MitnnaiBuiBau of standards Reference book oot to bo

Library, N. W. Bids. . , , n^^^,

taken from the Library.

FEB 1 4 1949

Temperatures in a Test

Bungalow With Some Radiant

and Jacketed Space Heaters

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Building Materials and Structures Report BMS114
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Charles Sawyer, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • E. U. Condon, Diriclor

Temperatures in a Test

Bungalow With Some Radiant

and Jacketed Space Heaters

hy Paul R. Achenbach

Building Materials and Structures Report BMS114

Issued January 28, 1949

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C,

Price 25 cents
Foreword

To provide additional data on the uniformity of temperatures obtainable

ill houses heated by means of a space heater, tests were undertaken in the four- room house on the grounds of the National Bureau of Standards designated as the "Test Bungalow." The tests were planned to obtain quantitative data on

the temperatures in the house when heated by a radiant or a jacketed heater in

each of several positions; and to ascertain the value of fans, transoms over

interior connecting doorways, and underfloor plenums in improving the uniformity of the temperatures. The project was part of the research and testing

program at the National Bureau of Standards conducted in cooperation with

the Housing and Home Finance Agency and its technical staff.

E. U. Condon, Director.

II
Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant

and Jacketed Space Heaters

by Paul R. Achenbach

The temperature distribution produced in a four-room Test Bungalow on the grounds

of the National Bureau of Standards was observed for three space heaters with and without

jackets. Tests were made to show the effect of heater location, of size and type of jacket,

of open transoms over interior doorways, of an unattached fan for air circulation, and of an

underfloor plenum on the temperatures in the four-room house. The temperature patterns

obtained were used as a basis for conclusions concerning the severity of the climate and the

size of houses of similar materials and insulation for which space heaters could provide

minimum acceptable comfort. The temperature distributions for two commercial models

of space heaters burning gas and oil were also included for comparison.

CONTENTS

Page

Foreword ii

I. Introduction 1

II. The Test Bungalow 4

III. Test specimens 5 IV. Temperature measurements 8

V. Test procedure 9 VI. Effect of heater location on temperature distribution 11 VII. Comparison of radiant and jacketed heaters 11 VIII. Comparison of jackets 12 IX. Effect of heater size 13 X. Height of heat source 14 XL Open transoms over interior doorways 14 XII. Effect of outside temperature on the temperature distribution 14 XIII. Effect of circulating fan 17 XIV. Performance of space heaters with integral fans 20 XV. Underfloor return plenum 21 XVI. Effect of insulation under the floor joists 22 XVII. Radius of warmth attainable with a space heater 22 XVIII. Mean radiant temperatures 25 XIX. Summary and conclusions 26 XX. Selected references 27 XXI. Appendix 28

I. Introduction

Space heaters are more widely used for house

heating in the United States than any other single

type of heating equipment. According to the

housing survey of the Bureau of Census for 1940,

35 percent of all urban homes and 63 percent of

all rural homes in the country were heated by

space heaters of one kind or another. For technical purposes a space heater has been defined as an

above-the-floor device for the direct heating of the space in which the device is located without

the use of external pipes or ducts as integral parts

of such heating device [l].i

1 Numbers in brackets refer to references at the end of this paper.

Space heaters have long been known as heating

stoves or parlor stoves, in this coimtry, to dis- tinguish them from cooking stoves. Space heaters are manufactured for burning

the common types of fuel, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Factors responsible for the widespread

use of space heaters include: (a) Low first cost,

(b) efficiency, (c) ease of installation, (d) low fuel consumption, and (e) the provision of a zone of comfort by radiation near the heater. The first cost of a space heater is much less than that of a

central heating plant and for efficiency of fuel utili- zation, many space heaters compare favorably with

1
central heating plants; they also have a great adv^antage over open fires or fireplaces. The space

heater is easy to install because it is essentially a

portable piece of equipment which does not have

duct work or piping built into the house structure;

it burns considerably less fuel than a central heating plant and also provides a zone of comfort in

its immediate vicinity by radiation, warming the room in which it is located to a higher temperature

than the other rooms in the house. By American

standards and from a comfort standpoint, nonuniformity of temperature is not especially desirable, but it is often accompanied by a low fuel consumption. These considerations tend to justify

claims made by the manufacturers that space

heaters furnish the cheapest heat in the world and

are responsible, at least in part, for the predominant use of space heaters in small houses.

One of the principal disadvantages of the space

heater is the inconvenience of bringing in fuel and

removing ashes when the heater is located in the

living room, since both operations create dust.

This criticism does not apply, of course, to oil or gas fuel. Other disadvantages are that the heater

occupies usable space in the living quarters and

does not provide "even heat", or uniform temperatures, throughout the house. For these

reasons, other home heating methods, such as steam, warm-air, or hot-water systems are sometimes preferred.

The fact that space heaters take up floor- area which could be used for other purposes has not

evoked much criticism in recent years although

houses now being built are smaller on the average

than formerly, but temperature distribution has

been the subject of discussion because to some

extent it is affected by climate, by the degree of

insulation in the house, by the tolerance of the

occupants, and by the size of the house in which

the space heater is installed. In this connection,

such questions arise as: How much temperature

difference can be tolerated between the living room and the other rooms of the house? How

much colder will such rooms be under given

weather conditions in a given house construction

with the use of a space heater in the living room

than with other heating systems? Answers to these and related questions have heretofore been

based on individual judgment or opinion. The

purpose of making the tests covered in this report

has been to obtain and present pertinent quantitative data and the general conclusions which

these data indicate.

The British concept of house warming is different

from the American in that the comfort heating

of all rooms is not considered to be essential. Alany homes in England are designed for the

maintenance of a temperature of 50° F throughout. This is called "background heat." ^^^len one desires to read, converse, or otherwise relax,

he "tops-up" a room to 65° F or a little over by

means of a radiant-heat source, such as an open

coal heater or an electric or gas radiant heater.

In the United States, however, the ideal of heating

is to have a house uniformly comfortable throughout. Some departure from uniformity of temperature is regarded as inevitable, but the arrangement which most closely approaches uniformity ! is considered preferable. For this reason, uniformity of temperature in the Test Bungalow has

j been used as the criterion for comparing the

' performance of the several heaters or heater I arrangements considered in the tests covered in

this report.

With the exception of the comfort charts pre-

| pared by the American Society of Heating and

Ventilating Engineers, no standards of good heating have been officially established by any authoritative organization in the United States. However, these charts do not apply to space heaters.

It is known that temperatures vary across rooms

and between the different rooms of a house;

temperatures also vary with many automatically

controlled heating systems and devices. Some

confusion would be avoided if standards or defini- tions were established whereby houses could be

judged "adequately heated" or "well-heated."

Such standards would impose certain limits on the

above temperature differences within houses.

A conventional gravity hot-water heating sys- tem was installed in the basement of the Test

Bungalow [2] several years ago for the purpose of

comparing the performance of that type of system

with other devices installed above the floor. Since the gravity hot-water system has been

widely accepted by the public for many years as adequate for domestic heating, exact information on the temperature distribution produced by that

method is worth while in evaluating the perform- ance of other methods. Heated by the gravity

hot-water system, the average vertical temperature difference in the Test Bungalow was about

6 degF^ between levels from 2 in. to 60 in. above

the floor, whereas, the average of the temperature

differences between rooms for the 2-, 30-, and

60-in. levels did not exceed 2 deg F. This condition prevailed when the house was heated to 70° F at the 30-in. level in the living room and

when the outside temperature was 32° F. While

tests have not been made under exactly comparable conditions, results obtained with the con- ventional gravity hot-water heating system could

probably be equaled imder proper conditions with

both warm-air and steam systems. Therefore,

for present purposes, a house with interior temperature differences no greater than the above

temperature differences might be considered a

well-heated house.

A different standard may be necessary for space

heaters than for central heating systems, since

2 In the text of this report deg F is used to denote differences in temperature and °F is used to denote specific values of temperature.

2 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSlllf.
i the heaters are not likely to produce uniformity

I of temperature in all rooms and since many of

them emit a large ..proportion of their delivered

' heat by radiation. Rooms other than the one

containing the heater receive heat by what one

authority has called the "overflow" principle,

which implies that air, warmed by the heater,

' flows by natural convection through open doors

or archways into other rooms. Undoubtedly,

there is also some heat transfer between rooms by

transmission through partition walls,

j Conspicuous among the first widely used space

; heaters was the simple cast-iron coal stove, which

consisted essentially of a fire pot, varying from

j cylindrical to egg-shaped, supported on legs and

' fitted with a smoke collar for attachment of the

j flue pipe at or near the top. When sheet iron or sheet steel became plentiful, heaters were manu1 factured that were composed of a cylindrical

j fire box of rolled sheet with a cast-iron base and

1 top. Such stoves were decorated for home use

I with nickel-plated parts, mica windows to expose

I the fire to view, and cast-iron scrolls of various

patterns. The production in quantity of jacketed

! space heaters began some 20 years ago. In such

! heaters a sheet of metal called a jacket was used

' to enclose and form an air space around the combustion chamber. The space at the top and

ij bottom was open, and a convection current of

il air flowed upward through it. To distinguish

ji between jacketed and unjacketed heaters, the

I term radiant heater was applied to the heater

, without a jacket because a larger proportion of the

I heat was emitted by radiation for the heater

' without the jacket than for the jacketed heater.

' The appearance of the space heater was much

' improved by the jacket. Also, direct physical

i contact with the jacket was not as hazardous as

[li with the combustion chamber because the jacket,

though perhaps quite hot, was cooler than the

combustion chamber. The chief function of the

jacket was to increase the proportion of convected

l heat produced by the device so that other rooms

than the one containing the heater would receive more heat, thus decreasing the temperature dif- ference between rooms. Space heaters with jackets of various designs

are being manufactured. Usually a decorative

grill is fitted over the top of the device. Heretofore, there has not been adequate correlation of

design and performance, it being thought that

much air circulation through the jacket would

reduce temperature differences throughout the

' house. It has now been demonstrated, however,

that a house can be heated by means of radiant

panels in the ceiling, whereby the floor and other

parts of the room are warmed by radiant heat

I emitted from the ceiling surfaces. This suggests

* that a space heater might be used to produce a

I relatively thin layer, or blanket, of hot air against

I the ceiling, all over the house if possible, thus

ji

heating the ceiling and allowing radiant heat to be emitted to the floor and walls below. The

extent to which architects and designers of heaters

are able to adapt this principle to space heaters

has not been fully established. Further experimentation is still necessary in warm-air heating by

radiant panels in the ceiling, although some useful

information on this subject is provided by the

test results reported in this paper.

Space heaters that burned coal, wood, gas, and

oil were extensively used during the war to heat new dwellings containing from two to five rooms. One reason for their widespread use during that

period was the necessity for conserving materials

and labor directly connected with the war eft'ort since in heating capacity per pound of metal the

space heater excelled all other heating systems.

Because the space heater is portable and not

considered to be part of real estate, the construction of the house and the arrangement of rooms are frequently not planned to provide the most

satisfactory conditions for good temperature

distribution with the space heater method. Although the floor plan may not have been designed

for heating the house with a space heater, the

arrangement of the rooms and doorways should

be considered before the heater location is selected. There is usually one particular place in any struc- ture where the space heater furnishes the best

distribution of heat. In a new house intended

for space heater use, the heating method should

be coordinated with the architectural design to obtain the most satisfactory results. In most installations, rooms other than the one

containing the space heater are warmed to some

extent by convection and radiation. Warmed air passes from one room to another through open

doorways or connecting archways. However, in

many homes a space heater is used to warm one

or two rooms only, while the doors to other rooms

are kept closed, especially in severe weather. In

larger residences, more than one heater is often

used. This report deals entirely with the performance of a single space heater in a multiroom

house and presents only data on the temperature

distribution attained imder specified conditions.

In former times, the cooking stove was relied

upon to warm the kitchen. Currently, however,

insulated cooking devices have been developed

which make it essential for the main heatingdevice to also heat the kitchen. The increased

use of "open" construction, consisting in the use

of arches instead of doors between some rooms,

facilitates the use of space heaters.

Space heaters with full-length jackets and grihed

openings at the top are popular. However, many

radiant heaters and partiaUy jacketed heaters are manufactured, and each type undoubtedly has its logical field of utility. Space heaters that burn

gas or oil are frequently equipped with fans to circulate air through the jacket and throughout

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 3
the living space. Four or five properly arranged rooms can be heated with such devices, and in some cases ducts on the heater or special passages

between rooms are provided to improve the air circulation. An ordinary space heater, whether

jacketed or unjacketed, will not heat adjoining rooms as well as the room in which the heater is located, but there is little, if any, published quantitative information on the difference in temperature between the several rooms of the houses

heated by space heaters.

Because of the wide use of space heaters in

Federal housing projects and the dearth of data on the heat distribution and other characteristics

of this type of heating device, an investigation of the performance of some radiant and jacketed

heaters was undertaken at the National Bureau

of Standards in a four-room house designated as the Test Bungalow. The purpose of the work was

to compare the temperatures produced by placing

radiant and jacketed heaters in different positions,

to compare the effects of different jackets, to formulate recommendations regarding the limitations of space heater use, and to determine whether

or not unattached fans, transoms over interior

connecting doorways, and underfloor plenums

would improve conditions in a home heated by a space heater.

II. The Test Bungalow

The Test Bungalow at the National Bureau of

Standards is similar to House B, described in

Technical Bulletin No. 4, "Principles of Planning

Small Houses," issued by the Federal Housing

Administration.^ It has four rooms and a bath on

one floor with a small hallway, near the middle of

the structure, which connects the rooms. Two

arrangements of the interior partitions and doors were used during the present tests. They are shown on the floor plans in figures 1 and 2, All rooms except the bathroom, including the hallway,

are provided with movable ceilings that can be

adjusted to any height between 7 ft and 9 ft by means of permanently installed overhead screw

jacks. During the tests of space heaters described

in this report, the ceiling height was 8 ft. The

Bungalow has a full basement but, for tests during

which conditions in basementless houses were

simulated, the basement was not heated. Figure

3 is a photograph of the house taken before the

refrigerated enclosure was erected.

KITCHEN

1 1 - S X lO • Z

'/////^

BATH

5-0"x 6-d N O R.TH BED R.OOM

a-3 » n-4"

CLOSET SPAC£

LIVING R.OOM

13-7' X 13-6 SOUTH BEDR.OOM

II -I' X lO-Z"

Figure 1. Floor plan of the Test Bungalou- showing heater positions 1, 2, and 3 and alternate door to south bedroom

open.

3 Out of print but may be consulted in depository libraries.

Figure 2. Floor plan of the Test Bungalow showing heater position 4 in temporary opening in living room partition wall and the normal interior door arrangement.

Figure 3. Exterior view of the Test Bungalow before enclosure was built. The outside walls of the Test Bungalow are conventional in construction and consist of 2- by

4-in. studding with sheathing and lap siding on the

outside, separated by a layer of building paper.

4 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllJf.
and /2-in. gypsum board on tlio inside. The walls

are not insulated. The bungalow has a double

floor, and both subfloor and finish floor are of

1-in. pine. Building paper is laid between the

subfloor and the finish floor in the conventional manner. The ceiling consists of K-in. plywood

supported by a framework of 2- by 4-in. timbers.

The entire ceiling is insulated with rock-wool

batts, 3% in. thick, laid between the joists. The

windows are double hung except the one in the

bathroom and one of those in the kitchen. The

window frames and sash are of wood. There is no weatherstripping around the windows or doors.

The heat-transfer coefficients for the floor, side

walls, and ceiling were measured by means of

heat-flow meters of the NichoUs type fastened to the surfaces. Expressed in terms of Btu/hr (ft ") (°F), the coefficients were: For side walls from

inside to outside, 0.276; for floor from upper sur- face to basement air when the plenum was not in place beneath the floor, 0.363; and for ceiling

from under surface of ceiling to attic air, 0.087.

The areas of the windows in the Test Bungalow

were as follows: Kitchen, 16.7 sq ft; living room,

35.1 sq ft; bath, 5.0 sq ft; and each of the bed- rooms, 23.4 sq ft. The exterior door in the living room measured 3 ft by 6 ft 8 in., whereas, that in the kitchen measured 2 ft 6 in. by 6 ft 8 in. The

floor and wall areas of the several rooms may be

computed from the dimensions given in flgure 1. The Test Bungalow is enclosed for experimental

purposes in an insulated structure which provides

a space of 5 ft or more on all sides and over the

roof between the bungalow and the enclosure. A

refrigerating unit, installed in the space between

the bungalow and the enclosure, makes it possible

to maintain the air around the bungalow at selected temperatures in the range from 0° to 70°

F. During tests, the blowers in the refrigerating

unit circulated air at a rate of about 9,000 cfm

and maintained the air at the four corners of the

bungalow at the same temperature within about

± 1 deg F. The maximum air velocity around

the bungalow was approximately two miles per

hour. The bungalow enclosure and the refrigerating unit are shown in figures 4 and 5, respectively.

FiniTRE 4. Insulated enclosure for the Test Bmigaloi

FliMKK ."). h'cfrKjcrdl I luj coil for coolhuj llic nir lulirnn the Test Bungalow and the insulated enclusure.

III. Test Specimens

Two coal-fired radiant space heaters of the

magazine type were chosen for test. Each heater was designed to have a firebrick lining extending

from the grate to the lower edge of the dome

section. The smaller heater, designated as heater A, had a nominal fuel capacity of 100 lb of

coal, and the larger heater, designated as heater

B, had a nominal fuel capacity of 200 lb of coal. The dimensions and coal capacity of the two

heaters were:

Heater Heater A B

Nominal coal capacity Ib^. 100 200 Grate area sqin.^ 177 227 Body diameter in.- 19 21

Over-all height in.- 42 50 Heater A and heater B are shown in figures 6 and 7, respectively.

The third specimen, heater C (fig. 8), consisted

of a cast-iron combustion chamber and an enameled cast-iron jacket. It was a coal heater of the

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 5
Figure 6. Hint'.r A in. [idsiIuhi i irith unuttached fun

mounted near the ceiling above the mantel.

surface-fired type, with a rectangular firepot

measuring 11}2 in. by 22 in. at the level of the

door sill. For experiment, heater A was fitted successively

with four sheet-metal jackets spaced at different

distances from the heating surface. Each jacket was cylindrical in shape, conforming to the body

of the heater, and extended from the level of the

ashpit to that of the lower edge of the dome

section. The jackets were spaced at a distance

from the heating surface as follows: Jacket No.. 1 2 3 4 Distance from heating surface-.in 2}^ 4 6 4 Jacket 4 had an inner liner spaced 1 in. from the

jacket; the other jackets (1,2, and 3) were of the same shape as jacket 4, except that none had a

liner. Space heater A, with jacket 4, is shown in

figure 9. Firebrick linings were removed from heaters A

and B and heat was supplied to each of them for test pi;rposes by means of a cylindrical, electric- heating element fitted into the combustion chamber. The use of electric energy permitted better

control of the heater and more accurate measure- ment of the energy supplied. The electric-heating

element consistecl of nichrome wire coils wound

in horizontal turns around a 16-in. cylinder.

