J-S61031-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

TOMORROW NEVER KNOWS, LLC, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT 

OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellant

v.

STUART COHEN,

Appellee No. 950 EDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment Entered May 19, 2017

in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County

Civil Division at No.: 0331 June Term, 2015

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., RANSOM, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 28, 2017

Appellant, Tomorrow Never Knows, LLC, appeals from the judgment 

entered by the trial court in favor of Appellee, Stuart Cohen, in this confession 

of judgment action.

1

 We affirm.

We take the following pertinent facts and procedural history from the 

trial court’s April 13, 2017 opinion, and our independent review of the certified 

record. On June 2, 2015, Appellant filed a complaint in confession of judgment 

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 Appellant purports to appeal from the November 23, 2016 order announcing 

the decision of the trial court. However, entry of final judgment was required 

to make this matter properly appealable. See Pa.R.A.P. 301(a)(1). On May 

19, 2017, Appellant complied with this Court’s order that it praecipe for 

judgment; therefore, we will treat the notice of appeal as timely filed on that 

date. See Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5).
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against Appellee; judgment was entered the same day. On July 23, 2015, 

Appellee filed a petition to open, which the court granted on September 30, 

2015, after a hearing. The case proceeded to a bench trial on November 8, 

2016. At trial, the following facts were presented.

Scott Becker is the sole member and manager of Appellant, and has 

been a friend of Appellee for approximately twenty-five years. (See N.T. Trial, 

11/08/16, at 21-23, 118). Appellee worked as a real estate agent, and for a 

number of years, as a real estate investor. (See id. at 117). As an agent, he 

assisted Mr. Becker with the purchase of approximately 180 investment 

properties. Mr. Becker practiced real estate investment for seventeen years 

before “[he] decided to sell out and [] use[] the . . . proceeds . . . for hard 

money lending.”

2

 (Id. at 22).

Between June 11, 2009 and October 18, 2012, Appellant made nine 

loans to Appellee, totaling $825,000.00. (See Joint Stipulation of Facts, 

11/08/16, at unnumbered pages 1-2). The loans were secured by mortgages 

on eight properties. When Appellee could no longer service the loans, he 

authorized Appellant to collect the rent on the properties occupied by tenants. 

(See N.T. Trial, at 28).

____________________________________________

2 Mr. Becker described “hard money lending” as “[b]asically lend[ing] money 

to individuals or companies to do real estate projects. Typically, like a year 

loan, interest only.” (N.T. Trial, at 21).
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In August of 2013, Appellee telephoned Mr. Becker to attempt to discern

a way to decrease his loan payments, including the idea of deeds in lieu of 

foreclosure. (See id. at 121). On August 30, 2013, Mr. Becker sent Appellee

an email titled, “Deficiency.” (See id. at 26; Trial Exhibit P-19, Email from 

Appellant to Appellee, August 30, 2013). The letter attached to the email 

stated that Appellee was planning on providing deeds in lieu of foreclosure, 

that Mr. Becker did not know the properties’ value, and that upon sale of the 

properties, a deficiency on the amount due to Appellant may still exist and it 

was not waiving its right to collect any such deficiency. (See Trial Exhibit P19, at attached letter). Appellee acknowledged receipt of the email and 

attachment the same day. (See N.T. Trial, at 123). Mr. Becker instructed

Appellant’s attorney, Richard Gallucci, Esquire, to prepare deeds in lieu of 

foreclosure and directed that they were not to waive Appellant’s right to 

pursue deficiency judgments. (See id. at 38-39, 84-85). David Giles,

Esquire, an attorney in the same law firm as Mr. Gallucci, prepared the deeds. 

(See id. at 84).

Approximately two months later, on November 11, 2013, Appellant sold 

six of the properties to Larase Management, LLC, a buyer that Mr. Becker 

found for the transaction. (See id. at 34-35). Larase Management paid a 

total of $550,000.00. (See id. at 34). After the sale, Appellee received a 

credit against the amounts he owed to Appellant, secured by the Larase 

properties. (See id. at 34-35). When Larase Management defaulted on the 
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loans, it executed deeds in lieu of foreclosure and conveyed the properties to 

Appellant. (See id. at 37-38).

