L., 1980, The metallogenic tin province 

in Mexico, in Metallogenesis in Latin America: 

International Union of Geological Sciences 

Publication No. 5, p. 37-54. 

Liang Zhenting, Chen Shanyou, and Liu Youxi, eds., 

1984, Excursion guide: Geology of the Dachang 

tin field: Nanning, China, Organizing Committee 

of the International Symposium on Geology of 

Tin Deposits, 26 p. 

Lincoln, J. B., 1983, Schaffer-Aultman kimberlite 

complexes, Albany County, Wyoming, in Genesis 

of Rocky Mountain ore deposits: Changes with 

time and tectonics: Denver Region Exploration 

Geologists Society Proceedings p. 71-78. 

Lindgren, W ., 1896, The gold-quartz veins of Nevada 

City and Grass Valley districts, California: U.S. 

Geological Survey 17th Annual Report, pt. 2, p. 

1-262. 

-----1900, The gold and silver veins of Silver City, 

DeLamar and other mining districts in Idaho: 

U.S. Geological Survey 20th Annual Report, pt. 

3, p. 67-255. 
-----1911, The Tertiary gravels of the Sierra Nevada of 

California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 73, 226 p. 

Lindgren, W ., and Ransome, F. L., 1906, Geology and 

gold deposits of the Cripple Creek district, 

Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 54, 516 p. 

Lindgren, W., and Ross, C. P., 1916, The iron deposits 

of Daiquiri Cuba: American Institute of Mining 

Engineers Transactions, v. 53, p. 40-46. 

Lindsey, D. A., 1982, Copper shales, in Erickson, R. L., 

ed., Characteristics of mineral deposit 

occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open File 

Report 82-795, p. 196-199. 

Lissiman, J. C., and Oxenford, R. J., 1973, The Allied 

Minerals, N. L., heavy mineral sand deposit at 

Eneabba, Western Australia: Australasian Jnst. 

Mining and Metallurgy Conference Proceedings, 

p. 153-161. 

Loughlin, G. F., and Koschman, A. H., 1935, Geology 

and ore deposits of the Cripple Creek district, 

Colorado: Colorado Scientific Society 

Proceedings, v. 13, no. 6, 435 p. 

Lowell, J. D., and Guilbert, J. M., 1970, Lateral and 

vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in 

porphyry copper deposits: Economic Geology, v. 

65, p. 373-408. 

Lozano, H., Perez, H., and Vesga, C. J., 1977, 

Prospeccion geoquimica y genesis del mercurio 

en el flanco occidental de la Cordillera Central 

Municipios de Aranzazu, Salamina y Pacora 

Departamento de Caldas (Colombia): 

INGEOMINAS unpublished report. 

Lufkin, J. L., 1972, Tin mineralization within rhyolite 

flow-domes, Black Range, New Mexico: 

Stanford, Calif., Stanford University, Ph.D. 

thesis , 148 p. 

McCormick, J. E., Evans, L. L., Palmer, R. A., and 

Rasnick, F. D., 1971, Environment of the zinc 

deposits of the Mascot-Jefferson City district, 

Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, p. 757-762. 

Mackin, J. H., 1968, Iron ore deposits of the Iron 

Springs deposit, southwestern Utah, in Ridge, J. 

D., ed., Ore deposits of the United States 1933-

1967 (Graton-Sales volume), New York, 

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and 

Petroleum Engineers, v. 2, p. 992-1019. 

Malcolm, W., 1929, Goldfields of Nova Scotia: 

Canadian Geological Survey Memoir 156, 253 p. 

Markiewicz, F. E., 1969, Ilmenite deposits of the New 

Jersey coastal plain, in Geology of selected areas 

in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania: New 

Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, p. 

363-382. 

Marston, R. J., Groves, D. I., Hudson, D. R., and Ross, 

J. R., 1981, Nickel sulfide deposits in western 

Australia: A review: Economic Geology, v. 76, 

p. 1330-1336. 

Martin, J. E., and Allchurch, P. D., 197 5, Perseverance 

nickel deposit, Agnew, in Knights, C. L., ed., 

Economic geology of Australia and Papua New 

Guinea, I. Metals: Melbourne, The Australasian 

Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Proceedings 

Monograph 5, p. 149-155. 

Menzie, W. D., and Mosler, D. L., 1985, Grade, tonnage 

and lithologic data for sediment-hosted 

submarine exhalative Zn-Pb and sandstonehosted Pb-Zn deposits; U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-F He Report 85-206, 17 p. 

Mertle, J. B., Jr., 1969, Economic geology of the 

platinum metals: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 630, 120 p. 

Meyer, A., 1941, In the Choco Colombia: Engineering 

and Mining Journal, v. 142, p. 35-39. 

Michaud, J. G., 1980, Les Malines and Largentiere 

lead-zinc deposits in the Mesozoic carbonate and 

detrital formations on the southern edge of the 

French Central Massif: Chronique de la 

Recherche Miniere 454, p. 36-64 {in French). 

Miller, M. H., 1973, Antimony, in Brobst, D. A., and 

Pratt, W. P., eds., United States mineral 

resources: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 820, p. 45-50. 

Minter, W. E. L., 1982, The golden Proterozoic, in 

Tankard and others, eds., Crustal evolution of 

southern Africa: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 

801-829. 

Molyneux, T. G., 1969, The geology of the area ln the 

vicinity of Magnet Heights, Eastern Transvaal, 

with special reference to magnetic iron ore, 

Symposium ore, Bushveld igneous complex and 

other intrusions: Geological Society of South 

Africa Special Publication no. 1, p. 228-241. 

Morris, H. T ., 1968, The main Tin tic mining district, 

Utah, in Ridge, J. D., Ore deposits of the United 

States, 1933-1967 (Graton-Sales Volume): New 

York, American Institute of Mining and 

Metallurgical Engineers, p. 1043-1073. 

Morris, H. T., and Lovering, T. S., 1979, General 

geology and mines of the East Tintic mining 

district, Utah and Juab Counties, Utah: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1024, 203 

P· 

Mosier, D. L., Menzie, W. D., and Kleinhampl, F. J ., 

1986, Geologic and grade-tonnage information on 

Tertiary epithermal precious- and base-metal 

vein districts associated with volcanic rocks: 

U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1666, 39 p. 

Mosier, D. L., Singer, D. A., and Salem, B. B., 1983, 

Geologic and grade-tonnage information on 

volcanic-hosted copper-zinc-lead massive sulfide 

deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 83-89, 78 p. 

Mutschler, F. E., Wright, E. G., Ludington, Steve, and 

Abbott, J. T ., 1981, Granitic molybdenite 

systems: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 874-897. 

Nakamura, T ., 1970, Mineral zoning and characteristic 

minerals in the polymetallic veins of the Ashio 

copper mine, in T a tsumi, T ., ed., Volcanism and 

ore genesis: Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, p. 

231-246. 

Nakamura, T ., and Hunahashi, M., 1970, Ore veins of 

Neogene volcanic affinity in Japan, in Tatsumi, 

T. ed., Volcanism and ore genesis: Tokyo, 

University of Tokyo Press, p. 215-230. 

Nash, J. T., 1981, Geology and genesis of major world 

hardrock uranium deposits--An overview: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-166, 123 

P· 

Nash, J. T., Granger, H. C., and Adams, S. S., 1981, 

Geology and concepts of genesis of important 

types of uranium deposits, in Skinner, B. J., ed., 

283 
Economic Geology, Seventy-fifth Anniversary 

Volume: Economic Geology Publishing Company, 

p. 63-116. 

Newberry, R. J., 1982, Tungsten-bearing skarns in the 

Sierra Nevada. I. The Pine Creek mine, 

California: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 823-84-4-. 

Newell, R. A., 1971, Characteristics of the 

stanniferous alluvium in the Southern Kint9 

Valley, West Malaysia: Geological Society o~ 

Malaysia Bulletin 4-, p. 15-37. 

Nokleberg, W. J ., 1 981, Geologic setting, petrology, 

and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing 

skarns at the Strawberry mine, central Sierra 

Nevada, California: Economic Geology, v. 26, p. 

111-133. 

Nolan, T. B., 1962, The Eureka mining district 

Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 4-06, 78 p. 

Ohmoto, H., and Skinner, B. J., eds., 1983, The Kuroko 

and related volcanogenic massive sulfide 

deposits: Economic Geology, Monograph 5, 604-

p. 

Olsen, J. C., Shawe, D. R., Prey, L. C., Sharp, W. N., 

and Hewlett, D. F., 1954-, Rare earth mineral 

deposits of the Mountain Pass district, San 

Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 261. 

O'Neill, J. J., and Gunning, H. C., 1934-, Platinum and 

allied metal deposits of Canada: Canada 

Geological Survey, Economic Geology Series no. 

13, 165 p. 

Orlov, Y. L., 197 3, The mineralogy of the diamond: 

New York, John Wiley &. Sons, [translation from 

Izdatel'stva Nauka], 235 p. 

Orris, G. J., and Bliss, J. D., 1985, Geologic and gradevolume data on 330 gold placer deposits: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-213, 172 

P· 

Page, L. R., and McAllister, J. F., 194-4-, Tungsten 

deposits, Isla de Pinos, Cuba: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 935-D, 24-6 p. 

Page, N. J, 1977, Stillwater complex, Montana: Rock 

succession, metamorphism and structure of the 

complex and adjacent rocks: U.S. Geological 

Survey Professional Paper 999, 79 p. 

Page, N. J, Carlson, R. R., Miller, Michael, Carlson, C. 

A., and Gray, Floyd, 1982a, Map showing 

geochemical characteristics of platinum-group 

elements and gold in rock samples from the 

Kalmiopsis Wilderness, southwestern Oregon: 

U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field 

Studies Map MF-124-0-F, scale 1:62,500. 

Page, N. J, Cassard, Daniel, and Haffty, Joseph, 

1982b, Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, 

and iridium in chromitites from the Massif du 

Sud and Tiebaghi Massif, New Caledonia, 

Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 1571-1577. 

Page, N. J, Engin, Tandogan, and Haffty, Joseph, 1979, 

Palladium, platinum, and rhodium concentrations 

in mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Kizildag 

and Guleman areas, Turkey, and the Faryab and 

Esfandagheh-Abdasht areas, Iran: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-34-0, 15 

P· 

Page, N. J, Engin, Tandogan, and Singer, D. A., and 

Haffty, Joseph, 1984-, Distribution of platinum284 

group elements in the Bati Kef chromite deposit, 

Guleman-Elagig area, eastern Turkey: Economic 

Geology, v. 79, p. 177-184-. 

Page, N. J, Foose, M. P ., and Lipin, B. R., 1982C, 

Characteristics of metallic deposits associated 

with ultramafic and mafic rocks, in Erickson, R. 

L., ed., Characterists of mineral deposit 

occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 82-795, p. 1-12. 

Pan, Yuh-Shyi, 1974-, The genesis of the Mexican type 

tin deposits in acid volcanics: New York, 

Columbia University, Ph.D. thesis, 286 p. 

Panayiotou, A., 1980, Cu-Ni-Co-Fe sulfide 

mineralization, Limmasol Forest, Cyprus, in 

Panayiotou, A., ed., Ophiolites, Proceedings 

International Ophiolite Symposium, Nicosia, 

Cyprus 1979: Cyprus Geological Survey 

Department, p. 102-116. 

Park, C. F., 194-2, Manganese resources of the Olympic 

Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey 

Bulletin 931-R, p. 435-4-57. 

-----1946, The spilite and manganese problems of the 

Olympic Peninsula, Washington: American 

Journal of Science, v. 244-, no. 5, p. 305-323. 

Parker, R. L., and Sharp, W. N., 1970, Maficultramafic igneous rocks and associated 

carbonatites of the Gem Park complex, Custer 

and Fremont Counties, Colorado: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 64-9, 24- p. 

Patterson, D. J., Ohmoato, H., and Solomon, M., 1981, 

Geologic setting and genesis of cassiteritesulfide mineralization at Renison Bell, western 

Tasmania: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 393-4-38. 

Patterson, S. H., 1967, Bauxite reserves and potential 

aluminum resources of the world: U.S. 

Geological Survey Bulletin 1228, 17 6 p. 

-----1984-, Bauxite and nonbauxite aluminum resources 

and production--An update, in Jacob, Leonard, 

Jr., ed., Bauxite--Proceedings of the 1984-

Bauxite Symposium, Los Angeles, California: 

New York, American Institute of Mining, 

Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, p. 3-30. 

Paulson, E. G., 1964-, Mineralogy and origin of the 

titaniferous deposit at Pluma Hidalgo, Oaxaca, 

Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 59, p. 753-767. 

Pavlova, I. G., and Rundquist, D. V ., 1980, Zoning of 

ores and hydrothermal rocks of molybdenumcopper-porphyry deposits under different 

conditions of formation, in Ridge, J. D., ed., 

Proceedings of the Fifth Quadrennial IAGOD 

Symposium, Stuttgart, E. Schweizer bart'sche, p. 

113-124. 

Payne, J. G., Bratt, J. A., and Stone, B. G., 1980, 

Deformed Mesozoic Cu-Zn sulfide deposits in the 

Britannia district, British Columbia: Economic 

Geology, v. 75, p. 700-721. 

Peredery, W. V., 1979, Relationship of ultramafic 

amphibolites to metavolcanic rocks and 

serpentinites in the Thompson belt, Manitoba: 

Canadian Mineralogist, v. 17, p. 187-200. 

Perkins, Mike, and Nieman, Bill, 1983, Epithermal gold 

mineralization in the South Mountain volcanic 

dome, Summitville, Colorado, in Genesis of 

Rocky Mountain ore deposits: Changes with time 

and tectonics: Denver Region Exploration 

Geologists Society Proceedings, p. 71-78. 
Perkle, E. C., Perkle, W. A., and Yoho, W. H., 1974, 

The Green Cove Springs and Boulougne heavymineral sand deposits of Florida: Economic 

Geology, v. 69, p. 1129-1137. 

Perkle, E. C., and Yoho, W. H., 1970, The heavy 

mineral body of Trail Ridge, Florida: Economic 

Geology, v. 65, p. 17-30. 

Peterson, E. U ., and Zan top, Half, 1980, The Oxec 

deposit, Guatemala: An ophiolite copper 

occurrence: Economic Geology, v. 75, p. 1053-

1065. 

Philips, G. N., Groves, D. I., and Martyn, J. E., 1984, 

An epigenetic origin for Archean banded ironformation-hosted gold deposits: Economic 

Geology, v. 79, p. 162-171. 

Plimer, I. R., 1980, Exhalative Sn and W deposits 

associated with mafic volcanism as precursors to 

Sn and W deposits associated with granites: 

Mineralium Deposita, v. 15, p. 275-289. 

Prescott, Basil, 1926, The underlying principles of the 

limestone replacement deposits of the Mexican 

province: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 

122, p. 246-253, 289-296. 

Pretorius, D. A., 1981, Gold and uranium in quartzpebble conglomerate: in Skinner, B. J., ed., 

Economic Geology Seventy-fifth Anniversary 

Volume: Economic Geology Publishing Company, 

p. 117-138. 

Prinz, W. C., 1963, Manganese, in Mineral and water 

resources of Montana: Washington, U.S. 

Government Printing Office, p. 83-86. 

Radtke, A. S., Rye, R. 0., and Dickson, F. W ., 1980, 

Geology and stable isotope studies of the Car lin 

gold deposit, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 75, 

p. 641-672. 

Ransome, F. L., 1909, Geology and ore deposits of 

Goldfield, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 66, 258 p. 

Razin, L. V ., 1976, Geologic and genetic features of 

forsterite dunites and their platinum-group 

mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 71, p. 

1371-1376. 

Reed, B. L., 1982, Tin greisen model, in Erickson, R. 

L., ed., Characteristics of mineral deposit 

occurrences: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 82-795, p. 55-61. 

Reid, A. R., and Bisque, R. E., 1975, Stratigraphy of 

the diamond-bearing Roraima Group, Estado 

Bolivar, Venezuela: Quarterly of the Colorado 

School of Mines, v. 70, no. 1, p. 61-82. 

Research Group of Porphyrite Iron Ore of the MiddleLower Yangtze Valley, 1977, Porphyrite iron ore-

-A genetic model of a group of iron ore deposits 

in andesitic volcanic area: Acta Geologica 

Sinica, v. 51, no. 1, p. 1-18. 

Reynolds, R. L., and Goldhaber, M. B., 1983, Iron 

disulfide minerals and the genesis of roll-type 

uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 78, p. 

105-120. 

Rickard, D. T., Willden, M. Y., Marinder, N. E., and 

Donnelly, T. H., 1979, Studies on the genesis of 

the Laisvall sandstone lead-zinc deposits, 

Sweden: Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 1255-1285. 

Ridler, R. H., 1970, Relationship of mineralization to 

volcanic stratigraphy in the Kirkland-Larder 

Lakes Area, Ontario: Geological Association of 

Canada Proceedings, v. 21, p. 33-42. 

Riordan, P. H., 19 57, The structural environment of 

the Thetford-Black Lake asbestos deposit: 

Geological Association of Canada Proceedings, v. 

9, p. 83-93. 

Ripley, E. M., 1981, Sulfur isotopic studies of Dunk a 

Road Cu-Ni deposit, Duluth Complex, 

Minnesota: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 610-620. 

Ripley, E. M ., and Ohmoto, Hiroshi, 1977, Mineralogic, 

sulfuric isotope and fluid inclusion studies of the 

stratabound copper deposits at the Raul mine, 

Peru: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 1017-1041. 

Roberts, D. E., and Hudson, G. R. T ., 1983, The 

Olympic Dam copper-uranium-gold deposit, 

Roxby Downs, South Australia: Economic 

Geology, v. 78, p. 799-822. 

Rocha, V. S., and Wilson, I. F., 1948, Los yacimientos 

de manganese de Talamantes, Municipio de 

Allende, estado de Chihuahua: Mexico Comite 

Directive Para la Investigacion de Los Recursos 

Minerales de Mexico, Bulletin 18, 39 p. 

Roper, M. W., and Wallace, A. B., 1981, Geology of the 

Aurora uranium prospect, Malheur County, 

Oregon, in Goodell, P. C., and Waters, A. C., 

eds., Uranium in volcanic and volcaniclastic 

rocks: American Association of Petroleum 

Geologists Studies in Geology no. 13, p. 81-88. 

Roscoe, S. M., 1969, Huronian rocks and uraniferous 

conglomerates in the Canadian Shield: 

Geological Survey of Canada Paper 68-90, 205 p. 

Ross, J. R., and Travis, G. L., 1981, The nickel sulfide 

deposits of Western Australia in global 

perspective: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 1291-

1329. 

Roy, Supriya, 1981, Manganese deposits: New York, 

Academic Press, 458 p. 

Ruelle, J. C. L., 1982, Depositional environments and 

genesis of stratiform copper deposits of the 

Redstone copper belt, MacKenzie Mountains, N. 

W. T ., in Hutchinson, R. W ., Spence, C. D., and 

Franklin J. M., eds. Precambrian sulfide deposits, 

H. S. Robinson Memorial Volume: Geological 

Association of Canada Special Paper 25, p. 701-

738. 

Ruiz F., Carlos, 1965, Geologia y yacimientos 

metaliferos de Chile: Santiago, Chile, Institute 

de Investigaciones Geologicas, 305 p. 

Runnels, D. D., 1969, The mineralogy and sulfur 

isotopes of the Ruby Creek copper prospect, 

Bornite, Alaska: Economic Geology v. 64, p. 75-

90. 

Rye, D. M., and Rye, R. 0., 1974, Homestake gold 

mine, South Dakota: I. Stable isotope studies: 

Economic Geology, v. 69, p. 293-317. 

Sainsbury, C. L., 1964, Geology of the Lost River Mine 

area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

1287,101 p. 

Sainsbury, C. L., and Reed, B. L., 1973, Tin, in Brobst, 

D. B., and Pratt, W. P ., eds., United States 

mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 820, p. 637-651. 

Saito, Massao, and Sato, Eitaro, 1978, On the recent 

exploration at the Iwato gold mine: Mining 

Geology, v. 28, p. 191-202. 

Samama, J. C., 1976, Comparative review of the 

genesis of the copper-lead sandstone-type 

285 
deposits, in Wolf, H. K., ed., Handbook of 

stratabound and stratiform ore deposits: 

Amsterdam, Elsevier, v. 6, p. 1-20. 

Sangster, D. F., 1984, Felsic intrusion-associated 

silver-lead-zinc veins, in Eckstrand, R. 0., ed., 

Canadian mineral deposit types, a geological 

synopsis: Geological Survey of Canada Report 

no. 36, p. 66. 

Sangster, D. F., and Kirkham, R. V., 1974, 

Disseminated base metal mineralization along 

the Wollaston Lake fold belt, Saskatchewan: 

Geological Survey of Canada Paper 74-I, pt. A, p. 

143-144. 

Sapozhnikov, P. G., 1970, Manganese deposits of the 

Soviet Union: Jerusalem, Israel Program for 

Scientific Translations, 522 p. 

Saupe, Francis, 1973, La Geologie du gisements de 

mercure d'Almaden: Science de la Terre, 

Memoir 29, p. 7-341. 

Scherba, G. N., 1970, Greisens: International Geology 

Review, v. 12, p. 114-150, 230-255. 

Schmitt, J. M., and Thiry, M., 1977, Mineralisation en 

plomb par evolution pedogenetiques d'une serie 

arkosique des trais (Zeida, Haute Moulouya, 

Maroc): Bureau Recherches Geologie et Minieres 

Bulletin, 2nd ser., sec. 2, no. 2, p. 113-133. 

Scott, Philip, 1980a, Salmon River lead deposit, in 

McMillian, K. A., ed., Mineral Resources Division 

report of activities 1979: Nova Scotia 

Department of Mines and Energy Report 80-1, p. 

91-94. 

-----1980b, Geochemistry and petrography of the 

Salmon River lead deposit, Cape Breton Island, 

Nova Scotia: Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Acadia 

University M.S. thesis , 111 p. 

Scratch, R. B., Watson, G. P ., Kerrich, R., and 

Hutchinson, R. W ., 1984, Fracture-controlled 

antimony-quartz mineralization, Lake George 

deposit, New Brunswick: Mineralogy, 

geochemistry, alteration, and hydrothermal 

regimes: Economic Geology, v. 79, no. 5, p. 

1159-1186. 

Scull, B. J., 1958, Origin and occurrence of barite in 

Arkansas:. Arkansas Geological and Conservation 

Commission Information Circular 18, 101 p. 

Seraphim, R. H., 197 5, Denali--A non metamorphosed 

stratiform sulfide deposit: Economic Geology, v. 

70, p. 949-959. 

Sestini, G., 1973, Sedimentology of a paleoplacer: The 

gold-bearing Tarkwaian of Ghana, in Amstutz, G. 

C., and Bernard, A. J., eds., Ores in sediments: 

Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, p. 27 5-305. 

Shawe, D. R., Foord, E. E., and Conklin, N. M., 1984, 

Huebnerite veins near Round Mountain, Nye 

County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 1287, 42 p. 

Shawe, D. R., Poole, F. G., and Brobst, D. A., 1969, 

Newly discovered bedded barite deposits in East 

Northumberland Canyon, Nye County, Nevada: 

Economic Geology, v. 64, p. 245-254. 

Sheldon, R. P ., 1964, Paleolatitudinal and 

paleogeographic distribution of phosphorite: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 50 1-C, 

p. C106-Cll3. 

Shride, A. F., 1969, Asbestos, in Mineral and water 

resources of Arizona: Arizona Bureau of Mines 

286 

Bulletin 180, p. 303-311. 

-----1973, Asbestos, in Brobst, D. A., and Pratt, W. P ., 

eds., United States mineral resources: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 63-

73. 

Sillitoe, R. H., 1979, Some thoughts on gold-rich 

porphyry copper deposits: Mineralium Deposita, 

v. 14, p. 161-174. 

-----1983, Enargite-bearing massive sulfide deposits, 

high in porphyry copper systems: Economic 

Geology, v. 78, p. 348-352. 

Sillitoe, R. H., Halls, C., and Grant, J. N., 1975, 

Porphyry tin deposits in Bolivia: Economic 

Geology, v. 70, p. 913-927. 

Simatupang, M., Rubini, S., Sutedjo, M., and Noerdin, 

A., 1974, Indonesian tin resources and potential: 

Fourth World Tin Conference, Kuala Lumpur; 

London, International Tin Council, v. 1, p. 101-

120. 

Sinclair, W. E., 1955, Asbestos, its origin, production, 

and utilization: London, Mining Publications, 365 

P· 

Singer, D. A., Menzie, W. D., DeYoung, J. H., Jr., 

Sander, M., and Lott, A., 1980, Grade and 

tonnage data used to construct models for the 

regional Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment 

Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 80-799, 58 p. 

Singer, D. A., and DeYoung, J. H., Jr., 1980, What can 

grade-tonnage relations really tell us?: 

International Geological Congress, 26th, 

Colloquia Cl, Mineral Resources, Paris, France, 

p. 91-101. 

Singer, D. A., and Mosier, D. L., eds., 1983a, Mineral 

deposit grade-tonnage models: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 83-623, 100 p. 

-----1983b, Mineral deposit grade-tonnage models II: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-902, 

101 p. 

Sinkankas, John, 1981, Emeralds and other beryls: 

Radnor, Penn., Nelson, 665 p. 

Slansky, Maurice, 1980, Ancient upwelling models--

Upper Cretaceous and Eocene phosphorite 

deposits around west Africa, in Sheldon, R. P ., 

and Burnett, W. C., eds., Fertilizer mineral 

potential in Asia and the Pacific: Honolulu, 

East-West Resource Systems Institute, 

Proceedings of the Fertilizer Raw Materials 

Resources Workshop, August 20-24, 1979, p. 145-

158. 

Smirnov, V. I., Ginzburg, A. I., Grigoriev, V. M., and 

Yakovlev, G. F., 1983, Studies of mineral 

deposits: Moscow, Miv, 288 p. 

Smith, W. C., Segerstrom, K., and Guiza, R., 1950, Tin 

deposits of Durango, Mexico: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 962-D, p. 155-203. 

Snyder, F. G., and Gerdemann, P. E., 1968, Geology of 

the southeast Missouri lead district, in Ridge, J. 

D., ed., Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-

1967: New York, American Institute of Mining 

Engineers, p. 326-358. 

Snyder, W. S., 1978, Manganese deposited by submarine 

hot springs in chert-greenstone complexes, 

western United States: Geology, v. 6, p. 741-

744. 
Soeda, Akira, and Watanabe, Makoto, 1981, Electrumsilver telluride ores of the Takeno mine, Hyogo 

Prefecture, SW Japan, and their genetic 

significance: Mining Geology Special Issue 10, p. 

43-52. 

Sohnge, P. G., 1964, The geology of the Tsumeb Mine: 

Proceedings of the Geological Society of South 

Africa, v. 65, no. 2, p. 367-382. 

Soregaroli, A. E., and Whitford, D. F., 1976, Brenda, in 

Sutherland Brown, A., ed., Porphyry deposits of 

the Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Institute of 

Mining and Metallurgy Special volume 15, p. 186-

194. 

Sorem, R. K., and Gunn, D. w., 1967, Mineralogy of 

manganese deposits, Olympic Peninsula, 

Washington: Economic Geology, v. 62, p. 22-56. 

Steven, T. A., and Eaton, G. P., 1975, Environment of 

ore deposition in the Creede Mining District, San 

Juan Mountains, Colorado: Part I. Geologic 

hydrologic, and geophysical setting: Economic 

Geology, v. 70, p. 1023-1037. 

Sutherland, D. G., 1982, The transport and sorting of 

diamonds by fluvial and marine processes: 

Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 1613-1620. 

Swanson, S. A., Strong, D. F., and Thurlow, J. G., eds., 

1981, The Buchans orebodies: Fifty years of 

geology and mining: Geological Association of 

Canada Special Paper no. 22, 350 p. 

Taliaferro, N. L., and Hudson, F. S., 1943, Genesis of 

the manganese deposits of the Coast Ranges of 

California, in Manganese in California: 

California Division of Mines Bulletin 125, p. 217-

275. 

Taneda, S., and Mukaiyama, H., 1970, Gold deposits 

and Quaternary volcanoes in the southern 

Kyushu: Guidebook II, Excursion B8, 

International Association on the Genesis of Ore 

Deposits, Tokyo-Kyo to Meeting, 1970. 

Tavera, I. E., and Alexandri, Rafael, 1972, Molango 

manganese deposits, Hidalgo, Mexico [ abs. ] : 

Acta Mineralogica Petrographica, v. 20, p. 387-

388. 

Taylor, H. P., Jr., 1967, The zoned ultramafic 

complexes of southeastern Alaska, in Wyllie, P. 

J., ed., Ultramafic and related rocks: New York, 

John Wiley & Sons, p. 96-118. 

Taylor, R. G., 1979, Geology of tin deposits: 

Amsterdam, Elsevier, 543 p. 

Taylor, Stewart, 1984, Structural and paleotopographic 

controls of lead-zinc mineralization in the 

Silvermines orebodies, Republic of Ireland: 

Economic Geology, v. 79, 529-548. 

Temple, A. K., and Grogan, R. M., 1965, Carbonatite 

and related alkalic rocks at Powderhorn, 

Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 60, p. 672-692. 

Thacker, J. L., and Anderson, K. H., 1977, The 

geologic setting of the Southeast Missouri lead 

district--Regional geologic history, structure, 

and stratigraphy: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 

339-348. 

Thayer, T. P., 1964, Principal features and origin of 

podiform chromite deposits and some 

observations on the Guliman-Soridag district, 

Turkey: Economic Geology, v. 59, p. 1497-1524. 

Theodore, T. G., and Menzie, W. D., 1983, Fluorinedeficient porphyry molybdenum deposits in the 

western North American Cordillera: Proceedings 

of IAGOD Symposium, Tbikis, USSR, September 

1982. 

Thomas, B. E., 1949, Ore deposits of the Wallapai 

District, Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 44, p. 

663-705. 

Thompson, J. F. H., and Naldrett, A. J., 1984, Sulfidesilicate reactions as a guide to Ni-Cu-Co 

mineralization in central Maine, USA, in 

Buchanon, D. L., and Jones, M. J., eds., Sulfide 

deposits in mafic and ultramafic rocks: London, 

Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 103-113. 

Thornett, J. R., 1981, The Sally Malay deposit: 

Gabbroid associated nickel copper sulfide 

mineralization in the Halls Creek mobile zone, 

Western Australia: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 

1565-1580. 

Tingley, J. V., and Berger, B. R., 1985, Lode gold 

deposits of Round Mountain, Nevada: Nevada 

Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 100, 62 p. 

Tischendorf, G., 1977, Geochemical and petrographic 

characteristics of silicic magmatic rocks 

associated with rare element mineralization, in 

Stemprok, M., Burnol, L., and Tischendorf, G~ 

eds., Symposium, Metallization Associated with 

Acid Magmatism (MA WAM): Prague Geological 

Survey, v. 2, p. 41-96. 

Ti tley, S. R., 1982, The style and progress of 

mineralization and alteration in porphyry copper 

systems, in Titley, S. R., ed., Advances in 

geology of the porphyry copper deposits: Tucson, 

University of Arizona Press, p. 93-116. 

Todd, S. G., Keith, D. W., Lekoy, L. W., Schissel, D. J., 

Maun, E. L., and Irvine, T. N., 1982, The JM 

platinum-palladium reef of the Stillwater 

Complex, Montana: Stratigraphy and petrology: 

Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 1454-1480. 

Tooker, E. W., 1985, Discussion of the disseminatedgold-ore occurrence model, in Tooker, E. W ., ed., 

Geologic characteristics of sediment-and 

volcanic-hosted disseminated gold deposits--

Search for an occurrence model: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1646, p. 107-150. 

Tourtelot, E. B., and Vine, J.D., 1976, Copper deposits 

in sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 907 -C, 

34 p. 

Troly, G., Esterle, M., Pelletier, B. G., and Reibell, W., 

1979, Nickel deposits in New Caledonia--Some 

factors influencing their formation, in Evans, D. 

J., Shoemaker, R. J., and Veltman, H., eds., 

International Laterite Symposium, New Orleans, 

1979: New York, Society of Mining Engineers, 

AIME, p. 85-120. 

Turneaure, F. S., 1971, The Bolivian tin-silver 

province: Economic Geology, v. 66, p. 215-225. 

Turner-Peterson, C. E., and Fishman, N. S., 1986, 

Geologic synthesis and genetic models for 

uranium mineralization, Grants uranium region, 

New Mexico, in Turner-Peterson, C. E., and 

Santos, E. S., eds., A basin analysis case study--

The Morrison Formation, Grants uranium region, 

New Mexico: American Association of 

Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology no. 22. 

Tuttle, 0. F., and Gittins, J., eds., 1966, Carbonatites: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 591 p. 

287 
Uchida, Etsuo, and Iiyana, J. T., 1982, Physicochemical 

study of skarn formation at the Shinyama ironcopper ore deposits of the Kamaishi mine, 

northeastern Japan: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 

809-822. 

Van Nort, S. D., and Harris, Michael, 1984, Geology 

and mineralization of the Picacho gold prospect, 

Imperial County, California, in Wilkins, Joe, Jr., 

ed., Gold and silver deposits of the Basin and 

Range Province, Western U.S.A.: Arizona 

Geological Society Digest, v. 15, p. 1-27. 

Vermaak, C. F., and Hendriks, L. P., 1976, A review of 

the mineralogy of the Merensky Reef, with 

specific reference to new data on the precious 

metal mineralogy: Economic Geology, v. 71, p. 

1244-1269. 

Walker, R. R., Matulich, A., Amos, A. C., Watkins, J. 

J., and Mannard, G. W ., 197 5, The geology of the 

Kidd Creek mine: Economic Geology, v. 70, p. 

80-89. 

Walthier, T. N., Araneda G., Ramon, and Crawford, J. 

W., 1982, The El Indio gold, silver, and copper 

deposit region of Coquimbo, Chile, in Watson, S. 

T ., ed., Transactions of the Third Circum-Pacific 

Energy and Mineral Resources Conference: 

Honolulu, The Circum-Pacific Council for Energy 

and Mineral Resources, p. 349-355. 

Wandke, A., and Martinez, J., 1928, The Guanajuato 

mining district, Guanajuato, Mexico: Economic 

Geology, v. 23, p. 1-44. 

Wedepohl, K. H., 1971, "Kupferschiefer" as a prototype 

of syngenetic sedimentary ore deposits: 

International Association on Genesis of Ore 

Deposits, Tokyo-Kyoto, 1970, Proceedings, 

Special Issue 3, p. 268-273. 

Weiblen, P. W., and Morey, G. B., 1980, A summary of 

the stratigraphy, petrology and structure of the 

Duluth Complex: American Journal of Science, 

v. 280-A, p. 88-133. 

Wells, F. G., Cater, F. W., Jr., and Rynearson, G. A., 

1946, Chromite deposits of Del Norte County, 

California: California Division of Mines and 

Geology Bulletin 134, p. 1-76. 