When installed in a combustion chamber, the heating element was separated from the firebox wp,ll

by an air space about 1 in. wide. Figure 10 shows

the electric heating element, and figure 1 1 shows it installed in heater A. The heat output of the ele- ment was measured with calibrated watt-hour

I'idURE 7. Ihutvr B iritliimt jiiclai.

meters graduated in divisions of 10 whr. There was no smoke pipe attached to heaters A and B

during the tests. The output of the space heater was equal to the electric-energy input.

The jacketed cast-iron heater C, was fired with

anthracite and this device was placed on a platform scale so that fuel consumption could be

determined as closely as possible by the decrease

in weight during test. Flue-gas losses were determined from flue-gas temperature and analysis.

The output of space heater C was equal to the heat

j input minus the flue-gas losses. All comparisons between different heaters in this report are made for conditions of approximately equal heat output.

Figure 12 shows the gas-fired heater and figure

13 the oil-fired heater for which data are given in

this report. The gas-fired heater was jacketed and

equipped with an 18-in. -diameter disk fan mounted

on the back. When in operation, the fan forced

air through openings in a cast-iron heat transfer | element and through a 2 l)^-in. -diameter circular \ grille equipped with deflecting vanes. This heater |

6 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSIH
Figure 10. Electric heating element used for tests with

heaters A and B.

Figure 9. Heater A icilh jacket 4 in position 4 in tern- Figure 11. Heater A with dome removed showing position of

porary- opening in partition wall. electric heating element in the heater.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters

808741°—49—

7
was located in the living room in front of the fire- place at position 2. The oil-fired heater was jacketed and equipped

with a small blower attached to one of the side

panels. The blower forced warmed air toward the

hallway from the heater position, which was

between position 2 and the hall. This heater

bunicd oil in a vaporizing pot-typo burner.

Figure 12. Gas-fired space heater with attached circulating

fan in position 2 in the living room.

IV. Temperature

Temperatures in the bungalow were measured

by means of thermocouples covered with cork

insulation and supported by strings suspended

from the ceiling. Five strings were used in each

of the four large rooms, one at the center of the room and one midway between the center and

each corner of the room, except that in the

living room the center string was moved toward

the double window in the south wall and was

located 36 in. from the wall to avoid having it too close to the heater under test. Three strings were used in the bathroom, one at the center of the room and one midway between the center and

each of the walls along the longer axis of the

Figure 13. Oil-fired space heater with attached circulating Jan.

Measurements

room. Five thermocouples were attached to each string, at 2, 30, 60, 78, and 94 in. above the

floor. In addition, an unheated globe thermometer was used to measure the radiation-convection

temperature at one station in the living room 30

in. above the floor. This station was the same as that to which the center string of thermocouples

in the living room was moved, as described above.

The globe thermometer, an enclosed mercury

element for a temperature recorder, and some of

the cork-covered thermocouples are shown in figure 14. The temperatures of the upper and lower sur- faces of the floor, the inside of the exterior walls,

8 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSlH
the outside of the exterior walls, the basement

air, and the attic air were also determined by means of thermocouples. Thermocouples were

placed at each of the four outside corners of the

bungalow at the floor and ceiling levels to obtain

the average temperature of the air surrounding

the structure.

It was observed that the globe thermometer

and a cork-covered thermocouple adjacent to it indicated substantially the same temperature

when both were located in the living room and

exposed to radiation from a space heater located

in the same room. The temperature indicated

by the thermocouple decreased about 3 deg F

under the same radiant influences when the cork was removed. It was considered impractical to measure the temperature at the 115 stations of

observation in the bungalow with eupatheoscopes,

globe thermometers, or other instruments for

evaluating the mean radiant temperature so the

cork-covered thermocouples were used in place

of these more cumbersome instruments.

Figure 14. View showing globe thermometer, shielded thermocouples, cork-covered thermocouples, and an enclosed mercury element for a temperature recorder.

V. Test Procedure

The temperatures on the inside and on the outside of the bungalow, as well as in the basement

and attic, were permitted to attain a steady state by the maintenance of a constant heat supply

inside the bungalow and a constant low^ temperature outside for several hours prior to each test. After steady conditions were attained, a test period of 24 hr or more commenced, during which

observations of the inside temperatures for approximately 150 stations were recorded at 4-hr

intervals and the outside temperature and electric- energy consumption each hour.

Heater A, the smaller cylindrical stove, was

operated without a jacket in each of three positions in the living room and in one position near

the center of the house, and the temperature dis- tribution in the bungalow was observed for one or more outside temperatures for each position. The

four positions are described below and shown on

the bungalow floor plan in figures 1 and 2: Position 1. At the intersection of the center

lines of the fireplace and the doorway between the

living room and south bedroom. (See fig. 1.) Position 2. On the center line of the fireplace

and with the stove 30 in. from the north wall of

the living room. (See fig. 1.) Position 3. On the center line of the doorway

between the living room and south bedroom and

with the stove 28 in. from the east wall of the

living room. (See fig. 1.) Position 4. Central location pi-ovided by cutting

a temporary opening in the living-room partition on the north side adjacent to the hallway. (See

fig. 2.) For the tests in position 4, the partition

between the kitchen and hall was removed and

the alternate door into the south bedroom was

used as shown in figure 2. Heater A with each of the four jackets, heater

B, and heater C were tested in one or more of the

four positions described above. Heater A was

tested as a radiant heater in position 1 with outside temperatures of 50°, 32°, 20°, and 8° F, with

the heat output adjusted to provide an average

temperature of about 82° F at the 60-in. level in

the living room at each outside temperature.

The heat outputs corresponding to these outside

temperatures were about 14,000, 22,000, 26,500,

and 31,500 Btu/Tir, respectively. Thereafter, all other tests were made with the heat output fixed

for the corresponding outside temperature, as indicated above, except that, in a few cases, tests were made with one or more other rates of heat

output for an outside temperature of 32° F to

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacl:eted Space Heaters 9
observe the effect on comfort and temperature

distribution.

Duplicate tests were made of heater B with the

principal source of heat in the combustion chamber

first at 24 in. and then at 39 in. above the floor,

using a selected group of electric heating coils, to detei'mine the effect of the height of the heat source on the temperature distribution produced in the

house. Other tests were made of radiant heater

A, radiant heater B, and heater A with jacket 1 to find the effect of opening the transom over the

door between the living room and hall and that over the door between the hall and the north

bedroom. The transoms were rectangular openings 12 by 30 in. with centers 6 in. below the

ceiling.

All the heaters used for this investigation were

tested with natural circulation of the air over the

heating surface and in the living space and some

tests were made of all heaters, except heater B,

using a fan in the vicinity of the heater to force some of the warmed air toward adjoining rooms.

Figure 15. Heater A ivith lined jacket in position 2 showing

location of desk fan on mantel.

Figure 16. Heater ^1 in position 4 over floor grill used in

conjunction with underfioor plenum.

A conventional 12-in., four-bladed fan of the desk

type was used for this purpose. After experimenting with the fan in different positions, it was

found that best results were obtained by placing

the fan on the fireplace mantel where it blew warm

air toward the hall. The fan in the selected position on the mantel is shown in figure 15. A radiant and a jacketed heater were tested in

position 4 with a plenum under the entire floor extending to a distance of 3/8 in. below the 10-in. floor joists. A large register under the heater,

as shown in figure 16, and a small register adjacent

to the outside wall in each of the four larger rooms

permitted air movement between the living space

and the plenum. Observations of the air move- ment through the registers were made with each

heater. Additional tests were made with all five registers closed to provide a "dead" air space

beneath the floor joists.

The results obtained under 68 different test conditions are shown in the Appendix, which

contains tables 21 to 88, inclusive. For the purpose of analyzing the results, different groups of these tables have been selected to make specific

comparisons, and the significant data from each

group are summarized in tables 1 to 20.

10 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllJf
VI. Effect of Heater Location on Temperature Distribution

The test results show that nearly uniform temperatures were obtamed when the heater, whether

radiant or jacketed, was located at position 4 near

the center of the house with approximately equal

opportunity for the air to circulate through doorways to each of the surrounding rooms. Table 1 shows the average of the maximum temperature

differences between the warmest and coldest rooms

for the 2-, 30-, and 60-in. levels for each heater

position at an outside temperature of 32° F. The

zone from 2 to 60 in. above the floor will be

called "the living zone" throughout this report.

Table 1 shows that the maximum horizontal

temperature difference between rooms was about

half as large for a heater in position 4 (see fig 2) as

for the same heater located in position 1, 2, or 3

. (see fig. 1), for both radiant and jacketed heaters.

The maximum horizontal temperature difference

between rooms in the living zone ranged from 8.6 deg F to 17.1 deg F for positions 1, 2, and 3, and

from 4.3 deg F to 7.2 deg F for position 4, with an

outside temperature of 32° F. When the heater was located in the living room in position 3, the

temperature differences between rooms were

slightly lower than for either position 1 or position

2, with either a jacketed or a radiant heater.

The maximum vertical temperature difference

in any room between 2 in. and 60 in. above the

floor, using the average of the temperatures at the

five stations, for an outside temperature of 32°

F, is shown in table 2 for each heater position.

These data show that the heater position had no

significant effect on the ma.ximum vertical temperature difference in the living zone. Another advantage of locating a heater in a hall,

in addition to greater uniformity of temperature,

is that excessive heat due to radiation adjacent to the heater does not lessen the useful living space

in any of the rooms, as is the case when a heater

is located in one of the rooms.

Table 1. Inside horizontal temperature differences for type A heater in four locations at an outside temperature of 32° F «

Location of heater A

Position 1: Living room, close to center

Position 2: Living room, close to fireplace Position S: Living room, close to bedroom wall

Position i: Central location in temporary opening

Average of the maximum

temperature differences be- tween rooms for the 2-, 30-, and 60-in. levels above the

floor

Without

jacket

17.1

16.0

14.1

7.2

With

jacket 1

11.6

10.6

9.7

With

jacket 4

4.3

Table 2. Inside vertical temperature differences for type A

heater in four locations at an outside temperature of 32° F ^

Maximum vertical temperature differences in living zone from 2 to 60 in. above

Location of heater A

the floor W ithout With With

jacket jacket 1 jacket 4

Position 1: "F "F "F

Living room, close to center . 10.6 12.

Position 2: Living room, close to fireplace . 11.2 12.2 12.5 Position S: Living room, close to bedroom wall. 11.3 12.3 Position i: Central location in temporary opening 11.0 13.0

« Data from tables 22, 26, 28, 29, 35, 37, 41, 53, 56. Data from tables 22, 26, 28, 29, 35, 37, 41, 53, 56.

VII. Comparison of Radiant and Jacketed Heaters

Data in table 3 show that the maximum horizontal temperature differences between rooms in

the living zone averaged about 5 deg F less for the

jacketed heaters in position 2 than for the radiant

heaters in the same location. The average of

these maximum temperature differences in the

living zone was 10.1 deg F for all the jacketed

heaters and 15.6 deg F for the radiant heaters.

For position 4, the air-insulated jacket, No. 4,

provided a temperature difference between rooms

in the living zones 3 deg F lower than that observed

for a radiant heater. On the other hand, the

maximum vertical temperature difference in the

living zone averaged 1.8 deg F less for the radiant

heaters than for the jacketed heaters. These

I results were observed for an outside temperature

1 of 32° F.

For low outside temperatures ranging from 0°

to 10° F, the radiant type of heater still produced

lower vertical temperature differences than the

jacketed-type heater, and the jacketed-type heater

produced lower temperature differences between rooms than the radiant heater. In each case, the disparity of performance between the two

types of heaters was greater for low outside

temperatures than has just been shown for an

outside temperature of 32° F. The data in table 4, with the same heat output

and outside temperature, show that the radiant

heater in position 4 warmed the air 2 in. above

the floor in the rooms other than the living room

to a temperature from 4 to 6 deg F liigher than the

jacketed heaters in the same position. Also,

under this condition, higher temperatures were

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 11
Table 3. Inside temperature differences at specific heights above the floor for three types of heater, with and without

jackets, in two different locations for an outside temperature

of 32° F «

Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Heater A A B A A A A A C

Jacket None None None 1 2 3 4 4 C-) Position 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2

Height above

floor, in. Maximum temperature difference between rooms

2 18.0 8.1 16.0 11. 5 n. 4 11. 5 8.8 5.8 12.1 30 16. 2 7.4 15.4 11.0 9.5 9.5 7.

1

3.5 10.

1

60 --- 13.8 6.0 13.9 9.3 9.7 10.4 9.8 3.7 10.3 78 - 94

16.9

16.4 8.39. 5 17.319.0

17.0

17.7 16.216. 7 14.7 14.7

18.6

20.3 8.411.1 18.4

20.8

Maximum vertical temperature difference, °F

2 to 60 11.2 11.0 10.6 12.2 12.3 12.7 12.5 13.0 13.8 2 to 94 19.1 18.0 19.3 24.6 24.3 22.3 30.6 26.3 28.8

• Data from tables 26, 29, 34, 37, 48, 51, 53, 56, 59.

b Cast iron.

observed at all levels in the living zone in all rooms except the living room with radiant heater

A in position 4 than for any of the other space

heaters tested in any position. The conditions

in the living room were also considered satisfactory

for radiant heater A in position 4. That is, for the same heat output, a radiant heater centrally

located with free access for radiation and convection to the surrounding rooms provided higher room temperatures in the living zone than any

other heater tested in any location.

The results shown in table 4 for an outside

temperature of 32° F indicate that between 15

and 20 percent more heat output would be required

from a jacketed heater than from a radiant heater

in position 4 to attain equal temperatures in the

living zone of the several rooms. Possibly the

greater fuel consumption of the jacketed heater

is justified by the advantage gained in temperaTable 4. Inside temperatures in the living zone for three types of heater, with and iDithout jackets, in two different locations for an outside temperature of 32° F *

Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Heater A A B A A A A A C

Jaelcet- None None None 1 2 3 4 4 Position. _ 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2

Height above

floor, in. Temperatures in living room, °F

2__. 77 71 76 71 71 72 69 65 71 30--- -- 82 77 81 76 76 77 73 68 76

60 84 80 84 80 81 83 81 75 83

Average of temperatures in other four rooms, ° F

2 62 66 62 61 61 62 61 60 61 30 68 72 68 67 67 68 67 65 67

60 -- 72 76 72 72 72 74 72 72 73

« Data from tables 26, 29, 34, 37, 48, 51, 53, 56, 59.

b Cast iron.

ture difference between the rooms and in the

safety of operation. That is, the data obtained

with the radiant and jacketed space heaters show

that each type had certain advantages. To

summarize:

(a) The jacketed heaters, regardless of the

position chosen for the heater, produced lower

temperature differences between rooms than did

the radiant heaters.

(b) The radiant heaters, regardless of position,

produced lower temperature differences between

the 2- and 60-in. levels than did the jacketed

heaters.

(c) For a given heat output, the radiant heater

in position 4 produced considerably higher temperatures in the living zone in all rooms than did

the jacketed heater in the same position. Consequently, the radiant heater in position 4 produced a given degree of warmth in the living zone

of all rooms with less fuel than did the jacketed

heaters.

VIII. Comparison of Jackets

Jacket 4, with the liner, was superior in per- formance to any of the other four jackets tested. The average of the maximum temperature differ- ences between rooms in the living zone was 2 deg F less with jacket 4 than the averages for the

other four jackets for an outside temperature of

32° F. This reduction in the temperature differ- ence between rooms was accomplished principally

by reducing the temperatures 2 in. and 30 in. above the floor in the living room. The lined

jacket had a negligible effect on the temperature

60 in. above the floor in the living room. The results in tables 3 and 4 show that the per- formances of heater A, equipped for successive runs with jackets 1, 2, and 3, spaced 2)^ in., 4 in., and 6 in. from the heating surface, respectively,

and of heater C with a cast-iron jacket were

practically identical. There was a variation of only 0.6 deg F in the average of the maximum

temperature differences in the living zone between rooms for these four jackets. The temperature i difference between rooms averaged 10.5 deg F for '\ these four jacketed heaters for an outside temperature of 32° F. There was a variation of 1.6 deg F between the

maximum vertical temperature differences in the

living zone for the five different jackets tested ' when the outside temperature was 32° F. Jackets

1 and 2 produced almost identical vertical temperature differences and these were lower than the

rest, while the cast-iron jacket on heater C pro- duced the highest vertical temperature difference. The surface temperatures of the several heater

' jackets for a heat output of 21,000 Btu/hr and

12 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllJi.
the temperature of the heating surface of radiant

heater A for the same heat output are shown in table 5. The air-insulated jacket was much

cooler than any of the other jackets, reaching

only 100° F near the upper rim. The total heat

emission by radiation for heater A without a

jacket and with each of four jackets was computed

from the observed surface temperatures for an

estimated emissiA-ity of 0.9. It will be noted that a little over one-half of the total heat was emitted

by radiation from the unjacketed heater, while

about one-fourth of the total heat was emitted

by radiation from the same heater enclosed by

jackets 1, 2, and 3. The air-insulated jacket,

Xo. 4, was effective in reducing the rachant heat

emission from the body of the heater. It reduced

the radiated heat from the jacket to about one

percent of the total heat output of the heater.

The percentage of radiant heat for jacket 4, shown in table 5, was emitted almost entirely

from the dome of the heater. The proportion of heat emitted by radiation from a given heater

Table 5. Surface temperatures for type A and C heaters and computed radiant heat emission for type A heater,

ivith and without jackets, for a heat output of 21,000

Biu/hr

Heater Jacket Range and averages of jacket temperatures Computed radiant

iieat emission

A Without.

1

°F

= 300 to 500—

125 to 300—.

125 to 250-.-. 125 to 250.... 70 to 100

op

a 407

214 208

20082

Btulhr

10,900

5, 100

5, 100

5, 300

2,160

Percent

52

2424

25

10

AA 2 A 3 A 4 C Cast iron.- 125 to 250

» Heating-surface temperature. IX. Effect of

The temperatures observed in the Test Bungalow with heaters A and B, both without jackets, are shown in table 7 and comparison indicates

that moderate differences in heater dimensions do

not cause great differences in house temperature

distribution for the same heat output. Heater B

was 2 in. larger in diameter and 8 in. taller than

heater A with, a nominal fuel capacity twice that

of heater A and a grate area of 227 sq in., compared to 177 sq in. for heater A. Although these

differences in size and capacity apparently caused

little difference in temperature distribution, greater

disparity in these physical characteristics might

increase the difference in performance.

The vertical temperature cUfference for the

living room was 2.4 deg F greater in the hA-ing zone and 5.0 deg F greater from floor to ceiling for the larger heater than for the smaller. The

air temperatures 2 in. and 30 in. above the

floor in the living room were a little higher with

heater A than with heater B, while the air temperatures at the liigher levels were somewhat lower

with heater A. In the other four rooms, the

would, no doubt, increase with Increased heat

output or firing rate since radiation from a surface

is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute

temperature.

The upward velocity of the air between the

heating surface and each jacket, measured by

timing the travel of visible smoke through the

air space, is shown in table 6. The quantity of

air circulated was computed on the assumption

that the observed velocity was the average for

the space between the heater and jacket. Additional convection occurred near the outer surface

of the jackets, and there was induced circulation

of air above the heater.