On December 2, 2014, at Mr. Becker’s request, Appellee executed 

deed[s] in lieu of foreclosure to Appellant for the two remaining properties 

(the Arlington Properties) he had mortgaged. (See id. at 38-39). Neither Mr. 

Becker nor Appellee had any prior experience with deeds in lieu of foreclosure 

before the Larase and Arlington transactions. (See id. at 61, 120). The deeds 

contained language that specifically stated their execution would not be 

deemed to satisfy any portion of the debt secured by the mortgages on the 

properties. (See id. at 38-39). However, Appellee testified that, based on 

his discussions with Mr. Becker, he understood that Appellant would not file 

for a deficiency judgment, in exchange for him signing the deeds in lieu of 

foreclosure. (See id. at 125). He stated, “I would have never signed the 

documents if, in fact, [Mr. Becker] didn’t tell me that it was done or I didn’t 

have verification from [him]. Otherwise, why would I have done it? I would 

have just kept collecting the rents.” (Id. at 125-26). Conversely, Mr. Becker 

testified that there was no such agreement. (See id. at 42, 69). The trial 

court found that Mr. Becker’s testimony on this point was not credible. (See 

Trial Court Opinion, 4/13/17, at 4).

In December 2014, Mr. Becker asked Appellee to sign estoppel affidavits 

the title insurance company required before it would issue title insurance to 

Appellant for the subject properties. (See N.T. Trial, at 39-40, 87-88). 
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Attorney Giles reviewed the affidavits prepared by Attorney Gallucci. He 

advised Mr. Becker to talk with Appellee and agree to a fair market value credit 

Appellee would receive for each property, and set forth such amounts in the 

affidavits. Mr. Becker declined to do so. The trial court observed:

While Mr. Becker testified he did not know what [Appellee’s] 

reaction would have been if he would have had a frank discussion 

with him as his lawyer suggested, Mr. Becker’s testimony on this 

point was not credible. Despite his lawyer’s advice, Mr. Becker 

did not have a frank discussion with [Appellee] because he knew 

it was contrary to [Appellee]’s understanding of their agreement 

and [Appellee] would stop cooperating in the process of getting 

the properties back to [Appellant] with insurable title.

(Trial Ct. Op., at 6) (record citations omitted).

On December 19, 2014, Appellee met with Mr. Gallucci to execute the 

estoppel affidavits. (See N.T. Trial, at 90). Paragraph 5 of the affidavits 

provided that he would be given a credit against the notes and mortgages 

secured by the properties being conveyed by the deeds in lieu of foreclosure, 

but also that they would not be satisfied in full by the delivery of the deeds. 

(See Exhibit P-13, Estoppel Affidavit, at unnumbered page 2 ¶ 5). Appellee 

testified that, upon reviewing paragraph 5, he paused and asked Mr. Gallucci,

whether he signed the affidavits, would that mean he “was done . . . it was 

over[,]” to which Mr. Gallucci responded “[he]’d be done.” (N.T. Trial, at 125; 

see id. at 131).

On November 23, 2016, the trial court entered an order that set forth 

its findings of fact and conclusions of law, vacated the confession of judgment 

filed on June 2, 2015, and found in favor of Appellee and against Appellant. 
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The [c]ourt determined the burden was on [Appellee] to establish 

he and Mr. Becker had agreed to not proceed on the deficiency 

judgment(s) even though Mr. Becker had reserved the right to do 

so. The [c]ourt concluded [Appellee] had met that burden 

because the [c]ourt found his testimony more credible than Mr. 

Becker’s regarding waiving any deficiency judgment in exchange 

for providing deeds in lieu of foreclosure. Mr. Becker’s denial of 

the fact that [Appellee] would not have transferred the properties 

as he did if Mr. Becker was going to proceed for a deficiency 

judgment anyway was not credible.

(Trial Ct. Op., at 6) (record citations omitted); (see also id. at 5) (finding 

Appellee “testified credibly that he would never have signed the deeds in lieu 

of foreclosure/estoppel affidavits in the absence of his conversations with Mr. 