Wells, J. H., 1973, Placer examination--Principles and 

practice: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of 

Land Management Bulletin 4, 204 p. 

West, R. J ., and Aiken, D. M ., 1982, Geology of the 

Sierrita-Esperanza deposit, in Titley, S. R., ed., 

Advances in the geology of the porphyry copper 

deposits, southwestern North America: Tucson, 

University of Arizona Press, p. 433-466. 

Westerveld, J., 1937, The tin ores of Banca, Billeton, 

and Singkep, Malay Archipelago--A discussion: 

Economic Geology, v. 32, p. 1019-1041. 

Westra, Gerhard, 1982a, Alteration and mineralization 

in the Ruth porphyry copper deposit near Ely, 

Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 77, p. 950-970. 

-----1982b, The Mount Hope stockwork molydenum 

deposit: Geological Society of America 

Abstracts with Programs, v. 14, p. 646. 

Westra, Gerhard, and Keith, S. B., 1981, Classification 

and genesis of stockwork molybdenum deposits: 

Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 844-873. 

White, D. E., 1962, Antimony in the United States: 

288 

U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Investigation 

Resource Map MR-20, scale 1:3,168,000. 

-----1981, Active geothermal systems and 

hydrothermal ore deposits, in Skinner, B. J., ed., 

Economic Geology, Seventy-fifth Anniversary 

Volume: Economic Geology Publishing Company, 

p. 392-423. 

White, D. E., and Roberson, C. E., 1962, Sulfur Bank, 

California, a major hot spring quicksilver 

deposit: Geological Society of America, 

Budding ton volume, p. 397-428. 

White, W. H., Bookstrom, A. A., Kamilli, R. J., 

Ganster, M. W., Smith, R. P., Ranta, D. E., and 

Steininger, R. C., 1981, Character and origin of 

Climax type molybdenum deposits, in Skinner, B. 

J., ed., Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary 

Volume: Economic Geology Publishing Company, 

p. 270-316. 

White, W. S., 1968, The native copper deposits of 

northern Michigan, in Ridge, J., ed., Ore deposits 

of the United States (Graton-Sales Volume), v. 

1: New York, American Institute of Mining, 

Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, p. 303-

325. 

Wilkins, Joe, Jr., 1984, The distribution of gold- and 

silver-bearing deposits in the Basin and Range 

province, Western United States, in Wilkins, Joe, 

Jr., ed., Gold and silver deposits of the Basin and 

Range Province, Western U.S.A.: Arizona 

Geological Society Digest, v. 15, p. 1-27. 

Wilkins, Joe, Jr., and Heidrick, T. L., 1982; Base and 

precious metal mineralization related to lowangle tectonic features in the Whipple 

Mountains, California, and Buckskin Mountains, 

Arizona, in Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic 

evolution of the Colorado River region, 

California, Arizona and Nevada, AndersonHamilton Volume: San Diego State University, p. 

182-204. 

Williams, D. A. C., 1979, The association of some 

nickel sulfide deposits with komatiitic volcanism 

in Rhodesia: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 17, 

p. 337-349. 

Williams, J., 1969, The vanadiferous magnetic iron ore 

of the Bushveld igneous complex, in Wilson, H. D. 

B., ed., Magmatic ore deposits: Economic 

Geology Monograph 4, p. 187-208. 

Williamson, Anthony, and Rogerson, R. J ., 1983, 

Geology and mineralization of Misima Island: 

Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea Report 

83/12, 137 p. 

Wilson, I. F., 1955, Geology and mineral deposits of the 

Boleo copper district, Baja California, Mexico: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 273, 

134 p. 

Wilson, W. E., ed., 1977, Tsumeb! The world's greatest 

mineral locality: The Mineralogical Record, v. 8, 

no. 3, 111 p. 

Witkind, I. J., 1973, Igneous rocks and related mineral 

deposits of the Barker quadrangle, Little Belt 

Mountains, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey 

Professional Paper 752, 58 p. 

Yajima, Junkichi, and Ohta, E., 1979, Two-stage 

mineralization and formation process of the 

Toyoha deposits, Hokkaido, Japan: Mining 

Geology, v. 29, p 291-306. 

Yamada, K., Sudo, S., Sato, T., Fujii, N., Sawa, T., 

Hatori, H., Satoh, H., and Aikawa, T., 1980, 
Mineral resources inventory and evaluation 

system (MINES): Geological Survey of Japan 

Report no. 260, 35 p. and two appendixes. 

Yeend, W. E., 1974-, Gold-bearing gravels of the 

ancestral Yuba River, Sierra Nevada, 

California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 772, 4-4- p. 

Ypma, P. J. M., and Simons, J. H., 1969, Genetic 

aspects of tin mineralization in Durango, 

Mexico: Proceedings of the Second Technical 

Conference on Tin, Bangkok; London, 

International Tin Council, v. 1, p. 177-192. 

Yui, Shunzo, 1983, Textures of some Japanese Besshitype ores and their implications for kuroko 

genesis, in Ohmoto, Hiroshi, and Skinner, B. J~, 

eds., The kuroko and related volcanogenic 

massive sulfide deposits: Economic Geology 

Monograph 5, p. 231-24-0. 

Zellars-Williams, Inc., 1978, Evaluation of the 

phosphate deposits of Florida using the minerals 

availability system--Final report: Prepared for 

the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines 

Contract No. J0377000, 196 p. 

289 

Appendix A. Locality Abbreviations 

AGTN 

ALGR 

ANGL 

ASTR 

AUNS 

AUNT 

AUQL 

AUSA 

AUTS 

AUVT 

AUWA 

BLVA 

BOTS 

BRMA 

BRZL 

BULG 

CARL 

CHAD 

CILE 

CINA 

CLBA 

CMRN 

CNAL 

CNBC 

CNGO 

CNMN 

CNNB 

CNNF 

CNNS 

CNNT 

CNON 

CNQU 

CNSK 

CNYT 

CORI 

CUBA 

CYPS 

CZCL 

DMRP 

ECDR 

EGPT 

ELSA 

ETHP 

FIJI 

FNLD 

FRNC 

GHNA 

GNBS 

GNEA 

GRBR 

GREC 

GRLD 

GRME 

GRMY 

GUAT 

GUYN 

HATI 

HNDR 

HONG 

HUNG 

INDA 

INDS 

IRAN 

IRAQ 

Argentina 

Algeria 

Angola 

Austria 

Australia, New South Wales 

Australia, N. Territory 

Australia, Queensland 

Australia, South Australia 

Australia, Tasmania 

Australia, Victoria 

Australia, Western Australia 

Bolivia 

Botswana 

Burma 

Brazil 

Bulgaria 

Caroline Islands 

Chad 

Chile 

China 

Colombia 

Cameroon 

Canada, Alberta 

Canada, British Columbia 

Congo 

Canada, Manitoba 

Canada, New Brunswick 

Canada, Newfoundland 

Canada, Nova Scotia 

Canada, Northwest Territories 

Canada, Ontario 

Canada, Quebec 

Canada, Saskatchewan 

Canada, Yukon Territory 

Costa Rica 

Cuba 

Cyprus 

Czechoslovakia 

Dominican Republic 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

El Salvador 

Ethiopia 

Fiji 

Finland 

France 

Ghana 

Guinea-Bissau 

Guinea 

Great Britain 

Greece 

Greenland 

East Germany 

West Germany 

Guatemala 

Guyana 

Haiti 

Honduras 

Hong Kong 

Hungary 

India 

Indonesia 

Iran 

Iraq 

IRLD 

ISRL 

ITLY 

IVCO 

JAPN 

JMCA 

JRDN 

KNYA 

MALI 

MAUR 

MDGS 

MLWI 

MLYS 

MNGL 

MRCO 

MXCO 

MZMB 

NAMB 

NCAL 

NCRG 

NKOR 

NRWY 

NZLD 

OMAN 

PANA 

PERU 

PKTN 

PLND 

PLPN 

PORT 

PPNG 

PTRC 

RMNA 

SAAR 

SAFR 

SKOR 

SLMN 

SNGL 

SPAN 

SRIL 

SRLN 

SRNM 

SUDN 

SWAF 

SWAZ 

SWDN 

SYRA 

THLD 

TIWN 

TNZN 

TOGO 

TRKY 

TUNS 

UGND 

UVOL 

URAM 

URKZ 

URRS 

URTD 

URUZ 

USAK 

USAR 

USAZ 

USCA 

Ireland 

Israel 

Italy 

Ivory Coast 

Japan 

Jamaica 

Jordan 

Kenya 

Mali 

Mauritania 

Madagascar (Malagasy Rep.) 

Malawi 

Malaysia 

Mongolia 

Morocco 

Mexico 

Mozambique 

Namibia 

New Caledonia 

Nicaragua 

North Korea 

Norway 

New Zealand 

Oman 

Panama 

Peru 

Pakistan 

Poland 

Philippines 

Portugal 

Papua New Guinea 

Puerto Rico 

Romania 

Saudi Arabia 

South Africa 

South Korea 

Solomon Islands 

Senegal 

Spain 

Sri Lanka 

Sierra Leon 

Surinam 

Sudan 

SW Africa 

Swaziland 

Sweden 

Syria 

Thailand 

Taiwan 

Tanzania 

Togo 

Turkey 

Tunisia 

Uganda 

Upper Volta (Burkina Fasso) 

USSR, Armenia 

USSR, Kazakhstan 

USSR, Russian Rep. 

USSR, Tadzhikistan 

USSR, Uzbekistan 

US, Alaska 

US, Arkansas 

US, Arizona 

US, California 

291 
Appendix A. Locality Abbreviations--Continued 

us co us, Colorado USOK us, Oklahoma 

USFL us, Florida USOR us, Oregon 

USGA US, Georgia USPA us, Pennsylvania 

USHI US, Hawaii USTN us, Tennessee 

USID us, Idaho USTX us, Texas 

USKY us, Kentucky USUT US, Utah 

USMA us, Massachusetts USVA US, Virginia 

USME us, Maine USVT us, Vermont 

USMI US, Michigan USWA us, Washington 

USMN US, Minnesota USWI us, Wisconsin 

USMO us, Missouri USWY US, Wyoming 

USMT us, Montana VNZL Venezuela 

USNC us, North Carolina VTNM Vietnam 

USND us, North Dakota YUGO Yugoslavia 

USNJ us, New Jersey ZIMB Zimbabwe 

USNM us, New Mexico ZIRE Zaire 

USNV us, Nevada ZMBA Zambia 

USNY us, New York 

292 
Appendix B. Summary statistics of grade-tonnage models by Donald A. Singer 

[Logarithms (base 10) except Al 2o3 , Fe, cr2o3 , fiber, Mn, and P2o5 , which are percent. 

S. D., standard deviation} 

Komatiitic Ni-Cu Dunitic Ni-Cu Synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu 

Deposit type 

Tonnage (metric) 

RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... Uto 8 (pet) ............ Z rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) ..... N~S05 (pet) ........... F1 er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... Alfo3 (pet) ........... P pet) ............... Pio5 (pet) ............ I menite (pet Ti02 ) ... 

Rutile (pet TiOf) ..... Leucocite (pet i02 ) .. 

Cr2o3 (pet) ........... Mn (pet) .............. Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. Mo (pet) .............. wo 3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb ·············· Rh (pph .............. Ir (pph .............. Ru (ppb .............. Os (ppb .............. Ag (g/t .............. Au ( g/t) .............. Zn (pet) .............. Hg (pet) .............. Sn (pet) .............. Pb (pet) .............. Sb (pet) .............. 

Deposit type 

Tonnage (metric) 

RE 2o5 (pet) .......... . Mon3Zite (pet REO) ... . u3o8 (pet) ........... . Z1rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) .... . Nb 2o5 (pet) .......... . 

Fiber (pet) .......... . Barite (pet) ......... . Al 2o3 (pet) .......... . P C pet) .............. . P2o5 (pet) ...........• Ilmenite (pet Ti02 ) .. . 

Rutile (pet Ti02 ) .... . Leueoeite (pet Ti02 ) .. 

Cr o~ (pet) .......... . Mn (pet) ...........•.. Fe (pet) ............. . Co (pet) ............. . 

Ni (pet) ............. . Cu (pet) ............. . Mo (pet) ............. . wo 3 (pet) ............ . Pd (ppb) ............. . Pt (ppb) .............• Rh ( ppb) ............. . Ir (ppb) ............. . 

Ru (ppb) ............. . Os (ppb) ............. . Ag (g/t) ....•......•.. Au ( g/t) ............. . 

Zn (pet) ...•...•...... Hg (pet) •............. 

Sn (pet) .....•....•... 

Pb (pet) ••.....••...•. Sb (pet) ..•.•......... 

Mean 

6.235 

-1.250 . 1790 

-.8450 

-.4703 

-.6967 

-1. 145 

-1.443 

Minor 

Mean 

2. 112 

42. 13 

.6723 

1. 489 

.9088 

1. 815 

2.278 

S.D. 

0.7266 

.3608 

.2600 

.2548 

.2898 

.2213 

.4086 

.5335 

podiform 

S.D. 

0.9292 

7.775 

.4671 

.4564 

.3940 

.3126 

• 2217 

Number 

of 

deposits 

31 

8 

31 

21 

11 

5 

10 

Cr 

Number 

of 

deposits 

435 

435 

31 

33 

69 

38 

29 

Mean 

7. 451 

-1.592 

-.0048 

-1.415 

-.8564 

-1.822 

-1.722 

Major 

Mean 

4.321 

44.03 

. 5411 

1. 156 1. 116 

1.894 

2.344 

S.D. 

0.7664 

.4286 

.2337 

.4886 

.4467 

.7000 

. 1830 

podiform 

S.D. 

0.7598 

7.291 

.3694 

. 1948 

. 1683 

.3003 

.0763 

Number 

of 

deposits 

22 

3 

22 

12 

Cr 

Number 

of 

deposits 

174 

174 

16 

12 

14 

9 

7 

Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

6.300 0.6996 32 

-1.333 .3506 3 -. 1175 .2580 32 

-. 3170 . 3101 29 

-1. 005 .2799 3 - 1. 508 . 1849 2 

-.9408 • 4151 

Serpentine-hosted asbestos 

Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

7.419 0.5874 50 

.6618 . 1859 50 

293 
Appendix B. Summar~ statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Carbonatite w skarn Sn skarn 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 7.777 0.4414 20 6.016 1.025 28 6.774 0.6178 

RE 2o5 (pet) ........... -1.013 1.207 5 

Monazite (pet REO) .... u~o 8 (pet) ............ Z rcon (pet Zr0 2) ..... N~~o 5 (pet) ........... -. 1951 .3562 20 

F1 er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... AltO~ (pet) ........... p p t) ............... Pfo5 (pet) ............ I menite (pet Ti02) •.. Rutile (pet TiOT) .•..• Leucocite (pet i02) .• Cr o~ (pet) ........... Mn ( ct) .....•.•.•.... Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. Mo (pet) .............. wo 3 (pet) ............. -. 1826 .2430 28 

Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb) .............. Rh (ppb) .............. Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) .............. Os (ppb) .............. Ag (g/t) .............. Au (g/t) .............. Zn (pet) .............. Hg (pet) .............. Sn (pet) .............. -.5031 .3014 

Pb (pet) .............. Sb (pet) .............. 

~ Replacement Sn w vein Sn vein I 

Number Number ------~-Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

------------------ Tonnage (metric) 6. 720 0.5493 5.748 0.8574 16 5.374 1. 000 43 

RE 2o5 (pet) ...•..•.... Monazite (pet REO) .... 

u~o 8 (pet) ............ Z rcon (pet Zr02 ) ....• Nb~0 5 (pet) ..•..•..... Fi er (pet) .•....•.•.• Barite (pet) .......... Alto3 (pet) ........... P pet) ......•.•...... 

Pfo5 (pet) ............ I menite (pet Ti02) ••. Rutile (pet TiOf) •.... Leucocite (pet i02) •• Cr2o 3 (pet) .......•... Mn (pet) ·············· Fe (pet .............. Co (pet .............. Ni (pet .............. Cu (pet .............. Mo (pet ·············· wo 3 (pet) ............. -.0400 . 1408 16 

Pd ( ppb .............. Pt (ppb .............. Rh (ppb .............. Ir (ppb .............. Ru (ppb ·············· Os (ppb .............. Ag (g/t .............. Au (g/t .............. Zn (pet 

Hg ·············· (pet .............. Sn (pet .............. -.0965 .1265 • 1038 .2028 43 Pb (pet .............. Sb (pet ·············· 

294 
Appendix B. Summary statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Sn greisen Climax Mo Porphyry copper 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 6.8572 0.7449 10 8.305 0.5020 9 8.159 0.6864 208 RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... u~o 8 (pet) ············ Z rcon (pet Zr02 ) ..... N~€0 5 (pet) ··········· F1 er (pet) ··········· Barite (pet) . ········· AltJ (pet) ··········· p p t) ··············· Pfo5 (pet) •.••...•...• 

I menite (pet Ti02) •.. Rutile (pet TiOf) •...• Leucoci te (pet i02) .. cr o~ (pet) •.•..•.•.•• 

Mn ( ct) .•....•.•.•.•• 

Fe (pet) ·············· Co (pet) ·············· Ni (pet) ·············· Cu (pet) ·············· -.2690 .1900 208 Mo (pet) ·············· -. 7171 • 1363 -1.907 .4343 103 wo3 (pet) ••....•...... 

Pd (ppb) .•.•.•....•.•. 

Pt (ppb) .............. Rh (ppb) ·············· Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) .............. Os (ppb) ·············· Ag (g/t) ·············· .2180 .3646 76 

Au (g/t) ·············· -.9077 .7012 81 Zn (pet) ·············· Hg (pet) . ············· Sn (pet) ·············· -.5491 .1707 10 

Pb (pet) .............. Sb (pet) ·············· 

Porphyry Cu, skarn-related Cu skarn Zn-Pb skarn 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 7.901 0.4726 18 5.747 0.9505 64 6. 151 0.7302 34 RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... u 3o8 (pet) ············ Z1rcon (pet Zr0 2) ····· N~€0 5 (pet) ··········· F.L er (pet) ............ Barite (pet) ·········· Al~OJ (pet) ··········· p p t) ··············· Pfo5 (pet) ...........• I menite (pet Ti02 ) .•. Rutile (pet TiOf) •..•. 

Leucoci te (pet i02) .. Cr 2o3 (pet) •.•.•..•.•. 

Mn (pet) ·············· Fe (pet) ·············· Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) ·············· Cu (pet) ·············· -.0081 . 2211 18 .2266 .2880 64 -.3377 .4585 17 Mo (pet) . ············· -1 .657 .2591 4 wo3 c pet) ············· Pd (ppb) ·············· Pt (ppb) ·············· Rh (ppb) ············ .. Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) ·············· Os (ppb) ·············· Ag (g/t) ············ .. .6798 .4185 9 1. 331 .6955 15 2.059 .3908 22 

Au (g/t) ·············· -.4829 .5020 6 .2496 .6107 16 -.3489 .5134 7 Zn (pet) ·············· .7719 .2709 34 

Hg (pet) .............. Sn (pet) ·············· Pb (pet) ·············· .5076 .3053 30 

Sb (pet) .............. 

~') 

295 
Appendix B. Summar:t statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Fe skarn Polymetallic replacement Replacement Mn 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 6.858 1. 041 168 6.261 0.6884 52 4.348 1.073 37 

RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... Ui08 (pet) ............ Z rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) ..... N~to5 (pet) ........... F1 er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... Alfo3 (pet) ........... P pet) ............... -1.481 .4493 

Pfo5 (pet) .......•...• -- I menite (pet Ti0 2 ) ... 

Rutile (pet TiOt) ....• Leucocite (pet i02 ) •. cr2o3 (pet) ........... Mn (pet) .............. 32.54 11.28 37 

Fe (pet) .............. 49.61 10.28 168 

Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. -.6327 .5121 35 -.0546 .2839 

Mo (pet) .............. wo 3 <pet) ............. Pd ( ppb .............. Pt (ppb .............. Rh (ppb .............. Ir (ppb .............. Ru (ppb .............. Os (ppb .............. Ag (g/t .............. 2.286 .4599 45 

Au (g/t .............. -. 1462 . 7319 35 

Zn (pet .............. .5937 . 5361 51 

Hg (pet .............. Sn (pet .............. Pb (pet .............. .7041 .4749 52 

Sb (pet .............. 

----- Porphyry Cu-Au Porphyry Cu-Mo Porphyry Mo, low-F 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 8.005 0.4746 40 8.706 0.4831 16 7.974 0.6053 33 

RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) u3o8 (pet) ............ Z1rcon (pet Zr0 2) ..•.• 

Nb§05 (pet) ........... Fi er (pet) ...•....... Barite (pet) .......... AlfOci (pet) ··········· p p t) ................ Pfo5 (pet) ............ I menite (pet Ti0 2 ) •.. 

Rutile (pet TiOf) ..... Leucoci te (pet i0 2) .. 

cr2oa (pctl .....•.•..• Mn ( ct) ....•.......•• Fe (pet) ·············· Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) ·············· -.2968 • 1205 40 -. 3777 . 1679 16 

Mo (pet) .............. -2.516 .3681 20 -1.802 .2683 16 -1.070 . 1459 33 wo3 (pet) ....•........ Pd (ppb .. , ........... Pt (ppb .............. Rh (ppb .............. Ir (ppb .............. Ru (ppb ·············· Os (ppb .............. Ag ( g/t .............. .2012 .3720 27 .0852 .4162 16 

Au (g/t .............. -.4178 .2138 40 -1.908 .4189 16 

Zn (pet .............. Hg (pet .............. Sn (pet ·············· Pb (pet ·············· Sb (pet ·············· 

296 
Appendix B. Summar~ statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Polymetallic vein Cyprus massive sulfide Bess hi massive sulfide 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 3.880 1. 109 75 6.105 0.8765 49 5.339 0.9701 44 

RE 2o5 (pet) 

Monazite ··········· (pet REO) .... uio8 Cpct) ............ Z rcon (pet zro2 ) ..... N~€0 5 (pet) . ·········· Fl er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... AltO~ (pet) ........... p p t) ··············· Pfo5 (pet) ...........• I menite (pet Ti02 ) ... 

Rutile (pet TiOf) ....• 

Leucocite (pet i02 ) .• 

cr o~ (pet) ........... Mn ( ct) .............. 

Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) ·············· Cu (pet) .............. -.7169 .8378 33 .2040 .3068 49 .1633 .2798 44 Mo (pet) ............... wo 3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb) ... ··········· Rh (ppb) .............. Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) .............. Os (ppb) .............. Ag (g/t) .............. 2.938 .5935 74 1.109 .6457 15 .8956 .3838 14 Au (g/t) ·············· -.2088 1. 166 54 -. 0417 .6893 15 -.4650 .4697 14 

Zn (pet) .............. .4439 .3718 60 -. 1021 .7085 16 -.2506 .2755 6 Hg (pet) .............. Sn (pet) ·············· Pb (pet) . ····· ........ .9529 .4426 75 -1.333 .5774 

Sb (pet) .............. 

Volcanogenic Mn Creede epithermal vein Comstock epithermal vein 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits ---------

Tonnage (metric) ······ 4.674 0.9607 93 6.151 0.9382 27 5.884 0.8379 41 RE 2o5 (pet) ··········· Monazite (pet REO) 

uio8 (pet) .....•...... 

z rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) ..... 

NbS05 (pet) ........•.. 

Fi er (pet) .•...•..•.. 

Barite (pet) .......... Alto~ C pet) ........... p p t) ............... -1.055 . 5115 

Pfo5 (pet) ........•... 

I menite (pet Ti02 ) •.. 

Rutile (pet TiOf) ..... 

Leucocite (pet i02 ) •. 

cr2o 3 C pet) ....•...... Mn (pet) 38.80 . ············· 9.723 93 Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) . ············· .5254 .4843 19 -1.816 .7955 18 Mo (pet) ·············· wo 3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb) ·············· Pt (ppb) ·············· Rh (ppb) ·············· Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) ·············· Os (ppb) ·············· Ag (g/t) ············ .. 2.099 .4766 27 2.060 .8156 41 Au (g/t) ·············· .3265 .5874 23 .8726 .4410 41 Zn (pet) ·············· .2744 .5545 26 -1.594 1. 702 3 Hg (pet) . ············· Sn (pet) ·············· Pb (pet) .............. .4057 .2740 24 -1.870 • 9817 19 

Sb (pet) ·············· 

~,, 

~ 297 
Appendix B. Summary statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Deposit type 

Tonnage (metric) 

RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... u3o8 (pet) ............ Z1rcon (pet Zr02 ) ..... N~§o 5 (pet) ........... F1 er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... AltOJ (pet) ........... p p t) ............... Plo 5 (pet) .•.........• I menite (pet Ti02) ••. Rutile (pet TiOf) .•..• Leucocite (pet i02 ) •. Cr o~ (pet) ..•...•.... Mn ( ct) .............. Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. Mo (pet) .............. wo3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb .............. Pt (ppb .............. Rh (ppb .............. Ir (ppb .............. Ru (ppb .............. Os (ppb .............. Ag ( g/t .............. Au (g/t .............. Zn (pet .............. Hg (pet .............. Sn (pet .............. Pb (pet .............. Sb (pet .............. 

Deposit type 

Tonnage (metric) 

RE 2o5 (pet) ....•...... Monazite (pet REO) ..•. U~0 8 (pet) ••.......... Zircon (pet Zr0 2 ) ••••• 

Nb 2 o5 (pet) •.......... Fiber (pet) ..•..•.••.. Barite (pet) ••...•.... Al 2 o3 (pet) •.......... P Cpct) ....••.•.•••.•. 

Sa do epithermal 

Mean S.D. 

5.472 0.7876 

-. 7200 1. 153 

1. 579 .6647 

.8363 .4007 

-.602 

-2.372 .2129 

Epithermal Mn 

Mean S.D. 

4.372 0.8246 

P2 o5 (pet) •...••...•.• Ilmenite (pet Ti0 2 ) ••• 

Rutile (pet Ti02 ) ••••• 

Leucocite (pet Ti02 ) •• 

Cr 2o3 (pet) .•..•...... Mn (pet) • • . . . . . . • . . . • • 30.59 8.538 

Fe (pet) .••.••..••..•• Co (pet) ..•••...•...•. Ni (pet) ••••.•.•.....• Cu (pet) ••.......•..•• Mo (pet) .••••••...•..• wo3 (pet) •••......•..• Pd (ppb) •....•.••..••. Pt (ppb) ..••..••.•.•.. Rh (ppb) •••...•..••..• Ir (ppb) .•.•..••...... Ru (ppb) ..•.•.•.•....• Os (ppb) •.•••...••.... Ag ( g/t) •..•.••••.•..• Au (g/t) •••..•..••••.• Zn (pet) •••..•.••..••• Hg (pet) •••••••••.•••• Sn (pet) ••.••.•••..••• Pb (pet) •••...•...•..• 

Sb (pet) .•••••••••.••• 

298 

vein Epithermal quartz-alunite Au 

Number Number 

of of 

deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

20 6. 199 0.6663 8 

-.6255 1. 045 5 

20 1.251 .6788 8 

18 .8927 .2341 8 

1 

2 

Rhyolite-hosted Sn 

Number Number 

of of 

deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

59 2.992 0. 4937 132 

59 

-.4130 .3352 132 

Volcanogenic u 

Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

5.535 0.9451 21 

-.9353 .2656 21 

Volcanic-hosted magnetite 

----------- Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

7.602 0.8222 39 

-0.3979 .2874 36 

53.72 11.08 39 
Appendix B. Summary statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Carbonate-hosted Au-Ag Hot-spring Hg Silica-carbonate Hg 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 6.706 0.5202 35 3.978 1. 312 20 4.448 1. 038 28 

RE 2o5 (pet) .....•..... Monazite (pet REO) .... 

U~0 8 (pet) ............ Z rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) ..... 

Nbgo 5 c pet) ........... Fi er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... Alfo3 (pet) ........... P pet) ............... Plo5 (pet) ...•........ I menite (pet Ti0 2 ) ... 

Rutile (pet TiOt) ..... Leueoeite (pet i0 2 ) .. 

cr o~ (pet) ........... Mn ( et) ......•....... Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. Mo (pet) .............. wo 3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb) .............. Rh (ppb) .............. Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) .............. Os (ppb) .............. Ag (g/t) .............. 1.~40 . 714 8 5 

Au (g/t) .............. .4106 . 3914 34 

Zn (pet) .............. Hg (pet) .............. -.4622 .2002 20 -.4070 . 1738 28 

Sn (pet) .............. Pb (pet) .............. Sb (pet) .............. 

Sb veins Disseminated Sb Kuroko massive sulfide 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type :-1ean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 2.256 1.117 81 4.943 0.8211 23 6. 175 0.8495 432 

RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... 

U~0 8 (pet' ............ Z rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) ..... 

Nbgo5 (pet) ........... Fi er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... AltO~ (pet) ........... p p t) ............... 

Plo5 (pet) ............ I menite (pet Ti02 l ... 

Rutile (pet TiOt) ..... Leueoeite (pet i0 2 l .. 

Cr o~ (pet) ........... Mn ( et) .............. Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. .0999 .3493 432 

Mo (pet) ·············· wo 3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb) ...... ········ Rh (ppb) .............. Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) .............. Os (ppb) .............. Ag (g/t) .............. 1. 561 .2851 8 .0792 1 1.459 .5133 284 

Au (g/t) .............. . 7111 .6872 9 -.5278 1.172 2 -.1080 .5281 238 

Zn (pet) .............. .4482 .4626 330 

Hg (pet) .............. Sn (pet) .............. Pb (pet) .............. -. 1269 .5506 184 

Sb (pet) .............. 1. 540 .2200 81 .5505 .2308 23 

299 
Appendix B. Summary statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Algoma Fe and Superior Fe Sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn Sediment-hosted Cu 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 8.218 0.9105 66 6.729 0.8268 20 7.341 0.9186 57 RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... u~o 8 (pet) ............ Z rcon (pet Zr02 ) ..... N~§o 5 (pet) ........... F1 er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... AlfO~ (pet) ........... p p t) ............... -1.256 .4853 47 

Plo5 (pet) •••......... I menite (pet Ti02 ) •.. 

Rutile (pet TiOf) .•..• 

Leucocite (pet i02 ) •. 

cr o~ (pet) ........... Mn ( ct) ......•.....•• 

Fe (pet) .............. 50.83 13.65 66 Co (pet) .............. -.6226 . 1919 10 

Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. . 3317 .2540 57 

Mo (pet) .............. wo 3 <pet) ............. Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb) .............. Rh (ppb) .............. Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) .............. Os (ppb) .............. Ag (g/t) .............. 1. 050 .5824 1. 208 .7646 12 

Au (g/t) .............. Zn (pet) .............. -.2320 .6769 14 

Hg (pet) .............. Sn (pet) .............. Pb (pet) .............. .3332 . 3011 20 

Sb (pet) .............. 

Southeast i1issouri Pb-Zn ,.,.-

Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb Bedded barite and Appalachian Zn ~ 

Number Number Number 

of of of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 7. 167 0.7315 45 6.259 0.9271 25 7.542 0.9299 20 RE 2 o5 (pet) ........... Monazite (pet REO) .... u3o8 (pet) ............ Z1rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) ..... N~§o 5 (pet) ........... F1 er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... 83.02 13.00 25 

Alfo3 (pet) ........... P pet) ............... Pt5 (pet) •....•.•...• I menite (pet Ti02 ) ... 

Rutile (pet TiOf) •.... Leucocit e (pet i02 ) •. 

Cr2 o 3 (pet) •.•......•. 

Mn (pet) .............. Fe (pet) .............. Co (pet) .............. Ni (pet) .............. Cu (pet) .............. -.7273 .4797 11 Mo (pet) .............. wo3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb) .............. Rh (ppb) .............. Ir (ppb) .............. Ru (ppb) .............. Os (ppb) .............. Ag (g/t) .............. 1. 6367 .4705 37 .6693 . 6917 10 

Au (g/t) .............. Zn (pet) .............. .7519 .2908 45 .6079 .3623 20 

Hg (pet) .............. Sn (pet) .............. Pb (pet) .............. .4443 .3443 45 .0893 .4068 16 

Sb (pet) .............. 

/ 

I 

300 
Appendix B. Summary statistics of grade-tonnage models--Continued 

Deposit type 

Tonnage (metric) 

RE 2o5 (pet) •.........• 

Monazite (pet REO) .... 

u~o 8 (pet) ..•.......•. Zl rcon (pet Zr02 ) ••••• 

Nb 2o5 (pet) .......•.•. Fiber (pet) .......... . 

Barite (pet) •..•.•.•.. 

Mean 

6.862 

Al 2 o 3 (pet) .......... . 

P (pet) ............... -.9034 

P2 o5 (pet) •.•....•...• Ilmenite (pet Ti02 ) ••. 

Rutile (pet Ti0 2 ) ••••• 

Leucocite (pet Ti0 2 ) •• 

Cr 2 o3 (pet) •........•. 

Mn (pet) .............. 31.38 

Fe (pet) •.....•..•...• 

Co (pet) ..•.•.•....... Ni (pet) ......•......• 

Cu (pet) •.........•.•. 

Mo (pet) .•............ 

wo 3 c pet) ..•.......... 

Pd (ppb) .....•........ 

Pt (ppb) ......•....... Rh (ppb) .............• 

Ir (ppb) ......•.•..... 

Ru (ppb) ....•.•.•....• 

Os (ppb) ...•......•... 

Ag (g/t) •••••••••••.•• 

Au (g/t) ............. . 

Zn (pet) .....•.•...... 

Hg (pet) ...........•.. 

Sn (pet) .....•.......• Pb (pet) ............•. 

Sb (pet) ..•........... 

Sedimentary Mn 

Number 

of 

S.D. deposits 

1. 240 39 

.3273 13 

13.05 39 

Low-sulfide Au-quartz veins 

Number 

of 

Deposit type Mean S.D. deposits 

Tonnage (metric) 4.470 1. 163 313 

RE 2o5 (pet) ........... Mon3zite (pet REO) .... u3o8 (pet) ............ Z1rcon (pet Zr0 2 ) ..... N?§OS (pet) ........... F1 er (pet) ........... Barite (pet) .......... Al..,o3 (pet) ........... P Tpct) ............... Pfo5 (pet) ......•..... I menite (pet Ti02) ... Rutile (pet TiOt) ....• Leucoeite (pet i0 2) .. Cr o~ (pet) •........•. Mn (pet) .............. Fe (pet .............. Co (pet .............. Ni (pet .............. Cu (pet .............. Mo (pet ·············· wo3 (pet) ............. Pd (ppb) .............. Pt (ppb) .............. Rh (ppb) .............. Ir (ppb) ·············· Ru (ppb .............. Os (ppb .............. Ag (g/t .............. .6961 .3563 39 

Au (g/t .............. 1.203 .3327 313 

Zn (pet ·············· Hg (pet .............. Sn (pet .............. Pb (pet .............. Sb (pet .............. 