Table 6. Air circulation through space-heater jackets

Jacket

Observed air velocity through

jacket

Computed air circulation

1 ftlmin

116 IJO

9399

(»)

cfm

136

281 322

199

2

34.. Cast iron

» Xot measured. Data on partially jacketed heaters were not

obtained. It is probable that such heaters

would have a performance intermediate between

that of a full-jacketed and a radiant heater. A

partial radiant feature would not contribute to temperature uniformity in a house. It might,

however, be desirable for providing additional

warmth in the form of radiant heat in selected areas or directions.

Heater Size

temperatures at all levels were almost identical

for the two heaters.

T.ABLE 7. Effect of heater size on inside temperature dis- tribution and differences for type A and type B radiant

space heaters in position 1, with a heat output of 21,500

Btulhr at an outside temperature of 32° F »

Heater A, height 42 in. Combustion chamber,

19-in. diam

Heater B, height 50 in. Combustion chamber,

21-in. diam

Height above floor, in. Living room

other roomsLiving roomOther rooms

Room temperatures, °F

2 77.5 60.8 75.9 61.6 30 82.8 66.9 8L8 67.1 60 83. 7 70.6 84.5 7L0

78 90.3 73.3 91. 7 74.1 94 92.3 77.0 95. 7 78 2

Temperature difference, °F

2 to 60 6.2 9.8 S.G 9.4

2 t o 94 _ 14.8 16.2 19.8 16.6

» Data from tables 23 and 31.

Temperatures in a Test Bungaloic With Some Radiant and JacTieted Space Heaters 13
X. Height of Heat Source

Increasing the height of the principal heat source

in racUant heater B from 24 to 39 in. above the

floor increased the temperatures from the 60-in. level to the ceiling in the living room, but had no

significant effect on the air temperatures 2 in. and 30 in. above the floor in the living room or at

anj^ height in the other rooms. The increase in

temperature for the higher heat source was 2.0 deg F at a height of 60 in. from the floor and 4.7 deg F at a height of 94 in. above the floor in the

living room. A comparison of the temperatures

in the Test Bungalow for the two heights of the

heat source is shown in table 8 for otherwise

identical test conditions.

Table 8. Effect of height of heat source on inside temperature distribution and differences for radiant heater B in

position 1 at an outside temperature of 32° F «

Heat source at 39 in. Heat source at 24 in. above floor above floor

Height above floor, in. Living other Living other room rooms room rooms

Room temperatures, ° F

2 75.1 60.3 75.3 60.4

.30 80.9 65.3 81.1 65,4

60 __. 85.6 69.0 83. 6 69.2

78 94.8 72.

1

91.2 72, 5 94_ 100.

1

75.9 95.4 76,

1

Temperature difference, ° F

2 to 60.-- - -. 10. 5 8. 7 8.3 8.8

2 to 94 25.0 15.6 20.1 15.7

» Data from tables 32 and 33.

XI. open Transoms Over Interior Doorways

The use of open transoms of 2}^-ft^ area over

the doorways between the living room and the

hall and between the hall and the north bedroom

raised the temperatures at all levels in the north

bedroom with both radiant and jacketed heaters.

The rise in temperature resulting from the opening of transoms for two radiant heaters and one

jacketed heater is summarized in table 9. The

increase in temperature in the north bedroom

ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 deg F, 2 in. above the floor and from 2.6 to 3.8 deg F, 60 in. above the floor. The increase in temperature was even greater near the ceiling.

The change in the temperature of the bathroom

produced by the opening of transoms between

living room and hall and between hall and north

bedroom was less than 1 deg F in most cases. With the jacketed heater, most of the temperatures in the bathroom were lowered by opening

the transoms. There was no transom over the

door between the bathroom and hall. The temperatures near the ceiling in the living

room, kitchen, and south bedroom were lowered

at most of the stations of observation when the

Table 9. Inside temperature rise produced at specific

heights above the floor by the opening of transoms over

interior doorways for tivo types of radiant space heaters, with and without jackets, for a heat output of 22,000

Btulhr at an outside temperature of 32° F "

Height above

floor,

in.

Heater A, without jacket, position 2

Heater B, without jacket, position 1Heater A, with jacket, position 2

Bedroom Bath Bedroom Bath Bedroom Bath

Temperature rise, ° F

230

60

78

94

1,2

1.1 2,6

3,6

4.7

0.6

. 4 .6

.2

.1

1.9 2.3 3.6

5.0 7.9

0. 9 1.5

1. 7 0.6

.7

1.6

1.2 3,8

5,4 4.7

n. 1 ''-1.1 0,0

''-1,7

''-1,8

» Data from tables 26, 27, 31, 32, 37, and 42.

t Negative sign indicates a decrease in temperature.

transoms were opened, indicating that the open

transom over the north bedroom door permitted a

greater proportion of the hot air in the hall to enter the north bedroom than when the transom was closed. Xn. Effect of Outside Temperature on the Temperature Distribution

The average temperatures observed in the Test

Bungalow for radiant heater A and for each of the

jacketed heaters are summarized in table 10 for a range of outside temperatures. For each outside

temperature, the temperatures at five levels in the

living room and the averages of the temperatures

at five levels in the other four rooms are tabulated.

This table gives a comparison of the performance

of all the heaters, all the jackets, and all the positions for an outside temperature of 32° F, with a heat output of about 22,000 Btu/lir, and also for an outside temperature in the range from 0° to 17° F, with heat output between 29,000 and 34,000

Btu/hr.

14 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllJf
Table 10. Average room temperatures in Test Bungalow at specific heights above the floor, for two types of heater, with and

without jacket , with natural circulation of air for different heat outputs, at outside temperatures ranging from 51° to 0° F ^

Height above floor, inches Living room

Other rooms

Living roomOther roomsLiving roomOther roomsLiving room

Other roomsLiving roomOther roomsLiving room

Other rooms

Heater A, without jacket, position 1

Outside temp, ° F 50 32 22 8 Heat output, Btu/hr _ 13,900 21,400 26,500 31,500

2

° F

78

° F

67

o p O ° F

77

o p

60

66

o p

75

o p

56

o p 0 p o p

73

o F

52 30 82 72 82 83 63 82 59 60 - 8388

75 83

89

70 84 68 83 64

78 76 72 92 71 92 68

94... 89 79 91 76 94 76 94 73

Heater A, without jacket, position 4

Outside temp, ° F 32

22,200 0 Heat output, Btu/hr __ ___ 33,800

2_ 7177

8083

86

66

72

76

7882

62

717580

83

5f

6'6<

7.7i

3060

78 _ 94

Heater A, jacket 1, position 2

Outside temp, ° F _ 51 13,600 32

22,600 3228,200 2226,400

17 Heat output, Btu/hr. . . _ . _ 29,300

2 74

78

8189

92

67

72

75

78

81

717680

9195

6167

72

7680

75

8186

99

104

63

70

76

8187

69

75

8193

100

5764

70

76

81

70

7682

97

102

5865

717782

30

60

7894 - _

Heater A, jacket 2, position 1

Outside temp, °r

Heat output, Btu/hr . . 5014,200 3223,000 3326,700 2228,200 17

31,100

2 74

78

8189

98

66

7175

7780

72

7883

9399

6167

73

7782

7682

88

101 107

64

717782

86

717884

97 102

5866

72

7783

7380

88

101 107

60

68

7580

85

30

60

7894 -

Heater A, jacket 2, position 2

Outside temp, ° F 32

22,000 1231,900 10 Heat output, Btu/hr. 33,500

2 . 7176

81

9195

6167

7276

81

69

77

84

96

101

5765

72

7883

68

758395

99

5563

717682

3060

7894

Heater A, jacket 3, position 2

Outside temp, ° F 33

22,300

10 Heat output, Btu/hr 31,700

2 72

7783

9194

62

68

74

77

81

66

75

84

9397

55

64

717680

30

60

7894

» Data from tables 21 to 60.

I Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 15

j: 808741°—49—

\
Table 10. Average room temperatures in Test Bungalow at specific heights above the floor , for two types of heater, with and

without jacket, with natural circulation of air for different heat outputs, at outside temperatures ranging from 51° to 0° F"—Con.

Height above floor, inches Living room

Other rooms

Living room

Other rooms

Living room

Other roomsLiving room

Other roomsLiving room

Other rooms

Living room

Other rooms

Heater A, jacket 4, position 2

Outside temp, ° F 32

22,200 3326,000 12 Heat output, Btu/hr 32,100

9 69

73

8194

99

6167

72

77

81

73

79

88

103

109

64

71778389

66

7284

101 107

56

63

717885

3060

78

Heater A, jacket 4, position 4

Outside temp, ° F 32

21,700 3224,100

11 Heat output, Btu/hr 31,700

65

68

7582

87

60

65

72

78

83

68

72

79

88

93

6369

7782

89

62

67

7786

92

5664

7381 94 - 89

Heater C, cast-iron jacket, position 2

33

21,600 14 Heat output, Btu/hr---

717683

94

100

6167

737782

69

76

86

99

107

5563

72

7884

» Data from tables 21 to 60. The data in table 10 show that both the vertical

temperatiire difference in each room and the temperature difference between the room containing

the heater and the other rooms increased as the

outside temperature decreased. Wlien the heater was located in position 4, only the vertical temperature difference increased with lowering temperature. Since one room may be too warm for .comfort at some level in the living zone, while

another room is too cold for comfort at some level,

the total temperature difference in the living zone

is defined for these tests as the difference between

the average temperature at the 60-in. level in the

living room and the minimum average temperature at the 2-in. level in any room. This follows

because the living room was always the warmest

room. The total temperature difference reflects the ability of a heater to produce uniformity of temperature both vertically and horizontally in the

entire house.

When a space heater warms adjacent rooms by

natural convection, heat is transferred by air cur- rents due to dift'erences in temperature. It fol- lows, therefore, that the heat delivery to an

adjacent room can be increased only by increasing

the temperature difference between the rooms. This is demonstrated by the results summarized in table 10. For four of the heaters, the temperature

distribution was observed for two rates of heat out- put for an outside temperature of 32° F. In these

instances, the temperature differences occurring

in the living zone increased as the heat output

increased, even though the outside temperature

remained the same.

In figure 17, the maximum total temperature

differences in the living zone between any two rooms in the Test Bungalow with natural circulation were plotted as ordinates, and the heat out25

3^—O

MAXl^ UM ACCEP rABLE •/

^ oo

o ^

0 TEMPER MURE OIFF ERENCE

COMF DRT CONDI noNS

8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 HEATER OUTPUT, THOUSANDS BTU PER HOUR FifiURE 17. Maxi)num total temperature difference in the living zone of the entire Test Btingaloiv for space heaters with natural circulation for a range of heat output from

10,000 to 36,000 Btu/hr.

'

#Radiant heater in living room; Oj'^cketed heaters in living room; radiant heater in position 4; Ajacketed heater in position 4.

16 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllJf.
puts of the space heater were plotted as abscissas.

These data were taken directly from the tables in the Appendix, since table 10 shows only the average

of the temperatures in four of the rooms in the

bungalow. It will be noted that the total temperature differences for the radiant heater when

located in the living room were considerably

greater than for any other heater, while those for both the radiant and jacketed heaters in position 4 were much lower than for the other positions in

the bungalow. The points for all five of the

jacketed heaters located in the living room were

scattered somewhat, but the relation between heat

output and total temperature difference can reason- ably be represented by a single straight line, as shown in figure 17. The heat outputs that may be obtained from

the several heaters in different positions for given

total temperature differences are shown in table 11 as taken from figure 17. Table 11. Total temperature difference » in relation to heat output for space heaters, with and without jackets, with

natural circulation of air

Maximum total temperature

difference in living zone, ° F

Heater output

Heater with- out jacket in living room

Heater with

jacket in living room

Heaters with and without

jackets in central loca- tion

15 Btu/hr

10, 000

15, 500

21, 000

26, 500

32, 000

Btu/hr

13, 000

19, 500

25, 500

32, 000

Btu/hr

20, 000

28,500 37,000

20

25

3035

« The "total temperature difference" is the maximum difference of temperature between any two rooms in the living zone from 2 to 60 in. above the floor. XIII. Effect of Circulating Fan

The results obtained when a fan of the conventional desk type was used in conjunction with

a space heater to circulate the air in the Test

Bungalow are summarized in tables 12, 13, and 14. The fan, which was 12 in. in diameter, was tried

in three locations with radiant heater A, (1) at the transom over the door between the living room and hall, blowing toward the hall, (2) at the ceiling over the fireplace mantel, blowing

toward the hall, as shown in figure 6, and (3) on

the left end of the fireplace mantel, blowing

toward the hall, as shown in figure 15. The

results summarized in table 14 for the radiant

heater in position 2 show that somewhat higher

temperatures were observed in all rooms but the one containing the heater when the fan was

located on the fireplace mantel than when the

fan was located in the other two positions. This

suggests that the fan should be as near as practicable to the place where the warm air rises from

the heater. The remaining tests were made with

the fan on the fireplace mantel, as shown in figure

15.A comparison of tables 3 and 12 shows that the

fan reduced the maximum temperature differences

between rooms from 1 to 3.5 deg F in the living zone for an outside temperature of 32° F when

used with heaters located in the living room. The

fan had a negligible effect for radiant heater A in

position 4 and an adverse effect on the maximum

temperature difference between rooms with a jacketed heater in position 4. The fan had no significant effect on the average vertical temperature

difference in the living zone of the bungalow but

materially reduced the floor-to-ceUing temperature

difference.

A comparison of tables 4 and 13 shows that the

fan raised the temperatures of the living zone in

the rooms other than the living room from 1 to 7

deg F and at the same time increased the livingTable 12. Inside temperature differences at specific heights for two types of space heater, with and without jackets, at two different locations, ivith unattached fan, at an outside temperature of 32° Z^*

Test

Heater.

Jacket-. Position

Height above

floor, in.

1A

None

2

2 3 4 5 6 7 A A A A A A

None 1 2 3 4 4

4 2 2 2 2 4

(»)

Maximum temperature differences between rooms, °F

2 14.5 6.8 8.5 8.3 8.5 6.8 6.7 10.2

30 14.9 7.6 8.5 7.7 7.0 5.6 6.7 9.0

60 11.1 5.6 8.5 9.4 9.1 9.2 6.8 9.5 78.-- 10.2 4.0 9.4 9.6 11.4 10.4 6.0 11.4 94.-.. 8.6 2.2 12.4 10.6 14.2 14.6 4.2 16.9

Maximum vertical temperature differences,

2 to 60 9.9 10.8 11.4 12.4 12.1 12.5 13.1 13.1

2 to 94 13.3 13.5 17.4 14.9 20.4 21.8 16.1 22.3

" Data from tables 63, 65, 67, Cast iron.

, 72, 74, 76, and 79.

Table 13. Room temperature in the living zone for two

types of space heater, with and without jackets, in two

locations, with an unattached fan, at an outside temperature

of S2°

Test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Heater A A A A A A A C

Jacket--- - --- .- None None 1 2 3 4 4 (") Position- 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2

Height above floor, in. Temperature in living room. op

2 77 70 71 73 71 70 69 71 30 84 77 79 79 77 76 7780

78 60 83 79 82 84 83 83 83

Average of temperatures in other rooms, ° F

2-. 64 66 63 65 64 64 66 63 30 70 73 71 73 72 72 72 71 60 -- 73 76 74 76 76 76 76 74

> Data from tables 63, 66, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, and 79.

i> Cast iron.

Tem'peratures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and JacTceted Space Heaters 17
Table 14. withoutAverage room tem-peratures in Test Bungalow at specific heights above the floor for two types of heater, with and

ut jacket, with unattached fan, for different heat outputs at outside temperatures ranging from 32° to 1°

Height above floor, in. Living Other Living Other Living Other Living Other Living Other room rooms room rooms room rooms room rooms room rooms

Heater A, without jacket, position 2

Outside temp, °F. . _ 32

22,000 At transom

32

22,200 At ceiling over mantel

32

22,000 On mantel

11 31,600 On mantel Heat output, Btu/hr Fan position

2._ - 7884

84

86

89

op

6368

70

72

73

°F

7682

84

8586

op

63

69

72

7375

op

7784

8384

84

op

6470

737476

op

7786

8484

86

op

59

67

7172

74

op op

30 — -- - 60

7894. _ ----

Heater A, without jacket, position 4, fan on mantel

Outside temp, °F - 32

21,800

1 Heat output, Btu/hr. _ 34,300

2 -- 70

7779

79

79

66

73

76

77

78

62

74

777777

58

69

72

7375

30 -

60.-_ -

78 -

94.. -

Heater A, jacket 1, position 2, fan on mantel

Outside temp, °F 32

22,600

11 Heat output, Btu/hr .. 31,300

2 .- 717982

84

89

63

7174

75

77

6876

82

85

94

576470

76

81

30

6078... - - 94 - --

Heater A, jacket 2, position 2, fan on mantel

Outside temp, °F 32

22,600 1231,900 9 Heat output, Btu/hr - 33,400

2 7379

84

85

88

65

73

76

7779

68

7783

87

93

5969

73

75

77

69

79

85

8895

5869

7375

78

30

--

- 60 —

78 - - 94 -

Heater A, jacket 3, position 2, fan on mantel

Outside temp, °r . . 32

22,100

12 Heat output, Btu/hr. 30,900

2... 7177

83

8792

64

72

7576

78

67

78

83

8590

59

69

7374

76

30

60 - 78.. 94...

Heater A, jacket 4, position 2, fan on mantel

Outside temp, °F 32

22,700

13 Heat output, Btu/hr... - ... 31,300

2... 70

7683

85

91

6472

75

7678

66

748488

96

5970

75

7779

30 .-. 60

78 - - 94...

Heater A, jacket 4, position 4, fan on mantel

Outside temp, °F 32

22,100 3224,700

5 Heat output, Btu/hr 33,900

2 69

7780

8181

6572

76

77

78

72

7982

8384

66

74

7879

81

60

7179

84

86

5667

73

7578

30

60. 78 - 94

» Data from tables 61 to i

18 Building Materials and Structures Report BMS114
Table 14. Average room temperatures in Test Bungalow at specific heights above the floor for two types of heater, with and

without jacket, with unattached fan, for different heat outputs at outside temperatures ranging from 32° to 1° F"—Continued

Height above floor, in. Living room

Other roomsLiving roomOther rooms

Living room

Other rooms

Living roomOther roomsLiving room

Other rooms

Heater C, cast-iron jacket, position 2, fan on mantel

Outside temp, °F 32

20,300 14 Heat output, Btu/hr _-_

2 717883

86

94

63

7174

76

77

68

768389

98

5868

73

75

77

30

60 - 78 - 94

» Data from tables 61 to 80. room temperatures at the 30- and 60-in. heights.

However, for the radiant heater in position 4, the

effect of the fan was neghgible. The rise in temperature produced by the use of the fan was most

marked in the case of a jacl^eted heater in position 4, for which an increase in temperature ranging from 4 to 9 deg F was observed in all rooms

of the house. A greater increase in temperature

occurred in the living room than in the other rooms

for this heater position, thus causing a greater

temperature difference between rooms with the

fan in use. Better results probably would have

been attained with the fan nearer the heater

directing the air toward the colder areas of the

house.

For outside temperatures in the range from

0° F to 10° F, the use of a desk fan on the

mantel raised the living zone temperatures in all rooms from 1 to 7 deg F but the effect in the

living room was less than in the other rooms. At

the same time the air temperatures at the ceiling were reduced from 5 to 10 deg F in all rooms. Table 14 shows the average temperatures observed with the several heaters for outside temperatures ranging from 0° F to 32° F when the

desk fan was used.

