NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 209 ■ July 2015

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing of 

Teenagers Aged 15–19 in the United States 

Gladys M. Martinez, Ph.D.; and Joyce C. Abma, Ph.D.

Key findings 

Data from the 2011–2013 

National Survey of Family 

Growth 

● In 2011–2013, 44% of 

female teenagers and 47% of 

male teenagers aged 15–19 had 

experienced sexual intercourse; 

the percentage has declined 

significantly, by 14% for female 

and 22% for male teenagers, over 

the past 25 years. 

● In the early teen years males 

were more likely than females to 

have had sexual intercourse. But 

the percentage of older teenagers 

who had sexual intercourse was 

similar for female and male 

teenagers. 

● In 2011–2013, 79% of female 

teenagers and 84% of male 

teenagers used a contraceptive 

method at first sexual intercourse. 

● The condom remained the 

most common contraceptive 

method used among teenagers. 

● Young women who did not 

use a method of contraception 

at first sexual intercourse were 

twice as likely to become teen 

mothers as those who used a 

method. 

Monitoring sexual activity and contraceptive use among U.S. adolescents is 

important for understanding differences in their risk of pregnancy. In 2013, 

the U.S. birth rate for teenagers aged 15–19 dropped 57% from its peak in 

1991 (1), paralleling a decline in the teen pregnancy rate (1–2). But these rates 

are still higher than those in other developed countries (3–4). Using data from 

the 1988 to 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), this report 

provides trends and recent national estimates of sexual activity, contraceptive 

use, and childbearing among teenagers aged 15–19.

Keywords: adolescents • sexual intercourse • contraceptive use at first sex

• National Survey of Family Growth 

What percentage of teenagers aged 15–19 had sexual 

intercourse at least once? 

● In 2011–2013, 44% of never-married female teenagers (4.3 million) 

and 47% of never-married male teenagers (4.8 million) had sexual 

Percent

Figure 1. Never-married females and males aged 15–19 who have ever had sexual intercourse: 

United States, 1988–2013

1

The decline in the percentage of female teenagers who had sex at least once from 1988 to 2006–2010 was statistically 

significant (p < 0.05). 2The difference in the percentages between 2006–2010 and 2011–2013 was not significant. 3

The decline in the percentage of male teenagers who had sexual intercourse at least once from 1988 to 2002 was statistically 

significant (p < 0.05). 4There was no significant change in the percentage between 2002 and 2011–2013.

SOURCES: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 1988, 1995, 2002, 2006–2010, and 2011–2013. Male data for 

1988 and 1995 is from the National Survey of Adolescent Males.

1988 1995 2002 2006–2010 2011–2013

1

51 49 46 4 2 46 43 42 44 47

55

3

60

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Female Male
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 209 ■ July 2015

■  2  ■

intercourse at least once (Figure 1). 

● The percentage of female teenagers who had sex at least once declined 14%, from 51% in 

1988 to 43% in 2006–2010. The percentage in 2006–2010 was similar to that in 2011–2013 

(44%). 

● Among male teenagers, there was a significant linear decline in the percentage who had 

sexual intercourse at least once between 1988 (60%) and 2002 (46%). However, there was 

no significant change in the percentage of male teenagers who had sexual intercourse at least 

once between 2002 and 2011–2013 (46% to 47%). 

What is the probability of having had sexual intercourse by ages 15–19?

● In the early teen years (ages 15 and 16) males were more likely than females to have had 

sexual intercourse (Figure 2). By age 17, the probabilities of having had sexual intercourse 

were similar for males and females. 

● For males, by age 15, 18% had ever had sexual intercourse. By age 17, this percentage 

increased to 44%, and by age 19, 69% of males had ever had sexual intercourse. 

● For females, by age 15, 13% had ever had sexual intercourse. By age 17, this percentage 

increased to 43%, and by age 19, 68% of females had ever had sexual intercourse. 

Probability

Figure 2. Probability of having had sex by ages 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 for males and females: United States, 2011–2013

Female

Male

1Male teenagers have a higher probability of having had sex at each age in teen years compared to female teenagers, except for ages 17 and 19 (p < 0.05).

NOTE: The estimates are based on females and males aged 15–24 at the time of the interview.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2013.

1

0.18

0.30

0.44

0.43

0.58

0.56

0.69

0.68

0.27

0.13

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

15 16 17 18 19
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 209 ■ July 2015

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Did the percentage of teenagers who used contraceptives at first sexual 

intercourse differ by age at first sexual intercourse?

● In 2011–2013, 79% of female teenagers and 84% of male teenagers used a method of 

contraception the first time they had sexual intercourse (Figure 3). The percentages have not 

changed over time (data not shown).

● A higher percentage of female teenagers who had first sexual intercourse at ages 18 or 19 

used a method of contraception (93%) compared with those who were 17 and under at first 

sexual intercourse (77%).

● Almost all male teenagers who had first sexual intercourse at ages 18 or 19 used a method of 

contraception (99%) compared with those who were 17 and under at first sexual intercourse 

(82%). 