Phosphate, upwelling 

Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

8.520 0.8611 60 

23.96 6.604 60 

Homestake Au 

Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

5.974 0.8592 116 

.2093 .5234 52 

.9647 .2518 116 

Phosphate, warm current 

Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

8.603 0.7360 18 

24. 16 3.402 18 

Unconformity U-Au 

Number 

of 

Mean S.D. deposits 

5.356 1. 274 36 

-.2816 .4167 36 

301 
302 
Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index by Paul B. Barton 

This file shows economic (or potentially economic) commodities as primary 

~, products or by-products; it also indicates geochemical anomalies. These 

represent the elements present anywhere in the deposit, not solely in haloes 

distinct from ore. The listing covers only those deposits for which models 

are present elsewhere in this compilation. Figure 206 is a graphical 

presentation of some of the information in the following table. It provides 

an overview of the distribution of the elements among deposit types. 

In an effort to represent the commonness or rarity of features, numbers are 

assigned. Universally present products/anomalies rate a +5 (shown simply as 

"5") grading down through 0 to -5 (shown as "(-5)") in a system similar to 

PROSPECTOR. The "0" value will seldom, if ever, be shown as it is the "don't 

know" (or "don't care") default. Note that negative numbers for "Primary" or 

"By-product" are not used, although they might be applied to indicate serious 

deleterious elements, such as phosphorus in iron ores. In almost all 

instances at present, these values will be guesses based on experience, not 

hard data; however, we do urge the compilation of data to make such 

assignments possible eventually. It is our intent to have the "1", "2", "3", 

"4", and "5" scores correspond respectively to the 0-10, 10-30, 30-70, 70-90, 

and 90-100 percent frequency relationship between the element and the deposit 

type. Obviously such statistical approaches are meaningless for deposit types 

having few representatives, such as emerald veins (31c), but the value can 

still be useful as an estimate of the compiler's opinion regarding the 

probable generality of the observation. The abbreviated suffixes "(prox.)" 

and "(dist.)" indicate respectively proximal (or nearer source) and distal 

(or farther from the source). For more complex relations please refer back to 

the models. 

Figure 206 shows only the presence of an element at some unspecified 

anomalous level, either proximally or distally with respect to the deposit. 

The elements are grouped in such a way that the distinction between those of 

granitic and mafic associations can be easily made. The elements of high 

mobility in hydrothermal environments form a distinct grouping on the right 

side of the matrix. 

It should be obvious from examination of the table and figure below that 

the presence of a given element seldom, if ever, "proves" the existence of an 

ore deposit. Anomalous amounts of some elements such as copper, gold, iron, 

and zinc are so common in so many settings that their presence tells very 

little about the possible character of the host deposit. Their presence is 

encouraging, however, and indicates that additional studies may be warranted. 

Element Primary By-product Geochemical Deposit type and model number 

anomaly 

Ag 3 Sn skarn (14b) 

3 4(dist.) porphyry Cu (17) 

3 5 porphyry Cu, skarn-related ( 18a) 

4 5 Cu skarn (18b) 

4 5 Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

5(dist.) 4 polymetallic replacement (19a) 

4 replacement Mn (19b) 

4(dist.) porphyry Sn (20a) 

3 3 5 Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

4 5(prox.) porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

4 5(dist.) porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

5(dist.) porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

3 5 5 volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

2 5 5 Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

4 2 5 polymetallic veins (22c) 

3 4 basaltic Cu (23) 

3 4 Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

3 5 Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

2 3 Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) ~', 

3 4 5 (prox.) hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

303 
Model 

Number Deposit Type u Na K Rb Cs Be REE Th Zr Nb Ta MQ Ca Sr Ba AI Ga p Ti v Cr Mn Fe .,. Stillwater Ni·Cu 

"2a" Bushveld Cr 

"2b" Merenskv Reef PGE 

"3" Bushveld Fe-Ti-V 

"Sa" Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE 

"Sb" Noril'sk Cu-Ni·PGE 

"Sa" Komatiitic Ni-Cu 

"6b" Dunitic Ni·Cu 

"7a" SvnoroQenic·Svnvolcanic Ni-Cu 

"7b" Anorthosite Ti 

"Sa & Bb" Pediform chromite 

"Be" Limassol Forest Co-Ni 

"Bd" Seroentine-hosted asbestos •g• Alaskan Cr·Pt 

"1 o· Carbonat1te 

"12" Diamond oioes 

"14a" Wskarn 

"14b" Sn skarn 

"14c" Replacement Sn 

"15a" Wveins 

"15b" Sn veins 

"15c" Sn Qreisen 

"16" Climax Mo 

"17" Porotwrv Cu 

"18a" Porohvrv Cu skarn-related 

"18b" Cu skarn 

"18c" Zn-Pb skarn 

"18d" Fe skarn 

"18e" Carbonate-hosted asbestos 

"19a" Polvmetallic reptacem en t 

"19b" Replacement Mn 

"20a" Porohvrv Sn 

"20b" Sn-oolvmetallic vein 

"20c" Porphyry Cu-Au 

"21a" Porohvrv Cu·Mo 

"21b" Porph_yry Mo low-F 

"22a" Volcanic-hosted Cu·As·Sb 

"22b" Au-Aa·Te veins 

"22c" Polymetallic veins 

"23" BasalticCu 

"24a" Cyprus massive sulfide 

"24b" Besshi massive sulfide 

"24c" Volcanogenic Mn 

"24d" Blackbird Co·Cu 

"25a" Hot-sPrina Au-Aa 

"25b" Creede~ithermal ve1n 

"25c" Comstock epithermal ve1n 

"25d" Sado epithermal vein 

"25e" Eoitherm al auartz-alun1te Au 

"25f" VolcanoQenic U 

"25Q" Eoithermal Mn 

"25h" Rhvol1te-hosted Sn 

"25i" Volcanic-hosted maQnetite 

"26a" Carbonate-hosted Au-Aa 

"27a" Hot-sPrina Ha 

"27b" Almaden Hg 

"27c" Silica-carbonate Ha 

"27d" Sb ve1ns 

"28a" Kuroko massive sulfide 

"28b" Alaoma Fe 

"29a" Quartz pebble conalomerate Au-U 

"29b" Olvmpic Dam Cu·U·Au 

"30a" Sandstone-hosted Pb·Zn 

"30b" Sediment-hosted Cu 

"30c" Sandstone U 

"31a" Sed1mentary exhalative Zn·Pb 

"31b" Bedded barite 

"31 c" Emerald vein 

"32a" Southeast Missouri Pt>-Zn 

"32b" Appalachian Zn 

"32c" Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn 

"34a" Superior Fe 

"34b" Sed1mentarv manoanese 

"34c" PhoSPhate uowelling type_ 

"34d" PhosQhate warm current type 

"36a" Low suiMe Au-Quartz ve1n 

"36b" Homestake Au 

"37a" Uncontormitv U·Au 

"37b" Gold on nat taults 

"38a" Lateritic Ni 

"38b" Baux1te later~te tvoe 

"38c" Bauxite karst tvoe 

"39a" Placer Au-PGE 

"39b" Placer PGE·Au 

"39c" Shoreline placer Ti 

"39d" D1amond placer 

"39e" Alluvial olacer Sn 

u Na K Rb Cs Be REE u Th Zr Nb Ta Ma Ca Sr Ba AI Ga p Ti v Cr Mn Fe 

Figure 206. Matrix diagram showing deposit models and their geochemical signature. Closed and open circles 

indicate that the element is anomalous proximally or distally to the deposit res pecti vel y • 

304 
Model 

Number Deposit Type Co Ni Cu Mo w Re PGE AQ Au Zn Cd HQ Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Te Se s Br c NH3 

"1" Saltwater N1-Cu 

"2a" Bushveld Cr 

"2b" Merenskv Reef PGE 

"3" Bushveld Fe-Ti-V 

"Sa" Dululh Cu-N1-PGE 

"Sb" Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE 

"Sa" Koma01bc Ni-Cu 

"6b" Dun1tic Ni-Cu 

"?a" Svnorooenic-Svnvolcanic Ni-Cu 

"?b" AnorthoSlte Ti 

"Sa & Bb" Podoform chromite 

"Be" Lomassol Forest Co-Ni 

"Bd" Serpentine-hosted asbestos 

"9" Alask~n Cr-Pt 

"1 o· Carbonatite 

"1 2" D1amond oioes 

"14a" Wskam 

"1 4b" Sn skarn 

"1 4c" Replacement Sn 

"15a" Wveins 

"1 Sb" Sn ve1ns 

"15c" Sn Qreisen 

"16" Climax Mo 

"1 7" Porohvrv Cu 

"1 Ba" Porphvrv Cu skarn-related 

"1 Bb" Cu skarn 

"1Bc" Zn-Pb skarn 

"1Bd" Fe skarn 

"1 Be" Cart>onate-hosted asbestos 

"19a" Polymetallic replacement 

"19b" Replacement Mn 

"20a" Porohvrv Sn 

"20b" Sn-polymetallic vein 

"20c" Porohvrv Cu-Au 

"21a" POI'ohvrv Cu-Mo 

"21b" Porphyry Mo low-F 

"22a" Volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb 

"22b" Au-Ag-Te veins 

"22c" Polymetallic veons 

"23" Basal be Cu 

"24a" Cyprus massive sulfide 

"24b" Besshi massive sulfide 

"24c" Volcanogenic Mn 

"24d" Blackbird Co-Cu 

"25a" Hot-sprino Au-Ao 

"25b" Creede eoithermal vein 

"25c" Comstock "'"thermal vein 

"25d" Sado eoothermal vein 

"25e" Epithermal quartz-alunite Au 

"25f" Volcanoaenic U 

"25o" Eoithermal Mn 

"25h" Rhyolite-hosted Sn 

"25o" Volcanoc-hosted maonetite 

"26a" Carbonate-hosted Au-AQ 

"27a" Hot-spnno Ho 

"27b" Almaden He 

"27c" Silica-carbonate HQ 

"27d" Sb veins 

"28a" Kuroko massive sulfide 

"2Bb" Alooma Fe 

"29a" Quartz pebble conalomerate Au-U 

"29b" Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au 

"30a" Sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn 

"30b" Sediment-hosted Cu 

"30c" Sandstone U 

"31a" Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb 

"31b" Bedded barite 

"31 c· Emerald vein 

"32a" Southeast Missouri Pb-Zn 

"32b" Aooalachian Zn 

"32c" Kioushi Cu-Pb-Zn 

"34a" Suoerior Fe 

"34b" Sedimentary manaanese 

"34c" Phosohate uowellinQ tvoe 

"34d" Phosphate warm current tvoe 

"36a" Low sulfide Au-ouartz vein 

"36b" Homestake Au 

"37a" Unconformity U-Au 

"37b" Gold on nat faults 

"38a" Latentic Ni 

"38b" Bauxite latente tvoe 

"38c" Bauxite karst type 

"39a" Placer Au-PGE 

"39b" Placer PGE-Au 

"39c" Shoreline placer Ti 

"39d" Di am end placer 

"39e" Alluvial olacer Sn 

Co Ni Cu Mo w Re PGE Ag Au Zn Cd Hg Tl Ge Sn Pb As Sb Bi Te Se s Br c NH3 

Figure 206. Continued. 

305 
306 

Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Ag (cont.) 4 

4 

3 

Al 

As 

2 

5 

5 

2 

2 

3 

4 

2 

2 

1 

4 

2 

3 

5 

4 

4 

3 

5 

3 

3 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

5 

5 

5 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

3 

5 

4 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

3 

4 

4 

3(dist.) 

2(dist.) 

4 

3 

4(dist.) 

4 

5(dist.) 

5 

4 

5 

4(dist.) 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4(prox.) 

3 

5 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5 

5 

Deposit type and model number 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

carbonate-hosted Au-Ag (26a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

bauxite, laterite type (38b) 

bauxite, karst type (38c) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

W skarn (14a) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

Almaden Hg (27b) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Homestake Au (28c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 
AppendiX C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

As (cont.) 

Au 2 

4 

3 

4 

4 

5 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

5 

2 4 

2 4 

3 

2 

4 2 

2 4 

4 3 

4 3 

5 

5 

1 

3 

5 

4 2 

3 

5 

5 

3 

5 

B 

Ba 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

4 

1 

4 

4 

3 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5(prox.) 

5(dist.) 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4(dist.) 

4 

5 

5(prox.) 

(-3) 

5 

4 

3 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3 

5 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

4 

2 

4 

4 

3 

4(prox.) 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

4(dist.) 

Deposit type and model number 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Homestake Au (28c) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

carbonatite (10) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry copper (17) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

carbonatite (10) 

diamond pipes (12) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

307 
308 

Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Ba (cont.) 

Be 

Bi 

Br 

C (diamond) 

C (organic) 

ea 

5 

5 

5 

5 

2 

2 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

3 

4(dist.) 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4(dist.) 

5 

3(dist.) 

3 

3 

3 

1 

5 

4 

3 

3 

2 

4 

5 

4 

5 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

5 

3 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

(-4) 

(-4) 

( -5) 

Deposit type and model number 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a)-Ag 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

bedded barite (31b) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

diamond placers (39d) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

emerald veins (31c) 

W skarn (14a) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

Creede epithermal veln (25b) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

marine potash 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

diamond pipes (12) 

diamond placers (39d) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 
Appendix c. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

..,,, Element Primary By-product Geochemical Deposit type and model number 

anomaly 

Ca (cont.) (-5) Appalachian Zn (32b) 

(-3) Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

3 unconformity U (37a) 

Cd 4 southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

4 Appalachian Zn (32b) 

Co 3 5 Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

4 Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

3 5 Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

2 3 komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

2 5 dunitic Ni (6b) 

1 5 synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

5 5 Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

4 diamond pipes (12) 

2 Cu skarn (18b) 

3 Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

2 Fe skarn (18d) 

1 basaltic Cu (23) 

3 Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

4 Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

5 5 Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

3 Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

2 sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

2 sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

2 4 southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

4 3 Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

3 5 lateritic Ni (38a) 

3 Homestake Au (36b) 

4 unconformity U (37a) 

3 diamond placers (39d) 

Cr 5 5 Bushveld Cr (2a) 

5 Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

5 dunitic Ni (6b) 

5 5 podiform Cr (8a) 

2 5 Alaskan PGE (9) 

5 diamond pipes (12) 

3 Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

5 lateritic Ni (38a) 

5 placer PGE-Au (39b) 

3 diamond placers (39d) 

Cs 4 Sn skarn (14b) 

4 Climax Mo (16) 

Cu 4 5 Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

1 5 Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

3 5 Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

4 5 Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

3 5 komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

4 dunitic Ni (6b) 

3 5 synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

1 5 Alaskan PGE (9) 

3 carbonatite (10) 

4 W skarn (14a) 

4 Sn skarn (14b) 

2 5 replacement Sn (14c) 

3 W veins (15a) 

4 (prox.) Climax Mo (16) 

5 5(prox.) porphyry Cu (17) 

309 
310 

Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Cu (cont.) 5 

5 

F 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

2 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

1 

4 

2 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

5 

5(prox.) 

5 

4 

5(prox.) 

4 

4(dist.) 

5 

5(prox.) 

5(prox.) 

5(prox.) 

5 

4 

5(prox.) 

5 

5 

5 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5(prox.) 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

3 

3 

2 

2 

4 

5 

4 

5 

5 

3 

3 

5 

5(prox.) 

4 

3 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3(dist.) 

5 

5 

4 

Deposit type and model number 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

carbona ti te ( 10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm current type (34d) 

gold on flat faults 37b 
Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Fe 

Ga 

Ge 

Hg 

5 

5 

1 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

Ir (see PGE) 

K 

Li 

Mg 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

5 

5 

5 

1 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5 

4 

3 

5 

4 

4(dist.) 

2 

3 

4(dist.) 

4 

5 

5 

5 

4 

3 

3 

3 

(-4) 

(-5) 

(-5) 

4 

( -3) 

4 

2 

4 

5 

4(dist.) 

4 

(-3) 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

Deposit type and model number 

many, including: 

Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

anorthosite Ti (7b) 

carbonatite (10) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

Algoma Fe (28b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Superior Fe (34a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

bauxite, laterite type (38b) 

bauxite, karst type (38c) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

carbonate-hosted Au-Ag (26a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

Almaden Hg (27b) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

diamond pipes (12) 

emerald veins (31c) 

unconformity U (37a) 

carbonatite (10) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

emerald veins (31c) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu-(6b) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

311 
312 

Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Mg (cont.) 

Mn 

Mo 

Na 

Nb 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

2 

2 

1 

5 

3 

2 

1 

1 

4 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

3 

5 

5 

4 

3 

4 

4(dist.) 

5 

4(dist.) 

5 

4(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

5(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

5 

4 

3 

5 

4(dist.) 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 (prox.) 

5(prox.) 

5 

4 

5(dist.) 

5 (prox.) 

5(prox.) 

5(prox.) 

2 

3 

4 

2 

(-3) 

4 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

(-4) 

(-5) 

(-5) 

(-3) 

(-4) 

(-5) 

5 

4 

4 

Deposit type and model number 

dolomitic Cu-Co 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

emerald veins (31c) 

carbonatite (10) 

diamond pipes (12) 

porphyry Cu ( 17) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

sedimentary Mn (34b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

diamond placers (39d) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

emerald veins (31c) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

emerald veins (31c) 

carbonatite (10) 

diamond pipes (12) 
Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Nb (cont.) 

Ni 4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

Os (see PGE) 

p 

Pb 

5 

5 

2 

4 

3 

1 

5 

4 

2 

1 

1 

3 

3 

2 

1 

4 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

3 

3 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

3 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

4 

5 

5 

4 

5 

(-4) 

(-5) 

(-5) 

5 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3 

3 

4 

3 

4(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

3 

4(dist.) 

5 

5(dist.) 

4 

4(dist.) 

4 

4(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3(prox.) 

4 

3 

3 

5 

5 

3 

5 

(-3) 

Deposit type and model number 

Climax Mo (16) 

diamond placers (39d) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu-(6a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

diamond pipes (12) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

unconformity U (37a) 

lateritic Ni (38a) 

diamond placers (39d) 

carbonatite (10) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

carbonatite (10) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

emerald veins (31c) 

313 
314 

Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Pb (cont.) 5 

3 

Pd (see PGE) 

Pt (incl. all PGE) 

1 

5 

Rare Earths 

2 

Rb 

Re 

Rh (see PGE) 

Ru (see PGE) 

s 

Sb 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 

3 

2 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

5 

3 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

2 

2 

4 

3 

5 

4 

5 

3 

3 

2 

3 

5 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5 

5 

4 

3(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

3 

4 

5 

5 

3 

5 

5 

3(dist.) 

3 

Deposit type and model number 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu(6a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

pediform Cr (8a) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

diamond pipes (12) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

Homestake Au (28c) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

diamond placers (39d) 

carbonatite (10) 

W veins (15a) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

emerald veins (31c) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

Climax Mo (16) 

Porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

Unconformity U-Au (37a) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 
Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Sb (cont.) 

Se 

Si 

Sn 

Sr 

Ta 

Te 

Te (cont.) 

Th 

5 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

3 

2 

2 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

4(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

3 

4 

4(dist.) 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

4 

2 

4 

2 

2 

3 

2 

5 

5 

1 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 (prox.) 

3(dist.) 

3 

1 

5 

5 

2 

5 

4 

2 

3 

3 

3 

1 

3 

4(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

3 

5 

3 

3 

3 

3 

5 

Deposit type and model number 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

hot spring Hg (27a) 

Almaden Hg (27b) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Homestake Au (36a) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone U (30c) 

almost all epigenetic deposits 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

carbonatite (10) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

carbonatite (10) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

carbonatite (10) 

315 
316 

Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Th (cont.) 2 

Ti 

Tl 

u 

v 

w 

Zn 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

5 

5 

5 

4 

3 

2 

2 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

5 

4 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

4(dist.) 

4 

5 

3(dist.) 

4 

4 

2 

5 

2 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

2 

5 

3 

1 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5(prox.) 

3(prox.) 

2 

3 

4 

4 (prox.) 

5(prox.) 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

Deposit type and model number 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

carbonatite (10) 

diamond pipes (12) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

diamond placers (39d) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

carbonatite (10) 

Climax Mo (16) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

unconformity U (37a) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn ( 14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 
Appendix C. Commodity/Geochemical Index--Continued 

Element Primary By-product 

Zn (cont.) 

Zr 

5 

4 

2 

2 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

2 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

1 

3 

Geochemical 

anomaly 

3(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

3 

4(dist.) 

5 

5(dist.) 

4 

4(dist.) 

5 

4(dist.) 

4(dist.) 

3(dist.) 

4 

3 

4(dist.) 

3 

5 

5 

3 

5 

4(prox.) 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

4 

3 

4 

4 

5 

Deposit type and model number 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

carbonatite (10) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

317 
318 

Mineral 

Adularia 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index by Paul B. Barton 

The mineralogy of the deposits is indicated in six categories describing 

the mode of occurrence of the mineral. Each category, which constitutes a 

column, is labeled as follows: "Ore mineral" (the mineral is commonly the 

source of the metal or other valuable product of the deposit), "Gangue 

mineral" (the mineral has no value but is closely associated in time and space 

with the ore minerals), "Host rock mineral" and "Associated rock mineral" (the 

mineral is characteristic of the rocks in which the deposit is found or with 

which it is genetically associated), "Alteration mineral" (the mineral is 

produced in rocks near the deposit by hydrothermal processes related to ore 

deposition or transport), and "Weathering mineral" (the mineral is produced by 

weathering or supergene enrichment). 

An "ore" mineral is so designated if it is a mineral which under 

reasonable circumstances might be used to provide a concentrate of a valuable 

substance. Thus traces of bismuthinite are "ores", as are pyrite or 

arsenopyrite crystals that carry gold, and so is pyrite in sufficient 

abundance that it might be used as a source of sulfur. But accessory pyrite 

without economic values is "gangue" because neither iron nor sulfur would 

normally be produced from it; multiple entries for some minerals are 

expected. The "host" category is necessarily incomplete inasmuch as 

variations in host lithology are not necessarily critical parts of the model; 

for example a vein could cut a pegmatite containing minerals such as beryl or 

spodumene, neither of which would be very informative if added to the "host" 

minerals list. 

Numerical values are given as a measure of the degree to which a mineral 

is present in the deposit of the type considered; the numbers are NOT the 

amount of mineral, but its universality anywhere in the deposit among all 

deposits of that class. The values "1", "2", "3", "4", and "5" correspond 

respectively to 0-10, 10-30, 30-70, 70-90, and 90-100 percent and, until 

definitive documentation for a given model type is available, will usually be 

no better than guesses based on experience. The numbers are modified by a 

letter suffix to give a qualitative estimate of the abundance of the mineral: 

"m" indicates a major component, which we define as 10 volume percent; "t" 

indicates traces, which we define as 1 volume percent; intermediate values 

are given no designation. Detail on the spatial distribution of minerals 

resides in the models themselves. 

Ore Gangue Host As soc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

min- min- rock iated at ion ering 

eral eral min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

eral 

4 Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

(also see 3 polymetallic veins (22c) 

feldspar) 4 hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

3 3 Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

3 3 Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

3 Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

3 4 volcanogenic U (25f) 

4 rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

4 hot-spring Hg (27a) 

2t southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Albite 4m W veins (15a) 

(also see 3 porphyry Cu (17) 

feldspar) 4 Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

4 volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

3 kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

3 sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

4 emerald veins (31c) 

4 low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

Alleghenyite 

Al oxides 

and hydroxides 

5m 

5m 

Alunite 

Amphibole 

Mn-rich 

actinolite 

(includes 

tremolite) 

anthophyllite 

cummingtonite 

Anatase 

Andalusite 

Anhydrite 

mineral 

2 

3 

2 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2m 

2 

2 

rock iated ation ering 

min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

4 

4 

3 

3m 

4 

4 

1m 

eral 

3 

3m 

3m 

3m 

2m 

3 

4 

3 

5 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

2 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3 

2 

5m 

5m 

4 

4 

4 

2 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

bauxite, laterite type (38b) 

bauxite, karst type (38c) 

Alunite is a common result of 

the oxidation of sulfides in 

Al-bearing carbonate-poor rocks. 

porphyry Cu (17) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

Amphibole is a common late-stage 

alteration in skarns of all types. 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

serpentine-hosted asbestos (8d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Homestake Au (28c) 

bauxite, laterite type (38b) 

bauxite, karst type (38c) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

319 
320 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Apatite 

apatite, 

(includes fluorfrancolite, 

collophane) 

1m 

5m 

5m 

Antimony 2t 

(native) 

Argentite 

Arsenates 

Arsenides 

3t 

3t 

3t 

3t 

5t 

4t 

2t 

4t 

3 

1t 

4 

3t 

Arsenopyrite 

Gangue 

mineral 

3 

4 

5 

3 

2 

3 

3t 

4 

2 

4t 

3 

4 

5 

4 

5 

3 

3t 

3 

4 

2 

3 

5 

3 

2 

2 

3t 

3t 

3t 

1t 

Host 

rock 

mineral 

As soc- Alteriated at ion 

rock minmin- eral 

eral 

Weathering 

mineral 

5 

Deposit type and model number 

anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

carbonatite (10) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Argentite is a common product of the 

supergene enrichment of silver ores. 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

simple Sb (27d) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Arsenopyrite 

(cont.) 

Asbestos 

(see chrysotile) 

Ba-silicates 

Barite 

1m 

1m 

5m 

Berthierite 

2t 

5t 

Biotite 

Gangue Host 

min- rock 

eral min2 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4m 

4 

3 

3 

5 

3 

3 

2 

3m 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3t 

4 

4 

3 

3 

4 

4 

eral 

Assoc- Alter- Weathiated ation ering 

rock min- minmin- eral eral 

eral 

1m 

3m 

4 

4 

4 

3 

5 

4 

4 

4 

Deposit type and model number 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

carbonatite (10) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

bedded barite (31b) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

simple Sb (27d) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

emerald veins (31c) 

Biotite is a common mineral in igneous 

and metamorphic rocks. 

carbonatite (10) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (15d) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

321 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host As soc- Altermin- min- rock iated at ion 

eral eral min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

Bismuth 

3t 

4t 

2t 

3t 

Bismuthinite 

4t 

3t 

4t 

3t 

3t 

2t 

4t 

2t 

Boehmite 

4m 

Bornite 

3 

3t 

3t 

3t 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

3t 

3 

5 

3t 

4 

2t 

2 

5 

2t 

Brannerite 

4t 

4t 

4t 

Bravoite 

2t 

2t 

Brucite 

3 

322 

Weathering 

mineral 

Deposit type and model number 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

bauxite, karst type (38c) 

Bornite may be a supergene, as well 

as hypogene, copper mineral. 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

W skarn (14a) 

W veins (15a) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

serpentine-hosted asbestos (8d) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

Buddingtonite 

Calaverite 

(see tellurides) 

Carbonates 

(see specific 

carbonates 

below) 

4 

5 

ankerite 

calcite 

min- rock iated ation ering 

eral min- rock min- min3 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5 

4 

4 

4m 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4m 

3m 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

eral min- eral eral 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5m 

3 

5 

3m 

5m 

3m 

4 

eral 

5m 

3m 

3m 

3 

5m 

5m 

5 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

2 

3 

3 

2 

3 

2 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Carbonates are very common gangue and 

host-rock minerals in a wide variety 

of ores. 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn Skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

carbonatite (10) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

carbonatite (10) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

Almaden Hg (27b) 

simple Sb (27d) 

323 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host As soc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

min- min- rock iated at ion ering , eral eral min- rock min- min- I 

eral min- eral eral 

eral 

calcite 3 emerald veins (31c) 

(cont.) 4 sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

4m phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

4 phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

4 unconformity U (38d) 

dolomite 

4m carbonatite (10) 

4 3 4m polymetallic replacement (19a) 

3m replacement Mn (19b) 

4 4 Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

2 polymetallic veins (22c) 

5 silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

3 sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

5 5 emerald veins (31c) 

5 5m southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

5m 5m 5m Appalachian Zn (32b) 

4 4m Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

5 Superior Fe (34a) 

4m phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

4m phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

4 4 unconformity U (37b) 

rhodochrosite 

2 carbonatite (10) 

3 3 Climax Mo (16) 

3 Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

3 polymetallic replacement (19a) 

5m replacement Mn (19b) 

3 polymetallic veins (22c) 

4m volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

4 Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

3 Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

3 Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

5m epithermal Mn (25g) 

3m sedimentary Mn (34b) 

siderite 

4m replacement Sn (14c) 

3 Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

3 carbonatite (10) 

3 polymetallic veins (22c) 

3 Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

2t simple Sb (27d) 

3m Algoma Fe (28b) 

3 3 Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

3m Superior Fe (34a) 

3 phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

3 low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

3m 3m Homestake Au (36b) 

3 unconformity U (37a) 

Carnotite 

5 sandstone U (30c) 

3t phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

324 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Carrollite 

3t 

3t 

3t 

4t 

Cassiterite 

3t 

5 

5 

4t 

5 

5 

3t 

1t 

5 

5 

5 

1t 

Celestite 

Chalcedony 

(includes opal) 

Chalcocite 

and related 

Cuxs 

phases 

3 

4 

2t 

1t 

5 

Gangue 

mineral 

3 

4 

5 

3 

5 

5m 

5m 

4m 

4m 

3 

4m 

5 

5 

5 

2 

Host As soc- Alterrock iated at ion 

min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

5 

4 

Weathering 

mineral 

5 

Deposit type and model number 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Chalcocite and related CuxS minerals 

are extremely common as supergene 

alterations of copper-bearing sulfides 

and as supergene replacements of 

chalcopyrite and, to a lesser extent, 

other primary sulfides. 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

325 
326 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Chalcocite 

and related 

Cuxs 

phases (cont.) 

2t 

4 

2 

4 

Chalcopyrite 

5 

5t 

5t 

5 

5 

5 

5t 

5 

4t 

3t 

5t 

4t 

3t 

4t 

5t 

4t 

4t 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4t 

4t 

3t 

4t 

5 

5 

5 

3t 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3t 

5 

4t 

5t 

4 

3 

4t 

3t 

5 

5 

4t 

4 

3t 

Gangue Host As soc- Altermin- rock iated at ion 

eral min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

Weathering 

mineral 

4 

Deposit type and model number 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

min- rock iated ation ering 

eral min- rock min- minChalcopyrite (cont.) 

4t 

Chert 

Chlorite 

Chromite 

4t 

4 

4t 

3t 

4t 

4t 

5m 

3 

5m 

5m 

4m 

5m 

3 

2 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

5 

4 

eral min~ eral eral 

4m 

5m 

4m 

5m 

5m 

5 

4 

eral 

4m 

4m 

1m 

5m 

4m 

5m 

4 

3 

4 

3t 

3t 

5 

5 

3 

4m 

4m 

3m 

4 

3 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5m 

5m 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

5 

5 

4 

3 

5m 

5m 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Algoma Fe (28b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Superior Fe (34a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

pediform Cr (8a) 

327 
328 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Chromite 

(cont.) 5m 

Chrysotile 

5 

5 

Cinnabar 

3t 

5 

5 

5 

Clays 

"'C'Seespecific 

clays below) 

ammoniumbearing 

illite 

kaolinite 

and dickite 

Gangue 

mineral 

4 

4 

3 

3 

5m 

5m 

Host 

rock 

mineral 

3 

Associated 

rock 

mineral 

3 

5 

Alteration 

mineral 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

5 

4 

4 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

5 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

4 

Weathering 

mineral 

5m 

Deposit type and model number 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

diamond pipes (12) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

serpentine-hosted asbestos (8d) 

carbonate-hosted asbestos (18e) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

Almaden Hg (27b) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

Clays are very common minerals in soils 

and sedimentary rocks as well as in 

altered rocks associated with ores. 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

Mo porphyry, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Creede epithermal vein~?b) 

Comstock epithermal~ln (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

Kaolinite is commonly formed through 

the reaction of sulfuric acid 

derived from oxidizing sulfides 

with felsic rocks. 

, 

I 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue 

min- mineral eral 

kaolinite 

and dickite (cont.) 

montmorillonite 

(smectite) 

sericite 

Co-bearing 

arsenides, 

sulfides 

and sulfarsenides 

3t 

2t 

4t 

2 

2 

2t 

3 

4t 

Host As socrock iated 

min- rock 

eral mineral 

5 

Alteration 

mineral 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3 

2 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

3 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

5 

3t 

4 

Weathering 

mineral 

4 

Deposit type and model number 

porphyry Cu ( 17) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

epithermal Mn (25g) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

carbonate-hosted Au (32a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

unconformity U (37a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

unconformity U (38d) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (Be) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

329 
330 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Co-bearing 

arsenides, 

sulfides 

Gangue 

mineral 

and sulfarsenides (cont.) 

Coffinite 

5 

4t 

3 

2t 

2t 

4t 

5t 

4t 

5t 

4t 

Copper (native) 

4 

3t 

Cordierite 

Corundum 

Covel lite 

3 

4 

2 

2t 

Cubanite 

4 

4 

2 

3t 

3t 

Diamond 

5tt 

5tt 

Diaspore 

2 

Diopside (see pyroxenes) 

Host As soc- Alterrock iated at ion 

min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

2 2 

1t 

2t 

2 

3 

3 

Weathering 

mineral 

Deposit type and model number 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

unconformity U (38d) 

3 Native copper is a common mineral in 

oxidized copper ores; it also occurs 

as a trace deuteric mineral in some 

mafic rocks. 

basaltic Cu (23) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

Covellite is a very common supergene 

mineral in oxidized copper ores. 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

diamond pipes (12) 

diamond placers (39d) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 
~') 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host 

min- min- rock 

eral eral mineral 

Dumortierite 

Enargiteluzonite 

2t 

2t 

3 

5 

5 

1t 

1t 

2 

Epidote 

3t 

4 

4 

Ferrimolybdite 

Fletcherite (see sulfospinels) 

Fluorite 

4 

4t 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

2 

4t 

3t 

5 

2t 

3t 

2t 

3t 

As sociated 

rock 

mineral 

Alterat ion 

mineral 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

4t 

Weathering 

mineral 

4t 

Deposit type and model number 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

W veins (15a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

porphyry Cu ( 17) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

Ferrimolybdite is a common oxidation 

product in Me-bearing ores. 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

emerald veins (31c) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

331 
332 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

Ga minerals 

Gahnite 

Galena 

Garnet 

almandine 

andradite 

2t 

3t 

2 

2t 

3t 

3t 

2t 

3t 

5 

4 

2t 

4t 

2 

4 

4 

3t 

5 

4 

4t 

4t 

4t 

2t 

4 

5 

2t 

2t 

5 

3t 

5 

2t 

3 

4t 

4t 

(Sn-bearing) 

and.-gros.-spess. 

min- rock iated ation ering 

eral min- rock min- min3 

3m 

eral min- eral eral 

eral 

3 

3 

4m 

4m 

4 

3 

4 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

carbonatite (10) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

bedded barite (31b) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

Garnet is a common mineral in most 

skarns, in some regionally 

metamorphosed rocks, and in some 

igneous rocks. 