The maximum total temperature differences in

the living zone between any two rooms in the

Test Bungalow when using the desk fan on the

fireplace mantel are plotted in figure 18 as ordi- nates and the heat outputs of the space heaters

are plotted as abscissae in the same manner as was

done for natural circulation. The radiant heater

in the living room occasioned the greatest total

temperature differences, while the same heater in

position 4 caused the lowest temperature differ- ences of all the heaters tested. Again, the results

for all of the jacketed heaters in the living room

can be represented by a single straight line, as was

true for the same heaters with natural circulation.

The total temperature differences associated with

the jacketed heater in position 4 were about 2 deg

F greater than those for the radiant heater in the same position for a given heat output.

A comparison of figure 17 and figure 18 shows

that lower total temperature differences occurred

when using the desk fan with all heaters except

35

uu

z

UJ

8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 HEATER OUTPUT, THOUSANDS BTU PER HOUR Figure 18. Maximum total temperature difference in the living zone of the entire Test Bungalow for space heaters with unattached fans for a range of heat output fi-om 20,000

to 36,000 Btu/hr. # Radiant heater in living room; O jacketed heaters In living room; A radiant heater in position 4; A jacketed heater in position 4.

the jacketed heater in position 4. The heat out- put that may be obtained from the several heaters

in different positions in conjunction with the desk

fan for given total temperature differences are shown in table 15. These data are taken from

figure 18. A few of the values have been obtained

by extrapolation of the straight line functions.

Table 15. Total temperature difference " in relation to heat output for space heaters, with and without jacket, with unattached fan

Maximum total temperature dilTerence in

living zone, °V

Heater output

Heater

without

jacket in

living room

Heater

with jacket

in living room

Heater with jacket

in central location

Heater

without

jacket in central location

15 Btu/hr14, 800

20, 000

26, 800

32, 800

Btu/hr

16. 700

23. 100

29, 600

36. 000

Btu/hr

18, 300

27, 000

35, 800

Btu/hr

21.900

31.000

39, 500 20-

2530

»The "total temperature diflerence" is the maximum difference of temperature between any two rooms in the living zone from 2 to 60 in. above

the floor.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 19
XIV. Performance of Space Heaters With Integral Fans

Two space heaters with mtegral fans for cir- culating warm air were tested several years ago

with substantially the same equipment as that

used for the tests covered in this report, except

that the Test Bungalow was not then enclosed

for outside temperature control. A comparison

of the performance of those two heaters with that

of the heaters reported herein can be made from

the data in tables 16 and 17. One of the space heaters with an integral fan

consisted of a gas-heated combustion chamber

and heat exchanger in a decorative cabinet with an 18-in. -diameter disk fan in the back. The

fan was driven by a 1/40-hp motor, which forced

air through apertures in the heat exchanger and

through a roimd adjustable grille in the front of

the cabinet. The cabinet was 40 in. high by

26 in. wide by 16}^ in. deep. The center line of

the fan and grille was 27 in. above the floor. The heater fan delivered about 650 cfm.

The other space heater with an integral fan

consisted of a combustion chamber and a heat

exchanger in a case or cabinet and was heated with

oil. The fan on one side drew hot air from the

jacket space at about midheight of the combustion chamber and discharged it on the same side

about 18 in. above the floor. All air entered the

jacket space at the bottom. The cabinet was 45

in. high by 25 in. wide by 18 in. deep. The fan was driven by a 40-watt motor and delivered about

Table 16. Average temperatures in Test Bungalow for gas space heater with integral fan on the back tested in

position 2 *

Living room 0tiler rooms

Living room

Otlier rooms

Living room

Other rooms

Living room

Other rooms

Outside temperature, °F. Wind velocity, mpti- ...

40 40 37 37 32

5

32

5

23

6

23

6

Height above

floor, in. Room temperature, "F

2 64

69

80

83

85

60

68

73

75

77

65

70

85

89

91

5968

77

78

79

63

7086

90

• 92

5868

75

7980

60

68

9194

98

5567

76

8182

30

60

7894

2 to 60...

Maximum vertical temperature difference, °F

16.3

21.

1

19.9 26.4

22.7

28.8 30.22 to 94 37.2

2_-

Maximum temperature difference between rooms, °F

4.6

2.3 9.2

8.7

9.8

8.2

3.9

12.3 13.2

14.6

6.2

3.5

12.

1

12.2

14.2

8.4

3.8

16.9

14.9

18.3

30 -- 60

7894

« Data taken from tables 84, 85, 86, 87.

Table 17. Average temperatures in Test Bungalow for an oil-fired space heater with integral fan tested in a

position between 2 and 4 at an outside temperature of 32° F ^

•'

Height above floor, inches

Living room Other rooms

Room temperature, °F

2_.. 6880

94

101

104

63

7480

8385

30-. _ 60.- -

78

2 to 60

Maximum vertical temperature difference, °F

26.2

2 to 94.... 36.0

2._

Maximum temperature

difference between rooms.

5.2

7.2

16.4 21.5 22.9

30 -_- - 60-- 78

94

a Data from table 88.

200 cfm. Both of these heaters were of interest

because they were commercial models designed

for quantity production.

Results obtained with the gas heater with the

integral fan on the back are listed in table 16. During the test the heater occupied position 2 in

the living room with the grille adjusted as shown

in figure 12. At an outside temperature of 32° F,

the gas heater produced slightly smaller temperature differences between rooms at the 2-in. and

30-in. levels but considerably larger vertical temperature differences than heater A. The greater

vertical temperature differences observed with

the gas heater between the 30-in. and 60-in. le\"els

in the living room are attributable to the horizontal discharge of warm air from the grille between 20 and 40 in. from the floor which affected

the thermocouples at the 60-in. level. For a

given temperature at the 60-in. level, the temperatures 2 in. above the floor were lower for the

gas heater than for heater A. These results were

probably caused in part by each of the following

conditions that existed during the tests of the

gas heater:

(a) Test Bungalow unenclosed, wind velocity

5 mph.

(b) Basement air temperature 3 deg F lower

and attic temperature higher in most cases than

for tests of heater A.

(c) Heater fan operated intermittently with

intake level centered 27 in. above the floor. Test results of the oil heater with a fan on the

20 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllIf
side are contained in table 17. This heater occupied a position in the hving room, chosen by a

representative of its manufacturer, between position 2 and the hall. In addition to the grille on

the right side, it also had a top outlet through

which some warm air circulated by convection.

The side grille discharged air toward the arch

between the living room and the hall. Much depends upon the power of a fan, but

the results obtained with the heaters with fans

suggest that the horizontal temperature differ- ences between rooms are reduced proportionately more at the elevation in which the fan operates

than at other heights above the floor. For example, the temperature differences between rooms

were lower at levels of 2 in. and 30 in. above the

floor with the heaters which had integral fans less than 30 in. above the floor than for heaters A

and C with the fan placed about 72 in. above the

floor. Also, the temperature differences between rooms from 60 in. above the floor to the ceiling for heaters A and C were smaller than for heaters

with integral fans. In general, the performances of the space heaters with integral fans were not superior from the

standpoint of temperature distribution to those

of heater A and heater C when used with a conventional desk fan on the mantel.

XV. Underfloor Return Plenum

I Theoretically, the use of plenum chambers in basemen tless houses, whereby air returning to space heaters passes beneath rather than above

floors, would seem to be desirable for preventing

cold drafts near the floor. In actual practice,

however, a space heater does not induce the desired

air circulation in the plenum chamber.

The underfloor plenum system usually includes a grille in the floor near the outer walls, preferably

under the windows, to receive cold air; a plenum

chamber of some material like wallboard, insulation board, or wood attached to the bottom of the

floor joists; and, a grille or opening whereby the

j air emerges from the plenum and ascends around

j the space heater. For tests of such a chamber,

sheathing was supported on furring strips 3%

I inches below the joists, thus permitting transverse

i air flow in the plenum. In this manner, air flow

I was established by the thermal or chimney effect

jl around the heater. To increase this effect, the

j'j jacket around the heater was extended to the floor

'1 enclosing the grille or opening through which the

' air returned to the heater. The test system proved

I to be ineffective, as did several other observed

installations where underfloor ducts or plenum

chambers were formed of such materials as wallboard or wood. The numerous inevitable cracks

jj, in the constructions permitted so much leakage

that air ascended not only around the heater but

j through the intended return grilles as weU. The

upward flow through the return grilles was evi-

! dently caused by the chimney action of the house

j itself, which is always considerable in a heated

i house in cold weather. The underfloor plenum

might be successful if made of sheet metal, concrete, or even of paper applied with extreme care, but carpentry alQtie probably cannot be relied upon to give sufficient air tightness.

An unclerfloor return plenum was provided in the

Test Bungalow during the program and, although

the work was performed under laboratory conditions, as reported in table 18, the results were

quite similar to those obtained in the field. Under

test conditions, the plenum had no effect when the

heater was unjacketed; for a heater with a jacket

extending to the floor, the temperatures in the

living zone were lowered from 1 to 4 deg F; and

the temperatures near the ceiling varied. As in- dicated above, undesirable effects would presumably have been avoided if the plenum had been

airtight.

Table 18. Effect of an underfloor plenum on temperature

distribution observed with type A space heater in position 4

'at an outside temperature of 32° F »

Living other Living other Living other room rooms room rooms room rooms

Air return- , . Over floor Through plenum Through plenum

Jacket None None Floor length Heat output, 22,200 21,800 21,900 Btu/hr.

Height above Room temperature.

flioor, in.

2 71 66 71 67 68 65

30. __ 77 72 74 71 70 68

60 80 76 78 74 76 73 78 83 78 80 78 80 78

94 86 82 84 82 84 84

8 Data from tables 29, 81, and 82.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 21
XVI. Effect of Insulation Under the Floor Joists

When the floor registers were sealed, the 1-in. sheets of insulating board that formed the bottom

of the underfloor plenum provided insulation for

the floor and created a dead-air space beneath it. Table 19 contains a comparison of the results

obtained when the floor was insulated with the

results obtained for an uninsulated floor.

Table 19. Effect of insulation under floor joists on temperatures in a Test Bungalow with type A heater in position 4, at an ovtside temperature of 32° F *

Living roomother rooms

T-iving roomother rooms

floor condition . . _ Uninsulated Insulated Heat output, Btu'hr .__ 22,200 21,800

Height above floor, in. Room temperature, °F

2 71 66 71 67

30 7780

72 75 72 60 76 78 75 78 8386

78 80 78 94 82 83 82

« Data from tables 29.and 83. The average temperatures 2 in. above the floor were increased only about 1 deg F in four of the rooms, and were not increased at all at higher

levels when the floor was insulated by the plenum.

Two reasons why insulating the floor did not

increase the temperatures more than was observed

are:

(a) The air temperature in the plenum was

nearer the basement air temperature than the

upper floor surface temperature, indicating that

the chimney action of the house caused a continual

replacement of the air in the plenum with the

cooler basement air through small openings and

cracks in the wood floor and insulating board.

Theoretically, this plenum temperature should

have been about midway between the basement

air temperature and the upper floor surface

temperature if the plenum were airtight, but, as

it was not, insulation probably would have been more eft'ective had it been applied directly to the

floor joists, thus isolating each joist space from

the others instead of providing a plenum under

the entire floor. (b) A computation of the heat loss of the Test

Bungalow, based on heat-transmission factors

obtained with heat-flow meters and the temperatures observed with one of the space heaters used

for this investigation, shows the following distri- bution of the heat loss without insulation under

the floor joists:

Percent Outside walls 32.7 Inside walls (closet) 5.2 Windows and doors 31.3 Floor 14.9 Ceiling . 9.0

Infiltration (by difference) 6.9

Total ino.O Considering that nearly all infiltration loss was

caused by inward leakage of cold air around

windows and doors, the sum of the losses by

transmission through the outside walls, windows,

and doors and by infiltration was 70.9 percent of

the total heat loss. In general, this loss took the

form of a current of cold air falling clown along

the outside walls and flowing out across the floor,

whereas only 14.9 percent of the heat was lost by

direct transmission through the floor. In the

case of an above-the-floor heating device, the current of cold air moved toward the heater above

and near the floor. Insulation applied to the

under side of the floor had no effect on the 70.9

percent of heat loss, but reduced the 14.9 percent

of heat lost by transmission through the floor. That is, the heat loss of the outside walls and

windows, and more specifically the temperature

of the air moving down the walls near the floor,

had a much greater effect on the floor temperature

than the amount of insulation under the floor

joists. The effects of these cold drafts are sometimes counteracted by radiant heat from a radiant heater or a warm ceiling surface. Recent

information indicates that a blanket of warm air near the ceiling can cause the ceiling to radiate

enough heat to the floor to warm it significantly.

XVII. Radius of Warmth Attainable With a Space Heater

In making tests on space heaters, the opportunity was afforded to obtain some information on the reactions of himian individuals to a variety

of temperature conditions. The available subjects were limited to the operating personnel, five adult men conventionlly dressed for work. They

were comfortable at an air temperature of 65° F,

2 in. above the floor, and at temperatures up to 80° F at the 60-in. level. Complaints of cold feet were general after about an hour of slight activity

with an air temperature of 60° F, 2 in. above the

floor. An air temperature of 85° F or more at the 60-in. level became oppressive and usually

caused noticeable perspiration in about an nour. Therefore, a comjortahle condition was considered

to exist whenever the temperature was at least 65° F, 2 in. above the floor, and the temperature

not more than 80° F, 60 in. above the floor. It is presumed, of course, that the temperature always

increases with height above the floor for the

22 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSlH
heating methods under consideration. Also, based

upon the above observations, a temperature of not

less than 60° F, 2 in. above the floor, and a temperature of not more than 85° F, 60 in. above

the floor, was considered a condition of minimum

acceptable comfort for any floor area. In figures 17 and 18, comfort conditions, as defined above, are indicated by the horizontal

baselines. The horizontal line representing the

maximum acceptable total temperature dift'erence

is also indicated on each chart. Figures 17 and

18 show that a total temperature dift'erence of 15

deg F was exceeded in the living zone with every

heater in any position for heat outputs greater

than 20,000 Btu/lir for natural circulation and

22,000 Btu/hr when the fan was used in conjunction with the heater. A 25 deg F total temperature difference was exceeded in the living zone by

a radiant heater in position 4, delivering 37,000

Btu/hr or more with natural circulation and about

39,500 Btu/hr or more with a circulating fan. The

maximum outputs for a jacketed heater in the

living room for a total temperature dift'erence of

25 deg F were about 26,000 Btu/hr for natural

circulation and 29,500 Btu/hr when a fan was used.

The maximum heat outputs observed for the other

heaters may be taken from figures 17 and 18. In order to study the radii of the comfortable

areas around the several space heaters, the temperatures observed at each station for each of four

heights were entered on a miniature floor plan of

the Test Bungalow at the corresponding location.

This revealed the variation in temperature within

each room. The temperatures for four separate

tests, two with natural air circulation and two

with the desk fan in use, are shown in figures 19,

20, 21, and 22. On the two floor plans showing

the temperatures 2 in. above the floor and 60 in. above the floor, respectively, the heater position

is shown and isothermal lines are sketched in for 60° F on the former and 85° F on the latter. Therefore, all of the floor area between these two

isotherms met the requirements of minimum

acceptable comfort for the corresponding test conditions.

Similar isothermal lines were drawn for each

test condition and each outside temperature.

The average radius of the isothermal line through

all the points at a temperature of 60° F, 2 in. above

the floor, was determined by measuring from the

center of the heater through the center of connecting interior doorways to the 60° F isotherm

in each room.

Results of the measurements of radii of the 60° F

isotherm are shown in figure 23 and figure 24. The

average radius of the outer limit of the zone of

minimum acceptable comfort for heaters with

natural circulation is plotted against outside

temperatures in figure 23, and the corresponding

results for the tests with a fan are shown in figure

24. These radii of the comfort zone were obC D Figure 19. Temperature distribution in the Test Bungalow

at four levels shown on miniature floor plans for heater A

without a jacket in position 4 with natural circulation of

air for an outdoor temperature of 32° F.

(A) Temperatures 2 in. above the floor, (B) temperatures 30 in. above the

floor, (C) temperatures 60 in. above the floor, (D) temperatures 94 in. above

the floor.

C D Figure 20. Temperature distribution in the Test Bungalow

at four levels shown on miniature floor plans for heater A

without a jacket in position 4 with natural circulation of

air for an outdoor temperature of 0° F.

(A) Temperatures 2 in. above the floor, (B) temperatures 30 in. above the

floor, (C) temperatures 60 in. above the floor, (D) temperatures 94 in. above

the floor.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and JacTceted Space Heaters

808741°— 4 4 23
40

64 64

65

65

66

65 6J

. 66

65 6_5 ^^ej 62

74 Q L8 [^-JE

70 73 70

/^67 65 65

66 63

78 76 76 79 76

93 Q ^

84 85 84

79 79

82 80

Z8 79 80 79

C D Figure 21. Temperature distribution in the Test Bungalow

at four levels shown on miniature floor plans for heater A

with jacket 2 in position 2 with desk fan circulating the air for an outdoor temperature of 32° F.

(A) Temperatures 2 in. above the floor, (B) temperatures 30 in. above the

floor, (C) temperatures 60 in. above the floor, (X>) temperatures 94 in. above

the floor.

71 72

7474 7_2 73 1 75 73 7J 7_6 74 74

ij£3 Q El J^ .

y ZM IS

91 91 91 76

78 76

Figure 22. Temperature distribution in the Test Bungalow

at four levels shown on miniature floor plans for heater A

with jacket 2 in position 2 with desk fan circulating the air for an outdoor temperature of 9° F.

{A) Temperatures 2 in. above the floor, (B) temperatures 30 in. above the

floor, (C) temperatures 60 in. above the floor, (D) temperatures 94 in. above

the floor.

o 24

2 e

60 50 40 30 20 10 10 OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE, "F Figure 23. Average radius of zone of minimum acceptable comfort for space heaters with natural circulation of air for a range of outdoor temperatures from 0° to 50° F. ©Radiant heater in living room; O jacketed heaters in living room; A radiant heater in position 4; Ajaclieted heater in position 4.

40 30 20 10 0 -10 OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE, Figure 24. Average radius of zone of minimum acceptable comfort for space heaters with desk fan circulating the air for a range of outdoor temperatures from 0° to 35° F. ©Radiant heater in living room; OJacketed heaters in living room; A radiant heater in position 4; A jacketed heater in position 4.

tained by extrapolation for some of the tests at outside temperatures of 32° and 50° F, as illus- trated by figure 21, where the 60° F isotherm was

outside the limits of the building walls. The

location of the 60° F isotherm in these cases was

determined by continuing the observed gradient

2 in. above the floor in each room down to 60° F. Considering figure 20, for example, the average

radii of both the 60° F isotherm and the 85° F

isotherm could obviously be lengthened by in- creasmg the heat output of the space heater with

a corresponding increase in the area that was over- heated, and a similar but greater increase in area

of the zone of comfort. Such an increase might

be desirable under certain conditions if comfort

in a particular location were the prime objective.