Becker and Mr. Gallucci’s reassurances he would be done with the entire 

process.”) (record citation omitted). Further, the court found Mr. Gallucci’s 

testimony that he mentioned the foreclosure, but said nothing about the 

deficiency judgment, to be credible. (See id. at 5).

On February 13, 2017, the trial court denied Appellant’s post-trial 

motions. Appellant timely appealed. On April 5, 2017, Appellant filed a timely 

statement of errors complained of on appeal, pursuant to the trial court’s 

order. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The court filed an opinion on April 13, 2017. 

See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

Appellant raises two questions for our review.

1. Whether the trial court’s decision following trial and the trial 

court’s subsequent denial of [Appellant’s] motion for post-trial 

relief were against the weight of the evidence and errors of law?

2. Whether the trial court erred in finding that [Appellant]’s 

attorney has sufficient authority to agree to release [Appellee] for 

liability for a deficiency judgment[?]
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(Appellant’s Brief, at 2) (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

In its first issue, Appellant maintains that the trial court’s finding that it

agreed to waive the deficiency was against the weight of the evidence. (See 

id. at 9, 11-13). This issue is waived and would lack merit.

As a preliminary matter, we observe that Appellant failed to provide any 

legal citation, or discussion thereof, in support of his weight of the evidence 

challenge, in violation of Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure 2119(a), 

(b). (See id.); Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), (b) (requiring an appellant to provide 

pertinent citation to legal authority and discussion thereof). In fact, it does 

not cite a single cogent authority in support of its first issue. Additionally, it 

fails to provide the standard of review for a weight of the evidence claim. 

(See Appellant’s Brief, at 2, 9, 11-13); Pa.R.A.P. 2111(a)(3). Therefore, 

Appellant’s first claim is waived. See Rettger v. UPMC Shadyside, 991 A.2d 

915, 932 (Pa. Super. 2010), appeal denied, 15 A.3d 491 (Pa. 2011) (finding 

issue waived for appellant’s failure to provide standard of review or cite any 

law in support of issue); Pa.R.A.P. 2101. 

Moreover, even had Appellant properly argued this issue, it would not 

merit relief. Our standard of review for a challenge to a trial court’s finding 

regarding weight of the evidence is well-settled.

Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the trial 

court’s exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of 

whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because 

the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the 

evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest 
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consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial 

judge when reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict 

is against the weight of the evidence. One of the least assailable 

reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the lower court’s 

conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight of 

the evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the interest 

of justice.

The factfinder is free to believe all, part, or none of the 

evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses. The 

trial court may award . . . a new trial only when the [] verdict is 

so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice. In 

determining whether this standard has been met, appellate review 

is limited to whether the trial judge’s discretion was properly 

exercised, and relief will only be granted where the facts and 

inferences of record disclose a palpable abuse of discretion. When 

a fact finder’s verdict is so opposed to the demonstrative facts that 

looking at the verdict, the mind stands baffled, the intellect 

searches in vain for cause and effect, and reason rebels against 

the bizarre and erratic conclusion, it can be said that the verdict 

is shocking.

Brown v. Trinidad, 111 A.3d 765, 770 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citations and 

internal quotation marks omitted).

Instantly, the trial court found:

[O]n the question of whether there was an agreement to waive 

any deficiency, the [c]ourt found [Appellee’s] testimony was 

credible and Mr. Becker’s testimony was not credible. Factoring 

into this determination included that Mr. Becker blatantly 

disregarded his attorney’s advice to come to an agreement with 

[Appellee] as to fair market value he would be credited with for 

each property and set forth such amounts in the affidavits, which 

would have established any deficiency. The [c]ourt firmly believes 

Mr. Becker chose not to have such discussions with [Appellee], 

because it would have tipped [him] off that [Appellant] was indeed 

going to pursue a deficiency judgment in spite of their 

conversations to the contrary.

The [c]ourt does not dispute that [Appellee] signed legal 

documents that would allow for [Appellant] to pursue a deficiency 

judgment, and understands [Appellant’s] counsel’s conviction that 
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great weight should be placed on these documents. The [c]ourt, 

however, was also understanding that, while inadvisable, a 

layman under financial pressure such as [Appellee] would rely on 

his conversations and twenty-five[-]year friendship with Mr. 