W skarn (14a) 

W skarn (14a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

~') min- min- rock iated at ion ering 

eral eral min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

eral 

Garnet (cont.) 

grossular- 3m 5m W skarn (14a) 

andradite 3 porphyry Cu, skarn-related ( 18a) 

4 Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

5 Fe skarn (18d) 

pyrope 

5 diamond pipes (12) 

4 diamond placers (39d) 

spessartine 

3 Climax Mo (16) 

4 Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

3 W skarn (14a) 

3 volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

uvarovite 

3 pediform Cr (8a) 

Garnierite 

5 5 lateritic Ni (38a) 

Ge minerals 

2t sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

5t Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) ""''' 

~ Gold 

3t Alaskan PGE (9) 

4t porphyry Cu (17) 

2t polymetallic replacement (19a) 

4t Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

5t porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

4t porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

4t volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

5t polymetallic veins (22c) 

4t Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

5t hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

4t Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

5t Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

5t Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

5t epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

3t volcanogenic U (25f) 

5t carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

3t simple Sb (27d) 

4t kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

5t quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

4t Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

5t low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

5t Homestake Au (36b) 

3t unconformity U-Au (37a) 

5t gold on flat faults (37b) 

5t placer Au-PGE (39a) 

4t placer PGE-Au (39b) 

Graphite ...,,, 3t 3t Merensky reef PGE (2b) 

~ 3 3 Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

333 
334 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Graphite (cont.) 

3 

2 

Greenockite 

Gypsum 

Halite 

Hematite 

2t 

2t 

3 

3 

4m 

5m 

Hematite/Goethite 

in ochre 

Gangue 

mineral 

3 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

5 

1t 

5 

3 

5 

4 

4 

Host 

rock 

mineral 

2 

4 

Associated 

rock 

mineral 

3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

Alteration 

mineral 

3 

3 

3 

2 

5 

3 

4 

Weathering 

mineral 

4t 

Deposit type and model number 

synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Greenockite is a common trace mineral 

developed in the early stages of 

oxidation of cadmium-bearing sphalerite. Greenockite is rare as a 

primary mineral. 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Halite occurs as a daughter mineral in 

fluid inclusions from many porphyry 

copper and molybdenum deposits and 

from a few other deposits. 

5 Hematite is a common weathering product 

5m 

5m 

4 

of iron minerals. 

Carbonatite (10) 

Sn veins (15b) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

Algoma Fe (28b) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

Superior Fe (34a) 

unconformity U (37a) 

gold on flat faults (37b) 

Hematite and goethite are common 

weathering products of iron-bearing 

sulfides. They are often grouped 

under the blanket term "limonite." 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 
~') 

~,, 

~ 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue 

min- mineral eral 

I doc rase 

Illite (see clays) 

Ilmenite 

3 

4 

5m 

3 

4 

4 

5 

4 

Ilvaite 

Jarosite 

Jasperoid 

(includes 

silicification in 

carbonate rocks) 

Kaolinite (see clays) 

K-feldspar 

(also see 

adularia) 

3 

4m 

3 

2 

3 

4 

4 

3 

Host As socrock iated 

min- rock 

eral mineral 

4 

5 

5 

Alteration 

mineral 

3 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

3 

5m 

5m 

5m 

3m 

3m 

4m 

3m 

4m 

5m 

4 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Weathering 

mineral 

4 

Deposit type and model number 

Sn skarn (14b) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related ( 18a) 

Ilmenite is a common accessory mineral 

in igneous and metamorphic rocks. 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

diamond pipes (12) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

diamond placers (39d) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn ( 18d) 

Jarosite is a common product of the 

supergene oxidation of iron sulfides. 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

Jasperoid here refers to massive silica 

replacement of pre-existing (usually 

carbonate) rock. 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Potassium feldspar is a common mineral 

in most types of felsic igneous, 

metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. 

Several lower temperature hydrothermal 

deposits contain the adularia variety 

(separate listing). 

W veins (15a) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

335 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

min- min- rock iated at ion ering 

eral eral min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

eral 

Leucoxene 3 volcanogenic U (25f) 

Linneaite 

(also see 

sulfospinels) 

2t dunitic Ni (6b) 

3t sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

3t Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Luzonite (see enargite-luzonite) 

Magnetite 

Magnetite is a common accessory mineral 

in many types of rocks. 

4 4 Bushveld Cr (2a) 

5m 5 Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

4 5 dunitic Ni (6b) 

3 4 synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

5 anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

3 3 pediform Cr (8a) 

3 4 Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

4 serpentine-hosted asbestos (8d) 

3m 3 4 Alaskan PGE (9) 

4m carbonatite (10) 

3 3 W skarn (14a) 

3 Sn skarn (14b) 

3 replacement Sn (14c) 

3 2 porphyry Cu (17) 

3 3 porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

4 Cu skarn (18b) 

3 Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

5m Fe skarn (18d) 

3 Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

4 4 porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

4 Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

5 Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

5m volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

3 2 kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

5m Algoma Fe (28b) 

2 Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

2t southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

5m Superior Fe (34a) 

4 4 4 Homestake Au (36b) 

5 placer Au-PGE (39a) 

5 placer PGE-Au (39b) 

Ti-rich 

5m Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

5m anorthosite Ti (7b) 

4m Alaskan PGE (9) 

V-rich 

5m Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

4m Alaskan PGE (9) 

Malayaite 

2t 2 Sn skarn (14b) 

336 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral 

Marcasite 

Ore 

mineral 

Melnikovite 

Mercury 

(native) 

Millerite 

Mn oxides 

4t 

4t 

4t 

3t 

2t 

2t 

2t 

and silicates 

5m 

4m 

Molybdenite 

4t 

4t 

5t 

4t 

5t 

5 

4 

3t 

3t 

3t 

5t 

5t 

4t 

2t 

2t 

2t 

2t 

3t 

Gangue 

mineral 

4 

2 

5 

2t 

3t 

3 

4t 

4 

4t 

2 

2t 

Host As soc- Alterrock iated at ion 

min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

3 

Weathering 

mineral 

4 

5m 

5m 

Deposit type and model number 

Marcasite is common as an incipient 

stage in the oxidation of pyrrhotite. 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

simple Sb (27d) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

Almaden Hg (27b) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

These are common oxidation products 

of manganese-bearing ores. 

replacement Mn (19b) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

sedimentary Mn (34b) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

337 
338 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral 

Muscovite 

Cr-rich 

V-rich 

Ore 

mineral 

Ni silicates 

5 

Ni sulfides, 

arsenides, and 

sulfarsenides 

(see also 

pentlandite) 

5 

5 

3t 

4t 

3t 

Niobium 

minerals 

4 

Olivine 

Organic matter 

Gangue 

mineral 

4m 

4 

3 

4m 

2 

2m 

3 

5 

5 

Host 

rock 

mineral 

4m 

4 

Associated 

rock 

mineral 

5 

4 

3 

Alteration 

mineral 

5m 

4 

5m 

5m 

5m 

4m 

3m 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4 

5 

Weathering 

mineral 

5 

Deposit type and model number 

Muscovite is a common mineral in 

igneous and metamorphic rocks. It 

also occurs as in some felsic skarns, 

in veins, and as the fine-grained, 

wallrock alteration known as sericite 

(see clays). 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

lateritic Ni (38a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

unconformity U (37a) 

carbonatite (10) 

Olivine is a common mineral in mafic 

igneous rocks (including those associated 

with models 1 through 12). 

Organic matter is found in many 

sedimentary and a few metamorphic 

rocks. The ore types noted here are 

those for which some relationship is 

probable. 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

Organic matter 

Orpiment 

Pentlandite 

5 

4t 

5t 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

3 

2t 

PGE minerals 

5t 

4t 

5t 

5t 

5t 

4t 

3t 

5t 

4t 

2t 

5t 

Phlogopite 

Phosphates 

1m 

5m 

5m 

Plagioclase 

(also see 

albite) 

min- rock iated ation ering 

eral min- rock min- min4t 

3 

4t 

2t 

3 

5 

4 

5 

5 

eral min- eral eral 

4t 

4 

5 

4 

2 

4 

4 

5 

4m 

eral 

4 

5 

5m 

5m 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (Be) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

pediform Cr (Ba) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

placer Au-PGE (39a) 

placer PGE-Au (39b) 

carbonatite (10) 

diamond pipes (12) 

diamond placers (39d) 

carbonatite (10) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

Plagioclase feldspar is a common 

mineral in igneous and metamorphic rocks 

associated with deposit types 1 

through 10. 

emerald veins (31c) 

339 
340 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

Pyrite 

1m 

min- rock iated ation ering 

eral min- rock min- min3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5m 

5m 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

2 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5m 

4t 

4 

5 

4m 

3t 

5 

5 

eral min- eral eral 

3 

4 

eral 

4 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

2 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

Pyrite is a very common and abundant 

mineral in many ore deposits and as 

the product of sulfidic alteration of 

Fe-bearing wallrocks. 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

Climax Mo (16) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

sandstone U (30c) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

bedded barite (31b) 

emerald veins (31c) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Pyrite (cont.) 

Pyrophyllite 

Pyroxene 

diopside 

hedenbergite 

Mn-rich 

Pyrrhotite 

Gangue 

mineral 

4 

5 

4t 

5 

5 

3 

4 

2 

4m 

4m 

2 

5m 

5t 

5 

3t 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5 

5 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4m 

Host Assocrock iated 

min- rock 

eral min4 

eral 

3 

3 

Alteration 

mineral 

2 

2 

3 

2 

4 

5 

5 

5m 

5m 

3 

4m 

5m 

4 

5m 

5m 

5 

4 

Weathering 

mineral 

Deposit type and model number 

Appalachian Zn (32b) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

phosphate, upwelling type (34c) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

Pyroxene is a common rock-forming 

mineral in mafic igneous rocks and in 

metamorphic rocks associated with 

some deposit types 1 through 10. 

carbonatite (10) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

diamond pipes (12) 

W skarn (14a) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

W skarn (14a) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Stillwater Ni-Cu (1) 

Bushveld Cr (2a) 

Merensky Reef PGE (2b) 

Bushveld Fe-Ti-V (3) 

Duluth Cu-Ni-PGE (5a) 

Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

komatiitic Ni-Cu (6a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu (7a) 

Limassol Forest Co-Ni (8c) 

Alaskan PGE (9) 

carbonatite (10) 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

341 
342 

Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Gangue Host Assoc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

min- rock iated ation ering 

eral min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

eral 

Pyrrhotite (cont.) 

1m 

Quartz 

Rare earthbearing 

minerals 

4 

Realgar 

Rhodonite 

Rutile 

Scapolite 

5t 

3 

3 

4 

2 

4 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

1 

3 

5 

3m 

4m 

5 

3m 

2t 

3m 

1t 

3 

4 

4m 

2t 

5t 

4 

3t 

5 

1t 

2 

5t 

4m 4m 3m 

3t 

3 

3 

4t 

4t 

4t 

3 

3m 

W veins (15a) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Fe skarn (18d) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

porphyry Sn (20a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

Quartz is almost universal in 

hydrothermal ores and a common 

and abundant constituent of most 

rocks. 

carbonatite (10) 

W veins (15a) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

emerald veins (31c) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

volcanogenic U (25f) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

Climax Mo (16) 

replacement Mn (19b) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

volcanogenic Mn (24c) 

anorthosite Ti (7b) 

carbonatite (10) 

porphyry Cu (17) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

emerald veins (31c) 

shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore 

mineral 

Scheelite 

5 

4t 

4t 

3t 

2t 

2t 

3t 

4t 

3t 

3t 

3t 

Selenides 

2t 

3t 

2t 

Serpentine 

Silver (native) 

4t 

2t 

4t 

4t 

Silver sulfides 

and sulfosalts 

4t 

1t 

4t 

4t 

5t 

4t 

5t 

5t 

2t 

4t 

2t 

3t 

Gangue 

mineral 

3 

Host As soc- Alterrock iated ation 

min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

4m 4m 

5m 

5m 

5m 

5m 

2 

Weathering 

mineral 

3t 

4t 

Deposit type and model number 

W skarn (14a) 

Sn skarn (14b) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn veins (15b) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

simple Sb (27d) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

sandstone U (30c) 

Serpentine minerals are the common 

products of the low-temperature 

metamorphism of ultramafic and 

mafic rocks. 

serpentine-hosted asbestos (8d) 

carbonatite (10) 

diamond pipes (12) 

carbonate-hosted asbestos (18e) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Native silver is a common weathering 

product of silver-bearing sulfide 

ores. 

basaltic Cu (23) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

Argentite and a wide variety of 

silver sulfosalts are common products 

of the oxidation and supergene 

enrichment of silver-bearing sulfide 

ores. 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

343 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host As soc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

min- min- rock iated ation ering 

eral eral min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

eral 

Spessartite 

see Garnet 

Sphalerite 

4t carbonatite (10) 

4t W skarn (14a) 

4t Sn skarn (14b) 

3t replacement Sn ( 14c) 

4t W veins (15a) 

3t Sn veins (15b) 

3t Sn greisen (15c) 

3 porphyry Cu, skarn-related ( 18a) 

4 Cu skarn (18b) 

5 Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

5 polymetallic replacement (19a) 

3t replacement Mn (19b) 

4 porphyry Sn (20a) 

5 Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

3 porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

3 volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

3 Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

5 polymetallic veins (22c) 

3t basaltic Cu (23) 

4 Cyprus massive sulfide (24a) 

5 Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

4t hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

5 Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

4 Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

4t Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

4t epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

4t silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

3t simple Sb (27d) 

5 kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

5 sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

3t sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

2t sandstone U (30c) 

5m sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

3t bedded barite (31b) 

5 southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

5 Appalachian Zn (32b) 

4 Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

3 Homestake Au (36b) 

3t unconformity U-Au (37a) 

Sphene 

3 carbonatite (10) 

2t porphyry Cu (17) 

5t volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

Spinel 

4 carbonatite (10) 

Stannite 

3t replacement Sn (14c) 

4t Sn veins (15b) 

2t Zn-Pb skarn (18c) 

4t porphyry Sn (20a) 

4t Sn polymetallic veins (20b) 

344 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral 

Stibnite 

Ore 

mineral 

3 

3t 

2t 

3t 

4t 

5 

2t 

Strontianite 

Sulfosalts 

3 

4t 

4t 

3t 

3t 

4t 

5t 

4t 

3t 

3t 

5 

4t 

4t 

3t 

5t 

5t 

5t 

5t 

4t 

5t 

4t 

4t 

1t 

5 

3t 

3t 

Sulfospinels 

Gangue 

mineral 

(also see carrollite, 

linneaite) 

2t 

3t 

3t 

3t 

2t 

3t 

Host As soc- Alterrock iated at ion 

min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

Weathering 

mineral 

Deposit type and model number 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

carbonate-hosted Au (26a) 

silica-carbonate Hg (27c) 

simple Sb (27d) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

carbonatite (10) 

The term "sulfosalts" is here used to 

represent all of the minerals that 

combine silver or base metal sulfides 

with As- Sb- or Bi-sulfides; 

enargite-luzonite and tetrahedritetennantite fall within this broad 

usage, but the Fe, Co and Ni 

sulfarsenides and sulfantimonides do 

not. 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

Sn greisen (15c) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Homestake Au (36b) 

unconformity U (37a) 

dunitic Ni (6b) 

Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sediment-hosted Cu (30b) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

345 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host As soc- Altermin- min- rock iated ation 

eral eral min- rock mineral min- eral 

eral 

Sulfur (native) 

2 3 2 

4 

Sylvanite (see tellurides) 

Talc 

3 

Tantalum 

minerals 

3t 

Tellurides 

5t 

3t 

3t 

3t 

4t 

2t 

3t 

2t 

2t 

2t 

5t 

4t 

3t 

4t 

3t 

2t 

Tennantitetetrahedrite 

3t 

3t 

3t 

4t 

4 

3t 

4t 

4 

4 

4 

3t 

5t 

4t 

3t 

4t 

3t 

3t 

2t 

5 

3t 

346 

Weath- Deposit type and model number 

ering 

mineral 

2t Native sulfur is sometimes found as 

an intermediate stage in the oxidation of sulfide ores. 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

hot-spring Hg (27a) 

serpentine-hosted asbestos (8d) 

carbonatite (10) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

simple Sb (27d) 

low-sulfide Au-quartz veins (36a) 

unconformity U-Au (37a) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

porphyry Cu-Au (20c) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

hot-spring Au-Ag (25a) 

Comstock epithermal vein (25c) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

simple Sb (27d) 

replacement Sn (14c) 

W veins (15a) 

porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

Cu skarn (18b) 

polymetallic replacement (19a) 

porphyry Cu-Mo (21a) 

porphyry Mo, low-F (21b) 

volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

Au-Ag-Te veins (22b) 

polymetallic veins (22c) 

Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

Creede epithermal vein (25b) 

Sado epithermal vein (25d) 

simple Sb (27d) 

kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn (30a) 

sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

southeast Missouri Pb-Zn (32a) 

Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Homestake Au (36b) 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host As soc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

~·) min- min- rock iated at ion ering 

eral eral min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

eral 

Topaz 

4 Sn skarn (14b) 

3 3 replacement Sn (14c) 

2 3 Sn veins (15b) 

4 Sn greisen (15c) 

3 Climax Mo (16) 

Tourmaline 

4 Sn skarn (14b) 

3 3 replacement Sn (14c) 

3 3 W veins (15a) 

4 4 Sn veins (15b) 

4m 4m Sn greisen (15c) 

2 2 porphyry Cu (17) 

4 3 porphyry Sn (20a) 

4 Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

3 3 volcanic-hosted Cu-As-Sb (22a) 

3 Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

5 Blackbird Co-Cu (24d) 

3 volcanic-hosted magnetite (25i) 

3 kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

2 Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au (29b) 

3 sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

3 3 3 Homestake Au (36b) 

,..,," 

~ Tungstenite 

2t Kipushi Cu-Pb-Zn (32c) 

Ulvospinel 

3 anorthosite-Ti (7b) 

Uraninite 

crystalline 

4t quartz pebble conglomerate Au-U (29a) 

5t unconformity U (37a) 

pitchblende 

5t volcanogenic U (25f) 

5t sandstone U (30c) 

5t unconformity U (37a) 

V-oxides 

4t 4t sandstone U (30c) 

Valleriite 

3t Noril'sk Cu-Ni-PGE (5b) 

2t Besshi massive sulfide (24b) 

2t sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb (31a) 

Vanadates 

4 sandstone U (30c) 

Witherite 

3t bedded barite (31b) 

347 
Appendix D. Mineralogical Index--Continued 

Mineral Ore Gangue Host As soc- Alter- Weath- Deposit type and model number 

min- min- rock iated ation ering 

eral eral min- rock min- mineral min- eral eral 

eral 

Wolframite 

3t W skarn (14a) 

5 W veins (15a) 

4 Sn veins (15b) 

3 Sn greisen (15c) 

3t Climax Mo (16) 

4 Sn-polymetallic veins (20b) 

3t epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

2t simple Sb (27d) 

2t Homestake Au (36b) 

Wollastonite 

4m W skarn (14a) 

4 porphyry Cu, skarn-related (18a) 

4 Cu skarn (18b) 

Zeolites 

4 4 basaltic Cu (23) 

5 epithermal Mn (25g) 

4 rhyolite-hosted Sn (25h) 

4 hot-spring Hg (27a) 

2 kuroko massive sulfide (28a) 

3 phosphate, warm-current type (34d) 

Zinnwaldite 

2t 2 w veins (15a) 

Zircon , 

3t anorthosite Ti (7b) 

3t carbonatite (10) 

4t shoreline placer Ti (39c) 

Zunyite 

3 epithermal quartz-alunite Au (25e) 

348 
Appendix E. Index of Deposits 

Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

~·) Aarja OMAN 24a Alaska ZIMB 30b 

Abbott USCA 27c Albert CNQU 28a 

Abdasht IRAN 8a Albert Lea Group USAZ 22c 

Aberfoyle AUTS 15b Albino CNON 36b 

Abeshiro (Sakura) JAPN 28a Aldermac CNQU 28a 

Abitibi CNQU Bd Aleksandrovskii Log URRS 39b 

Abra Negra MXCO 25g Aleshinka URRS 18d 

Abruzzi ITLY 38c Alex Hill-Mad Kiss GUYN 36a 

Abu Tartur EGPT 34c Alexii-Olginsky Log URRS 39b 

Abuhemsin (Abiulya) TRKY 24c Alice USCA 36a 

Abundancia TRKY 24c Alice Louise NCAL 8a 

Ace of Spades USCA 8a Alice Mine USCA 8a 

Aceitillar DMRP 38c Allan (Johnson) USCA 8a 

Achilles NZLD 36a Allard River CNQU 28a 

Adaevka URRS 18d Alleghany USCA 36a 

Adak-Lindskold SWDN 28a Alligator Ridge USNV 26a 

Adana-Saimbeyli TRKY 38c Alma (Mills) Placer us co 39a 

Adanac (Ruby Creek) CNBC 21b Almaden SPAN 27b 

Adelong Creek AUNS 39a Almagrera-Lapilla SPAN 28a 

Adobe Canyon USCA 8a Almeirim BRZL 38b 

Adventure Creek AUQL 15b Alpha NCAL 8a 

Advocate CNNF Bd Alpine-Lafatsch ASTR-ITLYAetna USCA 27c YUGO 32a,32b 

Affoh GHNA 38b Alta Hill USCA 8a 

Afterthought USCA 28a Altamira-Frontera VNZL 34a,28b 

Afton CNBC 20c Altenberg GRME 15c 

Agalteca HNDR 18d Althouse USOR 8a 

Agassiz CNMN 36b Altindag TRKY 8a 

Agnes Waters AUQL 39c Alto USCA 36a 

Agnew (Perseverance) AUWA 6b Altoona-Elkhor-Mercury CNBC 22c 

~' 

Agnico Eagle CNQU 36b A lumen MZMB 38b 

~ Agordo-Brosso ITLY 18b Alyce and Blue Jay USCA 8a 

Agrokipia CYPS 24a Am CNBC 17 

Aguilar AGTN 18c Amacan PLPN 17 

Aijala FNLD 28a Amador City USCA 36a 

Ain Mokra ALGR 18d Amapa BRZL 34a,28b 

Ain Oudrer ALGR 18d Amax CNMN 6b 

Ajax (Monte Carlo) CNBC 17 Amazon USMT 22c 

Ajax USOR 8a Ambatory MDGS 38a 

Ajax (Dak River) CNBC 21b Ambelikou CYPS 24a 

Ajo USAZ 17 American Asbestos USCA 8a 

Aka rca TRKY 8a American Bar USCA 36a 

Akarsen TRKY 28a American Fork USUT 19a 

Akashat IRAQ 34c Amigos MXCO 25h 

Akatani JAPN 18d Ammeberg SWDN 18c 

Akcabuk TRKY 8a Am ores CUBA 8a 

Akcakilise Topkirazlar TRKY 24c Amp hoe Phra Saeong THLD 27d 

Akenobe JAPN 20b Ample CNBC 36a 

Akeski TRKY 38c Amulet CNQU 28a 

Akinokawa (Onishi) JAPN 24b An-shan CINA 34a,28b 

Akkoy TRKY 28a Ana Yatak-Ergani TRKY 24a 

Akkoya TRKY 8a Analavory MDGS 38b 

Akoluuk TRKY 24c Analumay MDGS 38a 

Akseki Gokceovacik TRKY 24c Anantagiri INDA 38b 

Aktyubinsk URRS 34c Anayatak-Cakmakkaya TRKY 28a 

Akulla Vastra SWDN 28a Anchor AUTS 15c 

Akviran TRKY 34b Andacolla CILE 17 

Al AUVT 36a Anderson Lake CNMN 28a 

Al-Hasa/Oatrana JRDN 34c Andhra Pradesh INDA 34b 

Alabama bauxite USAL 38c Andizlik TRKY 8a 

Alabama Shoot AUVT 36a Anduramba AUQL 21b 

~' Alagada PORT 18d Angelo AUWA 28a 

~ 349 
Name 

Angels-Carson 

Anianowsky Lojok 

Animas 

Ankerite-Aunor-Delnite 

Ann 

Ann Mason 

Anna Madeleine 

Anne 

Ansongo 

Anti Axis 

Antimonial 

Antimony Canyon 

Antimony King 

Antimony Lode 

Antimony Mines 

Antimony Ridge 

Antler 

Antoine 

Antonio 

Apex (Del Norte Co.) 

Apex (ElDorado Co.) 

Apex Antimony 

Apex Mines 

Apliki 

Applegate 

Arad 

Araluen Valley 

Aravaipa 

Araxa 

Archer 

Arctic 

Arctic Chief 

Argo 

Argonaut 

Arguilillas 

Argus Hill 

Arie 

Arinteiro 

Arkhangelskii Log 

Arlington 

Armour Group 

Armstrong (A) 

Arnold Hill 

Arrieros 

Arrowhead 

Arroyo Durango 

As Safra 

Asafo 

Asagi Zorkum 

A sakawa 

Asbestos Hill 

Asbestos Island 

A sen 

Ash Shizm 

Ashio 

Ashland 

Ashley 

Associated Chromite 

As van 

Atacocha 

Atenguillo 

Atlanta 

Atlas 

Atlas 

350 

Country 

USCA 

URRS 

usco 

CNON 

CNBC 

USNV 

NCAL 

NRWY 

MALI 

USCA 

USNV 

USUT 

USNV 

USNV 

USMT 

USID 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CUBA 

USCA 

USCA 

USNV 

USUT 

CYPS 

USOR 

ISRL 

AUNS 

USAZ 

BRZL 

AUTS 

USAK 

CNYT 

USCA 

CNBC 

MXCO 

AUVT 

PPNG 

SPAN 

URRS 

CNBC 

USAZ 

CNNB 

USNY 

MXCO 

CNQU 

MXCO 

SAAR 

GHNA 

TRKY 

JAPN 

CNQU 

CNQU 

SWDN 

SAAR 

JAPN 

USOR 

CNON 

USOR 

TRKY 

PERU 

MXCO 

USNV 

PLPN 

USAZ 

Model No 

36a 

39b 

25b 

36b 

17 

17 

8a 

28a 

34b 

8a 

27d 

27d 

27d 

27d 

27d 

27d 

28a 

22c 

24c 

8a 

8a 

27d 

32c 

24a 

8a 

34c 

39a 

18c 

10 

15c 

28a 

18b 

36a 

18d 

25h 

36a 

17 

24a 

39b 

22c 

25g 

28a 

25i 

25h 

36b 

25h 

28a 

38b 

8a 

24b 

8d 

8d 

28a 

28a 

20b 

36a 

36b 

8a 

18d 

19a 

25g 

26a 

20c 

19b 

Name 

Atlas 

Auerbach 

Augusto Luis & others 

Aurora 

Aurora 

Aurukum 

Austin Brook 

Austinville 

Aventura 

A vi spa 

Avoca 

Avsar 

Awaso 

Axe 

Aya Aya 

Ayazmant 

Ayekoye 

Aznacollar 

Azul-Carajas 

B and B 

B. C. 

B. C. Moly 

Babcock 

Baby foot 

Badger 

Bagacay 

Bagby 

Bagby Valley 

Bagdad 

Baghain 

Bag in 

Bagirsakdire 

Bailadila 

Bailadores 

Bailey 

Baisoara 

Bajo 

Bakerville 

Bakhuis Mountains 

Balaklala 

Balcicakiri 

Bald Mountain 

Baldwin 

Balea-Sitaouma 

Ballarat 

Ballynoe 

Balmat 

Baltic and Revenue 

Baltimore 

Baluba 

Barna 

Bamble 

Bamboutos 

Ban Ban 

Bandgan 

Bangam 

Bankfield-Tombill 

Bannack 

Barao de Cocais-Caete 

Barbara-Surprise 

Barber-Larder 

Barberton 

Barite (Mouse) 

Barite Mtn. 

Country 

USCA 

URUR 

CUBA 

USNV 

USOR 

AUQL 

CNNB 

USVA 

CUBA 

CUBA 

IRLD 

TRKY 

GHNA 

CNBC 

PLPN 

TRKY 

GNEA 

SPAN 

BRZL 

USNV 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USOR 

USOR 

USAZ 

PLPN 

USCA 

USCA 

USAZ 

IRAN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

INDA 

VNZL 

CNYT 

RMNA 

JAPN 

AUQL 

SRNM 

USCA 

TRKY 

USME 

USNV 

MALI 

AUVT 

IRLD 

USNY 

us co 

USMT 

ZMBA 

SPAN 

NRWY 

CMRN 

AUQU 

PKTN 

CMRN 

CNON 

USMT 

BRZL 

AUWA 

CNON 

SAFR 

CNYT 

CNYT 

Model No 

36a 

18d 

24c 

25c 

25f 

38b 

28a 

32a,32b 

8a 

24c 

28a 

8a 

38b 

17 

17 

18d 

38b 

28a 

34b 

27a 

18b 

21b 

8a 

8a 

22c 

28a 

36a 

36a 

17 

18d 

8a 

8a 

34a,28b 

28a 

14a 

18d 

25d 

15b 

38b 

28a 

8a 

28a 

27a 

38b 

36a 

31b 

31a 

22c 

22c 

30b 

24a 

7a 

38b 

18c 

28a 

38b 

36b 

39a 

38b 

36b 

36b 

36b 

31b 

31b 
Name 

Barite Valley 

Barlo 

Baroi 

Barra do Pirai 

Barrandum 

Barrett 

Barrington Lake 

Barre Alto 

Barry Hollinger 

Barrytown 

Barvallee-Mogador 

Basay 

Baskoy 

Basset 

Bathurst-Norsemines 

Bati 

Bati-Taban 

Batikef 

Baw Hin Khao 

Bawd in 

Bayda 

Bear 

Bear Mountain 

Bear Valley 

Beat 

Beatson 

Beaver Dam 

Beceite-Fuendesplada 

Beck 

Bedford Hill 

Beersheva 

Belden 

Bell 

Bell 

Bell Allard 

Bell Boy-Niles-Towsley 

Bell Channel 

Bell Copper 

Bell Molybdenum 

Bell and California 

Bella Oak 

Bellacoscia 

Bellary 

Bellevue 

Bellevue 

Belokany-Laura 

Belvidere 

Ben Lomond 

Bendigo 

Bendigo 

Beni Douala 

Ben kala 

Benson 

Benson Lake 

Ben ten 

Bereket 

Berg 

Berong 

Berry Creek 

Besimianni Log 

Bessemer 

Besshi 

Best Chance 

Bethanga 

Country 

SAFR 

PLPN 

INDA 

BRZL 

USCA 

USME 

CNMN 

BRZL 

CNON 

NZLD 

CNQU 

PLPN 

TRKY 

GRBR 

CNNT 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

THLD 

BRMA 

OMAN 

USNV 

USNM 

USCA 

USCA 

USAK 

CNNS 

SPAN 

USCA 

CNQU 

ISRL 

USCA 

CNBC 

USNV 

CNQU 

USMT 

CNQU 

CNBC 

CNBC 

us co 

USCA 

NCAL 

INDA 

AUWA 

NCAL 

URRS 

USVT 

AUQL 

AUVT 

NZLD 

ALGR 

URRS 

USNY 

CNBC 

JAPN 

TRKY 

CNBC 

PLPN 

USCA 

URRS 

CNON 

JAPN 

CNYT 

AUVT 

Model No 

31b 

24a 

31a 

38b 

36a 

28a 

28a 

38a 

36b 

39c 

28a 

17 

28a 

15b 

28a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

31b 

28a 

24a 

17 

19b 

36a 

8a 

28a 

36a 

38c 

18d 

28a 

34c 

36a 

22c 

19a 

28a 

22c 

28a 

20c 

21b 

22c 

27c 

8a 

34a,28b 

36b 

8a 

30a 

Bd 

25f 

36a 

36a 

18d 

18d 

25i 

1Sb 

25d 

Sa 

21a 

3Sa 

36a 

39b 

1Sd 

24b 

18b 

36a 

Name Country 

Bethlehem 

Betts Cove 

Bezkere-Bulurlii 

Bhavnagar 

Bhimatangar 

Bicholim 

Bicir-Cakir 

Bicir-Gul 

Bidgood-Modfatt-Hall 

Bidjovagge 

Bielgorsky Log 

Big Badja River 

Big Bear 

Big Bell 

Big Ben 

Big Bend 

Big Bend 

Big Chief 

Big Cottonwood 

Big Dipper 

Big Four 

Big Four 

Big Four 

Big Hill 

Big Horn (Yarrow Ck) 

Big Mike 

Big Oak Flat 

Big Onion 

Big Pine Claim 

Big Syncline 

Big Yank No. 

Bihar 

Bilaspur 

Binder No. 

Bingham 

Binghampton 

Bingo 

Bintan Island 

Birch Lake 

Birch Tree 

Birchfield 

Birchfield 

Birthday-William Fancy 

Bisbee 

Bizmisen-Akusagi 

Bjorkasen 

Bjurfors 

Bjurliden 

Bjurtrask 

Black Bart (Great Western) 

Black Bart Claim (Avery) 

Black Bart Group 

Black Bear 

Black Bear 

Black Beauty 

Black Boy 

Black Boy 

Black Chrome 

Black Crow-San Juan 

Black Cub 

Black Diablo 

Black Diamond 

Black Diamond (Grey Eagle Gp.) 