24 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSIH
However, these tests were made to observe the

degree of comfort obtainable in all rooms of a

small house with little overheating of any of the

occupied space. Figure 23 shows that the radius of the zone of

minimum acceptable comfort, as defined above,

for both radiant and jacketed heaters in all positions with natural circulation can reasonably be

shown by one curved line. The values of the

radius ranged from about 7 ft for an outside

temperature of 0° F to 19 ft for an outside temperature of 32° F. When the desk fan was used on the mantel, separate straight lines were used to show the results for position 4 and for the other

positions as shown in figure 24. The values of the

radius of the zone of minimum acceptable comfort

ranged from 13 ft for an outside temperature of

10° F to 25 ft for an outside temperature of 32° F

for heaters located in the living room with the fan

located on the mantel. The radii of the comfort

zones for heaters in position 4 were lower than for positions 1, 2, and 3 when the fan was used on the

mantel. This was probably caused by the fact

that the location on the mantel was not the best

fan location for heaters in position 4. However,

a given comfort radius for position 4 was more

effective in warming several rooms than the same

radius with the heater in the living room, because

the comfort zone did not begin to extend into

adjacent rooms until a radius in excess of the dis- tance from the heater to the interior doors was

attained with the heater located in the living room. Figure 23 and the results on which it is based apply only to homes with heat transmission

characteristics similar to the Test Bungalow.

For a house with a lower heat loss the comfort zone would be extended, and vice versa.

It was observed from the several charts similar

to figures 19 to 22 used to analyze the area of the

comfort zone that the temperature at the center of

any room at any level was nearly equal to the

average temperature at the same level for the

whole room. That is, if the 60° F isotherm passed

through the center of a room, the average temperature 2 in. above the floor would be very close to 60° F. XVIII. Mean Radiant Temperatures

Observations were made at the 30-in. level in

the living room approximately 3 ft from the

center of the south wall to compare the readings

of an 8-in. globe thermometer, shielded thermocouples, and a thermocouple enclosed in a block

of cork, as described earlier in this report. The

mean radiant temperature was computed for this station from the globe thermometer indication

and the temperature indicated by the shielded

thermocouples by equating the heat gain or loss of

the globe by radiation to the heat loss or gain by

convection. The formula developed by Peclet [3] for blackened spheres of similar size was used to determine the heat transfer by convection.

The observed temperatures and the computed

mean radiant temperatures are summarized in

table 20 for the several heaters in positions 2 and 4, both with natural circulation and with the desk

fan in operation. Results showed that the

mean radiant temperature of the surroundings, as measured at this station, was about the same

with natural circulation as with the fan in operation except for heater A with jacket 4 in position

4. In this instance, the mean radiant temperature was raised 4.1 deg F by the use of the fan. However, the fan raised the air temperature at the

station 5 deg F or more in every case but one. For heater A with jacket 4 in position 4, the

fan raised the air temperature around the globe

12.6 deg F. Thus, for this heater, the fan increased

the air temperature in the living room and

thereby increased the wall-surface temperatures

sufficiently to raise the mean radiant temperature

at the globe thermometer about 4 deg F. For all other tests, the fan had a comparatively slight

effect on the mean radiant temperature in the

living room. Table 20 also shows that the mean radiant temperature was higher than the air temperature by

several degrees in every case except when the

heater was located in position 4 and the fan was

running. In these instances, the air temperature

exceeded the mean radiant temperature by 2.5 deg

F for the radiant heater and 3.7 deg F for the

jacketed heater.

Table 20. Radiation and convection conditions in living room for space heaters ivith and without jackets, in two

positions, with natural and forced circulation of air at an

outside temperature of 32° F "

Test -. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Heater A A A A A A A C

Jacket--- - None None 1 2 3 4 4 C)

Position 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2

Temperature measurement

Air temperature Globe thermometer- - - Mean radiant temperature

Corlv-covered thermocouple -

Temperature with natural circulation, ° F

78.8

78.

71.4

73.5 69.674.2

70.2

73.9

71.9

75.3

68.5 73.0

65.2

68.1

74.0 77.0 75.7 76.8 75.6 70.0

73.2 73.9 73.7 74.8 72.2 67.2

69.5 75.0

77.4

74.6

Temperature with fan, ° F

Air temperature 76.9 76.6 75.6 76.7 74.4 74.9 77.8 75.4 Globe thermometer- - - 80.0 75.

77.78.0 76.7 75.9 75,5 78.2 Mean radiant temperature -- 81.3 74.

77.6 78.5 77.8 76.2 74.79.7 Coik-covered thermocouple 80.4 74.7 77.3 77.9 76.0 75.2 75.2 77.4

79. Data from tables 26, 29, 34, 37, 48, 61, 53, 56, 59, 63, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, and

i> Cast iron.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and JacTceted Space Heaters 25
No observations were made with the globe thermometer in the other rooms of the house. It is probable, however, that the mean radiant temperature was lower than the air temperature in the

other rooms when the space heater was located

in the living room. When the heater was located

in position 4 (see fig. 2) some parts of the other rooms in direct view of the heater probably had

higher mean radiant temperatures than air temperatures. Although the air temperatures and

the mean radiant temperatures summarized in table 20 for different heaters and different positions

indicate different degrees of comfort at this station,

satisfactory conclusions about comfort throughout

the house cannot be drawn from these data as the living room was the warmest room for all of

the tests. Because the comfort of an environment depends

upon the heat exchange between the body and its surroundings, both by radiation and convection,

instruments that are affected by both radiation and

convection, such as the globe thermometer, are XIX. Summary

The investigation of temperatures produced in

the Test Bungalow with space heaters showed that a space heater is a satisfactory means of heating a small house and that the temperature difference

between different points in the living zone can be

kept within specified limits if the climate is not too severe and if the heater location and other

characteristics of the installation are properly

selected. Tests of space heaters in the Test Bungalow

established the general conclusions that the maximum total temperature differences produced in

the living zone of a house by a space heater were

almost directly proportional to the heat output

and that the radius of the zone of comfort decreased as the outside temperature decreased.

The conditions for acceptable comfort as defined

under chapter XVII, Radius of Warmth Attainable with a Space Heater, may or may not be too

severe, but it is believed that the results presented

in figures 17, 18, 23, and 24 of this report show the

temperature differences and the radii of the 60° F

isotherm which are likely to occur when houses

similar to the Test Bungalow in size, construction,

and degree of insulation are warmed by space

heaters. Houses with insulation in the walls or with storm windows and weatherstripping would

have a lower heat loss per unit area than the Test

Bungalow and could, therefore, be warmed at a lower outside temperature without exceeding a given temperature difference in the living zone. Figures 23 and 24 indicate that structures larger

than the Test Bungalow could be warmed by a space heater for moderate outside temperatures.

In particular the results showed that the use of

space heaters for comfort heating of several rooms

26

usual for studies of comfort when radiant heat is present in the environment. Work by Bedford

and others [4] shows that variations in dry-bulb

temperature can be compensated for by approximately equal counter changes, degree for degree,

in mean radiant temperature to produce equivalent comfort for changes up to 6 deg F. Therefore,

the globe thermometer indications, recorded in

table 20, are probably better measures of comfort i at each location than either the air temperature or the mean radiant temperature taken separately,

since the globe thermometer reading was near the

average of the air temperature and the mean

radiant temperature in every case. The corkcovered thermocouples, as shown in table 20, in- dicated almost the same temperature as the one \ observed at the center of the globe for every test, i Therefore, cork-covered thermocouples of the type | used for these observations were considered to j provide better indications of comfort than thermocouples shielded to measure the true air temperature. ! and Conclusions

should be limited both as to the heat loss of the , structure and the distance from the heater to the center of the rooms to be warmed. It is i' concluded that for houses similar to the Test

Bungalow in size, construction, and degree of f insulation a space-heater installation, to provide j' the minimum acceptable comfort in the heated ] area, must comply with the following two require- i ments : i

[ 1. For any outside design temperature the dis- i tance from the heater to the center of any room

to be heated should not exceed the radius shown

in figm-es 23 and 24 for the type of heater and the i heater location used.

2. The heat loss of the house at the design out- ^ side temperature should not exceed the heat out- put corresponding to a total temperature differ- ' ence of 25 deg F, shown in figures 17 and 18, for that type of heater installation. For this total temperature difference, permissible heat-loss

values ranged from 21,000 to 37,000 Btu/hr for

^ the several heaters tested mthout a fan, whereas

the permissible heat-loss values ranged from I 27,000 to approximately 40,000 Btu/hr for heaters

' used in conjunction with a desk fan. If lower

total temperature differences than 25 deg F are , desired, the maximum heat losses should be cor- I respondingly lowered in accordance with the i curves in figures 17 and 18. The data show that the following installation

practices would increase the comfort attainable

in a house with a space heater or would permit

the use of space heaters in larger houses and in colder climates:

1. Selection of a heater location near the center • of the house, with approximately equal opporBuilding Materials and Structures Report BMSllJi-
tunity for radiation and convection to each of the

surrounding rooms, decreased the temperature

difference between rooms. In producing temperature distributions approaching uniformity among

the several rooms of the Test Bungalow, the

heaters tested fell into the following order of

decreasing acceptability

(a) Jacketed heater near the center of the house.

(b) Radiant heater near the center of the house.

(c) Jacketed heater in living room.

(d) Radiant heater in living room. A jacketed heater produced lower temperature

differences between rooms, but a radiant heater

in any of the four positions described produced

slightly lower temperature differences between the

2- and 60-in. levels than did the jacketed heater.

2. Use of a double-walled jacket similar to jacket 4 decreased the temperature differences

between rooms. For single jackets, the width

of the air space did not materially affect the

temperature distribution for widths from 2)^ to

6 in.

3. Use of open transoms over interior doorways

increased the heat delivered to the colder rooms.

4. Use of a fan to blow the warmed air toward

the colder rooms raised the temperature in the

living zone and decreased the temperature differ- ences between rooms. The unattached desk fan

used for the tests was as effective as the integrally

mounted fans in improving the distribution of

heat.

Other conclusions derived from the results of the

tests may be summarized as follows

1 . A radiant heater located near the center of the

house produced a given temperature condition in

the living zone with 15 to 20 percent less heat out- put than a jacketed heater.

2. The size of the heater in the range likely to be used for residential heating had little bearing on

the temperature distribution.

3. An underfloor plenum for the return of cold

air to a space heater must be practically airtight

to be effective. The wood constructions tested were not sufficiently airtight for the plenum.

4. Insulation applied to the floor joists was not

effective in making the floors warmer. Indications were that cold sidewalls and windows made

the floor cold because of the cold drafts which descended and passed across the floor. The draft

action was independent of the floor insulation. It appeared that insulated exposed walls were neces- sary for warmer floors, instead of, or perhaps in

addition to, insulated floors in basementless houses.

5. The mean radiant temperature in the living room was several degrees above the air temperature for every heater position tried when the air was circulated by natural convection. Use of the

desk fan raised the air temperature several degrees

but changed the mean radiant temperature in the

living room very little, except when the heater

with the double jacket was located near the center

of the house.

There is need for further research on space

heaters as observations similar to those described

in this report could well be made with a space

heater to warm a single large room, to warm a. two-story structure with an open stair well, or to provide radiant panel heating by means of a thin

blanket of hot air near the ceiling.

For reasons of economy and convenience, space

heaters will, no doubt, continue to be used in large

numbers in American homes. They will probably

still be purchased and installed by individual home

owners without analysis or qualitative prediction

of their performance. However, when responsible

organizations attempt to specify or to define conditions that will guarantee comfort, criteria become

essential. The work described in this paper was

conducted as a means of establishing the magnitude of temperature differences that exist in a. typical house warmed by different space heaters

and to provide a basis for the selection of reasonable limits of dwelling size, heat loss, and temperature variation.

XX. Selected References

[1] Flue-connected oil-burning space heaters, NBS Commercial Standard CSlOl-43 (1943).

[2] R. S. Dill and P. R. Achenbach, Temperature distribu- tion in a test bungalow with various heating devices,

NBS Building Materials and Structures Report

BMS108 (1947).

[3] Chester W. Rice, Free convection of heat in gases and

liquids II, Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Engrs. (Feb. 1924).

[4) F. C. Houghten, S. B. Gunst, J. Suciu, Radiation as a

factor in the sensation of warmth, Am. Soc. Heating

Ventilating Engrs. Research Report 1172, Am. Soc. Heating Ventilating Engrs. Trans 47, 93 (1941).

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Am. Soc. Heating Ventilating Engrs., Heating, ventilating,

air conditioning guide. R. C. Cross, Performance characteristics of coal-fired space

heaters. Am. Soc. Heating Ventilating Engrs. Trans. 49, 99 (1943). Joseph W. Simons and Frank B. Lanham, Factors affecting

temperatures in southern farmhouses, U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 822 (1942), Robert K. Thulman and L. E. Seeley, Heating low-cost

houses, Am. Soc. Heating Ventilating Engrs. Trans. 45,

489 (1939).

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 27
XXI. Appendix

The temperatures observed for 68 different test conditions are shown in tables 21 to 88, inclusive. The headings

show the heater used, the type of Jacket, the position of the heater, the outside temperature, the average heat output, and whether or not a fan was used in the tests. The averages of all of the temperatures observed in individual rooms for levels 2, 30, 60, 78, and 94 in. above

the floor are shown in the tables as well as the vertical temperature differences from 2 to 60 in. and from 2 to 94

in. above the floor on a room-by-room basis and the aver- ages for all rooms; the maximum differences in temperature

between any two rooms for the five levels are also given and

the difference for each level between the living room and the average of the other four rooms for the tests with the heater

in the living room. The tables show the basement and attic temperatures as

well as the globe-thermometer temperature and the meanradiant temperature for one station in the living room when

these observations were taken. The tables may be grouped as follows: Tests with natural circulation of air, tables 21 to 60 and

tables 81 to 83: Radiant heater A Tables 21 to 30. Radiant heater B Tables 31 to 34. Heater A with jacket 1 Tables 35 to 42. Heater A with jacket 2 Tables 43 to 50. Heater A with jacket 3 Tables 51 to 52. Heater A with jacket 4 Tables 53 to 58. Heater C with cast-iron jacket Tables 59 to 60. Heater A with underfloor plenum Tables 81 to 83. Tests with detached fan, tables 61 to 80: Radiant heater A

Heater A with jacket 1 Heater A with jacket 2 Heater A with jacket 3 Heater A with jacket 4 Heater C with cast-iron jacket Tests with attached fans, tables 84 to 88

Gas-fired heater

Oil-fired heater

Table 22

Tables 61 to 66

Tables 67 to 68

Tables 69 to 71 Tables 72 to 73 Tables 74 to 78

Tables 79 to 80

Tables 84 to 87. Table 88. Table 21

Heater A | Position 1 Outside temp 50.3° F Heat output 13,900 Btu/hr

Jacket-. - None I Fan used No

Height

abo\e floor,

A. Average room temperature. c-p

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 78.2 67.9 66.9 68.5 65.

1

13.

1

11.

1

30 82.3 72.0 71.2 74.0 70.8 11.5 10.3 60 83.0 74. 2 74.2 76.5 73.4 9.6 8.4

78 87.5 76.4 76.5 77.2 76.1 12.

1

11.2 94 89.

1

77.4 79.4 79.0 78.4 11.7 10.5

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 4.8 6.3 7.3 8.0 8.3 6.9 2 to 94 10.9 9.6 12.6 10.5 13.3 11.3

Average basement temperature 54. 4° F

Average attic temperature 68.8° F

Globe thermometer reading 82.0° F « Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A

Outside temp 32.2° F

Jacket None

Position 1 Heat output 2i,466Btu/hr Fan used No

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2

.30 60

78

94

2 to 60. _ 2 to 94

76.7 81.6

82.6 89.4

91.2

61.0

66.

1

69.3

71.4

74. 4

69.4

65.0 69.6

73.3

78.1

61.9

67.

1

71.2 72.7

76.5

67.4

64.

1

68.0

72.2

76.0

19.3

17.5 14.6

18.0 16.8

16.8

16.0

13.

1

17.0

14.9

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

5.9

14.5 8.3

13.4

10.2 18.79.3

14.6 10.6

18.6 8.9

16.0

Average basement temperature 49.4° F

Average attic temperature 47.9° F

Globe thermometer reading 83.6° F«

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 23

Heater A

Outside temp 32.2° F

Jacket None

Position 1 Heat output 21,400 Btu/hr Fan used No

Height

above floor.

A. Average room temperature.

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen North

bed- Southbed- Bath Maxi- mum

Aver- room room age

2 77. 5 62.0 60.0 62. 5

68. 8 68.6 18.9 16. 7 30 82.8 67.4 65.9 65.4 17.4 15.9 60 83. 7 70.6 70. 5 72.

1

69.4 14.3 13.

1

78 90.3 72.6 73.9 73. 6 73.3 17.7 17 0

94.. __. 92.3 75. 6 78.6 77.0 76.9 16.8 15.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 6. 2 8.5 10.5 9.6 10.8 9. 1 2 to 94 14.8 13.5 18. C 14. 5 18.3 15. 9

Average basement temperature 49.1° F

Average attic temperature 49.1° F

Globe thermometer reading 84.2° F»

' Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

28 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllIf
Table 24 Table 26

Heater A I Outside temp 21.9° F

Jacket None I

Position 1 Heat output 26,.'i00 Btu/hr Fan used No

Outside temi5V_'.V.\'.' '32.0° F

Jacket-- None

Position.- 2 Heat output 22,100 Btu/hr Fan used No

neigni above floor,

A. Average room temperature.

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath- Maxi- mum

Average

2 --- 74.7 57.2 56. 6 58.4 53. 5 21.2 18.5 30 - 82.9 63.4 62. 5 64. 5 61.3 21.6 20.0

60-- - 83.9 67.2 67.6 69.4 66.0 17.9 16.3 78 92.0 69.8 72. 2 71. 4 71.2 22.2 20.8 94.- 93.6 73.3 78.0 76.0 75.4 20.3 17.9

B. Vertical temperature ditlprence, °F Average for B

2 to 60 9.2 10.0 12.0 11.0 12.5 10. 9 2 to 94 18.9 16.

22.4 17.fi 21.9 19.4

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

A ver- age

230

60

78 -- 94

2 to 60

2 to 94

77.0

82. 2 84.0

89.9

92.0

62. 5

68.

71.

73.0

75. 6

61. 2 66.8

71.fi 74.9

79.

63. 5 70.0 73.6

74. 6 77.8

59.0 66.0 70.2

74. 4

78.

18.0

16. 2 13.8 16.9

16.4

15. 4

14. 5

12. 4

15. 7 14.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

7.0 15.0 8.6

13.1 10.4 17.9

10.1

14.3

11. 2

19. 1 9.515.9

Average basement temperature 45.9° F

Average attic temperature 42.7° F

Globe thermometer reading 82.3° F»

a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Average bascini'Tif fcniiiorature 49.2° F

AviTui;!' t(iii|iiTiliirr 48.6° F

Globe thcrmniiii'ler r.vuliiig 78.8° Fb

» Transoms over inside door open.

b Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 25 Table 27

Heater-- --- A

Outside temp 8.3°

Jacket None

Position Heat output- Fan used

31,500 Btu/hr No

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature,

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2 72. 5 52. 2 51. 6 64. 5 48.8 23.7 20.7 30 81.8 59.3 58.0 6L0 56. 8 25.0 23.0

fiO 83. 2 63. 7 64.