Percent

Figure 3. Use of contraception at first sex among males and females aged 15–19, by age at first sex:

United States, 2011–2013 

17 and under 18–19

1

Percentage of male and female teenagers aged 17 and under who used contraception at first sex was significantly lower than that of teenagers aged 18–19 

(p < 0.05).

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2013.

Total

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

84 1

82

99

Male

79 1

77

93

Female
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 209 ■ July 2015

■  4  ■

How has contraceptive method use changed over the past decade among 

female teenagers who had sexual intercourse at least once?

● In 2011–2013, 97% of female teenagers who had sexual intercourse at least once had used 

the condom at least once (Figure 4). 

● In 2011–2013, 60% of female teenagers had ever used withdrawal and 54% had ever used 

the pill. The differences in pill and withdrawal use between 2002 and 2011–2013 were not 

statistically significant. 

● Use of emergency contraception by female teenagers who had sexual intercourse at least 

once has increased over the past decade from 8% in 2002 to 22% in 2011–2013. 

● Compared with 2006–2010, in 2011–2013, a smaller percentage of female teenagers ever 

used the patch (from 10% to 2%) and ever used Depo-Provera (from 20% to 15%). As of 

2011–2013, approximately 3% of female teenagers who had sexual intercourse at least once 

had ever used an intrauterine device (IUD), and 2% had used a hormonal implant, similar to 

the percentages in 2006–2010. 

Percent

Figure 4. Methods of contraception ever used among females aged 15–19 who had ever had sexual intercourse: United 

States, 2002, 2006–2010, and 2011–2013 

1

The percentage of female teenagers who ever used emergency contraception increased in 2006–2010 and in 2011–2013 (p < 0.05). 2

Difference in percentage of female teenagers who ever used Depo-Provera or the patch was significantly lower in 2011–2013 than in 2006–2010 (p < 0.05).

NOTES: Neither the contraceptive ring nor the implant were available in 2002. The number of teenagers who had ever used the IUD in 2002 was too small to be 

statistically reliable.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2002, 2006–2010, and 2011–2013.

20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2

Implant

3 3

Intrauterine

device

5 5

Ring

11

15 15

Fertility

awareness

Depo- Patch

Provera

Emergency

contraception

2002 2006–2010 2011–2013

Condom

9496 97

Withdrawal

55 57

60

Pill

56 54

61

8

14

1

22 21

2

15

2

2 2

10
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 209 ■ July 2015

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Were female teenagers who didn’t use a method of contraception at first 

sexual intercourse more likely to have had a birth as a teenager than those 

who used a method? 

● By age 17, young women were more than five times as likely to have had a teen birth if they 

did not use a method of contraception at their first sexual intercourse (11%) than those who 

used a method (2%) (Figure 5). 

● By age 18, young women were more than three times as likely to have had a teen birth if 

they did not use a method of contraception at their first sexual intercourse (17%) than those 

who used a method (5%). 

● By age 19, young women were more than twice as likely to have had a teen birth if they did 

not use a method of contraception at their first sexual intercourse (26%) than those who used 

a method (10%). 

Probability

Figure 5. Probability of a first birth by ages 17, 18, and 19 for females, by whether they used a method of contraception at first 

sex: United States, 2011–2013

Used method at first sex

Did not use method at first sex

NOTE: The estimates are based on females aged 15–24 at the time of the interview.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2013.

0.11

0.17

0.26

0.02

0.05

0.10

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

17 18 19

Summary

This report updates selected indicators of sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing 

among the teenage population in the United States using the most recent NSFG data available. 

In addition to costing the public about $9.4 billion a year (5), teen childbearing has negative 

consequences for the physical, psychological, and economic wellbeing of the young mothers and 
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 209 ■ July 2015

■  6  ■

their children (6–8). The percentage of male and female teenagers who had sexual intercourse at 

least once has declined in the 25-year period of 1988 to 2013. This decline was greater for male 

teenagers than female teenagers. According to the most recent data from 2011–2013, by age 19, 

roughly two of three never-married teenagers have had sexual intercourse. The majority of male 

and female teenagers used a method of contraception at first sexual intercourse. The methods 

teenagers most often used were the condom, withdrawal, and the oral contraceptive pill. Female 

teenagers who used a method of contraception at first sexual intercourse were less likely to 

have had a birth in their teen years than those who did not use a method of contraception at first 

intercourse. Understanding these patterns and trends in sexual activity, contraceptive use, and 

their impact on teen pregnancy can help provide context regarding the recent decline in the U.S. 

teen birth rate. 

Definitions

Age at first sexual intercourse: The recode variable VRY1STAG indicates the respondent’s age 

at first sexual intercourse, even if it was before a female respondent’s menarche (age at first 

menstrual period). 

Age at first birth: The recode variable AGEBABY1 indicates the female respondent’s age at her 

first live birth, if any. 