Black Hawk 

CNBC 

CNNF 

TRKY 

INDA 

INDA 

INDA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CNON 

NRWY 

URRS 

AUNS 

USOR 

AUWA 

USMT 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USUT 

USCA 

USFL · 

USMT 

USOR 

USME 

CNAL 

USNV 

USCA 

CNBC 

USCA 

SAFR 

USOR 

INDA 

INDA 

USCA 

USUT 

USAZ 

ZIRE 

INDS 

CNSK 

CNMN 

NZLD 

USNM 

AUVT 

USAZ 

TRKY 

NRWY 

SWDN 

SWDN 

SWDN 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USNM 

CNYT 

USNV 

USOR 

USCA 

USNM 

Model No 

21a 

24a 

Sa 

3Sb 

38a 

34a,28b 

Sa 

Sa 

36b 

2Sa 

39b 

39a 

Sa 

36b 

16 

28a 

8a 

8a 

19a 

Sa 

34d 

22c 

8a 

2Sa 

30b 

24a 

36a 

17 

8a 

31a 

Sa 

3Sb 

38b 

8a 

17 

28a 

10 

38b 

2Sa 

6b 

39c 

19b 

36a 

17 

1Sd 

2Sa 

28a 

2Sa 

2Sa 

8a 

8a 

Sa 

36a 

Sa 

8a 

36a 

8a 

8a 

25g 

1Sb 

24c 

8a 

Sa 

18c 

351 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Black Hawk USOR Sa Bon eng Lobo PLPN 20c 

Black Lake CNQU Sd Bongbongan PLPN 24a 

Black Mtn. SAFR 31a Bonnievale AUWA 36b 

Black Otter USOR Sa Bonny Lake USFL 34d 

Black Range USNM 25h Bonsecours NCAL Sa 

Black Range-Oroya AUWA 36b Booker Lease USCA Sa 

Black Rock Chrome USCA Sa Boolarra AUVT 3Sb 

Black Streak USOR Sa Bor YUGO 22a 

Black Swan AUWA 6b Boss Mountain CNBC 21b 

Black Warrior USNV 27d Bossmo NRWY 2Sa 

Black Warrior USOR Sa Boston Group CUBA 24c 

Blackbird USID 24d Bosum CNBC 22c 

Blackstone USCA 36a Boswell River CNYT 21b 

Blairton CNON 1Sd Bothaville-Wolmaransstad SAFR 39c 

Blind River CNON 29a Bou Azzer MRCO Sc 

Blinman AUSA 19b Bou Mia MRCO 30a 

Blockhouse CNNS 36a Bou Sellam MRCO 30a 

Bloodwood Creek AUQL 15b Boulder River USMT 39a 

Bloody Canyon USNV 27d Boulougne-Folkston USFL 39c 

Blue Bell CNBC 19a Bouscadillac and others CNON 36b 

Blue Brush USCA Sa Bovard USNV 25c 

Blue Creek Tunnel USCA Sa Bowden Lake CNMN 6b 

Blue Dick USNV 27d Bowden Prospect USCA Sa 

Blue Grouse CNBC 1Sb Bowie Estate USCA Sa 

Blue Jay USCA 24c Bowser USOR Sa 

Blue Jay USOR 27d Boyandinskaia URRS 39b 

Blue Lead USAK 36a Boylen CNQU 30a 

Blue Ledge USCA 2Sa Bozkonus TRKY Sa 

Blue Moon USCA 2Sa Bozotluk-No. 551 TRKY Sa 

Blue Mountain USCA 36a Bozshchaku URRS 17 

Blue Mountains-Oko Mountains GUYN 3Sb Br. Solomon Is. SLMN 3Sa 

Blue Nose USNV 27d Brachy FRNC 19b 

Blue Ribbon USNV 27d Braden USOR 36a 

Blue Ridge PLPN 3Sa Bradley USNV 27d 

Blue River us co 39a Bragdor USCA Sa 

Blue Sky (Lucky Strike) USCA Sa Bralorne-Pioneer CNBC 36a 

Blue Star USNV 26a Bray-Beulah USNV 27d 

Bluebird USAZ 17 Brejui BRZL 14a 

Bluestone USNV 1Sb Brenda CNBC 21a 

Bob ZIMB 36b Brenmac USWA 17 

Bobrowka River URRS 39b Bretz USOR 25f 

Bodennec FRNC 2Sa Bretz USOR 27a 

Bodie USCA 25c Bridge Hill Ridge AUNS 39c 

Boe GNBS 3Sb Briggs Creek USOR Sa 

Boiler Pit USCA Sa Briseida Group & others CUBA 24c 

Boleo MXCO 23 Bristol (Jack Rabbit) USNV 19a 

Boliden SWDN 2Sa Britannia CNBC 2Sa 

Bolkardag TRKY 19a British Canadian CNQU Sd 

Bolshaya Choumika R. URRS 39b Broken Hill AUNT 31a 

Bolshaya Kamenouchka URRS 39b Broken Hill SAFR 31a 

Bolshaya Ossokina R. URRS 39b Broken Hills USCA 36a 

Bolshaya Prostokischenka URRS 39b Brookfield CNNS 31b 

Bolshaya Sosnovka URRS 39b Brookfield CNNS 36a 

Bolsherechensk URRS 1Sd Broulan and others CNON 36b 

Bolshoi Pokap R. URRS 39b Brown Scratch USOR Sa 

Bolshoi Sakciam URRS 39b Brownsville AUQL 15b 

Bolske-Tokmak URRS 34b Bruce USAZ 2Sa 

Born Repouso-Cambui BRZL 3Sb Bruner USNV 25d 

Bonanza NZLD 36a Brunswich CNNB 2Sa 

Bonanza USCA Sa Brunswick-Altamaha USGA 39c 

Bonanza us co 25b Bryn or CNBC 1Sd 

Bonanza CNBC 24a Bu Craa MRCO 34c 

Bond Creek USAK 17 Buchans CNNF 2Sa 

Bondurant USCA 36a Buckeye USCA 24c 

352 
Name 

Buckhorn 

Buckingham 

Bucko 

Buena Esperanza 

Bueycito 

Buffalo Red Lake 

Bugugan 

Buka 

Bulacan 

Bulbula 

Buller-Mokihinui 

Bullion 

Bullrun Placer 

Bully Hill 

Bunker 

Bur banks 

Buritirama 

Burned Cabin 

Burns Basin 

Burnt Hill-Knob Lake 

Burra 

Bursi 

Bush veld 

Butilad 

Butler Claims 

Butler, Estate Chrome 

Butte 

Butte 

Buttercup Chrome 

Buxton Creek 

Buyiik Gurleyen 

Buyiik Karamanli 

Buyuk Yenice 

Bwana Mkubwa 

C.O.D. 

cc 

Cab 

Cabo Rojo 

Cadiz 

Calabogie 

Caldas 

Calder-Bousquet 

Caledonia 

Caledonia 

Caledonia 

Caley 

Calico 

California Group 

California-Hartney-Marion 

Calistoga 

Calumet 

Calvert (Red Button) 

Camaguey 

Camanche 

Camarasa-Oliana 

Camara tuba 

Camden Mine 

Camiglia 

Camlica Koyee 

Campanamah 

Campanario 

Campania 

Campbell 

Campbell Red Lake-Dickenson 

Country 

USNV 

USNV 

CNMN 

CILE 

CUBA 

CNON 

TRKY 

PLPN 

PLPN 

IRAN 

NZLD 

us co 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

AUWA 

BRZL 

USOR 

USNV 

CNQU 

AUSA 

NRWY 

SAFR 

PLPN 

USCA 

USCA 

USMT 

USNV 

USCA 

CNBC 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

ZMBA 

USAZ 

CNBC 

CNYT 

PTRC 

CUBA 

CNON 

BRZL 

CNQU 

AUVT 

CNBC 

CUBA 

CNYT 

USCA 

USAZ 

CNBC 

USCA 

USMI 

USMT 

CUBA 

USCA 

SPAN 

BRZL 

USCA 

ITLY 

TRKY 

AGTN 

SPAN 

ITLY 

USOR 

CNON 

Model No 

25f 

21b 

6b 

23 

24c 

36b 

Sa 

3Sa 

1Sd 

3Sc 

36a 

22c 

39a 

2Sa 

Sa 

36b 

24c 

Sa 

27d 

34a,2Sb 

30b 

2Sa 

2a,2b,3 

17 

Sa 

Sa 

17 

27a 

Sa 

39a 

Sa 

Sa 

27d 

30b 

22c 

2Sa 

14a 

3Sa 

24c 

1Sd 

3Sb 

36b 

36a 

1Sb 

Sa 

Sd 

25c 

25g 

22c 

25c 

23 

14a 

Sa 

39a 

3Sc 

39c 

Sa 

1Sd 

27d 

17 

2Sa 

3Sc 

Sa 

36b 

Name 

Camptonville area 

Cana Brava 

Canadian Jamieson 

Cananea 

Cananea (Capote) 

Canariaco 

Cannivan Gulch 

Canoe Landing 

Can tung 

Canyon Creek-East Fork 

Capacmarca 

Cape Bougainville 

Capel Shoreline 

Capitan 

Captain 

Captains Flat 

Caracota 

Carawison 

Carey/East Broughton 

Cariboo Bell 

Caribou 

Caribou 

Caribou-Aurum 

Carleton 

Carlin 

Carmel 

Carmen 

Carmi 

earn Brea-Tincroft 

Carnation-Jennie Lind 

Carnilya E. 

Carnilya Hill 

Carocoles 

Carolin 

Carolina 

Caroline Islands 

Carpenter 

Carpio 

Carr Boyd 

Carr Fork 

Carrock Fell 

Carshaw-Tommy Burns 

Casa de Janos 

Casapalca 

Casas Grandes 

Cash 

Casino 

Cassiar Mine 

Cassilis 

Cassius 

Castillo Buitron 

Castillode Palanco 

Casting 

Castle Dome 

Castle Island 

Castrita 

Castro Mine 

Castro Verde 

Cataguases 

Catak 

Catak-Koraalan 

Catalao 

Catas de las Vacas 

Catas el Durango 

Country 

USCA 

BRZL 

CNON 

MXCO 

MXCO 

PERU 

USMT 

CNNB 

CNNT 

USCA 

PERU 

AUWA 

AUWA 

USNM 

CNNB 

AUNS 

BLVA 

PLPN 

CNQU 

CNBC 

CNNB 

CNNS 

CNBC 

CNNS 

USNV 

PLPN 

CILE 

CNBC 

GRBR 

CNBC 

AUWA 

AUWA 

BLVA 

CNBC 

SAFR 

CARL 

USAZ 

SPAN 

AUWA 

USUT 

GRBR 

CNON 

MXCO 

PERU 

MXCO 

CNYT 

CNYT 

CNBC 

AUVT 

HATI 

SPAN 

SPAN 

USNV 

USAZ 

USAK 

MXCO 

USCA 

PORT 

BRZL 

TRKY 

TRKY 

BRZL 

MXCO 

MXCO 

Model No 

Sa 

Sd 

2Sa 

17 

1Sa 

17 

21b 

2Sa 

14a 

36a 

1Sd 

3Sb 

39c 

1Sd 

2Sa 

2Sa 

27d 

24a 

Sd 

20c 

2Sa 

36a 

36a 

36a 

26a 

24a 

1Sd 

21b 

15b 

22c 

6a 

6a 

15b 

36a 

39c 

3Sb 

17 

2Sa 

7a 

1Sb 

15a 

36b 

25g 

25b 

25g 

17 

17 

Sd 

36a 

1Sb 

2Sa 

24c 

1Sb 

17 

31b 

25h 

Sa 

2Sa 

3Sb 

Sa 

Sa 

10 

25h 

25h 

353 
Name 

Catavi 

Catface 

Catheart 

Cathroy Larder 

Cathy (Walt) 

Catolsinir 

Cattle Grid 

Cattle Springs 

Cavdarli-Komurluk 

Cave Canyon 

Cavyell Horse Mountain 

Cayirli Koy 

Cedar Creek 

Cehegin 

Celebration 

Cenger 

Cenger-Adatepe 

Cenger-Demirk 

Cenger-Domuza 

Centennial 

Central 

Central Cerbat District 

Central Manitoba 

Central Patricia 

Central Rawdon 

Central Tennessee 

Cerro Blanco 

Cerro Bolivar 

Cerro Colorado 

Cerro Colorado 

Cerro Gordo 

Cerro Grande 

Cerro Matoso 

Cerro Prieto 

Cerro Verde 

Cerro de Cobre 

Cerro de Mercado 

Cervantite 

Cezni 

Chacarilla 

Chador-Malu 

Chagrin 

Chahehgaz 

Chalchihuites 

Chalcobamba 

Challange area 

Chambers 

Chambiashi 

Champagne (Oakwood) 

Champion-New London 

Chang Po-Tongkeng 

Char cas 

Charco Redondo-Casualidad 

Charleston placers 

Chaucha 

Chavarria 

Chavin 

Cheminis-Fernland-Omega 

Chestatee 

Chester 

Chesterville 

Chewton 

Chiatura 

Chibuluma 

354 

Country 

BLVA 

CNBC 

USMN 

CNON 

CNYT 

TRKY 

AUSA 

USCA 

TRKY 

USCA 

USOR 

TRKY 

USOR 

SPAN 

USOR 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CNMN 

USCA 

USAZ 

'CNMN 

CNON 

CNNS 

USTN 

MXCO 

VNZL 

CILE 

PANA 

USCA 

MXCO 

CLBA 

MXCO 

PERU 

CLBA 

MXCO 

USNV 

TRKY 

BLVA 

IRAN 

NCAL 

IRAN 

MXCO 

PERU 

USCA 

USOR 

ZMBA 

UNS 

USAZ 

CINA 

MXCO 

CUBA 

ussc 

ECDR 

MXCO 

PERU 

CNON 

USGA 

CNNB 

CNON 

AUVT 

URRS 

ZMBA 

Model No 

20a 

17 

17 

36b 

31b 

8a 

30b 

8a 

24c 

18d 

8a 

24c 

8a 

18d 

8a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

28a 

36a 

22c 

36b 

36b 

36a 

32a,32b 

25h 

34a,28b 

17 

17 

19a 

25h 

38a 

25h 

17 

18b 

25i 

27d 

8a 

30b 

25i 

8a 

25i 

19a 

18b 

8a 

8a 

30b 

38b 

22c 

14c 

19a 

24c 

39c 

17 

25h 

25b 

36b 

28a 

28a 

36b 

36a 

34b 

30b 

Name 

Chibuluma West 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chichagof 

Chichibu 

Chicote Grande 

Child Harold 

Childs Mine 

Chilisai 

Chingola-Nchanga 

Chinkuashih 

Chintapalli-Gurtedu 

Chisel Lake 

Chitose 

Chittering 

Chityal and others 

Chiwefwe 

Chloride Flat 

Chloride District 

Choates 

Choghart 

Choja 

Chongwe 

Chorolque 

Christain Place 

Christmas 

Chrome Camp 

Chrome Gulch 

Chrome Hill 

Chrome King (Josephine Co.) 

Chrome King (Jackson Co.) 

Chrome No. 3 

Chrome Ridge 

Chuquicamata 

Chushiro 

Cia Minera Norcro 

Cinovec 

Cirque 

Cirque Barite 

Cista 

Ciudad Obregon 

Clara H 

Clarendon Plateau 

Clary and Langford 

Claude Hills 

Clear Springs 

Cleary Hill 

Cleopatra 

Cleveland 

Cliff Roy 

Climax 

Clinton 

Clinton Creek 

Clover Leaf 

Cluff Lake 

Clunes Goldfield 

Coal Creek 

Coalstoun 

Coarsegold 

Coasano 

Coast Copper 

Cobol 

Cobriza 

Cobweb Diggings 

Country 

ZMBA 

USCA 

USCA 

USAK 

JAPN 

BLVA 

NCAL 

CNON 

URRS 

ZMBA 

TIWN 

INDA 

CNMN 

JAPN 

AUWA 

INDA 

ZIMB 

USNM 

USAZ 

USNV 

IRAN 

JAPN 

ZMBA 

BLVA 

USCA 

USAZ 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

CILE 

JAPN 

HNDR 

CZCL 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CZCL 

MXCO 

USCA 

JMCA 

USCA 

AUSA 

USFL 

USAK 

USOR 

AUTS 

USNM 

us co 

CNQU 

CNYT 

USCA 

CNSK 

AUVT 

USAK 

AUQL 

USCA 

USAK 

CNBC 

USAK 

PERU 

AUNS 

Model No 

30b 

27c 

8a 

36a 

18d 

15a 

8a 

18d 

34c 

30b 

25e 

38b 

28a 

25d 

38b 

34a,28b 

34b 

19b 

22c 

27d 

25i 

24b 

30b 

20a 

8a 

18a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

8a 

17 

24b 

27d 

15c 

31a 

31b 

15c 

25g 

8a 

38c 

8a 

38a 

34d 

36a 

8a 

14c 

25g 

16 

28a 

8d 

8a 

38d 

36a 

15c 

17 

36a 

27d 

18b 

36a 

18b 

39a 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No ----

Cochrane Hill CNNS 36a Coteje BLVA 25f 

Coco Mina NCGA 25b Co to PLPN 8a ~·) Codd Prospect USCA Ba Cottonwood USNV 27d 

Coeur d'Alene USID 27d Coulterville USCA 36a 

Coggins USCA Ba Country Harbour CNNS 36a 

Coimadai AUVT 27d Courtwright USCA Ba 

Colchester CNNF 24a Courtwright (Daggett) USCA 8a 

Coleman USNV 27a Courvan Mine CNQU 8d 

Colfax USCA 36a Cove District USCA 36a 

Collard Mine USOR Ba Cow Bay CNNS 36a 

Colombo USCA 36a Cow Creek Gp. USCA 8a 

Colquemarca PERU 18d Cowley Creek CNYT 18b 

Colqui PERU 25b Cox, Bolyan & Loberg USAK 36a 

Comet USAK 36a Craigmont CNBC 18a 

Commander USCA 8a Cranberry Hill CNNS 36a 

Comstock CNBC 22c Cranbourne CNQU 8d 

Comstock USNV 25c Crandon USWI 28a 

Concepcion Del Oro MXCO 18b Creede us co 25b 

Conception SPAN 28a Crescent USWA 24c 

Confidence USCA 36a Creston MXCO 21b 

Conigo CNQU 28a Creta USOK 30b 

Connemara ZIMB 36b Cripple Creek us co 22b 

Conrad Lodes AUNW 15b Croker Island AUNT 38b 

Consolation NCAL 8a Cromita CUBA Ba 

Contact USCA 27c Cronin CNBC 28a 

Continental CNQU 8d Crooked Creek USID 39a 

Continental USNM 18a Crouch USOR 8a 

Conyarigi TRKY 27d Crowell Area USTX 30b 

Coolgardie AUWA 36b Crown USOR 8a 

Coolgarra Dist. AUQL 15b Crown King USAZ 19b 

Coon Mt. Nos. 1-3 USCA 8a Cuajone PERU 17 

Copper Basin USAZ 17 Cubenas CUBA 24c 

~·~~ Copper Basin USNV 18a Cubuagan PLPN 17 

Copper Canyon USNV 18b Cubuagan PLPN 20c 

Copper Cities USAZ 17 Cubuklu Koyu TRKY 24c 

Copper Creek USAZ 17 Cuchillo-Negro USNM 18d 

Copper Creek (Low Divide) USCA 8a Cueva de la Mora SPAN 28a 

Copper Crown CNBC 28a Cullaton Lake CNNT 36b 

Copper Flat USNM 18d Cullengoral AUNS 39a 

Copper George AUWA 28a Culver Bear USCA 27c 

Copper Hill USCA 28a Cumberland Island USGA 39c 

Copper Mountain CNBC 17 Cummings USCA 24c 

Copper Mountain CNBC 20c Cupra D'Estrie CNQU 28a 

Copper Penny USAZ 37b Cuprus CNMN 28a 

Copper Queen CNBC 18b Curiol-Playa Real-Pavones CORI 24c 

Copper Ridge USTN 32b Curtis Island AUQL 39c 

Copperhead AUWA 36b Cuyuna USMN 34a,28b 

Corbet CNQU 28a Cyclone Gap USCA Ba 

Cordero USNV 27a Cyclops INDS 38a 

Cordon PLPN 17 Cynthia GREC 19b 

Cordon Estaneros MXCO 25h Cynthia USOR 8a 

Corduroy Creek USID 39a D'Analamaitso MDGS 38b 

Cork-Province CNBC 22c D'Ankazobe MDGS 38b 

Cornell CNBC 18b D-Tree AUQL 34c 

Cornwall USPA 18d Dabola GNEA 38b 

Cornwall Sn GRBR 15b Daffodil CNON Bd 

Corocoro BLVA 30b Dagardi TRKY 27d 

Corona USCA 27c Dagardi TRKY 8a 

Coronation CNSK 28a Dagkuplu TRKY 8a 

Cortez USNV 19a Daiquiri CUBA 18d 

Cortez USNV 26a Daisy (Aldelabron) USCA 8a 

Cos an TRKY Ba Dales ford AUVT 36a 

Cosmopolitan AUWA 36b Damascus USCA 36a ~·~ 

~ Coster field AUVT 27d Damba ZIMB 6a 

355 
Name 

Dammer Nissar 

Danacik 

Danisment 

Dannemora 

Danville-Ranchette 

Dardanelles 

Dargo Range Dist. 

Dark Star 

Darrington 

Darwin 

Darwin 

Dassoumble 

Davidson 

Davis 

Dawn Lake 

Day Dawn-Main Line 

Dayton 

Dcev 7 

De Santis 

Debele (Kindia) 

Dee 

Deep Gorge Chrome 

Deep Gravel 

Deer Isle 

Defender 

Defiance 

Del Park-Huntly 

Delamar 

Delare Prospect 

Delbridge 

Delta 

Delta 

Demarest 

Demirkapi 

Demirli 

Denali Copper 

Derekoy 

Descoberto 

Desert 

De spina 

Detert 

Detour 

Detroit 

Devils Elbow 

Dewey's 

Dexing 

Dhalli-Rajhara 

Diamond 

Dickerson 

Dickey and Drisbach 

Dicks tone 

Dikulume-Mashamba 

Dinagat 

Dinagat Is. 

Dinamita 

Dinero 

Dirty Face 

Discovery 

Divide 

Divinolandia de Minas 

Divrigi 

Dixie Placer 

Dizon 

Djebel El Aziza 

356 

Country 

PKTN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

SWDN 

USAZ 

CNBC 

AUQL 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USNV 

IVCO 

CNON 

USMA 

CNSK 

AUWA 

USNV 

NCAL 

CNON 

GNEA 

USNV 

USOR 

USOR 

USME 

USCA 

USAZ 

AUWA 

USID 

USOR 

CNQU 

CUBA 

USCA 

USCA 

USNV 

TRKY 

USAK 

TRKY 

BRZL 

USCA 

CNQU 

USCA 

CNQU 

USUT 

CNNB 

USCA 

GINA 

INDA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNMN 

ZIRE 

PLPN 

PLPN 

MXCO 

USCA 

USOR 

CNMN 

USNV 

BRZL 

TRKY 

USOR 

PLPN 

TUNS 

Model No 

1Sd 

Sa 

24c 

1Sd 

19b 

22c 

15b 

Sa 

Sa 

19a 

27d 

24c 

36b 

2Sa 

3Sd 

36b 

1Sd 

Sa 

36b 

3Sb 

26a 

Sa 

39a 

2Sa 

36a 

22c 

3Sb 

25a 

Sa 

2Sa 

Sa 

36a 

36a 

27d 

Sa 

23 

27d 

3Sb 

27d 

2Sa 

Sa 

2Sa 

19b 

2Sa 

27c 

17 

34a,2Sb 

Sa 

Sa 

Sa 

2Sa 

30b 

Sa 

3Sa 

19b 

36a 

Sa 

6b 

25c 

3Sb 

1Sd 

39a 

20c 

19b 

Name 

Djebel Guettara 

Djebel Onk 

Doe Flat 

Dogu Ezan 

Dogu Kef 

Doi Pha Khan 

Dolores 

Dolores 

Dome-Paymaster-Preston 

Dominion Consolidated 

Dominion Gulf 

Domuzburnu II 

Don Jon 

Don Pedro 

Don Teodoro 

Donatelli 

Dorothea 

Dorothy 

Dorriss 

Dos Pobres 

Double Ed 

Douglas Hill 

Do vis 

Dozier 

Dr ina 

Drnis-Obrovac 

Drumm 

Dry Canyon 

Dry Creek 

Dublin Gulch (GSZ) 

Duchess 

Dudas 

Dugald River 

Duke Island 

Dulcoath 

Duluth Complex 

Dumagami 

Dumont 

Dumont Bourlamque 

Duncan Lake 

Dungun 

Dunraine 

Durnovskoe 

Duthie 

Dy 

Dyce Siding 

Dyson's (Rum Jungle) 

Dzama 

Dzhezhkazgan (Magakyan) 

E. Kempville 

E. Scotia 

Eagle 

Eagle 

Eagle Bluff-River Bend 

Eagle Mountain 

Eagle Shawmut 

Earl Smith 

Early Bird 

Early Sunrise 

Early-Sweetwater 

East Florida (Deseret Ranch) 

East Maui 

East Ore Body 

East Rawdon 

Country 

ALGR 

ALGR 

USCA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

THLD 

MXCO 

MXCO 

CNON 

NZLD 

CNON 

TRKY 

CNMN 

USCA 

MXCO 

USNV 

USOR 

CNBC 

USCA 

USAZ 

CNBC 

USNV 

IRAN 

USCA 

YUGO 

YUGO 

USNV 

USNV 

USOR 

CNYT 

AUQL 

USNV 

AUQL 

USAK 

GRBR 

USMN 

CNQU 

CNQU 

CNQU 

CNBC 

MDGS 

CNQU 

URRS 

CNBC 

CNYT 

CNMN 

AUNT 

URRS 

URRS 

CNNS 

AUWA 

CNBC 

USAK 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USOR 

USCA 

USFL 

USHI 

PLPN 

CNNS 

Model No 

24c 

34c 

Sa 

Sa 

Sa 

27d 

1Sc 

25c 

36b 

36a 

10 

Sa 

2Sa 

Sa 

25h 

27d 

36a 

17 

Sa 

20c 

2Sa 

1Sb 

Sa 

Sa 

19a 

3Sc 

27d 

27d 

Sa 

14a 

34c 

27d 

31a 

9 

15b 

5a 

2Sa 

6b 

2Sa 

31a 

1Sd 

2Sa 

24c 

2Sa 

31a 

2Sa 

3Sd 

1Sd 

30b 

15c 

6a 

17 

Sd 

36a 

1Sd 

36a 

Sa 

2Sa 

Sa 

36a 

34d 

3Sb 

Sa 

36a 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

East Rosetta EGPT 39c El Porvenir (Milpo) PERU 19a 

~·) East Sullivan CNQU 2Sa El Primero USCA Sa 

East Tennessee USTN 32a,32b El Profesor MXCO 25h 

East Tin tic USUT 19a El Rincon MXCO 25c 

Eastern A&B SYRA 34c El Romadizo MXCO 25h 

Eaton USNV 27d El Romeral CILE 25i 

Eclipse No. USCA 36a El Salvador CILE 17 

Ecum Secum CNNS 36a El Santo Nino MXCO 25h 

Edeline USCA Sa El Sherana AUNT 3Sd 

Eden USCA Sa El Sherana West AUNT 3Sd 

Edna May AUWA 36b El Socavon MXCO 25h 

Eggling and Williams USCA Sa El Sol y La Luna MXCO 1Sd 

Ego CNON 2Sa El Soldado CILE 17 

Ehime JAPN 24b El Tarango MXCO 25h 

Ejowka URRS 39b El Teniente CILE 17 

Ekstrom berg SWDN 25i El Tigre MXCO 25b 

El Abra CILE 17 El Venado MXCO 25h 

El A bra MXCO 25h El Volcan-Piedra !man MXCO 1Sd 

El Algarrobo CILE 25i El Zanzon MXCO 25h 

El Arco MXCO 17 Elalmis TRKY 27d 

El Atascadero MXCO 25h Elatsite BULG 17 

El Baluarte MXCO 25h Elder Claim USCA Sa 

El Barroso MXCO 25h Elder Creek USCA Sa 

El Borrego //1 MXCO 25h Eldirek TRKY Sa 

El Borrego 112 MXCO 25h Electric USNV 27d 

El Calabrote MXCO 25h Eliza-Schroeder USCA 36a 

El Capulin MXCO 25h Elk Creek Claim USCA Sa 

El Cid CUBA Sa Elkhorn Chromite USOR Sa 

El Coloradillo MXCO 25h Elkhorn Creek USMT 39a 

El Corral MXCO 25h Ellingwood USCA Sa 

El Cristal MXCO 25h Elliot Lake CNON 29a 

El Cuervo SPAN 24c Ellis USCA Sa ...,., El Dorado CILE 25i Elliston USMT 39a ~ El Dorado MXCO 25h Eltay URRS 1Sd 

El Dorado USCA 36a Ely USNV 1Sa 

El Dorado USMT 39a Embury Lake CNMN 2Sa 

El Duraznillo MXCO 25h Emerald-Dodger CNBC 14a 

El Durazno MXCO 25h Emerson USME 2Sa 

El Encino (La Ochoa) MXCO 25h Emigrant Springs USNV 26a 

El Encino (Jalisco) MXCO 25i Emirli TRKY 27d 

El Got era MXCO 25h Emma ville AUNS 3Sb 

El Hamra we in EGPT 34c Empire Le Tac CNQU 2Sa 

El Huacal MXCO 25h Empire-Lone Star USCA 36a 

El Indio CILE 25e Emporer Mine FIJI 22b 

El Indio, Tadeo, Empress ZIMB 7a 

San Antonio MXCO 25h Emu Creek AUQL 15b 

El Ladrillo MXCO 25h Emu Dist. AUQL 15b 

El Marney MXCO 25h Emu-Great Eastern AUWA 36b 

El Mezquite MXCO 25f Endako CNBC 21b 

El Mochito HNDR 1Sc Eneabba Shoreline AUWA 39c 

El Naranjo, Buena Suerte MXCO 25h Enterprise USCA 36a 

El Noladero MXCO 25h Enterprise USNV 27d 

El Nepal (Juan Aldama) MXCO 25h Epoch ZIMB 6a 

El Nepal (La Ochoa) MXCO 25h Equity Silver CNBC 22a 

El Nepal (Nepal I and III) MXCO 25f Ermenis TRKY Sa 

El Pachon AGTN 17 Errington CNON 2Sa 

El Pao VNZL 34a,2Sb Erzegebirge CZCL 15c 

El Pedroso SPAN 1Sd Escondida CILE 17 

El Penasco MXCO 25h Eskdale AUQL 27d 

El Perdido MXCO 25h Esmeralda USCA 36a 

El Picacho MXCO 25h Esperancita CUBA 24c 

El Pleito MXCO 25h Esperanza CILE 17 

El Polvillo MXCO 25h Esperanza USCA 27c 

El Portal USCA 36a Espiritu Santo BLVA 27d 

357 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Essex and Steptoe USNV 19b Forest Creek USOR 39a 

Estacao CNON 28a Forest Hill CNNS 36a 

Estacion Llanos MXCO 25g Forest Queen USCA 8a 

Ester Dome SE USAK 36a Fornas SPAN 24a 

Esterly Chrome USOR 8a Forrestania Group AUWA 6b 

Esther and Phyllis USCA 8a Fort Apache USAZ 34a,28b 

Estrella-Sopresa CUBA 24c Fort Gourand MAUR 34a,28b 

Estyunin URRS 18d Fort Green USFL 34d 

Euboea GREC 38a Foster USOR 8a 

Eulaminna AUWA 28a Foster Mountain USCA 24c 

Eureka us co 25b Four Hells Mine USCA 36a 

Eureka USNV 19a Four Point USOR 8a 

Eustis CNQU 28a Four-of-July USID 27d 

Eva May USMT 22c Fourth Crossing USCA 36a 

Evans Head-Wooli area AUNS 39c Fourth of July USCA 8a 

Exmibal GUAT 38a Fox CNMN 28a 

Exotica CILE 17 Francis Ormand AUVT 36a 

Experimental USCA 36a Franklin USCA 36a 

F Group CNON 28a Fraser Island AUQL 39c 

F and L Mine USNV 27a Fraser's AUWA 36b 

FL & DH CNMN 28a Freddie Wells AUNS 28a 

Fabian USCA 24c French USCA 36a 

Fairview USCA 8a French Gulch USCA 36a 

Fairview USNV 25c French Gulch us co 39a 

Falconbridge DMRP 38a French Hill USCA 8a 

Fall Creek USID 39a Fretais PORT 28a 

Falun SWDN 18c Fria-Kimbo GNEA 38b 

Fanrouche NCAL 8a Friday USOR 8a 

Farewell Lake CNMN 28a Frieda River PPNG 20c 

Faro CNYT 31a Friedensville USPA 32a,32b 

Faucogney FRNC 24c Frotet Lake CNQU 28a 

Felicianna USCA 36a Fryer's Creek AUVT 36a 

Fenoarivo MDGS 38b Fujinokawa JAPN 27d , 

Fenyoto HUNG 38c Fukazawa JAPN 28a I 

Fiddler's Green USCA 8a Fuke JAPN 25c 

Fields and Stoker USCA 8a Fuller-Tisdale CNON 36b 

Fierro USNM 18c Funter Bay USAK 7a 

Fierro-Hannover USNM 18d Furuhaugen NRWY 28a 

Fifteen-mile Brook CNNS 36a Furutobe-Ainai JAPN 28a 

Fifteen-mile Stream CNNS 36a Fx CNBC 31a 

Fifty-five USCA 36a Gabretta USCA 36a 

Filon Sur-Esperanza SPAN 28a Gabriels Gully NZLD 36a 

Finan USCA 8a Gabrinus USCA 36a 

Findikli TRKY 8a Gachala CLBA 31c 

Fine Gold USCA 36a Gag Is. INDS 38a 

Finney USCA 36a Galaxy CNBC 17 

Fish Lake CNBC 20c Galena Farm and vicinity CNBC 22c 

Fisher Maiden Group CNBC 22c Galice North USOR 36a 

Fiskefjord NRWY 34a,28b Gallagher USOR 8a 

Five Pines USCA 36a Gallinas USNM 18d 

Fjeldgruve NRWY 28a Galore Creek CNBC 20c 

Flaat NRWY 7a Galvan MXCO 25h 

Flambeau USWI 28a Gam be BRZL 38b 

Flexar CNSK 28a Gambier Island CNBC 21a 

Flin Flon CNMN 28a Gamle Folldal NRWY 28a 

Flint-Martin CNBC 22c Ganntour MRCO 34c 

Florence USAZ 17 Gant HUNG 38c 

Florida Canyon USNV 26a Gap USPA 7a 

Fond-du-Lac CNON 38d Gardner Mine USOR 8a 

Fongo Tongo CMRN 38b Garon Lake CNQU 28a 

Fonnfjell NRWY 28a Garpenberg Norra SWDN 18c 

Foots Creek USOR 39a Garpenberg Odal SWDN 18c 

Forbestown USCA 36a Gas Canyon USCA 8a , Ford USCA 36a Gaspe CNQU 21a 

358 
Name 

Gaspe (Needle Mountain) 

Gaviao 

Gavilancillos 

Gayna R.-Godlin L. 

Geach 

Geevor 

Geita 

Gelvenakko 

Gem 

Gem 

Gem 

Gem Olive 

Gem Park 

General Gallieni 

Geol. Reser. No. 34 

George Copper 

George Lake 

George Prezel 

Georgia bauxite 

Gerdag 

German Bar 

Getchell 

Ghost Lake 

Giant King 

Giant Mascot 

Gibraltar 

Gibralter 

Gibsonville 

Giken-Charlotta 

Gill (Gill Ranch) 

Gillan 

Gilliam 

Gillis Prospect 

Gilmont 

Giltedge 

Gimlet-Slippery 

Gingin Shoreline 

Giresun 

Girilambone 

Gjersvik 

Glacier Gulch 

Glacier Peak 

Gladstome-Sand Queen 

Gladstone 

Gladstone Mainland 

Glass Butte 

Glencoe-Woodhouse 

Gleneindale Dist. 