66. 2 62.21.19. 2 78 92.3 66.7 69.6 68.7 68.

25.6 24.0

94- 93.9 70.7 76.1 73.9 72.6 23.2 20 6

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 10.7 11.5 12. 5 11.7 13.3 11 .9 2 to 94 2L4 18. 5 24. 6 19.4 23.8 21.5

Heater A

Outside temp 32.2° F

Jacket None

Position 2 Heat output 21,800 Btu/hr Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms. °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 76.6

82.

83.7

90. 2

92. 2

63.0 68.7

72. 2 74.3 76.9

60.0

65. 7 69.0 7L3

74.4

63.2 70 0

74.0

75.6

79. 1

58.4

65. 6 69.6

74.6

78.0

18. 2 16.5

14. 1 18.9

15.3

15.4

14. 6

12.5

16. 2

15.

30

60

78-- --

94- -

2to60-_

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

7.

15.6 9.213.9

9.0

14.4

10.8

15.9 IL 2 19.6

9.5 2 to 94.- 15.9

Average basement temperature 41.9° F

Average attic temperature 35.8° F

Globe thermometer reading 82.1° F »

* Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Average basement temperature 48.9° F

Average attic temperature 48.2° F

Globe thermometer reading 79.5° F t.

a Transoms over inside doors closed.

b Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall. 30 in. above floor.

Temperatures in a Test Bumgaloio With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 29
Table 28 Table 30

Heater A Position.. ._ 3 Outside temp 32.4° F Heat output 21,600 Btu/hr

Jacket None Fan used No

Height above floor,

AA. Average room temperature.

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- Southbed- Bath Maxi- mum

.Aver- room room

age

2 74.8 62.

1

61.3 64.9 58.8 16.0 13.0 30 79.6 67. 5 66.9 71.3 66.

1

13.5 11.6

60.. 82.9 71.0 7L8 74.8 70.

1

12.8 ILO

78 89.3 73.1 75. 2 76.3 74.2 15.2 14. 6

94 91.3 75.7 79.6 79.4 77.6 15.6 13. 2

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 8.

1

8.9 10.5 9.9 1L3 3.7 2 to 94.. 16.5 13.6 18.3 14.5 18.8 lfi..S

Average basement temperature 49.3° F

Average attic temperature 48.8° F

Globe thermometer reading 80.7° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 29

Heater - A Position 4 Outside temp 32.0° F Heat output 22,200 Btu/hr

Jacket None Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2... 70.7

76.7

79.6 83.0

85. 7

70.3 75.5

78.7

82.0

86.5

63.4

69.3 74.0

77.2 8L4

62.6 69.9

73.6

74.7 77.0

66.9

74.

1

77.4

79.

1

83.3

8.

1

7.4 6.0

8.3

9.5

30

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

8.9

15.0 8.416.2

10.6 18.011.0

14.4

10.5 16.4

9.9

16.0

Average basement temperature 48.0° F

Average attic temperature 51.4° F

Globe thermometer reading 73.5° F » Mean radiant temperature 74.0° F «

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A | Position.. 4 Outside temp.. 0.0° F Heat output 33,800 BtU/lir Jacket None I Fan used No

sbovG floor,

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 61.7 70.7

75.0

80.

1

83.4

61.

1

67.9

72. 4 78.2

83.9

52."3 59.6

66.5

71.3

77.5

52.4

60.3

66.3

67.7

71.2

58.8 67.0

72.4

74.3 80.0

9.4

11.1 8.5

12.4 12.7

30

fin OU

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94.

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

13.3 21.711.3 22.8

14.2 25.213.9

18.8

13.6 21.2

13.3 21.9

Average basement temperature 37.9° F

Average attic temperature 35.7° F

Globe thermometer reading 65.8° F « Mean radiant temperature 67.6° F «

« Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 In. above floor. Table 31

Heater... B I Position 1 Outside temp 32.3° F Heat output 21,500 Btu/hr

Jacket None | Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60.... 78

94

2 to 60..

2 to 94

75.9 81.8

84.5

91.7

95.7

62.0 67.7

70.7

73.

1

76.0

61.3

66.3

70.8

74.5

79.9

63.8

69.0

73.0 74.6

78.9

69.1 65.2

69.6

74.0 77.8

16.8

16.6

15.0 18.6

19.7

14.3

14. 7 13.5

17.6 17.5

B. Vertical temperature difference, °r Average for B

8.6

19.8 8.7

14.0 9.518.6 9.2

15.1 10.418.7

9.3 17.2

Average basement temperature 50.5° F

Average attic temperature 49.7° F

Globe thermometer reading 82.4° F'^

" Transoms over inside doors open

t> Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

30 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSlllf.
Table 32

Table 34

Heater _ B

Outside temp 32.2° F

Jacket - None

Position 1 Heat output 21,400 Btu/hr Fan used-. --- No

Height above floor,

A. Average room temperature,

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen North

bed- Southbed- Bath Maxi- mum

Aver- room room

age

2._ 75.3 61.4 59.4 62.4 58.2 17.1 14. 9

30- -- 81.1 66.7 64.0 67.3 63.7 17.4 15.7

60 - 83.6 70.2 67.2 71.5 67.8 16.4 14.4

78 91.2 73.1 69.5 73.9 73.4 21.7 18.7

94 95.4 76.1 72.0 79.0 77.1 23.4 19.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 8.3 8.8 7.8 9.1 9.6 8 .7 2to94__ 20.1 14.7 12.6 16.6 18.9 16.6

Heater B

Outside temp 33.4° F

.Tacket-- None

Position -- 2 Heat output 21,300 Btu/hr Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

76.9 81.4 84.4

91.3 95.2

62.6

68.3 71.4

74.0

76.2

62.4

67.5

72.3

76.1 80.8

63.3

68.3 72.4 74.0

77.7

.59.9 66.0

70.5

74.8

78.8

16.0

15.4 13.9

17.3 19.0

13.8

13.9 12.7

16.6

16.8

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

8.6

19.3 8.813.6 9.918.4

9.1

14.4 10.618.9 9.416.9

Average basement temperature 50.1° F

Average attic temperature 48.6° F

Globe thermometer reading 82.3° F b

» Principal heat source 24 in. above floor. Transoms closed.

•> Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 33 «

Heater B I Position —. 1 Outside temp--. __- 32.1° F Heat output-.-. 21,600 Btu/hr

Jacket None | Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, op

Horizontal temperature

dilTerence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 75.1 61.5 59.1 62.8 57.7 17.4 14.8

30 80.9 66.7 63.6 67.7 63.3 17.6 15.5

60 85.6

94.8 70.2 66.8 68.8

71.6 67.3 18.8 16.6 78—. 72.9 73.9 72.7 26.1 22.7

94.... 100.1 76.3 71.6 79.2 76,5 28.5 24. 2

B. Vertical temperature diflerence, °F Average for B

2 to 60 10.5 8.7 7.7 8.8 9.6 9.1

2 to 94.. 25.0 14.8 12.5 16.4 18.8 17.5

Average basement temperature 50.4° F

Globe thermometer reading 80.7° F i>

« Principal heat source 39 in. above floor. Transoms closed.

b Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Average basement temperature 50.7° F

Average attic temperature 50.8° F

Globe thermometer reading 78.7° F •

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in above floor. Table 35

Heater A I Position 1 Outside temp 32.1 °F Heat output 22,700 Btu/hr

Jacket 1 I Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room.

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60..

78-. 94

2 to 60

2 to 94

71.2

76.7 8M

93.2

99.0

60,4

65.8

70.3 74.2

78.2

61,0

65.8 7L4

78.0

84. 2

61,5 67,6

72.3 74.6

79.4

58,6

65, 2 70,7

76,9 8L1

12,6 1L5

10.8

19.0 20,8

10,8

10, 6 9,9

17,3

18,3

B. Vertical temperature diflerence, °F Average for B

9.9

27.8

9,9

17,8

10.4

2.3.2 10.8

17.9

12,1 22.510.6 2L8

Average basement temperature 48.9°F Average attic temperature 51.6° F

Globe thermometer reading 76.3° F » Mean radiant temperature 80.0°F »

a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall. 30 in. above floor.

Temperahires in a Test Bungaloio With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 31
Table 36 Table 38

Heater A | Position 2 Outside temp 50.5 °F Heat output 13,600 Btu/hr

Jacket 1 I Fan used No

xieignt above tloor,

A. Average room temperature,

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2-._ .-_ 74.2 67.4 67.3 67.4 65.8 8.4 7. 2

30-- - — 77.6 80.8

71.7 7L5 72.8 71. 2 6 4 5.8

60 74. 4 75. 2 76.1 74. 6 6.4 5. 7 78 88.5 76. 2 78.8 77.6 78.2 12.3 10.8 94 - 91.9 78.7 82.8 79.8 81.0 13.2 11.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

2 to 60 6.6 7.0 7.9 8.7 8.8 7.8

2 to 94 17. 7 11.3 15.5 12.4 15. 2 14.4

Average basement temperature 54.4°P Average attic temperature 60.9°F Globe thermometer reading 76. 5° F » Mean radiant temperature 77.8°F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A | Position 2 Outside temp 32.4° F Heat output 28,200 Btu/hr

Jacket--- 1 I Fan used No

Height

above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °P

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

78

94- -.

2 to 60

2 to 94

74.7 80.7

86.4

99.4

104. 2

63. 4

70. 2

75. 2 79.3

82. 7

63.9

69.9

76.5 83.5

91. 2

64.1

71.5

77. 2 79.6 84.6

61.1

69.3 75.8

82.7

87.7

13.6

11.4 U. 2

20. 1 21. 5

11. 6

10. 5

10. 2

18.

1

17.6

B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

11.7 29.511.8

19.3 12.6

27.3

13.1 20.5

14.7 26.612.8 24.6

Average basement temperature 48.9° F

Average attic temperature 54.2° F

Globe thermometer reading 7S.0° F» Mean radiant temperature 81.2° Fi>

9 Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 37

Heater- A I Position 2 Outside temp 32.4° F Heat output 22,600 Btu/hr

Jacket 1 i Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

9.3

9. 5 7.8

14.8

15.3

230—- 60—-

78- --. 94

2 to 60

2 to 94

70.8 76.0 80.2 9L0

95.4

60.9

66.5

70.9

74.0

77. 7

61.7 66.5

73.4

78.3 82.4

64.0

68.0

73.7

74.9 79.2

59.3 65.0

71. 5 77.7

81.3

11. 5 11.0

9.3 17.0

17. 7

B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

9.4

24.6

10.0

16.8

11.7 20.79.7

15. 2

12. 2 22.010.6

19.9

Average basement temperature 48.8° F

Average attic temperature 51.9° F

Globe thermometer reading 74.2° F ^ Mean radiant temperature 77.0° F >>

" Transoms over inside doors open.

>> Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 39

Heater -.. A Position 2 Outside temp 22.0° F Heat output 26,400 Btu/hr

Jacket 1 Fan used No

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60 -- 7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

68.8

75.3

80.9 92.9

99.5

57.7 64.2

69.4

73.4

77.5

58.2

64. 2 70.9

78.1 85.6

58.4

65.3

71.3 74.2

79.3

55.3 63.4

69.8

76.3 8L0

13. 5 n.9

1L5

19.5 22.0

n.4 ILO

10.5

17.4 18.6

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

12.

1

30.7 1L719.8

12.7 27.412.9

20.9

14.5 25.712.8 24.9

Average basement temperature 43.5° F

Average attic temperature 48.0° F

Globe thermometer reading 72.5° F " Mean radiant temperature 75.5° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

.32 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllIi.
Table 40 Table 42

Heater .-- A

Outside temp 17.3° F

Jacket 1

Position 2 neat output.- 29.300 Btu/hr Fan used — NoHeater.. _ Outside temp 32.5°F

Jaolcet 1

Heigtit above floorf

A. Average room temperature,

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitclien Northbed- Southbed- Bath Maxi- mum

Aver- room room

age

2 69.7 57.8 58.6 59.

56.1 13.6 U.8

30.. .- 76.0 64.4 64.5 65.7 64.0 12.0 n.3

60 82.1 69.9 7L8 72.1 70.9 12.2 n.9

78 96.6 74.4 79.5 76.2 77.9 22. 2 19.8 94 101.6 78.8 86.7 80.6 82.9 22.8 19.3

B. Vertical temperature difference. °F Average for B

2 to 60 12.4 12.13.2 13.0 14.8 13.

2 to 94 3L9 21.0 28.1 21.5 26.8 25.9

Average basement temperature 44.2° F

Average attic tcmperatUTc 47.5° F

Globe tlu'rmonieter reailiiig 73.7° F"

Mean radiant temperature 76.4° F »

' Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 41

Heater A

Outside temp 32.4°F Jacket 1

Position 3 Heat output 23,000 Btu/hr Fan u.sed No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

dilierence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2 70.6

74.8

80.7 92.9

97.7

61. 2 66.8

71.3 75.4 79.0

61.9

66.9

73.

80.0

86.4

62.7

69.3 74.6

77. 5 81.9

59.5 66.2 7L8

77.5 8L7

11.1 8.0 9.4

17.6

18.7

9.3 7.5

8.0

15.3 15.4

30.

60...- 7894

2 to 60

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

10.1

27.1

10.1

17.8 1L2

24.5

11.9

19. 2 12.3 22.2

11.

2 to 94 22.2

Average basement temperature 48. 2° F

Average attic temperature 51.9°F Globe thermometer reading 75.1°F » Mean radiant temperature 78,0°F "

' Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Position 2 Heat output. 22,800 Btu/hr Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

78.. 94

2 to 60

2 to 94

7L5

76.5 82.0

94.3 98.7

6L8

67.6

72.4

76.7 80.4

60.

65.3 69.6

72.9

77.7

62.4

68.8

74.3

77.

81.8

59.2

66.1 7L5

79.4 83.1

12.3 1L2

12.4

21.4 21.0

10.6

9. 5 10.0

17.8

17.9

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

10.6

27. 2 10.618.6 9.5

17. 6 11.919.4 12.3

23.9

11.0 2L3

Average basement temperature 49.0°F Average attic temperature 51.7°F Globe thermometer reading 74.8°F Mean radiant temperature 77.6°F •>

» Transoms closed. Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 43

Heater . A

Outside temp 60.2° F

Jacket 2

Position 1 Heat output 14,200 Btu/hr Fan used No

Height above floor,

In.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2... 30

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

74.2

77.9 81.3

88.5

92.

66. 6 71.0

74.

76.3

79.0

66.2

70.6

74.0

77.4 81.7

66.7

72. 7 76.2

77.8

80.4

64. 6 70.4

74.

77.6

80.3

9.7 7.6

7.3 12.2

13.1

8.2

6.7

6.7 11.2

11. 7

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

7.

17.9 7.5

12.4 7.8

15. 5

9. 6

13. 7 9.615. 8 8.3

15.

Average basement temperature 62.3° F

Average attic temperature 59.9° F

Gliilic t 111'] inometer reading 78.7° F » Mean radiant temperature 81.0° F »

a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Temperatures in a Test BunqaJow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 33
Table 44 Table 46

Heater A I Position 1 Outside temp. _ 32.2° F Heat output 23,000 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 I Fan used.. _ No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2

3060.—.

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

72.2

77.5

82.6

9.3.4 98.6

61.7 67.6

72. 5 76.0

79.7

61.4

66.7

72.0 77.4

83.6

62.0 69.0

74.4 76.8

81.2

59.5

66.3

72.0

77.7 81.6

12.7

11.2 10.6

17. 4 18.9

11.0

10.1 9.9

16. 4

17.

1

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

10.4

26.4

10.8

18.0 10.621.2

12.4

19.2 12.522.

1

11.3 21.4

Average basement temperature 48.2° F

Average attic temperature 51.6° F

Globe thermometer reading 77.5° F » Mean radiant temperature 80.4° F »

" Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A Position 1 Outside temp 21.9 °F Heat output 28,200 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

7L3

77.7 83.9

96.5

102.4

58.0

65.5 7L8

76.

1

80.2

58.8 64.9 7L2

77.9

85.6

69.6 67.4

73.9

76.9

82.3

56.4

64.8

71.8 78.4 83.0

14.9

12. e

12.7 20.4 22.2

13.

1

12.0 n. 7 19.2

19.6

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

12.6

31.1

13.8 22.212.4

26.8

14.3 22.7

16.4 26.6

13.7 25.9

Average basement temperature 44.2 °F

Average attic temperature 48.9 °F

Globe thermometer reading 77.1 °F » Mean radiant temperature 81.7 °F "

a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 45

Heater A 1 Position 1 Outside temp. 32.5 °F Heat output 26,700 Btu/hr

.Jacket 2 I Fan used No

Height

above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60.. 7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

76.3 82.3

87.7

100.9

106.7

64.0 7L2

76.9 8L5

85.0

64.0

70.6

75.7

82.

1

85.0

64.6

72.6

78.6

81.2

85.9

6L3

71.2

77.6

82.3 87.2

15.0 n. 7 12.0

19.7 2L7

12.8 10.9

10. 5

19.

1

20.9

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

1L4

30.4

12.9 2L0

11.7 2L014.0 2L3

16.3

25.9

13.3 23.9

Average basement temperature 48.8 °F

Average attic temperature 54.4 °F

Globe thermometer reading 82.5 °F ^ Mean radiant temperature 86.8 °F »

= Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall. 30 in. above floor.

Table 47

Heater A Position 1 Outside temp 17.0 °F Heat output 31,100 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 Fan used No -

Height above floor, in.

A. .A.verage room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2.. 30

60

78

94

2 to 60

2 to 94

73.2

80.3

87.7

100.6

106.7

59. 7 67.4

74.0 78.6

83.2

60.2 66.8

74.4 81.0

87.8

60.9

69.

1

76.2

79.7 84.8

57.9 66.6

73.8

80.6

. 85.3

15.3

13. 7

1.3.9 22.0

23.6

13. 5

12.9

13.1 20.6

21.4

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

14. 5 33.514.3 23.514.2

27.6

15.3

23.9

15.9 27.414.8

27.2

Average basement temperature 44.4 °F

Average attic temperature 48.4 °F

Globe thermometer reading 79.9 °F « Mean radiant temperature 85.0 °F »

" Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

34 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSIH
Table 48 Table 50

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp.. 32.3 °F Heat output... 22,000 Btu/hr

-Jacket 2 I Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

23060

78. 94

2 to 60 2 to 94

70.8

75.7 81.2 90.9

95.

61.3 66.8

71. 5 74.7 78.4

61.4 66.6

72.7

77.8

83.3

61. 6

68.

73.4 75.8

79.8

59.4

66.2

71. 7 77.0

81.1

11.4 9.5

9.7

16.2

16. 7

9.9

8.8

8.9

14. 6

14. 4

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average tor B

10.4

24.3

10.2

17.

11.3 21.9

11.8

18.2 12.3 21.7

11.2 20.6

Average basement temperature 48.3 °F

Average attic temperature 51.7 °F

Globe thermometer reading 73.9 °F » Mean radiant temperature 75.7 °F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp 9.8°F Heat output .33,.'i00 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 | Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

diflerence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Ma.xi- mum

Average

2.30

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

67.8

75.3 82.8

95.1

99.1

54.8 62.5

69.6

74.0

78.5

55.7 62.0

70.7

78.5 85.2

56.3 63.6

71.8

75.0 80.7

53.2

61.9 70.2

77.5 82.8

14.6 13.4

13.2

21.