Becker and sign documents with legalese that was contrary to 

their agreement.

(Trial Ct. Op., at 11).

Based on the foregoing, and our independent review of the entire 

record, which contains Appellee’s repeated insistence that he would not have 

signed Mr. Becker’s documents if he knew Appellant’s intent was to seek 

deficiency judgments, we cannot conclude that the “verdict is so opposed to 

the demonstrative facts that looking at [it], the mind stands baffled, the 

intellect searches in vain for cause and effect, and reason rebels against the 

bizarre and erratic conclusion[.]” Brown, supra 770 (citation and internal 

quotation marks omitted). Although Appellant would have us re-weigh the 

evidence in its favor, our standard of review precludes us from doing so. See 

id.3 Appellant’s first issue, even if not waived, would not merit relief.

In its second claim, Appellant maintains that “the trial court erred in 

finding [its] counsel[, Mr. Gallucci,] had authority to release [Appellee] from 

liability for a deficiency judgment.” (Appellant’s Brief, at 16) (unnecessary 

____________________________________________

3 Appellant also raises, for the first time, arguments about the legal theories 

of accord and satisfaction and novation. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 13-16). 

These theories were not issues in the case, Appellant did not argue about 

them, and the court did not mention, let alone make any finding on them. 

Therefore, we will not consider them in this appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) 

(“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the 

first time on appeal.”).
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capitalization and emphasis omitted). This claim has no merit because the 

trial court did not find that Mr. Gallucci released Appellee from liability for the 

deficiency judgment.

It is well-settled that our standard of review of a bench trial consists of:

a determination of whether the findings of the trial court are 

supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court 

committed error in the application of law. Findings of the trial

judge in a non-jury case must be given the same weight and effect 

on appeal as a verdict of a jury and will not be disturbed on appeal 

absent error of law or abuse of discretion. When this Court 

reviews the findings of the trial judge, the evidence is viewed in 

the light most favorable to the victorious party below and all 

evidence and proper inferences favorable to that party must be 

taken as true and all unfavorable inferences rejected.

Gutteridge v. J3 Energy Group, Inc., 165 A.3d 908, 914 (Pa. Super. 2017) 

(citation omitted). Further, “this Court has stated that we will respect a trial 

court’s findings with regard to the credibility and weight of the evidence unless 

the appellant can show that the court’s determination was manifestly 

erroneous, arbitrary and capricious or flagrantly contrary to the evidence.” 

Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, as to Mr. Gallucci, the trial court stated that 

[its] findings of fact and conclusions of law did not infer or find he 

had the authority to waive a deficiency judgment. Rather, the 

findings of fact specifically stated the court believed it might be 

true Mr. Gal[l]ucci said nothing to [Appellee] either way about a 

deficiency judgment. The court, however, did find that Mr. 

Gal[l]ucci confirmed he told [Appellee] the foreclosure would 

stop and the fees would stop, and that [Appellee] testified credibly 

he would never have signed the deeds in lieu of 

foreclosure/estoppel affidavits but for his conversations with Mr. 

Becker and Mr. Gal[l]ucci’s reassurances. Accordingly, there was 

no finding or inference that Mr. Gallucci had the authority 
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to waive a deficiency judgment and [Appellant’s] complaint 

thereto is without merit.

(Trial Ct. Op., at 9-10) (record citations and some capitalization omitted; 

emphases added).

Our independent review confirms the trial court’s statement. In fact, 

the court expressly found that it believed Mr. Gallucci’s testimony that he only 

mentioned the foreclosure action to Appellee. Although the court found

Appellee credibly testified that he based his decision to sign the documents on 

conversations he had with Mr. Becker and Mr. Gallucci, there is no reasonable 

way, in the totality of the court’s findings, it can be inferred that the court 

found Mr. Gallucci had authority to waive Appellant’s right to pursue a 

deficiency judgment. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or 

commit an error of law in rendering its verdict. See Gutteridge, supra at 

914. Appellant’s second issue lacks merit.

Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/28/2017