Glib en Nam 

Globe-Ralston 

Gloria-Elvira-Polaris 

Glory Ho 

Gloryana 

Gloubokia 

Gocek Koyu 

God's Lake 

Gogebic 

Golalan 

Golconda Fraction 

Gold Acres 

Gold Bar 

Gold Bug 

Gold Bug Claim 

Gold Chariot 

Country 

CNQU 

PORT 

MXCO 

CNNT 

USCA 

GRBR 

TNZN 

SWDN 

CNYT 

USCA 

CNBC 

USCA 

us co 

NCAL 

CNMN 

CNBC 

CNSK 

USID 

us co 

TRKY 

USCA 

USNV 

CNMN 

USCA 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USCA 

USCA 

NRWY 

USCA 

USCA 

AUQL 

USCA 

CNQU 

USMT 

AUWA 

AUWA 

TRKY 

AUNS 

NRWY 

CNBC 

USWA 

AUWA 

USCA 

AUQL 

USOR 

USCA 

AUQL 

MRCO 

USCA 

CUBA 

USOR 

USNM 

URRS 

TRKY 

CNMN 

USMN 

TRKY 

USCA 

USNV 

USNV 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

Model No 

18a 

28a 

25h 

32a,32b 

8a 

15b 

36b 

28a 

18b 

36a 

21b 

36a 

10 

8a 

6b 

28a 

30a 

39a 

8c 

8a 

36a 

26a 

28a 

36a 

7a 

21a 

36a 

8a 

28a 

8a 

8a 

14b 

8a 

8d 

26a 

36b 

39c 

18d 

28a 

28a 

21b 

17 

36b 

36a 

39c 

27a 

36a 

15b 

24c 

36a 

24c 

8a 

25g 

39b 

24c 

36b 

34a,28b 

8a 

8a 

26a 

26a 

36a 

8a 

36a 

Name 

Gold Coast 

Gold Eagle-McKenzie 

Gold Hawk 

Gold Hill 

Gold Hill 

Gold Mountain 

Gold Point 

Gold Quarry 

Gold Reef 

Gold River 

Gold Run (Boulder Co.) 

Gold Run (Summit Co.) 

Gold banks 

Golden Age 

Golden Eagle 

Golden Gate 

Golden Grove 

Golden Jubilee 

Golden Ridge 

Golden Rule 

Golden-El Dorado 

Goldenville 

Goldfield 

Golesh Mt. 

Go los 

Goncolda 

Gongo Socco 

Goodenough 

Goodnews Bay 

Gora Magnitnaya 

Gora Vysokaya 

Goro 

Gorumahisani and others 

Gorunur 

Goula is 

Gove 

Governor 

Govniikbelen 

Goynuk 

Gr2h 

Gran Piedra 

Grand Victory 

Granges berg 

Gran isle 

Granite Hill 

Granite King 

Grant 

Grants 

Grass Valley 

Gray Boy 

Gray Buck Gp. 

Gray Eagle 

Gray Eagle 

Great Dyke 

Great Eastern-Mt. Jackson 

Green (Americus) 

Green Antimony 

Green Coast 

Green Cove Springs 

Green Excelsior 

Green Mine 

Green Ridge 

Green River 

Green's Capco Leases 

Country 

PPNG 

CNON 

CNON 

CNON 

us co 

USUT 

USCA 

USNV 

USCA 

USCA 

us co 

us co 

USNV 

CNQU 

USCA 

USAZ 

AUWA 

USCA 

AUWA 

USID 

USCA 

CNNS 

USNV 

YUGO 

YUGO 

USOR 

BRZL 

CNMN 

USAK 

URRS 

URRS 

NCAL 

INDA 

TRKY 

CNON 

AUNT 

USNV 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NCAL 

CUBA 

USCA 

SWDN 

CNBC 

USOR 

USCA 

USAK 

USNM 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USCA 

USMT 

ZIMB 

USCA 

USCA 

USNV 

CNON 

USFL 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USUT 

USCA 

Model No 

18a 

36b 

36b 

36b 

22b 

25c 

36a 

26a 

36a 

36a 

39a 

39a 

27a 

8d 

36a 

19b 

28a 

36a 

36b 

39a 

36a 

36a 

25e 

38a 

38a 

8a 

36b 

28a 

39b 

18d 

18d 

38a 

34a,28b 

8a 

34a,28b 

38b 

27a 

8a 

27d 

8a 

24c 

36a 

25i 

17 

36a 

36a 

36a 

30c 

36a 

8a 

8a 

28a 

22c 

2a 

27c 

8a 

27d 

28a 

39c 

36a 

8a 

8a 

39a 

8a 

359 
Name 

Greenback 

Greens Creek 

Greenvale 

Grenville 

Grey Eagle 

Grey River 

Greys tone 

Gribble 

Griffin Chromite 

Griffith 

Groote Eylandt 

Groundhog 

Grum 

Gruvberget 

Guadalupe 

Guadalupe & Calvo 

Guadalupe & Solis 

Guanaba Group 

Guanacevi 

Guanajuato 

Guillermina 

Gujarat 

Gull bridge 

Gunbasi (Akcakese) 

Gundie 

Gunlet-Uckopur 

Gunliik Basi 

Gunn Claims 

Guntur 

Gurney 

Gurranda 

Gurrumba Dist. 

Guseva Gora 

Guttusjon 

Gwai River 

Gwynne 

HB 

HW 

Hacan 

Hagios Ioannis 

Hahotoe 

Haikou 

Hale-Mayabo 

Hales Siding 

Half Chrome 

Half Mile Lake (SG) 

Halimba 

Hall 

Hall Creek 

Halliwell 

Halma hera 

Ham & Birney 

Ham bone 

Hamme District 

Hampton 

Hanaoka (Doy.-Tsut.) 

Hanaoka (Mats.-Sha.) 

Hanawa (Aket.-Osak.) 

Hand Camp 

Hanover 

Hans cum 

Hanson Lake 

Happy Go Lucky 

Happy Return 

360 

Country 

USOR 

USAK 

AUQL 

GRBR 

USOR 

CNNF 

USNV 

USNV 

USOR 

USNM 

AUNT 

USNM 

CNYT 

SWDN 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

CUBA 

MXCO 

MXCO 

CUBA 

INDA 

CNNF 

TRKY 

AUNW 

TRKY 

TRKY 

USCA 

INDA 

CNMN 

AUNS 

AUQL 

USSR 

SWDN 

ZIMB 

USCA 

CNBC 

CNBC 

TRKY 

GREC 

TOGO 

CINA 

PLPN 

AUQL 

USCA 

CNMN 

HUNG 

USNV 

CNBC 

CNQU 

INDS 

USCA 

CNMN 

USNC 

AUQL 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

CNNF 

USNM 

USOR 

CNSK 

USCA 

USNV 

Hodel No 

36a 

28a 

38a 

15b 

27d 

15a 

31b 

27d 

8a 

25g 

34b 

18c 

31a 

25i 

25h 

25d 

25i 

24c 

25c 

25c 

8a 

34b 

28a 

24c 

15b 

8a 

8a 

8a 

34a,28b 

36b 

31b 

15b 

9 

30a 

30b 

36a 

31a 

28a 

28a 

38a 

34c 

34c 

17 

15b 

8a 

28a 

38c 

21b 

36a 

28a 

38a 

36a 

6b 

15a 

38b 

28a 

28a 

28a 

24a 

18c 

8a 

28a 

8a 

27d 

Name 

Hard Luck 

Hard Rock 

Hard Rock-McLeod-Cockshutt 

Harkoy 

Harp and Sons Ranch 

Harriet 

Harrigan Cove 

Harrison 

Hasaga-Howey 

Haskin Mountain 

Hathaway 

Hatillo 

Hatton 

Havelock Mine 

Hawks Rest View 

Hayden Hill 

Hayden and Hilt 

Haynsworth 

Hazel 

Heath Steele 

Heddleston 

Hedley Camp 

Helemar 

Helen 

Helvetia 

Henderson 

Hendricks No. 2 

Hendricks-Twilight 

Henry Ford 

Henry district 

Herberton 

Hercules 

Hercules 

Hermada 

Herman 

Herpit Yayla 

Herrerias 

Hersjo 

Hi-Yu 

Hierbaniz 

Hierro Indio 

Higashiyame 

High Dome 

High Grade 

High Lake 

High Plateau 

Highland-Trail Ridge 

Highmont 

Hill-Top Chrome 

Hillgrove 

Hilton 

Hilton Head Island 

Hinobaan 

Hirabaya 

Hiragane 

Hirota 

Hirst-Chichagof 

Hitachi 

Hitura 

Hixbar 

Hodge Ranch 

Hoff 

Hoidal 

Hokitika North 

Country 

USNV 

USFL 

CNON 

TRKY 

USCA 

CNBC 

CNNS 

USCA 

CNON 

CNBC 

USCA 

DMRP 

USAZ 

SWAZ 

USOR 

USCA 

USCA 

USFL 

USCA 

CNNB 

USMT 

CNBC 

USCA 

USCA 

USAZ 

us co 

USCA 

USAZ 

USAK 

USUT 

AUQL 

AUTN 

MXCO 

USID 

USCA 

TRKY 

SPAN 

NRWY 

USAK 

MXCO 

AGTN 

JAPN 

USCA 

USCA 

CNNT 

USCA 

USFL 

CNBC 

USCA 

AUNS 

AUQL 

ussc 

PLPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

USAK 

JAPN 

FNLD 

PLPN 

USCA 

USCA 

NRWY 

NZLD 

Model No 

27d 

34d 

36b 

28a 

8a 

36a 

36a 

27c 

36b 

21b 

36a 

18d 

25g 

8d 

8a 

25d 

8a 

34d 

36a 

28a 

17 

36a 

8a 

27c 

17 

16 

8a 

19b 

36a 

25f 

15b 

28a 

25i 

27d 

36a 

8a 

28a 

28a 

36a 

25h 

18d 

24b 

8a 

25d 

28a 

8a 

39c 

21a 

8a 

36a 

31a 

39c 

20c 

24b 

18b 

24b 

36a 

24b 

6a 

28a 

8a 

8a 

28a 

39c 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Hokitika South NZLD 39c Illinsky Log URRS 39b 

~·) Holbrook and McGuire USCA Sa !made & Ouchi JAPN 24b 

Hollinger and others CNON 36b Imanccasa PERU 1Sd 

Hollywood USNV 27d !mini MRCO 34b 

Holseman (and others) USCA Sa Imori JAPN 24b 

Holston (Vaughn) USCA Sa Imotski-Mostar YUGO 3Sc 

Home stake CNBC 31a Independence USOR Sa 

Home stake USSD 36b Indian Chief CNBC 1Sb 

Homes take-McCarty USAK 36a Indian Path Mine CNNS 36a 

Honeymoon Well AUWA 6b Infiernillo CILE 25i 

Hood River CNNT 2Sa Ingerbelle CNBC 20c 

Hope CNBC 1Sb Inguaran MXCO 17 

Horne-Quemont CNQU 2Sa Innai JAPN 25d 

Hornitos USCA 36a I no JAPN 1Sd 

Horse Canyon USNV 26a Ino-Capaya PLPN 17 

Horse Praire USMT 39a Inskip Point AUQL 39c 

Horseshoe AUWA 34b Inspiration USAZ 21a 

Horseshoe USCA Sa Intendencia de Arauca CLBA 3Sb 

Horseshoe Chrome USOR Sa Invincible Lode NZLD 36a 

Horseshoe I USCA 36a Iowa Gulch us co 39a 

Hosanger NRWY 7a Ipaneme BRZL 3Sa 

Hosokura JAPN 25b Irene Chromite USOR Sa 

Hostotipaquilla MXCO 25c Irituia BRZL 3Sb 

Houser & Burges USOR Sa Iron Duke CNBC 1Sd 

Howards Pass CNYT 31a Iron Dyke USOR 2Sa 

Hoyt USNV 27d Iron Hat USCA 1Sd 

Hsiang tan CINA 34b Iron Hill us co 10 

Huacravilca PERU 1Sd Iron King USAZ 2Sa 

Huai Nai Khao THLD 27d Iron King USOR Sa 

Hualpai CNBC 1Sd Iron Mask CNBC 17 

Huancabamba PERU 1Sd Iron Mike CNBC 1Sd 

Hub CZCL 15c Iron Monarch-Iron Knob AUSA 34a,2Sb 

~·) Hubsugul MNGL 34c Iron Mountain USCA 2Sa 

Huckleberry CNBC 21a Iron Mountain USNM 14a 

Hudson (Fuller Claims) USCA Sa Iron Mountain USOR Sa 

Hull CNQU 1Sd Iron Mountain USNM 1Sd 

Humbug Creek USOR 39a Iron Springs USUT 1Sd 

Hundred Dollar Gulch USID 39a Irsahan TRKY 2Sa 

Hunnan CINA 19a Irvine Bank AUQL 15b 

Hunter CNQU 2Sa Isaac's Harbour CNNS 36a 

Hunter Valley USCA 36a Isla de Pinos CUBA 15a 

Hunters Road ZIMB 6a Islahiye TRKY 3Sc 

Huntingdon CNQU 24a Island Copper CNBC 17 

Hutti INDA 36b Island Lake CNMN 36b 

Hyatt No. 1 PANA 24c Iso-Magusi-New Insco CNQU 2Sa 

Hyers Island CNMN 2Sa Israil TRKY 2Sa 

!-Wonder USCA Sa Istranca TRKY 34b 

I.H.X. USNV 27d !sua GRLD 34a,2Sb 

Ichinokawa JAPN 27d Iszkaszentgyorgy HUNG 3Sc 

Iconoclast USCA 36a Itanhandu-Resende BRZL 3Sb 

Ida H. AUWA 36b Ithaca Peak USAZ 17 

Idaho USID 27d Ivanhoe-Canadian CNBC 22c 

Idaho Almaden USID 27a Ivov R. URRS 39b 

Idaho-Alamo Group CNBC 22c Iwami JAPN 2Sa 

Idaho-Alamo-Silver Bell CNBC 22c Iwato JAPN 25e 

Idaho phosphate USID 34c I yo JAPN 24b 

Idfu-Qena EGPT 34c Izok Lake CNNT 2Sa 

Idikel MRCO 24c Izushi JAPN 24b 

Idkerberget SWDN 25i J.M. Meadows Group USAZ 25g 

!ide JAPN 1Sb JVB Claim USNM 25g 

Ikisulu-Gercek TRKY Sa Jabal Guyan SAAR 36a 

!lave CUBA 24c Jabal Sayid SAAR 2Sa 

Iles de Los GNEA 3Sb Jabiluka AUNT 3Sd ~·-~ Illinois River USOR Sa Jack Forth USCA Sa 

361 
Name 

Jack Sprat Gp. 

Jackson 

Jacksonville Area 

Jacobina 

Jacupuenga 

Jajce 

Jakobsbakken 

Jameland 

James Bay 

Jamestown 

Jamirapat-Khuria 

Jamnagar (Saurashtra) 

Jarrahdale 

Jason 

Jay Bird 

Jedway 

Jefferson City 

Jefferson Lake 

Jeffrey Lake 

Jembaicumbene Creek 

Jerez de los Caballeros 

Jerome 

Jerome 

Jerritt Canyon 

Jersey Emerald 

Jerusalimsky-Priisk 

Jib 

Jicarilla 

Jim Bus 

Jo7 

Joanne 

Joe Walker 

Johns 

Johnson-Heizer 

Joinville 

Joliet 

Jones Camp 

Jordan Creek 

Jose 

Josefina 

Josephine 

Josephine No. 4 

Josselin 

Jourawlik R. 

Joutel 

Jubilee 

Jubilee-New Jubilee 

Judinsky-Lojok 

Judy (Hicks) 

Julian 

Julian-Banner 

Juncos 

June 

Jussaari 

Jutinicu 

K.C. 

Kachar 

Kadzharan 

Kagit Octu 

Kahal de Brezina 

Kalaa Khasba 

Kalahandi-Koraput 

Kalahari 

Kalama ton 

362 

Country 

USCA 

USOR 

USFL 

BRZL 

BRZL 

YUGO 

NRWY 

CNON 

CNON 

USCA 

INDA 

INDA 

AUWA 

CNON 

USOR 

CNBC 

USTN 

USCA 

CNQU 

AUNS 

SPAN 

CNON 

USAZ 

USNV 

CNBC 

URRS 

CNBC 

USNM 

USOR 

NCAL 

CNMN 

USCA 

USOR 

USNV 

BRZL 

CNQU 

USNM 

USID 

CUBA 

AGTN 

USCA 

USOR 

CNQU 

URRS 

CNQU 

NZLD 

AUVT 

URRS 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNBC 

CNBC 

FNLD 

CUBA 

USCA 

URRS 

URAM 

TRKY 

ALGR 

TUNS 

INDA 

SAFR 

PLPN 

Model No 

8a 

8a 

39c 

29a 

38a 

38c 

28a 

28a 

10 

36a 

38b 

38b 

38b 

36b 

27d 

18d 

32b 

8d 

8d 

39a 

18d 

36b 

28a 

26a,27d 

31a 

39b 

18d 

18d 

8a 

24c 

28a 

36a 

8a 

27d 

25i 

28a 

18d 

39a 

8a 

15a 

8a 

8a 

28a 

39b 

28a 

36a 

36a 

39b 

8a 

8a 

36a 

18d 

17 

34a,28b 

24c 

36a 

18d 

17 

8a 

19b 

34c 

38b 

34b 

17 

Name 

Kalamazoo-San Manuel 

Kalengwa 

Kaliapani 

Kalimantan Ni 

Kalkan 

Kalkanli 

Kalmakyr 

Kalushi (Kalulushi) 

Kalvbacken 

Kam Kotia 

Kamaishi 

Kambaikhin central 

Kambaikhin east 

Kambaikhin north 

Kambalda 

Kamegamori 

Kamenka 

Kamenka R. 

Kamenskoe 

Kami 

Kamitkita (Kominosawa) 

Kamoto 

Kansanshi 

Kanayama 

Kandira 

Kangaroo Court Mine 

Kanjamalai 

Kankberg 

Kanmantoo 

Kansa 

Kanye 

Kaochiao 

Kapedhes 

Kapin 

Kapunda 

Kara Tau 

Karaculha 

Karageban 

Karamadazi 

Karamea 

Karangnunggal 

Karani 

Karaninar 

Karasivri 

Karatas 

Karatas-Kumocak 

Karen 

Kartalkoyu 

Kasuga 

Kata 

Katherine 

Kauai 

Kaunisvaara-Masugnsbyn 

Kavadarci 

Kavakcali 

Kavakdere 

Kaw Mountains 

Kawasaki 

Kazadere-Kandil 

Kedbeg Copper 

Kedtrask 

Keewenaw 

Kefdag-East 

Kelapa Kampit 

Country 

USAZ 

ZMBA 

INDA 

INDS 

TRKY 

TRKY 

URUZ 

ZMBA 

SWDN 

CNON 

JAPN 

URRS 

URRS 

URRS 

AUWA 

JAPN 

URRS 

URRS 

URRS 

BLVA 

JAPN 

ZIRE 

ZMBA 

JAPN 

TRKY 

USCA 

INDA 

SWDN 

AUSA 

INDA 

BOTS 

CINA 

CYPS 

TRKY 

AUSA 

URRS 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

NZLD 

INDS 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CNBC 

TRKY 

JAPN 

PERU 

USAZ 

USHI 

SWDN 

YUGO 

TRKY 

TRKY 

FRGN 

JAPN 

TRKY 

URRS 

SWDN 

CNYT 

TRKY 

INDO 

Model No 

17 

30b 

38a 

38a 

18d 

28a 

17 

30b 

18c 

28a 

18b 

18d 

18d 

18d 

6a 

24b 

39b 

39b 

34b 

15a 

28a 

30b 

30b 

24b 

8a 

8a 

34a,28b 

28a 

30b 

38a 

18e 

34b 

24a 

8a 

30b 

34c 

8a 

8a 

18d 

39c 

25g 

8a 

8a 

8a 

25g 

8a 

21b 

8a 

25e 

25b 

25c 

38b 

18d 

38a 

8a 

8a 

38b 

25d 

8a 

18b 

28a 

18b 

8a 

15b 
Name 

Kelly-Desmond 

Kelsey 

Kelsey North 

Kemikli Inbasi 

Kemmangundi and others 

Kemp field 

Kemptville 

Kenbridge 

Kennecott 

Kennon 

Keno Hill-Galena Hill 

Kentucky-Illinois 

Kerikeri 

Kerr Addison 

Kesikkopru 

Ketstone-Union 

Keweenaw 

Key Anacon 

Key Lake (Deilmann, Gaertner) 

Keystone 

Keystone 

Khans Creek 

Kheda (Kaira) 

Khnaiguiyah 

Khneifiss 

Khushab (Sargohda) 

Khuzdar 

Kiabakari 

Kibi 

Kidd Creek 

Kieslager 

Kiirunavaara 

Kilembe 

Kilic-Kafasi 1 

Kilic-Kafasi 2 

Killag 

Killifreth 

Killingdal 

Kilo-Moto 

Kimheden 

King Fissure 

King Island 

King Solomon 

King-King 

Kingsford 

Kingsley 

Kingston 

Kin lock 

Kinsley 

Kinsley North 

Kipushi 

Kiranocak 

Kirwin 

Kishu 

Kisslaia-Peruonatchainik 

Kitlim, Severniy R. 

Kittelgruvan 

Kizilkaya 

Kleinsorge Gp. 

Kliripan 

Knoxville 

Koca 

Kodiak Cub 

Koff Zone 

Country 

CNQU 

USCA 

USCA 

TRKY 

INDA 

AUNS 

CNNS 

CNON 

USNM 

PLPN 

CNYT 

USKN 

NZLD 

CNON 

TRKY 

USCA 

USMI 

CNNB 

CNSK 

USCA 

USCA 

AUNS 

INDA 

SAAR 

SYRA 

PKTN 

PKTN 

TNZN 

GHNA 

CNON 

ASTR 

SWDN 

UGND 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CNNS 

GRBR 

NRWY 

CNGO 

SWDN 

CNBC 

AUTS 

USMT 

PLPN 

USFL 

USOR 

USNM 

SAFR 

USCA 

USCA 

ZIRE 

TRKY 

USWY 

JAPN 

URRS 

URRS 

SWDN 

TRKY 

USCA 

INDS 

USCA 

TRKY 

CNYT 

CNMN 

Model No 

2Sa 

36a 

36a 

Sa 

34a,2Sb 

31b 

36a 

7a 

1Sc 

20c 

22c 

32a,32b 

3Sb 

36b 

1Sd 

2Sa 

23 

2Sa 

3Sd 

27c 

2Sa 

2Sa 

3Sb 

2Sa 

34c 

3Sb 

31b 

36b 

3Sb 

28a 

24b 

25i 

30b 

8a 

Sa 

36a 

15b 

28a 

36b 

28a 

31a 

14a 

22c 

17 

34d 

8a 

19b 

Sd 

36a 

36a 

32c 

8a 

17 

20b 

39b 

39b 

2Sa 

28a 

8a 

25g 

27c 

8a 

18b 

28a 

Name 

Kokkinopezoula 

Kokkinoyia 

Kolaba-Ratnagiri 

Kolar 

Kolhapur 

Kolubara-Azbest 

Komek 

Komurluk Koyunun 

Kondonakasi 

Konkola (Bancroft) 

Koolpin Creek 

Koolyanobbing 

Koongarra 

Koprubasi 

Koro Plateau 

Korobowsky Lojok 

Korucular 

Kosaka (Motoyama) 

Kosaka (Uch.-Uwa.) 

Kossia R. 

Kossoi-Log 

Kossorgskii Log 

Kostere 

Kotalahti 

Kotchkar Mines 

Kotsu 

Kounrad 

Koyama 

Koycegiz-Curukcu 

Koycegiz-Kurardi 

Koycegiz-Orta 

Kozyrevka 

Krain 

Kremmel and Froelich 

Kristine berg 

Krivoi-Rog 

Kroumovo 

Kruglogorsk 

Krupka 

Krutoi Log 

Kucuk Yenice 

Kudremukh and others 

Kudu Asbestos Mine 

Kuldoden 

Kun Ming 

Kundikan-Keluskdere 

Kundikan-Kelusktepe 

Kune 

Kung-changling 

Kunitomi 

Kupferschiefer 

Kure (Asikoy, Bakibaba) 

Kurosawa 

Kurudere 

Kurzhunkul 

Kusalpur 

Kushikino-Arakawa 

Kutch 

Kutcho Creek 

Kutlul-ar 

Kuvarshan 

Kuyuluk Isletmesi 

Kuzkavak 

Kwanika 

Country 

CYPS 

CYPS 

INDA 

INDA 

INDA 

YUGO 

TRKY 

TRKY 

ANGL 

ZMBA 

AUNT 

AUWA 

AUNT 

TRKY 

CHAD 

URRS 

TRKY 

JAPN 

JAPN 

URRS 

URRS 

URRS 

TRKY 

FNLD 

USSR 

JAPN 

URKZ 

JAPN 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

URRS 

CNBC 

USCA 

SWDN 

URRS 

URRS 

URRS 

CZCL 

URRS 

TRKY 

INDA 

ZIMB 

TRKY 

CINA 

TRKY 

TRKY 

JAPN 

CINA 

JAPN 

GRMY 

TRKY 

JAPN 

TRKY 

URRS 

INDA 

JAPN 

INDA 

CNBC 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

CNBC 

Model No 

24a 

24a 

38b 

36b 

38b 

Bd 

Sa 

24c 

34c 

30b 

38d 

34a,2Sb 

3Sd 

28a 

3Sb 

39b 

24c 

2Sa 

2Sa 

39b 

39b 

39b 

28a 

6a 

36a 

24b 

17 

25d 

8a 

Sa 

Sa 

18d 

17 

Sa 

28a 

34a,2Sb 

1Sd 

1Sd 

15b 

39b 

27d 

34a,28b 

Bd 

8a 

34c 

8a 

Sa 

24b 

34a,28b 

28a 

30b 

24a 

2Sa 

8a 

1Sd 

34a,28b 

25c 

38b 

28a 

28a 

28a 

8a 

8a 

17 

363 
Name Country Model No Name Countq~ Model No 

Kylmakoski FNLD 7a Laguna Colorado AGTN 25f 

Kynousa CYPS 24a Laguna del Cuervo MXCO 25f 

La Alumbrera AGTN 20c Lagunazo SPAN 2Sa 

La Bajada USNM 25f Laguney PLPN 3Sa 

La Calanesa SPAN 24c Lahanos SPAN 2Sa 

La Caridad MXCO 17 Lainijaur SWDN 7a 

La Caridad CUBA Sa Laisvall SWDN 30a 

La Carmen MXCO 1Sd Lajas MXCO 25g 

La Chapeteada MXCO 25h Lake Asbestos CNQU Sd 

La Chililla MXCO 25h Lake Catcha CNNS 36a 

La Chine he MXCO 25h Lake City us co 25b 

La Chorrera MXCO 25h Lake Dufault CNQU 2Sa 

La Cinta Corrida MXCO 25h Lake George CNNB 27d 

La Cocona MXCO 25h Lake Joanina GREC 3Sa 

La Colocion MXCO 25h Lake Valley USNM 19b 

La Cruz MXCO 27d Lakehurst (Glidden) USNJ 39c 

La Desparramada MXCO 25h Lakeshore USAZ 1Sa 

La Encantada MXCO 19a Lamb Creek USID 39a 

La Escondida MXCO 25h Lambert USCA Sa 

La Esperanza MXCO 25h Lamme reck ASTR 19b 

La Estrella MXCO 25h Lampazos MXCO 19a 

La Florida MXCO 17 Lamphear USCA 36a 

La Grulla MXCO 25i Lance field AUWA 36b 

La Guera MXCO 25h Lancha SPAN 2Sa 

La Hormiga MXCO 25h Lang Sen VTNM 3Sc 

La Huacalona MXCO 25h Lang ban SWDN 1Sc 

La Joy a SPAN 2Sa Langdal SWDN 2Sa 

La Joya USCA 27c Langley Chrome USOR 8a 

La Laguna DMRP 1Sd Langmuir 2 CNON 6a 

La Leona MXCO 25h Langmuir 1 CNON 6a 

La Leona (Sonora) MXCO 25g Langsele SWDN 2Sa 

La Libertad MXCO 25d Lapa Cadillac CNQU 36b 

La Libertad USCA 27c Lappuattnet SWDN 7a 

La Liendre MXCO 25h Laramie Range USWY 7b 

La Loba MXCO 25h Larap-Calambayungan PLPN 1Sd 

La Mula MXCO 25h Largentiere FRNC 30a 

La Noria MXCO 25g Las Aguilas MXCO 25h 

La Paloma MXCO 1Sd Las Amarillas MXCO 25h 

La Perla-La Negra MXCO 25i Las Ambollas FRNC 19b 

La Piedra Iman MXCO 1Sd Las Animas Cerro Prieto MXCO 1Sd 

La Plata District us co 22b Las Brisas CLBA 8d 

La Polvosa MXCO 25h Las Cabesses FRNC 19b 

La Puntilla MXCO 25h Las Calaveras MXCO 25h 

La Quemada MXCO 25h Las Flores MXCO 25h 

La Reforma MXCO 19a Las Fundiciones MXCO 25h 

La Torrera SPAN 2Sa Las Marias MXCO 25h 

La Triste MXCO 25h Las Pegazones MXCO 25h 

La Unica CUBA 24c Las Perlitas MXCO 25h 

La Venadita MXCO 25h Las Tab las MXCO 25h 

La Verde MXCO 17 Las Truchas MXCO 1Sd 

La Vi bora MXCO 25h Las Varas-La Vaca MXCO 25g 

La Victoria CUBA Sa La sail OMAN 24a 

La Victoria MXCO 25h Las bela PKTN 24c 

La Vieja-El Agua MXCO 25h Lassie Peak USCA Sa 

La Zarza SPAN 2Sa Last Buck USOR Sa 

Lacey USCA Sa Last Chance USNV 27d 

Lackner Lake CNON 10 Last Chance USOR 8a 

Ladd USCA 24c Laton USCA Sa 

Lady Annie AUQL 34c Laukunkawges FNLD 7a 

Lady Loretta AUQL 31a Laurium GREC 19a 

Lafayette CNQU Sd Lava Bed USCA 18d 

Lagnokaha UVOL 24c Laverton-Mt. Lucky AUWA 24c 

Lagonoy PLPN Sa Lawrencetown CNNS 36a 

Laguerre CNON 36b Le Kouif ALGR 34c 

364 
Name 

Leadsmith 

Lebyazhka 

Lee Creek 

Legal Tender 

Leipsigate 

Leitch-Sand River 

Lena 

Lenora-Twin J 

Leoncitos 

Lepanto 

Letty 

Levant 

Leveaniemi 

Levi 

Leviathan 

Leviso R. 

Liaoning 

Liberty (Stanislaw Co.) 

Liberty (Siskyou Co.) 

Liberty (Calaveras Co.) 

Liberty Bond Claim 

Lights Creek 

Lili 

Lily (Ikeno) 

Lily Creek 

Limasol Forest 

Limni 

Linda Marie 

Lingman 

Lingwick 

Lion Den 

Lithia 

Little Bay 

Little Boy 

Little Castle Creek 

Little Chief 

Little Hope 

Little Long Lac 

Little Nell 

Little Rock Mine 

Little Siberia 

Little Squaw 

Liverpool 

Livitaca-Velille 

Llallagua 

Llano de Oro 

Lobwa R. 

Locarno 

Loch Fyne 

Loei-Chiengkarn 

Lofthouse 

Logwinska 

Lohara and others 

Lojok No. 1&2 Omoutnaia 

Lojok at Bisserskaya 

Lokken 

Lolita 

Lorna de Hierro 

Lomero Poyatos 

Lomonosov 

Lone Gravel 

Lone Mary 

Lone Mountain 

Lone Mountain 

Country 

CNBC 

URRS 

USNC 

USMT 

CNNS 

CNON 

URRS 

CNBC 

MXCO 

PLPN 

USCA 

GRBR 

SWDN 

SWDN 

AUVT 

CUBA 

CINA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

CNQU 

CNBC 

AUQL 

CYPS 

CYPS 

USOR 

CNON 

CNQU 

USCA 

USNV 

CNNF 

USOR 

USCA 

CNYT 

USCA 

CNON 

USMT 

USCA 

USOR 

USAK 

USMT 

PERU 

BLVA 

USOR 

URRS 

USCA 

AUVT 

THLD 

USNV 

URRS 

INDA 

URRS 

URRS 

NRWY 

CUBA 

VNZL 

SPAN 

URRS 

USCA 

USCA 

USNM 

USNV 

Model No 

22c 

18d 

34c 

22c 

36a 

36b 

30b 

28a 

25h 

22a 

Ba 

15b 

25i 

28a 

36a 

38a 

19a 

24c 

36a 

Ba 

Ba 

17 

8d 

18b 

34c 

Be 

24a 

Ba 

36b 

28a 

27c 

27d 

24a 

Ba 

Ba 

18b 

Ba 

36b 

22c 

Ba 

Ba 

36a 

22c 

18d 

20a 

39a 

39b 

36a 

36a 

18b 

27d 

39b 

34a,28b 

39b 

39b 

24a 

Ba 

38a 

28a 

18d 

Ba 

36a 

19b 

19a 

Name 

Lonesome 

Long Ledge Gp. 

Long Point 

Long Tunnel 

Lord Nelson 

Loreto 

Lorn ex 

Lorraine 

Lorraine 

Lorraine 

Los Angeles 

Los Arrieros 

Los Borregos 

Los Bronces 

Los Caballos 

Los Campamentos 

Los Castillos 

Los Condores 

Los Cuatillos 

Los Garcia 

Los Lobos 

Los Mantiales 

Los Pelambres 

Los Pijiguaos 

Los Pilares 

Los Pinacates 

Los Puertos 

Los Vasitos 

Los Volcanes 

Los Volcanes 

Lost Creek 

Lost Lake 

Lost Lee 

Lost River 

Lotty 

Lousal 

Louvem 

Lovstrand 

Lowe Placer 

Lower Beaver Creek 

Lowland Creek 

Lowry 

Lubin (Legnica-Glogow) 

Lucia (Generosa) 

Lucifer 

Lucky Bart 

Lucky Boy 

Lucky Four 

Lucky Friday 

Lucky Girl 

Lucky Hunch 

Lucky Knock 

Lucky L. & R. 

Lucky Lass 

Lucky Mike 

Lucky Nine Gp. 