20.6

12.8

12.8

12.3 18.8

17.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

15.0 3L314.8

23. 7 15.0 29.5

15.5 24.4

17.0 29,615.5 27.7

Average basement temperature 41.6° F

Average attic temperature 42.7° F

Globe thermometer reading 72.1° F « Mean radiant temperature 75.8° F »

" Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 49

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp 12.2°F Heat output 31,900 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 | Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

ditlerence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2

3060

7894

2 to 60.-

2 to 94

69.4

76.6

84.

96.3 lOLO

57.2

65.0

71.5

75.9 80.6

57.8 64.5

72.6

79.2

86.5

58.2 66.0

73.6

76.8 82.4

55.3 64.2

71.8

78.6 83.7

14.1 12.4

12.6 20.4 20.4

12.3

11.7 11.7

18.7 17.7

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

14.7 31.6

14.3 23.414.8 28.715.4

24. 2 16.5 28.4

15.

27.3

Average basement temperature 41.8° F

Average attic temperature 45.6° F

Globe thermometer 74.0° F » Mean radiant temperature 77.2° F «

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 51

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp 32.7° F Heat output 22,300 Btu/hr

Jacket 3 | Fan used ' No

Height above floor.

A. Average room temperature. °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2 7L6 62.4 62.0 62.5 60.1 n.5 9.8 30 76.9 68.4 67.7 69.9 67.4 9.5 8.5

60 83.2 73.1 73. 7 75.

72.8 10.4 9.5

78 90.8 76.

77.9 77.3 77. 7 14.7 13.5

94 93.9 79.2 82. 7 80.9 8L3 14.7 12.9

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 1L6 10.7 n.7 12.6 12.7 11.9 2 to 94 22.3 16.8 20.7 18.4 2L2 19.9

Average basement temperature 48.3° F

Average attic temperature 52.2° F

Globe thermometer reading 75.3° F » Mean radiant temperatm-e 76.8° F »

a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 35
Table 52 Table 54

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp. 9.9° F Heat output 31,700 Btu/hr

Jacket 3 | Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature. op

Horizontal temperature

difference

betvi^een rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 66.4 55.2 55.5 56.6 53.7 12.7 n. 1 30 74.8 63.6 62.8 65.2 62.7 12 1 1L2

60 83.9 70.2 70.6 72. 5 70.0 13.9 13. 1 78 93.2 74.1 76.1 75. 5 76. 2 19.

1

17.8

94 96.8 78.1 8L3 80.3 80.6 18.7 16.7

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 17.5 15.0 15.1 15.9 16.3 16.0

2 to 94 30.4 22.9 25.8 23.7 26.8 25.9

Average basement temperature 40.8° F

Average attic temperature 42.4° F

Globe thermometer reading 72.5° F » Mean radiant temperature 75.5° F »

" Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A I Position.. 2 Outside temp 32.7°F Heat output 26,000 Btu/hr

Jacket 4 I Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

.Aver- age

2.... 30

60

78..

94..

2 to 60

2 to 94

73.1 78.7

87.7

102.7

108.5

64.4

70.8

76.2

80.8

85.3

65.3

70.8

78.0 85.3

93.3

64.6

71.8

78.2

81.1 86.9

62.4

70.2 77.2

84.1 89.5

10.7

8.5 11.5 21.9

23.2

8.9

7.8

10.3 19.9

19.7

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

14.6 35.4

11.8 20.912.7 28.013.6 22.3

14.8

27.1

13.5 26.7

Average basement temperature 49.0° F

Average attic temperature 55.8° F

Globe thermometer reading 78.4° F « Mean radiant temperature 79.6° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 53

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp 32.3 °F Heat output 22,200 Btu/hr

Jacket 4 | Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2

30

60

78

94

2 to 60

2 to 94'.

68.5

73.3

81.0

93.9 99.2

61.2

66.6

71.2

75.3

79.5

62.

1

66.7 72.8

78.9 83.8

61.8

67.7

73.2

76.0

78.9

59.7

66.2

72.0

78.0

82.4

8.8

7.1 9.8

18.6 20.3

7.3 6.5

8.7

16.8

18.0

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

12.5 30.7

10.0

18.3

10.7 21.711.4

17.1 12.3 22.7

11.2

22.1

Average basement temperature 48.9° F

Average attic temperature 52.9° F

Globe thermometer reading 73.0° F » Mean radiant temperature 75.6° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 55

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp_- 11.8° F Heat output 32,100 Btu/hr

Jacket 4 I Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

65.5

72.

1

83.5

101.2

107.

55.3 62.8

69.5

75.7

SI. 1

56.8 62.8

71.7 80.7

90.

1

56.4

64.0

71.9 76.2

83.1

53.3 61.7

71.1 79.8

85.7

12.2

10.4

14.0 25.5 26.0

10.0 9.3

12.7

23.

1

22.

1

B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

18.0 42.614.2 25.814.9 33.315.5 26.7

17.8 32.4

16.

1

32.2

Average basement temperature 40.3° F

Average attic temperature 45.8° F

Globe thermometer reading 71.4° F « Mean radiant temperature 75.6° F «

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

36 Building Materials and /Structures Report BMSII4
Table 56 Table 58

Heater A I Position.. — 2 Outside temp _ 31.9° F Heat output.. 21,700 Btu/hr

Jacket 4 I Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 64.6 68.2

74.8 82.2

86.7

62.4 66.6

73.0

81.1 88.7

60.5

64.7 7L7

77.2 83.4

59.8

65.

71.1 73.8

77.6

58.8 65.0 7L8

78.

82.6

5.8

3.5 3.7

8.4

11.

30

60

7894 ---

2 to 60

2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

10.2

22.1

10.6 26.311.2

22.9

11.3 17.813.0 23.8 n.3

22.6

Average basement temperature 48.8° F

Average attic temperature 50.1° F

Globe thermometer reading 68.1° F » Mean radiant temperature 70.0° F «

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 57

Heater A I Position . 4 Outside temp 32.4° F Heat output 24,100 Btu/hr

Jacket 4 I Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2._ 67.9 72.3

79.4 87.6 93.0

65.8

70.6

78.7

87. 1 95.0

63.2

68.3

75.9

82.0

88.6

6L8

68.4

74.7

77.

8L7

6L9

69.6

76.7 81.7

88.6

6.0 4.0

4.7

10.5

13.3

3060

78_ 94

2 to 60 2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

1L5

25.

12.9 29.2

12.7 25.4

12.9

19.9 14.8 26.7

13.0

25.3

Average basement temperature 48.5°F Average attic temperature 53.5° F • Globe thermometer reading 71.3°F » Mean radiant temperature 71.8°F ">

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater __ A Position _ 4 Outside temp._ 11.0° F Heat output 31,700 Btu/hr

Jacket - 4 Fan used No

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 6L6

66.9

76.6 85.9 92.4

58.8

65.

75.9 86.9

95.5

56.2

62.4 72.2

80.8

89.1

55.2

62.5 7L0

74.8

80.7

55.3

64.

73.6

80.3

88.9

8.3

4.5 5.6

12.1 14.8

30

60.. 78

94....

2 to 60

2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

15.0 30.817.1 36.7

16.0 32.915.8 25.518.3 33.6

16.4 3L9

Average basement temperature 40.9°F Average attic temperature 44.7°F Globe thermometer reading 65.4°F » Mean radiant temperature 67.4° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 59

Heater C I Position.. 2

Outside temp.. 32.7 °F Heat output 21,600 Btu/hr

Jacket Cast iron | Fan used NoHeight above floor, in.

A. .-Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

78

94

2 to 60

2 to 94

70.9

76.2 82.9

94.3

99. 7

61.5

67.3

72.6 75.9

78.9

61.7 66.6

73.5

78.9 85.8

62.3

68.7

74. 5 76.6 80.5

58.8

66.

72.6

77.4 81.9

12.

10.

10.3

18.4 20.8

9.8

9.0

9.6

17.

17.9

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

12.0

28.8 n. 1 17.4 1L824.1

12.2

18.2 13.8

23.

12.2 22.3

Average basement temperature 49.0 °F

Average attic temperature 52.9 °F

Globe thermometer reading 75.0 °F > Mean radiant temperature 77.4 °F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, -30 in. above floor.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 37
Table 60 Table 62

Heater C I Position 2 Outside temp. - 14.2 °F Fan used No

Jacket -- Cast iron |

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature.

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

68.8 55.8 56.2 56.9 52.6 16.2 13.4 30 76.2 63.6 62.3 65.0 6L7 14.5 13.0

60 85.9 71.6 72. 1 73.9 70.8 15 1 1.3.8 78 - 98.8 76.3 79.6 77.6 77.9 22.5 20.9 94 107.4 80.9 88.7 83.7 82.9 26.5 23.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 17.1 15.8 15.9 17.0 18.2 16.8

2 to 94_. 38.6 25.

1

32.5 26.8 30.3 30.7

Average basement temperature 40.8 °F

Average attic temperature 46.5 °F

Globe thermometer reading 74.5 °F " Mean radiant temperature 80.4 °F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A I Position __ 2 Outside temp- _ 32.0°F Heat output 22,200 Btu/hr

Jacket None | Fan used.. Yes»

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difierence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2

30... 60 _ 78.... 94.

2 to 60

2 to 94-

76.3

82.

1

83.5

84.9 86.0

63.5 70.0

72.

1

73. 74.5

62.7

68.1 71.3

72.5

74.7

64.3 71.3

74. 2 74.9 76.3

62.1

67.7 70.6

73.0

74.4

14. 2

14.4

12.9

12.4

11.6

13.1 12.8

11.4

11.5 11.0

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

7.2

9.7

8.6 ILO

8.6

12.0

9.9 12.0

8.6 12.3 8.6

11.4

Average basement temperature 51.8°F Average attic temperature IS.O'F Globe thermometer reading 79.4°F Mean radiant temperature 81.2°F

• Fan at ceiling over fireplace mantel.

•> Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 61

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp.. 32.3°F Heat output 22,000 Btu/hr

Jacket None | Fan used.. Yes »

Height above floor.

A. Average room temperature.

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 - 77.6 63.1 63.8 64.5 58.5 19.1 15.

1

30 83.9 69.3 68.1 7L6 64.1 19.8 15.6

60. 83.6 7L5 69.3 74.3 66.3 17.3 13.2

78 - 86.3 72.7 70.6 75.0 68.0 18.3 14.7 94 88.6 74.8 72.9 76.5 68.3 20.3 16.1

B. Vertical temperature difierence, °F Average for B

2 to 60 6.0 8.4 5.5 9.8 7.8 7.5 2 to 94 ILO 1L7 9.1 12.0 9.8 10.7

Average basement temperature 48.8°F Average attic temperature 47.8°F Globe thermometer reading 80.4°F

» Fan at transom between living room and hall.

>> Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 63

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp 32.1 °F Heat output 22,000 Btu/hr

Jacket None I Fan used... Yes a

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature.

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2.. 76.8 64.3 63.

1

64.8 62.3 14.5 13. 2 30.— 83.6 70.8 68. 7 7L8 69.2 14.9 13.5 60 83.

1

73.0 72.0 74.7 72. 2 11.

1

10.1 78 83.6 74.0 73.4 75.1 74.0 10.2 9.5 94 84.1 75.5 75.5 75.8 75.6 8.6 8.5

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Averagefor B

2 to 60 6.3 8.7 8.9 9.9 9.9 8 7 2 to 94 7.3 1L2 12.4 n.o 13.3 ILO

Average basement temperature 51.7° F

Average attic temperature 48.4° F

Globe thermometer reading 80.0° F b Mean radiant temperature 81.3° F ^

a Fan on fireplace mantel.

•> Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

38 Building Materials and Structures Report BMS114
Table 64 Table 66

Heater _ A I Position 2 Outside temp 11.2° F Heat output 31,600 Btu/hr

Jacket -- None | Fan used Yes «

Height above floor,

A. Average room temperature. J?

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2... 76.6 58.7 58. 2 60.7 57.2 19.4 17.9

30- 85.8 67.0 65.8 69.

65.9 20.0 18.8

60 84.1 69.7 70.3 73.

70.0 14.4 13.3 78—. - 83.9 70.8 72.0 73.6 72.4 13.1 11. 7 94 86.

72. 7 74. 8 73.9 74.3 13.4 12. 2

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 7.5 11.0 12.1 12.4 12.8 IL 2

2 to 94.- 9.5 14.0 16.6 13. 2 17. 1 14.1

Average basement temperature 46.8° F

Average attic temperature 39.1° F

Globe thermdiiietcr reading 79.8° F b Mean radiant tenipeniture 83.0° F b

" Fan on fireplace mantel.

b Center of south side of living room 3 ft from vpall, 30 in. above floor. Table 65

Heater A | Position 4 Outside temp 32.0° F Heat output 21,80nBtu/hr

Jacket None | Fan used ... _Yes

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 69.9

77.3

78.5

78.7

78.8

68.

74.1 76.0

77.2

77.9

63.

69.8

72.9

74. 7 76.6

68.3

75.

76.9

77. 77.6

66.

74.3

76.9

77.0

78.6

6.8

7.5 6.6 4.0

2.2

3060

78

94

2 to 60

2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

8.6

8.9

7.9

9.8

9.8

13.5 8.6

9.3 10.812.5

9.1 10.8

Average basement temperature 48.3° F

Average attic temperature 49.3° F

Globe thermometer reading 75.1° F » Mean radiant temperature 74.1° F «

" Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater... A I Position. 4 Outside temp 0.7° F Heat output. 34,300 Btu/hr

Jacket None | Fan used Yes

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2... 62.

74.3

76. 5

76. 7 77.3

60.3 69.9

73.4

74.9

76.1

55.1 64.3

68.5

70.4 73.7

58.5 69.8

73.5

74.0

75. 7

58.8

70.2

73.3

73.7

76.5

7.0

10.0 8.0

6.3

3.6

30 -.- 60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

14.4 15.213.

15.8

13.4

18.6 15.017.2

14.5 16.714.

16.7

Average basement temperature 39.0° F

Average attic temperature 35.2° F

Globe thermoiiiclcr rcadiiiR 69.6° F » Mean radiant temperature 08.3° F »

^ Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Table 67

Heater... A I Position. 2 Outside temp 32.1° F Heat output 22,600 Btu/hr

Jacket 1 1 Fan used Yes

Height above floor.

A. Average room temperature. op

Horizontal

temjierature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 71.2 62.9 63.

63.5 62.7 8.5 8.1 30 78.5 70.7 70.0 71.7 70.6 8.5 7.8 60 8L8 73. 7 73.3 74.9 73.6 8. 5 7.9

78 84.3 75.2 74.9 75.6 76.5 9.4 9.0

94 88. 6 77.3 77. 1 76.2 77.3 12.4 11.6

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 10.6 10.8 10.2 11.4 10.9 10.8

2 to 94 17.4 14.4 14.0 12. 7 14.6 14.6

Average basement temperature 49.0° F

Average attic temperature 50.3° F

Globe thermometer reading 77.1° F " Mean radiant temperature 77.6° F »

o Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Temperatures in a Test Bungaloio With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 39
Table 68 Table 70

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp 11.0° F Heat output 31,300 Btu/hr

Jacket 1 I Fan used Yes

Heiglit above iloor,

A.A Average room temperature,

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Ma.xi- mura

Average

2_ 68.0 56. 2 59. 5 58.8 58. 5 11.8 9.7

30. 76.4 66.0 68. 9 68.9 69.

1

10.4 8.2

60 82.0 70.8 72.9 73.3 72.7 11.2 9.6

78 85.3 72.3 74. 5 74.2 75.

1

13.0 11.3 94- 94.0 74.7 76.6 75.

1

76.6 19.3 18.2

B. Vertical temperature difTerence, ° F Average for B

2 to 60 14.0 14.6 13.4 14.5 14.2 14.2 - 2 to 94 26.0 18.5 17. 1 16.3 18.1 19.2

Average basement temperature 41.3° F

Average attic temperature 42.5° F

Globe thermometer reading 74.0° F » Mean radiant temperature 75.8° F »

a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 69

Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp 32.5°F Heat output 22,600 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 I Fan used Yes

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2

30«0

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

72.8

79.3 83.5

84.8

87. 6

64. 5 71.6

74.

1

75. 2 77.0

66.0

73.3

76.6

77.9 79.9

65.2

74.3

77.6

78.4

78.9

65.

1

73. 2 76.4

78.3 80.0

8.3

7.7 9.4

9.6

10. 6

7.6 6.2

7.3

7.3 8.6

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

10.7

14.8 9.612.5

10.6

13.9

12.4

13.7 n.314.9 10.914.0

Average basement temperatm-e 49.2°F Average attic temperature 51.5°F Globe thermometer reading 78.0°F » Mean radiant temperature 78. 5° F » » Center of south side of living room 3 ft fi'om wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater A I Position.-. 2 Outside temp 12.1°F Heat output 31,900 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 I Fan used... ._ Yes

Height above floor. In.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2

30.. 60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

68.3

77.

1

83. 2 86.6 92.9

56.9 67.0

71.4 73.0

75.6

59.6

69. 5 73.8

75.7 78.2

58.8

69.9 74.6

75.6

76.6

58.9

70.

1

73.9

76. 5 78.5

11.4

10.

1

11.8 13.6

17.3

9.7

8.0 9.8

11.4 15.7

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

14.9 24.614.5 18.714.2

18.6

15.8

17.8 15.0

19.6

14.9

19.9

Average basement temperature 41.1°F Average attic temperature 43.5°F Globe thermometer reading 75.2°F » Mean radiant temperature 76.2°F »

a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 71

Heater _ A 1 Position 2 Outside temp... 9.4° F Heat output 33,400 Btu/hr

Jacket 2 I Fan used Yes

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

. bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

78

94

2 to 60

2 to 94

69.2

79.4 84.7

88.0

95.4

56.9

67.8

72. 5 74.4

76.9

59.

1

68.5

73.3

75.4 78.2

58.5 69.5

73.6

75.4

76.5

68.6

70.1

74. 2 76.7

78.8

12.3

11.6

12. 2 13.6 18.9

10.9

10.4

11.3

12.5 17.8

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

15. 5

26. 2

15.6 20.014.2

19.1

15.1 18.0

15.6 20.215,2

20.7

Average basement temperature 41.4°F Average attic temperature 42.6°F Globe thermometer reading 76.6°F " Mean radiant temperature 78.2°F »

« Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

40 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllk
Table 72 Table 74

Heiter A I Position 2 Heater A I Position 2 Outside temp.. 32.4° F Heat output 22,100 Btu/hr Outside temp 32. 4° F Heat output 22,700 Btu/hr

Jacket 3 | Fan used. Yes Jacket 4 | Fan used _ Yes

Height above floor,

A. Average room temperature. opHorizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F Height above floor.

A. Average room temperature. op

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. in.

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

71.3 62.8 64.4 63.5 63.6 8.5 7.7 2 69.6 62.7 64.4 63.9 63.7 6.8 5.8 30 77.4 70.4 72.0 72.

72.3 7.0 5. 7 30 76.0 70.4 71.9 73.72. 2 5.6 4.