Contraceptive methods ever used: These data are based on a series of yes or no questions 

asking the female respondent if she has ever used each of 19 different contraceptive methods. 

The following are the contraceptive methods included in this series: the pill; condom; partner’s 

vasectomy; Depo-Provera injectable; withdrawal; fertility awareness-based methods

(e.g., rhythm method or natural family planning); contraceptive patch; contraceptive ring; 

emergency contraception; hormonal implant; IUD; cervical cap; diaphragm; female condom or 

vaginal pouch; foam; jelly or cream; suppository or insert; Today sponge; and other method. 

Probability of first birth by selected ages: The probability that an individual has had a first birth 

by various ages was calculated using a life table methodology. This methodology uses agespecific rates to calculate how many individuals of a cohort will experience an event (i.e., first 

birth) during an interval. The probabilities produced by life table methodology do not represent 

the actual percentages of individuals who have had a baby by each age shown; instead, they 

represent how likely it is that an individual will have a baby by a specified age, given the agespecific first birth rates observed for this NSFG-based cohort. For example, a probability of first 

birth of 0.26 by age 19 means that by age 19 there is a 26% probability that young females will 

have had a baby. 

Probability of first sexual intercourse by selected ages: The probability that an individual has 

experienced his or her first sexual intercourse by various ages was calculated using a life table 

methodology. This methodology uses age-specific rates to calculate how many individuals of a 

cohort will experience an event (i.e., first sexual intercourse) during an interval. The probabilities 

produced by life table methodology do not represent the actual percentages of individuals who 

have had sex by each age shown; instead, they represent how likely it is that an individual will 

have sex by a specified age, given the age-specific first sex rates observed for this NSFG-based 

cohort. For example, a probability of first sex of 0.78 by age 20 for males means that by age 20 

there is a 78% probability that young males will have experienced sex for the first time. 
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 209 ■ July 2015

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Sexual experience: The recode variable HADSEX indicates whether the respondent ever had 

vaginal sexual intercourse, referred to in this report simply as sexual intercourse. 

Used a contraceptive method at first sexual intercourse: The recode variable SEX1MTHD1 

indicates whether any contraceptive method was used at first sexual intercourse, and if so, what 

method(s). 

Data sources and methods

This report is based on data from 1,037 females and 1,088 male teenagers aged 15–19. For 

Figures 2 and 5, analysis included an additional 960 females and 810 males aged 20–24 

interviewed in the 2011–2013 NSFG. These additional cases were included to increase sample 

size because some teenagers aged 15–19 who have not experienced these events may do so before 

age 20, and adults aged 20–24 have completed their teen years and can provide information on 

whether they experienced these events in their teen years. Trends are presented using data from 

four other data collection periods of NSFG (1988, 1995, 2002, and 2006–2010). 

Among other information, NSFG provides detailed information about sexual intercourse, 

contraceptive use, and the timing of childbearing among U.S. women aged 15–44. The fieldwork 

plan, interview content, and other procedures of the survey are similar to what was done in 

previous surveys (9). NSFG is jointly planned and funded by the Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention’s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics and several other programs of the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services. All estimates in this report were weighted to reflect 

the female and male teenage household population of the United States across the midpoint of 

2011–2013 interviewing (July 2012). The response rate for both female and male teenagers in 

2011–2013 was 75%. 

Statistics for this report were produced using the SURVEY procedures in SAS software version 

9.3. The probabilities of first sexual intercourse (Figure 2) and first birth (Figure 5) were produced 

using the PROC LIFETEST procedure in SAS. Percentages were compared using two-tailed t

tests at the 5% level. No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. The data presented in 

this report are bivariate associations that may be explained by other factors not controlled for in 

the figures or included in the report. 

About the authors

Gladys M. Martinez and Joyce C. Abma are with CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics, 

Division of Vital Statistics, Reproductive Statistics Branch. 

References

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statistics reports; vol 64 no 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2015.

2. Kost K, Henshaw S. U.S. teenage pregnancies, births and abortions, 2010: National and 

state trends by age, race and ethnicity. 2014. Available from: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/

USTPtrends10.pdf. 
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3. HHS. Healthy People. 2020 topics and objectives: Family planning. 

Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives/topic/family-planning. 

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winnablebattles2010-2015_progressreport2014_.pdf. 

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childbearing cost taxpayers $9.4 billion in 2010. 2013. Available from:

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National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(150). 2010. Available 

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Suggested citation

Martinez GM, Abma JC. Sexual activity, 

contraceptive use, and childbearing of 

teenagers aged 15–19 in the United States. 

NCHS data brief, no 209. Hyattsville, MD: 

National Center for Health Statistics. 2015. 

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in 

the public domain and may be reproduced 

or copied without permission; citation as to 

source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health 

Statistics

Charles J. Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., Director 

Nathaniel Schenker, Ph.D., Deputy Director 

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate 

Director for Science

Division of Vital Statistics

Delton Atkinson, M.P.H., M.P.H., P.M.P., 

Director

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