Lucky Ship 

Lucky Shot-War Baby 

Lucky Star 

Lucky Strike 

Lucky Strike 

Lueshe 

Lumbay 

Lumwana 

Country 

USFL 

USCA 

PLPN 

AUVT 

AUVT 

MXCO 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNQU 

PLPN 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

CILE 

MXCO 

MXCO 

VNZL 

AGTN 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

AGTN 

CILE 

VNZL 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

USMT 

CNMN 

USOR 

USAK 

USCA 

PORT 

CNQU 

SWDN 

us co 

us co 

USMT 

USNV 

PLND 

CUBA 

MXCO 

USOR 

USCA 

CNBC 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

USWA 

USOR 

USOR 

CNBC 

USOR 

CNBC 

USAK 

USOR 

USCA 

USOR 

ZIRE 

PLPN 

ZNBA 

Model No 

34d 

Ba 

38a 

36a 

36a 

25h 

21a 

20c 

7a 

24a 

25h 

25h 

25g 

17 

25h 

25h 

34a,28b 

15a 

25h 

25h 

25h 

25b 

17 

38b 

17 

25h 

25f 

25i 

19b 

25g 

14a 

28a 

Ba 

14b,15c 

Ba 

28a 

28a 

30a 

39a 

39a 

39a 

27d 

30b 

24c 

24c 

36a 

Ba 

18b 

Ba 

Ba 

Ba 

27d 

Ba 

25f 

14a 

Ba 

21b 

36a 

Ba 

Ba 

Ba 

10 

20c 

30b 

-365 
Name Country Model No Name Countrl Model No 

Luna-Bash PLPN 17 Manacas Group CUBA 24c 

Luossauaara SWDN 25i Manantenina MDGS 38b 

Lyell Goldfield NZLD 36a Manavalakurichi INDA 39c 

Lyndhurst CNQU 28a Manchester USCA 8a 

Lynn Lake CNMN 7a Manchester (Asarco) USNJ 39c 

Lynx CNQU 28a Manchester Plat. JMCA 38c 

Lynx Creek USAZ 39a Mandy CNMN 28a 

Lyon USNV 18a Manga de Lopez MXCO 25h 

Lyon Lake CNON 28a Mangampetta N. INDA 31b 

M and M Group USNM 25g Mangampetta S. INDA 31b 

Maanshan HONG 18d Manganese Chief USNM 25g 

Mabel USAK 36a Manganese Development USAZ 25g 

Mac CNBC 18d Mangula (Miriam) ZIMB 30b 

MacArthur USNV 17 Mangum USOK 30b 

MacBride Lake CNMN 28a Manhattan USCA 27a 

MacMillan CNYT 31a Manibridge CNMN 6b 

Machimi JAPN 24b Manitou Island CNON 10 

Machkatica YUGO 21b Mankayan PLPN 28a 

Mackay USCA 8a Mansfeld GRMY 30b 

Mackey USID 18b Mantes Blancos CILE 17 

Mac tung CNNT 14a Manuel CUBA 24c 

Macusani PERU 25f Manuel Killigrews CNNF 34b 

Madeira USCA 8a Manus Island PPNG 38b 

Madeni TRKY 27d Manzanillas MXCO 25h 

Madenkoy TRKY 28a Mapula PLPN 20c 

Madhya Pradesh INDA 34b Marais Kiki NCAL 8a 

Madrid USCA 8a Maralls Capro Leases USCA 8a 

Madrigal PERU 25b Maran boy AUNT 15b 

Madsen CNON 36b Marangaka MDGS 38b 

Madziwa ZIMB 7a Mar bella SPAN 18d 

Magdalena CUBA 24c Marble Bar AUWA 36b 

Magdalena USNM 19a Marble Bay CNBC 18b 

Maggie CNBC 17 Mar bridge CNQU 6a 

Maggie Creek USNV 26a Marchinbar Island AUNT 38b 

Maggotty JMCA 38c Marcopper PLPN 20c 

Magnet Cons. CNON 36b Marcos PLPN 28a 

Magnet Cove USAR 31b Margaret USWA 17 

Maikala Range INDA 38b Maria Christina CILE 19a 

Main Valley of Kisslaia URRS 39b Maria Luisa VNZL 34a,28b 

Mainpat INDA 38b Marian PLPN 20c 

Maiva SWDN 30a Mariana BRZL 38b 

Majdanpek YUGO 17 Marietta USMT 22c 

Majestic-Sapphire CNBC 22c Mariners AUVT 36a 

Makhtesh USRL 34c Mariposa USCA 36a 

Makimine, Hibira JAPN 24b Marks & Tompson USOR 8a 

Makela FNLD 7a Marlborough AUQL 38a 

Malaia Koswa R. URRS 39b Marmora ton CNON 18d 

Malaia Prostokischenka URRS 39b Marquette USMN 34a,28b 

Malaia Sosnowka URRS 39b Martian R. URRS 39b 

Malaiba PLPN 28a Martin-Bird CNON 36b 

Malden North AUVT 36a Martinovo BULG 18d 

Malko Trnova BULG 18b Martison Lake CNON 10 

Malmberget SWDN 25i Mary Jane USCA 8a 

Malmbjerg GRLD 16 Mary Walker USOR 8a 

Malomalsky-Priisk URRS 39b Marysvale USUT 25f 

Malot Pokap URRS 39b Marysville District USMT 22c 

Mamie CNBC 28a Mascot USTN 32b 

Mammoth USAZ 19b Masinloc PLPN 38a 

Mammoth (Kern Co.) USCA 28a Maslovo URRS 18d 

Mammoth (Shasta Co.) USCA 36a Mason Valley-Malachite USNV 18b 

Mammoth (Gunpowder) AUQL 30b Masonic USCA 25e 

Mammoth-St. Anthony USAZ 22c Matachewan Cons. & others CNON 36b 

Mamuro JAPN 25d Matamoros MXCO 25g 

Mamut MDGS 20c Matchless NAMB 30b ~ 

I 

366 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Matchless West NAMB 30b Mic Mac CNQU 2Sa 

~·) Matese-Ciociaria ITLY 34b Michiquillay PERU 17 

Mathiati North CYPS 24a Midas USCA 36a 

Mati PLPN 1Sd Middle Fork USWA 17 

Matona-Stairs CNON 36b Middle Ore Body PLPN Sa 

Matt Berry CNYT 31a Midlothian CNON Sd 

Mattabi CNON 2Sa Midwest Lake CNSK 3Sd 

Mattagami Lake CNQU 2Sa Mighty Joe USOR Sa 

Maubach GRMY 30a Mikado USAK 36a 

Maude & Yellow Girl AUVT 36a Milan USNH 2Sa 

Maurice Bay CNSK 3Sd Milford area USUT 14a 

Mavrovouni CYPS 24a Millenbach CNQU 2Sa 

Mawchi BRMA 15b Miller Lake CNNS 36a 

Maxwell USCA Sa Milton USCA Sa 

Mayari CUBA 3Sa Milton Canyon USNV 27d 

Mayflower USCA Sa Mimoso do Sul BRZL 3Sb 

Maykhura URTD 14a Mina Dura MXCO 25h 

Mazagao BRZL 3Sb Min a El Sapo CLBA 1Sb 

Mazama USWA 17 Min a Vieja CLBA 1Sb 

Mazapil MXCO 19a Min a del Aire MXCO 25h 

Mazidagi TRKY 34c Minarets USCA 25i 

Mbeya TNZN 10 Minas Gerais BRZL 34a,2Sb 

McAdam CNQU Sd Minawa JAPN 24b 

McArthur AUNT 31a Mineral Butte USAZ 17 

McCaleb's Sourdough USOR Sa Mineral King CNBC 31a 

McCarty USCA Sa Mineral Park USAZ 22c 

McClean Lake CNSK 3Sd Mineville-Port Henry USNY 25i 

McConnell CNBC 1Sb Minim-Martap CMRN 3Sb 

McCormick USCA Sa Minniehaha CNBC 22c 

McDame Belle CNBC 1Sc Minto CNBC 36a 

McDermitt USNV 27a Minto-Tyranite CNON 36b 

McFinley CNON 36b Mirabel USCA 27c ..... , McGlaughlin USCA 25a Mirandag Koru TRKY Sa 

McGuffy Creek Gp. USCA Sa Mirandag Mevki TRKY Sa 

McMarmac CNON 36b Miriam AUWA 6a 

McMaster CNNB 2Sa Misima Island PPNG 22c 

McMurty USCA Sa Missouri Creek us co 39a 

McWatters CNON 6a Mistry CNBC 17 

McWatters CNQU 36b Mitate JAPN 19a 

Mdilla TUNS 34c Mitchell Creek USMT 39a 

Meat Cove CNNS 1Sc Mitchell Plateau AUWA 3Sb 

Mechernich GRMY 30a Mitchell River AUQL 27d 

Meeker (Sonoma Chrome) USCA Sa Miyawa JAPN 24b 

Megara-Eleusis GREC 3Sc Mizobe JAPN 25d 

Meggen GRMY 31a Mizpah USAK 36a 

Meggen Barite GRMY 31b Mizpah USNV 27d 

Mel Barite CNYT 31b Mjodvattnet SWDN 7a 

Melnitschnaia URRS 39b Mlanje Mountain MLWI 3Sb 

Me me HATI 1Sb Moa Bay CUBA 3Sa 

Menominee USMN 34a,2Sb Moak CNMN 6b 

Menzies AUWA 36b Mob run CNQU 2Sa 

Mercedes CUBA 19b Mocha CILE 17 

Mercur USUT 26a Mochikoshi JAPN 25c 

Merrifield USCA Sa Mockingbird USOR Sa 

Merrimac USNV 27d Mocoa CLBA 17 

Mesabi USMN 34a,2Sb Modarelli USNV 25i 

Meskala MRCO 34c Moengo SRNM 3Sb 

Metal Negro MXCO 25h Moffett Creek Gp. USCA Sa 

Metal line USWA 32a,32b Mofjell NRWY 2Sa 

Metcalf USAZ 17 Mogi das Cruzes BRZL 3Sb 

Metlaoui TUNS 34c Mogollon USNM 25c 

Metsamonttu FNLD 2Sa Mogpog PLPN 1Sd 

Meululter TRKY Sa Mohave USCA 25e 

Mezcala MXCO 25g Mohawk Claim USOR Sa 

367 
Name 

Mohawk-Dome View 

Moina 

Moinho 

Mokambo 

Mokanji Hills 

Mokelumne 

Mokoman Lake 

Moladezhnoye 

Molango 

Mol ega 

Moleon Lake 

Molitchowka 

Molly Gibson 

Monarch-Kicking Horse 

Monghyr 

Monitor 

Moniwa 

Monpas 

Mons Cupri 

Montana 

Montaque 

Montcalm 

Monte Carmelo 

Montenegro-Adriana 

Montezuma 

Montezuma 

Montosa 

Montredon 

Moonlight 

Moore 

Moore's Flat 

Moors om 

Moose Mountain 

Moose River 

Moose head 

Moose land 

Moramanga 

Mordey 

Morenci 

Moreton Island 

Mormon Bar 

Morning Star 

Morococha 

Morphine-Log 

Morrachini 

Morris Ravine 

Morris-Kirkland 

Morrison 

Morro Velho 

Morro da Mina 

Morro de Engenho 

Mos 

Moscatelli 

Moscatelli No. 2 

Moskogaissa 

Moss Vale 

Mother Lode 

Mother Lode-Sunset 

Motoyasu 

Moulares 

Moulton Hill 

Mount Bischoff 

Mount Bulga 

Mount Bullion 

368 

Country 

USAK 

AUTS 

PORT 

ZMBA 

SRLN 

USCA 

CNSK 

URRS 

MXCO 

CNNS 

CNQU 

URRS 

CNBC 

CNBC 

INDA 

CNBC 

BRMA 

CNQU 

AUWA 

USMT 

CNNS 

CNON 

NCRG 

CUBA 

CNBC 

USNV 

MXCO 

FRNC 

USNV 

USCA 

USCA 

PLPN 

CNON 

CNNS 

CNNS 

CNNS 

MDGS 

CNON 

USAZ 

AUQL 

USCA 

AUVT 

PERU 

URRS 

NCAL 

USCA 

CNON 

CNBC 

BRZL 

BRZL 

BRZL 

NRWY 

USCA 

USCA 

NRWY 

AUNS 

USCA 

CNBC 

JAPN 

TUNS 

CNQU 

AUTS 

AUNS 

USCA 

Model No 

36a 

14b 

28a 

30b 

38b 

36a 

28a 

8d 

34b 

36a 

28a 

39b 

22c 

32a,32b 

38b 

22c 

17 

28a 

28a 

34c 

36a 

7a 

18d 

24c 

22c 

27d 

25g 

15a 

25f 

8a 

36a 

38a 

34a,28b 

36a 

36a 

36a 

38a 

28a 

21a 

39c 

36a 

36a 

17 

39b 

8a 

36a 

36b 

17 

36b 

34b 

38a 

28a 

8a 

8a 

28a 

38b 

36a,39a 

18b 

24b 

34c 

28a 

14c 

28a 

36a 

Name 

Mount Burton (Rum Jungle) 

Mount Canninda 

Mount Chalmers 

Mount Ejuanema-Nsisreso 

Mount Emmons 

Mount Finch (Rum Jungle) 

Mount Gaines 

Mount Gibson 

Mount Gould 

Mount Hale 

Mount Hope 

Mount Hundere 

Mount Isa 

Mount Lyell 

Mount Morgan 

Mount Mulcahy 

Mount Nolan Dist. 

Mount Paynter 

Mount Philip 

Mount Pleasant 

Mount Saddleback 

Mount Shasta 

Mount Thomlinson 

Mount Tolman 

Mount Uniacke 

Mount Vernon 

Mount Wellington 

Mountain Chief and vicinity 

Mountain Con 

Mountain King 

Mountain Mines 

Mountain Pass 

Mountain Springs 

Mountain View 

Mountain View Gp. 

Mousoulos-Kalavasos 

Mowbray Creek 

Moxie Pluton 

Mrata 

Mrima 

Mrima Hill 

Mt. Diablo 

Mt. Edwards 

Mt. Gunson 

Mt. Keith 

Mt. Magnet 

Mt. Morgans 

Mt. Oxide 

Mt. Sholl 

Mt. Windarra 

MuNaly 

Mufulira 

Mugi 

Mulcahy Prospect 

Mule Creek 

Mum and Alice June Claim 

Munbinea Shoreland 

Munda 

Munesada 

Munmorah 

Munro 

Murguia 

Murgul 

Muriwai 

Country 

AUNT 

AUQL 

AUQL 

AUNS 

us co 

AUNT 

USCA 

AUWA 

AUWA 

AUWA 

USNV 

CNYT 

AUQL 

AUTS 

AUQL 

AUWA 

AUQL 

AUNS 

AUQL 

USCA 

AUWA 

USCA 

CNBC 

USWA 

CNNS 

USCA 

GRBR 

CNBC 

CNBC 

USCA 

PLPN 

USCA 

USNV 

USCA 

USCA 

CYPS 

AUQL 

USMA 

TUNS 

KNYA 

KNYA 

USCA 

AUWA 

AUSA 

AUWA 

AUWA 

AUWA 

AUQL 

AUWA 

AUWA 

USCA 

ZMBA 

JAPN 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

AUWA 

AUWA 

JAPN 

AUNS 

CNON 

MXCO 

TRKY 

NZLD 

Model No 

38d 

17 

28a 

38b 

16 

38d 

36a 

34a,28b 

34a,28b 

34a,28b 

16 

18c 

31a 

28a 

28a 

28a 

15b 

15b 

34a,28b 

36a 

38b 

36a 

21b 

21b 

36a 

36a 

15b 

22c 

22c 

36a 

20c 

10 

31b 

8a 

8a 

24a 

15b 

7a 

34c 

24c 

10 

27c 

6a 

30b 

6b 

36b 

36b 

30b 

7a 

6a 

8a 

30b 

27d 

8a 

8a 

8a 

39c 

6a 

18d 

39c 

8d 

25g 

28a 

39c 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Murphy USCA 8a New Hosco CNQU 28a 

~·) Murray Brook CNNB 28a Newfoundland Zinc CNNF 32a,32b 

Musa Danisman TRKY 8a Newman USCA 8a 

Mus an NKOR 34a,28b Newton USCA 28a 

Musonoi ZIRE 30b Nhamunda BRZL 38b 

Musoshi ZIRE 30b Ni Te Ocutes CUBA 8a 

Mutum BLVA 34a,28b Niasman R. URRS 39b 

Muzaffarabad PKTN 38c Nichelini Mine USCA 8a 

Muzo CLBA 31c Nickel Mountain USOR 38a 

Muzzle loader (Stevens No. 1) USCA 8a Nickel Mountain USOR 8a 

Mwaytung BRMA 38a Nickel Ridge USOR 8a 

Myalla AUNT 38b Nicolet Asbestos CNQU 8d 

Myra Falls-Lynx CNBC 28a Nieves MXCO 27d 

Mystery Lake CNMN 6b Nigger head USNM 25g 

Mzaita ALGR 34c Nii JAPN 24b 

N. Stradbroke Island AUQL 39c Nikolaevskoe URRS 34b 

N.L. Industries (Aurora) USNC 39c Nikolai-Tschoudotworsky URRS 39b 

NW Group GUYN 38b Nikopol URRS 34b 

Nabarlek AUNT 38d Niksicka Zupa YUGO 38c 

Nacimiento USNM 30b Nilgiri Hills INDA 38b 

Nacozari MXCO 25g Nimiuktuk USAK 31b 

Nagamatsu JAPN 25d Nimpkish CNBC 18d 

Nagyegyhaza HUNG 38c Nimrod AUVT 36a 

Nahal-Zin ISRL 34c Nine Mile Brook CNNB 28a 

Naica MXCO 19a Niquelandia BRZL 38a 

Nakatatsu JAPN 19a Nishinokawa JAPN 24b 

Nakayama JAPN 24b Nizne-Udinskaja URRS 34b 

Nakerivaara SWDN 25i Noamundi-Joda-Gua etc. INDA 34a,28b 

Nalden South AUVT 36a Noble Electric Co. USCA 8a 

Namosi FIJI 17 Nobles Nob AUWA 36b 

Naniango UVOL 34b Nogal USNM 25b 

Nanisivik CNNT 32a,32b Noji JAPN 24b 

Nanogawa JAPN 24b Nonoc PLPN 38a 

Narciso CUBA 8a Nonowaki JAPN 24b 

Naruyasu JAPN 24b Noonday CNBC 22c 

Nashville USCA 36a Norah ZIMB 30b 

Nasliden SWDN 28a Noralyn-Phosphoria USFL 34d 

Nassau Mountains SRNM 38b Norberg SWDN 34a,2Sb 

Natchez Trace State USTN 39c Norcross USCA 8a 

National CNQU Sd Nordre Gjetryggen NRWY 28a 

National USCA 36a Noril'sk USSR 5b 

Navan IRLD 31a Norita CNQU 28a 

Nawaji JAPN 25c Normandie/Penhale CNQU 8d 

Naybob CNON 36b Normetal CNQU 28a 

Neardie AUQL 27d Norseman-Dundas AUWA 36b 

Needle Hill HONG 15a North Arkansas-Ozark USAR 32a,32b 

Needle Mountain CNCQ 18a North Boundary CNNB 28a 

Nemogos CNON 10 North Camden (Keer-McGee) USTN 39c 

Nepean AUWA 6a North Carolina phospate USNC 34d 

Nepisiguit CNNB 28a North Cerbat (Golconda) USAZ 22c 

Nepoui NCAL 38a North End, West End,Spotted Fawn USCA8a 

Nevada King USNV 27d North Florida phosphate USFL 34d 

Nevada Sulphur co. USNV 27a North Fork USWA 17 

Nevada-Massachusetts USNV 14a North Fork Chrome USCA 8a 

Nevada-Scheelite USNV 14a North Keystone USCA 2Sa 

New Almaden USCA 27c North Mocassin USMT 22b 

New Bay Pond CNNF 2Sa North Murphy USCA 36a 

New Bendigo AUVT 36a North Star CNMN 2Sa 

New Calumet CNQU 19a North Star USAK 36a 

New Cuyama USCA 34c North Star USOR Sa 

New Era-Rowe AUVT 36a North Star (Red Mtn) USCA Sa 

New Frontier PLPN 3Sa North Weipa AUQL 3Sb 

New Hope USCA Sa Northair CNBC 2Sa 

New Hope Claim USOR 8a Northeast Florida USFL 34d 

369 
Name Countrl Model No Name Country Model No 

Northern Anomaly IRAN 25i Oregon CNBC 18b 

Northern Bell-Jackson CNBC 22c Oregon USAZ 19b r Northern Ireland IRLD 38b Oregon Bell USOR 36a 

Northumberland USNV 26a Oregon Chrome USOR 8a 

Northumberland barite USNV 31b Orendere TRKY 27d 

Norway USOR 8a Orient USWA 25c 

Nount Wells AUNS 15b Oriential AUVT 36a 

Novazza ITLY 25f Orijarvi FNLD 28a 

Novo Maslovo URRS 18d Orissa (Chatrapur) INDA 39c 

Novo Peschansk URRS 18d Oro Denoro (Ema) CNBC 18b 

Novoi-Log URRS 39b Oro Grande-Buena Vista USCA 36a 

Nueva Esperanza CLBA 27b Orogrande USNM 18d 

Nugget Creek (South Fork) USID 39a Oronta ISRL 34c 

Nuggetty AUVT 36a Orpit CNON 36b 

Nuqrah SAAR 28a Orsk URRS 38a 

Nuria VNZL 38b Orta Ezan TRKY 8a 

Ny Sulitjelma NRWY 24a Osamu Utsumi BRZL 25f 

Nyinahin GHNA 38b Osbourne Lake CNMN 28a 

Nyirad HUNG 38c Osen NRWY 30a 

Nymbool Dist. AUQL 15b Osgood Range USNV 14a 

Nyseter NRWY 18c Oshio JAPN 28a 

O'Connors AUVT 36a Osokino-Aleksandrovsk URRS 18d 

Oak Grove (Ethyl) USTN 39c Ostra Hogkulla SWDN 28a 

Oak Ridge USCA 8a Otjosondu SAFR 34b 

Oakleigh Creek AUTS 15a Otmanlar-Harpuzlu TRKY 8a 

Oamite NAMB 30b Otmanlar-Mesebuku TRKY 8a 

Oatman USAZ 25c Ottery Lode AUNS 15b 

Oberpfalz GRMY 30a Oturehua Field NZLD 36a 

Obi INDS 38a Oulad-Abdoun MRCO 34c 

Obira JAPN 18b Ourem BRZL 38b 

Obodranny-Lojok USSR 39b Ouse AUTS 38b 

Ochanocagi TRKY 8a Ovens CNNS 36a 

Ocna de Fier RMNA 18d Oviachic 1&2 MXCO 25g 

Oe JAPN 25b Oxec GUAT 24a 

Ofelia CUBA 8a Oxford USCA 8a 

Offshore USGA 34d Oya JAPN 36a 

Ogane JAPN 25b P. B. NCAL 8a 

Ohguchi JAPN 25c P. U. P. (Zenith) USCA 8a 

Ohito JAPN 25c Pa-pan-ling CINA 34a,28b 

Ok CNBC 11 Pabineau River CNNB 28a 

Ok Tedi PPNG 20c Pachuca-Real del Monte MXCO 25b 

Oka CNQU 10 Pactolus us co 39a 

Okuki JAPN 24b Paddy's Flat AUWA 36b 

Old Dad Mountains USCA 18d Pad urea Craiului RMNA 38c 

Old Diggings USCA 36a Page USNV 27d 

Old Waite CNQU 28a Pahang MLYS 15b 

Oldham CNNS 36a Painirova SWDN 25i 

Olinghouse USNV 25c Palette AUNT 38d 

Olive B. USOR 8a Palmer's Find AUWA 36b 

Olsen USCA 8a Palni Hills INDA 38b 

Olympias Chalkidiki GREC 19a Palo Colorado MXCO 25h 

Olympic Dam AUSA 29b Paloma-Gwin USCA 36a 

Omine JAPN 24b Pambuhan Sur PLPN 18d 

Onion Springs USOR 8a Pampa Norte CILE 17 

Opalite USOR 27a Pampachiri PERU 18d 

Ophir USCA 36a Panamana-An PLPN 8a 

Ophir us co 25b Panasqueria PORT 15a 

Ophir USMT 39a Panchillo MXCO 25h 

Ophir USUT 19a Panguana PPNG 20c 

Ora Banda AUWA 38a Panguna PPNG 17 

Orange Hill USAK 11 Panowka URRS 39b 

Orange Point USAK 28a Panther USNV 27d 

Or chan CNQU 28a Paparoa Range NZLD 36a 

Ore Drag USNV 27d Paracale PLPN 18d 

370 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Paradise USOR 8a Picuris USNM 39a 

~·) Paragominas BRZL 38b Piddig PLPN 18d 

Paramillos AGTN 17 Pikwe BOTS 7a 

Paranam SRNM 38b Pilleys Island CNNF 28a 

Parish AUNS 38b Pillikin USCA 8a 

Park USTN 39c Pima-Mission USAZ 18a 

Park City USUT 19a Pine Bay CNMN 28a 

Park's Ranch USCA 8a Pine Creek USCA 14a 

Parker USCA 8a Pine Grove USUT 16 

Parke son USCA 8a Pine Mountain Claim USCA 8a 

Parks AUNS 17 Pine Nut USNV 21b 

Parnassus-Helikon GREC 38c Pine Point CNNT 32a,32b 

Paron en FNLD 28a Pines USOR 8a 

Parroquio-Magistral MXCO 18c Pinnacles AUQL 14b 

Parys Mountain GRBR 28a Pinson USNV 26a 

Pashpap PERU 17 Pintada-Stauber USNM 30b 

Passagem BRZL 36b Pioneer USMT 39a 

Pasto Bueno PERU 15a Pipe CNMN 6b 

Pasuquin PLPN 28a Pipestem CNBC 36a 

Patchek URRS 39b Piray PLPN 28a 

Pater CNON 28a Pirki TRKY 24c 

Patos de Minas BRZL 34c Piskala TRKY 24c 

Patrick USCA 36a Pitman (JB) CNBC 21b 

Patriquin USCA 27c Pito Real MXCO 25g 

Patterson USCA 25c Placerville USCA 36a 

Paulista BRZL 34d Plagia GREC 18d 

Pay as TRKY 38c Plan de Tecolotes MXCO 25h 

Paymogo SPAN 28a Platies CYPS 24a 

Payne Group CNBC 22c Pleasant No. 1 & 2 USOR 8a 

Pea Ridge USMO 25i Pleasant River CNNS 36a 

Pearsoll Peak USOR 8a Plomosas MXCO 19a 

Pecos USNM 28a Pluma Hidalgo MXCO 7b 

Pee wan USCA 8a Plurhinaler THLD 17 

Peg Leg (Lambert) USCA 8a Poco Tiempo Quartz USCA 8a 

Pelican uswr 28a Pocos de Caldas BRZL 38b 

Pen-chi-hu CINA 34a,28b Podbornaia URRS 39b 

Pena Colorada MXCO 18d Podmoskowoi-Log URRS 39b 

Penn USCA 28a Poerua River NZLD 39c 

Pennington Butte USOR 8a Point Leamington CNNF 28a 

Pennsylvania us co 22c Poirier CNQU 28a 

Penobscot USME 28a Poison Mountain CNBC 17 

Penryn USCA 36a Pokrovsk URRS 18d 

Peravasa CYPS 24a Polar Star USCA 27c 

Perconi Ranch USCA 8a Polaris-Eclipse CNNT 32a,32b 

Perda Niedda ITLY 18d Poludnig-Hermagor ASTR 19b 

Pergini TRKY 8a Pomalea INDS 38a 

Perrunal SPAN 28a Pontbriand CNQU 8d 

Persberg SWDN 18d Ponupo CUBA 24c 

Perseverance ZIMB 6a Ponupo de Manacal CUBA 24c 

Peschansk URRS 18d Pony Shoe USCA 8a 

Pestchanka R. URRS 39b Poodle Dog USCA 8a 

Petaquilla PANA 17 Popowsky-Lojok URRS 39b 

Petersen Mtn. USCA 25f Popretschne-Log URRS 39b 

Phedinan R.-Triok URRS 39b Porkonen FNLD 34a,28b 

Phelps Dodge CNQU 28a Poro NCAL 38a 

Philipsburg USMT 19b Port Aux Moines FRCN 28a 

Phillips Lease USNM 25g Porter Property USCA 8a 

Phoenix BOTS 7a Porto Rico CNBC 36a 

Phoenix CNBC 18b Pot Lake CNMN 28a 

Phoenix USCA 36a Potosi BLVA 20b 

Piacoa VNZL 34a,28b Potosi BRZL 15c 

Picacho USCA 37b Potosi CUBA 8a 

Picila MXCO 18d Potrerillos CILE 18a 

Pickle Crow CNON 36b Potrero del Molino MXCO 25h 

371 
Name 

Poum 

Powers 

Pozo Prieto 

Pratapolis 

Prater 

Preble 

Prebuz 

Presque Isle 

Price 

Prickly Pear Creek 

Primer 

Progreso 

Prony 

Propretschnoi 

Prunty 

Puerto Rico bauxite 

Pujada Pen 

Pulmoddai 

Punch 

Pyhasalmi 

Pyramid (Mariposa Co.) 

Pyramid (Humboldt Co.) 

Qala-el-Nahl 

Quartz Hill 

Quarzazate 

Que River 

Quebrada Blanca 

Queen Bess and vicinity 

Queen Hill 

Queen Victoria (Swift) 

Queen of May 

Queens ton 

Quelleveco 

Questa-Goat Hill 

Quien-Sabe 

Quigg 

Quilon (Chavara) 

Quinto 

Quixaba 

Qusseir 

R.R. Flat South 

Rabbit Lake 

Radiore E 

Rail Lake 

Rain 

Rainbow 

Rainbow 

Rainbow 

Rainy Day 

Rajabasa 

Rajpura-Daiba 

Rakkejaur 

Rambler-Cariboo 

Rambler-Ming 

Rammelsberg 

Rammelsberg Barite 

Ramona-Lorna 

Rampura-Agucha 

Ramsey 

Ramunia-Telok Ramunia 

Ran a 

Ranch 

Rancherie 

Ranchi-Palamau 

372 

Country 

NCAL 

USOR 

CUBA 

BRZL 

USOR 

USNV 

CZCL 

USMI 

CNBC 

USMT 

CNBC 

CUBA 

NCAL 

URRS 

USNV 

PTRC 

PLPN 

SRIL 

INDA 

FNLD 

USCA 

USCA 

SUDN 

USAK 

MRCO 

AUTS 

CILE 

CNBC 

AUTS 

CNBC 

USOR 

CNON 

PERU 

USNM 

USCA 

USCA 

INDA 

CUBA 

BRZL 

EGPT 

USCA 

CNSK 

CNQU 

CNMN 

USNV 

USCA 

USOR 

USOR 

USOR 

INDS 

INDA 

SWDN 

CNBC 

CNNF 

GRMY 

GRMY 

CUBA 

INDA 

CNSK 

MLYS 

NRWY 

USCA 

USOR 

INDA 

Model No 

38a 

Ba 

24c 

38a 

Ba 

26a 

15c 

30b 

28a 

39a 

17 

24c 

38a 

39b 

27d 

38c 

38a 

39c 

38c 

28a 

36a 

Ba 

Bd 

21b 

24c 

28a 

17 

22c 

14c 

18b 

Ba 

36b 

17 

16 

27d 

Ba 

39c 

24c 

14a 

34c 

36a 

38d 

28a 

28a 

26a 

36a 

36a 

Ba 

Ba 

18c 

31a 

28a 

22c 

28a 

31a 

31b 

38a 

31a 

28a 

38b 

7a 

36a 

Ba 

38b 

Name 

Randall 

Ranger 

Rankin 

Rankin Inlet 

Raposos 

Rattlesnake Mountain 

Raul 

Ravens thorpe 

Ravenswood 

Ravliden 

Ravlidmyran 

Ray 

Ray (Tip Top) 

Ray Gulch 

Ray Spring 

Raymond 

Razorback 

Recibimiento 

Recsk 

Red Bird 

Red Chris 

Red Crest 

Red Dog 

Red Elephant 

Red Hill-Red Hill Ext. 

Red Lake Gold Shore 

Red Ledge 

Red Mountain 

Red Mountain 

Red Mountain 

Red Mountain 

Red Rick 

Red Slide Gp. 

Red Wing 

Redeyef 

Red ross 

Redskin 

Redstone 

Redwell 

Reed 

Reed Lake 

Reefton Goldfield 

Reeves 

Reeves MacDonald 

Reicher Trost 

Relief Canyon 

Rendall-Jackson 

Renfrew 

Renison Bell 

Renstrom 

Renzy 

Republic 

Rex 

Rex spar 

Rhiw 

Rich 

Rich Gulch 

Rich Gulch (Virgilia) 

Richards 

Richards Bay 

Richey, u.s. & S.J. 