60 83.1 74.0 75.3 75.6 75.6 9.1 8.0 60 82.6 73.4 75. 2 76.4 75.4 9.2 7.5

78 86.7 75.3 76.6 76.4 77.6 11.4 10. 2 78 85. 2 74.8 76.3 77. 2 77. 2 10.4 8.8 94-_ 91.7 77.5 78.6 77.6 79.0 14.2 13.5 94- 91.3 76.7 78.8 77.8 78.8 14.6 13.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

2 to 60 11.8 11.2 10.9 12.1 11.9 1L6 2 to 60 13.10.7 10.8 12.5 n. 7 1L8

2 to 94 20.4 14.7 14.2 14.1 15.4 15.8 2 to 94 21.8 14.0 14.4 13.9 15.1 15.8

Average basement temperature 48.3°F Average basement temperature 48.6° F

Average attic temperature 51.6°F Average attic temperature 51.7° F

Globe thermometer reading 76.7°F » Globe thermometer reading 75.9° F » Mean radiant temperature 77.8° F • Mean radiant temperature 76.2° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. a Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 73 Table 75

Heater A

Outside temp 12 4° F

Jacket 3

Position... 2 Heat output 30. 900 Btu/hr Fan used Yes

Heater A

Outside temp 13.4° F

Jacket 4

Postion 2 Heat output 31,300 Btu/hr Fan used Yes

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2

30.. 60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

67.4

77.7 82.9

85.0

90.

56.8 67.0

70.9

72. 2 74.6

59.8

69.3

73. 2 74.6 77.0

58.8 69.5

73.7

74.5

75.3

59.7 70.2

73.3

75.5 77.2

10.6

10.7 12.0

12.8

15.5

8.6

8.7

10.

10.8

14.

B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

15.6 22.714.1

17.8 13.417. 2 14.9

16.5

13.6 17.5

14.3 18.3

Average basement temperature 41.0° F

Average attic temperature 43,0° F

Globe thermometer reading 74.4° F " Mean radiant temperature 74.8° F

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2.30 - 60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

65.5 73.8

83.6

87.9

96.3

56.6

67. 4

72.

73.6 76.2

62.5

70.3 75.0

77.0

80.2

59.

71.0

75.9

76. 8 77.4

58.9 72.0

75.9

78.9

80.3

8.9

6.4

11. 5 14.3

20.

6.2

3.6

8.9

11.3 17.8

B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

18.

30.8

15.5

19.6

12.5

17.7 16.8

18.3

17.0 21.416.0 21.6

Average basement temperature 40.3° F

Average attic temperature 45.3° F

Globe thermometer reading 74.0° F » Mean radiant temperature 75.5° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall. 30 in. above floor

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 41
Table 76 Table 78

Heater _ A | Position 4 Outside temp 32.1° F Heat output 22,100 Btu/hr

Jacket 4 I Fan used Yes

sbovG floor,

A. Average room temperature, op

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- Southbed- Bath Maxi- mum

Aver- room room age

2 _ 69.0 64.9 62.7 69.8

68.9 62.3 6.7

76. 5 72.8 75.4 71.7 6.7

60- --- 79.9 76.7 73.

1

77.4 75.4 6.8 78-__ - 80.8 78.2 74.8 77. 7 76.9 6.0 94 81.

1

79.

1

76.9 78.

1

78.4 4.2

B. -Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

2 to 60 10.9 11.8 10,4 8.5 13.1 10.9

2 to 94 12.

1

14.2 14. 2 9.2 16.1 13.2

Average basement temperature 48.9° F

Average attic temperature 50.2° F

Globe thermometer reading 75.5° F ' Mean radiant temperature 74.1° F »

" Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Heater __ _ A I Position 4 Outside temp _. 4.5° F Heat output 33,900 Btu/hr

Jacket 4 | Fan used __. Yes

Height above floor in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 _ _. 60.3

70.8

79.3 83.9

85.8

56.8 67.5

77.8

81.0

,83.9

55.1 63.6

66. 7 68.3

71.5

57.0

68.

1

73.3

74.4

77.3

55. 7 69.1

75.1 77.9

80.7

5.2 7.2

12.6 15.6

14.3

30

60- 78

94

2 to 60

2 to 94

Vertical temperature difference. °F Average for B

19.0 25.521.0

27.

1

11.6

16.4

16.3 20.3

19.4 25.0

17.5 22.9

Average basement temperature 38.7° F

Average attic temperature 38.6° F

Globe thermometer reading 69.4° F « Mean radiant temperature 68.4° F » •Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 77 Table 79

Heater A

Outside temp 31.7° F

Jacket 4

Position- 4 Heat output 24,700 Btu/hr Fan used Yes

Heater C

Outside temp - .32.2° F

Jacket -- Cast iron

Position 2 Heat output 20,300 Btu/hr Fan used Yes

Height above floor.

A. Average room temperature, op.

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 72.4 66.8 64.2 67.7 64.7 8.2 30-— 79.0 74.9 72.0 75.5 74.

1

7.0

60 81.5 79.0 76.0 78.2 77.7

78 82.8 80.8 77.9 78.5 80.2 4^9

94.. --- 83.9 83. 5 80.3 78.9 82.8 5.0

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 9.

1

12.2 11.8 10.5 13.0 11 .3

2 to 94 11.5 16.7 16.1 11.2 18.1 14.7

Average basement temperature 49.1° F

Average attic temperature 51.6° F

Globe thermometer reading 78.3° F = Mean radiant temperature'77.5° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 - 30

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

71.2

77.9 82.5

86.1 93.5

62.6

70.3

73.5 74.9

76.6

62. 2 68.9

73.0 74.7

77.6

64.3

73.

1

76.3 77.0

77.3

61.0

70.2

74.

1

76.2

77.2

10.2

9.0

9.5

11.4

16.9

8.7 7.3 8.3

10.4 16.3

B. Vertical temperature difference, ° F Average for B

11.5 22.3

10.9

14.0

10.8

15.4 12.013.0

13.

1

16.2

11.6

16.2

Average basement temperature 48.8° F

Average attic temperature 51.2° F

Globe thermometer reading 78.2° F » Mean radiant temperature 79.7° F "

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor.

42 Building Materials and Structures Beport BMSIJ4-
Table 80 Table 82

Heater C

Outside temp 13.8° F

Jacket Cast iron

Position 2 Fan used Yes

Height above Qoor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

dill'erence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Ma.xi- mum

Average

230

60

7894—- --

2 to 60

2 to 94

67.5 75.9

83.3

88.9

97.9

56.9

67.1

72.

73.8

76.0

58.2

67.0

72.3

74.5

78.0

59.5

70.6 75.3

76.4

77.3

57.0 68.9

73.6

76.4 77.7

10.6 8.9

11.2

16.

21.9

9.6

7. 5 10.0

13.6 20.6

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

15.8 30.4

15.2

19.1

14.

19.8

15.8

17.8 16.6 20.7

15.5 21.6

Average basement temperature 41.3° F

Average attic temperature 45.3° F

Globe thermometer reading 76.4° F » Mean radiant temperature 77.7° F »

» Center of south side of living room 3 ft from wall, 30 in. above floor. Table 81

Heater,... A

Outside temp 31.9° F

.Taclvet None

Position 4» Heat output 21,800 Btu/hr Fan used- __. No

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

d ifference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 70.5 74.0

77.5

80.

83.5

71.3

76.3 77.9 82.5

89.8

63.8

67.5

71.2

74.6

79.3

65.3 69.3

73. 2

76.

79.8

66.6

71.6

74. 2

77. 1 79.7

7.5

8.8 6.7

7.9

10.5

30- 60— --

78S4 -

2 to 60, 2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

7.0

13.0 6.618.5 7.415.5 7.914.5 7.6

13.1 7.3 14.9

Average basement temperature 47.4° F

Average attic temperature 53.8° F

> Heater over register, with underfloor plenum.

Heater. A

Outside temp 31.8° F

.Tacket 3»

Position 4 Heat output 21,900 Btu/hr Fan used No

"RpiVht sbovG floor,

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 67.8

70.3

75.8 79.8

83.5

67.6

70.6

76. 2 82.9

90.0

63.5

66.6

71.4

76.

82.0

65.0

68.3

73.

77. 82.6

63.5

68. 2 72.8

77.6 81.2

4.3

4.0 4.8

6.8

8.8

30

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

8.0

15.7 8.622.4

7.9

18.5

8.

17.6

9.3 17.7 8.4

18.4

Average basement temperature 47.8° F

Average attic temperature 54.5° F

"Jacket extended down to floor over register with underfloor plenum.

Table 83"

Heater A

Outside temp 31.7° F

Jacket None

Position.. 4 Heat output... 21,800 Btu/hr Fan used No

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difference between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2 7L0

75.0 78.2

79.5

82.7

7L1

74.9

78.0

82.9

86.9

64.4

68.4 72.0

75.0

79.6

66.6 70.0 74.2

76.3 80.9

66.0

72.7

76. 2 78.0 80.5

6.7

6.6 6.2

7.9

7.3

30

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94--

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

7.2

11.7 6.915.8

7.6

15.2

7.6

14.3 9.214.5

7.7

14.3

Average basement temperature 48.9° F

Average attic temperature 53.2° F

' Floor insulated with 1-ln. Celotex, spaced 3''s in. from floor joists.

Temperatures in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacl'eted Space Heaters 43
Table 84

Heater Gas-fired » Outside temp 32 "F b Jacket See fisr. 12

Position 2 Heat output Btu/lir__ Intermittent Fan used Yes

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difierence between

rooms, °r

Living room

Kitchen North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Maxi- mum

Average

2._ - 30

6078

94

2 to 60

2 to 94

62.9

70.1 85.6 89.6 91.7

58.2

69.3 77.3 81.6

82.6

67.7 67.7 74.8

78.1 79.5

61.2

68.4

74.7

77.6 78.7

56.7 66.6

73.5 77.4

77.5

6.2

3.5

12.1 12.2

14.2

4. 4

2.

1

10.5

10.9

12.1

B. Vertical temperature difierence, °F Average for B

22.7

28.8

19.6 24.4

17.1 21.813. 5 17.516.8 20.817.9 22.7

Average basement temperature 45.6° F

Average attic temperature 59.8° F

a Gas-fired space heater, thermostatically controlled, with attached fan.

'> North wind 5 mph.

Table 85

Heater Gas-fired » Outside temp 23.0 °F b Jacket.- See fig. 12

Position __. 2 Heat output Btu,hr_. Intermittent Fan used Yes

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

dilierence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

7894

2 to 60

2 to 94

60.3

68.3 90.5 93.6

97.5

55.9 68.7

79.8 84.2

86.5

54.7 66.6

76.2

80.3 82.4

56.9 66.2

75.6

78.7

80.0

51.9 64.5

73.6

79.

1

79.2

8.4

3.8

16.9

14.9

18.3

5.4

1.8

14. 2 13.0

15. 5

B. Vertical temperature difierence, °F Average for B

30. 2

37. 2 23.9 30.6

21.5

27.7

18.7

23.

1

21.7

27.3

23.2

29.2

Average basement temperature 43.0° F

Average attic temperature 42.5° F

a Gas-fired space heater, thermo-Jtatically controlled, with attached fan.

•> North wind 6 mph.

Table 86

Heater Gas-fired " | Position 2 Outside temp 37 °F Heat output Btu/hr__ Intermittent

Jacket See fig.l2 | Fan used __ Yes

Height above floor, in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difierence between

rooms, °r

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

230

60

7894 .

2 to 60

2 to 94..:

64.8

70.1 84.7 89.4

91.2

59.4 68.9 76.2

80.0

81.8

58.4 67.8

74.4

77.6

79.

1

62.3 68.9

74.3 76.7

78.0

56.6 66.2

72.4

76.2

76.6

8.2

3.9

12.3

13. 2 14.6

5.6 2.2

10.4

n.'8

12.3 B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

19.9 26.416.8

22. 4 16.0 20.7

12.0

15.7

15.8 20.0

16.1 21.0 Average basement temperature 46.5° F

Average attic temperature 61.0° F

Gas-fired space heater, thermostatically controlled, with attached fan. Table 87

Heater Gas-fired" Outside temp 40°F

Jacket See fig. 12

Position 2 Heat output Btu/hr... Intermittent Fan used _ Yes

Height above floor,

in.

A. Average room temperature, °F

Horizontal temperature

difierence between

rooms, °F

Living room

Kitchen Northbed- room

South

bed- roomBath Maxi- mum

Average

2 63.5 69.2

79.8 83.0

84.6

60.5

68.0

74.

1

76.2

78.0

59.7 67.0 72.3

75.0

. 76.8

6L9

68.0

73.2

75.5 77.0

58.9

66.9 70.7

74.3 74.8

4.6

2.3

9.1

8.7 9.8

3.3 L7

7.2

7.8 7.9

30-

60

78

94

2 to 60

B. Vertical temperature difference, °F Average for B

16. 3 13.

6

21. 1 17. 5 12.6

17.

1

1L3

15.

1

11.8 15.913.

1

2 to 94 17.3 Average basement temperature 49.5°F Average attic temperature 54.5°F

" Gas-fired space heater, thermostatically controlled, with attached fan. Table

Heater Oil-fired" Outside temp 32°F

Jacket See fig. 13

Position Near 2 Fan used Yes

Height above floor.

A. Average room temperature,

Horizontal temperature

difierence between

rooms, °F

in. Living room

Kitchen Northbed- South

bed- Bath Maxi- mum

Aver- room room

age

2 68.0 63.4 63.

1

63.7 62.8 5.2 4.8

30... 79.8 75.6 73.0 73.8 72.6 7.2 6.0

60 94.2 84.2 77.8 78.9 78.

1

16.4 14.4

78 100.7 89.6 79. 2 80.6 82.0 2L5 17.9 94 104.0 92.9 81.1 82.6 82.2 22.9 19.3 B. Vertical temperatme difference, °F Average for B

2 to 60 26.2 20.8 14.7 15. 2 15.3 18.4 2 to 94 36.0 29.5 18.0 18.9 19.4 24.3 Average basement temperature 51.1°F 'Manually operated oil-fired space heater with attached fan. Washington, May 6, 1948.

44 Building Materials and Structures Report BMSllIh

U. 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1949


BMS32

BMS33

BMS34

BMS35

BMS36

BMS37

BMS38

BMS39

BMS40

BMS41

BMS42

BMS43

BMS44

BMS45

BMS46

BMS47

BMS48

BMS49

BMS50

BMS51

BMS52

BMS53

BMS54

BMS55

BMS56

BMS57

BMS58

BMS59

BMS60

BMS61

BMS62

BMS63

BMS64

BMS65

BMS66

BMS67

BMS68

BMS69

BMS70

BMS71

BMS72

BMS73

BMS74

BMS75

BMS76

BMS77

BMS78

BMS79

BMS80

BMS81

•Out ot print.

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page ii] Structural Properties of Two Brick-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete-Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry

Association 15^

Plastic Calking Materials isji Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 ISji Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging * Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions With "Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co 10^

Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and

Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes * Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 10^

Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 10^

Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored by Knap America, Inc 15^

Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls * Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions with "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Corporation 15#

Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 15^

Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 10^

Air Infiltration Through Windows 15^

Structural Properties of "Scott-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions - for Walls, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co 10(5 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 20f5 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame Wall and Partition Constructions

Sponsored by the Homasote Co 15^

Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 20<^ Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10^

Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the

Tilecrete Co. 10^

Effect of Ceiling Insulation Upon Summer Comfort 10^

Structural Properties of a Masonry Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick"

Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 10^

Effect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 10^

Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 10^ A Survey of Humidities in Residences 10^ Roofing in the United States—Results of a Questionnaire..': * Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 10^

Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 10^

Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Building Bricks Produced in the United States 15f5 Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced MonoHthic Concrete WaU Constructions. 10^

Structural Properties of a Precast Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by

the Portland Cement Association 10^ Moisture Condensation in Building Walls 15^

Solar Heating of Various Surfaces . 10^ Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems 15^ Plumbing Manual * Structural Properties of "Mu-Steel" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floor, and Roofs, Sponsored by Herman A. Mugler 15^ Performance Test for Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 3 20j5 Stability of Fiber Sheathing Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10(5 Asphalt-Prepared Roll Roofings and Shingles 20i

Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions 20^

Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall

Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 10^ Indentation Characteristics of Floor Coverings.. lOi

Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "U. S. S. Panelbilt" Prefabricated SheetSteel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Roofs Sponsored by the Tennessee

Coal, Iron & Railroad Co 15^ Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States

Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 15fi Properties and Performance of Fiber Tile Boards lOiS Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of Five Earth-Wall

Constructions 25^

Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings 20j5 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 4 15^

Field Inspectors' Check List for Building Constructions (cloth cover, 5 x 7H inches) . . 200

[List continued on cover page iv]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page iii] BMS82 Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry Units 25^ BMS83 Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made With Various Lead-Base Solders lOf BMS84 Survey of Roofing Materials in the South Central States 15^ BMS85 Dimensional Changes of Floor Coverings With Changes in Relative Humidity and

Temperature 10(1 BMS86 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of "Speedbrik" Wall

Construction Sponsored by the General Shale Products Corporation 15^ BMS87 A Method for Developing Specifications for BuUding Construction—Report of Subcommittee on Specifications of the Central Housing Committee on Research,

Design, and Construction 15^ Recommended Building Code Requirements for New Dwelling Construction With

Special Reference to War Housing *

Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." (Second Construction) Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 15)J Structural Properties of "PHC" Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the PHC Housing Corporation 15^ A Glossary of Housing Terms . 15(i Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions 30(5 Accumulation of Moisture in Walls of Frame Construction During Winter Exposure. _ 10^ Water Permeability and Weathering Resistance of Stucco-Faced, Gunite-Faced, and

"Knap Concrete-Unit" Walls 10^ Tests of Cement-Water Paints and Other Waterproofings for Unit-Masonry Walls 26^

Properties of a Porous Concrete of Cement and Uniform-Sized Gravel 10^ Experimental Dry-Wall Construction With Fiber Insulating Board 10(i Physical Properties of Terrazzo Aggregates 15i

Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "Multiple Box-Girder Plywood Panels" for Walls, Floors, and Roofs 15f5 Relative Slipperiness of Floor and Deck Surfaces 10^ Strength and Resistance to Corrosion of Ties for Cavity Walls 10^ Painting Steel 10^ Measurements of Heat Losses From Slab Floors 10(5 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Plywood Lightweight Constructions for Walls,

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the Douglas Fir Plywood Association. 25^

Paint Manual with particular reference to Federal Specificattons $1. 00

Laboratory Observations of Condensation in Wall Specimens *

Building Code Requirements for New Dwelling Construction... 20^ Temperature Distribution in a Test Bungalow With Various Heating Devices 10^ Strength of Houses: Application of Engineering Principles to Structural Design $1. 50

Paints for Exterior Masonry Walls 15^ Performance of a Coal-Fired Boiler Converted to Oil 15^

Properties of Some Lightweight-Aggregate Concretes With and Without an Air- entraining Admixture 10^

Fire Resistance of Structural Clay Tile Partitions 15^ Temperature in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 25^

BMS88

BMS89

BMS90

BMS91

BMS92

BMS93

BMS94

BMS95

BMS96

BMS97

BMS98

BMS99

BMSlOO

BMSlOl

BMS102

BMS103

BMS104

BMS105

BMS106

BMS107

BMS108

BMS109

BMSllO

BMSlll

BMS112

BMS113

BMS114

•Out of print.