Riddle 

Rieppe 

Rim Rock and Homestake 

Country 

USCA 

AUNT 

CNON 

CNNT 

BRZL 

USCA 

PERU 

AUWA 

NZLD 

SWDN 

SWDN 

USAZ 

USOR 

CNYT 

USOR 

NCAL 

AUTS 

MXCO 

HUNG 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNON 

USAK 

USCA 

USNM 

CNON 

USCA 

USAZ 

us co 

USOR 

CNYT 

USCA 

USCA 

CNBC 

TUNS 

AUWA 

USCA 

CNNT 

us co 

USCA 

CNMN 

NZLD 

CNON 

CNBC 

PLND 

USNV 

CNNF 

CNNS 

AUTS 

SWDN 

CNQU 

USWA 

CNYT 

CNBC 

GRBR 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

SAFR 

USCA 

USOR 

NRWY 

USNV 

Model No 

Ba 

38d 

18d 

6a 

36b 

Ba 

24b 

34b 

36a 

28a 

28a 

21a 

Ba 

14a 

Ba 

24c 

14c 

18d 

18a 22a 

21b 

20c 

36b 

31a 

27c 

25g 

36b 

Ba 

17 

25b 

Ba 

21b 

27c 

Ba 

28a 

34c 

6a 

Ba 

23 

16 

27c 

28a 

36a 

Bd 

31a 

36a 

26a 

24a 

36a 

14c 

28a 

7a 

25c 

Bd 

25f 

24c 

36a 

36a 

36a 

Ba 

39c 

Ba 

38a 

28a 

27a 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Rindge No. USCA 36a Rush Valley USUT 19a 

~·l Ringwood USNJ 25i Ruth USNV 18a 

Rio CNBC 22c Ruttan CNMN 28a 

Rio Blanco CILE 17 Ruwe (Mutoshi) ZIRE 30b 

Rio Challana BLVA 39a Ryan USCA 36a 

Rio Chimate BLVA 39a Ryan Group USAK 36a 

Rio Pallanga PERU 25b Ryllshyttan SWDN 18c 

Rio Tinto SPAN 28a Ryuo JAPN 24b 

Rio Tuba PLPN 38a Sabana Grande DMRP 18d 

Rio Tuichi (upper reach) BLVA 39a Sabanilla CUBA 24c 

Rio Vivi PTRC 20c Sabetjok NRWY 28a 

Rio Yolosano BLVA 39a Sablayon PLPN 38a 

Rio Yuyo BLVA 39a Sacaton USAZ 17 

Risliden SWDN 7a Sad Sack USOR Ba 

Roan Antelope (Luanshya) ZMBA 30b Saddle Chrome USOR Ba 

Robb Lake CNBC 32a,32b Sa do JAPN 25d 

Roberge Lake CNQU 8d Safagar EGPT 34c 

Robert E USOR 36a Safford (KCC) USAZ 17 

Robert Emmet USMT 22c Saghand IRAN 25i 

Roberts Mtns. Dist. USNV 26a Sagliden SWDN 30a 

Robertson USOR 36a Sagmo NRWY 28a 

Robt. E. USOR Ba Sai JAPN 25b 

Roche lois Plat. HATI 38c Sailor's Gully AUVT 36a 

Rock Creek USOR 8a Sain Bel FRNC 28a 

Rock Wren Mine USCA Ba Saindak PKTN 17 

Rockhole-Teages AUNT 38d Saindak South PKTN 20c 

Rockland USFL 34d Saint USCA Ba 

Rocky Turn CNNB 28a Saka TRKY Ba 

Rod CNMN 28a Sal a SWDN 18c 

Rodhammeren NRWY 28a Salem Hills USOR 38b 

Rodkleiv NRWY 28a Saligny FRNC 19b 

Rokana (Nkana) ZMBA 30b Saline-Pulaski USAR 38b 

~) Roman era SPAN 28a Salitre BRZL 10 

Romerito SPAN 28a Sally Ann USOR Ba 

Rondoni PERU 18d Sally Malay AUWA 7a 

Rosario HNDR 25c Salmon River CNNS 36a 

Rose CNBC 18d Salsigne FRNC 36a 

Rose Claim USCA Ba Salt Rock USOR Ba 

Rose of Denmark AUVT 36a Salur TRKY Ba 

Rosebery-Read AUTS 28a Sam Goosly CNBC 22a 

Roseland USVA 7b Samar PLPN 17 

Rosethistle & Shamrock AUVT 36a Sambalpur INDA 38b 

Rosh Pinah NAMB 31a Sambas AUVT 36a 

Rosie Claim USOR 8a Samli TRKY 18d 

Rosita NCRG 18b San Antonio PLPN 20c 

Ross CNON 36b San Antonio SPAN 28a 

Ross NZLD 39c San Bernardo MXCO 25g 

Rostvangen NRWY 28a San Carlos MXCO 18d 

Roublewik R. URRS 39b San Domingos PORT 28a 

Round Bottom USCA Ba San Emigdio USCA 27d 

Round Mountain Au USNV 25a San Fabian PLPN 20c 

Round Mountain W USNV 15a San Francisco MXCO 25h 

Roupe USCA 8a San Francisco USUT 19a 

Rouyn Merger CNQU 36b San Giovanni Rotondo ITLY 38c 

Rowghat INDA 34a,28b San Guillermo-Sierra SPAN 28a 

Royal George AUTS 15b San Humber to MXCO 25h 

Royal Mountain King USCA 36a San Juan USAZ 17 

Rua Cove USAK 24a San Juan de Chacna PERU 18d 

Ruby Creek USAK 32c San Juan de la Costa MXCO 34c 

Rudna Glava YUGO 18d San Juanera MXCO 25h 

Rudtjebacken SWDN 28a San Leone ITLY 18d 

Ruff Claim No. 32 PLPN Sa San Manuel USAZ 17 

~) Rum Jungle Creek South AUNT 38d San Martin AGTN 15a 

Ruseifa JRDN 34c San Mateo PLPN 28a 

373 
Name 

San Miguel El Alto 

San Pedro 

San Pedro 

San Platen 

San Rafael 

San Ruperto 

San Telmo 

San Xavier 

Sanchez 

Sand Creek 

Sand Springs 

Sandford 

Sanei 

Sanford Lake 

Sang Dong 

Sangalwara 

Sangaredi 

San kyo 

San shaw 

Santa Ana 

Santa Barbara 

Santa Barbara 

Santa Barbara 

Santa Efigenia 

Santa Eulalia 

Santa Fe 

Santa Gertrudis 

Santa Leonor 

Santa Lucia 

Santa Lucia 

Santa Rita 

Santa Rosa 

Santa Rosa 

Santander 

Santiago Papale 

Santiago-CommonwealthCentennial 

Santo Nino 

Santo Tomas 

Santo Tomas 

Sao Domingos do Capim 

Sao Joao do Piaui 

Sao Paulo 

Santa Cruz 

Sapalskoe 

Sar Cheshmeh 

Sarbay 

Sardegna 

Sarialan 

Sari kay a 

Saruabi 

Sasagatani 

Sasca Montana 

Satevo 

Sattelberges 

Saturday Anne 

Saua-Toranica 

Savage River 

Savannah 

Savannah River 

Saxberget 

Says in 

Sazare 

Schaft Creek 

374 

Country 

MXCO 

SPAN 

USNM 

SPAN 

MXCO 

MXCO 

SPAN 

USAZ 

USAZ 

SID 

USNV 

USAK 

JAPN 

USNY 

SKOR 

INDA 

GNEA 

JAPN 

CNON 

MXCO 

BRZL 

VNZL 

PERU 

MXCO 

MXCO 

USNV 

MXCO 

MXCO 

MXCO 

PERU 

USNM 

CUBA 

SPAN 

PERU 

MXCO 

us co 

PLPN 

MXCO 

PLPN 

BRZL 

BRZL 

BRZL 

PLPN 

URRS 

IRAN 

URRS 

ITLY 

TRKY 

TRKY 

INDA 

JAPN 

RMNA 

MXCO 

ASTR 

USOR 

YUGO 

AUTS 

USGA 

USGA 

SWDN 

TRKY 

JAPN 

CNBC 

Model No 

25g 

2Sa 

1Sb 

2Sa 

25h 

25h 

2Sa 

17 

17 

39a 

25c 

36a 

25d 

7b 

14a 

34a,2Sb 

3Sb 

1Sd 

36b 

25g 

3Sb 

34a,2Sb 

27b 

25h 

19a 

26a 

25h 

25h 

25h 

1Sd 

1Sa 

24c 

2Sa 

19a 

Sd 

22c 

20c 

17 

20c 

3Sb 

3Sa 

3Sb 

3Sa 

24c 

17 

1Sd 

25g 

Sa 

Sa 

3Sa 

1Sb 

1Sb 

25g 

19b 

Sa 

19a 

25i 

34d 

34d 

1Sc 

Sa 

24b 

17 

Name 

Schissler Creek 

Schist Lake 

Schmid 

Scinto 5 

Scotia 

Scott Bar 

Scott River 

Scrafford 

Scraton-Pontiac-Sunset 

Se Chakhum 

Seal Harbour 

Searchlight 

Sechura 

Second Relief 

Sehib 

Seiad Creek (Mt. View) 

Seiba 

Seikoshi 

Sekioren 

Selco-Scott 

Selebi 

Selimiye 

Selkirk 

Selukwe 

Senor de Huarquisa 

September Morn 

Serb Creek 

Sereno 

Serra Negra 

Serria do Carajas 

Sesson Mine 

Setting Net Lake 

Seven Trough 

Severnoe 

Sexton Mountain 

Seydisehr 

Sha 

Shackleton 

Shade Chromite 

Shafer Lease 

Shag Rock 

Shagyrkul 

Shahin 

Shamrock 

Shamva-Cymric Gp. 

Shangani 

Shasta King 

Shasta-California 

Shediyah 

Sheep Ranch 

Sheep Tank 

Shelly 

Shenandoah Mine 

Sheppard Mine 

Sherrin Creek 

Shertingdal 

Shevaroy Hills 

Shihmien 

Shiiba, Takaragi 

Shimoga (Karnatoka) 

Shimokawa 

Shimokawa (Kouchi) 

Shinga 

Shinyama 

Country 

USID 

CNMN 

USOR 

AUNT 

AUWA 

USCA 

AUWA 

USAK 

CNBC 

IRAN 

CNNS 

USNV 

PERU 

CNBC 

TUNS 

USCA 

URRS 

JAPN 

TRKY 

CNQU 

BOTS 

TRKY 

BOTS 

ZIMB 

PERU 

USCA 

CNBC 

BRZL 

BRZL 

BRZL 

USCA 

CNON 

USNV 

URRS 

USOR 

TRKY 

CYPS 

ZIMB 

USOR 

USCA 

CNBC 

URRS 

IRAN 

USCA 

ZIMB 

ZIMB 

USCA 

USCA 

JRDN 

USCA 

USAZ 

USCA 

USCA 

USCA 

AUQL 

NRWY 

INDA 

CINA 

JAPN 

INDA 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

JAPN 

Model No 

39a 

2Sa 

Sa 

38d 

6a 

36a 

39c 

27d 

22c 

25i 

36a 

25c 

34c 

36a 

34c 

8a 

34b 

25c 

8a 

28a 

7a 

25g 

7a 

6a 

18d 

8a 

21b 

24c 

10 

34a,28b 

36a 

21b 

25c 

18d 

8a 

3Sc 

24a 

30b 

8a 

8a 

25g 

1Sd 

8a 

Sa 

36b 

6a 

28a 

18d 

34c 

36a 

25c 

8a 

36a 

8a 

34c 

30a 

38b 

8d 

24b 

34b 

24b 

24b 

24b 

18d 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Ship Island USMS 39c Soho CNBC 22c 

.. ) Shirataki JAPN 24b Sohodol-Cimpeni RMNA 3Sc 

Shotgun Creek USCA Sa Solbec CNQU 28a 

Shuikoushan CINA 18c Soloviejo SPAN 24c 

Shuns by CNON 2Sa Solovyevskii Log URRS 39b 

Sicankale TRKY Sa Sombrerete MXCO 19a 

Sidamo ETHP 38a Sombreretillo MXCO 25h 

Sierra Gorda CILE 17 Son of Gwalia AUWA 36b 

Sierra Los Organos MXCO 25g Soo USAK 36a 

Sierra de El Alto MXCO 25g Soquem CNQU 10 

Sierra de Enmedio MXCO 25g Sorka URRS 1Sd 

Sierrecilla SPAN 28a Soroako INDS 3Sa 

Sierrita-Esperanza USAZ 21a Sosnowka URRS 39b 

Sigua CUBA 24c Sosva URRS 1Sd 

Siirt Madenkoy TRKY 24a Sothman Twp. CNON 6a 

Silica Mine USTN 39c Sotiel SPAN 2Sa 

Silva-Aysen CILE 19a So to MXCO 25h 

Silver Bell USAZ 1Sa Soto (Chihuahua) MXCO 25g 

Silver City USNV 25c Soukhoi Log URRS 39b 

Silver Cloud USNV 27a Soulsbyville USCA 36a 

Silver Lakes USCA 18d Sour Dough USOR 8a 

Silver Lease USOR Sa Sourdough Bay CNMN 2Sa 

Silver Queen CNBC 28a Sousa Ranch USCA 8a 

Silver Valley AUQL 15b South Crofty GRBR 15b 

Silvermines IRLD 31a South Dufault CNQU 2Sa 

Silverside ZIMB 30b South Florida phosphate USFL 34d 

Silversmith-Richmond- South Rusty Hill CNQU 28a 

Ruth-Hope CNBC 22c South Sarbay URRS 18d 

Simlipal INDA 38a South Thomas USCA 24c 

Simmons USCA 8a South Uniacke CNNS 36a 

Simon USCA 8a South Weipa AUQL 3Sb 

Sims USCA 8a Spar Lake (Troy) USMT 30b 

""') Sipalay PLPN 17 Spargoville AUWA 6a 

Sirac TRKY Sa Spenceville USCA 2Sa 

Sirigao INDA 34a,2Sb Spinazzola ITLY 3Sc 

Sirkov Log URRS 39b Spot USCA 8a 

Six Mile AUWA 6b Spring Gully AUVT 36a 

Six-Mile USOR Sa Spring Hill USCA Sa 

Skaide NRWY 28a Spruce Mountain USNV 19a 

Skorovass NRWY 24a Spruce Point CNMN 28a 

Skouriotissa CYPS 24a Squirrel Hills AUQL 31a 

Skull AUNT 38d Srednia-Prostokischenka URRS 39b 

Skyline Mine USCA 8a Ssu-chia-ying CINA 34a,28b 

Sleisbeck AUNT 38d St. Adrien Mtn. CNQU 8d 

Sliger USCA 36a St. Ann Plat. JMCA 38c 

Slocan-Sovereign CNBC 22c St. Anthony USAZ 22cSt. 

Smith Geitsfield USOR 8a Cyr CNQU 8d 

Smithfield CNNS 30a St. Dizier AUTS 14c 

Snake Mountain USNV 31b St. George AUQL 27d 

Snakehead (Jumbo) USCA 8a St. Honore CNQU 10 

Sneffels us co 25b St. Leonards AUTS 38b 

Snowdrift USNV 27d St. Patrick (Camp 8) USCA 8a 

Snowshoe USNM 18b St. Pietro ITLY 25g 

Snowstorm USMT 30b Sta. Cruz PLPN 8a 

Snowstorm area us co 39a Stadacona CNQU 36b 

Snowy Ridge USCA 8a Stafford USCA 8a 

Snowy Ridge USOR 8a Stall Lake CNMN 28a 

Snyder USCA Sa Standard USNV 26a 

Sr6ve NRWY 10 Standard and vicinity CNBC 22c 

Soab CNMN 6b Stannary Hills AUQL 15b 

Socorro-Guadalupe MXCO 25h Star USUT 19a 

Socrates USCA 27c Star Mt.-Fubilan PPNG 20c 

~·) Sofulu TRKY 8a Star Mt.-Futik PPNG 20c 

Sogham IRAN 8a Star Mt.-Nong River PPNG 17 

375 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Star Mt.-Olgal PPNG 17 Surprise-Noble Five and 

Stark Bee USCA Sa vicinity CNBC 22c r Starratt-Olsen CNON 36b Sustut CNBC 23 

State School USCA Sa Susu Lake CNNT 2Sa 

Steamboat Springs USNV 27a Sutherland USNV 27d 

Stedman USCA 25e Sutpinar TRKY Sa 

Steele Brook CNQU Sd Sutro USCA 2Sa 

Stekenjokk SWDN 2Sa Sutro Mine USCA Sa 

Stepanoff-Log URRS 39b Sutter Creek USCA 36a 

Stephane NCAL Sa Suzanne NCAL Sa 

Sterling Creek USOR 39a Suzy Bell (Lucky Strike) USCA Sa 

Sterling Lake USNY 25i Svano NRWY 24a 

Stevens-Miller USOR Sa Svardsio SWDN 1Sc 

Stewart USCA Sa Swan River us co 39a 

Stewart Island CNSK 3Sd Swansea USAZ 37b 

Stewart May USAR 27d Swayne USCA Sa 

Stibnite USAK 27d Sweetwater USCA Sa 

Stillwater USMT 1,2a,2b Swim Lake CNYT 31a 

Stirling CNNS 2Sa Sydvananger NRWY 34a,2Sb 

Stockton USAZ 22c Sylvanite USOR 36a 

Stockton Bight AUNS 39c Syssim R. URRS 39b 

Stoll berg SWDN 1Sc Tache Lake CNQU 2Sa 

Stone & Haskins USOR Sa Taco Bay CUBA 3Sa 

Stonewall USCA 36a Tagpura PLPN 17 

Store Gulch USOR Sa Taiba SNGL 34c 

Storeys Creek AUTS 15a Taio JAPN 25c 

Storie CNBC 21b Taisho (Nishimata) JAPN 2Sa 

Stormy Group CNYT 14a Takahata JAPN 25d 

Stowell USCA 2Sa Takanokura JAPN 1Sd 

Stra Quertane TUNS 34c Takatama JAPN 25d 

Stralak CNON 2Sa Takaura JAPN 24b 

Strandzha BULG 1Sb Takeno JAPN 25d 

Stratmat CNNB 2Sa Takijug Lake CNNT 2Sa ("

Strawberry USCA 14a Taknar IRAN 28a 

Stray Dog USOR Sa Talamantes MXCO 25g 

Stripa-Striberg SWDN 34a,2Sb Tallering Peak AUWA 34a,28b 

Sturgeon Lake CNON 2Sa Talmora Longlac CNON 36b 

Suffield CNQU 2Sa Tamborine Mountain AUQL 38b 

Suftlii Bor URRS 39b Tanama PTRC 20c 

Sugarloaf Hill CNBC 17 Tangier CNNS 36a 

Sukinda INDA 3Sa Tangle Blue Divide USCA Sa 

Sukulu UGND 10 Tapairihua PERU 1Sd 

Sulat PLPN 2Sa Tap ira BRZL 10 

Sullivan CNBC 31a Tapley USME 2Sa 

Sullivan and Kahl USCA Sa Taratana CUBA 24c 

Sulphur Bank USCA 27a Taritipan INDS 24c 

Sultan AUVT 36a Tarkwa GHNA 29a 

Sulu TRKY Sa Tasdibi TRKY 27d 

Suluiyeh IRAN Sa Tashiro JAPN 2Sa 

Suluk TRKY Sa Taslica TRKY 2Sa 

Sumadisa YUGO 19a Tasu-Wesfrob CNBC 1Sb 

Summit USAZ 19b Tawi-Tawi PLPN 20c 

Summitville us co 25e Taylor USCA 36a 

Sumpter Bar USOR 39a Tayoltita MXCO 25c 

Sun CNMN 28a Taysan PLPN 20c 

Sunny slope USCA Sa Tea CNYT 31b 

Sunrise USCA Sa Teahan CNNB 28a 

Sunset USCA Sa Techa URRS 1Sd 

Sunshine CNBC 2Sa Tecolote USNM 1Sd 

Sunshine USCA Sa Tecolotes MXCO 25h 

Sunshine Creek CNBC 21b Tecopa USCA 19a 

Sunshine-Corinth CNBC 22c Tedi CNBC 2Sa 

Surf Inlet CNBC 36a Tekneli TRKY Sa 

Surigao PLPN 3Sa Tekwane BOTS 7a 

376 
Name Country Model No Name Country Model No 

Telluride us co 25b Topkirozlar TRKY 24c 

•. ) Tern Piute district USNV 14a Topock USAZ 25g 

Tenke-Fungurume ZIRE 30b Toquepala PERU 17 

Tennessee Chrome USOR 8a Toscana (Cerchiara) ITLY 24c 

Tennessee Pass USOR 8a To sin TRKY 8a 

Tepebasi TRKY 8a Tougue GNEA 38b 

Tepustete MXCO 18d Toujours Gai USCA 8a 

Terano JAPN 24b Toura R. URRS 39b 

Terlik TRKY 8a Tovarnica YUGO 18d 

Terra Nova CNNF 28a Toyoha JAPN 25b 

Terrenates MXCO 25g Trail Ridge USFL 39c 

Tetyukhe URRS 18c Traversella ITLY 18b 

Teutonic Bore AUWA 28a Treadwell Mines USAK 36a 

Texada CNBC 18d Treasure Hill USAZ 22c 

Texas CNNB 28a Tregioivo ITLY 30a 

Textmont CNON 6a Trepca-Kopaonik YUGO 19a 

Thabazimbi SAFR 34a,28b Tri State USMO-USOK 32a,32b 

Thamar-Kotra INDA 34c Trinidad USCA 8a 

Thatcher Creek USCA 24c Trininty CNQU 28a 

Thetford Group CNQU 8d Triton AUWA 36b 

Thierry CNON 7a Trojan CNBC 17 

Thies SNGL 34c Trojan ZIMB 6a 

Thio NCAL 38a Trombetas BRZL 38b 

Third Portage CNNB 28a Troulli CYPS 24a 

Thomas USCA 24c Trout Bay CNON 28a 

Thompson CNMN 6b Trout Lake CNBC 21b 

Thompson Bousquet CNQU 36b Trudny-Log URRS 39b 

Thompson Creek USID 21b Truscott USCA 36a 

Thompson Falls USMT 27d Tsaitsukou CINA 18d 

Thompson Gp. USOR 8a Tsauch R. URRS 39b 

Thuburnic TUNS 19b Tschachewitaia URRS 39b 

Thurston & Hardy USAZ 25g Tschch R. URRS 39b 

Tiebaghi Ni NCAL 38a Tshinsenda ZIRE 30b 

Tiebaghi Cr NCAL 8a Tsuchihata JAPN 28a 

Tienpaoshan CINA 18c Tsumeb NAMB 32c 

Tiere UVOL 24c Tsumo JAPN 18b 

Tilai R. URRS 39b Tulameen CNBC 39b 

Tilkim-Karanlik TRKY 8a Tulk's Pond CNNF 28a 

Tilt Cove CNNF 24a Tulsequah CNBC 28a 

Timna ISRL 34b Tunca TRKY 28a 

Timoni AUWA 36b Tuncurry-Tomago area AUNS 39c 

Tin Cup Peak USOR 10 Turfullar TRKY 25g 

Tintaya PERU 18b Turner-Albright USOR 24a 

Tin tic USUT 19a Turtle Head AUQL 38b 

Tiouine MRCO 24c Tuscarora USNV 25c 

Tipperary Mine NZLD 36a Tutunculer TRKY 24c 

Tjarrojakka SWDN 25i Tuzlakaya TRKY 8a 

Tjokkola SWDN 28a Tverrfjellet NRWY 28a 

Togobomar PLPN 8a Twin Buttes USAZ 18a,21a 

Toi JAPN 25c Twin Cedars USOR 8a 

Toiyabe USNV 26a Twin Peaks USCA 27c 

Tokoro JAPN 24c Twin Valley USOR 8a 

Tolano MXCO 25h Tynagh IRLD 31a 

Toledo PLPN 20c Tybo USNV 22c 

Tolman USID 26a Tyrny-Auz URRS 14a 

Tom CNYT 31a Tyrone USNM 21a 

Tombstone USAZ 19a u.s. Group USAZ 25g 

Tomkin USCA 8a UV Industries USNV 21b 

Tomogonops CNNB 28a Uchi CNON 28a 

Tonkin Springs USNV 26a Uchi CNON 36b 

Tonkolili SRLN 34a,28b Uchucchacua PERU 18c 

Tonopah USNV 25c Uckopru TRKY 8a 

Toombou AUVT 36a Udden SWDN 28a 

Toparlar-Alacik TRKY 8a Udokan URRS 30b 

377 
Name 

Uinta Mtns. 

Ulchin 

Uludag 

Ulukoy 

Uncle Sam 

Uncle Sam 

Undu 

Union 

Unterlaussa 

Upata 

Upper Beaver 

Upper Bellingen 

Upper Canada 

Upper Mississippi Valley 

Upper Seal Harbour 

Upper Silesia 

Uracum 

Uribe 

Urkut 

Uruachic 

Usinsk 

Utica 

Vaddas 

Vakkerlien 

Val Di Peio 

Valen Prospect 

Valenti 

Valle de Manganese 

Valle del General 

Valley Copper 

Valley View 

Valuev 

Vammala 

Vamp 

Vananda 

Vancouver Group 

Vangorda 

Varna 

Vassbo 

Vauze 

Veitsch 

Vekol 

Velardepa 

Verkho-Tourie 

Vermilion 

Vermilion River 

Vermillion 

Vernal 

Vestpolltind 

Veta Blanca 

Viburnum 

Victoria 

Victory 

Victory No. 3 

Vieille Montagne 

Vigsnes 

Violet 

Viscaria 

Viterbo-Roma 

Vlasenica 

Vogelgesang 

Vogler's Cove 

Volcanic Peak 

Von Hoi-Hewitt 

378 

Country 

USUT 

SKOR 

TRKY 

TRKY 

USCA 

USOR 

FIJI 

USNV 

ASTR 

VNZL 

CNON 

AUNS 

CNON 

USWI 

CNNS 

PLND 

BRZL 

USWA 

HUNG 

MXCO 

URRS 

CNBC 

NRWY 

NRWY 

ITLY 

USOR 

USCA 

CUBA 

CORI 

CNBC 

USCA 

URRS 

FNLD 

CNMN 

CNBC 

CNBC 

CNYT 

BULG 

SWDN 

CNQU 

ASTR 

USAZ 

MXCO 

URRS 

USMN 

USMT 

CNON 

USUT 

NRWY 

MXCO 

USMO 

USNV 

CNBC 

USCA 

NCAL 

NRWY 

USOR 

SWDN 

ITLY 

YUGO 

USCA 

CNNS 

USNV 

CNBC 

Model No 

34c 

1Sc 

14a 

19b 

36a 

Sa 

2Sa 

22c 

3Sc 

38b 

36b 

27d 

36b 

32a,32b 

36a 

32a,32b 

34b 

31b 

34b 

25b 

34b 

22c 

2Sa 

7a 

1Sd 

Sa 

Sa 

24c 

3Sb 

21a 

36a 

1Sd 

7a 

2Sa 

1Sb 

22c 

31a 

34b 

30a 

28a 

19b 

17 

19a 

39b 

34a,2Sb 

39a 

2Sa 

34c 

34a,2Sb 

25h 

32a 

1Sb 

14a 

8a 

Sa 

28a 

Sa 

2Sa 

25g 

3Sc 

Sa 

36a 

27d 

22c 

Name 

Vorderen Strubberges 

Vorontsovka 

Vubachikwe 

Vulcan 

Vyhne 

W.P. 

Waden Bay 

Wafangtzu 

Wagasennin 

Waiho River 

Wait (Amador Co.) 

Waite (Nevada Co.) 

Waite East 

Walibu 

Walker 

Wall Canyon 

Wall Street 

Wallapai District 

Wallaroo 

Wannaway 

War Bond 

War Eagle 

War Eagle-Miller 

Ward 

Ward 

Ward and Lyons 

Warm Springs, North Mocassin 

Warm Springs 

Waroona Shoreline 

Warrington 

Wasa Lake 

Washington 

Washington 

Washington Camp 

Washout 

Waterloo 

Watsonville 

Wattle Gully 

Waverley 

Wayside 

Weaver 

Wedge 

Weebo Bore 

Weedaroo 

Weedon 

Weipa-Andoom-Pera Head 

Weiss 

Welch 

Welch Prospect 

Weld Range-Wilgie Mia 

Wellington 

Wellington 

Wenlock River 

West Bear 

West Chrome 

West Gore 

West Jacksonville 

West Maui 

West Niggerhead 

West Ore Body 

Westarm 

Western Magnesite 

Western Nevada 

Westland 

Country 

ASTR 

URRS 

ZIMB 

USCA 

CZCL 

USNV 

CNSK 

CINA 

JAPN 

NZLD 

USCA 

USCA 

CNQU 

USCA 

USCA 

USNV 

USCA 

USAZ 

AUWA 

AUWA 

USCA 

CNYT 

USCA 

CNBC 

USOR 

USCA 

USMT 

USMT 

AUWA 

USCA 

CNQU 

MXCO 

USCA 

USAZ 

USCA 

USAZ 

AUQL 

AUVT 

CNNS 

CNBC 

USAZ 

CNNB 

AUWA 

AUSA 

CNQU 

AUQL 

TRKY 

USCA 

USCA 

AUWA 

AUNS 

CNBC 

AUQL 

CNSK 

USCA 

CNNS 

USCA 

USHI 

USNM 

PLPN 

CNMN 

USCA 

USNV 

NZLD 

Model No 

19b 

18d 

36b 

18d 

1Sd 

27d 

2Sa 

34b 

1Sd 

39c 

Sa 

Sa 

2Sa 

27a 

Sa 

27d 

27c 

22c 

28a 

6a 

8a 

1Sb 

8a 

36a 

8a 

Sa 

22b 

34c 

39c 

36a 

36b 

17 

36a 

1Sc 

Sa 

19b 

15b 

36a 

36a 

36a 

25c 

2Sa 

6b 

31b 

2Sa 

38b 

28a 

24c 

Sa 

34a,28b 

39a 

22c 

3Sb 

38d 

Sa 

27d 

36a 

38b 

25g 

8a 

28a 

Sa 

18b 

36a 
Name Country Mode] No Name Country Model No 

Westport NZLD 39c Yava (Silvermine) CNNS 30a 

~·l Wexford CNBC 18b Yayca Boyna TRKY 8a 

Weza SAFR 38b Yellow Jacket USNM 18d 

Whalesback-Little Deer CNNF 24a Yellow Pine USCA 8a 

Wheal Jane GRBR 15b Yellow Pine USNV 19a 

Wheal Kitty-Penhalls GRGB 15b Yellow Pine district USID 14a 

Whim Creek AUWA 28a Yeonhwa SKOR 18c 

White Bear USCA 8a Yeoval AUNS 17 

White Cedar USCA 8a Yerington USNV 17 

White Feather AUWA 36b Yermakof-Log URRS 39b 

White Feather USCA 8a Yeya CUBA 24c 

White King USOR 25f Yilmaz Ocagi TRKY 8a 

White Lake CNMN 28a Yoganup Shoreline AUWA 39c 

White Pine USMI 30b Yoichi JAPN 28a 

White Pine USNV 19a Yokota (Motoyama-Hama.) JAPN 28a 

White Pine Mine USCA 8a York Harbour CNNF 24a 

White's (Rum Jungle) AUNT 38d Yoshimoto JAPN 24b 

Whiteburn CNNS 36a Yoshino (Hisaka) JAPN 28a 

Whitlock USCA 34d Yoshino (Main) JAPN 28a 

Whundo AUWA 28a Youanmi AUWA 36b 

Wigie 3 AUWA 6a Young USOR 8a 

Wigwam CNBC 31a Young's Mine USOR 8a 

Wild Cat Claim USOR 8a Yreka CNBC 18b 

Wildcat PLPN 28a Ysxjoberg SWDN 14a 

Wilder (Fish Creek) USCA 8a Yugashima JAPN 25c 

Wildrose Canyon USCA 27d Yukari Zorkum TRKY 8a 

Willecho CNON 28a Yulee USFL 39c 

Wilmar and others CNON 36b Yunus Yayla TRKY 8a 

Wilshire-Bishop USCA 36a Yurtlak TRKY 8a 

Wiluna-Moonlight AUWA 36b Yuryo JAPN 24b 

Wim CNMN 28a z CNMN 28a 

Windarra AUWA 6a Zacate-Cerro Chino MXCO 25g 

~·) Windfall USNV 26a Zaetzeff, R. URRS 39b 

Windsor CNOU 8d Zambales Ch PLPN 8a 

Windy CNBC 28a Zanitza MXCO 18d 

Windy Point USOR 8a Zarikan IRAN 18d 

Wine Harbour CNNS 36a Zawar INDA 31a 

Wingelinna-Daisy AUWA 38a Zawarmala INDA 31a 

Winters USCA 25d Zeballos CNBC 18d 

Wintrop CNBC 22c Zeida MRCO 30a 

Witswatersrand SAFR 29a Zeila USCA 36a 

Wolf Creek USCA 8a Zemlianoi-Mostik Log URRS 39b 

Wolf Creek area USCA 8a Zerfirg Ranch USCA 8a 

Wombat Creek AUNS 39a Zimapan MXCO 19a 

Wonder USOR 8a Zimparalik TRKY 8a 

Wonder Gp. USOR 8a Zindani GREC 8d 

Wonderful-Elkhorn CNBC 22c Zip CNBC 18b, 18c 

Woodcutters AUNT 31a Zonguldak TRKY 38c 

Woodlawn AUQL 28a Zortman Landusky USMT 22b 

Woodsreef Mine AUNS 8d 

Woody Woody AUWA 24c 

Wyoming USWY 34c 

Wyssim R. URRS 39b 

Xihuashan CINA 15a 

Yahualica MXCO 25g 

Yakobi Island USAK 7a 

Yanahara JAPN 24b 

Yanchiachangtze CINA 18c 

Yandera PPNG 17 

Yanikara TRKY 8a 

Yankee Hill USCA 36a 

Yaprakli TRKY 8a 

Yatani JAPN 25b 

Yava CNNT 28a 

379 



~·) 

----------------------------------~~~~~-- SELECTED SERIES OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS 

Periodicals 

Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly). 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly). 

Technical Books and Repons 

Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports of 

wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists and engineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies and of 

topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. They also include 

collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a single scientific topic. 

Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of lasting scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or 

geographic coverage than Professional Papers. They include the results 

of resource studies and of geologic and topographic investigations; as well 

as collections of short papers related to a specific topic. 

Water-Supply Papers are comprehensive reports that present significant interpretive results of hydrologic investigations of wide interest 

to professional geologists, hydrologists, and engineers. The series covers 

investigations in all phases of hydrology, including hydrogeology, 

availability of water, quality of water, and use of water. 

""'' Circulars present administrative information or important scientific 

~ information of wide popular interest in a format designed for distribution 

' at no cost to the public. Information is usually of short-term interest. 

Water-Resources Investigations Reports are papers of an interpretive nature made available to the public outside the formal USGS publications series. Copies are reproduced on request unlike formal USGS 

publications, and they are also available for public inspection at 

depositories indicated in USGS catalogs. 

Open-File Reports include unpublished manuscript reports, maps, 

and other material that are made available for public consultation at 

depositories. They are a nonpermanent form of publication that may be 

cited in other publications as sources of information. 

Maps 

Geologic Quadrangle Maps are multicolor geologic maps on 

topographic bases in 7 1/2- or 15-minute quadrangle formats (scales mainly I :24,000 or 1 :62,500) showing bedrock. surficial, or engineering geology. Maps generally include brief texts; some maps include structure 

and columnar sections only. 

Geophysical Investigations Maps are on topographic or planimetric 

bases at various scales; they show results of surveys using geophysical 

techniques, such as gravity, magnetic, seismic, or radioactivity, which 

reflect subsurface structures that are of economic or geologic significance. 

Many maps include correlations with the geology. 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps are on planimetric or 

topographic bases of regular and irregular areas at various scales; they 

present a wide variety of format and subject matter. The series also includes 7 1/2-minute quadrangle photo geologic maps on planimetric bases 

~· • which show geology as interpreted from aerial photographs. Series also 

' includes maps of Mars and the Moon. 

Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or 

planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial geology, stratigraphy, and structural relations in certain coal-resource areas. 

Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphic information 

for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having petroleum potential. 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases on quadrangle or irregular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology 

in relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit problems; post-1971 

maps are primarily black-and-white maps on various subjects such as 

environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations. 

Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetril. bases presenting a wide range 

of geohydrologic data of both regular and irregular areas; principal scale 

is 1:24,000 and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale or smaller. 

Catalogs 

Permanent catalogs, as well as some others, giving comprehensive listings of U.S. Geological Survey publications are available under 

the conditions indicated below from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books 

and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, 

CO 80225. (See latest Price and Availability List.) 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961" may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a 

set of microfiche. 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970" may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a 

set of microfiche. 

"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971-1981" may be 

purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form (two 

volumes, publications listing and index) and as a set of microfiche. 

Supplements for 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985,1986, and for subsequent 

years since the last permanent catalog may be purchased by mail and 

over the counter in paperback book form. 

State catalogs, "List of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic and 

Water-SupplyReportsandMapsFor(State),"maybepurchasedbymail 

and over the counter in paperback booklet form only. 

"Price and Availability List of U.S. Geological Survey Publications," issued annually, is available free of charge in paperback booklet form only. 

Selectedcopiesofamonthlycatalog "New Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey" available free of charge by mail or may be obtained 

over the counter in paperback booklet form only. Those wishing a free 

subscription to the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey" should write to the U.S. Geological Survey, 582 

National Center, Reston, VA 22092. 

Note.--Prices of Government publications listed in older catalogs, 

announcements, and publications may be incorrect. Therefore, the 

prices charged may differ from the prices in catalogs, announcements, 

and publications.